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[
"advocate for a trans-contintental railroad"
]
| easy | What was the occupation of John Plumbe from 1836 to 1840? | /wiki/John_Plumbe#P106#1 | John Plumbe John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype . Biography . Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad . He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war . Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson . In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison . In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts : - Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) . - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia : - Alexandria , Virginia - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) . Exhibitions . Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 ) Publishing . In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 . Legacy . Examples of Plumbes work are in the New York Public Library . Gallery . - Works by John Plumbe : Further reading . Publications by Plumbe . - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 . - A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 . - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 . Works about Plumbe . - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 . External links . - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe |
[
"photography"
]
| easy | What was the occupation of John Plumbe from 1840 to 1846? | /wiki/John_Plumbe#P106#2 | John Plumbe John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype . Biography . Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad . He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war . Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson . In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison . In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts : - Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) . - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia : - Alexandria , Virginia - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) . Exhibitions . Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 ) Publishing . In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 . Legacy . Examples of Plumbes work are in the New York Public Library . Gallery . - Works by John Plumbe : Further reading . Publications by Plumbe . - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 . - A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 . - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 . Works about Plumbe . - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 . External links . - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe |
[
"he founded the National Publishing Company"
]
| easy | What was the occupation of John Plumbe from 1846 to 1848? | /wiki/John_Plumbe#P106#3 | John Plumbe John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype . Biography . Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad . He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war . Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson . In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison . In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts : - Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) . - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia : - Alexandria , Virginia - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) . Exhibitions . Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 ) Publishing . In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 . Legacy . Examples of Plumbes work are in the New York Public Library . Gallery . - Works by John Plumbe : Further reading . Publications by Plumbe . - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 . - A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 . - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 . Works about Plumbe . - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 . External links . - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the occupation of John Plumbe from 1848 to 1849? | /wiki/John_Plumbe#P106#4 | John Plumbe John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype . Biography . Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad . He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war . Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson . In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison . In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts : - Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) . - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia : - Alexandria , Virginia - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) . Exhibitions . Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 ) Publishing . In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 . Legacy . Examples of Plumbes work are in the New York Public Library . Gallery . - Works by John Plumbe : Further reading . Publications by Plumbe . - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 . - A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 . - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 . Works about Plumbe . - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 . External links . - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe |
[
"Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District"
]
| easy | What was the position of James Gillis (bishop) from Jul 1837 to Jul 1838? | /wiki/James_Gillis_(bishop)#P39#0 | James Gillis ( bishop ) James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . Biography . Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 . In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary . James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 . St . Margarets Convent . In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland . At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 , it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus . |
[
"Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See"
]
| easy | What was the position of James Gillis (bishop) from Jul 1838 to May 1852? | /wiki/James_Gillis_(bishop)#P39#1 | James Gillis ( bishop ) James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . Biography . Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 . In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary . James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 . St . Margarets Convent . In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland . At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 , it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus . |
[
"Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland"
]
| easy | What position did James Gillis (bishop) take from May 1852 to May 1853? | /wiki/James_Gillis_(bishop)#P39#2 | James Gillis ( bishop ) James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . Biography . Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 . In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary . James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 . St . Margarets Convent . In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland . At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 , it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus . |
[
"Kitano High School in Osaka City"
]
| easy | Where was Akira Yoshino educated from 1965 to 1966? | /wiki/Akira_Yoshino#P69#0 | Akira Yoshino Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry . Career . Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017 , he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow . Research . In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery . In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) . Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 . Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety . The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery . Recognition . - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation - 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture External links . - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries |
[
"Kyoto University"
]
| easy | Where was Akira Yoshino educated from 1966 to 1972? | /wiki/Akira_Yoshino#P69#1 | Akira Yoshino Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry . Career . Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017 , he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow . Research . In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery . In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) . Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 . Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety . The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery . Recognition . - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation - 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture External links . - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries |
[
""
]
| easy | Which school did Akira Yoshino go to from 1972 to 2005? | /wiki/Akira_Yoshino#P69#2 | Akira Yoshino Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry . Career . Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017 , he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow . Research . In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery . In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) . Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 . Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety . The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery . Recognition . - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation - 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture External links . - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries |
[
"Kent"
]
| easy | Frank Marchant played for which team from 1883 to 1884? | /wiki/Frank_Marchant#P54#0 | Frank Marchant Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 . Early life . Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there . Cricket . Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket . Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman . From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897 when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 . As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters . Personal life . Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent . |
[
"Kent",
"Cambridge"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Frank Marchant belong to from 1884 to 1887? | /wiki/Frank_Marchant#P54#1 | Frank Marchant Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 . Early life . Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there . Cricket . Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket . Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman . From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897 when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 . As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters . Personal life . Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent . |
[
"MCC"
]
| easy | Frank Marchant played for which team from 1890 to 1896? | /wiki/Frank_Marchant#P54#2 | Frank Marchant Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 . Early life . Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there . Cricket . Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket . Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman . From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897 when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 . As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters . Personal life . Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent . |
[
"Saint Bedan"
]
| easy | What was the official name of MV Panagiotis from 1937 to 1964? | /wiki/MV_Panagiotis#P1448#0 | MV Panagiotis The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 . History . The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction . - 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow . - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned . Wreck . Numerous stories exist as to how the vessel became stranded in the cove . A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released . Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck . |
[
"Meropi"
]
| easy | What was the official name of MV Panagiotis in 1964? | /wiki/MV_Panagiotis#P1448#1 | MV Panagiotis The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 . History . The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction . - 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow . - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned . Wreck . Numerous stories exist as to how the vessel became stranded in the cove . A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released . Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck . |
[
"Charis"
]
| easy | MV Panagiotis was officially named what from 1964 to 1974? | /wiki/MV_Panagiotis#P1448#2 | MV Panagiotis The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 . History . The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction . - 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow . - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned . Wreck . Numerous stories exist as to how the vessel became stranded in the cove . A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released . Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck . |
[
""
]
| easy | MV Panagiotis was officially named what from 1975 to 1976? | /wiki/MV_Panagiotis#P1448#3 | MV Panagiotis The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 . History . The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction . - 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow . - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned . Wreck . Numerous stories exist as to how the vessel became stranded in the cove . A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released . Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck . |
[
"Sioux"
]
| easy | What was the official name of Sioux (steamship) from 1910 to 1924? | /wiki/Sioux_(steamship)#P1448#0 | Sioux ( steamship ) Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river in South America . Design and construction . Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma . Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing . Operations . Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma . Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident . Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt . William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern . Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage . It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels . Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic . Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day . Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route . Later years . In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river . References . - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 ) - Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 ) - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) . External links . - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 ) |
[
"Olympic"
]
| easy | What was the official name of Sioux (steamship) from 1924 to 1941? | /wiki/Sioux_(steamship)#P1448#1 | Sioux ( steamship ) Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river in South America . Design and construction . Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma . Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing . Operations . Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma . Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident . Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt . William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern . Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage . It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels . Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic . Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day . Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route . Later years . In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river . References . - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 ) - Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 ) - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) . External links . - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 ) |
[
"Franklin R . Leisenburg"
]
| easy | What was the official name of Sioux (steamship) from 1941 to 1942? | /wiki/Sioux_(steamship)#P1448#2 | Sioux ( steamship ) Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river in South America . Design and construction . Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma . Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing . Operations . Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma . Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident . Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt . William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern . Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage . It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels . Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic . Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day . Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route . Later years . In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river . References . - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 ) - Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 ) - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) . External links . - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 ) |
[
"Kyiv , Ukraine"
]
| easy | What was the working location for Joseph Chaikov from 1908 to 1910? | /wiki/Joseph_Chaikov#P937#0 | Joseph Chaikov Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent . Biography . Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne . He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish . Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work . In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation , and buried for 50 years . Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow . Major works . - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva ) External links . - online biography with images |
[
"Paris"
]
| easy | Where did Joseph Chaikov work from 1910 to 1913? | /wiki/Joseph_Chaikov#P937#1 | Joseph Chaikov Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent . Biography . Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne . He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish . Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work . In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation , and buried for 50 years . Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow . Major works . - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva ) External links . - online biography with images |
[
"Kyiv , Ukraine"
]
| easy | Where did Joseph Chaikov work from 1914 to 1922? | /wiki/Joseph_Chaikov#P937#2 | Joseph Chaikov Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent . Biography . Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne . He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish . Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work . In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation , and buried for 50 years . Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow . Major works . - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva ) External links . - online biography with images |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the working location for Joseph Chaikov from 1922 to 1923? | /wiki/Joseph_Chaikov#P937#3 | Joseph Chaikov Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent . Biography . Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne . He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish . Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work . In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation , and buried for 50 years . Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow . Major works . - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva ) External links . - online biography with images |
[
"Moscow"
]
| easy | Joseph Chaikov worked in which location from 1923 to 1979? | /wiki/Joseph_Chaikov#P937#4 | Joseph Chaikov Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent . Biography . Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne . He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish . Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work . In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation , and buried for 50 years . Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow . Major works . - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva ) External links . - online biography with images |
[
"Metropolitan Board of Works"
]
| easy | Woolwich Ferry was owned by whom from 1887 to Mar 1889? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P127#0 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"London County Council"
]
| easy | Who owned Woolwich Ferry from Mar 1889 to Mar 1965? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P127#1 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Greater London Council"
]
| easy | Woolwich Ferry was owned by whom from Apr 1965 to Mar 1986? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P127#2 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
| easy | Woolwich Ferry was owned by whom from Apr 1986 to Jul 2000? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P127#3 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Transport for London"
]
| easy | Who was the owner of Woolwich Ferry from Jul 2000 to Jul 2001? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P127#4 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
""
]
| easy | Akinwunmi Ambode took which position from 1987 to 1999? | /wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode#P39#0 | Akinwunmi Ambode Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 . Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign that brought about smooth transition in the state . Early life . Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode . Education . Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant . Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA . Civil service career . From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years . He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance . From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually . Consulting career . After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies . Memberships . Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students . Non-profit organisation . In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State . Personal life . In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian . |
[
"acting Auditor General for Local Government"
]
| easy | Which position did Akinwunmi Ambode hold from 2000 to 2005? | /wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode#P39#1 | Akinwunmi Ambode Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 . Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign that brought about smooth transition in the state . Early life . Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode . Education . Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant . Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA . Civil service career . From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years . He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance . From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually . Consulting career . After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies . Memberships . Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students . Non-profit organisation . In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State . Personal life . In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian . |
[
"permanent secretary"
]
| easy | Which position did Akinwunmi Ambode hold from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode#P39#2 | Akinwunmi Ambode Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 . Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign that brought about smooth transition in the state . Early life . Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode . Education . Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant . Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA . Civil service career . From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years . He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance . From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually . Consulting career . After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies . Memberships . Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students . Non-profit organisation . In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State . Personal life . In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian . |
[
"accountant general"
]
| easy | What position did Akinwunmi Ambode take from 2006 to 2012? | /wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode#P39#3 | Akinwunmi Ambode Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 . Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign that brought about smooth transition in the state . Early life . Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode . Education . Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant . Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA . Civil service career . From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years . He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance . From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually . Consulting career . After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies . Memberships . Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students . Non-profit organisation . In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State . Personal life . In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian . |
[
"Governor of Lagos State"
]
| easy | Which position did Akinwunmi Ambode hold from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode#P39#4 | Akinwunmi Ambode Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 . Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign that brought about smooth transition in the state . Early life . Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode . Education . Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant . Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA . Civil service career . From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years . He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance . From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually . Consulting career . After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies . Memberships . Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students . Non-profit organisation . In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State . Personal life . In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian . |
[
"Alderman"
]
| easy | What position did John Boydell take from 1782 to Jun 1785? | /wiki/John_Boydell#P39#0 | John Boydell John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered . The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade , he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts . In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli . Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 . Early years . Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In 1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear . In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print . Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell . Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 . Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions . Success . In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point . In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100 for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell . Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited . Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia , Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 . In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e. , Milton ) in 1794 . The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas . Shakespeare venture . Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings . The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting . The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise . When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself . To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence . At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster . The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book . Civic service . Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts : It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself . In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure . In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways : one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity . Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy . In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold . According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists . Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art . Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co . References . - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 . - Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . . - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. ) - Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . . - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 . - Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 . - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . - Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . External links . - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University |
[
"sheriff of London"
]
| easy | John Boydell took which position from Jun 1785 to Jun 1786? | /wiki/John_Boydell#P39#1 | John Boydell John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered . The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade , he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts . In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli . Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 . Early years . Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In 1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear . In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print . Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell . Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 . Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions . Success . In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point . In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100 for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell . Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited . Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia , Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 . In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e. , Milton ) in 1794 . The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas . Shakespeare venture . Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings . The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting . The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise . When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself . To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence . At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster . The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book . Civic service . Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts : It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself . In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure . In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways : one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity . Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy . In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold . According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists . Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art . Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co . References . - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 . - Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . . - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. ) - Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . . - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 . - Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 . - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . - Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . External links . - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University |
[
"Lord Mayor of London"
]
| easy | What position did John Boydell take from Nov 1790 to Nov 1791? | /wiki/John_Boydell#P39#2 | John Boydell John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered . The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade , he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts . In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli . Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 . Early years . Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In 1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear . In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print . Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell . Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 . Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions . Success . In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point . In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100 for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell . Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited . Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia , Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 . In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e. , Milton ) in 1794 . The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas . Shakespeare venture . Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings . The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting . The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise . When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself . To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence . At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster . The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book . Civic service . Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts : It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself . In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure . In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways : one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity . Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy . In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold . According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists . Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art . Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co . References . - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 . - Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . . - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. ) - Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . . - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 . - Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 . - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . - Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . External links . - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University |
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| easy | What was the position of John Boydell from Nov 1791 to Dec 1804? | /wiki/John_Boydell#P39#3 | John Boydell John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered . The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade , he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts . In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli . Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 . Early years . Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In 1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear . In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print . Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell . Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 . Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions . Success . In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point . In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100 for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell . Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited . Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia , Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 . In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e. , Milton ) in 1794 . The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas . Shakespeare venture . Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings . The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting . The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise . When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself . To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence . At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster . The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book . Civic service . Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts : It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself . In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure . In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways : one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity . Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy . In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold . According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists . Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art . Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co . References . - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 . - Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . . - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. ) - Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . . - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 . - Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 . - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . - Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 . External links . - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University |
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| easy | Where was Tidjane Thiam educated from 1980 to 1982? | /wiki/Tidjane_Thiam#P69#0 | Tidjane Thiam Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential . Early life and education . Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) . His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly . In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris . Government career . In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets . In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters . Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 . Prudential . On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 . After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up 17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner . Credit Suisse . Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 , Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses . We have profitable operations of the company . Resignation . In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned . On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement . Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) . International development . In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies . In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity . In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors . In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers . Awards and honors . Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK . In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse . Personal life . Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently . |
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| easy | Tidjane Thiam went to which school from 1982 to 1984? | /wiki/Tidjane_Thiam#P69#1 | Tidjane Thiam Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential . Early life and education . Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) . His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly . In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris . Government career . In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets . In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters . Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 . Prudential . On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 . After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up 17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner . Credit Suisse . Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 , Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses . We have profitable operations of the company . Resignation . In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned . On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement . Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) . International development . In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies . In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity . In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors . In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers . Awards and honors . Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK . In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse . Personal life . Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently . |
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| easy | Where was Tidjane Thiam educated from 1984 to 1986? | /wiki/Tidjane_Thiam#P69#2 | Tidjane Thiam Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential . Early life and education . Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) . His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly . In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris . Government career . In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets . In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters . Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 . Prudential . On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 . After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up 17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner . Credit Suisse . Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 , Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses . We have profitable operations of the company . Resignation . In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned . On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement . Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) . International development . In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies . In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity . In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors . In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers . Awards and honors . Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK . In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse . Personal life . Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently . |
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| easy | Which school did Tidjane Thiam go to from 1986 to 1988? | /wiki/Tidjane_Thiam#P69#3 | Tidjane Thiam Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential . Early life and education . Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) . His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly . In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris . Government career . In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets . In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters . Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 . Prudential . On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 . After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up 17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner . Credit Suisse . Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 , Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses . We have profitable operations of the company . Resignation . In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned . On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement . Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) . International development . In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies . In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity . In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors . In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers . Awards and honors . Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK . In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse . Personal life . Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently . |
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| easy | What was the position of Jaime Gama from 1977 to Apr 1978? | /wiki/Jaime_Gama#P39#0 | Jaime Gama Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores . Background . Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) . Political life . He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República , in the last years of the fascist regime . He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 . In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 . He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic . Foreign policy . As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau . He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war . Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations . Life after politics . Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum . In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation . Honours . - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 ) - Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 ) - First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 ) Family . He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren . References . - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic |
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| easy | Which position did Jaime Gama hold from Jun 1983 to Nov 1985? | /wiki/Jaime_Gama#P39#1 | Jaime Gama Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores . Background . Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) . Political life . He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República , in the last years of the fascist regime . He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 . In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 . He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic . Foreign policy . As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau . He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war . Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations . Life after politics . Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum . In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation . Honours . - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 ) - Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 ) - First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 ) Family . He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren . References . - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic |
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| easy | What position did Jaime Gama take from Oct 1995 to Oct 1999? | /wiki/Jaime_Gama#P39#2 | Jaime Gama Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores . Background . Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) . Political life . He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República , in the last years of the fascist regime . He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 . In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 . He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic . Foreign policy . As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau . He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war . Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations . Life after politics . Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum . In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation . Honours . - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 ) - Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 ) - First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 ) Family . He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren . References . - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic |
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| easy | What was the working location for Alfred Drury from 1881 to 1885? | /wiki/Alfred_Drury#P937#0 | Alfred Drury Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge . Biography . Education and training . Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years . Early commissions . Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in 1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue . The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised . Major works . By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge . For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them . In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government . By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert , Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London . Exhibition record . Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London . Drury died on Christmas Eve , 24 December 1944 . Selected public works . Other works . - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword . External links . - List of works by Drury on Victorian We |
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| easy | Alfred Drury worked in which location from 1885 to 1944? | /wiki/Alfred_Drury#P937#1 | Alfred Drury Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge . Biography . Education and training . Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years . Early commissions . Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in 1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue . The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised . Major works . By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge . For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them . In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government . By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert , Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London . Exhibition record . Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London . Drury died on Christmas Eve , 24 December 1944 . Selected public works . Other works . - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword . External links . - List of works by Drury on Victorian We |
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| easy | Alfred Drury worked in which location from 1975 to 1981? | /wiki/Alfred_Drury#P937#2 | Alfred Drury Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge . Biography . Education and training . Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years . Early commissions . Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in 1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue . The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised . Major works . By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge . For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them . In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government . By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert , Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London . Exhibition record . Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London . Drury died on Christmas Eve , 24 December 1944 . Selected public works . Other works . - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword . External links . - List of works by Drury on Victorian We |
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| easy | Who coached the team Olympiakos Nicosia from Nov 2016 to Mar 2018? | /wiki/Olympiakos_Nicosia#P286#0 | Olympiakos Nicosia Olympiakos Nicosia ( , Olympiakos Lefkosias ) is a football club based in Nicosia , Cyprus and competes in the Cypriot First Division . The club was founded in 1931 , and is a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association . The club colors are black and green . Olympiakos home ground is the Makario Stadium , which has a 16,000-seat capacity . The teams main nickname is mavroprasini ( the green-blacks ) , and the clubs other nickname is Taktakalas , derived from the area of Nicosia where the club hails from . Olympiakos Nicosia has won three Cypriot First Division Championships , one Cypriot Cup and one Cyprus Super Cup . In the past the club also had track and field , basketball , volleyball , cycling , table tennis , weightlifting and futsal teams . It also in the past had an orchestra , choir and camping divisions ; the latter explaining why the clubs badge has a tent on it . History . The Golden Decade . The 1962–1972 decade is known as the Golden decade of Olympiakos as the club was champion of the Cypriot First Division three times , another three times it was runner-up , while it became the only Cyprus football club that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . It all started in the 1961–62 season , when Olympiakos reached the cup final for the first time in the clubs history . Despite this , the team did not manage to win the cup trophy , as it lost from Anorthosis Famagusta FC with a score of 5–2 . The foundations had been laid however , in the 1964–65 season , Giorgos Paletsios an old Olympiakos football player for 18 years , who had also served as team captain , agreed to manage the team , without being paid a salary for his services . Paletsios proceeded to restructure the teams squad promoting to the first team young and talented players including : Kettenis , Limbouris , Argyrou . Bolstered with young enthusiasm , the team finished in second place in the championship , while in the same year the top scorer of the championship was Olympiakos player Kostakis Pierides , scoring 21 goals . In the 1965–66 season Olympiakos was once again runner-up , with 49 points , one point less than the then champion Omonoia . Top scorer of the championship was again an Olympiakos player , Panikos Efthymiades scoring 23 goals . In the 1966–67 season Olympiakos dominated the Cypriot Championship , with Pambos Avraamidis as their manager , the team finished in first place and won the championship with 55 points as many as APOEL Nicosia , who in the last game of the season beat Aris Limassol with the huge score of 17–1 . The title was judged on goal difference and despite APOELs huge score in the last game of the season , Olympiakos still had a superior goal difference so that the club was crowned champion . In 1967 , the champion Olympiakos played against the Cup-winner Apollon Limassol , winning 1–0 therefore gaining the Pakkos Shield ( as the Super Cup/Shield was then known. ) In the 1968–69 season , Olympiakos won the championship for a second time , collecting 52 points the same number as AC Omonoia . Olympiakos was champion however because of the better goal difference . Top scorer of the championship was once again Panikos Efthymiades scoring 17 goals . The third Olympiakos championship came in the 1970–71 season with Englishman Rod Bradley as the manager , the team finished in first place with 31 points compared to 27 of runner up Digenis Morfou . The title of top scorer was shared by 3 footballers who all scored 11 goals amongst them once again Panikos Efthymiades . In the 1972–73 season Olympiakos finished runner-up , while in the 1974–75 season the team finished third . In 1971 Olympiakos won the Paligenesias cup that was organised by the Cyprus Football Association ( KOP ) , defeating Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . In this golden period , Olympiakos managers were : Pambos Avraamidis , Giorgos Paletsios , Takis Papaxeniou , Eric Brookes and Rod Bradley . Andreas Filotas , Varnavas Christofi , Nikos Theocharidis , Demos Flourentzou , Giorgos Hadjikonstantis , Dimitrakis Argyrou , Yiannis Xipolitas , Savvakis Constantinou , Michalakis Argyrou , Sotirakis Georgiou , Lakis Avraamidis , Markos Markou , Andreas Nicolaou ( Lympoyris ) , Vasilis Fragkiskou ( Katsis ) , Dimitriadis , Tasos Louka , Andreas Assiotis , Giorgos Kettenis , Panikos Efthymiades , Kostakis Pierides , Charalambos Partasidis , Giannos Pavlou , Takis Papettas , Kokos Michael , Nikos Mailos , Michalis Stavrou , Giorgos Aristeidou , Koullis Iliadis , Lakis Mitsidis , Panagiotis Prodromou , Giannis Serafeim were the footballers of the great successes of this period . Greek Experience . Olympiakos became the first Cypriot football team that participated in the Pan-Hellenic Championship , in the 1967–68 season , something which recurred twice more , in 1969–70 , and in 1971–72 , rendering the club the only Cypriot team that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . Olympiakos has also taken part in all three European competitions . European Experience . In the European Champions Cup in 1967 the club faced FK Sarajevo Yugoslavia . In the first game the teams drew 2–2 , while in second game Olympiakos lost with 3–1 . Also in the European Champions Cup , Olympiakos Nicosia played against Real Madrid in 1969 , losing both matches with 8–0 and 6–1 . Olympiakos later played in the same competition in 1971 and met Feyenoord of the Netherlands and lost 8–0 and 9–0 . In the Cup Winners Cup , Olympiakos took part once in 1977 playing against FC Universitatea Craiova Romania while in 1973 Olympiakos played against the German team VfB Stuttgart for the UEFA Cup . In all these European games Olympiakos was forced to play both games away from home as at the time the Cypriot football stadia did not meet the European regulations . Cup glory . In 1977 , Olympiakos Nicosia beat Alki Larnaca 2–0 to win the Cypriot Cup after two thunder bolts from English center half , captain and talisman Mreg Goffatt . In 1991 , Olympiakos Nicosia lost the Cypriot Cup in the finals losing 1–0 to AC Omonia . That was their last appearance in the Cypriot Cup finals . Glory days revisited . Olympiakos Nicosia also played in the UEFA Cup ( after finishing runner up in the Cypriot championship ) in the 2001–02 season against the Hungarian team Dunaferr FC ( drawing 2–2 in Nicosia and scoring a 2–4 away win , the first for the club in Europe ) and proceeded to the next round of the Uefa Cup to play against Club Brugge of Belgium and was eventually eliminated . Recent decline . With Olympiakos TV rights hastily agreed at the lowest amount for any Cypriot first division club in 2007 for 9 seasons and these rights assigned to repay old debts until 2016 the club has little cash inflow apart from gate receipts and commercial sponsorships . After a disastrous 2007–2008 season , where economic problems hindered the building of a strong squad , Olympiakos Nicosia finished bottom of the Cypriot First Division ( the first time the club finished bottom ) . The club was relegated for the third time in its history . In both the 1983–84 and 1997–98 seasons the club had spent just one season in the second tier of Cypriot football , only to win the Cypriot Second Division title each time and return to the Cypriot First Division . The club tried to re-organise itself and to return to the top flight as quickly as possible . In the 2008–09 season the club finished fourth and missed the promotion to the Cypriot First Division on the last day of the season by one point . In the 2009–10 season , an old goalkeeper of Olympiakos Petros Savva , was appointed as the new chairman . Savva initially re-appointed Andros Kouloumbris , an old midfield player of Olympiakos , as manager . After the end of the first round , however , Kouloumbris was sacked due to the bad defensive record of the team , despite the team being in 3rd place . The next coach for 7 games was Saša Jovanović who only managed two wins , with the team languishing in 5th place after some bad appearances , Saša Jovanović was removed to make way for old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager Nikodimos Papavasiliou . With Papavasiliou at the helm the team improved and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Cypriot First Division after finishing third at the end of the regular season . The club finished third at the end of the play-offs and therefore gained promotion , despite helping the team with winning promotion Nikodimos Papavasilious contract was not renewed at the end of the season . Return to the top flight . After 2 seasons Olympiakos returned to the top flight in the 2010–2011 season and Pambos Christodoulou an old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager of Doxa Katokopias was appointed as manager . Olympiakos showed good attacking football in the 2010–2011 season , easily avoiding relegation and having qualified for the Cup quarterfinals . The club played fluid attacking football having the third best attacking record after leaders APOEL and 3rd placed Anorthosis , playing with a 4–4–2 formation with pressing from within the opponents half , but the Achilles heel of the team was the bad defensive record with goals conceded in most games and the third worst record in this area . Christodoulou decided to leave the club in 2011 to join AEL Limassol , one year before his contract expired . The club decided to pursue this breach in court ( in an out of court settlement AEL Limassol paid an undisclosed sum of money to Olympiakos to avoid sanctions against them and Pambos ) and Christodoulou angered both the club president and the supporters , as well as the Cypriot football fans in general , with his unprofessional conduct . Striving for Stability . In the 2011–2012 season there were a few changes in Olympiakos , the new Greek manager was ex Xanthi FC Nikos Papadopoulos who mainly brought in defensive players playing in the Greek league to strengthen this area of weakness . Few additions were made to the attacking mechanism of the team and some early warnings in the pre season friendlies indicated that after the departure of the previous seasons top scorer , the team would be less productive in scoring than last season , which was in fact the case . Papadopoulos was released by mutual consent at the end of February 2012 with the club in the cup quarterfinals but fourth from bottom in the league , although defensively the club was marginally better it lost its attacking flair and pressing style with majority ball possession and suffered from conceding goals right after scoring . Nikodimos Papavasiliou was again appointed as manager for 2012 , after lowering his wage by mutual consent with chairman Savva . It was announced that the budget would be reduced from the previous season and to achieve this only a few players from the previous seasons squad remained . The team started the season with a 3-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Papavasiliou received an offer from Apollon Limassol after 2 games in charge of Olympiakos and was released from his contract by mutual consent . Renos Demetriades an old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive player was appointed as the new coach . Olympiakos was close to mid-table with Demetriades and despite the loss of key players in the January transfer window was on track to keep its top level status , until an unexpected home loss which plunged the club in a battle for survival forced the club to replace Demetriades with Marios Constantinou . Economic Decline . The club was relegated , for a fourth time in its history , on the last day of the 2012–2013 season , finishing third from bottom , while being level on points , but was demoted due to the inferior head to head record with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . The club started the new 2013–2014 season with a 6-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Chairman Petros Savva resigned and Manager Marios Constantinou left making way for old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive midfielder Costas Seraphim . Old chairman Demos Georgiades stepped in as acting chairman and the club used the Makario stadium as the home ground . Seraphim who was offering his services for free , totally reorganised the club for the new season . From the senior players only captain , defender Nikolas Nicolaou and midfielder , vice-captain Kyriacos Polycarpou remained . All the foreign players left . The young Olympiakos players such as forward Giannis Mavrou and goalkeeper Constantinos Panagi stepped up to fill in the places in the starting line up . Together with other local players all under 21 years old as well as 3 under 21 foreign players , the club was trying to reorganize and return to the top flight as soon as possible . After 4 games with 3 wins the club managed to erase the 6-point deduction and register a positive point tally . Had the penalty not been imposed the club would have been top of the league . After the positive start to the season , the young players were unable to take the pressure of the rugged Cypriot Second Division and six consecutive defeats and a further 3-point deduction , meant the resignation of coach Costas Seraphim in December 2013 , the replacement was Savvas Paraskeva , an ex Cypriot youth team national coach . The arrival of Paraskeva , did not arrest the clubs decline and the club finished 6th . After a further change of rules , with 14 teams playing in the second division , the club was spared the humiliation of third tier football and played in the second division for the 2014–2015 season . With around 1.6 million Euro of total legacy debt ( old players , banks , creditors and the state ) however , the future of the club was looking all the more uncertain . In the 2014–2015 season the club started with a 3-point deduction and was further hit with a 3-point deduction by December and spent a record third consecutive season in the second tier . The new Manager was ex Olympiakos attacking midfielder Goran Petkovski and the new chairman was Marios Mavrikios , an ex press spokesman of the club during the early 2000s . The club was again in survival mode , trying to survive the drop and pay down the old debts , with only 3 foreign players under 21 , two senior Cypriot players and all the rest being Cypriot players under 21 . The new club board , managed to reduce the debt to 26 old players to around 600,000 Euro and the club survived in the last game of the season by winning in an away game . In the 2015–2016 season the club yet again started with a 3-point deduction however with the same Manager and chairman as the previous season , the club set as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . In order to achieve this , funds to pay down debts to old players and to lift the embargo of signing senior players was the first objective . Old captain , defensive midfielder and manager Costas Seraphim took over as chairman on 27 July , the embargo was lifted on 28 August by reducing debt to old players to 470,000 Euro and the chairman announced the release of manager Goran Petkovski on 29 August and on 1 September hired Chrysis Michael . The club had a good season and was second for most of the season , falling to third with one game remaining . However , they drew in the last game , thus missing the promotion due to an inferior head to head record with Anagennisi Dherynia , thus staying in the second tier for a record fourth season . In the 2016–2017 season , the club set again as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . Chrysis Michael remained in his post . The new president was Dr Andreas Aristodemou . The debt to 22 old players was reduced to 420,000 Euro . Greek Giannis Georgaras was hired as Technical Director . On 24 July the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and ex-captain Nikolas Nicolaou took over as caretaker manager until 12 August 2016 when Savvas Paraskeva took over the helm . Nicolaou returned to his position of U21 manager . On 3 November 2016 the president resigned and Costas Seraphim retook the helm . He terminated the contract of manager Savvas Paraskeva by mutual consent as well as of the Technical Director and re hired Chrysis Michael as manager on 4 November 2016 . In early January to mid March the club was in third place and gained promotion to the first division after four seasons . In the 2017–2018 season , the clubs goal was to avoid relegation . FIFA had imposed an embargo on signing new players over 18 , so the club had to compete in the first division with its existing squad until January . The debt to old players was nevertheless reduced to 350,000 euro and the total legacy debt had been reduced to 1.2 million euro . At the end of the first round the club was in 11th place just above the relegation spots , falling to 12th place after 21 games and in the battle to survive relegation . The club finished in 12th place , avoiding direct relegation at the end of the second round and earned the opportunity to avoid relegation in the third round . The debt to old players was reduced to 225,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 1 million euro . With 7 games remaining and the club in the relegation spot , 9 points off safety , the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and Vesko Mihajlović was hired for the last 7 games of the season , with only one win and the club relegated for the fifth time , with 3 games remaining , Vesko Mihajlović resigned and captain Kyriacos Polykarpou took over as caretaker manager , until the end of the season . The debt to old players was reduced to 125,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 600,000 euro . In the 2018–2019 season Costas Seraphim remained president and was backed by the old president of the glory days of the early 2000s , Christopher Tornaritis , as head of the football department . Their first move is to hire Costas Malekkos as manager , with a view of returning to the top flight immediately . After two successive defeats in the first two games of the new season , Malekkos was replaced by Fangio Buyse who brought consecutive wins and the club was in first place after 11 games . Four games before the end of the season the club dropped to third place outside the promotion spots and Buyse was replaced by Kyriacos Polycarpou , an old player of the club , as caretaker manager , who lifted the club to second place and promotion . The debt was stabilised . Stability Regained . In the 2019–2020 season Seraphim and Tornaritis , with the club returning to the First Division , re- hired Pambos Christodoulou as manager . Pambos renewed the contracts of central defender Nani Soares from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Andreas Pachipis , Portuguese winger Rogerio Silva , defensive midfielder Evgenios Antoniou , Venezuelan forward Jose Romo and Cypriot left back Constantinos Samaras . The latter three were subsequently loaned to other clubs . His first signings were Cypriot right back Paris Psaltis , Cameroonian defensive midfielder Eyong Enoh , central defender Sambinha from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Giorgos Economides , goalkeepers Pavol Bajza from Slovakia and Mario Kirev from Bulgaria , Portuguese left back Kiko , Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah , Cypriot defensive midfielder Evangelos Kyriacou , Cypriot Striker Panayiotis Zachariou , Venezuelan midfielder Rafael Acosta , Brazilian Forward Azulão and Ghanaian centre back Ousmane Sidibé . The season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus and Olympiakos achieved the 9th place , securing participation regarding the next seasons First Division . During June 2020 , the director of football hired Greek Giannis Petrakis as the new head coach for the new season . The contracts of Guinea-Bissauan central defenders Sambinha and Nani Soares were renewed , as well as Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah . Cypriot right backs Paris Psaltis and Evangelos Kyriacou stayed at the club . With Cypriot Defender Constantinos Soteriou and star winger Panayiotis Zachariou also staying . The first signings were Cypriot winger Marios Pechlivanis who returned to the club , Greek goalkeeper Christos Karadais , Cameroonian winger Edgar Salli and goalkeeper Neofytos Michael who also returned to his boyhood club . Giannis Petrakis left the club in November , for Apollon Limassol after receiving an offer against the buyout clause in his contract . This angered the Olympiakos Nicosia supporters and Director of Football Tornaritis , who demanded a higher payout to release him . This was achieved via Giannis Petrakis returning pre-paid bonuses . Costas Seraphim the Technical Director took over as caretaker manager for 5 games . Initially after achieving two wins he was made permanent manager , but a draw and two losses forced him to return to his old post . Leonidas Vokolos took over debuting with a draw at home versus Ermis Aradippou . The new manager faces injuries and suspensions in his effort to retain the club in the top six . After being in charge for 8 games scoring only two draws , Leonidas Vokolos was replaced by Cedomir Janevski . Cedomir Janevski led the club to the top 6 championship group gaining 13 points in the playoffs . Moreover , he also led the club to the first cup final in 30 years where Olympiakos lost 2-1 to Anorthosis Famagusta during the extra-time period . Stadium . Since 2013 , the club has played at the Makario Stadium , where they also played in 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 . Previously Olympiakos had played at the old GSP Stadium ( 1934–1998 ) and the new GSP Stadium ( 2000–2008 ) ( 2009–2013 ) . Both stadiums were also shared with APOEL and Omonoia but Olympiakos was the only club playing at the old GSP Stadium between 1978 and 1998 as Apoel and Omonoia had both moved to Makario . Supporters . Olympiakos supporters since 2004 are organised under the Panhellenic Fans Association Taktakalas 1931 which takes its name from the area of old Nicosia where the clubhouse and the original training ground and now football academy Promahonas ( near the old Venetian Walls of Nicosia ) are located . 1931 refers to the date of foundation of the football club . Traditionally Olympiakos was supported by residents of the inner old part of Nicosia within the Venetian Walls , the attendance at home games peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s when fans from all over Cyprus would attend Olympiakos home games at the old GSP stadium filling it to its 12,000 capacity , especially when the club participated three times in the Greek First Division . After 1977 when the club won its last major title , the fanbase started to shrink . From a position where it could rival the other two Nicosia clubs , the fanbase dwindled for two reasons . Firstly outward migration from the Nicosia city centre to the suburbs after 1974 meant that the neighbourhoods of traditional Olympiakos supporters were becoming less populated , despite this trend the club made a conscious decision to leave the new clubhouse on the green line dividing Nicosia . Also the Turkish invasion spelt economic problems for the club and the fact that it was located in an inner city area next to the green line only made things harder . Up until the late 1990s many traditional Olympiakos supporters out of frustration for the lack of titles either stopped going to games and others switched allegiances to other Nicosia clubs that were richer and could still afford to win titles such as APOEL . It could be said that the club did not transition well from the era of amateur to semi-professional football in Cyprus beginning in the early 1980s mainly for the reasons mentioned above . Also the younger generation of Cypriots did not grow up with Olympiakos as a major power in the Cyprus league and despite their parents supporting Olympiakos they would often choose to support another side that won titles in the 1980 to 2000 years . In general Olympiakos supporters tend to be of an older age and very rarely engage in trouble with other fans unless severely provoked . They also tend to be right wing politically , although not officially affiliated to any political party , and speak fondly of the time when Olympiakos played with other Greek teams in the Greek First Division . In the early 2000s , with the shift from semi-professional to professional status in Cyprus football and with a wealthy President at the helm , a brief revival of the club fortunes with an UEFA cup participation , as the club finished second , after 25 years , increased the fans at the New GSP to around 5000 in the two home European games . Olympiakos fans although now less than those of the other Nicosia , Limassol teams and Anorthosis are nevertheless fiercely loyal to their team . Even when the club fell to the Second Division between 2008 and 2010 due to economic problems , 300 supporters would follow the club to even the most remote village of Cyprus , with home attendance varying between 500 and 750 . At home games now in the First Division around 1000 to 2000 Olympiakos supporters will cheer the team on and are quite demanding for their team due to its past glories , one could say as demanding as other teams that have recently won silverware . Coaching staff . <div Former players . For a full list of players with Wikipedia articles Managerial history . - Eli Fuchs ( 1968–69 ) - Constantin Cernăianu ( 1983–85 ) - David Kipiani ( 1992–93 ) - Ronnie Whelan ( 2000–02 ) - Svetozar Šapurić ( July 2002 – June 2003 ) - Mpampis Tennes ( 2003 ) - Giorgos Foiros ( 2003–04 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 2004–05 ) , ( 2006–07 ) - Rainer Rauffmann ( May 2005 – Nov 2005 ) - Diethelm Ferner ( 2005–06 ) - Juan Ramón Rocha ( 2007–08 ) - Jorge Barrios ( 2008 ) - Nikodimos Papavasiliou ( 2008–09 ) , ( Nov 2009 – June 2010 ) , ( Feb 2012 – Sep 2012 ) - Saša Jovanović ( 2010 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( July 2010 – March 2011 ) - Nikos Papadopoulos ( Aug 2011 – Feb 2012 ) - Renos Demetriades ( Sep 2012 – Feb 2013 ) - Marios Constantinou ( Feb 2013 – June 2013 ) - Costas Seraphim ( June 2013 – December 2013 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( December 2013 – April 2014 ) - Goran Petkovski ( July 2014 – August 2015 ) - Chrysis Michael ( September 2015 – July 2016 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( August 2016 –November 2016 ) - Chrysis Michael ( November 2016 – March 2018 ) - Vesko Mihajlovic ( March 2018;-April 2018 ) - Costas Malekkos ( June 2018;-September 2018 ) - Fangio Buyse ( September 2018;-April 2019 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( June 2019;-May 2020 ) - Giannis Petrakis ( June 2020;-November 2020 ) - Costas Seraphim ( November 2020;-December 2020 ) - Leonidas Vokolos ( January 2021;-January 2021 ) - Čedomir Janevski ( February 2021;- ) Honours . Football . - Cypriot Championship : 3 - Cypriot Cup : 1 - Cypriot Super Cup : 1 - Cypriot Second Division Volleyball . - Cypriot Championships : 2 External links . - Official website - Official Fans website |
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| easy | Who was the head coach of the team Olympiakos Nicosia from May 2018 to Sep 2019? | /wiki/Olympiakos_Nicosia#P286#1 | Olympiakos Nicosia Olympiakos Nicosia ( , Olympiakos Lefkosias ) is a football club based in Nicosia , Cyprus and competes in the Cypriot First Division . The club was founded in 1931 , and is a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association . The club colors are black and green . Olympiakos home ground is the Makario Stadium , which has a 16,000-seat capacity . The teams main nickname is mavroprasini ( the green-blacks ) , and the clubs other nickname is Taktakalas , derived from the area of Nicosia where the club hails from . Olympiakos Nicosia has won three Cypriot First Division Championships , one Cypriot Cup and one Cyprus Super Cup . In the past the club also had track and field , basketball , volleyball , cycling , table tennis , weightlifting and futsal teams . It also in the past had an orchestra , choir and camping divisions ; the latter explaining why the clubs badge has a tent on it . History . The Golden Decade . The 1962–1972 decade is known as the Golden decade of Olympiakos as the club was champion of the Cypriot First Division three times , another three times it was runner-up , while it became the only Cyprus football club that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . It all started in the 1961–62 season , when Olympiakos reached the cup final for the first time in the clubs history . Despite this , the team did not manage to win the cup trophy , as it lost from Anorthosis Famagusta FC with a score of 5–2 . The foundations had been laid however , in the 1964–65 season , Giorgos Paletsios an old Olympiakos football player for 18 years , who had also served as team captain , agreed to manage the team , without being paid a salary for his services . Paletsios proceeded to restructure the teams squad promoting to the first team young and talented players including : Kettenis , Limbouris , Argyrou . Bolstered with young enthusiasm , the team finished in second place in the championship , while in the same year the top scorer of the championship was Olympiakos player Kostakis Pierides , scoring 21 goals . In the 1965–66 season Olympiakos was once again runner-up , with 49 points , one point less than the then champion Omonoia . Top scorer of the championship was again an Olympiakos player , Panikos Efthymiades scoring 23 goals . In the 1966–67 season Olympiakos dominated the Cypriot Championship , with Pambos Avraamidis as their manager , the team finished in first place and won the championship with 55 points as many as APOEL Nicosia , who in the last game of the season beat Aris Limassol with the huge score of 17–1 . The title was judged on goal difference and despite APOELs huge score in the last game of the season , Olympiakos still had a superior goal difference so that the club was crowned champion . In 1967 , the champion Olympiakos played against the Cup-winner Apollon Limassol , winning 1–0 therefore gaining the Pakkos Shield ( as the Super Cup/Shield was then known. ) In the 1968–69 season , Olympiakos won the championship for a second time , collecting 52 points the same number as AC Omonoia . Olympiakos was champion however because of the better goal difference . Top scorer of the championship was once again Panikos Efthymiades scoring 17 goals . The third Olympiakos championship came in the 1970–71 season with Englishman Rod Bradley as the manager , the team finished in first place with 31 points compared to 27 of runner up Digenis Morfou . The title of top scorer was shared by 3 footballers who all scored 11 goals amongst them once again Panikos Efthymiades . In the 1972–73 season Olympiakos finished runner-up , while in the 1974–75 season the team finished third . In 1971 Olympiakos won the Paligenesias cup that was organised by the Cyprus Football Association ( KOP ) , defeating Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . In this golden period , Olympiakos managers were : Pambos Avraamidis , Giorgos Paletsios , Takis Papaxeniou , Eric Brookes and Rod Bradley . Andreas Filotas , Varnavas Christofi , Nikos Theocharidis , Demos Flourentzou , Giorgos Hadjikonstantis , Dimitrakis Argyrou , Yiannis Xipolitas , Savvakis Constantinou , Michalakis Argyrou , Sotirakis Georgiou , Lakis Avraamidis , Markos Markou , Andreas Nicolaou ( Lympoyris ) , Vasilis Fragkiskou ( Katsis ) , Dimitriadis , Tasos Louka , Andreas Assiotis , Giorgos Kettenis , Panikos Efthymiades , Kostakis Pierides , Charalambos Partasidis , Giannos Pavlou , Takis Papettas , Kokos Michael , Nikos Mailos , Michalis Stavrou , Giorgos Aristeidou , Koullis Iliadis , Lakis Mitsidis , Panagiotis Prodromou , Giannis Serafeim were the footballers of the great successes of this period . Greek Experience . Olympiakos became the first Cypriot football team that participated in the Pan-Hellenic Championship , in the 1967–68 season , something which recurred twice more , in 1969–70 , and in 1971–72 , rendering the club the only Cypriot team that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . Olympiakos has also taken part in all three European competitions . European Experience . In the European Champions Cup in 1967 the club faced FK Sarajevo Yugoslavia . In the first game the teams drew 2–2 , while in second game Olympiakos lost with 3–1 . Also in the European Champions Cup , Olympiakos Nicosia played against Real Madrid in 1969 , losing both matches with 8–0 and 6–1 . Olympiakos later played in the same competition in 1971 and met Feyenoord of the Netherlands and lost 8–0 and 9–0 . In the Cup Winners Cup , Olympiakos took part once in 1977 playing against FC Universitatea Craiova Romania while in 1973 Olympiakos played against the German team VfB Stuttgart for the UEFA Cup . In all these European games Olympiakos was forced to play both games away from home as at the time the Cypriot football stadia did not meet the European regulations . Cup glory . In 1977 , Olympiakos Nicosia beat Alki Larnaca 2–0 to win the Cypriot Cup after two thunder bolts from English center half , captain and talisman Mreg Goffatt . In 1991 , Olympiakos Nicosia lost the Cypriot Cup in the finals losing 1–0 to AC Omonia . That was their last appearance in the Cypriot Cup finals . Glory days revisited . Olympiakos Nicosia also played in the UEFA Cup ( after finishing runner up in the Cypriot championship ) in the 2001–02 season against the Hungarian team Dunaferr FC ( drawing 2–2 in Nicosia and scoring a 2–4 away win , the first for the club in Europe ) and proceeded to the next round of the Uefa Cup to play against Club Brugge of Belgium and was eventually eliminated . Recent decline . With Olympiakos TV rights hastily agreed at the lowest amount for any Cypriot first division club in 2007 for 9 seasons and these rights assigned to repay old debts until 2016 the club has little cash inflow apart from gate receipts and commercial sponsorships . After a disastrous 2007–2008 season , where economic problems hindered the building of a strong squad , Olympiakos Nicosia finished bottom of the Cypriot First Division ( the first time the club finished bottom ) . The club was relegated for the third time in its history . In both the 1983–84 and 1997–98 seasons the club had spent just one season in the second tier of Cypriot football , only to win the Cypriot Second Division title each time and return to the Cypriot First Division . The club tried to re-organise itself and to return to the top flight as quickly as possible . In the 2008–09 season the club finished fourth and missed the promotion to the Cypriot First Division on the last day of the season by one point . In the 2009–10 season , an old goalkeeper of Olympiakos Petros Savva , was appointed as the new chairman . Savva initially re-appointed Andros Kouloumbris , an old midfield player of Olympiakos , as manager . After the end of the first round , however , Kouloumbris was sacked due to the bad defensive record of the team , despite the team being in 3rd place . The next coach for 7 games was Saša Jovanović who only managed two wins , with the team languishing in 5th place after some bad appearances , Saša Jovanović was removed to make way for old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager Nikodimos Papavasiliou . With Papavasiliou at the helm the team improved and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Cypriot First Division after finishing third at the end of the regular season . The club finished third at the end of the play-offs and therefore gained promotion , despite helping the team with winning promotion Nikodimos Papavasilious contract was not renewed at the end of the season . Return to the top flight . After 2 seasons Olympiakos returned to the top flight in the 2010–2011 season and Pambos Christodoulou an old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager of Doxa Katokopias was appointed as manager . Olympiakos showed good attacking football in the 2010–2011 season , easily avoiding relegation and having qualified for the Cup quarterfinals . The club played fluid attacking football having the third best attacking record after leaders APOEL and 3rd placed Anorthosis , playing with a 4–4–2 formation with pressing from within the opponents half , but the Achilles heel of the team was the bad defensive record with goals conceded in most games and the third worst record in this area . Christodoulou decided to leave the club in 2011 to join AEL Limassol , one year before his contract expired . The club decided to pursue this breach in court ( in an out of court settlement AEL Limassol paid an undisclosed sum of money to Olympiakos to avoid sanctions against them and Pambos ) and Christodoulou angered both the club president and the supporters , as well as the Cypriot football fans in general , with his unprofessional conduct . Striving for Stability . In the 2011–2012 season there were a few changes in Olympiakos , the new Greek manager was ex Xanthi FC Nikos Papadopoulos who mainly brought in defensive players playing in the Greek league to strengthen this area of weakness . Few additions were made to the attacking mechanism of the team and some early warnings in the pre season friendlies indicated that after the departure of the previous seasons top scorer , the team would be less productive in scoring than last season , which was in fact the case . Papadopoulos was released by mutual consent at the end of February 2012 with the club in the cup quarterfinals but fourth from bottom in the league , although defensively the club was marginally better it lost its attacking flair and pressing style with majority ball possession and suffered from conceding goals right after scoring . Nikodimos Papavasiliou was again appointed as manager for 2012 , after lowering his wage by mutual consent with chairman Savva . It was announced that the budget would be reduced from the previous season and to achieve this only a few players from the previous seasons squad remained . The team started the season with a 3-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Papavasiliou received an offer from Apollon Limassol after 2 games in charge of Olympiakos and was released from his contract by mutual consent . Renos Demetriades an old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive player was appointed as the new coach . Olympiakos was close to mid-table with Demetriades and despite the loss of key players in the January transfer window was on track to keep its top level status , until an unexpected home loss which plunged the club in a battle for survival forced the club to replace Demetriades with Marios Constantinou . Economic Decline . The club was relegated , for a fourth time in its history , on the last day of the 2012–2013 season , finishing third from bottom , while being level on points , but was demoted due to the inferior head to head record with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . The club started the new 2013–2014 season with a 6-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Chairman Petros Savva resigned and Manager Marios Constantinou left making way for old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive midfielder Costas Seraphim . Old chairman Demos Georgiades stepped in as acting chairman and the club used the Makario stadium as the home ground . Seraphim who was offering his services for free , totally reorganised the club for the new season . From the senior players only captain , defender Nikolas Nicolaou and midfielder , vice-captain Kyriacos Polycarpou remained . All the foreign players left . The young Olympiakos players such as forward Giannis Mavrou and goalkeeper Constantinos Panagi stepped up to fill in the places in the starting line up . Together with other local players all under 21 years old as well as 3 under 21 foreign players , the club was trying to reorganize and return to the top flight as soon as possible . After 4 games with 3 wins the club managed to erase the 6-point deduction and register a positive point tally . Had the penalty not been imposed the club would have been top of the league . After the positive start to the season , the young players were unable to take the pressure of the rugged Cypriot Second Division and six consecutive defeats and a further 3-point deduction , meant the resignation of coach Costas Seraphim in December 2013 , the replacement was Savvas Paraskeva , an ex Cypriot youth team national coach . The arrival of Paraskeva , did not arrest the clubs decline and the club finished 6th . After a further change of rules , with 14 teams playing in the second division , the club was spared the humiliation of third tier football and played in the second division for the 2014–2015 season . With around 1.6 million Euro of total legacy debt ( old players , banks , creditors and the state ) however , the future of the club was looking all the more uncertain . In the 2014–2015 season the club started with a 3-point deduction and was further hit with a 3-point deduction by December and spent a record third consecutive season in the second tier . The new Manager was ex Olympiakos attacking midfielder Goran Petkovski and the new chairman was Marios Mavrikios , an ex press spokesman of the club during the early 2000s . The club was again in survival mode , trying to survive the drop and pay down the old debts , with only 3 foreign players under 21 , two senior Cypriot players and all the rest being Cypriot players under 21 . The new club board , managed to reduce the debt to 26 old players to around 600,000 Euro and the club survived in the last game of the season by winning in an away game . In the 2015–2016 season the club yet again started with a 3-point deduction however with the same Manager and chairman as the previous season , the club set as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . In order to achieve this , funds to pay down debts to old players and to lift the embargo of signing senior players was the first objective . Old captain , defensive midfielder and manager Costas Seraphim took over as chairman on 27 July , the embargo was lifted on 28 August by reducing debt to old players to 470,000 Euro and the chairman announced the release of manager Goran Petkovski on 29 August and on 1 September hired Chrysis Michael . The club had a good season and was second for most of the season , falling to third with one game remaining . However , they drew in the last game , thus missing the promotion due to an inferior head to head record with Anagennisi Dherynia , thus staying in the second tier for a record fourth season . In the 2016–2017 season , the club set again as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . Chrysis Michael remained in his post . The new president was Dr Andreas Aristodemou . The debt to 22 old players was reduced to 420,000 Euro . Greek Giannis Georgaras was hired as Technical Director . On 24 July the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and ex-captain Nikolas Nicolaou took over as caretaker manager until 12 August 2016 when Savvas Paraskeva took over the helm . Nicolaou returned to his position of U21 manager . On 3 November 2016 the president resigned and Costas Seraphim retook the helm . He terminated the contract of manager Savvas Paraskeva by mutual consent as well as of the Technical Director and re hired Chrysis Michael as manager on 4 November 2016 . In early January to mid March the club was in third place and gained promotion to the first division after four seasons . In the 2017–2018 season , the clubs goal was to avoid relegation . FIFA had imposed an embargo on signing new players over 18 , so the club had to compete in the first division with its existing squad until January . The debt to old players was nevertheless reduced to 350,000 euro and the total legacy debt had been reduced to 1.2 million euro . At the end of the first round the club was in 11th place just above the relegation spots , falling to 12th place after 21 games and in the battle to survive relegation . The club finished in 12th place , avoiding direct relegation at the end of the second round and earned the opportunity to avoid relegation in the third round . The debt to old players was reduced to 225,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 1 million euro . With 7 games remaining and the club in the relegation spot , 9 points off safety , the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and Vesko Mihajlović was hired for the last 7 games of the season , with only one win and the club relegated for the fifth time , with 3 games remaining , Vesko Mihajlović resigned and captain Kyriacos Polykarpou took over as caretaker manager , until the end of the season . The debt to old players was reduced to 125,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 600,000 euro . In the 2018–2019 season Costas Seraphim remained president and was backed by the old president of the glory days of the early 2000s , Christopher Tornaritis , as head of the football department . Their first move is to hire Costas Malekkos as manager , with a view of returning to the top flight immediately . After two successive defeats in the first two games of the new season , Malekkos was replaced by Fangio Buyse who brought consecutive wins and the club was in first place after 11 games . Four games before the end of the season the club dropped to third place outside the promotion spots and Buyse was replaced by Kyriacos Polycarpou , an old player of the club , as caretaker manager , who lifted the club to second place and promotion . The debt was stabilised . Stability Regained . In the 2019–2020 season Seraphim and Tornaritis , with the club returning to the First Division , re- hired Pambos Christodoulou as manager . Pambos renewed the contracts of central defender Nani Soares from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Andreas Pachipis , Portuguese winger Rogerio Silva , defensive midfielder Evgenios Antoniou , Venezuelan forward Jose Romo and Cypriot left back Constantinos Samaras . The latter three were subsequently loaned to other clubs . His first signings were Cypriot right back Paris Psaltis , Cameroonian defensive midfielder Eyong Enoh , central defender Sambinha from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Giorgos Economides , goalkeepers Pavol Bajza from Slovakia and Mario Kirev from Bulgaria , Portuguese left back Kiko , Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah , Cypriot defensive midfielder Evangelos Kyriacou , Cypriot Striker Panayiotis Zachariou , Venezuelan midfielder Rafael Acosta , Brazilian Forward Azulão and Ghanaian centre back Ousmane Sidibé . The season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus and Olympiakos achieved the 9th place , securing participation regarding the next seasons First Division . During June 2020 , the director of football hired Greek Giannis Petrakis as the new head coach for the new season . The contracts of Guinea-Bissauan central defenders Sambinha and Nani Soares were renewed , as well as Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah . Cypriot right backs Paris Psaltis and Evangelos Kyriacou stayed at the club . With Cypriot Defender Constantinos Soteriou and star winger Panayiotis Zachariou also staying . The first signings were Cypriot winger Marios Pechlivanis who returned to the club , Greek goalkeeper Christos Karadais , Cameroonian winger Edgar Salli and goalkeeper Neofytos Michael who also returned to his boyhood club . Giannis Petrakis left the club in November , for Apollon Limassol after receiving an offer against the buyout clause in his contract . This angered the Olympiakos Nicosia supporters and Director of Football Tornaritis , who demanded a higher payout to release him . This was achieved via Giannis Petrakis returning pre-paid bonuses . Costas Seraphim the Technical Director took over as caretaker manager for 5 games . Initially after achieving two wins he was made permanent manager , but a draw and two losses forced him to return to his old post . Leonidas Vokolos took over debuting with a draw at home versus Ermis Aradippou . The new manager faces injuries and suspensions in his effort to retain the club in the top six . After being in charge for 8 games scoring only two draws , Leonidas Vokolos was replaced by Cedomir Janevski . Cedomir Janevski led the club to the top 6 championship group gaining 13 points in the playoffs . Moreover , he also led the club to the first cup final in 30 years where Olympiakos lost 2-1 to Anorthosis Famagusta during the extra-time period . Stadium . Since 2013 , the club has played at the Makario Stadium , where they also played in 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 . Previously Olympiakos had played at the old GSP Stadium ( 1934–1998 ) and the new GSP Stadium ( 2000–2008 ) ( 2009–2013 ) . Both stadiums were also shared with APOEL and Omonoia but Olympiakos was the only club playing at the old GSP Stadium between 1978 and 1998 as Apoel and Omonoia had both moved to Makario . Supporters . Olympiakos supporters since 2004 are organised under the Panhellenic Fans Association Taktakalas 1931 which takes its name from the area of old Nicosia where the clubhouse and the original training ground and now football academy Promahonas ( near the old Venetian Walls of Nicosia ) are located . 1931 refers to the date of foundation of the football club . Traditionally Olympiakos was supported by residents of the inner old part of Nicosia within the Venetian Walls , the attendance at home games peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s when fans from all over Cyprus would attend Olympiakos home games at the old GSP stadium filling it to its 12,000 capacity , especially when the club participated three times in the Greek First Division . After 1977 when the club won its last major title , the fanbase started to shrink . From a position where it could rival the other two Nicosia clubs , the fanbase dwindled for two reasons . Firstly outward migration from the Nicosia city centre to the suburbs after 1974 meant that the neighbourhoods of traditional Olympiakos supporters were becoming less populated , despite this trend the club made a conscious decision to leave the new clubhouse on the green line dividing Nicosia . Also the Turkish invasion spelt economic problems for the club and the fact that it was located in an inner city area next to the green line only made things harder . Up until the late 1990s many traditional Olympiakos supporters out of frustration for the lack of titles either stopped going to games and others switched allegiances to other Nicosia clubs that were richer and could still afford to win titles such as APOEL . It could be said that the club did not transition well from the era of amateur to semi-professional football in Cyprus beginning in the early 1980s mainly for the reasons mentioned above . Also the younger generation of Cypriots did not grow up with Olympiakos as a major power in the Cyprus league and despite their parents supporting Olympiakos they would often choose to support another side that won titles in the 1980 to 2000 years . In general Olympiakos supporters tend to be of an older age and very rarely engage in trouble with other fans unless severely provoked . They also tend to be right wing politically , although not officially affiliated to any political party , and speak fondly of the time when Olympiakos played with other Greek teams in the Greek First Division . In the early 2000s , with the shift from semi-professional to professional status in Cyprus football and with a wealthy President at the helm , a brief revival of the club fortunes with an UEFA cup participation , as the club finished second , after 25 years , increased the fans at the New GSP to around 5000 in the two home European games . Olympiakos fans although now less than those of the other Nicosia , Limassol teams and Anorthosis are nevertheless fiercely loyal to their team . Even when the club fell to the Second Division between 2008 and 2010 due to economic problems , 300 supporters would follow the club to even the most remote village of Cyprus , with home attendance varying between 500 and 750 . At home games now in the First Division around 1000 to 2000 Olympiakos supporters will cheer the team on and are quite demanding for their team due to its past glories , one could say as demanding as other teams that have recently won silverware . Coaching staff . <div Former players . For a full list of players with Wikipedia articles Managerial history . - Eli Fuchs ( 1968–69 ) - Constantin Cernăianu ( 1983–85 ) - David Kipiani ( 1992–93 ) - Ronnie Whelan ( 2000–02 ) - Svetozar Šapurić ( July 2002 – June 2003 ) - Mpampis Tennes ( 2003 ) - Giorgos Foiros ( 2003–04 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 2004–05 ) , ( 2006–07 ) - Rainer Rauffmann ( May 2005 – Nov 2005 ) - Diethelm Ferner ( 2005–06 ) - Juan Ramón Rocha ( 2007–08 ) - Jorge Barrios ( 2008 ) - Nikodimos Papavasiliou ( 2008–09 ) , ( Nov 2009 – June 2010 ) , ( Feb 2012 – Sep 2012 ) - Saša Jovanović ( 2010 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( July 2010 – March 2011 ) - Nikos Papadopoulos ( Aug 2011 – Feb 2012 ) - Renos Demetriades ( Sep 2012 – Feb 2013 ) - Marios Constantinou ( Feb 2013 – June 2013 ) - Costas Seraphim ( June 2013 – December 2013 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( December 2013 – April 2014 ) - Goran Petkovski ( July 2014 – August 2015 ) - Chrysis Michael ( September 2015 – July 2016 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( August 2016 –November 2016 ) - Chrysis Michael ( November 2016 – March 2018 ) - Vesko Mihajlovic ( March 2018;-April 2018 ) - Costas Malekkos ( June 2018;-September 2018 ) - Fangio Buyse ( September 2018;-April 2019 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( June 2019;-May 2020 ) - Giannis Petrakis ( June 2020;-November 2020 ) - Costas Seraphim ( November 2020;-December 2020 ) - Leonidas Vokolos ( January 2021;-January 2021 ) - Čedomir Janevski ( February 2021;- ) Honours . Football . - Cypriot Championship : 3 - Cypriot Cup : 1 - Cypriot Super Cup : 1 - Cypriot Second Division Volleyball . - Cypriot Championships : 2 External links . - Official website - Official Fans website |
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| easy | Which school did Natalie Zemon Davis go to from 1948 to 1949? | /wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis#P69#0 | Natalie Zemon Davis Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career . She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada . Life . Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis . She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children . Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto . Research interests . Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking . In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film . Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives . Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers . Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence . Awards and recognition . In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action . In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society . On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews . Works . - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 . - Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 . - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 . - The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 . - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 . - Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 . - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990 - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 . - A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 . - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000 - Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002 - Trickster Travels New York : Hill & Wang , 2006 . Sources . - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 . - Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 . - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 . - Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 . - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 . - OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 . - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 . - Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 . - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 . External links . - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 . |
[
"Radcliffe College"
]
| easy | Where was Natalie Zemon Davis educated in 1949? | /wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis#P69#1 | Natalie Zemon Davis Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career . She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada . Life . Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis . She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children . Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto . Research interests . Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking . In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film . Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives . Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers . Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence . Awards and recognition . In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action . In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society . On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews . Works . - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 . - Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 . - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 . - The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 . - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 . - Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 . - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990 - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 . - A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 . - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000 - Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002 - Trickster Travels New York : Hill & Wang , 2006 . Sources . - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 . - Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 . - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 . - Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 . - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 . - OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 . - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 . - Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 . - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 . External links . - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 . |
[
"Harvard University",
"University of Michigan"
]
| easy | Which school did Natalie Zemon Davis go to from 1949 to 1959? | /wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis#P69#2 | Natalie Zemon Davis Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career . She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada . Life . Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis . She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children . Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto . Research interests . Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking . In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film . Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives . Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers . Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence . Awards and recognition . In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action . In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society . On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews . Works . - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 . - Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 . - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 . - The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 . - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 . - Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 . - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990 - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 . - A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 . - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000 - Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002 - Trickster Travels New York : Hill & Wang , 2006 . Sources . - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 . - Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 . - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 . - Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 . - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 . - OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 . - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 . - Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 . - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 . External links . - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 . |
[
"Brighton Works"
]
| easy | What was the operator of LB&SCR E4 class from 1897 to Dec 1922? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E4_class#P137#0 | LB&SCR E4 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway . History . The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge . Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown . Operations . The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines . Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class . Numbering . British Railways ( BR ) numbers were 32463-32520 , 32556-32566 and 32577-32582 . E4X class . In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 . Preservation . One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley . Models . Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery . References . - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society . External links . - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul |
[
"Southern Railway"
]
| easy | What operated LB&SCR E4 class from 1923 to Dec 1947? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E4_class#P137#1 | LB&SCR E4 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway . History . The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge . Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown . Operations . The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines . Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class . Numbering . British Railways ( BR ) numbers were 32463-32520 , 32556-32566 and 32577-32582 . E4X class . In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 . Preservation . One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley . Models . Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery . References . - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society . External links . - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul |
[
"British Railways"
]
| easy | What was the operator of LB&SCR E4 class from 1948 to 1963? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E4_class#P137#2 | LB&SCR E4 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway . History . The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge . Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown . Operations . The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines . Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class . Numbering . British Railways ( BR ) numbers were 32463-32520 , 32556-32566 and 32577-32582 . E4X class . In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 . Preservation . One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley . Models . Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery . References . - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society . External links . - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul |
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]
| easy | Who was Sally Eilers 's spouse from 1929 to 1933? | /wiki/Sally_Eilers#P26#0 | Sally Eilers Dorothea Sally Eilers ( December 11 , 1908 – January 5 , 1978 ) was an American actress . Early life . Eilers was born in New York City to a Jewish-American mother , Paula or Pauline Schoenberger , and a German-American father , Hio Peter Eilers ( an inventor ) . She had one sibling , a brother , Hio Peter Eilers Jr . When Eilers was young , she moved to Los Angeles with her parents , and in 1927 she graduated from Fairfax High School . She went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures . She studied for the stage , specializing in dancing . Her first try was a failure , so she tried typing , but then went back into pictures and succeeded . Career . She made her film debut in 1927 in The Red Mill , directed by Roscoe Arbuckle . After several minor roles as an extra , in 1927-1928 she found work with Mack Sennett as one of his flaming youth comedians in several comedy short subjects , along with Carole Lombard , who had been a school friend . In 1928 , she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars , a yearly list of young actresses selected by publicity people in the film business , with selection based on the actresses having shown the most promise during the past 12 months . Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood , known for her high spirits and vivacity . Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as Quick Millions ( 1931 ) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft . By the end of the decade , her popularity had waned , and her subsequent film appearances were few . She made her final film appearance in Stage to Tucson ( 1950 ) . Personal life . She was married four times , beginning with Western actor Hoot Gibson . She and her second husband , Harry Joe Brown , had one child , a son , Harry Joe Brown Jr . ( 1934-2006 ) . She lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills , California designed by architect Paul R . Williams . Eilers was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevensons campaign during the 1952 presidential election . Like her mother , Eilers adhered to Judaism . Death . During her final years , Eilers suffered poor health , and died from a heart attack on January 5 , 1978 , in Woodland Hills , California , at the age of 69 . She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum , Columbarium of Understanding , Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery , Glendale , California . Partial filmography . - The Red Mill ( 1927 ) ( uncredited ) - ( 1927 ) - Paid to Love ( 1927 ) - The Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) - The Campus Vamp ( 1928 ) ( short subject ) - Fazil ( 1928 ) - The Good-Bye Kiss ( 1928 ) - The Crowd ( 1928 ) - Dry Martini ( 1928 ) - Broadway Babies ( 1929 ) - Weary River ( 1929 ) - Sailors Holiday ( 1929 ) - The Long Long Trail ( 1929 ) - The Show of Shows ( 1929 ) - She Couldnt Say No ( 1930 ) - Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) - Doughboys ( 1930 ) - Trigger Tricks ( 1930 ) - Roaring Ranch ( 1930 ) - Clearing the Range ( 1931 ) - Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) - Quick Millions ( 1931 ) - The Black Camel ( 1931 ) - A Holy Terror ( 1931 ) - Over the Hill ( 1931 ) - Reducing ( 1931 ) - Bad Girl ( 1931 ) - Disorderly Conduct ( 1932 ) - Hat Check Girl ( 1932 ) - Hold Me Tight ( 1933 ) - Made on Broadway ( 1933 ) - Sailors Luck ( 1933 ) - Second Hand Wife ( 1933 ) - Central Airport ( 1933 ) - State Fair ( 1933 ) - Walls of Gold ( 1933 ) - She Made Her Bed ( 1934 ) - Three on a Honeymoon ( 1934 ) - I Spy ( 1934 ) - Pursuit ( 1935 ) - Alias Mary Dow ( 1935 ) - Carnival ( 1935 ) - Remember Last Night ? ( 1935 ) - Dont Get Personal ( 1936 ) - Talk of the Devil ( 1936 ) ( British ) - Without Orders ( 1936 ) - Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - We Have Our Moments ( 1937 ) - Lady Behave ! ( 1937 ) - Tarnished Angel ( 1938 ) - Condemned Women ( 1938 ) - Everybodys Doing It ( 1938 ) - The Nurse from Brooklyn ( 1938 ) - Full Confession ( 1939 ) - They Made Her a Spy ( 1939 ) - I Was a Prisoner on Devils Island ( 1941 ) - First Aid ( 1943 ) ( short subject ) - A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 ) - Strange Illusion ( 1945 ) - Coroner Creek ( 1948 ) External links . - Photographs of Sally Eilers |
[
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]
| easy | Who was Sally Eilers 's spouse from 1949 to 1958? | /wiki/Sally_Eilers#P26#1 | Sally Eilers Dorothea Sally Eilers ( December 11 , 1908 – January 5 , 1978 ) was an American actress . Early life . Eilers was born in New York City to a Jewish-American mother , Paula or Pauline Schoenberger , and a German-American father , Hio Peter Eilers ( an inventor ) . She had one sibling , a brother , Hio Peter Eilers Jr . When Eilers was young , she moved to Los Angeles with her parents , and in 1927 she graduated from Fairfax High School . She went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures . She studied for the stage , specializing in dancing . Her first try was a failure , so she tried typing , but then went back into pictures and succeeded . Career . She made her film debut in 1927 in The Red Mill , directed by Roscoe Arbuckle . After several minor roles as an extra , in 1927-1928 she found work with Mack Sennett as one of his flaming youth comedians in several comedy short subjects , along with Carole Lombard , who had been a school friend . In 1928 , she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars , a yearly list of young actresses selected by publicity people in the film business , with selection based on the actresses having shown the most promise during the past 12 months . Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood , known for her high spirits and vivacity . Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as Quick Millions ( 1931 ) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft . By the end of the decade , her popularity had waned , and her subsequent film appearances were few . She made her final film appearance in Stage to Tucson ( 1950 ) . Personal life . She was married four times , beginning with Western actor Hoot Gibson . She and her second husband , Harry Joe Brown , had one child , a son , Harry Joe Brown Jr . ( 1934-2006 ) . She lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills , California designed by architect Paul R . Williams . Eilers was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevensons campaign during the 1952 presidential election . Like her mother , Eilers adhered to Judaism . Death . During her final years , Eilers suffered poor health , and died from a heart attack on January 5 , 1978 , in Woodland Hills , California , at the age of 69 . She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum , Columbarium of Understanding , Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery , Glendale , California . Partial filmography . - The Red Mill ( 1927 ) ( uncredited ) - ( 1927 ) - Paid to Love ( 1927 ) - The Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) - The Campus Vamp ( 1928 ) ( short subject ) - Fazil ( 1928 ) - The Good-Bye Kiss ( 1928 ) - The Crowd ( 1928 ) - Dry Martini ( 1928 ) - Broadway Babies ( 1929 ) - Weary River ( 1929 ) - Sailors Holiday ( 1929 ) - The Long Long Trail ( 1929 ) - The Show of Shows ( 1929 ) - She Couldnt Say No ( 1930 ) - Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) - Doughboys ( 1930 ) - Trigger Tricks ( 1930 ) - Roaring Ranch ( 1930 ) - Clearing the Range ( 1931 ) - Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) - Quick Millions ( 1931 ) - The Black Camel ( 1931 ) - A Holy Terror ( 1931 ) - Over the Hill ( 1931 ) - Reducing ( 1931 ) - Bad Girl ( 1931 ) - Disorderly Conduct ( 1932 ) - Hat Check Girl ( 1932 ) - Hold Me Tight ( 1933 ) - Made on Broadway ( 1933 ) - Sailors Luck ( 1933 ) - Second Hand Wife ( 1933 ) - Central Airport ( 1933 ) - State Fair ( 1933 ) - Walls of Gold ( 1933 ) - She Made Her Bed ( 1934 ) - Three on a Honeymoon ( 1934 ) - I Spy ( 1934 ) - Pursuit ( 1935 ) - Alias Mary Dow ( 1935 ) - Carnival ( 1935 ) - Remember Last Night ? ( 1935 ) - Dont Get Personal ( 1936 ) - Talk of the Devil ( 1936 ) ( British ) - Without Orders ( 1936 ) - Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - We Have Our Moments ( 1937 ) - Lady Behave ! ( 1937 ) - Tarnished Angel ( 1938 ) - Condemned Women ( 1938 ) - Everybodys Doing It ( 1938 ) - The Nurse from Brooklyn ( 1938 ) - Full Confession ( 1939 ) - They Made Her a Spy ( 1939 ) - I Was a Prisoner on Devils Island ( 1941 ) - First Aid ( 1943 ) ( short subject ) - A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 ) - Strange Illusion ( 1945 ) - Coroner Creek ( 1948 ) External links . - Photographs of Sally Eilers |
[
"London"
]
| easy | Where did James Parmentier work from 1676 to 1695? | /wiki/James_Parmentier#P937#0 | James Parmentier James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire . Life . Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 . Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds . Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden . His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole . External links . Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London |
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| easy | What was the working location for James Parmentier from 1695 to 1698? | /wiki/James_Parmentier#P937#1 | James Parmentier James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire . Life . Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 . Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds . Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden . His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole . External links . Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London |
[
"Hull"
]
| easy | Where did James Parmentier work from 1701 to 1721? | /wiki/James_Parmentier#P937#2 | James Parmentier James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire . Life . Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 . Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds . Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden . His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole . External links . Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London |
[
"London"
]
| easy | James Parmentier worked in which location from 1721 to 1730? | /wiki/James_Parmentier#P937#3 | James Parmentier James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire . Life . Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 . Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds . Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden . His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole . External links . Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London |
[
"member of the Home Rule League"
]
| easy | Which position did Joseph Biggar hold from 1874 to Mar 1880? | /wiki/Joseph_Biggar#P39#0 | Joseph Biggar Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 . Origins . He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church . His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger . He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission . Obstructionism . He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists . Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists . T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 : With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House . T . D . Sullivan refers to Biggars preparation and delaying technique : Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee ) , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again . Fenianism . Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement . In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords . At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination . Land War . Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain . Captain OShea . In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue : Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed . On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast . Honours . The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour . Notes . - Attribution |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the position of Joseph Biggar from Mar 1880 to Nov 1885? | /wiki/Joseph_Biggar#P39#1 | Joseph Biggar Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 . Origins . He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church . His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger . He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission . Obstructionism . He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists . Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists . T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 : With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House . T . D . Sullivan refers to Biggars preparation and delaying technique : Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee ) , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again . Fenianism . Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement . In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords . At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination . Land War . Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain . Captain OShea . In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue : Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed . On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast . Honours . The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour . Notes . - Attribution |
[
"member of the Home Rule League"
]
| easy | What position did Joseph Biggar take from Nov 1885 to Jun 1886? | /wiki/Joseph_Biggar#P39#2 | Joseph Biggar Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 . Origins . He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church . His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger . He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission . Obstructionism . He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists . Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists . T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 : With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House . T . D . Sullivan refers to Biggars preparation and delaying technique : Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee ) , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again . Fenianism . Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement . In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords . At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination . Land War . Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain . Captain OShea . In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue : Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed . On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast . Honours . The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour . Notes . - Attribution |
[
"member of the Home Rule League"
]
| easy | Joseph Biggar took which position from Jul 1886 to Feb 1890? | /wiki/Joseph_Biggar#P39#3 | Joseph Biggar Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 . Origins . He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church . His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger . He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission . Obstructionism . He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists . Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists . T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 : With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House . T . D . Sullivan refers to Biggars preparation and delaying technique : Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee ) , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again . Fenianism . Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement . In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords . At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination . Land War . Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain . Captain OShea . In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue : Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed . On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast . Honours . The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour . Notes . - Attribution |
[
"American Lacrosse Conference"
]
| easy | Which league did Florida Gators women's lacrosse play for from Jul 2010 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/Florida_Gators_women's_lacrosse#P118#0 | Florida Gators womens lacrosse The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 . Background and overview . The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic programs . Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members . The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation . Team history . The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power ratings . In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May 9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 . In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime . Coaching staff . Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 . Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup . Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year . Donald R . Dizney Stadium . Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins . |
[
"Big East"
]
| easy | Which league did Florida Gators women's lacrosse play for from Jul 2014 to Jun 2018? | /wiki/Florida_Gators_women's_lacrosse#P118#1 | Florida Gators womens lacrosse The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 . Background and overview . The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic programs . Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members . The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation . Team history . The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power ratings . In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May 9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 . In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime . Coaching staff . Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 . Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup . Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year . Donald R . Dizney Stadium . Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins . |
[
"American Athletic Conference"
]
| easy | Which league did Florida Gators women's lacrosse play for from Jul 2018 to Jul 2019? | /wiki/Florida_Gators_women's_lacrosse#P118#2 | Florida Gators womens lacrosse The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 . Background and overview . The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic programs . Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members . The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation . Team history . The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power ratings . In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May 9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 . In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime . Coaching staff . Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 . Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup . Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year . Donald R . Dizney Stadium . Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins . |
[
"Palang Dharma Party"
]
| easy | Which political party did Sudarat Keyuraphan belong to from 1991 to 1996? | /wiki/Sudarat_Keyuraphan#P102#0 | Sudarat Keyuraphan Sudarat Keyuraphan ( , ) is a Thai politician and former chairwoman of Pheu Thai Partys strategic committee . She held various positions in the cabinet and served multiple terms as a Member of Parliament . She was her partys prime minister candidate in the 2019 Thai general election . Family and personal life . Sudarat was born in Bangkok to Mr . Sompon Keyurapan and Mrs . Renu Keyuraphan . Her father was the former Member of Parliament from Nakhon Ratchasima Province . Sudarat graduated high-school from St . Joseph Convent School in Bangkok . She earned her bachelors degree from Chulalongkorn University in commerce and accountancy and a masters degree from the Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration . In 2018 , she earned her doctoral degree in Buddhist studies from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University . Sudarat is married to Mr . Somyos Leelapunyalert , who is a real estate entrepreneur . They have 3 children whose names are Phumphat , Peeraphat , and Yossuda . Political work . Sudarat began her political career as part of the Palang Dharma Party , being elected an MP for Bangkoks District 12 in the election of March 1992 . She was reelected in September of the same year and was appointed deputy government spokesperson for Chuan Leekpai’s Government . In 1994 , Sudarat was appointed Secretary-General of the Palang Dharma Party and was also appointed Deputy Minister of Transport . In the 1995 Election , Sudarat was re-elected MP and was appointed Deputy Minister of Interior in Banharn Silpa-archa’s Government . In 1996 , Sudarat was once again elected MP and was the only member to be elected from Palang Dharma . Two years later , in 1998 , Sudarat co-founded the Thai Rak Thai Party together with Thaksin Shinawatra and 21 others , including Somkid Jatusripitak , Thanong Bidaya , Purachai Piumsombun , Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya , and Prommin Lertsuridej . Sudarat was appointed Deputy Leader of Thai Rak Thai In the 2001 election , Sudarat was elected a Member of Parliament and was appointed Minister of Public Health on February 17 , 2001 under the Thaksin government . She was involved in a long-running scandal over the purchase of overpriced computers for hospitals by the Ministry of Public Health . The 2006 election saw her party win over 61% of the vote , becoming the largest party , and Sudarat was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives . She lost her position following the September 2006 coup . As one of 111 executive members of the TRT , she was banned from political activities for five years after the 2006 coup détat . Sudarat later returned to Thai politics , contesting the 2019 election as a party-list MP and prime ministerial candidate for the Pheu Thai Party . However , although the party won the most constituency seats , it did not win any party-list seats . Notable awards and honors . - 1996 - Thailand Tatler Award “Most talked about personality of the year” - 1997 – Notable Alumni Awards from Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy from Chulalongkorn University - 2003 – Tobacco-Free World Award from WHO - 2003 – Mental Health Princess Award in supporting Mental health from Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana - 2014 – World Buddhist Outstanding Leader Award from World Fellowship of Buddhists - 2015 – Asoka Pilla Trophy Religion Leader from The Association of Distinguished Contributors to Buddhism of Thailand Royal decorations . 1996 Knight Grand Cordon ( Special Class ) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand External links . - Official site |
[
"Thai Rak Thai Party"
]
| easy | Which political party did Sudarat Keyuraphan belong to from 1998 to 2006? | /wiki/Sudarat_Keyuraphan#P102#1 | Sudarat Keyuraphan Sudarat Keyuraphan ( , ) is a Thai politician and former chairwoman of Pheu Thai Partys strategic committee . She held various positions in the cabinet and served multiple terms as a Member of Parliament . She was her partys prime minister candidate in the 2019 Thai general election . Family and personal life . Sudarat was born in Bangkok to Mr . Sompon Keyurapan and Mrs . Renu Keyuraphan . Her father was the former Member of Parliament from Nakhon Ratchasima Province . Sudarat graduated high-school from St . Joseph Convent School in Bangkok . She earned her bachelors degree from Chulalongkorn University in commerce and accountancy and a masters degree from the Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration . In 2018 , she earned her doctoral degree in Buddhist studies from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University . Sudarat is married to Mr . Somyos Leelapunyalert , who is a real estate entrepreneur . They have 3 children whose names are Phumphat , Peeraphat , and Yossuda . Political work . Sudarat began her political career as part of the Palang Dharma Party , being elected an MP for Bangkoks District 12 in the election of March 1992 . She was reelected in September of the same year and was appointed deputy government spokesperson for Chuan Leekpai’s Government . In 1994 , Sudarat was appointed Secretary-General of the Palang Dharma Party and was also appointed Deputy Minister of Transport . In the 1995 Election , Sudarat was re-elected MP and was appointed Deputy Minister of Interior in Banharn Silpa-archa’s Government . In 1996 , Sudarat was once again elected MP and was the only member to be elected from Palang Dharma . Two years later , in 1998 , Sudarat co-founded the Thai Rak Thai Party together with Thaksin Shinawatra and 21 others , including Somkid Jatusripitak , Thanong Bidaya , Purachai Piumsombun , Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya , and Prommin Lertsuridej . Sudarat was appointed Deputy Leader of Thai Rak Thai In the 2001 election , Sudarat was elected a Member of Parliament and was appointed Minister of Public Health on February 17 , 2001 under the Thaksin government . She was involved in a long-running scandal over the purchase of overpriced computers for hospitals by the Ministry of Public Health . The 2006 election saw her party win over 61% of the vote , becoming the largest party , and Sudarat was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives . She lost her position following the September 2006 coup . As one of 111 executive members of the TRT , she was banned from political activities for five years after the 2006 coup détat . Sudarat later returned to Thai politics , contesting the 2019 election as a party-list MP and prime ministerial candidate for the Pheu Thai Party . However , although the party won the most constituency seats , it did not win any party-list seats . Notable awards and honors . - 1996 - Thailand Tatler Award “Most talked about personality of the year” - 1997 – Notable Alumni Awards from Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy from Chulalongkorn University - 2003 – Tobacco-Free World Award from WHO - 2003 – Mental Health Princess Award in supporting Mental health from Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana - 2014 – World Buddhist Outstanding Leader Award from World Fellowship of Buddhists - 2015 – Asoka Pilla Trophy Religion Leader from The Association of Distinguished Contributors to Buddhism of Thailand Royal decorations . 1996 Knight Grand Cordon ( Special Class ) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand External links . - Official site |
[
""
]
| easy | Which political party did Sudarat Keyuraphan belong to from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Sudarat_Keyuraphan#P102#2 | Sudarat Keyuraphan Sudarat Keyuraphan ( , ) is a Thai politician and former chairwoman of Pheu Thai Partys strategic committee . She held various positions in the cabinet and served multiple terms as a Member of Parliament . She was her partys prime minister candidate in the 2019 Thai general election . Family and personal life . Sudarat was born in Bangkok to Mr . Sompon Keyurapan and Mrs . Renu Keyuraphan . Her father was the former Member of Parliament from Nakhon Ratchasima Province . Sudarat graduated high-school from St . Joseph Convent School in Bangkok . She earned her bachelors degree from Chulalongkorn University in commerce and accountancy and a masters degree from the Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration . In 2018 , she earned her doctoral degree in Buddhist studies from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University . Sudarat is married to Mr . Somyos Leelapunyalert , who is a real estate entrepreneur . They have 3 children whose names are Phumphat , Peeraphat , and Yossuda . Political work . Sudarat began her political career as part of the Palang Dharma Party , being elected an MP for Bangkoks District 12 in the election of March 1992 . She was reelected in September of the same year and was appointed deputy government spokesperson for Chuan Leekpai’s Government . In 1994 , Sudarat was appointed Secretary-General of the Palang Dharma Party and was also appointed Deputy Minister of Transport . In the 1995 Election , Sudarat was re-elected MP and was appointed Deputy Minister of Interior in Banharn Silpa-archa’s Government . In 1996 , Sudarat was once again elected MP and was the only member to be elected from Palang Dharma . Two years later , in 1998 , Sudarat co-founded the Thai Rak Thai Party together with Thaksin Shinawatra and 21 others , including Somkid Jatusripitak , Thanong Bidaya , Purachai Piumsombun , Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya , and Prommin Lertsuridej . Sudarat was appointed Deputy Leader of Thai Rak Thai In the 2001 election , Sudarat was elected a Member of Parliament and was appointed Minister of Public Health on February 17 , 2001 under the Thaksin government . She was involved in a long-running scandal over the purchase of overpriced computers for hospitals by the Ministry of Public Health . The 2006 election saw her party win over 61% of the vote , becoming the largest party , and Sudarat was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives . She lost her position following the September 2006 coup . As one of 111 executive members of the TRT , she was banned from political activities for five years after the 2006 coup détat . Sudarat later returned to Thai politics , contesting the 2019 election as a party-list MP and prime ministerial candidate for the Pheu Thai Party . However , although the party won the most constituency seats , it did not win any party-list seats . Notable awards and honors . - 1996 - Thailand Tatler Award “Most talked about personality of the year” - 1997 – Notable Alumni Awards from Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy from Chulalongkorn University - 2003 – Tobacco-Free World Award from WHO - 2003 – Mental Health Princess Award in supporting Mental health from Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana - 2014 – World Buddhist Outstanding Leader Award from World Fellowship of Buddhists - 2015 – Asoka Pilla Trophy Religion Leader from The Association of Distinguished Contributors to Buddhism of Thailand Royal decorations . 1996 Knight Grand Cordon ( Special Class ) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand External links . - Official site |
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| easy | Which team did the player Ernst Ocwirk belong to from 1942 to 1945? | /wiki/Ernst_Ocwirk#P54#0 | Ernst Ocwirk Ernst Ocwirk ( 7 March 1926 – 23 January 1980 ) was an Austrian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the greatest Austrian footballers of all time . He spent the majority of his playing and coaching years between Austria and Italy , being both player and manager for FK Austria Vienna and Serie A club Sampdoria . He also went on to become a member of the Austria national team , which he led to a third-place finish at the 1954 World Cup as its captain . Nicknamed Clockwork by the British for his midfield consistency , as well as the nickname being suggested by his surname , he is often cited as the last of the old-fashioned attacking centre-halves ; he was known for his aesthetic and technical style of playing , his heading ability , excellent timing ( both in offensive and defensive tasks ) and his passing range ; particularly his long passing ability . The fans loved him for his modest and fair personality . The international media of the era saw Ocwirk as the best centerhalf in the world . He is considered one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . Club career . Born in Vienna , Ocwirk began his career as a striker . He joined his first club , the local FC Stadlau , in 1938 . He then played for Floridsdorfer AC , where he was spotted by former Austrian international Josef Smistik , who moved Ocwirk to centre midfield . Smistik tried to bring him to his former team , Rapid Vienna , but it was rivals FK Austria who won the race for his services and , in 1947 , signed him . In a decade at Austria Vienna , Ocwirk became one of the most prominent players for the club , helping them to win five Austrian League championships and three domestic cups . Brought to Sampdoria by Alberto Ravano , he was the second Austrian footballer ever to play in Serie A after Engelbert König had done it in the 1940s . He also remained the last Austrian in Serie A until 1980 , when Herbert Prohaska played for Internazionale . Ocwirk would play five seasons at the Genova club , of which he became the captain . In 1961 , he returned to FK Austria to play the final season of his career , winning the double in 1961/62 . Ocwirk was chosen in Austrias Team of the Century in 2001 . International career . Ocwirk won 62 caps and scored six goals for his country . He made his debut for his country in 1945 before appearing at the 1948 Olympic Games in London . By 1953 the stopper centre-back had taken over , so Ocwirk was selected as a wing-half for a Rest-of-the-World team which drew 4–4 with England to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Football Association . His international successes earned him the honour of twice being named captain of the FIFA World team . At the 1954 World Cup , Ocwirk captained Austria and played in all five of his team matches , helping it achieve its best ever World Cup finish , third place . The centre-half scored two goals during the tournament : the one that gave Austria the lead after trailing 0–3 in the memorable quarter-final against hosts Switzerland , and the 3–1 in the third-place match against reigning champions Uruguay . Coaching . Immediately after retiring from playing , Ocwirk became a manager , and Sampdoria was the first team he coached , from 1962 to 1965 . He also managed German side 1 . FC Köln one year , taking them to the final of the DFB Cup . Death and legacy . In January 1980 , at the age of 53 , he died of multiple sclerosis , in Klein-Pöchlarn , Lower Austria . His death occurred on the same date that Matthias Sindelar died 41 years before . A friendly tournament was played in July 1981 in homage to Ernst Ocwirk at Wiener Stadion . The participants were FK Austria Wien , SK Rapid Wien , Ferencvárosi TC and Bayern Munich . Bayern Munich won the tournament . Honours . Club . - Austrian Football Bundesliga ( 5 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1962 , 1963 - Austrian Cup ( 3 ) : 1948 , 1949 , 1962 International . - FIFA World Cup third place : 1954 Individual . - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1954 External links . - FIFA - Profile – FK Austria - Player profile – Austria Archive - UEFA |
[
"FK Austria"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Ernst Ocwirk belong to from 1945 to 1947? | /wiki/Ernst_Ocwirk#P54#1 | Ernst Ocwirk Ernst Ocwirk ( 7 March 1926 – 23 January 1980 ) was an Austrian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the greatest Austrian footballers of all time . He spent the majority of his playing and coaching years between Austria and Italy , being both player and manager for FK Austria Vienna and Serie A club Sampdoria . He also went on to become a member of the Austria national team , which he led to a third-place finish at the 1954 World Cup as its captain . Nicknamed Clockwork by the British for his midfield consistency , as well as the nickname being suggested by his surname , he is often cited as the last of the old-fashioned attacking centre-halves ; he was known for his aesthetic and technical style of playing , his heading ability , excellent timing ( both in offensive and defensive tasks ) and his passing range ; particularly his long passing ability . The fans loved him for his modest and fair personality . The international media of the era saw Ocwirk as the best centerhalf in the world . He is considered one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . Club career . Born in Vienna , Ocwirk began his career as a striker . He joined his first club , the local FC Stadlau , in 1938 . He then played for Floridsdorfer AC , where he was spotted by former Austrian international Josef Smistik , who moved Ocwirk to centre midfield . Smistik tried to bring him to his former team , Rapid Vienna , but it was rivals FK Austria who won the race for his services and , in 1947 , signed him . In a decade at Austria Vienna , Ocwirk became one of the most prominent players for the club , helping them to win five Austrian League championships and three domestic cups . Brought to Sampdoria by Alberto Ravano , he was the second Austrian footballer ever to play in Serie A after Engelbert König had done it in the 1940s . He also remained the last Austrian in Serie A until 1980 , when Herbert Prohaska played for Internazionale . Ocwirk would play five seasons at the Genova club , of which he became the captain . In 1961 , he returned to FK Austria to play the final season of his career , winning the double in 1961/62 . Ocwirk was chosen in Austrias Team of the Century in 2001 . International career . Ocwirk won 62 caps and scored six goals for his country . He made his debut for his country in 1945 before appearing at the 1948 Olympic Games in London . By 1953 the stopper centre-back had taken over , so Ocwirk was selected as a wing-half for a Rest-of-the-World team which drew 4–4 with England to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Football Association . His international successes earned him the honour of twice being named captain of the FIFA World team . At the 1954 World Cup , Ocwirk captained Austria and played in all five of his team matches , helping it achieve its best ever World Cup finish , third place . The centre-half scored two goals during the tournament : the one that gave Austria the lead after trailing 0–3 in the memorable quarter-final against hosts Switzerland , and the 3–1 in the third-place match against reigning champions Uruguay . Coaching . Immediately after retiring from playing , Ocwirk became a manager , and Sampdoria was the first team he coached , from 1962 to 1965 . He also managed German side 1 . FC Köln one year , taking them to the final of the DFB Cup . Death and legacy . In January 1980 , at the age of 53 , he died of multiple sclerosis , in Klein-Pöchlarn , Lower Austria . His death occurred on the same date that Matthias Sindelar died 41 years before . A friendly tournament was played in July 1981 in homage to Ernst Ocwirk at Wiener Stadion . The participants were FK Austria Wien , SK Rapid Wien , Ferencvárosi TC and Bayern Munich . Bayern Munich won the tournament . Honours . Club . - Austrian Football Bundesliga ( 5 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1962 , 1963 - Austrian Cup ( 3 ) : 1948 , 1949 , 1962 International . - FIFA World Cup third place : 1954 Individual . - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1954 External links . - FIFA - Profile – FK Austria - Player profile – Austria Archive - UEFA |
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"Genova club"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Ernst Ocwirk belong to from 1947 to 1956? | /wiki/Ernst_Ocwirk#P54#2 | Ernst Ocwirk Ernst Ocwirk ( 7 March 1926 – 23 January 1980 ) was an Austrian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the greatest Austrian footballers of all time . He spent the majority of his playing and coaching years between Austria and Italy , being both player and manager for FK Austria Vienna and Serie A club Sampdoria . He also went on to become a member of the Austria national team , which he led to a third-place finish at the 1954 World Cup as its captain . Nicknamed Clockwork by the British for his midfield consistency , as well as the nickname being suggested by his surname , he is often cited as the last of the old-fashioned attacking centre-halves ; he was known for his aesthetic and technical style of playing , his heading ability , excellent timing ( both in offensive and defensive tasks ) and his passing range ; particularly his long passing ability . The fans loved him for his modest and fair personality . The international media of the era saw Ocwirk as the best centerhalf in the world . He is considered one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . Club career . Born in Vienna , Ocwirk began his career as a striker . He joined his first club , the local FC Stadlau , in 1938 . He then played for Floridsdorfer AC , where he was spotted by former Austrian international Josef Smistik , who moved Ocwirk to centre midfield . Smistik tried to bring him to his former team , Rapid Vienna , but it was rivals FK Austria who won the race for his services and , in 1947 , signed him . In a decade at Austria Vienna , Ocwirk became one of the most prominent players for the club , helping them to win five Austrian League championships and three domestic cups . Brought to Sampdoria by Alberto Ravano , he was the second Austrian footballer ever to play in Serie A after Engelbert König had done it in the 1940s . He also remained the last Austrian in Serie A until 1980 , when Herbert Prohaska played for Internazionale . Ocwirk would play five seasons at the Genova club , of which he became the captain . In 1961 , he returned to FK Austria to play the final season of his career , winning the double in 1961/62 . Ocwirk was chosen in Austrias Team of the Century in 2001 . International career . Ocwirk won 62 caps and scored six goals for his country . He made his debut for his country in 1945 before appearing at the 1948 Olympic Games in London . By 1953 the stopper centre-back had taken over , so Ocwirk was selected as a wing-half for a Rest-of-the-World team which drew 4–4 with England to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Football Association . His international successes earned him the honour of twice being named captain of the FIFA World team . At the 1954 World Cup , Ocwirk captained Austria and played in all five of his team matches , helping it achieve its best ever World Cup finish , third place . The centre-half scored two goals during the tournament : the one that gave Austria the lead after trailing 0–3 in the memorable quarter-final against hosts Switzerland , and the 3–1 in the third-place match against reigning champions Uruguay . Coaching . Immediately after retiring from playing , Ocwirk became a manager , and Sampdoria was the first team he coached , from 1962 to 1965 . He also managed German side 1 . FC Köln one year , taking them to the final of the DFB Cup . Death and legacy . In January 1980 , at the age of 53 , he died of multiple sclerosis , in Klein-Pöchlarn , Lower Austria . His death occurred on the same date that Matthias Sindelar died 41 years before . A friendly tournament was played in July 1981 in homage to Ernst Ocwirk at Wiener Stadion . The participants were FK Austria Wien , SK Rapid Wien , Ferencvárosi TC and Bayern Munich . Bayern Munich won the tournament . Honours . Club . - Austrian Football Bundesliga ( 5 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1962 , 1963 - Austrian Cup ( 3 ) : 1948 , 1949 , 1962 International . - FIFA World Cup third place : 1954 Individual . - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1954 External links . - FIFA - Profile – FK Austria - Player profile – Austria Archive - UEFA |
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| easy | Which team did Ernst Ocwirk play for from 1956 to 1961? | /wiki/Ernst_Ocwirk#P54#3 | Ernst Ocwirk Ernst Ocwirk ( 7 March 1926 – 23 January 1980 ) was an Austrian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the greatest Austrian footballers of all time . He spent the majority of his playing and coaching years between Austria and Italy , being both player and manager for FK Austria Vienna and Serie A club Sampdoria . He also went on to become a member of the Austria national team , which he led to a third-place finish at the 1954 World Cup as its captain . Nicknamed Clockwork by the British for his midfield consistency , as well as the nickname being suggested by his surname , he is often cited as the last of the old-fashioned attacking centre-halves ; he was known for his aesthetic and technical style of playing , his heading ability , excellent timing ( both in offensive and defensive tasks ) and his passing range ; particularly his long passing ability . The fans loved him for his modest and fair personality . The international media of the era saw Ocwirk as the best centerhalf in the world . He is considered one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . Club career . Born in Vienna , Ocwirk began his career as a striker . He joined his first club , the local FC Stadlau , in 1938 . He then played for Floridsdorfer AC , where he was spotted by former Austrian international Josef Smistik , who moved Ocwirk to centre midfield . Smistik tried to bring him to his former team , Rapid Vienna , but it was rivals FK Austria who won the race for his services and , in 1947 , signed him . In a decade at Austria Vienna , Ocwirk became one of the most prominent players for the club , helping them to win five Austrian League championships and three domestic cups . Brought to Sampdoria by Alberto Ravano , he was the second Austrian footballer ever to play in Serie A after Engelbert König had done it in the 1940s . He also remained the last Austrian in Serie A until 1980 , when Herbert Prohaska played for Internazionale . Ocwirk would play five seasons at the Genova club , of which he became the captain . In 1961 , he returned to FK Austria to play the final season of his career , winning the double in 1961/62 . Ocwirk was chosen in Austrias Team of the Century in 2001 . International career . Ocwirk won 62 caps and scored six goals for his country . He made his debut for his country in 1945 before appearing at the 1948 Olympic Games in London . By 1953 the stopper centre-back had taken over , so Ocwirk was selected as a wing-half for a Rest-of-the-World team which drew 4–4 with England to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Football Association . His international successes earned him the honour of twice being named captain of the FIFA World team . At the 1954 World Cup , Ocwirk captained Austria and played in all five of his team matches , helping it achieve its best ever World Cup finish , third place . The centre-half scored two goals during the tournament : the one that gave Austria the lead after trailing 0–3 in the memorable quarter-final against hosts Switzerland , and the 3–1 in the third-place match against reigning champions Uruguay . Coaching . Immediately after retiring from playing , Ocwirk became a manager , and Sampdoria was the first team he coached , from 1962 to 1965 . He also managed German side 1 . FC Köln one year , taking them to the final of the DFB Cup . Death and legacy . In January 1980 , at the age of 53 , he died of multiple sclerosis , in Klein-Pöchlarn , Lower Austria . His death occurred on the same date that Matthias Sindelar died 41 years before . A friendly tournament was played in July 1981 in homage to Ernst Ocwirk at Wiener Stadion . The participants were FK Austria Wien , SK Rapid Wien , Ferencvárosi TC and Bayern Munich . Bayern Munich won the tournament . Honours . Club . - Austrian Football Bundesliga ( 5 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1962 , 1963 - Austrian Cup ( 3 ) : 1948 , 1949 , 1962 International . - FIFA World Cup third place : 1954 Individual . - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1954 External links . - FIFA - Profile – FK Austria - Player profile – Austria Archive - UEFA |
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"FK Austria"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Ernst Ocwirk belong to from 1961 to 1962? | /wiki/Ernst_Ocwirk#P54#4 | Ernst Ocwirk Ernst Ocwirk ( 7 March 1926 – 23 January 1980 ) was an Austrian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the greatest Austrian footballers of all time . He spent the majority of his playing and coaching years between Austria and Italy , being both player and manager for FK Austria Vienna and Serie A club Sampdoria . He also went on to become a member of the Austria national team , which he led to a third-place finish at the 1954 World Cup as its captain . Nicknamed Clockwork by the British for his midfield consistency , as well as the nickname being suggested by his surname , he is often cited as the last of the old-fashioned attacking centre-halves ; he was known for his aesthetic and technical style of playing , his heading ability , excellent timing ( both in offensive and defensive tasks ) and his passing range ; particularly his long passing ability . The fans loved him for his modest and fair personality . The international media of the era saw Ocwirk as the best centerhalf in the world . He is considered one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . Club career . Born in Vienna , Ocwirk began his career as a striker . He joined his first club , the local FC Stadlau , in 1938 . He then played for Floridsdorfer AC , where he was spotted by former Austrian international Josef Smistik , who moved Ocwirk to centre midfield . Smistik tried to bring him to his former team , Rapid Vienna , but it was rivals FK Austria who won the race for his services and , in 1947 , signed him . In a decade at Austria Vienna , Ocwirk became one of the most prominent players for the club , helping them to win five Austrian League championships and three domestic cups . Brought to Sampdoria by Alberto Ravano , he was the second Austrian footballer ever to play in Serie A after Engelbert König had done it in the 1940s . He also remained the last Austrian in Serie A until 1980 , when Herbert Prohaska played for Internazionale . Ocwirk would play five seasons at the Genova club , of which he became the captain . In 1961 , he returned to FK Austria to play the final season of his career , winning the double in 1961/62 . Ocwirk was chosen in Austrias Team of the Century in 2001 . International career . Ocwirk won 62 caps and scored six goals for his country . He made his debut for his country in 1945 before appearing at the 1948 Olympic Games in London . By 1953 the stopper centre-back had taken over , so Ocwirk was selected as a wing-half for a Rest-of-the-World team which drew 4–4 with England to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Football Association . His international successes earned him the honour of twice being named captain of the FIFA World team . At the 1954 World Cup , Ocwirk captained Austria and played in all five of his team matches , helping it achieve its best ever World Cup finish , third place . The centre-half scored two goals during the tournament : the one that gave Austria the lead after trailing 0–3 in the memorable quarter-final against hosts Switzerland , and the 3–1 in the third-place match against reigning champions Uruguay . Coaching . Immediately after retiring from playing , Ocwirk became a manager , and Sampdoria was the first team he coached , from 1962 to 1965 . He also managed German side 1 . FC Köln one year , taking them to the final of the DFB Cup . Death and legacy . In January 1980 , at the age of 53 , he died of multiple sclerosis , in Klein-Pöchlarn , Lower Austria . His death occurred on the same date that Matthias Sindelar died 41 years before . A friendly tournament was played in July 1981 in homage to Ernst Ocwirk at Wiener Stadion . The participants were FK Austria Wien , SK Rapid Wien , Ferencvárosi TC and Bayern Munich . Bayern Munich won the tournament . Honours . Club . - Austrian Football Bundesliga ( 5 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1962 , 1963 - Austrian Cup ( 3 ) : 1948 , 1949 , 1962 International . - FIFA World Cup third place : 1954 Individual . - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1954 External links . - FIFA - Profile – FK Austria - Player profile – Austria Archive - UEFA |
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| easy | Who was the spouse of Artie Shaw from 1939 to 1940? | /wiki/Artie_Shaw#P26#0 | Artie Shaw Artie Shaw ( born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ; May 23 , 1910 – December 30 , 2004 ) was an American clarinetist , composer , bandleader , actor and author of both fiction and non-fiction . Widely regarded as one of jazzs finest clarinetists , Shaw led one of the United States most popular big bands in the late 1930s through the early 1940s . Though he had numerous hit records , he was perhaps best known for his 1938 recording of Cole Porters Begin the Beguine . Before the release of Beguine , Shaw and his fledgling band had languished in relative obscurity for over two years and , after its release , he became a major pop artist within short order . The record eventually became one of the eras defining recordings . Musically restless , Shaw was also an early proponent of what became known much later as Third Stream music , which blended elements of classical and jazz forms and traditions . His music influenced other musicians , such as Monty Norman in England , with the vamp of the James Bond Theme , possibly influenced by 1938s Nightmare . Shaw also recorded with small jazz groups drawn from within the ranks of the big bands he led . He served in the US Navy from 1942 to 1944 , during which time he led a morale-building band that toured the South Pacific . Following his discharge in 1944 , he returned to lead a band through 1945 . Following the breakup of that band , he began to focus on other interests and gradually withdrew from the world of being a professional musician and major celebrity , although he remained a force in popular music and jazz before retiring from music completely in 1954 . Early life . Arthur Jacob Arshawsky was born on May 23 , 1910 , in New York City , he was the son of Sarah ( née Strauss ) and Harold Harry Arshawsky , a dressmaker and photographer . The family was Jewish ; his father was from Russia , his mother from Austria . Shaw grew up in New Haven , Connecticut , where his natural introversion was deepened by local antisemitism . Shaw bought a saxophone by working in a grocery store and began learning the saxophone at 13 . At 16 , he switched to the clarinet and left home to tour with a band . Career . Returning to New York , he became a session musician through the early 1930s . From 1925 to 1936 , Shaw performed with many bands and orchestras ; from 1926 to 1929 , he worked in Cleveland and established a lasting reputation as music director and arranger for an orchestra led by the violinist Austin Wylie . In 1929 and 1930 , he played with Irving Aaronsons Commanders , where he was exposed to symphonic music , which he would later incorporate in his arrangements . In 1932 , Shaw joined the Roger Wolfe Kahn Orchestra and made several recordings with the outfit including It Dont Mean a Thing ( If It Aint Got That Swing ) and Fit as a Fiddle . Leader of bands . In 1935 , he first gained attention with his Interlude in B-flat at a swing concert at the Imperial Theater in New York . During the swing era , his big bands were popular with hits like Begin the Beguine ( 1938 ) , Stardust ( with a trumpet solo by Billy Butterfield ) , Back Bay Shuffle , Moonglow , Rosalie and Frenesi . The show was well received , but was forced to dissolve in 1937 because his bands sound was not commercial . Shaw valued experimental and innovative music rather over dancing and love songs . He was an innovator in the big band idiom , using unusual instrumentation ; Interlude in B-flat , where he was backed with only a rhythm section and a string quartet , was one of the earliest examples of what would be later dubbed Third Stream . His incorporation of stringed instruments could be attributed to the influence of the classical composer Igor Stravinsky . In addition to hiring Buddy Rich , he signed Billie Holiday as his bands vocalist in 1938 , becoming the first white band leader to hire a full-time black female singer to tour the segregated Southern U.S . However , after recording Any Old Time , Holiday left the band due to hostility from audiences in the South , as well as from music company executives who wanted a more mainstream singer . Like his main rival , Benny Goodman , and other leaders of big bands , Shaw fashioned a smaller band within the band in 1940 . He named it Artie Shaw and the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange . Band pianist Johnny Guarnieri played harpsichord on the quintet recordings , and Al Hendrickson played electric guitar . Trumpeter Roy Eldridge became part of the group , succeeding Billy Butterfield . In 1940 , the original Gramercy Five cut eight sides , then Shaw dissolved the band in early 1941 . The Gramercy Fives biggest hit was Summit Ridge Drive , one of Shaws million-selling records . His last prewar band , organized in September 1941 , included Oran Hot Lips Page , Max Kaminsky , Georgie Auld , Dave Tough , Jack Jenney , Ray Conniff and Guarnieri . The long series of musical groups Shaw subsequently formed included Lena Horne , Helen Forrest , Mel Tormé , Buddy Rich , Dave Tough , Barney Kessel , Jimmy Raney , Tal Farlow , Dodo Marmarosa , and Ray Conniff . He used the morose Nightmare , with its Hasidic nuances , as his theme rather than choosing a more accessible song . In a televised interview in the 1970s , Shaw derided the asinine songs of Tin Pan Alley that were the lifeblood of popular music and which bands , especially the most popular ( such as his own ) were compelled to play night after night . In 1994 , he told Frank Prial of The New York Times : I thought that because I was Artie Shaw I could do what I wanted , but all they wanted was Begin the Beguine . Throughout his career , Shaw had a habit of forming bands , developing them according to his immediate aspirations , making a quick series of records , and then disbanding . He generally did not stick around long enough to reap his bands successes through live performances of their recorded hits . Following the breakup of what was already his second band in 1939 , he rarely toured at all and , if he did , his personal appearances were usually limited to long-term engagements in a single venue or bookings that did not require much traveling , unlike many bands of the era that traveled great distances doing seemingly endless strings of one-night engagements . Radio days . Shaw did many big band remote broadcasts . Throughout the autumn and winter of 1938 , he was often heard from the Blue Room of the Hotel Lincoln in New York City . After touring in 1939 , he led the house band at the Café Rouge of the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York . He was the headliner of a radio series with comedian Robert Benchley as emcee . Shaw broadcast on CBS from November 20 , 1938 until November 14 , 1939 . At the Café Rouge he quit his band that week and went to Mexico . The band continued without him into January but eventually broke up . After Shaw returned from Mexico in 1940 , and still under contract to RCA Victor , he experimented with a group of session musicians in Hollywood , trying to combine strings and woodwinds with a jazz band . The result was the hit Frenesi . He was hired as bandleader for the Burns and Allen Show broadcast from Hollywood . He organized a band that was modeled after his swing band concept of the late-1930s with the addition of six violins , two violas , and one cello . The addition of a string section to a big band was not novel , as it had been done by Paul Whiteman and others since the 1920s . Shaw updated the idea with the music trends of the 1940s . Strings gave him a wider tonal palette and allowed him to concentrate on ballads rather than the fast dance songs of the swing era . Shaw was at or near the top of the list of virtuoso jazz bandleaders . The band was showcased on the Burns and Allen program every week . In 1940 , at the height of his popularity , the 30-year-old Shaw earned up to $60,000 per week . In contrast , George Burns and Gracie Allen were each making $5,000 per week during the year that Shaw and his orchestra provided the music for their radio show . He acted on the show as a love interest for Gracie Allen , although he disliked having to be a part of the celebrity culture of the period . Shaws contract was renewed for another 13 weeks when the program was moved to New York . Shaw broke up the Hollywood band , keeping a nucleus of seven musicians in addition to himself , and filled out the ensemble with New York musicians until March 1941 . While taking a few months vacation in the spring of 1941 to reassess what to do next , Shaw recorded in another small group format with three horns and a four-man rhythm section with the addition of a dozen strings . By September , he formed a big band with seven brass , five saxes , four rhythm , and fifteen strings . On December 7 , three months into the tour , the 31-piece band was in the midst of a matinee performance in Providence , Rhode Island , when he was given a note about the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor . The note instructed him to tell military personnel to return to their bases . War and after . During World War II , Shaw enlisted in the United States Navy and shortly after formed a band , which served in the Pacific theater . After 18 months playing for Navy personnel , ( sometimes as many as four concerts a day in battle zones , including Guadalcanal ) , Shaw returned to the U.S . in a state of physical exhaustion and received a medical discharge . After the war , the popularity of big bands declined , as Crooners and Bebop began to dominate the charts . Shaw credited his time in the Navy from 1942 to 1944 as a period of renewed introspection . After his discharge , he entered psychoanalysis and began to withdraw from music in favor of a writing career . His autobiography , The Trouble With Cinderella : An Outline of Identity , was published in 1952 ( with later reprint editions in 1992 and 2001 ) . Revealing downbeat elements of the music business , Shaw explained that the trouble with Cinderella is nobody ever lives happily ever after . He turned to semi-autobiographical fiction with the three short novels in I Love You , I Hate You , Drop Dead ! ( 1965 , reprinted in 1997 ) , which prompted Terry Southerns comment : Here is a deeply probing examination of the American marital scene . I flipped over it ! Shaws short stories , including Snow White in Harlem , were collected in The Best of Intentions and Other Stories ( 1989 ) . He worked for years on his 1,000-page autobiographical novel , The Education of Albie Snow , but the three-volume work remained unpublished . After his discharge in 1944 , he formed another band , this time what could be considered a modern big band in that it contained what is now considered the standard eight brass and five saxes . It did not include any strings and was based in Hollywood , California , where Shaw was living . He continued to record for RCA Victor , as he had before the war , and limited the bands personal appearances to military bases in California . In August 1945 , his contract with RCA ended and he signed with an independent label , Musicraft . He made a few records for Musicraft before the band broke up , and all of the recordings for Musicraft from 1946 were staffed by top-notch session musicians . The big band was back in the studio , this time including strings . On these Musicraft recordings in 1946 Shaw featured the young singer Mel Tormé . On some of the sides , Tormé was also featured with his vocal group the Meltones . In July 1954 , Shaw undertook a brief Australian tour for promoter Lee Gordon on which he shared the bill with drummer Buddy Rich and vocalist Ella Fitzgerald . After completing that tour Shaw stopped playing the clarinet , citing his own perfectionism , which , he later said , would have killed him . He explained to a reporter : In the world we live in , compulsive perfectionists finish last . You have to be Lawrence Welk or , on another level , Irving Berlin , and write the same kind of music over and over again . Im not able to do that , and I have taken the clarinet as far as anyone can possibly go . To continue playing would be a disservice . He spent the rest of the 1950s living in Europe . In 1983 , after years of prodding by Williard Alexander , the 73-year-old Shaw organized a band and selected clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist . The 58-year-old Johnson , an accomplished woodwind and saxophonist and native of Brockton , Massachusetts , was no stranger to jazz having recorded numerous albums of his own and had idolized Shaws playing throughout his life . Shaws music library , which was the product of his almost 20 years of activity in the music business , contained numerous arrangements of monumental status of popular music in addition to many original big band jazz compositions of the era . It was a collection of music arranged by some of the foremost composer/arrangers of the period , much of which was sketched out by Shaw himself and filled in and completed by his orchestrator/arranger collaborators , among them Jerry Gray , William Grant Still , Lennie Hayton , Ray Conniff , Eddie Sauter , and Jimmy Mundy , among others . Shaw rehearsed his new band , ( based out of Boston , Massachusetts ) , and the band made its official debut on New Years Eve 1984 at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle , New York , the same launching pad for many bands of the swing era decades earlier , when Shaw and his bands were in their prime . Shaw appeared with the band throughout its first few years , limiting his role to being its conductor and front man , while leaving the clarinet playing duties to Johnson . In 1985 , another week-long series of strenuous rehearsals followed during which Shaw added more repertoire , including many arrangements and compositions that were from the later years of his career Shaw had never recorded . By 1987 though , Shaw was no longer touring with the band , quietly content that Johnson and the band kept true to Shaws band spirit and vision . He would , however , show up on occasion just to hear how things sounded . Films and television . Shaw made several musical shorts in 1939 for Vitaphone and Paramount Pictures . He portrayed himself in the Fred Astaire film , Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , which featured Shaw and his orchestra playing Concerto for Clarinet , and his 1940–41 Hollywood period Star Dust band can be heard throughout the soundtrack . The film garnered him two Oscar nominations for Best Score and Best Song ( Love of My Life ) . He collaborated on the love song If Its You , sung by Tony Martin in the Marx Brothers film The Big Store ( 1941 ) . In 1950 , he was a mystery guest on Whats My Line ? and on August 31 , 1952 , was part of the panel . During the 1970s he made appearances on The Mike Douglas Show and The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson . Many of his recordings have been used in motion pictures . His 1940 recording of Stardust was used in its entirety in the closing credits of the film The Man Who Fell to Earth . Martin Scorsese also used the Shaw theme song , Nightmare , in his Academy Award-winning Howard Hughes biopic , The Aviator . Canadian filmmaker Brigitte Berman interviewed Hoagy Carmichael , Doc Cheatham , and others including Shaw for her documentary film , Bix : Aint None of Them Play Like Him Yet ( 1981 ) about Bix Beiderbecke , and afterward she went on to create an Academy Award-winning documentary , Artie Shaw : Time Is All Youve Got ( 1985 ) , featuring extensive interviews with Shaw , Buddy Rich , Mel Tormé , Helen Forrest , and other musicians , in addition to Shaws eighth wife , actress Evelyn Keyes . The documentary ends with Shaw rehearsing his new band with co-leader Johnson present and rolls to credits perhaps quite fittingly with the band taking a final segue to Shaws theme song Nightmare . In 2000 , filmmaker Ken Burns interviewed Shaw at his home for his PBS documentary/miniseries Jazz where Shaw appears in multiple segments . His last major interview was in 2003 , when he was interviewed by Russell Davies for the BBC Television documentary , Artie Shaw – Quest for Perfection . The documentary includes interviews with surviving members of his original bands , Johnson , and other music industry professionals . Personal life . A self-proclaimed very difficult man , Shaw was married eight times . Two marriages were annulled ; the others ended in divorce : Jane Cairns ( 1932–33 ; annulled ) ; Margaret Allen ( 1934–37 ) ; actress Lana Turner ( 1940 ) ; Betty Kern , the daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern ( 1942–43 ) ; actress Ava Gardner ( 1945–46 ) ; Forever Amber author Kathleen Winsor ( 1946–48 ; annulled ) ; actress Doris Dowling ( 1952–56 ) , and actress Evelyn Keyes ( 1957–85 ) . He had two sons , Steven Kern ( with Betty Kern ) and Jonathan Shaw ( with Doris Dowling ) . Both Lana Turner and Ava Gardner later described Shaw as being extremely emotionally abusive . His controlling nature and incessant verbal abuse drove Turner to have a nervous breakdown , soon after which she divorced him . In 1940 , before eloping with Lana Turner , Shaw briefly dated actresses Betty Grable and Judy Garland and , according to Tom Nolans biography , had an affair with Lena Horne . Apart from his interest in music , Shaw had a tremendous intellect and almost insatiable thirst for intellectual knowledge and literature . During his self-imposed sabbaticals from the music business , his interests included studying advanced mathematics , as cited in Karl Sabbaghs The Riemann Hypothesis . In 1946 , Shaw was present at a meeting of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts , Sciences and Professions . Olivia de Havilland and Ronald Reagan , part of a core group of actors and artists who were trying to sway the organization away from Communism , presented an anti-Communist declaration which , if signed , was set to run in newspapers . There was bedlam as many rose to champion the communist cause , and Shaw began praising the democratic standards of the Soviet constitution . In 1953 , Shaw was forced to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities . The committee was investigating a peace activist organization , the World Peace Council . Shaw was also a precision marksman , ranking fourth in the United States in 1962 , and an expert fly fisherman . In his later years , Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks , California . He died on December 30 , 2004 , aged 94 . According to his publicist , he had been in ill health for some time , but I dont know the specific cause of death . In fact , Shaw had long been suffering from diabetes . In 2005 , Shaws eighth wife , Evelyn Keyes , filed suit , claiming she was entitled to one-half of Shaws estate , pursuant to a contract to make a will between them . In July 2006 , a Ventura , California , jury unanimously held that Keyes was entitled to almost one-half of Shaws estate or $1,420,000 . She died less than two years later from cancer . Awards and honors . In 1980 , Shaw donated his papers , most of which amounted to his music library of over 700 scores and parts and approximately 1,000 pieces of sheet music , to Boston University . In 1991 , the collection was transferred to the School of Music of the University of Arizona in Tucson . In 2004 , he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 1938 , DownBeat magazine readers voted Artie Shaws the best swing band . In response to Benny Goodmans nickname , the King of Swing , Shaws fans dubbed him the King of the Clarinet . He felt the titles should be reversed . Benny Goodman played clarinet . I played music , he said . Longtime Duke Ellington clarinetist Barney Bigard cited Shaw as his favorite clarinet player . Bibliography . - Tom Nolan , Artie Shaw , King of the Clarinet : His Life and Times ( W . W . Norton , New York , 2011 ) . - John White , Artie Shaw : His Life and Music ( Bloomsbury Academic , London , 2004 ) . - Vladimir Simosko , Artie Shaw : A Musical Biography and Discography ( Scarecrow Press , Lanham , MD , 2000 ) . External links . - Artie Shaw Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 1994 ) - Biography at swingmusic.net - Rare film blog : Artie Shaw 1985 - Swing Bandleader , Clarinetist Artie Shaw Dies , The Washington Post , December 31 , 2004 - University of Arizona : Artie Shaw Collection - Artie Shaw recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings . |
[
"Ava Gardner"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Artie Shaw from 1945 to 1946? | /wiki/Artie_Shaw#P26#1 | Artie Shaw Artie Shaw ( born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ; May 23 , 1910 – December 30 , 2004 ) was an American clarinetist , composer , bandleader , actor and author of both fiction and non-fiction . Widely regarded as one of jazzs finest clarinetists , Shaw led one of the United States most popular big bands in the late 1930s through the early 1940s . Though he had numerous hit records , he was perhaps best known for his 1938 recording of Cole Porters Begin the Beguine . Before the release of Beguine , Shaw and his fledgling band had languished in relative obscurity for over two years and , after its release , he became a major pop artist within short order . The record eventually became one of the eras defining recordings . Musically restless , Shaw was also an early proponent of what became known much later as Third Stream music , which blended elements of classical and jazz forms and traditions . His music influenced other musicians , such as Monty Norman in England , with the vamp of the James Bond Theme , possibly influenced by 1938s Nightmare . Shaw also recorded with small jazz groups drawn from within the ranks of the big bands he led . He served in the US Navy from 1942 to 1944 , during which time he led a morale-building band that toured the South Pacific . Following his discharge in 1944 , he returned to lead a band through 1945 . Following the breakup of that band , he began to focus on other interests and gradually withdrew from the world of being a professional musician and major celebrity , although he remained a force in popular music and jazz before retiring from music completely in 1954 . Early life . Arthur Jacob Arshawsky was born on May 23 , 1910 , in New York City , he was the son of Sarah ( née Strauss ) and Harold Harry Arshawsky , a dressmaker and photographer . The family was Jewish ; his father was from Russia , his mother from Austria . Shaw grew up in New Haven , Connecticut , where his natural introversion was deepened by local antisemitism . Shaw bought a saxophone by working in a grocery store and began learning the saxophone at 13 . At 16 , he switched to the clarinet and left home to tour with a band . Career . Returning to New York , he became a session musician through the early 1930s . From 1925 to 1936 , Shaw performed with many bands and orchestras ; from 1926 to 1929 , he worked in Cleveland and established a lasting reputation as music director and arranger for an orchestra led by the violinist Austin Wylie . In 1929 and 1930 , he played with Irving Aaronsons Commanders , where he was exposed to symphonic music , which he would later incorporate in his arrangements . In 1932 , Shaw joined the Roger Wolfe Kahn Orchestra and made several recordings with the outfit including It Dont Mean a Thing ( If It Aint Got That Swing ) and Fit as a Fiddle . Leader of bands . In 1935 , he first gained attention with his Interlude in B-flat at a swing concert at the Imperial Theater in New York . During the swing era , his big bands were popular with hits like Begin the Beguine ( 1938 ) , Stardust ( with a trumpet solo by Billy Butterfield ) , Back Bay Shuffle , Moonglow , Rosalie and Frenesi . The show was well received , but was forced to dissolve in 1937 because his bands sound was not commercial . Shaw valued experimental and innovative music rather over dancing and love songs . He was an innovator in the big band idiom , using unusual instrumentation ; Interlude in B-flat , where he was backed with only a rhythm section and a string quartet , was one of the earliest examples of what would be later dubbed Third Stream . His incorporation of stringed instruments could be attributed to the influence of the classical composer Igor Stravinsky . In addition to hiring Buddy Rich , he signed Billie Holiday as his bands vocalist in 1938 , becoming the first white band leader to hire a full-time black female singer to tour the segregated Southern U.S . However , after recording Any Old Time , Holiday left the band due to hostility from audiences in the South , as well as from music company executives who wanted a more mainstream singer . Like his main rival , Benny Goodman , and other leaders of big bands , Shaw fashioned a smaller band within the band in 1940 . He named it Artie Shaw and the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange . Band pianist Johnny Guarnieri played harpsichord on the quintet recordings , and Al Hendrickson played electric guitar . Trumpeter Roy Eldridge became part of the group , succeeding Billy Butterfield . In 1940 , the original Gramercy Five cut eight sides , then Shaw dissolved the band in early 1941 . The Gramercy Fives biggest hit was Summit Ridge Drive , one of Shaws million-selling records . His last prewar band , organized in September 1941 , included Oran Hot Lips Page , Max Kaminsky , Georgie Auld , Dave Tough , Jack Jenney , Ray Conniff and Guarnieri . The long series of musical groups Shaw subsequently formed included Lena Horne , Helen Forrest , Mel Tormé , Buddy Rich , Dave Tough , Barney Kessel , Jimmy Raney , Tal Farlow , Dodo Marmarosa , and Ray Conniff . He used the morose Nightmare , with its Hasidic nuances , as his theme rather than choosing a more accessible song . In a televised interview in the 1970s , Shaw derided the asinine songs of Tin Pan Alley that were the lifeblood of popular music and which bands , especially the most popular ( such as his own ) were compelled to play night after night . In 1994 , he told Frank Prial of The New York Times : I thought that because I was Artie Shaw I could do what I wanted , but all they wanted was Begin the Beguine . Throughout his career , Shaw had a habit of forming bands , developing them according to his immediate aspirations , making a quick series of records , and then disbanding . He generally did not stick around long enough to reap his bands successes through live performances of their recorded hits . Following the breakup of what was already his second band in 1939 , he rarely toured at all and , if he did , his personal appearances were usually limited to long-term engagements in a single venue or bookings that did not require much traveling , unlike many bands of the era that traveled great distances doing seemingly endless strings of one-night engagements . Radio days . Shaw did many big band remote broadcasts . Throughout the autumn and winter of 1938 , he was often heard from the Blue Room of the Hotel Lincoln in New York City . After touring in 1939 , he led the house band at the Café Rouge of the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York . He was the headliner of a radio series with comedian Robert Benchley as emcee . Shaw broadcast on CBS from November 20 , 1938 until November 14 , 1939 . At the Café Rouge he quit his band that week and went to Mexico . The band continued without him into January but eventually broke up . After Shaw returned from Mexico in 1940 , and still under contract to RCA Victor , he experimented with a group of session musicians in Hollywood , trying to combine strings and woodwinds with a jazz band . The result was the hit Frenesi . He was hired as bandleader for the Burns and Allen Show broadcast from Hollywood . He organized a band that was modeled after his swing band concept of the late-1930s with the addition of six violins , two violas , and one cello . The addition of a string section to a big band was not novel , as it had been done by Paul Whiteman and others since the 1920s . Shaw updated the idea with the music trends of the 1940s . Strings gave him a wider tonal palette and allowed him to concentrate on ballads rather than the fast dance songs of the swing era . Shaw was at or near the top of the list of virtuoso jazz bandleaders . The band was showcased on the Burns and Allen program every week . In 1940 , at the height of his popularity , the 30-year-old Shaw earned up to $60,000 per week . In contrast , George Burns and Gracie Allen were each making $5,000 per week during the year that Shaw and his orchestra provided the music for their radio show . He acted on the show as a love interest for Gracie Allen , although he disliked having to be a part of the celebrity culture of the period . Shaws contract was renewed for another 13 weeks when the program was moved to New York . Shaw broke up the Hollywood band , keeping a nucleus of seven musicians in addition to himself , and filled out the ensemble with New York musicians until March 1941 . While taking a few months vacation in the spring of 1941 to reassess what to do next , Shaw recorded in another small group format with three horns and a four-man rhythm section with the addition of a dozen strings . By September , he formed a big band with seven brass , five saxes , four rhythm , and fifteen strings . On December 7 , three months into the tour , the 31-piece band was in the midst of a matinee performance in Providence , Rhode Island , when he was given a note about the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor . The note instructed him to tell military personnel to return to their bases . War and after . During World War II , Shaw enlisted in the United States Navy and shortly after formed a band , which served in the Pacific theater . After 18 months playing for Navy personnel , ( sometimes as many as four concerts a day in battle zones , including Guadalcanal ) , Shaw returned to the U.S . in a state of physical exhaustion and received a medical discharge . After the war , the popularity of big bands declined , as Crooners and Bebop began to dominate the charts . Shaw credited his time in the Navy from 1942 to 1944 as a period of renewed introspection . After his discharge , he entered psychoanalysis and began to withdraw from music in favor of a writing career . His autobiography , The Trouble With Cinderella : An Outline of Identity , was published in 1952 ( with later reprint editions in 1992 and 2001 ) . Revealing downbeat elements of the music business , Shaw explained that the trouble with Cinderella is nobody ever lives happily ever after . He turned to semi-autobiographical fiction with the three short novels in I Love You , I Hate You , Drop Dead ! ( 1965 , reprinted in 1997 ) , which prompted Terry Southerns comment : Here is a deeply probing examination of the American marital scene . I flipped over it ! Shaws short stories , including Snow White in Harlem , were collected in The Best of Intentions and Other Stories ( 1989 ) . He worked for years on his 1,000-page autobiographical novel , The Education of Albie Snow , but the three-volume work remained unpublished . After his discharge in 1944 , he formed another band , this time what could be considered a modern big band in that it contained what is now considered the standard eight brass and five saxes . It did not include any strings and was based in Hollywood , California , where Shaw was living . He continued to record for RCA Victor , as he had before the war , and limited the bands personal appearances to military bases in California . In August 1945 , his contract with RCA ended and he signed with an independent label , Musicraft . He made a few records for Musicraft before the band broke up , and all of the recordings for Musicraft from 1946 were staffed by top-notch session musicians . The big band was back in the studio , this time including strings . On these Musicraft recordings in 1946 Shaw featured the young singer Mel Tormé . On some of the sides , Tormé was also featured with his vocal group the Meltones . In July 1954 , Shaw undertook a brief Australian tour for promoter Lee Gordon on which he shared the bill with drummer Buddy Rich and vocalist Ella Fitzgerald . After completing that tour Shaw stopped playing the clarinet , citing his own perfectionism , which , he later said , would have killed him . He explained to a reporter : In the world we live in , compulsive perfectionists finish last . You have to be Lawrence Welk or , on another level , Irving Berlin , and write the same kind of music over and over again . Im not able to do that , and I have taken the clarinet as far as anyone can possibly go . To continue playing would be a disservice . He spent the rest of the 1950s living in Europe . In 1983 , after years of prodding by Williard Alexander , the 73-year-old Shaw organized a band and selected clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist . The 58-year-old Johnson , an accomplished woodwind and saxophonist and native of Brockton , Massachusetts , was no stranger to jazz having recorded numerous albums of his own and had idolized Shaws playing throughout his life . Shaws music library , which was the product of his almost 20 years of activity in the music business , contained numerous arrangements of monumental status of popular music in addition to many original big band jazz compositions of the era . It was a collection of music arranged by some of the foremost composer/arrangers of the period , much of which was sketched out by Shaw himself and filled in and completed by his orchestrator/arranger collaborators , among them Jerry Gray , William Grant Still , Lennie Hayton , Ray Conniff , Eddie Sauter , and Jimmy Mundy , among others . Shaw rehearsed his new band , ( based out of Boston , Massachusetts ) , and the band made its official debut on New Years Eve 1984 at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle , New York , the same launching pad for many bands of the swing era decades earlier , when Shaw and his bands were in their prime . Shaw appeared with the band throughout its first few years , limiting his role to being its conductor and front man , while leaving the clarinet playing duties to Johnson . In 1985 , another week-long series of strenuous rehearsals followed during which Shaw added more repertoire , including many arrangements and compositions that were from the later years of his career Shaw had never recorded . By 1987 though , Shaw was no longer touring with the band , quietly content that Johnson and the band kept true to Shaws band spirit and vision . He would , however , show up on occasion just to hear how things sounded . Films and television . Shaw made several musical shorts in 1939 for Vitaphone and Paramount Pictures . He portrayed himself in the Fred Astaire film , Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , which featured Shaw and his orchestra playing Concerto for Clarinet , and his 1940–41 Hollywood period Star Dust band can be heard throughout the soundtrack . The film garnered him two Oscar nominations for Best Score and Best Song ( Love of My Life ) . He collaborated on the love song If Its You , sung by Tony Martin in the Marx Brothers film The Big Store ( 1941 ) . In 1950 , he was a mystery guest on Whats My Line ? and on August 31 , 1952 , was part of the panel . During the 1970s he made appearances on The Mike Douglas Show and The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson . Many of his recordings have been used in motion pictures . His 1940 recording of Stardust was used in its entirety in the closing credits of the film The Man Who Fell to Earth . Martin Scorsese also used the Shaw theme song , Nightmare , in his Academy Award-winning Howard Hughes biopic , The Aviator . Canadian filmmaker Brigitte Berman interviewed Hoagy Carmichael , Doc Cheatham , and others including Shaw for her documentary film , Bix : Aint None of Them Play Like Him Yet ( 1981 ) about Bix Beiderbecke , and afterward she went on to create an Academy Award-winning documentary , Artie Shaw : Time Is All Youve Got ( 1985 ) , featuring extensive interviews with Shaw , Buddy Rich , Mel Tormé , Helen Forrest , and other musicians , in addition to Shaws eighth wife , actress Evelyn Keyes . The documentary ends with Shaw rehearsing his new band with co-leader Johnson present and rolls to credits perhaps quite fittingly with the band taking a final segue to Shaws theme song Nightmare . In 2000 , filmmaker Ken Burns interviewed Shaw at his home for his PBS documentary/miniseries Jazz where Shaw appears in multiple segments . His last major interview was in 2003 , when he was interviewed by Russell Davies for the BBC Television documentary , Artie Shaw – Quest for Perfection . The documentary includes interviews with surviving members of his original bands , Johnson , and other music industry professionals . Personal life . A self-proclaimed very difficult man , Shaw was married eight times . Two marriages were annulled ; the others ended in divorce : Jane Cairns ( 1932–33 ; annulled ) ; Margaret Allen ( 1934–37 ) ; actress Lana Turner ( 1940 ) ; Betty Kern , the daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern ( 1942–43 ) ; actress Ava Gardner ( 1945–46 ) ; Forever Amber author Kathleen Winsor ( 1946–48 ; annulled ) ; actress Doris Dowling ( 1952–56 ) , and actress Evelyn Keyes ( 1957–85 ) . He had two sons , Steven Kern ( with Betty Kern ) and Jonathan Shaw ( with Doris Dowling ) . Both Lana Turner and Ava Gardner later described Shaw as being extremely emotionally abusive . His controlling nature and incessant verbal abuse drove Turner to have a nervous breakdown , soon after which she divorced him . In 1940 , before eloping with Lana Turner , Shaw briefly dated actresses Betty Grable and Judy Garland and , according to Tom Nolans biography , had an affair with Lena Horne . Apart from his interest in music , Shaw had a tremendous intellect and almost insatiable thirst for intellectual knowledge and literature . During his self-imposed sabbaticals from the music business , his interests included studying advanced mathematics , as cited in Karl Sabbaghs The Riemann Hypothesis . In 1946 , Shaw was present at a meeting of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts , Sciences and Professions . Olivia de Havilland and Ronald Reagan , part of a core group of actors and artists who were trying to sway the organization away from Communism , presented an anti-Communist declaration which , if signed , was set to run in newspapers . There was bedlam as many rose to champion the communist cause , and Shaw began praising the democratic standards of the Soviet constitution . In 1953 , Shaw was forced to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities . The committee was investigating a peace activist organization , the World Peace Council . Shaw was also a precision marksman , ranking fourth in the United States in 1962 , and an expert fly fisherman . In his later years , Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks , California . He died on December 30 , 2004 , aged 94 . According to his publicist , he had been in ill health for some time , but I dont know the specific cause of death . In fact , Shaw had long been suffering from diabetes . In 2005 , Shaws eighth wife , Evelyn Keyes , filed suit , claiming she was entitled to one-half of Shaws estate , pursuant to a contract to make a will between them . In July 2006 , a Ventura , California , jury unanimously held that Keyes was entitled to almost one-half of Shaws estate or $1,420,000 . She died less than two years later from cancer . Awards and honors . In 1980 , Shaw donated his papers , most of which amounted to his music library of over 700 scores and parts and approximately 1,000 pieces of sheet music , to Boston University . In 1991 , the collection was transferred to the School of Music of the University of Arizona in Tucson . In 2004 , he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 1938 , DownBeat magazine readers voted Artie Shaws the best swing band . In response to Benny Goodmans nickname , the King of Swing , Shaws fans dubbed him the King of the Clarinet . He felt the titles should be reversed . Benny Goodman played clarinet . I played music , he said . Longtime Duke Ellington clarinetist Barney Bigard cited Shaw as his favorite clarinet player . Bibliography . - Tom Nolan , Artie Shaw , King of the Clarinet : His Life and Times ( W . W . Norton , New York , 2011 ) . - John White , Artie Shaw : His Life and Music ( Bloomsbury Academic , London , 2004 ) . - Vladimir Simosko , Artie Shaw : A Musical Biography and Discography ( Scarecrow Press , Lanham , MD , 2000 ) . External links . - Artie Shaw Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 1994 ) - Biography at swingmusic.net - Rare film blog : Artie Shaw 1985 - Swing Bandleader , Clarinetist Artie Shaw Dies , The Washington Post , December 31 , 2004 - University of Arizona : Artie Shaw Collection - Artie Shaw recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings . |
[
"Evelyn Keyes"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Artie Shaw from 1957 to 1985? | /wiki/Artie_Shaw#P26#2 | Artie Shaw Artie Shaw ( born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ; May 23 , 1910 – December 30 , 2004 ) was an American clarinetist , composer , bandleader , actor and author of both fiction and non-fiction . Widely regarded as one of jazzs finest clarinetists , Shaw led one of the United States most popular big bands in the late 1930s through the early 1940s . Though he had numerous hit records , he was perhaps best known for his 1938 recording of Cole Porters Begin the Beguine . Before the release of Beguine , Shaw and his fledgling band had languished in relative obscurity for over two years and , after its release , he became a major pop artist within short order . The record eventually became one of the eras defining recordings . Musically restless , Shaw was also an early proponent of what became known much later as Third Stream music , which blended elements of classical and jazz forms and traditions . His music influenced other musicians , such as Monty Norman in England , with the vamp of the James Bond Theme , possibly influenced by 1938s Nightmare . Shaw also recorded with small jazz groups drawn from within the ranks of the big bands he led . He served in the US Navy from 1942 to 1944 , during which time he led a morale-building band that toured the South Pacific . Following his discharge in 1944 , he returned to lead a band through 1945 . Following the breakup of that band , he began to focus on other interests and gradually withdrew from the world of being a professional musician and major celebrity , although he remained a force in popular music and jazz before retiring from music completely in 1954 . Early life . Arthur Jacob Arshawsky was born on May 23 , 1910 , in New York City , he was the son of Sarah ( née Strauss ) and Harold Harry Arshawsky , a dressmaker and photographer . The family was Jewish ; his father was from Russia , his mother from Austria . Shaw grew up in New Haven , Connecticut , where his natural introversion was deepened by local antisemitism . Shaw bought a saxophone by working in a grocery store and began learning the saxophone at 13 . At 16 , he switched to the clarinet and left home to tour with a band . Career . Returning to New York , he became a session musician through the early 1930s . From 1925 to 1936 , Shaw performed with many bands and orchestras ; from 1926 to 1929 , he worked in Cleveland and established a lasting reputation as music director and arranger for an orchestra led by the violinist Austin Wylie . In 1929 and 1930 , he played with Irving Aaronsons Commanders , where he was exposed to symphonic music , which he would later incorporate in his arrangements . In 1932 , Shaw joined the Roger Wolfe Kahn Orchestra and made several recordings with the outfit including It Dont Mean a Thing ( If It Aint Got That Swing ) and Fit as a Fiddle . Leader of bands . In 1935 , he first gained attention with his Interlude in B-flat at a swing concert at the Imperial Theater in New York . During the swing era , his big bands were popular with hits like Begin the Beguine ( 1938 ) , Stardust ( with a trumpet solo by Billy Butterfield ) , Back Bay Shuffle , Moonglow , Rosalie and Frenesi . The show was well received , but was forced to dissolve in 1937 because his bands sound was not commercial . Shaw valued experimental and innovative music rather over dancing and love songs . He was an innovator in the big band idiom , using unusual instrumentation ; Interlude in B-flat , where he was backed with only a rhythm section and a string quartet , was one of the earliest examples of what would be later dubbed Third Stream . His incorporation of stringed instruments could be attributed to the influence of the classical composer Igor Stravinsky . In addition to hiring Buddy Rich , he signed Billie Holiday as his bands vocalist in 1938 , becoming the first white band leader to hire a full-time black female singer to tour the segregated Southern U.S . However , after recording Any Old Time , Holiday left the band due to hostility from audiences in the South , as well as from music company executives who wanted a more mainstream singer . Like his main rival , Benny Goodman , and other leaders of big bands , Shaw fashioned a smaller band within the band in 1940 . He named it Artie Shaw and the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange . Band pianist Johnny Guarnieri played harpsichord on the quintet recordings , and Al Hendrickson played electric guitar . Trumpeter Roy Eldridge became part of the group , succeeding Billy Butterfield . In 1940 , the original Gramercy Five cut eight sides , then Shaw dissolved the band in early 1941 . The Gramercy Fives biggest hit was Summit Ridge Drive , one of Shaws million-selling records . His last prewar band , organized in September 1941 , included Oran Hot Lips Page , Max Kaminsky , Georgie Auld , Dave Tough , Jack Jenney , Ray Conniff and Guarnieri . The long series of musical groups Shaw subsequently formed included Lena Horne , Helen Forrest , Mel Tormé , Buddy Rich , Dave Tough , Barney Kessel , Jimmy Raney , Tal Farlow , Dodo Marmarosa , and Ray Conniff . He used the morose Nightmare , with its Hasidic nuances , as his theme rather than choosing a more accessible song . In a televised interview in the 1970s , Shaw derided the asinine songs of Tin Pan Alley that were the lifeblood of popular music and which bands , especially the most popular ( such as his own ) were compelled to play night after night . In 1994 , he told Frank Prial of The New York Times : I thought that because I was Artie Shaw I could do what I wanted , but all they wanted was Begin the Beguine . Throughout his career , Shaw had a habit of forming bands , developing them according to his immediate aspirations , making a quick series of records , and then disbanding . He generally did not stick around long enough to reap his bands successes through live performances of their recorded hits . Following the breakup of what was already his second band in 1939 , he rarely toured at all and , if he did , his personal appearances were usually limited to long-term engagements in a single venue or bookings that did not require much traveling , unlike many bands of the era that traveled great distances doing seemingly endless strings of one-night engagements . Radio days . Shaw did many big band remote broadcasts . Throughout the autumn and winter of 1938 , he was often heard from the Blue Room of the Hotel Lincoln in New York City . After touring in 1939 , he led the house band at the Café Rouge of the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York . He was the headliner of a radio series with comedian Robert Benchley as emcee . Shaw broadcast on CBS from November 20 , 1938 until November 14 , 1939 . At the Café Rouge he quit his band that week and went to Mexico . The band continued without him into January but eventually broke up . After Shaw returned from Mexico in 1940 , and still under contract to RCA Victor , he experimented with a group of session musicians in Hollywood , trying to combine strings and woodwinds with a jazz band . The result was the hit Frenesi . He was hired as bandleader for the Burns and Allen Show broadcast from Hollywood . He organized a band that was modeled after his swing band concept of the late-1930s with the addition of six violins , two violas , and one cello . The addition of a string section to a big band was not novel , as it had been done by Paul Whiteman and others since the 1920s . Shaw updated the idea with the music trends of the 1940s . Strings gave him a wider tonal palette and allowed him to concentrate on ballads rather than the fast dance songs of the swing era . Shaw was at or near the top of the list of virtuoso jazz bandleaders . The band was showcased on the Burns and Allen program every week . In 1940 , at the height of his popularity , the 30-year-old Shaw earned up to $60,000 per week . In contrast , George Burns and Gracie Allen were each making $5,000 per week during the year that Shaw and his orchestra provided the music for their radio show . He acted on the show as a love interest for Gracie Allen , although he disliked having to be a part of the celebrity culture of the period . Shaws contract was renewed for another 13 weeks when the program was moved to New York . Shaw broke up the Hollywood band , keeping a nucleus of seven musicians in addition to himself , and filled out the ensemble with New York musicians until March 1941 . While taking a few months vacation in the spring of 1941 to reassess what to do next , Shaw recorded in another small group format with three horns and a four-man rhythm section with the addition of a dozen strings . By September , he formed a big band with seven brass , five saxes , four rhythm , and fifteen strings . On December 7 , three months into the tour , the 31-piece band was in the midst of a matinee performance in Providence , Rhode Island , when he was given a note about the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor . The note instructed him to tell military personnel to return to their bases . War and after . During World War II , Shaw enlisted in the United States Navy and shortly after formed a band , which served in the Pacific theater . After 18 months playing for Navy personnel , ( sometimes as many as four concerts a day in battle zones , including Guadalcanal ) , Shaw returned to the U.S . in a state of physical exhaustion and received a medical discharge . After the war , the popularity of big bands declined , as Crooners and Bebop began to dominate the charts . Shaw credited his time in the Navy from 1942 to 1944 as a period of renewed introspection . After his discharge , he entered psychoanalysis and began to withdraw from music in favor of a writing career . His autobiography , The Trouble With Cinderella : An Outline of Identity , was published in 1952 ( with later reprint editions in 1992 and 2001 ) . Revealing downbeat elements of the music business , Shaw explained that the trouble with Cinderella is nobody ever lives happily ever after . He turned to semi-autobiographical fiction with the three short novels in I Love You , I Hate You , Drop Dead ! ( 1965 , reprinted in 1997 ) , which prompted Terry Southerns comment : Here is a deeply probing examination of the American marital scene . I flipped over it ! Shaws short stories , including Snow White in Harlem , were collected in The Best of Intentions and Other Stories ( 1989 ) . He worked for years on his 1,000-page autobiographical novel , The Education of Albie Snow , but the three-volume work remained unpublished . After his discharge in 1944 , he formed another band , this time what could be considered a modern big band in that it contained what is now considered the standard eight brass and five saxes . It did not include any strings and was based in Hollywood , California , where Shaw was living . He continued to record for RCA Victor , as he had before the war , and limited the bands personal appearances to military bases in California . In August 1945 , his contract with RCA ended and he signed with an independent label , Musicraft . He made a few records for Musicraft before the band broke up , and all of the recordings for Musicraft from 1946 were staffed by top-notch session musicians . The big band was back in the studio , this time including strings . On these Musicraft recordings in 1946 Shaw featured the young singer Mel Tormé . On some of the sides , Tormé was also featured with his vocal group the Meltones . In July 1954 , Shaw undertook a brief Australian tour for promoter Lee Gordon on which he shared the bill with drummer Buddy Rich and vocalist Ella Fitzgerald . After completing that tour Shaw stopped playing the clarinet , citing his own perfectionism , which , he later said , would have killed him . He explained to a reporter : In the world we live in , compulsive perfectionists finish last . You have to be Lawrence Welk or , on another level , Irving Berlin , and write the same kind of music over and over again . Im not able to do that , and I have taken the clarinet as far as anyone can possibly go . To continue playing would be a disservice . He spent the rest of the 1950s living in Europe . In 1983 , after years of prodding by Williard Alexander , the 73-year-old Shaw organized a band and selected clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist . The 58-year-old Johnson , an accomplished woodwind and saxophonist and native of Brockton , Massachusetts , was no stranger to jazz having recorded numerous albums of his own and had idolized Shaws playing throughout his life . Shaws music library , which was the product of his almost 20 years of activity in the music business , contained numerous arrangements of monumental status of popular music in addition to many original big band jazz compositions of the era . It was a collection of music arranged by some of the foremost composer/arrangers of the period , much of which was sketched out by Shaw himself and filled in and completed by his orchestrator/arranger collaborators , among them Jerry Gray , William Grant Still , Lennie Hayton , Ray Conniff , Eddie Sauter , and Jimmy Mundy , among others . Shaw rehearsed his new band , ( based out of Boston , Massachusetts ) , and the band made its official debut on New Years Eve 1984 at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle , New York , the same launching pad for many bands of the swing era decades earlier , when Shaw and his bands were in their prime . Shaw appeared with the band throughout its first few years , limiting his role to being its conductor and front man , while leaving the clarinet playing duties to Johnson . In 1985 , another week-long series of strenuous rehearsals followed during which Shaw added more repertoire , including many arrangements and compositions that were from the later years of his career Shaw had never recorded . By 1987 though , Shaw was no longer touring with the band , quietly content that Johnson and the band kept true to Shaws band spirit and vision . He would , however , show up on occasion just to hear how things sounded . Films and television . Shaw made several musical shorts in 1939 for Vitaphone and Paramount Pictures . He portrayed himself in the Fred Astaire film , Second Chorus ( 1940 ) , which featured Shaw and his orchestra playing Concerto for Clarinet , and his 1940–41 Hollywood period Star Dust band can be heard throughout the soundtrack . The film garnered him two Oscar nominations for Best Score and Best Song ( Love of My Life ) . He collaborated on the love song If Its You , sung by Tony Martin in the Marx Brothers film The Big Store ( 1941 ) . In 1950 , he was a mystery guest on Whats My Line ? and on August 31 , 1952 , was part of the panel . During the 1970s he made appearances on The Mike Douglas Show and The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson . Many of his recordings have been used in motion pictures . His 1940 recording of Stardust was used in its entirety in the closing credits of the film The Man Who Fell to Earth . Martin Scorsese also used the Shaw theme song , Nightmare , in his Academy Award-winning Howard Hughes biopic , The Aviator . Canadian filmmaker Brigitte Berman interviewed Hoagy Carmichael , Doc Cheatham , and others including Shaw for her documentary film , Bix : Aint None of Them Play Like Him Yet ( 1981 ) about Bix Beiderbecke , and afterward she went on to create an Academy Award-winning documentary , Artie Shaw : Time Is All Youve Got ( 1985 ) , featuring extensive interviews with Shaw , Buddy Rich , Mel Tormé , Helen Forrest , and other musicians , in addition to Shaws eighth wife , actress Evelyn Keyes . The documentary ends with Shaw rehearsing his new band with co-leader Johnson present and rolls to credits perhaps quite fittingly with the band taking a final segue to Shaws theme song Nightmare . In 2000 , filmmaker Ken Burns interviewed Shaw at his home for his PBS documentary/miniseries Jazz where Shaw appears in multiple segments . His last major interview was in 2003 , when he was interviewed by Russell Davies for the BBC Television documentary , Artie Shaw – Quest for Perfection . The documentary includes interviews with surviving members of his original bands , Johnson , and other music industry professionals . Personal life . A self-proclaimed very difficult man , Shaw was married eight times . Two marriages were annulled ; the others ended in divorce : Jane Cairns ( 1932–33 ; annulled ) ; Margaret Allen ( 1934–37 ) ; actress Lana Turner ( 1940 ) ; Betty Kern , the daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern ( 1942–43 ) ; actress Ava Gardner ( 1945–46 ) ; Forever Amber author Kathleen Winsor ( 1946–48 ; annulled ) ; actress Doris Dowling ( 1952–56 ) , and actress Evelyn Keyes ( 1957–85 ) . He had two sons , Steven Kern ( with Betty Kern ) and Jonathan Shaw ( with Doris Dowling ) . Both Lana Turner and Ava Gardner later described Shaw as being extremely emotionally abusive . His controlling nature and incessant verbal abuse drove Turner to have a nervous breakdown , soon after which she divorced him . In 1940 , before eloping with Lana Turner , Shaw briefly dated actresses Betty Grable and Judy Garland and , according to Tom Nolans biography , had an affair with Lena Horne . Apart from his interest in music , Shaw had a tremendous intellect and almost insatiable thirst for intellectual knowledge and literature . During his self-imposed sabbaticals from the music business , his interests included studying advanced mathematics , as cited in Karl Sabbaghs The Riemann Hypothesis . In 1946 , Shaw was present at a meeting of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts , Sciences and Professions . Olivia de Havilland and Ronald Reagan , part of a core group of actors and artists who were trying to sway the organization away from Communism , presented an anti-Communist declaration which , if signed , was set to run in newspapers . There was bedlam as many rose to champion the communist cause , and Shaw began praising the democratic standards of the Soviet constitution . In 1953 , Shaw was forced to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities . The committee was investigating a peace activist organization , the World Peace Council . Shaw was also a precision marksman , ranking fourth in the United States in 1962 , and an expert fly fisherman . In his later years , Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks , California . He died on December 30 , 2004 , aged 94 . According to his publicist , he had been in ill health for some time , but I dont know the specific cause of death . In fact , Shaw had long been suffering from diabetes . In 2005 , Shaws eighth wife , Evelyn Keyes , filed suit , claiming she was entitled to one-half of Shaws estate , pursuant to a contract to make a will between them . In July 2006 , a Ventura , California , jury unanimously held that Keyes was entitled to almost one-half of Shaws estate or $1,420,000 . She died less than two years later from cancer . Awards and honors . In 1980 , Shaw donated his papers , most of which amounted to his music library of over 700 scores and parts and approximately 1,000 pieces of sheet music , to Boston University . In 1991 , the collection was transferred to the School of Music of the University of Arizona in Tucson . In 2004 , he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 1938 , DownBeat magazine readers voted Artie Shaws the best swing band . In response to Benny Goodmans nickname , the King of Swing , Shaws fans dubbed him the King of the Clarinet . He felt the titles should be reversed . Benny Goodman played clarinet . I played music , he said . Longtime Duke Ellington clarinetist Barney Bigard cited Shaw as his favorite clarinet player . Bibliography . - Tom Nolan , Artie Shaw , King of the Clarinet : His Life and Times ( W . W . Norton , New York , 2011 ) . - John White , Artie Shaw : His Life and Music ( Bloomsbury Academic , London , 2004 ) . - Vladimir Simosko , Artie Shaw : A Musical Biography and Discography ( Scarecrow Press , Lanham , MD , 2000 ) . External links . - Artie Shaw Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 1994 ) - Biography at swingmusic.net - Rare film blog : Artie Shaw 1985 - Swing Bandleader , Clarinetist Artie Shaw Dies , The Washington Post , December 31 , 2004 - University of Arizona : Artie Shaw Collection - Artie Shaw recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings . |
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"officer of the Legion of Honour"
]
| easy | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor received which award in May 1877? | /wiki/Baron_Isidore_Justin_Séverin_Taylor#P166#0 | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor was born in Brussels on 5 August 1789 and died in Paris on 6 September 1879 . He was closely associated with the development of French theatre , a noted traveller and author , and a philanthropist . Life and career . Isidores father Hélie Taylor was English born and took French nationality . His mother was the Belgian Marie-Jacqueline Walwein ( from what was then the Austrian Netherlands ) . Originally destined for a military career , the young man neglected this in favour of travelling about Europe and later the Near East . Among the fruits of his travels was a series of books on the French regions , Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans lancienne France ( 1820–63 ) , the nearly 7000 lithographs in which were the first to catalogue the French artistic patrimony . Another book , La Syrie , lÉgypte , la Palestine et la Judée ( Paris , 1839 ) , was illustrated with the authors watercolours , two of which are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum . George Borrow describes meeting Taylor in his The Bible in Spain . He has visited most portions of the earth , and it is remarkable enough that we are continually encountering each other in strange places and under singular circumstances . Whenever he descries me , whether in the street or the desert , the brilliant hall or amongst Bedouin haimas , at Novgorod or Stambul , he flings up his arms and exclaims , O ciel ! I have again the felicity of seeing my cherished and most respectable B… . Ennobled in 1825 by King Charles X , he was by this time collecting Spanish art on behalf of the new French King Louis Philippe I , who made him a Commissioner of Art in 1838 . These paintings constituted the then named Spanish gallery of the Louvre . Previously , he had been very active in the theatrical world and was made Royal Commissioner of the Theatre Francaise between 1825-38 . During this period he used his position to encourage the production of Romantic drama . Among those he helped was Alexandre Dumas , who dedicated to Taylor his first successful play , Henri III et sa cour ( The court of Henry III , 1829 ) . Taylor himself authored plays with a Levantine background , Ismael et Maryam , ou larabe et la chrétienne ( The Arab and the Christian , 1821 ) and La fille de lHébreu et le chevalier du temple ( The Jewess and the Templar , 1823 ) and co-authored with Charles Nodier an adaptation of Charles Maturins successful drama , Bertram ou le pirate ( 1821 ) . From the 1840s he began his philanthropic activity by setting up a series of mutual societies for members of the artistic professions that have continued to this day as the Taylor Foundation . In recognition of his work he was elected to the Académie Française in 1847 , named a senator of the Second Empire in 1869 and made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1877 . Artistic representations . After his death , Taylor was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery with a memorial statue by sculptor Gabriel-Jules Thomas . A decorative bust by Tony Noel ( 1845-1909 ) was also erected on behalf of the Taylor Foundation on the Boulevard Saint Martin . Both of these show the baron in old age . There were attractive earlier portraits of him by Jean Alaux when he was 22 , and by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz at the age of 44 . The latter is a three-quarters bust that pictures him in his official uniform in 1838 . He also figures in the crowded canvas of Edouard Manets Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) . Taylor is pictured in the mid-foreground to the left with his cane beneath his arm as he talks to Charles Baudelaire and Theophile Gautier . References . Much of the information is based on the article in the French Wikipedia . |
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| easy | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor received which award in Jul 1822? | /wiki/Baron_Isidore_Justin_Séverin_Taylor#P166#1 | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor was born in Brussels on 5 August 1789 and died in Paris on 6 September 1879 . He was closely associated with the development of French theatre , a noted traveller and author , and a philanthropist . Life and career . Isidores father Hélie Taylor was English born and took French nationality . His mother was the Belgian Marie-Jacqueline Walwein ( from what was then the Austrian Netherlands ) . Originally destined for a military career , the young man neglected this in favour of travelling about Europe and later the Near East . Among the fruits of his travels was a series of books on the French regions , Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans lancienne France ( 1820–63 ) , the nearly 7000 lithographs in which were the first to catalogue the French artistic patrimony . Another book , La Syrie , lÉgypte , la Palestine et la Judée ( Paris , 1839 ) , was illustrated with the authors watercolours , two of which are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum . George Borrow describes meeting Taylor in his The Bible in Spain . He has visited most portions of the earth , and it is remarkable enough that we are continually encountering each other in strange places and under singular circumstances . Whenever he descries me , whether in the street or the desert , the brilliant hall or amongst Bedouin haimas , at Novgorod or Stambul , he flings up his arms and exclaims , O ciel ! I have again the felicity of seeing my cherished and most respectable B… . Ennobled in 1825 by King Charles X , he was by this time collecting Spanish art on behalf of the new French King Louis Philippe I , who made him a Commissioner of Art in 1838 . These paintings constituted the then named Spanish gallery of the Louvre . Previously , he had been very active in the theatrical world and was made Royal Commissioner of the Theatre Francaise between 1825-38 . During this period he used his position to encourage the production of Romantic drama . Among those he helped was Alexandre Dumas , who dedicated to Taylor his first successful play , Henri III et sa cour ( The court of Henry III , 1829 ) . Taylor himself authored plays with a Levantine background , Ismael et Maryam , ou larabe et la chrétienne ( The Arab and the Christian , 1821 ) and La fille de lHébreu et le chevalier du temple ( The Jewess and the Templar , 1823 ) and co-authored with Charles Nodier an adaptation of Charles Maturins successful drama , Bertram ou le pirate ( 1821 ) . From the 1840s he began his philanthropic activity by setting up a series of mutual societies for members of the artistic professions that have continued to this day as the Taylor Foundation . In recognition of his work he was elected to the Académie Française in 1847 , named a senator of the Second Empire in 1869 and made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1877 . Artistic representations . After his death , Taylor was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery with a memorial statue by sculptor Gabriel-Jules Thomas . A decorative bust by Tony Noel ( 1845-1909 ) was also erected on behalf of the Taylor Foundation on the Boulevard Saint Martin . Both of these show the baron in old age . There were attractive earlier portraits of him by Jean Alaux when he was 22 , and by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz at the age of 44 . The latter is a three-quarters bust that pictures him in his official uniform in 1838 . He also figures in the crowded canvas of Edouard Manets Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) . Taylor is pictured in the mid-foreground to the left with his cane beneath his arm as he talks to Charles Baudelaire and Theophile Gautier . References . Much of the information is based on the article in the French Wikipedia . |
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| easy | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor received which award in May 1834? | /wiki/Baron_Isidore_Justin_Séverin_Taylor#P166#2 | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor was born in Brussels on 5 August 1789 and died in Paris on 6 September 1879 . He was closely associated with the development of French theatre , a noted traveller and author , and a philanthropist . Life and career . Isidores father Hélie Taylor was English born and took French nationality . His mother was the Belgian Marie-Jacqueline Walwein ( from what was then the Austrian Netherlands ) . Originally destined for a military career , the young man neglected this in favour of travelling about Europe and later the Near East . Among the fruits of his travels was a series of books on the French regions , Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans lancienne France ( 1820–63 ) , the nearly 7000 lithographs in which were the first to catalogue the French artistic patrimony . Another book , La Syrie , lÉgypte , la Palestine et la Judée ( Paris , 1839 ) , was illustrated with the authors watercolours , two of which are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum . George Borrow describes meeting Taylor in his The Bible in Spain . He has visited most portions of the earth , and it is remarkable enough that we are continually encountering each other in strange places and under singular circumstances . Whenever he descries me , whether in the street or the desert , the brilliant hall or amongst Bedouin haimas , at Novgorod or Stambul , he flings up his arms and exclaims , O ciel ! I have again the felicity of seeing my cherished and most respectable B… . Ennobled in 1825 by King Charles X , he was by this time collecting Spanish art on behalf of the new French King Louis Philippe I , who made him a Commissioner of Art in 1838 . These paintings constituted the then named Spanish gallery of the Louvre . Previously , he had been very active in the theatrical world and was made Royal Commissioner of the Theatre Francaise between 1825-38 . During this period he used his position to encourage the production of Romantic drama . Among those he helped was Alexandre Dumas , who dedicated to Taylor his first successful play , Henri III et sa cour ( The court of Henry III , 1829 ) . Taylor himself authored plays with a Levantine background , Ismael et Maryam , ou larabe et la chrétienne ( The Arab and the Christian , 1821 ) and La fille de lHébreu et le chevalier du temple ( The Jewess and the Templar , 1823 ) and co-authored with Charles Nodier an adaptation of Charles Maturins successful drama , Bertram ou le pirate ( 1821 ) . From the 1840s he began his philanthropic activity by setting up a series of mutual societies for members of the artistic professions that have continued to this day as the Taylor Foundation . In recognition of his work he was elected to the Académie Française in 1847 , named a senator of the Second Empire in 1869 and made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1877 . Artistic representations . After his death , Taylor was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery with a memorial statue by sculptor Gabriel-Jules Thomas . A decorative bust by Tony Noel ( 1845-1909 ) was also erected on behalf of the Taylor Foundation on the Boulevard Saint Martin . Both of these show the baron in old age . There were attractive earlier portraits of him by Jean Alaux when he was 22 , and by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz at the age of 44 . The latter is a three-quarters bust that pictures him in his official uniform in 1838 . He also figures in the crowded canvas of Edouard Manets Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) . Taylor is pictured in the mid-foreground to the left with his cane beneath his arm as he talks to Charles Baudelaire and Theophile Gautier . References . Much of the information is based on the article in the French Wikipedia . |
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""
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| easy | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor received which award in May 1837? | /wiki/Baron_Isidore_Justin_Séverin_Taylor#P166#3 | Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor was born in Brussels on 5 August 1789 and died in Paris on 6 September 1879 . He was closely associated with the development of French theatre , a noted traveller and author , and a philanthropist . Life and career . Isidores father Hélie Taylor was English born and took French nationality . His mother was the Belgian Marie-Jacqueline Walwein ( from what was then the Austrian Netherlands ) . Originally destined for a military career , the young man neglected this in favour of travelling about Europe and later the Near East . Among the fruits of his travels was a series of books on the French regions , Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans lancienne France ( 1820–63 ) , the nearly 7000 lithographs in which were the first to catalogue the French artistic patrimony . Another book , La Syrie , lÉgypte , la Palestine et la Judée ( Paris , 1839 ) , was illustrated with the authors watercolours , two of which are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum . George Borrow describes meeting Taylor in his The Bible in Spain . He has visited most portions of the earth , and it is remarkable enough that we are continually encountering each other in strange places and under singular circumstances . Whenever he descries me , whether in the street or the desert , the brilliant hall or amongst Bedouin haimas , at Novgorod or Stambul , he flings up his arms and exclaims , O ciel ! I have again the felicity of seeing my cherished and most respectable B… . Ennobled in 1825 by King Charles X , he was by this time collecting Spanish art on behalf of the new French King Louis Philippe I , who made him a Commissioner of Art in 1838 . These paintings constituted the then named Spanish gallery of the Louvre . Previously , he had been very active in the theatrical world and was made Royal Commissioner of the Theatre Francaise between 1825-38 . During this period he used his position to encourage the production of Romantic drama . Among those he helped was Alexandre Dumas , who dedicated to Taylor his first successful play , Henri III et sa cour ( The court of Henry III , 1829 ) . Taylor himself authored plays with a Levantine background , Ismael et Maryam , ou larabe et la chrétienne ( The Arab and the Christian , 1821 ) and La fille de lHébreu et le chevalier du temple ( The Jewess and the Templar , 1823 ) and co-authored with Charles Nodier an adaptation of Charles Maturins successful drama , Bertram ou le pirate ( 1821 ) . From the 1840s he began his philanthropic activity by setting up a series of mutual societies for members of the artistic professions that have continued to this day as the Taylor Foundation . In recognition of his work he was elected to the Académie Française in 1847 , named a senator of the Second Empire in 1869 and made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1877 . Artistic representations . After his death , Taylor was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery with a memorial statue by sculptor Gabriel-Jules Thomas . A decorative bust by Tony Noel ( 1845-1909 ) was also erected on behalf of the Taylor Foundation on the Boulevard Saint Martin . Both of these show the baron in old age . There were attractive earlier portraits of him by Jean Alaux when he was 22 , and by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz at the age of 44 . The latter is a three-quarters bust that pictures him in his official uniform in 1838 . He also figures in the crowded canvas of Edouard Manets Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) . Taylor is pictured in the mid-foreground to the left with his cane beneath his arm as he talks to Charles Baudelaire and Theophile Gautier . References . Much of the information is based on the article in the French Wikipedia . |
[
"President of Ethiopia"
]
| easy | Which position did Meles Zenawi hold from May 1991 to Jun 1995? | /wiki/Meles_Zenawi#P39#0 | Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres ( Tigrinya : መለስ ዜናዊ ኣስረስ , mäläs zenawi asräs ; , born Legesse Zenawi Asres ; 9 May 1955 – 20 August 2012 ) was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who ruled Ethiopia as President from 1991 to 1995 and as Prime Minister from 1995 until his death in 2012 . He was considered the founder of the federal state of modern Ethiopia . After leading the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front to victory in the Ethiopian Civil War , he served as President of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 , then as the 2nd Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 1995 to his death in 2012 . From 1989 , he was the chairman of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) , and the head of the EPRDF since its formation in 1991 . In 1975 , he left Haile Selassie I University to join the TPLF and fight against the Derg ( the Mengistu Haile Mariam-led military dictatorship in Ethiopia ) . After the overthrow of the Dergs military government , he became president of the transitional government and later prime minister . During his tenure , Ethiopia became one of Africas fastest-growing economies . Early life and education . Meles was born in Adwa in northern Ethiopia , to Zenawi Asres , a Tigrayan from Adwa and Alemash Guebreluel , an Eritrean from Adi Quala . He was the third of six children . His first name at birth was Legesse ( thus Legesse Zenawi , Geez : ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī ) . He eventually became better known by his nom de guerre Meles , which he adopted in honor of University student and fellow Tigrayan Meles Tekle who was executed by the Derg government in 1975 . He received primary education at Queen of Sheba Junior High School in Adwa . Because he started school at age 11 or 12 it took him 5 years to complete the regular 8-year program as he was able to skip grades . He then joined the prestigious General Wingate High school in Addis Ababa on full scholarship and completed high school in 1972 . Upon graduating with honors from General Wingate , he was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize , a selective award given only to the most outstanding students . At this time , . In 1975 , Meles left the University to join the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front . Meles Zenawi was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian . Early political career . Ethiopian Civil War ( 1974-1991 ) . Meles was first with the Tigrayan National Organization ( TNO ) , the forerunner of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) . Aregawi Berhe , a former member of the TPLF , notes that historians John Young and Jenny Hammond vaguely indicated Meles as a founder of the TPLF in their books . Aregawi insists that both he and Sebhat Nega joined the Front months after it was founded . While a member of the TPLF , Meles established the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray ( MLLT ) . TPLF was one of armed groups struggling against the Derg , the junta which led Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991 . Meles was elected member of the leadership committee in 1979 and chairman of the executive committee of TPLF in 1983 . He was the chairperson of both the TPLF and the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) after the EPRDF assumed power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991 . He was president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia ( TGE ) during which he paved the way for Eritrea to secede from the country . President of Ethiopia ( 1991–1995 ) . Domestic affairs . Meles stated that EPRDFs victory was a triumph for the thousands of TPLF-fighters who were killed , for the millions of Ethiopians who were victims of the countrys biggest famine during the Derg regime , when some estimates put up to 1.5 million deaths of Ethiopians from famine and the Red Terror . Accordingly , he maintained that the big support it received from peasants and rural areas helped EPRDF maintain peace and stability . Foreign support was diverse ; the Arab League , as well as Western nations , supported the EPRDF rebels against the communist Moscow-supported government ( although the TPLF was at the time Marxist ) at the height of the Cold War . What the implications of this will be in terms of relations between Ethiopia and the European Union , we will have to wait and see but I dont think you will be surprised if Ethiopia were to insist that it should not be patronised . The United States facilitated peace talks between different rebel groups including EPRDF and the Derg to bring an end to civil war which lasted for 17 years and reach some kind of political settlement in 1991 . The talks didnt bear any fruit as EPRDFs force were moving to the capital and Mengistu fled the country . The United States agreed to support the EPRDF which would have , nevertheless , seized power without anyones support.Many angry demonstrators in Addis Ababa reacted to this by protesting against Herman Cohen , the U.S . State Departments chief of African affairs who attended a conference that demonstrators viewed as legitimizing the EPRDF . In July 1991 , Convention of Nationalities was held . It was the first Ethiopian multinational convention where delegates of various nations and organizations were given fair and equal representation and observed by various international organizations including the United Nations , Organization for African Unity , European Economic Community , and the United States and the United Kingdom . Foreign affairs . Although Meles and his administration claimed they preferred a united but federal state that included the Eritrean state , since Meles TPLF fought together with EPLF , Meles did not have a choice but to leave the decision to Eritrean leadership in the hope that the independence referendum would vote against secession , according to Time magazines 1991 analysis . The majority of Eritreans were given the choice , freedom or slavery ! and voted for freedom on 24 May 1993 , Isaias Afewerki became the leader of Eritrea . Meles was in Asmara , Eritrea as the keynote speaker . Many in the Meles administration , as well as opposition parties were angry over the decision to grant Eritrea its independence . Despite working together against the Derg regime , Meles and Afewerkis positive relationship turned sour after Meles succumbed to U.S . pressure to hold an election within a year , but Afewerki abandoned his original promise to create a transitional government in the early 1990s . The Eritrean-Ethiopian War began in May 1998 following the Eritrean troops invasion of Badme and parts of Sheraro woredas . Following the invasion Ethiopia demanded that the Eritrean troops leave the invaded areas completely . However , president Afeworki of Eritrea refused to pull out . Then the Ethiopians responded with huge counter - offensive measures which subsequently lead to the capture of the disputed Badme area and most parts of western Eritrea , Ethiopian President Negaso Gidada gave a victory speech and a peace treaty was signed a few weeks later . According to the peace treaty Ethiopia then pulled out of the Eritrean Territory . Though Ethiopian troops controlled Badme , after an international court ruled that Badme belonged to Eritrea , Ethiopia continued to maintain a presence of Ethiopian soldiers in the town . Prime Minister of Ethiopia ( 1995–2012 ) . A new constitution was approved in 1994 , providing for a parliamentary system . The president served as ceremonial head of state , with the prime minister as head of government and chief executive . The EPRDF handily won the 1995 elections , and Meles was sworn in as prime minister when the new Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was formally inaugurated on 21 August 1995 . Foreign affairs . Meles moved to have Ethiopia gain a larger share of the Nile River water . Part of this entailed using Ethiopias hydropower prospects as leverage in exporting power to Egypt , amongst others . He had also aided the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement prior to South Sudans independence as the rebels fought the government in Khartoum . Since the War on Terrorism , Meles sought to consolidate Ethiopias hegemony in East Africa , including his mediation efforts with Sudan and South Sudan , as well as stabilizing Somalia towards the end of the mandate of the Transitional Federal Government . Though he had controversially sent troops to fight against the Islamic Courts Union , since 2009 he had been praised for working towards a stable situation along with the African Union . Eritrea . Meles Zenawi and President of Eritrea Isaias Afwerki were on good terms , as Eritrean forces helped TPLF overthrow the Mengstu Hailemariam regime ( Derg ) . As the TPLF came to power in Ethiopia , it had occurred simultaneously with the EPLF ( Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front ) rise to power in Eritrea . Aftermath the 30 years of war between the two countries , the people of both countries enjoyed the fruit of peace , but not for long . In 1998 , the Ethiopian government - led by Meles Zenawi , waged war with Eritrea on bases of boarder conflicts . The war come to end in 2000 . During the war , between 70,000 and 98,217 people were killed and 650,000 displaced , of whom 19,000–67,000 were Eritrean soldiers and between 34,000 and 60,000 were Ethiopian soldiers . The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia signed on 12 December 2000 , at Algiers , Algeria . Which was supposed to be final and binding . Nevertheless , Meles Zenawi refused to pull back Ethiopian forces for Eritrean territory . Leading to no-war-no-peace situation in the region . Ethiopian forces reside in the sovereign lands of Eritrea , around the town Badme despite the EEBC Border ruling granting Badme to Eritrea . Eritreans feel Meles Zenawi and the TPLF have betrayed them and he is responsible for the loss of lives , relationship and mutually benefiting opportunities of the two countries . Somalia . Meles declared war on the ICU unprovoked in order to curry favor with the West . In 2006 , the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) assumed control of much of the southern part of Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law . The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority , and , with the assistance of Ethiopian troops , African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States , managed to drive out the rival ICU . On 8 January 2007 , as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged , TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , a former colonel in the Somali Army , entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office . The Somali government then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa . This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country . In October 2011 , a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia , with the Ethiopian military eventually joining the mission the following month . According to Ramtane Lamamra , the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security , the additional Ethiopian and AU troop reinforcements are expected to help the Somali authorities gradually expand their territorial control . Climate change . Meles played an important role in developing the African Unions position on climate change since 2009 and was a friend of the Chair at the 15th Conference of the Parties ( COP15 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . On 31 August 2009 , Meles was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change ( CAHOSCC ) . The group had been established following the 4 February 2009 decision at the 12th AU Assembly of Heads of States to build a common Africa position on climate change in preparations for COP15.Prior to Meles appointment , but in light of the AUs decision and the Algiers Declaration on the African Common Platform to Copenhagen , on 19 May 2009 the Africa Group made a submission to the UNFCCC that included demands for US$67 billion per year in finance for adaptation funding and US$200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature . On 3 September 2009 , Meles made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum , where he said : We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level , no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us… While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective , we will not rubber stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment . We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position . If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent . Illness and death . In July 2012 , questions arose concerning Meles health when he did not attend African Union summit meetings in Addis Ababa . Opposition groups claimed that Meles may have already died on 16 July while undergoing treatment in Belgium ; however , Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn attributed Meles absence to a minor illness . A press conference , during which the government planned to clarify Meles health status , was scheduled for 18 July but postponed until later in the week . While the government acknowledged that Meles had been hospitalised , it stated that his condition was not serious . There were further rumours of his death when he was not seen in public after the 2012 G20 summit and at the time of the death of the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , Abune Paulos . On 20 August , Meles Zenawi died after contracting an infection in Belgium . Minister of Information Bereket Simon announced on state television : Its a sad day for Ethiopia . The man who led our country for the past 21 years and brought economic and democratic changes , has died . We have lost our respected leader . Meles has been receiving treatment abroad . He was getting better and we were expecting him to return to Addis Ababa . But he developed a sudden infection and died around 11:40pm last night . His body will be returned to Ethiopia soon . We have set up a committee to organise his funeral . More information will be released about that soon . As per Ethiopian law , Hailemariam Desalegn has now taken over the leadership . He will also be in charge of the Ethiopian military and all other government institutions . I would like to stress , nothing in Ethiopia will change . The government will continue . Our policies and institutions will continue . Nothing will change in Ethiopia . Desalegn will be confirmed by parliament . After his body was repatriated two days later , thousands of mourners congregated on streets from the airport to Meles former residence to pay their last respects as his coffin , draped in the flag of Ethiopia , was accompanied by a military band . The event was attended by political , military and religious leaders , as well as diplomats and his wife , Azeb Mesfin . The body lie in state . A declaration of national mourning was also issued . There were also fears of a power vacuum after his death , as well as a possible detriment to Eritrea-Ethiopian relations . Meless funeral took place in Addis Ababa on 2 September 2012 in a religious ceremony attended by at least 20 African presidents and thousands of Ethiopians gathered in Meskel Square . Reactions . Political leaders , states and institutions offered their thoughts on Meles following his death . - Olympic gold medalist and Ethiopian national Haile Gebrselassie praised Meles achievements . - Contemporary United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised Meles exceptional leadership . - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement that read : [ Netanyahu ] presented his condolences to the Ethiopian people . Meles was loved in his country . He was also a true friend of Israel . During his mandate Ethiopia became one of Israels closest friends . - United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron called Meles an inspirational spokesman for Africa . - United States President Barack Obama released the statement : It was with sadness that I learned of the passing of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia . Prime Minister Meles deserves recognition for his lifelong contribution to Ethiopia’s development , particularly his unyielding commitment to Ethiopia’s poor . I met with Prime Minister Meles at the G-8 Summit in May and recall my personal admiration for his desire to lift millions of Ethiopians out of poverty through his drive for food security . I am also grateful for Prime Minister Meles’s service for peace and security in Africa , his contributions to the African Union , and his voice for Africa on the world stage . On behalf of the American people , I offer my condolences to Prime Minister Meles family and to the people of Ethiopia on this untimely loss , and confirm the U.S . Governments commitment to our partnership with Ethiopia . Going forward , we encourage the Government of Ethiopia to enhance its support for development , democracy , regional stability and security , human rights and prosperity for its people . - South Korean President Lee Myung-bak released this statement : The passing of Prime Minister Meles is being mourned across the globe . We all have just lost a great leader of Ethiopia and a preeminent advocate for Africa and the developing world . [ ... ] I pray for the repose of a truly bright mind who lived an intense and moving life – my close friend . Western NGOs Amnesty International called for the new administration to end Meles ever-increasing repression and Human Rights Watch similarly added that the next administration should repeal the 2009 anti-terrorism law . As the New York Times asked about a gap between the United States of Americas strategic and ideological goals in relation to its support for Meles government , it quoted HRW researcher Leslie Lefkow as saying : There is an opportunity here . If donors are shrewd , they will use the opportunity that this presents to push a much stronger and bolder human rights stance and need for reform . Author Dan Connell , who had interviewed Meles in June , said that he seemed focused [ then ] on wrapping up a number of major projects as if he were aware the end was near . Meles knew his days were numbered . The Committee to Protect Journalists cited and criticised the secrecy around Meles death . The Washington Post said that the circumstances of his death remained laced with intrigue . Regional groups responded with the Ogaden National Liberation Front saying it hoped his death may usher [ in ] a new era of stability and peace and Al Shabaab that it was celebrating the uplifting news . Personal life . Meles acquired an MBA from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and a masters of science in economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004 . In July 2002 , he received an honorary doctoral degree in political science from the Hannam University in South Korea . Meles was married to Azeb Mesfin , a former rebel fighter in the TPLF and , , a Member of Parliament . Meles was the father of three children ; Semhal , Marda and Senay Meles . Legacy . Economic prosperity of Ethiopia . During Prime Minister Meles Zenawis rule , Ethiopia prospered economically ( with double digit economic growth for his last 9 years ) . The high economic growth is continuing 7 years on after his death , since his party Tigray Peoples Liberation Front & EPRDF continued to work with the same policies . Ethiopia even became the fastest-growing economy in Africa Titles , awards and honors . Prime Minister Meles received various international awards for setting up a good foundation for the development of Ethiopia . Even though Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world , the near double-digit annual economic growth rate recently is seen as the beginning of Ethiopias long marathon struggle to eliminate poverty . Acknowledging the rapid GDP growth of the country , the UK newspaper The Economist said in December 2007 that Ethiopias economy has been growing at record speed in recent years . In 2008 , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) described the speed of Ethiopias economic growth in recent years as the fastest for a non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa , with Ethiopia ranked as the second-most attractive African country for investors . - Prime Minister Meles was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust , a highly selective award given only to the most outstanding graduating students . - The Rwanda government awarded Meles Rwandas National Liberation Medal , the Uruti , in July 2009 for helping to liberate Rwanda and end the genocide in the country . Alongside two other African leaders , Meles was also given Rwandas highest accolade , the Umurinzi medal , Rwandas Campaign Against Genocide Medal . - PM Meles Zenawi was allegedly awarded the World Peace Prize for his contributions to global peace and his effort to stabilize the Horn of Africa through cooperation with Inter-Governmental Authority for Development ( IGAD ) . However , the World Peace Council strongly denied that they have awarded this prize to Meles Zenawi : saying WPC press bureau wishes to declare that no such award was given by our organization in the past or will be given - Tabor 100 , an African American entrepreneurs organization , honored PM Meles for his contribution toward economic and social transformation in Africa with its prestigious Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award in April 2005 . Tabor 100 , a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization , calling Meles Zenawi international leader of the year 2005 , also honored the efforts of the Ethiopian government in general for its war on poverty and backwardness . - PM Meles was awarded the Good Governance Award of the Global Coalition for Africa for leading Ethiopia along a democratic path during the challenging period of transition . He was selected for the good governance award by the US-based Corporate Council on Africa . - PM Meles received the Norway-based 2005 Yara Prize for Green Revolution for initiating a good foundation for economic progress in Ethiopia , particularly in the agricultural sector , where the poor country has doubled its food production . During the award ceremony held in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 3 September , the director of the UN project for Africa said , With our support , Ethiopia can lift itself from poverty and hunger . Under Prime Minister Meles the country has created the grass roots structure to enable this to happen . - Meles was given the Africa Political Leadership Award of 2008 by the US-based newspaper , Africa Times . Previous winners of the award include Desmond Tutu , Nelson Mandela and others . - Ethiopias military honored Prime Minister Meles for his leadership during the 1998–2000 war with its northern neighbour when Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998 . - Residents of the historic and ancient UNESCO town of Axum in Ethiopia honored Prime Minister Meles for his political and diplomatic leadership role in the return and re-erection of the Obelisk of Axum after a 68-year stay in Rome , Italy . - Meles received a Gold Order of Merit award from the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in February 2007 . PM Meles was given the CAF organisations highest award for his services in advancing the progress of African football . Ethiopia was one of the founding countries of the CAF ( 1957 ) and the organization , with the dedication of AU leaders like Meles , was celebrating the International Year of African Football in 2007 . Positions . - Meles was a Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa ( GCA. ) The Global Coailition for Africa brings together senior African policy makers and their partners to deepen dialogue and build consensus on Africas priority development issues . - Prime Minister Meles served as the Chairman of the Organization for African Unity ( OAU , now the African Union – AU ) from June 1995 to June 1996 . - In 2007 , the African Union elected Meles to chair the executive committee of the NEPAD ( the New Partnership for Africas Development ) - Meles was chosen to represent Africa at the G8 Summit and the G20 summit in London . - In February 2010 , the UN named Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles as co-chair of the Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing , a new high-level U.N . advisory group on climate change financing . Milestones . Several social , economic , religious and political developments and systems were established for the first time in Ethiopia under Meles rule . - First regional referendum for peaceful Secession ( Eritrea , 1991– ) - First Multi-party National election for opposition ( 2000 , 2005 , 2010 ) - First institutionalized linguistic freedom at local level ( 1994– ) - First ethnic based federalism ( since 1994 ) - First private media outlets in Ethiopian history ( since 1994 ) - First consecutive double-digit GDP growth – International Monetary Fund ( since 2006 ) - First multi-party parliament with opposition MPs ( since 2000 ) - First unrestricted freedom of religion for evangelicals/Pentecostals ( since 1994 ; a Pentecostal succeeded him in 2012 ) Foundation . Meles was given the Green Revolution award and a financial prize of 200,000 dollars by the Norwegian Yara Foundation in September 2005 in recognition of past accomplishments and encouragement to achieve economic development for the people of Ethiopia . Meles donated his $200,000 financial award to a foundation called Fre—Addis Ethiopia Women Fund ( Fre-Addis Ethiopia Yesetoch Merja Mahiber ) . The Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund has an objective to empower girls through providing educational opportunities and it currently supports 514 needy and orphan rural girls to pursue their education throughout the country . Bibliography . - The Eritrean Struggle : From Where to Where ? ( 1980 ) - African Development : Dead Ends and New Beginnings ( 2006 ) - Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation ( ADLI ) strategy Media appearances . - Motherland ( Film 2010 ) - Teachers TV ( Interview ) - Al Jazeera ( Interview ) |
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| easy | Which position did Meles Zenawi hold in Jun 1995? | /wiki/Meles_Zenawi#P39#1 | Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres ( Tigrinya : መለስ ዜናዊ ኣስረስ , mäläs zenawi asräs ; , born Legesse Zenawi Asres ; 9 May 1955 – 20 August 2012 ) was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who ruled Ethiopia as President from 1991 to 1995 and as Prime Minister from 1995 until his death in 2012 . He was considered the founder of the federal state of modern Ethiopia . After leading the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front to victory in the Ethiopian Civil War , he served as President of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 , then as the 2nd Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 1995 to his death in 2012 . From 1989 , he was the chairman of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) , and the head of the EPRDF since its formation in 1991 . In 1975 , he left Haile Selassie I University to join the TPLF and fight against the Derg ( the Mengistu Haile Mariam-led military dictatorship in Ethiopia ) . After the overthrow of the Dergs military government , he became president of the transitional government and later prime minister . During his tenure , Ethiopia became one of Africas fastest-growing economies . Early life and education . Meles was born in Adwa in northern Ethiopia , to Zenawi Asres , a Tigrayan from Adwa and Alemash Guebreluel , an Eritrean from Adi Quala . He was the third of six children . His first name at birth was Legesse ( thus Legesse Zenawi , Geez : ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī ) . He eventually became better known by his nom de guerre Meles , which he adopted in honor of University student and fellow Tigrayan Meles Tekle who was executed by the Derg government in 1975 . He received primary education at Queen of Sheba Junior High School in Adwa . Because he started school at age 11 or 12 it took him 5 years to complete the regular 8-year program as he was able to skip grades . He then joined the prestigious General Wingate High school in Addis Ababa on full scholarship and completed high school in 1972 . Upon graduating with honors from General Wingate , he was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize , a selective award given only to the most outstanding students . At this time , . In 1975 , Meles left the University to join the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front . Meles Zenawi was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian . Early political career . Ethiopian Civil War ( 1974-1991 ) . Meles was first with the Tigrayan National Organization ( TNO ) , the forerunner of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) . Aregawi Berhe , a former member of the TPLF , notes that historians John Young and Jenny Hammond vaguely indicated Meles as a founder of the TPLF in their books . Aregawi insists that both he and Sebhat Nega joined the Front months after it was founded . While a member of the TPLF , Meles established the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray ( MLLT ) . TPLF was one of armed groups struggling against the Derg , the junta which led Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991 . Meles was elected member of the leadership committee in 1979 and chairman of the executive committee of TPLF in 1983 . He was the chairperson of both the TPLF and the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) after the EPRDF assumed power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991 . He was president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia ( TGE ) during which he paved the way for Eritrea to secede from the country . President of Ethiopia ( 1991–1995 ) . Domestic affairs . Meles stated that EPRDFs victory was a triumph for the thousands of TPLF-fighters who were killed , for the millions of Ethiopians who were victims of the countrys biggest famine during the Derg regime , when some estimates put up to 1.5 million deaths of Ethiopians from famine and the Red Terror . Accordingly , he maintained that the big support it received from peasants and rural areas helped EPRDF maintain peace and stability . Foreign support was diverse ; the Arab League , as well as Western nations , supported the EPRDF rebels against the communist Moscow-supported government ( although the TPLF was at the time Marxist ) at the height of the Cold War . What the implications of this will be in terms of relations between Ethiopia and the European Union , we will have to wait and see but I dont think you will be surprised if Ethiopia were to insist that it should not be patronised . The United States facilitated peace talks between different rebel groups including EPRDF and the Derg to bring an end to civil war which lasted for 17 years and reach some kind of political settlement in 1991 . The talks didnt bear any fruit as EPRDFs force were moving to the capital and Mengistu fled the country . The United States agreed to support the EPRDF which would have , nevertheless , seized power without anyones support.Many angry demonstrators in Addis Ababa reacted to this by protesting against Herman Cohen , the U.S . State Departments chief of African affairs who attended a conference that demonstrators viewed as legitimizing the EPRDF . In July 1991 , Convention of Nationalities was held . It was the first Ethiopian multinational convention where delegates of various nations and organizations were given fair and equal representation and observed by various international organizations including the United Nations , Organization for African Unity , European Economic Community , and the United States and the United Kingdom . Foreign affairs . Although Meles and his administration claimed they preferred a united but federal state that included the Eritrean state , since Meles TPLF fought together with EPLF , Meles did not have a choice but to leave the decision to Eritrean leadership in the hope that the independence referendum would vote against secession , according to Time magazines 1991 analysis . The majority of Eritreans were given the choice , freedom or slavery ! and voted for freedom on 24 May 1993 , Isaias Afewerki became the leader of Eritrea . Meles was in Asmara , Eritrea as the keynote speaker . Many in the Meles administration , as well as opposition parties were angry over the decision to grant Eritrea its independence . Despite working together against the Derg regime , Meles and Afewerkis positive relationship turned sour after Meles succumbed to U.S . pressure to hold an election within a year , but Afewerki abandoned his original promise to create a transitional government in the early 1990s . The Eritrean-Ethiopian War began in May 1998 following the Eritrean troops invasion of Badme and parts of Sheraro woredas . Following the invasion Ethiopia demanded that the Eritrean troops leave the invaded areas completely . However , president Afeworki of Eritrea refused to pull out . Then the Ethiopians responded with huge counter - offensive measures which subsequently lead to the capture of the disputed Badme area and most parts of western Eritrea , Ethiopian President Negaso Gidada gave a victory speech and a peace treaty was signed a few weeks later . According to the peace treaty Ethiopia then pulled out of the Eritrean Territory . Though Ethiopian troops controlled Badme , after an international court ruled that Badme belonged to Eritrea , Ethiopia continued to maintain a presence of Ethiopian soldiers in the town . Prime Minister of Ethiopia ( 1995–2012 ) . A new constitution was approved in 1994 , providing for a parliamentary system . The president served as ceremonial head of state , with the prime minister as head of government and chief executive . The EPRDF handily won the 1995 elections , and Meles was sworn in as prime minister when the new Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was formally inaugurated on 21 August 1995 . Foreign affairs . Meles moved to have Ethiopia gain a larger share of the Nile River water . Part of this entailed using Ethiopias hydropower prospects as leverage in exporting power to Egypt , amongst others . He had also aided the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement prior to South Sudans independence as the rebels fought the government in Khartoum . Since the War on Terrorism , Meles sought to consolidate Ethiopias hegemony in East Africa , including his mediation efforts with Sudan and South Sudan , as well as stabilizing Somalia towards the end of the mandate of the Transitional Federal Government . Though he had controversially sent troops to fight against the Islamic Courts Union , since 2009 he had been praised for working towards a stable situation along with the African Union . Eritrea . Meles Zenawi and President of Eritrea Isaias Afwerki were on good terms , as Eritrean forces helped TPLF overthrow the Mengstu Hailemariam regime ( Derg ) . As the TPLF came to power in Ethiopia , it had occurred simultaneously with the EPLF ( Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front ) rise to power in Eritrea . Aftermath the 30 years of war between the two countries , the people of both countries enjoyed the fruit of peace , but not for long . In 1998 , the Ethiopian government - led by Meles Zenawi , waged war with Eritrea on bases of boarder conflicts . The war come to end in 2000 . During the war , between 70,000 and 98,217 people were killed and 650,000 displaced , of whom 19,000–67,000 were Eritrean soldiers and between 34,000 and 60,000 were Ethiopian soldiers . The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia signed on 12 December 2000 , at Algiers , Algeria . Which was supposed to be final and binding . Nevertheless , Meles Zenawi refused to pull back Ethiopian forces for Eritrean territory . Leading to no-war-no-peace situation in the region . Ethiopian forces reside in the sovereign lands of Eritrea , around the town Badme despite the EEBC Border ruling granting Badme to Eritrea . Eritreans feel Meles Zenawi and the TPLF have betrayed them and he is responsible for the loss of lives , relationship and mutually benefiting opportunities of the two countries . Somalia . Meles declared war on the ICU unprovoked in order to curry favor with the West . In 2006 , the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) assumed control of much of the southern part of Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law . The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority , and , with the assistance of Ethiopian troops , African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States , managed to drive out the rival ICU . On 8 January 2007 , as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged , TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , a former colonel in the Somali Army , entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office . The Somali government then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa . This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country . In October 2011 , a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia , with the Ethiopian military eventually joining the mission the following month . According to Ramtane Lamamra , the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security , the additional Ethiopian and AU troop reinforcements are expected to help the Somali authorities gradually expand their territorial control . Climate change . Meles played an important role in developing the African Unions position on climate change since 2009 and was a friend of the Chair at the 15th Conference of the Parties ( COP15 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . On 31 August 2009 , Meles was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change ( CAHOSCC ) . The group had been established following the 4 February 2009 decision at the 12th AU Assembly of Heads of States to build a common Africa position on climate change in preparations for COP15.Prior to Meles appointment , but in light of the AUs decision and the Algiers Declaration on the African Common Platform to Copenhagen , on 19 May 2009 the Africa Group made a submission to the UNFCCC that included demands for US$67 billion per year in finance for adaptation funding and US$200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature . On 3 September 2009 , Meles made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum , where he said : We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level , no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us… While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective , we will not rubber stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment . We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position . If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent . Illness and death . In July 2012 , questions arose concerning Meles health when he did not attend African Union summit meetings in Addis Ababa . Opposition groups claimed that Meles may have already died on 16 July while undergoing treatment in Belgium ; however , Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn attributed Meles absence to a minor illness . A press conference , during which the government planned to clarify Meles health status , was scheduled for 18 July but postponed until later in the week . While the government acknowledged that Meles had been hospitalised , it stated that his condition was not serious . There were further rumours of his death when he was not seen in public after the 2012 G20 summit and at the time of the death of the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , Abune Paulos . On 20 August , Meles Zenawi died after contracting an infection in Belgium . Minister of Information Bereket Simon announced on state television : Its a sad day for Ethiopia . The man who led our country for the past 21 years and brought economic and democratic changes , has died . We have lost our respected leader . Meles has been receiving treatment abroad . He was getting better and we were expecting him to return to Addis Ababa . But he developed a sudden infection and died around 11:40pm last night . His body will be returned to Ethiopia soon . We have set up a committee to organise his funeral . More information will be released about that soon . As per Ethiopian law , Hailemariam Desalegn has now taken over the leadership . He will also be in charge of the Ethiopian military and all other government institutions . I would like to stress , nothing in Ethiopia will change . The government will continue . Our policies and institutions will continue . Nothing will change in Ethiopia . Desalegn will be confirmed by parliament . After his body was repatriated two days later , thousands of mourners congregated on streets from the airport to Meles former residence to pay their last respects as his coffin , draped in the flag of Ethiopia , was accompanied by a military band . The event was attended by political , military and religious leaders , as well as diplomats and his wife , Azeb Mesfin . The body lie in state . A declaration of national mourning was also issued . There were also fears of a power vacuum after his death , as well as a possible detriment to Eritrea-Ethiopian relations . Meless funeral took place in Addis Ababa on 2 September 2012 in a religious ceremony attended by at least 20 African presidents and thousands of Ethiopians gathered in Meskel Square . Reactions . Political leaders , states and institutions offered their thoughts on Meles following his death . - Olympic gold medalist and Ethiopian national Haile Gebrselassie praised Meles achievements . - Contemporary United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised Meles exceptional leadership . - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement that read : [ Netanyahu ] presented his condolences to the Ethiopian people . Meles was loved in his country . He was also a true friend of Israel . During his mandate Ethiopia became one of Israels closest friends . - United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron called Meles an inspirational spokesman for Africa . - United States President Barack Obama released the statement : It was with sadness that I learned of the passing of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia . Prime Minister Meles deserves recognition for his lifelong contribution to Ethiopia’s development , particularly his unyielding commitment to Ethiopia’s poor . I met with Prime Minister Meles at the G-8 Summit in May and recall my personal admiration for his desire to lift millions of Ethiopians out of poverty through his drive for food security . I am also grateful for Prime Minister Meles’s service for peace and security in Africa , his contributions to the African Union , and his voice for Africa on the world stage . On behalf of the American people , I offer my condolences to Prime Minister Meles family and to the people of Ethiopia on this untimely loss , and confirm the U.S . Governments commitment to our partnership with Ethiopia . Going forward , we encourage the Government of Ethiopia to enhance its support for development , democracy , regional stability and security , human rights and prosperity for its people . - South Korean President Lee Myung-bak released this statement : The passing of Prime Minister Meles is being mourned across the globe . We all have just lost a great leader of Ethiopia and a preeminent advocate for Africa and the developing world . [ ... ] I pray for the repose of a truly bright mind who lived an intense and moving life – my close friend . Western NGOs Amnesty International called for the new administration to end Meles ever-increasing repression and Human Rights Watch similarly added that the next administration should repeal the 2009 anti-terrorism law . As the New York Times asked about a gap between the United States of Americas strategic and ideological goals in relation to its support for Meles government , it quoted HRW researcher Leslie Lefkow as saying : There is an opportunity here . If donors are shrewd , they will use the opportunity that this presents to push a much stronger and bolder human rights stance and need for reform . Author Dan Connell , who had interviewed Meles in June , said that he seemed focused [ then ] on wrapping up a number of major projects as if he were aware the end was near . Meles knew his days were numbered . The Committee to Protect Journalists cited and criticised the secrecy around Meles death . The Washington Post said that the circumstances of his death remained laced with intrigue . Regional groups responded with the Ogaden National Liberation Front saying it hoped his death may usher [ in ] a new era of stability and peace and Al Shabaab that it was celebrating the uplifting news . Personal life . Meles acquired an MBA from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and a masters of science in economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004 . In July 2002 , he received an honorary doctoral degree in political science from the Hannam University in South Korea . Meles was married to Azeb Mesfin , a former rebel fighter in the TPLF and , , a Member of Parliament . Meles was the father of three children ; Semhal , Marda and Senay Meles . Legacy . Economic prosperity of Ethiopia . During Prime Minister Meles Zenawis rule , Ethiopia prospered economically ( with double digit economic growth for his last 9 years ) . The high economic growth is continuing 7 years on after his death , since his party Tigray Peoples Liberation Front & EPRDF continued to work with the same policies . Ethiopia even became the fastest-growing economy in Africa Titles , awards and honors . Prime Minister Meles received various international awards for setting up a good foundation for the development of Ethiopia . Even though Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world , the near double-digit annual economic growth rate recently is seen as the beginning of Ethiopias long marathon struggle to eliminate poverty . Acknowledging the rapid GDP growth of the country , the UK newspaper The Economist said in December 2007 that Ethiopias economy has been growing at record speed in recent years . In 2008 , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) described the speed of Ethiopias economic growth in recent years as the fastest for a non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa , with Ethiopia ranked as the second-most attractive African country for investors . - Prime Minister Meles was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust , a highly selective award given only to the most outstanding graduating students . - The Rwanda government awarded Meles Rwandas National Liberation Medal , the Uruti , in July 2009 for helping to liberate Rwanda and end the genocide in the country . Alongside two other African leaders , Meles was also given Rwandas highest accolade , the Umurinzi medal , Rwandas Campaign Against Genocide Medal . - PM Meles Zenawi was allegedly awarded the World Peace Prize for his contributions to global peace and his effort to stabilize the Horn of Africa through cooperation with Inter-Governmental Authority for Development ( IGAD ) . However , the World Peace Council strongly denied that they have awarded this prize to Meles Zenawi : saying WPC press bureau wishes to declare that no such award was given by our organization in the past or will be given - Tabor 100 , an African American entrepreneurs organization , honored PM Meles for his contribution toward economic and social transformation in Africa with its prestigious Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award in April 2005 . Tabor 100 , a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization , calling Meles Zenawi international leader of the year 2005 , also honored the efforts of the Ethiopian government in general for its war on poverty and backwardness . - PM Meles was awarded the Good Governance Award of the Global Coalition for Africa for leading Ethiopia along a democratic path during the challenging period of transition . He was selected for the good governance award by the US-based Corporate Council on Africa . - PM Meles received the Norway-based 2005 Yara Prize for Green Revolution for initiating a good foundation for economic progress in Ethiopia , particularly in the agricultural sector , where the poor country has doubled its food production . During the award ceremony held in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 3 September , the director of the UN project for Africa said , With our support , Ethiopia can lift itself from poverty and hunger . Under Prime Minister Meles the country has created the grass roots structure to enable this to happen . - Meles was given the Africa Political Leadership Award of 2008 by the US-based newspaper , Africa Times . Previous winners of the award include Desmond Tutu , Nelson Mandela and others . - Ethiopias military honored Prime Minister Meles for his leadership during the 1998–2000 war with its northern neighbour when Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998 . - Residents of the historic and ancient UNESCO town of Axum in Ethiopia honored Prime Minister Meles for his political and diplomatic leadership role in the return and re-erection of the Obelisk of Axum after a 68-year stay in Rome , Italy . - Meles received a Gold Order of Merit award from the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in February 2007 . PM Meles was given the CAF organisations highest award for his services in advancing the progress of African football . Ethiopia was one of the founding countries of the CAF ( 1957 ) and the organization , with the dedication of AU leaders like Meles , was celebrating the International Year of African Football in 2007 . Positions . - Meles was a Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa ( GCA. ) The Global Coailition for Africa brings together senior African policy makers and their partners to deepen dialogue and build consensus on Africas priority development issues . - Prime Minister Meles served as the Chairman of the Organization for African Unity ( OAU , now the African Union – AU ) from June 1995 to June 1996 . - In 2007 , the African Union elected Meles to chair the executive committee of the NEPAD ( the New Partnership for Africas Development ) - Meles was chosen to represent Africa at the G8 Summit and the G20 summit in London . - In February 2010 , the UN named Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles as co-chair of the Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing , a new high-level U.N . advisory group on climate change financing . Milestones . Several social , economic , religious and political developments and systems were established for the first time in Ethiopia under Meles rule . - First regional referendum for peaceful Secession ( Eritrea , 1991– ) - First Multi-party National election for opposition ( 2000 , 2005 , 2010 ) - First institutionalized linguistic freedom at local level ( 1994– ) - First ethnic based federalism ( since 1994 ) - First private media outlets in Ethiopian history ( since 1994 ) - First consecutive double-digit GDP growth – International Monetary Fund ( since 2006 ) - First multi-party parliament with opposition MPs ( since 2000 ) - First unrestricted freedom of religion for evangelicals/Pentecostals ( since 1994 ; a Pentecostal succeeded him in 2012 ) Foundation . Meles was given the Green Revolution award and a financial prize of 200,000 dollars by the Norwegian Yara Foundation in September 2005 in recognition of past accomplishments and encouragement to achieve economic development for the people of Ethiopia . Meles donated his $200,000 financial award to a foundation called Fre—Addis Ethiopia Women Fund ( Fre-Addis Ethiopia Yesetoch Merja Mahiber ) . The Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund has an objective to empower girls through providing educational opportunities and it currently supports 514 needy and orphan rural girls to pursue their education throughout the country . Bibliography . - The Eritrean Struggle : From Where to Where ? ( 1980 ) - African Development : Dead Ends and New Beginnings ( 2006 ) - Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation ( ADLI ) strategy Media appearances . - Motherland ( Film 2010 ) - Teachers TV ( Interview ) - Al Jazeera ( Interview ) |
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| easy | What position did Meles Zenawi take from Aug 1995 to Jul 1996? | /wiki/Meles_Zenawi#P39#2 | Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres ( Tigrinya : መለስ ዜናዊ ኣስረስ , mäläs zenawi asräs ; , born Legesse Zenawi Asres ; 9 May 1955 – 20 August 2012 ) was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who ruled Ethiopia as President from 1991 to 1995 and as Prime Minister from 1995 until his death in 2012 . He was considered the founder of the federal state of modern Ethiopia . After leading the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front to victory in the Ethiopian Civil War , he served as President of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 , then as the 2nd Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 1995 to his death in 2012 . From 1989 , he was the chairman of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) , and the head of the EPRDF since its formation in 1991 . In 1975 , he left Haile Selassie I University to join the TPLF and fight against the Derg ( the Mengistu Haile Mariam-led military dictatorship in Ethiopia ) . After the overthrow of the Dergs military government , he became president of the transitional government and later prime minister . During his tenure , Ethiopia became one of Africas fastest-growing economies . Early life and education . Meles was born in Adwa in northern Ethiopia , to Zenawi Asres , a Tigrayan from Adwa and Alemash Guebreluel , an Eritrean from Adi Quala . He was the third of six children . His first name at birth was Legesse ( thus Legesse Zenawi , Geez : ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī ) . He eventually became better known by his nom de guerre Meles , which he adopted in honor of University student and fellow Tigrayan Meles Tekle who was executed by the Derg government in 1975 . He received primary education at Queen of Sheba Junior High School in Adwa . Because he started school at age 11 or 12 it took him 5 years to complete the regular 8-year program as he was able to skip grades . He then joined the prestigious General Wingate High school in Addis Ababa on full scholarship and completed high school in 1972 . Upon graduating with honors from General Wingate , he was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize , a selective award given only to the most outstanding students . At this time , . In 1975 , Meles left the University to join the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front . Meles Zenawi was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian . Early political career . Ethiopian Civil War ( 1974-1991 ) . Meles was first with the Tigrayan National Organization ( TNO ) , the forerunner of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ( TPLF ) . Aregawi Berhe , a former member of the TPLF , notes that historians John Young and Jenny Hammond vaguely indicated Meles as a founder of the TPLF in their books . Aregawi insists that both he and Sebhat Nega joined the Front months after it was founded . While a member of the TPLF , Meles established the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray ( MLLT ) . TPLF was one of armed groups struggling against the Derg , the junta which led Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991 . Meles was elected member of the leadership committee in 1979 and chairman of the executive committee of TPLF in 1983 . He was the chairperson of both the TPLF and the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) after the EPRDF assumed power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991 . He was president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia ( TGE ) during which he paved the way for Eritrea to secede from the country . President of Ethiopia ( 1991–1995 ) . Domestic affairs . Meles stated that EPRDFs victory was a triumph for the thousands of TPLF-fighters who were killed , for the millions of Ethiopians who were victims of the countrys biggest famine during the Derg regime , when some estimates put up to 1.5 million deaths of Ethiopians from famine and the Red Terror . Accordingly , he maintained that the big support it received from peasants and rural areas helped EPRDF maintain peace and stability . Foreign support was diverse ; the Arab League , as well as Western nations , supported the EPRDF rebels against the communist Moscow-supported government ( although the TPLF was at the time Marxist ) at the height of the Cold War . What the implications of this will be in terms of relations between Ethiopia and the European Union , we will have to wait and see but I dont think you will be surprised if Ethiopia were to insist that it should not be patronised . The United States facilitated peace talks between different rebel groups including EPRDF and the Derg to bring an end to civil war which lasted for 17 years and reach some kind of political settlement in 1991 . The talks didnt bear any fruit as EPRDFs force were moving to the capital and Mengistu fled the country . The United States agreed to support the EPRDF which would have , nevertheless , seized power without anyones support.Many angry demonstrators in Addis Ababa reacted to this by protesting against Herman Cohen , the U.S . State Departments chief of African affairs who attended a conference that demonstrators viewed as legitimizing the EPRDF . In July 1991 , Convention of Nationalities was held . It was the first Ethiopian multinational convention where delegates of various nations and organizations were given fair and equal representation and observed by various international organizations including the United Nations , Organization for African Unity , European Economic Community , and the United States and the United Kingdom . Foreign affairs . Although Meles and his administration claimed they preferred a united but federal state that included the Eritrean state , since Meles TPLF fought together with EPLF , Meles did not have a choice but to leave the decision to Eritrean leadership in the hope that the independence referendum would vote against secession , according to Time magazines 1991 analysis . The majority of Eritreans were given the choice , freedom or slavery ! and voted for freedom on 24 May 1993 , Isaias Afewerki became the leader of Eritrea . Meles was in Asmara , Eritrea as the keynote speaker . Many in the Meles administration , as well as opposition parties were angry over the decision to grant Eritrea its independence . Despite working together against the Derg regime , Meles and Afewerkis positive relationship turned sour after Meles succumbed to U.S . pressure to hold an election within a year , but Afewerki abandoned his original promise to create a transitional government in the early 1990s . The Eritrean-Ethiopian War began in May 1998 following the Eritrean troops invasion of Badme and parts of Sheraro woredas . Following the invasion Ethiopia demanded that the Eritrean troops leave the invaded areas completely . However , president Afeworki of Eritrea refused to pull out . Then the Ethiopians responded with huge counter - offensive measures which subsequently lead to the capture of the disputed Badme area and most parts of western Eritrea , Ethiopian President Negaso Gidada gave a victory speech and a peace treaty was signed a few weeks later . According to the peace treaty Ethiopia then pulled out of the Eritrean Territory . Though Ethiopian troops controlled Badme , after an international court ruled that Badme belonged to Eritrea , Ethiopia continued to maintain a presence of Ethiopian soldiers in the town . Prime Minister of Ethiopia ( 1995–2012 ) . A new constitution was approved in 1994 , providing for a parliamentary system . The president served as ceremonial head of state , with the prime minister as head of government and chief executive . The EPRDF handily won the 1995 elections , and Meles was sworn in as prime minister when the new Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was formally inaugurated on 21 August 1995 . Foreign affairs . Meles moved to have Ethiopia gain a larger share of the Nile River water . Part of this entailed using Ethiopias hydropower prospects as leverage in exporting power to Egypt , amongst others . He had also aided the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement prior to South Sudans independence as the rebels fought the government in Khartoum . Since the War on Terrorism , Meles sought to consolidate Ethiopias hegemony in East Africa , including his mediation efforts with Sudan and South Sudan , as well as stabilizing Somalia towards the end of the mandate of the Transitional Federal Government . Though he had controversially sent troops to fight against the Islamic Courts Union , since 2009 he had been praised for working towards a stable situation along with the African Union . Eritrea . Meles Zenawi and President of Eritrea Isaias Afwerki were on good terms , as Eritrean forces helped TPLF overthrow the Mengstu Hailemariam regime ( Derg ) . As the TPLF came to power in Ethiopia , it had occurred simultaneously with the EPLF ( Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front ) rise to power in Eritrea . Aftermath the 30 years of war between the two countries , the people of both countries enjoyed the fruit of peace , but not for long . In 1998 , the Ethiopian government - led by Meles Zenawi , waged war with Eritrea on bases of boarder conflicts . The war come to end in 2000 . During the war , between 70,000 and 98,217 people were killed and 650,000 displaced , of whom 19,000–67,000 were Eritrean soldiers and between 34,000 and 60,000 were Ethiopian soldiers . The Algiers Agreement was a peace agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia signed on 12 December 2000 , at Algiers , Algeria . Which was supposed to be final and binding . Nevertheless , Meles Zenawi refused to pull back Ethiopian forces for Eritrean territory . Leading to no-war-no-peace situation in the region . Ethiopian forces reside in the sovereign lands of Eritrea , around the town Badme despite the EEBC Border ruling granting Badme to Eritrea . Eritreans feel Meles Zenawi and the TPLF have betrayed them and he is responsible for the loss of lives , relationship and mutually benefiting opportunities of the two countries . Somalia . Meles declared war on the ICU unprovoked in order to curry favor with the West . In 2006 , the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) assumed control of much of the southern part of Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law . The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority , and , with the assistance of Ethiopian troops , African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States , managed to drive out the rival ICU . On 8 January 2007 , as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged , TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , a former colonel in the Somali Army , entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office . The Somali government then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa . This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country . In October 2011 , a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia , with the Ethiopian military eventually joining the mission the following month . According to Ramtane Lamamra , the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security , the additional Ethiopian and AU troop reinforcements are expected to help the Somali authorities gradually expand their territorial control . Climate change . Meles played an important role in developing the African Unions position on climate change since 2009 and was a friend of the Chair at the 15th Conference of the Parties ( COP15 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . On 31 August 2009 , Meles was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change ( CAHOSCC ) . The group had been established following the 4 February 2009 decision at the 12th AU Assembly of Heads of States to build a common Africa position on climate change in preparations for COP15.Prior to Meles appointment , but in light of the AUs decision and the Algiers Declaration on the African Common Platform to Copenhagen , on 19 May 2009 the Africa Group made a submission to the UNFCCC that included demands for US$67 billion per year in finance for adaptation funding and US$200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature . On 3 September 2009 , Meles made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum , where he said : We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level , no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us… While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective , we will not rubber stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment . We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position . If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent . Illness and death . In July 2012 , questions arose concerning Meles health when he did not attend African Union summit meetings in Addis Ababa . Opposition groups claimed that Meles may have already died on 16 July while undergoing treatment in Belgium ; however , Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn attributed Meles absence to a minor illness . A press conference , during which the government planned to clarify Meles health status , was scheduled for 18 July but postponed until later in the week . While the government acknowledged that Meles had been hospitalised , it stated that his condition was not serious . There were further rumours of his death when he was not seen in public after the 2012 G20 summit and at the time of the death of the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , Abune Paulos . On 20 August , Meles Zenawi died after contracting an infection in Belgium . Minister of Information Bereket Simon announced on state television : Its a sad day for Ethiopia . The man who led our country for the past 21 years and brought economic and democratic changes , has died . We have lost our respected leader . Meles has been receiving treatment abroad . He was getting better and we were expecting him to return to Addis Ababa . But he developed a sudden infection and died around 11:40pm last night . His body will be returned to Ethiopia soon . We have set up a committee to organise his funeral . More information will be released about that soon . As per Ethiopian law , Hailemariam Desalegn has now taken over the leadership . He will also be in charge of the Ethiopian military and all other government institutions . I would like to stress , nothing in Ethiopia will change . The government will continue . Our policies and institutions will continue . Nothing will change in Ethiopia . Desalegn will be confirmed by parliament . After his body was repatriated two days later , thousands of mourners congregated on streets from the airport to Meles former residence to pay their last respects as his coffin , draped in the flag of Ethiopia , was accompanied by a military band . The event was attended by political , military and religious leaders , as well as diplomats and his wife , Azeb Mesfin . The body lie in state . A declaration of national mourning was also issued . There were also fears of a power vacuum after his death , as well as a possible detriment to Eritrea-Ethiopian relations . Meless funeral took place in Addis Ababa on 2 September 2012 in a religious ceremony attended by at least 20 African presidents and thousands of Ethiopians gathered in Meskel Square . Reactions . Political leaders , states and institutions offered their thoughts on Meles following his death . - Olympic gold medalist and Ethiopian national Haile Gebrselassie praised Meles achievements . - Contemporary United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised Meles exceptional leadership . - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement that read : [ Netanyahu ] presented his condolences to the Ethiopian people . Meles was loved in his country . He was also a true friend of Israel . During his mandate Ethiopia became one of Israels closest friends . - United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron called Meles an inspirational spokesman for Africa . - United States President Barack Obama released the statement : It was with sadness that I learned of the passing of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia . Prime Minister Meles deserves recognition for his lifelong contribution to Ethiopia’s development , particularly his unyielding commitment to Ethiopia’s poor . I met with Prime Minister Meles at the G-8 Summit in May and recall my personal admiration for his desire to lift millions of Ethiopians out of poverty through his drive for food security . I am also grateful for Prime Minister Meles’s service for peace and security in Africa , his contributions to the African Union , and his voice for Africa on the world stage . On behalf of the American people , I offer my condolences to Prime Minister Meles family and to the people of Ethiopia on this untimely loss , and confirm the U.S . Governments commitment to our partnership with Ethiopia . Going forward , we encourage the Government of Ethiopia to enhance its support for development , democracy , regional stability and security , human rights and prosperity for its people . - South Korean President Lee Myung-bak released this statement : The passing of Prime Minister Meles is being mourned across the globe . We all have just lost a great leader of Ethiopia and a preeminent advocate for Africa and the developing world . [ ... ] I pray for the repose of a truly bright mind who lived an intense and moving life – my close friend . Western NGOs Amnesty International called for the new administration to end Meles ever-increasing repression and Human Rights Watch similarly added that the next administration should repeal the 2009 anti-terrorism law . As the New York Times asked about a gap between the United States of Americas strategic and ideological goals in relation to its support for Meles government , it quoted HRW researcher Leslie Lefkow as saying : There is an opportunity here . If donors are shrewd , they will use the opportunity that this presents to push a much stronger and bolder human rights stance and need for reform . Author Dan Connell , who had interviewed Meles in June , said that he seemed focused [ then ] on wrapping up a number of major projects as if he were aware the end was near . Meles knew his days were numbered . The Committee to Protect Journalists cited and criticised the secrecy around Meles death . The Washington Post said that the circumstances of his death remained laced with intrigue . Regional groups responded with the Ogaden National Liberation Front saying it hoped his death may usher [ in ] a new era of stability and peace and Al Shabaab that it was celebrating the uplifting news . Personal life . Meles acquired an MBA from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and a masters of science in economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004 . In July 2002 , he received an honorary doctoral degree in political science from the Hannam University in South Korea . Meles was married to Azeb Mesfin , a former rebel fighter in the TPLF and , , a Member of Parliament . Meles was the father of three children ; Semhal , Marda and Senay Meles . Legacy . Economic prosperity of Ethiopia . During Prime Minister Meles Zenawis rule , Ethiopia prospered economically ( with double digit economic growth for his last 9 years ) . The high economic growth is continuing 7 years on after his death , since his party Tigray Peoples Liberation Front & EPRDF continued to work with the same policies . Ethiopia even became the fastest-growing economy in Africa Titles , awards and honors . Prime Minister Meles received various international awards for setting up a good foundation for the development of Ethiopia . Even though Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world , the near double-digit annual economic growth rate recently is seen as the beginning of Ethiopias long marathon struggle to eliminate poverty . Acknowledging the rapid GDP growth of the country , the UK newspaper The Economist said in December 2007 that Ethiopias economy has been growing at record speed in recent years . In 2008 , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) described the speed of Ethiopias economic growth in recent years as the fastest for a non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa , with Ethiopia ranked as the second-most attractive African country for investors . - Prime Minister Meles was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust , a highly selective award given only to the most outstanding graduating students . - The Rwanda government awarded Meles Rwandas National Liberation Medal , the Uruti , in July 2009 for helping to liberate Rwanda and end the genocide in the country . Alongside two other African leaders , Meles was also given Rwandas highest accolade , the Umurinzi medal , Rwandas Campaign Against Genocide Medal . - PM Meles Zenawi was allegedly awarded the World Peace Prize for his contributions to global peace and his effort to stabilize the Horn of Africa through cooperation with Inter-Governmental Authority for Development ( IGAD ) . However , the World Peace Council strongly denied that they have awarded this prize to Meles Zenawi : saying WPC press bureau wishes to declare that no such award was given by our organization in the past or will be given - Tabor 100 , an African American entrepreneurs organization , honored PM Meles for his contribution toward economic and social transformation in Africa with its prestigious Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award in April 2005 . Tabor 100 , a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization , calling Meles Zenawi international leader of the year 2005 , also honored the efforts of the Ethiopian government in general for its war on poverty and backwardness . - PM Meles was awarded the Good Governance Award of the Global Coalition for Africa for leading Ethiopia along a democratic path during the challenging period of transition . He was selected for the good governance award by the US-based Corporate Council on Africa . - PM Meles received the Norway-based 2005 Yara Prize for Green Revolution for initiating a good foundation for economic progress in Ethiopia , particularly in the agricultural sector , where the poor country has doubled its food production . During the award ceremony held in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 3 September , the director of the UN project for Africa said , With our support , Ethiopia can lift itself from poverty and hunger . Under Prime Minister Meles the country has created the grass roots structure to enable this to happen . - Meles was given the Africa Political Leadership Award of 2008 by the US-based newspaper , Africa Times . Previous winners of the award include Desmond Tutu , Nelson Mandela and others . - Ethiopias military honored Prime Minister Meles for his leadership during the 1998–2000 war with its northern neighbour when Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998 . - Residents of the historic and ancient UNESCO town of Axum in Ethiopia honored Prime Minister Meles for his political and diplomatic leadership role in the return and re-erection of the Obelisk of Axum after a 68-year stay in Rome , Italy . - Meles received a Gold Order of Merit award from the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in February 2007 . PM Meles was given the CAF organisations highest award for his services in advancing the progress of African football . Ethiopia was one of the founding countries of the CAF ( 1957 ) and the organization , with the dedication of AU leaders like Meles , was celebrating the International Year of African Football in 2007 . Positions . - Meles was a Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa ( GCA. ) The Global Coailition for Africa brings together senior African policy makers and their partners to deepen dialogue and build consensus on Africas priority development issues . - Prime Minister Meles served as the Chairman of the Organization for African Unity ( OAU , now the African Union – AU ) from June 1995 to June 1996 . - In 2007 , the African Union elected Meles to chair the executive committee of the NEPAD ( the New Partnership for Africas Development ) - Meles was chosen to represent Africa at the G8 Summit and the G20 summit in London . - In February 2010 , the UN named Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles as co-chair of the Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing , a new high-level U.N . advisory group on climate change financing . Milestones . Several social , economic , religious and political developments and systems were established for the first time in Ethiopia under Meles rule . - First regional referendum for peaceful Secession ( Eritrea , 1991– ) - First Multi-party National election for opposition ( 2000 , 2005 , 2010 ) - First institutionalized linguistic freedom at local level ( 1994– ) - First ethnic based federalism ( since 1994 ) - First private media outlets in Ethiopian history ( since 1994 ) - First consecutive double-digit GDP growth – International Monetary Fund ( since 2006 ) - First multi-party parliament with opposition MPs ( since 2000 ) - First unrestricted freedom of religion for evangelicals/Pentecostals ( since 1994 ; a Pentecostal succeeded him in 2012 ) Foundation . Meles was given the Green Revolution award and a financial prize of 200,000 dollars by the Norwegian Yara Foundation in September 2005 in recognition of past accomplishments and encouragement to achieve economic development for the people of Ethiopia . Meles donated his $200,000 financial award to a foundation called Fre—Addis Ethiopia Women Fund ( Fre-Addis Ethiopia Yesetoch Merja Mahiber ) . The Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund has an objective to empower girls through providing educational opportunities and it currently supports 514 needy and orphan rural girls to pursue their education throughout the country . Bibliography . - The Eritrean Struggle : From Where to Where ? ( 1980 ) - African Development : Dead Ends and New Beginnings ( 2006 ) - Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation ( ADLI ) strategy Media appearances . - Motherland ( Film 2010 ) - Teachers TV ( Interview ) - Al Jazeera ( Interview ) |
[
"administrator"
]
| easy | Antoine Blanc took which position from Jun 1835 to Nov 1835? | /wiki/Antoine_Blanc#P39#0 | Antoine Blanc Antoine Blanc ( 11 October 1792 – 20 June 1860 ) was the fifth Bishop and first Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans . His tenure , during which the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese , was at a time of growth in the city , which he matched with the most rapid church expansion in the history of New Orleans . More new parishes were established in New Orleans under his episcopacy than at any other time . Early life and education . Antoine Blanc was born in Sury , near Sury-le-Comtal , then in the Department of Rhône-et-Loire , France . He attended the seminary at Sury-le-Comtal and was ordained in 1816 . On 1 July 1817 he embarked from Bordeaux with Louis William Valentine Dubourg Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas , who had traveled to Europe to recruit clergy . They arrived in Annapolis , Maryland in September . Blanc and a number of seminarians stayed with Charles Carroll of Carrollton until the end of October when they joined Dubourg in Baltimore . From Baltimore , they travelled on foot to Pittsburgh , the stage proving too dangerous . From there , they took a flatboat to Louisville , Kentucky , arriving on 30 November . They reached Bardstown , Kentucky on 2 December . Missioner . The following April , Blanc and Father Jeanjean were assigned to the mission at Vincennes , Indiana . Father Jeanjean was soon recalled . Blanc proceeded to build a log chapel at a French settlement on the Illinois side of the Wabash , about twelve miles from Vincennes . Dubourg lent Blancs services to Benedict Joseph Flaget , Bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown , whose area included most of Kentucky , Tennessee , Missouri , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , and Michigan . In February 1820 , Blanc was recalled to New Orleans , and then assigned first to Natchez , then St . Francis Chapel at Point Coupee , Louisiana , with its mission chapels in the Felicianas and the Plains on the east side of the Mississippi River ) and then at St . Joseph Church in Baton Rouge . In 1827 , Blanc , Armand Duplantier , Fulwar Skipwith , Thomas B . Robertson and Sébastien Hiriart received permission from the state legislature to organize a corporation called the Agricultural Society of Baton Rouge . Bishop . In December 1831 , Bishop De Neckere appointed Blanc associate vicar-general of the diocese of New Orleans . Bishop De Necker died in 1833 , and Blanc was appointed administrator until October 1835 when he received the bulls naming him Bishop of New Orleans . Blancs jurisdiction included the states of Louisiana and Mississippi , to which Texas was added in 1838 . Later the territory was reduced when the diocese of Mississippi was established . In 1853 the Diocese of Natchitoches was founded in the northern part of Louisiana . Growth in New Orleans and the region took all of Blancs attention . In 1850 the Diocese of New Orleans was raised to an archdiocese , and Blanc became its first archbishop . St . Louis Cathedral remained its cathedral . Monsignor Blanc invited the Jesuits and Lazarites to Louisiana to establish seminaries for the training of priests . He also invited the Redemptorists and the Christian Brothers . He also wanted to establish convents and schools for girls and invited the Sisters of Charity , the Sisters of Notre Dame , the Good Shepherd Sisters , and the congregations of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and of the Holy Cross . These new communities of Catholic workers helped the communities and took care of their populations during epidemics and other trials . Blanc also devoted resources and attention to the lives of enslaved people . The new religious also supported the new congregations of English-speaking American migrants and Irish immigrants who had become established in New Orleans and the states since the Louisiana Purchase . By 1832 New Orleans had grown to be the fourth-largest city in the nation after New York , Philadelphia , and Boston . The crisis of a yellow fever epidemic resulted in fatalities of 5% of the population of New Orleans . Blanc died in 1860 in New Orleans while still in office . Legacy and honors . Blancs institution building during the rapid growth of New Orleans and the states resulted in the number of churches increasing from 26 to 73 , and of priests from 27 to 92 . Under his leadership , many schools , academies , colleges , convents , and asylums were established . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Memorial at 1100 Chartres Street was named in his honor and holds the archives of the archdiocese . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Assembly # 2047 of the Knights of Columbus , located in New Roads , LA is named in his honor . References . - Nolan , Charles E . A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans |
[
"Bishop of New Orleans"
]
| easy | Antoine Blanc took which position from Nov 1835 to Jul 1850? | /wiki/Antoine_Blanc#P39#1 | Antoine Blanc Antoine Blanc ( 11 October 1792 – 20 June 1860 ) was the fifth Bishop and first Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans . His tenure , during which the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese , was at a time of growth in the city , which he matched with the most rapid church expansion in the history of New Orleans . More new parishes were established in New Orleans under his episcopacy than at any other time . Early life and education . Antoine Blanc was born in Sury , near Sury-le-Comtal , then in the Department of Rhône-et-Loire , France . He attended the seminary at Sury-le-Comtal and was ordained in 1816 . On 1 July 1817 he embarked from Bordeaux with Louis William Valentine Dubourg Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas , who had traveled to Europe to recruit clergy . They arrived in Annapolis , Maryland in September . Blanc and a number of seminarians stayed with Charles Carroll of Carrollton until the end of October when they joined Dubourg in Baltimore . From Baltimore , they travelled on foot to Pittsburgh , the stage proving too dangerous . From there , they took a flatboat to Louisville , Kentucky , arriving on 30 November . They reached Bardstown , Kentucky on 2 December . Missioner . The following April , Blanc and Father Jeanjean were assigned to the mission at Vincennes , Indiana . Father Jeanjean was soon recalled . Blanc proceeded to build a log chapel at a French settlement on the Illinois side of the Wabash , about twelve miles from Vincennes . Dubourg lent Blancs services to Benedict Joseph Flaget , Bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown , whose area included most of Kentucky , Tennessee , Missouri , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , and Michigan . In February 1820 , Blanc was recalled to New Orleans , and then assigned first to Natchez , then St . Francis Chapel at Point Coupee , Louisiana , with its mission chapels in the Felicianas and the Plains on the east side of the Mississippi River ) and then at St . Joseph Church in Baton Rouge . In 1827 , Blanc , Armand Duplantier , Fulwar Skipwith , Thomas B . Robertson and Sébastien Hiriart received permission from the state legislature to organize a corporation called the Agricultural Society of Baton Rouge . Bishop . In December 1831 , Bishop De Neckere appointed Blanc associate vicar-general of the diocese of New Orleans . Bishop De Necker died in 1833 , and Blanc was appointed administrator until October 1835 when he received the bulls naming him Bishop of New Orleans . Blancs jurisdiction included the states of Louisiana and Mississippi , to which Texas was added in 1838 . Later the territory was reduced when the diocese of Mississippi was established . In 1853 the Diocese of Natchitoches was founded in the northern part of Louisiana . Growth in New Orleans and the region took all of Blancs attention . In 1850 the Diocese of New Orleans was raised to an archdiocese , and Blanc became its first archbishop . St . Louis Cathedral remained its cathedral . Monsignor Blanc invited the Jesuits and Lazarites to Louisiana to establish seminaries for the training of priests . He also invited the Redemptorists and the Christian Brothers . He also wanted to establish convents and schools for girls and invited the Sisters of Charity , the Sisters of Notre Dame , the Good Shepherd Sisters , and the congregations of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and of the Holy Cross . These new communities of Catholic workers helped the communities and took care of their populations during epidemics and other trials . Blanc also devoted resources and attention to the lives of enslaved people . The new religious also supported the new congregations of English-speaking American migrants and Irish immigrants who had become established in New Orleans and the states since the Louisiana Purchase . By 1832 New Orleans had grown to be the fourth-largest city in the nation after New York , Philadelphia , and Boston . The crisis of a yellow fever epidemic resulted in fatalities of 5% of the population of New Orleans . Blanc died in 1860 in New Orleans while still in office . Legacy and honors . Blancs institution building during the rapid growth of New Orleans and the states resulted in the number of churches increasing from 26 to 73 , and of priests from 27 to 92 . Under his leadership , many schools , academies , colleges , convents , and asylums were established . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Memorial at 1100 Chartres Street was named in his honor and holds the archives of the archdiocese . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Assembly # 2047 of the Knights of Columbus , located in New Roads , LA is named in his honor . References . - Nolan , Charles E . A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans |
[
"archbishop"
]
| easy | What was the position of Antoine Blanc from Jul 1850 to Jul 1851? | /wiki/Antoine_Blanc#P39#2 | Antoine Blanc Antoine Blanc ( 11 October 1792 – 20 June 1860 ) was the fifth Bishop and first Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans . His tenure , during which the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese , was at a time of growth in the city , which he matched with the most rapid church expansion in the history of New Orleans . More new parishes were established in New Orleans under his episcopacy than at any other time . Early life and education . Antoine Blanc was born in Sury , near Sury-le-Comtal , then in the Department of Rhône-et-Loire , France . He attended the seminary at Sury-le-Comtal and was ordained in 1816 . On 1 July 1817 he embarked from Bordeaux with Louis William Valentine Dubourg Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas , who had traveled to Europe to recruit clergy . They arrived in Annapolis , Maryland in September . Blanc and a number of seminarians stayed with Charles Carroll of Carrollton until the end of October when they joined Dubourg in Baltimore . From Baltimore , they travelled on foot to Pittsburgh , the stage proving too dangerous . From there , they took a flatboat to Louisville , Kentucky , arriving on 30 November . They reached Bardstown , Kentucky on 2 December . Missioner . The following April , Blanc and Father Jeanjean were assigned to the mission at Vincennes , Indiana . Father Jeanjean was soon recalled . Blanc proceeded to build a log chapel at a French settlement on the Illinois side of the Wabash , about twelve miles from Vincennes . Dubourg lent Blancs services to Benedict Joseph Flaget , Bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown , whose area included most of Kentucky , Tennessee , Missouri , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , and Michigan . In February 1820 , Blanc was recalled to New Orleans , and then assigned first to Natchez , then St . Francis Chapel at Point Coupee , Louisiana , with its mission chapels in the Felicianas and the Plains on the east side of the Mississippi River ) and then at St . Joseph Church in Baton Rouge . In 1827 , Blanc , Armand Duplantier , Fulwar Skipwith , Thomas B . Robertson and Sébastien Hiriart received permission from the state legislature to organize a corporation called the Agricultural Society of Baton Rouge . Bishop . In December 1831 , Bishop De Neckere appointed Blanc associate vicar-general of the diocese of New Orleans . Bishop De Necker died in 1833 , and Blanc was appointed administrator until October 1835 when he received the bulls naming him Bishop of New Orleans . Blancs jurisdiction included the states of Louisiana and Mississippi , to which Texas was added in 1838 . Later the territory was reduced when the diocese of Mississippi was established . In 1853 the Diocese of Natchitoches was founded in the northern part of Louisiana . Growth in New Orleans and the region took all of Blancs attention . In 1850 the Diocese of New Orleans was raised to an archdiocese , and Blanc became its first archbishop . St . Louis Cathedral remained its cathedral . Monsignor Blanc invited the Jesuits and Lazarites to Louisiana to establish seminaries for the training of priests . He also invited the Redemptorists and the Christian Brothers . He also wanted to establish convents and schools for girls and invited the Sisters of Charity , the Sisters of Notre Dame , the Good Shepherd Sisters , and the congregations of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and of the Holy Cross . These new communities of Catholic workers helped the communities and took care of their populations during epidemics and other trials . Blanc also devoted resources and attention to the lives of enslaved people . The new religious also supported the new congregations of English-speaking American migrants and Irish immigrants who had become established in New Orleans and the states since the Louisiana Purchase . By 1832 New Orleans had grown to be the fourth-largest city in the nation after New York , Philadelphia , and Boston . The crisis of a yellow fever epidemic resulted in fatalities of 5% of the population of New Orleans . Blanc died in 1860 in New Orleans while still in office . Legacy and honors . Blancs institution building during the rapid growth of New Orleans and the states resulted in the number of churches increasing from 26 to 73 , and of priests from 27 to 92 . Under his leadership , many schools , academies , colleges , convents , and asylums were established . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Memorial at 1100 Chartres Street was named in his honor and holds the archives of the archdiocese . - The Archbishop Antoine Blanc Assembly # 2047 of the Knights of Columbus , located in New Roads , LA is named in his honor . References . - Nolan , Charles E . A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans |
[
"Atlanta University"
]
| easy | Which school did Henry Lincoln Johnson go to from 1887 to 1888? | /wiki/Henry_Lincoln_Johnson#P69#0 | Henry Lincoln Johnson Henry Lincoln Linc Johnson ( July 27 , 1870 – September 10 , 1925 ) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia . He is best remembered as one of the most prominent African-American Republicans of the first two decades of the 20th century and as a leader of the dominant black-and-tan faction of the Republican Party of Georgia . He was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia , at the time regarded as the premier political patronage position reserved for black Americans , and one of four appointees known as Tafts Black Cabinet . Following the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson , Johnson was again appointed Recorder of the Deeds for the District in June 1921 by Republican President Warren G . Harding , but his appointment was rejected by the United States Senate , meeting in executive session and based largely on the opposition of the two Democratic senators from Georgia , a prerogative of the Senate . His rejection garnered newspaper headlines and marked the finish of Johnsons national political influence . Hardings administration worked with Georgia Republicans to reorganize the party to reduce black-and-tan influence , already declining due to the states disenfranchisement of black voters . Johnson returned to his law practice in the capital . He died on September 10 , 1925 at the Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C. . Biography . Early years . Henry Lincoln Johnson , known to family and friends as Linc , was born on July 27 , 1870 in Augusta , Georgia to former slaves Martha Ann and Peter Johnson . His parents strongly encouraged education . Johnson attended Atlanta University , a historically black college , and graduated in 1888 . Excluded from law schools in the South because of segregation , he went north to attend the University of Michigan , obtaining a law degree in 1892 . After passing the Georgia bar exam , Johnson opened a law practice in Atlanta . He eventually became the corporate attorney for the Atlanta Life Insurance Company , a major black-owned business . In 1903 Johnson married Georgia Douglas , who also graduated from what is now Clark Atlanta University . She was 10 years younger than he . She achieved literary fame as a poet associated with the Harlem Renaissance . Together the couple had two sons , Peter Douglas Johnson and Henry Lincoln Johnson , Jr . The latter became a notable attorney in his own right . Political leader . According to his death notice in the New York Age , Johnson was a law partner of Bill Pledger and succeeded him in political office . During the first years of the 20th century , Johnson emerged as a leading boss in Georgia Republican politics . Johnsons role was that of the chief dispenser of political patronage to black Republicans in the state , at a time when their ability to elect representatives of their choice was being limited by voter fraud , suppression and , in 1909 , constitutional amendments and laws passed by white Democrats in the state legislature that disenfranchised most black voters . Blacks continued to be a loyal and important component of the Republican Party coalition in the era . Johnson was described by one journalist of the era as a tall figure with an oratorical turn of phrase and an emphatic style of expression . In 1910 Johnson was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia . This was regarded as the premier political patronage job , which had been historically earmarked for African Americans since after the Civil War . Also appointed by Taft were James Carroll Napier as Register of the Treasury , Robert Heberton Terrell as District of Columbia Municipal Judge , and William H . Lewis as Assistant United States Attorney General , making up what was known as his Black Cabinet . Johnson and his family moved from Atlanta to Washington , D.C . to undertake this new position . Johnson is believed to have worked behind the scenes for the election of Southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 Presidential election , as did other black leaders such as W . E . B . Du Bois of the NAACP , William Monroe Trotter of the National Equal Rights League , and Bishop Alexander Walters and J . Milton Waldron , prominent clergymen , all of whom opposed Booker T . Washingtons politics and were disappointed at the Republican Partys tepid response to their issues . Johnson continued in his federal position until the Wilson administration purged African American and other Republicans from the patronage positions in the customary change after a new president of a different political party was elected . More significantly , influenced by Southern members of his cabinet , Wilson segregated federal offices , lunchrooms , and restrooms for the first time . In 1914 the Civil Service Commission began to require photos with job applications , a means to screen out blacks . Other forms of racial discrimination were used against African-American federal workers during the Wilson administration . The NAACP and other leading black groups protested but were unsuccessful in changing these policies and many African Americans were affected , both in Washington and nationally . In 1912 , at the beginning of Tafts administration , some 19,000 African Americans were working nationwide for such departments as the Treasury , Post Office ( including railway postal workers ) , Navy , and Bureau of Engraving and Printing Office . Johnson was sharply criticized for hubris by the black socialist magazine , The Messenger . It criticized him as an example of a sleek , fat , potbellied Negro politicians who have been trafficking for half a century in the sweat and blood and tears of toiling Negro washerwomen , cotton pickers , miners , and factory hands . During the 1916 Presidential election , the tensions of the Republican Party of Georgia resulted in two rival factions : a group of African-American-dominated regulars headed by Johnson , commonly known as the black and tans , and an insurgency of European Americans commonly known as the lily whites . Johnson managed to retain control of the party apparatus in the presidential election year of 1916 and again in 1920 . By controlling the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Convention in those years , he retained control over federal patronage appointments in Georgia . In 1920 , Johnson was among black leaders of the Republican Party who met in Chicago to establish the Lincoln League . This intra-party group formed to attempt to force the national Republican Party to take a firm stand against lynching , Jim Crow laws , voter disfranchisement , and other assaults upon the African-American community in the South . From 1890 to 1909 , all states of the South had passed laws to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites . Johnson won promises that the Republican Party would take more determined action on these matters if it won the White House in the fall of 1920 . In 1920 Johnson was elected as Georgias representative to the Republican National Committee . The selection had not been without controversy , and Johnson had concealed his candidacy until the last minute , when he was elected by the loyal Georgia delegation over his white rival , Roscoe Pickett , 12 votes to 3 , with two abstaining . Under the standing rules of the convention , the full convention was required to ratify the selection of each states delegation , which was usually a pro forma voice vote . But when the Georgia delegation reported their selection on the floor and the pro forma voice vote was taken , a chorus of voices were raised in opposition to Johnson . A two-thirds vote of the convention was required to set aside the standing rules and overturn the Georgia delegations selection . The delegates did not gain sufficient votes for such action , and thereby ratified the choice of Johnson . This averted what would have been a potential election-year embarrassment of the Republicans as they were seeking to retain black voters outside the South . Failed nomination of 1920 . Johnsons status was bolstered by the strong showing of Republicans in the Presidential election of 1920 . The party gained its largest vote in the South in four decades . But the brewing factional breach in the Republican Party of Georgia between Johnsons black and tans , and the group of European Americans known as the lily whites erupted in the aftermath of the election . The two groups battled for influence with the new Republican administration of Warren G . Harding to control federal patronage in the state . Harding reacted to the factional split with an attempt to reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia independently of these two feuding groups . In April 1921 five prominent Georgia business leaders were called to the White House by President Harding . He asked lumber mill owner John Louis Philips to conduct an initial survey of Georgia business figures to determine their potential level of support for joining a new , reorganized Georgia Republican Party . Hardings machination was endorsed by the lily whites , who believed it could be a means to establish white hegemony , even if those chosen to head the reorganization were selected from outside factional ranks . Johnson had the most to lose from Hardings reorganization effort and opposed it . Johnson was ultimately induced to quit the factional battle and to exit Georgia politics through a reappointment by Harding to the choice position of Registrar of Deeds for the District of Columbia . After Johnson was appointed in June 1921 and moved again to Washington , a handpicked Republican convention of 230 people , predominantly consisting of white business leaders , reorganized the Georgia party on July 26 , 1921 . Johnsons appointment was taken up by the United States Senate for ratification in November 1921 . There Georgia Democratic Senator Tom Watson , a political foe and supporter of white supremacy , led a fight against Johnsons confirmation in committee and on the floor of the Senate . Watson charged that the appointment of Johnson was personally obnoxious to him , as Johnson had said in an interview with an African-American newspaper from Baltimore that he would rather be in hell without Tom Watson than to be in heaven with him . Watson charged that Johnson had engaged in financial shenanigans in Atlanta which made him unsuitable for government trust . When senators met in executive session , Georgias other Senator , white Democrat Nathaniel Edwin Harris , reportedly joined Watson in pronouncing Johnson personally obnoxious to him , code words invoking an unwritten rule in the Senate granting de facto veto power to senators over appointments relating to their states . The vote against Johnson which followed was virtually unanimous ; only one Senator voted for Johnsons appointment over the objections of the Georgians . Death and legacy . After his 1921 confirmation defeat in the Senate , Johnson returned to legal practice in Washington , D.C. ; his place in national politics was thereafter limited . One of Johnsons most famous cases came in 1922 , when he was called to defend a young black man charged with sexual assault of a white girl below the age of consent . These extremely serious charges carried a potential penalty of 30 years in prison or execution . The young man was also at risk for extrajudicial lynching . Following expert cross-examination in the case , Johnson delivered what was called by one observer one of the most eloquent and forceful closing arguments ever heard in a District of Columbia court . The jury failed to agree in the case after six hours of deliberation , with seven jurors voting for acquittal . The foreman later commented that the defendant owed his life to Johnsons summation . Despite his removal from Georgia politics , Johnson was not entirely forgotten in the corridors of power . In September 1923 Johnson was one of a handful of black political leaders invited to Washington , D.C . for private consultations with President Calvin Coolidge on issues of concern to the African-American community . They continued to seek more national support for alleviating oppression in the South . Henry Lincoln Johnson died on September 10 , 1925 at Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C . He was 55 years old at the time of his death . He was buried on September 14 , 1925 , at Columbian Harmony Cemetery . His remains were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park Cemetery in 1959 , when Columbian Harmony closed . Shortly after his death , Johnson was eulogized with an editorial in the Pittsburgh Courier , an important black newspaper , which opined : Works . - The Negro Under Wilson . Washington , D.C. : Republican National Committee , n.d . [ 1916? ] . - Letter to W.E.B . DuBois , July 18 , 1918 , W.E.B . DuBois papers , Special Collections & University Archives , University of Massachusetts Amherst . Further reading . - Donald Lee Grant , The Way it was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . Carroll Publishing Co./Birch Lane Press , 1993 ; reissued University of Georgia Press , 2001 . - Robert E . Hauser , The Georgia Experiment : President Warren G . Hardings Attempt to Reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia , Georgia Historical Quarterly , vol . 62 , no . 4 ( Winter 1978 ) , pp . 288–303 . In JSTOR - Herman Mason , Politics , Civil Rights , and Law in Black Atlanta , 1870-1970 . Mount Pleasant , SC : Arcadia Publishing , 2000 . - J.A . Rogers and A.S . Milai , Facts About the Negro , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 57 , no . 20 ( May 15 , 1965 ) , pg . 11 . - J . Clay Smith , Jr. , Emancipation : The Making of the Black Lawyer , 1844-1944 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1999 . - Georgia GOP Boss for Next Four Years , Atlanta Constitution , vol . 52 , no . 364 ( June 12 , 1920 ) , pg . 4 . - Vindication of B.J . Davis : Failure of Case Against the Well Known Odd Fellow : History of the Proceedings , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 3 , no . 2 ( Dec . 30 , 1911 ) , pg . 1 . |
[
"University of Michigan"
]
| easy | Where was Henry Lincoln Johnson educated from 1888 to 1896? | /wiki/Henry_Lincoln_Johnson#P69#1 | Henry Lincoln Johnson Henry Lincoln Linc Johnson ( July 27 , 1870 – September 10 , 1925 ) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia . He is best remembered as one of the most prominent African-American Republicans of the first two decades of the 20th century and as a leader of the dominant black-and-tan faction of the Republican Party of Georgia . He was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia , at the time regarded as the premier political patronage position reserved for black Americans , and one of four appointees known as Tafts Black Cabinet . Following the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson , Johnson was again appointed Recorder of the Deeds for the District in June 1921 by Republican President Warren G . Harding , but his appointment was rejected by the United States Senate , meeting in executive session and based largely on the opposition of the two Democratic senators from Georgia , a prerogative of the Senate . His rejection garnered newspaper headlines and marked the finish of Johnsons national political influence . Hardings administration worked with Georgia Republicans to reorganize the party to reduce black-and-tan influence , already declining due to the states disenfranchisement of black voters . Johnson returned to his law practice in the capital . He died on September 10 , 1925 at the Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C. . Biography . Early years . Henry Lincoln Johnson , known to family and friends as Linc , was born on July 27 , 1870 in Augusta , Georgia to former slaves Martha Ann and Peter Johnson . His parents strongly encouraged education . Johnson attended Atlanta University , a historically black college , and graduated in 1888 . Excluded from law schools in the South because of segregation , he went north to attend the University of Michigan , obtaining a law degree in 1892 . After passing the Georgia bar exam , Johnson opened a law practice in Atlanta . He eventually became the corporate attorney for the Atlanta Life Insurance Company , a major black-owned business . In 1903 Johnson married Georgia Douglas , who also graduated from what is now Clark Atlanta University . She was 10 years younger than he . She achieved literary fame as a poet associated with the Harlem Renaissance . Together the couple had two sons , Peter Douglas Johnson and Henry Lincoln Johnson , Jr . The latter became a notable attorney in his own right . Political leader . According to his death notice in the New York Age , Johnson was a law partner of Bill Pledger and succeeded him in political office . During the first years of the 20th century , Johnson emerged as a leading boss in Georgia Republican politics . Johnsons role was that of the chief dispenser of political patronage to black Republicans in the state , at a time when their ability to elect representatives of their choice was being limited by voter fraud , suppression and , in 1909 , constitutional amendments and laws passed by white Democrats in the state legislature that disenfranchised most black voters . Blacks continued to be a loyal and important component of the Republican Party coalition in the era . Johnson was described by one journalist of the era as a tall figure with an oratorical turn of phrase and an emphatic style of expression . In 1910 Johnson was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia . This was regarded as the premier political patronage job , which had been historically earmarked for African Americans since after the Civil War . Also appointed by Taft were James Carroll Napier as Register of the Treasury , Robert Heberton Terrell as District of Columbia Municipal Judge , and William H . Lewis as Assistant United States Attorney General , making up what was known as his Black Cabinet . Johnson and his family moved from Atlanta to Washington , D.C . to undertake this new position . Johnson is believed to have worked behind the scenes for the election of Southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 Presidential election , as did other black leaders such as W . E . B . Du Bois of the NAACP , William Monroe Trotter of the National Equal Rights League , and Bishop Alexander Walters and J . Milton Waldron , prominent clergymen , all of whom opposed Booker T . Washingtons politics and were disappointed at the Republican Partys tepid response to their issues . Johnson continued in his federal position until the Wilson administration purged African American and other Republicans from the patronage positions in the customary change after a new president of a different political party was elected . More significantly , influenced by Southern members of his cabinet , Wilson segregated federal offices , lunchrooms , and restrooms for the first time . In 1914 the Civil Service Commission began to require photos with job applications , a means to screen out blacks . Other forms of racial discrimination were used against African-American federal workers during the Wilson administration . The NAACP and other leading black groups protested but were unsuccessful in changing these policies and many African Americans were affected , both in Washington and nationally . In 1912 , at the beginning of Tafts administration , some 19,000 African Americans were working nationwide for such departments as the Treasury , Post Office ( including railway postal workers ) , Navy , and Bureau of Engraving and Printing Office . Johnson was sharply criticized for hubris by the black socialist magazine , The Messenger . It criticized him as an example of a sleek , fat , potbellied Negro politicians who have been trafficking for half a century in the sweat and blood and tears of toiling Negro washerwomen , cotton pickers , miners , and factory hands . During the 1916 Presidential election , the tensions of the Republican Party of Georgia resulted in two rival factions : a group of African-American-dominated regulars headed by Johnson , commonly known as the black and tans , and an insurgency of European Americans commonly known as the lily whites . Johnson managed to retain control of the party apparatus in the presidential election year of 1916 and again in 1920 . By controlling the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Convention in those years , he retained control over federal patronage appointments in Georgia . In 1920 , Johnson was among black leaders of the Republican Party who met in Chicago to establish the Lincoln League . This intra-party group formed to attempt to force the national Republican Party to take a firm stand against lynching , Jim Crow laws , voter disfranchisement , and other assaults upon the African-American community in the South . From 1890 to 1909 , all states of the South had passed laws to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites . Johnson won promises that the Republican Party would take more determined action on these matters if it won the White House in the fall of 1920 . In 1920 Johnson was elected as Georgias representative to the Republican National Committee . The selection had not been without controversy , and Johnson had concealed his candidacy until the last minute , when he was elected by the loyal Georgia delegation over his white rival , Roscoe Pickett , 12 votes to 3 , with two abstaining . Under the standing rules of the convention , the full convention was required to ratify the selection of each states delegation , which was usually a pro forma voice vote . But when the Georgia delegation reported their selection on the floor and the pro forma voice vote was taken , a chorus of voices were raised in opposition to Johnson . A two-thirds vote of the convention was required to set aside the standing rules and overturn the Georgia delegations selection . The delegates did not gain sufficient votes for such action , and thereby ratified the choice of Johnson . This averted what would have been a potential election-year embarrassment of the Republicans as they were seeking to retain black voters outside the South . Failed nomination of 1920 . Johnsons status was bolstered by the strong showing of Republicans in the Presidential election of 1920 . The party gained its largest vote in the South in four decades . But the brewing factional breach in the Republican Party of Georgia between Johnsons black and tans , and the group of European Americans known as the lily whites erupted in the aftermath of the election . The two groups battled for influence with the new Republican administration of Warren G . Harding to control federal patronage in the state . Harding reacted to the factional split with an attempt to reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia independently of these two feuding groups . In April 1921 five prominent Georgia business leaders were called to the White House by President Harding . He asked lumber mill owner John Louis Philips to conduct an initial survey of Georgia business figures to determine their potential level of support for joining a new , reorganized Georgia Republican Party . Hardings machination was endorsed by the lily whites , who believed it could be a means to establish white hegemony , even if those chosen to head the reorganization were selected from outside factional ranks . Johnson had the most to lose from Hardings reorganization effort and opposed it . Johnson was ultimately induced to quit the factional battle and to exit Georgia politics through a reappointment by Harding to the choice position of Registrar of Deeds for the District of Columbia . After Johnson was appointed in June 1921 and moved again to Washington , a handpicked Republican convention of 230 people , predominantly consisting of white business leaders , reorganized the Georgia party on July 26 , 1921 . Johnsons appointment was taken up by the United States Senate for ratification in November 1921 . There Georgia Democratic Senator Tom Watson , a political foe and supporter of white supremacy , led a fight against Johnsons confirmation in committee and on the floor of the Senate . Watson charged that the appointment of Johnson was personally obnoxious to him , as Johnson had said in an interview with an African-American newspaper from Baltimore that he would rather be in hell without Tom Watson than to be in heaven with him . Watson charged that Johnson had engaged in financial shenanigans in Atlanta which made him unsuitable for government trust . When senators met in executive session , Georgias other Senator , white Democrat Nathaniel Edwin Harris , reportedly joined Watson in pronouncing Johnson personally obnoxious to him , code words invoking an unwritten rule in the Senate granting de facto veto power to senators over appointments relating to their states . The vote against Johnson which followed was virtually unanimous ; only one Senator voted for Johnsons appointment over the objections of the Georgians . Death and legacy . After his 1921 confirmation defeat in the Senate , Johnson returned to legal practice in Washington , D.C. ; his place in national politics was thereafter limited . One of Johnsons most famous cases came in 1922 , when he was called to defend a young black man charged with sexual assault of a white girl below the age of consent . These extremely serious charges carried a potential penalty of 30 years in prison or execution . The young man was also at risk for extrajudicial lynching . Following expert cross-examination in the case , Johnson delivered what was called by one observer one of the most eloquent and forceful closing arguments ever heard in a District of Columbia court . The jury failed to agree in the case after six hours of deliberation , with seven jurors voting for acquittal . The foreman later commented that the defendant owed his life to Johnsons summation . Despite his removal from Georgia politics , Johnson was not entirely forgotten in the corridors of power . In September 1923 Johnson was one of a handful of black political leaders invited to Washington , D.C . for private consultations with President Calvin Coolidge on issues of concern to the African-American community . They continued to seek more national support for alleviating oppression in the South . Henry Lincoln Johnson died on September 10 , 1925 at Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C . He was 55 years old at the time of his death . He was buried on September 14 , 1925 , at Columbian Harmony Cemetery . His remains were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park Cemetery in 1959 , when Columbian Harmony closed . Shortly after his death , Johnson was eulogized with an editorial in the Pittsburgh Courier , an important black newspaper , which opined : Works . - The Negro Under Wilson . Washington , D.C. : Republican National Committee , n.d . [ 1916? ] . - Letter to W.E.B . DuBois , July 18 , 1918 , W.E.B . DuBois papers , Special Collections & University Archives , University of Massachusetts Amherst . Further reading . - Donald Lee Grant , The Way it was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . Carroll Publishing Co./Birch Lane Press , 1993 ; reissued University of Georgia Press , 2001 . - Robert E . Hauser , The Georgia Experiment : President Warren G . Hardings Attempt to Reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia , Georgia Historical Quarterly , vol . 62 , no . 4 ( Winter 1978 ) , pp . 288–303 . In JSTOR - Herman Mason , Politics , Civil Rights , and Law in Black Atlanta , 1870-1970 . Mount Pleasant , SC : Arcadia Publishing , 2000 . - J.A . Rogers and A.S . Milai , Facts About the Negro , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 57 , no . 20 ( May 15 , 1965 ) , pg . 11 . - J . Clay Smith , Jr. , Emancipation : The Making of the Black Lawyer , 1844-1944 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1999 . - Georgia GOP Boss for Next Four Years , Atlanta Constitution , vol . 52 , no . 364 ( June 12 , 1920 ) , pg . 4 . - Vindication of B.J . Davis : Failure of Case Against the Well Known Odd Fellow : History of the Proceedings , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 3 , no . 2 ( Dec . 30 , 1911 ) , pg . 1 . |
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| easy | Henry Lincoln Johnson went to which school from 1896 to 1920? | /wiki/Henry_Lincoln_Johnson#P69#2 | Henry Lincoln Johnson Henry Lincoln Linc Johnson ( July 27 , 1870 – September 10 , 1925 ) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia . He is best remembered as one of the most prominent African-American Republicans of the first two decades of the 20th century and as a leader of the dominant black-and-tan faction of the Republican Party of Georgia . He was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia , at the time regarded as the premier political patronage position reserved for black Americans , and one of four appointees known as Tafts Black Cabinet . Following the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson , Johnson was again appointed Recorder of the Deeds for the District in June 1921 by Republican President Warren G . Harding , but his appointment was rejected by the United States Senate , meeting in executive session and based largely on the opposition of the two Democratic senators from Georgia , a prerogative of the Senate . His rejection garnered newspaper headlines and marked the finish of Johnsons national political influence . Hardings administration worked with Georgia Republicans to reorganize the party to reduce black-and-tan influence , already declining due to the states disenfranchisement of black voters . Johnson returned to his law practice in the capital . He died on September 10 , 1925 at the Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C. . Biography . Early years . Henry Lincoln Johnson , known to family and friends as Linc , was born on July 27 , 1870 in Augusta , Georgia to former slaves Martha Ann and Peter Johnson . His parents strongly encouraged education . Johnson attended Atlanta University , a historically black college , and graduated in 1888 . Excluded from law schools in the South because of segregation , he went north to attend the University of Michigan , obtaining a law degree in 1892 . After passing the Georgia bar exam , Johnson opened a law practice in Atlanta . He eventually became the corporate attorney for the Atlanta Life Insurance Company , a major black-owned business . In 1903 Johnson married Georgia Douglas , who also graduated from what is now Clark Atlanta University . She was 10 years younger than he . She achieved literary fame as a poet associated with the Harlem Renaissance . Together the couple had two sons , Peter Douglas Johnson and Henry Lincoln Johnson , Jr . The latter became a notable attorney in his own right . Political leader . According to his death notice in the New York Age , Johnson was a law partner of Bill Pledger and succeeded him in political office . During the first years of the 20th century , Johnson emerged as a leading boss in Georgia Republican politics . Johnsons role was that of the chief dispenser of political patronage to black Republicans in the state , at a time when their ability to elect representatives of their choice was being limited by voter fraud , suppression and , in 1909 , constitutional amendments and laws passed by white Democrats in the state legislature that disenfranchised most black voters . Blacks continued to be a loyal and important component of the Republican Party coalition in the era . Johnson was described by one journalist of the era as a tall figure with an oratorical turn of phrase and an emphatic style of expression . In 1910 Johnson was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia . This was regarded as the premier political patronage job , which had been historically earmarked for African Americans since after the Civil War . Also appointed by Taft were James Carroll Napier as Register of the Treasury , Robert Heberton Terrell as District of Columbia Municipal Judge , and William H . Lewis as Assistant United States Attorney General , making up what was known as his Black Cabinet . Johnson and his family moved from Atlanta to Washington , D.C . to undertake this new position . Johnson is believed to have worked behind the scenes for the election of Southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 Presidential election , as did other black leaders such as W . E . B . Du Bois of the NAACP , William Monroe Trotter of the National Equal Rights League , and Bishop Alexander Walters and J . Milton Waldron , prominent clergymen , all of whom opposed Booker T . Washingtons politics and were disappointed at the Republican Partys tepid response to their issues . Johnson continued in his federal position until the Wilson administration purged African American and other Republicans from the patronage positions in the customary change after a new president of a different political party was elected . More significantly , influenced by Southern members of his cabinet , Wilson segregated federal offices , lunchrooms , and restrooms for the first time . In 1914 the Civil Service Commission began to require photos with job applications , a means to screen out blacks . Other forms of racial discrimination were used against African-American federal workers during the Wilson administration . The NAACP and other leading black groups protested but were unsuccessful in changing these policies and many African Americans were affected , both in Washington and nationally . In 1912 , at the beginning of Tafts administration , some 19,000 African Americans were working nationwide for such departments as the Treasury , Post Office ( including railway postal workers ) , Navy , and Bureau of Engraving and Printing Office . Johnson was sharply criticized for hubris by the black socialist magazine , The Messenger . It criticized him as an example of a sleek , fat , potbellied Negro politicians who have been trafficking for half a century in the sweat and blood and tears of toiling Negro washerwomen , cotton pickers , miners , and factory hands . During the 1916 Presidential election , the tensions of the Republican Party of Georgia resulted in two rival factions : a group of African-American-dominated regulars headed by Johnson , commonly known as the black and tans , and an insurgency of European Americans commonly known as the lily whites . Johnson managed to retain control of the party apparatus in the presidential election year of 1916 and again in 1920 . By controlling the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Convention in those years , he retained control over federal patronage appointments in Georgia . In 1920 , Johnson was among black leaders of the Republican Party who met in Chicago to establish the Lincoln League . This intra-party group formed to attempt to force the national Republican Party to take a firm stand against lynching , Jim Crow laws , voter disfranchisement , and other assaults upon the African-American community in the South . From 1890 to 1909 , all states of the South had passed laws to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites . Johnson won promises that the Republican Party would take more determined action on these matters if it won the White House in the fall of 1920 . In 1920 Johnson was elected as Georgias representative to the Republican National Committee . The selection had not been without controversy , and Johnson had concealed his candidacy until the last minute , when he was elected by the loyal Georgia delegation over his white rival , Roscoe Pickett , 12 votes to 3 , with two abstaining . Under the standing rules of the convention , the full convention was required to ratify the selection of each states delegation , which was usually a pro forma voice vote . But when the Georgia delegation reported their selection on the floor and the pro forma voice vote was taken , a chorus of voices were raised in opposition to Johnson . A two-thirds vote of the convention was required to set aside the standing rules and overturn the Georgia delegations selection . The delegates did not gain sufficient votes for such action , and thereby ratified the choice of Johnson . This averted what would have been a potential election-year embarrassment of the Republicans as they were seeking to retain black voters outside the South . Failed nomination of 1920 . Johnsons status was bolstered by the strong showing of Republicans in the Presidential election of 1920 . The party gained its largest vote in the South in four decades . But the brewing factional breach in the Republican Party of Georgia between Johnsons black and tans , and the group of European Americans known as the lily whites erupted in the aftermath of the election . The two groups battled for influence with the new Republican administration of Warren G . Harding to control federal patronage in the state . Harding reacted to the factional split with an attempt to reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia independently of these two feuding groups . In April 1921 five prominent Georgia business leaders were called to the White House by President Harding . He asked lumber mill owner John Louis Philips to conduct an initial survey of Georgia business figures to determine their potential level of support for joining a new , reorganized Georgia Republican Party . Hardings machination was endorsed by the lily whites , who believed it could be a means to establish white hegemony , even if those chosen to head the reorganization were selected from outside factional ranks . Johnson had the most to lose from Hardings reorganization effort and opposed it . Johnson was ultimately induced to quit the factional battle and to exit Georgia politics through a reappointment by Harding to the choice position of Registrar of Deeds for the District of Columbia . After Johnson was appointed in June 1921 and moved again to Washington , a handpicked Republican convention of 230 people , predominantly consisting of white business leaders , reorganized the Georgia party on July 26 , 1921 . Johnsons appointment was taken up by the United States Senate for ratification in November 1921 . There Georgia Democratic Senator Tom Watson , a political foe and supporter of white supremacy , led a fight against Johnsons confirmation in committee and on the floor of the Senate . Watson charged that the appointment of Johnson was personally obnoxious to him , as Johnson had said in an interview with an African-American newspaper from Baltimore that he would rather be in hell without Tom Watson than to be in heaven with him . Watson charged that Johnson had engaged in financial shenanigans in Atlanta which made him unsuitable for government trust . When senators met in executive session , Georgias other Senator , white Democrat Nathaniel Edwin Harris , reportedly joined Watson in pronouncing Johnson personally obnoxious to him , code words invoking an unwritten rule in the Senate granting de facto veto power to senators over appointments relating to their states . The vote against Johnson which followed was virtually unanimous ; only one Senator voted for Johnsons appointment over the objections of the Georgians . Death and legacy . After his 1921 confirmation defeat in the Senate , Johnson returned to legal practice in Washington , D.C. ; his place in national politics was thereafter limited . One of Johnsons most famous cases came in 1922 , when he was called to defend a young black man charged with sexual assault of a white girl below the age of consent . These extremely serious charges carried a potential penalty of 30 years in prison or execution . The young man was also at risk for extrajudicial lynching . Following expert cross-examination in the case , Johnson delivered what was called by one observer one of the most eloquent and forceful closing arguments ever heard in a District of Columbia court . The jury failed to agree in the case after six hours of deliberation , with seven jurors voting for acquittal . The foreman later commented that the defendant owed his life to Johnsons summation . Despite his removal from Georgia politics , Johnson was not entirely forgotten in the corridors of power . In September 1923 Johnson was one of a handful of black political leaders invited to Washington , D.C . for private consultations with President Calvin Coolidge on issues of concern to the African-American community . They continued to seek more national support for alleviating oppression in the South . Henry Lincoln Johnson died on September 10 , 1925 at Freedmens Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington , D.C . He was 55 years old at the time of his death . He was buried on September 14 , 1925 , at Columbian Harmony Cemetery . His remains were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park Cemetery in 1959 , when Columbian Harmony closed . Shortly after his death , Johnson was eulogized with an editorial in the Pittsburgh Courier , an important black newspaper , which opined : Works . - The Negro Under Wilson . Washington , D.C. : Republican National Committee , n.d . [ 1916? ] . - Letter to W.E.B . DuBois , July 18 , 1918 , W.E.B . DuBois papers , Special Collections & University Archives , University of Massachusetts Amherst . Further reading . - Donald Lee Grant , The Way it was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . Carroll Publishing Co./Birch Lane Press , 1993 ; reissued University of Georgia Press , 2001 . - Robert E . Hauser , The Georgia Experiment : President Warren G . Hardings Attempt to Reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia , Georgia Historical Quarterly , vol . 62 , no . 4 ( Winter 1978 ) , pp . 288–303 . In JSTOR - Herman Mason , Politics , Civil Rights , and Law in Black Atlanta , 1870-1970 . Mount Pleasant , SC : Arcadia Publishing , 2000 . - J.A . Rogers and A.S . Milai , Facts About the Negro , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 57 , no . 20 ( May 15 , 1965 ) , pg . 11 . - J . Clay Smith , Jr. , Emancipation : The Making of the Black Lawyer , 1844-1944 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1999 . - Georgia GOP Boss for Next Four Years , Atlanta Constitution , vol . 52 , no . 364 ( June 12 , 1920 ) , pg . 4 . - Vindication of B.J . Davis : Failure of Case Against the Well Known Odd Fellow : History of the Proceedings , Pittsburgh Courier , vol . 3 , no . 2 ( Dec . 30 , 1911 ) , pg . 1 . |
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| easy | Who was the chair of Federation of the Greens from Apr 1993 to 1997? | /wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens#P488#0 | Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( , FdV ) , frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ) , is a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . Currently , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi serve as the partys two spokespersons , while Angelo Bonelli , a former president , spokesperson and member of the Chamber of Deputies , is its national coordinator . The FdV is part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . History . Background and foundation . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists , notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of the vote , gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senators . Later that year , the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the countrys three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ) . At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties : the LV and the Rainbow Greens ( VA ) , formed mainly by Radicals , including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote , of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA , and 5 MEPs . In 1990 the two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975 . In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote , returning 16 deputies and 4 senators . The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993 , its sole minister resigning a day after the cabinets swearing-in ceremony . Centre-left coalitions . In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition . As a result , Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment , who became the partys leader . In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs , its best result as a joint party . In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies , they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators , their highest number ever . Following the election , the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo DAlema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment ( 1996–2000 ) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture ( 2000–2001 ) . Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline . Some of its leading members left : Rutelli ( who was re-elected mayor of Rome ) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998 . The party also suffered the competition of several centre-left parties , some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member . In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs , prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996 . The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italys section of the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists ( SDI ) : The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2% , thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold . The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies , as part of The Olive Tree coalition . Shift to the far left . After the alliance with the SDI , a relatively centrist party , the Greens shifted far to the left , prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi , Mattioli , Scalia , Corleone and Manconi . The Greens were since part of the so-called radical left , along with the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) and the Party of Italian Communists ( PdCI ) . At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs . In February 2005 the Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree , with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalitions leader . At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union , and scored 2.1% , obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list , an alliance of Greens , Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in the election for the Senate , electing 11 senators , 5 of whom were Greens . In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment , while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction , was undersecretary of Economy and Finances . In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanios political line was confirmed in a party congress , but the Greens also tried to re-open the doors to all former members . The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007 , when Mattioli , Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again , citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Within the PD , they joined the Democratic Ecologists faction , which already included several former Greens ( Manconi , Ronchi , Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc. ) . As a result , Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy , showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC , the PdCI and Democratic Left ( SD ) . The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation . In the summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before , represented the partys establishment and in the event was supported by Centos left-wing , was elected at the helm of the party , by defeating two modernizers , Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left ( MpS ) – a moderate split from the PRC – , the Socialist Party ( PS ) – successor of the SDI – , SD and Unite the Left ( UlS ) : Left and Freedom ( SL ) . The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . After the election , it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation , that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom ( SEL ) , and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it . However , during a party congress in October 2009 the party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato , instead of Francescatos candidate , Loredana De Petris . After his election , which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party , Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL , and will try to coalesce a new ecologist constituent assembly on the model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato , De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens . New coalitions . In September 2010 the Greens launched a Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonellis view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations , notably including Beppe Grillos Five Star Movement ( M5S ) . Other than the Greens , participants of the new political force included , among others , Massimo Scalia ( a former leading Green ) , Bruno Mellano ( president of the Italian Radicals ) , movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result , in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC ) coalition was officially launched , but it would be just a short-lived experiment . In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote . In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition , which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats . In May the ERC was disbanded and in November , during a party congress , Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli . The Greens contested the 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italy ( GI ) , a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list Green Italy – European Greens . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs . In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S , joined the party , giving it parliamentary representation after seven years . In June another former senator of the M5S , Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group . Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party . Another former M5S senator , Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year . In November 2015 , during a party congress , Covatta was elected spokesperson , succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella . However , Covattas role was soon transformed into that of a testimonial . In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary . Later that year , the coordinators were three : Bonelli , Zanella and , representing the partys minority , Gianluca Carrabs . Return to the centre-left . In December 2017 , in an internal referendum , 73% of Green members voted in favour of their partys return to the moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD . Consequently , the Greens formed , along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in , the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats ; additionally , no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies . After the election , Bonelli resigned from the executive and the remaining two coordinators , Zanella and Carrabs , led the transition . In December 2018 , during a party congress , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella , were elected co-spokespersons of the party . In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with Italy in Common ( IiC ) and GI . The alliance was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV . However , IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party . The list received 2.3% of the vote , quite an improvement from 2014 , but still not enough to exceed the 4% threshold . In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Marche and Campania . Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018 , the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils , their best result in terms of representation in a decade . In March 2021 Rossella Muroni ( GI ) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish , along with Lorenzo Fioramonti ( GI , former M5S ) , Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +Eu ) , Andrea Cecconi ( ex-M5S ) and Antonio Lombardo ( ex-M5S ) , a sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead . Popular support . In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe . They have a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the last decade . Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in Northern Italy , where they had their best results at the beginning ( for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ) . The Greens are stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc. ) , in northern mountain regions , such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( especially in South Tyrol , where they are organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party ) and Aosta Valley ( where the local section , the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010 ) , and in some southern regions , such as Basilicata and Campania . Leadership . The party was successively led by spokespersons , presidents and coordinators . Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time . - Spokesperson : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1991–1993 ) , Carlo Ripa di Meana ( 1993–1996 ) , Luigi Manconi ( 1996–1999 ) , Grazia Francescato ( 2008–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella ( 2013–2015 ) , Giobbe Covatta ( 2015–2017 ) , Matteo Badiali / Elena Grandi ( 2018–present ) - President : Grazia Francescato ( 1999–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2008 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2009–2013 ) - Coordinator of the Executive : Angelo Bonelli ( 2001–2004 ) , Paolo Cento ( 2004–2006 ) , Massimo Fundarò ( 2006–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Fiorella Zabatta ( 2017 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2017–2018 ) , Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2018 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2019–present ) - President of the Federal Council : Franco Corleone ( 1993–1997 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1997–1999 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1987–1989 ) , Laura Cima ( 1989–1991 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1991–1992 ) , Francesco Rutelli ( 1992–1993 ) , Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1993–1994 , deputy-leader of the PDS group in 1994–1996 ) , Anna Maria Procacci ( 1996–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2006 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Marco Boato ( 1987–1992 ) , Carla Rocchi ( 1992–1994 ) , Edo Ronchi ( 1994–1996 ) , Maurizio Pieroni ( 1996–2001 ) , Stefano Boco ( 2001–2006 ) , Natale Ripamonti ( deputy-leader of the PdCI–Green group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Alexander Langer ( 1989–1994 ) , Gianni Tamino ( 1994–1999 ) , Giorgio Celli ( 1999–2004 ) , Monica Frassoni ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website |
[
"Massimo Scalia"
]
| easy | Who was the chair of Federation of the Greens from 1997 to Jul 1999? | /wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens#P488#1 | Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( , FdV ) , frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ) , is a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . Currently , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi serve as the partys two spokespersons , while Angelo Bonelli , a former president , spokesperson and member of the Chamber of Deputies , is its national coordinator . The FdV is part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . History . Background and foundation . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists , notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of the vote , gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senators . Later that year , the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the countrys three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ) . At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties : the LV and the Rainbow Greens ( VA ) , formed mainly by Radicals , including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote , of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA , and 5 MEPs . In 1990 the two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975 . In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote , returning 16 deputies and 4 senators . The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993 , its sole minister resigning a day after the cabinets swearing-in ceremony . Centre-left coalitions . In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition . As a result , Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment , who became the partys leader . In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs , its best result as a joint party . In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies , they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators , their highest number ever . Following the election , the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo DAlema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment ( 1996–2000 ) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture ( 2000–2001 ) . Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline . Some of its leading members left : Rutelli ( who was re-elected mayor of Rome ) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998 . The party also suffered the competition of several centre-left parties , some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member . In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs , prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996 . The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italys section of the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists ( SDI ) : The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2% , thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold . The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies , as part of The Olive Tree coalition . Shift to the far left . After the alliance with the SDI , a relatively centrist party , the Greens shifted far to the left , prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi , Mattioli , Scalia , Corleone and Manconi . The Greens were since part of the so-called radical left , along with the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) and the Party of Italian Communists ( PdCI ) . At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs . In February 2005 the Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree , with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalitions leader . At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union , and scored 2.1% , obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list , an alliance of Greens , Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in the election for the Senate , electing 11 senators , 5 of whom were Greens . In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment , while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction , was undersecretary of Economy and Finances . In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanios political line was confirmed in a party congress , but the Greens also tried to re-open the doors to all former members . The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007 , when Mattioli , Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again , citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Within the PD , they joined the Democratic Ecologists faction , which already included several former Greens ( Manconi , Ronchi , Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc. ) . As a result , Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy , showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC , the PdCI and Democratic Left ( SD ) . The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation . In the summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before , represented the partys establishment and in the event was supported by Centos left-wing , was elected at the helm of the party , by defeating two modernizers , Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left ( MpS ) – a moderate split from the PRC – , the Socialist Party ( PS ) – successor of the SDI – , SD and Unite the Left ( UlS ) : Left and Freedom ( SL ) . The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . After the election , it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation , that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom ( SEL ) , and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it . However , during a party congress in October 2009 the party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato , instead of Francescatos candidate , Loredana De Petris . After his election , which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party , Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL , and will try to coalesce a new ecologist constituent assembly on the model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato , De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens . New coalitions . In September 2010 the Greens launched a Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonellis view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations , notably including Beppe Grillos Five Star Movement ( M5S ) . Other than the Greens , participants of the new political force included , among others , Massimo Scalia ( a former leading Green ) , Bruno Mellano ( president of the Italian Radicals ) , movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result , in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC ) coalition was officially launched , but it would be just a short-lived experiment . In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote . In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition , which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats . In May the ERC was disbanded and in November , during a party congress , Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli . The Greens contested the 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italy ( GI ) , a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list Green Italy – European Greens . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs . In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S , joined the party , giving it parliamentary representation after seven years . In June another former senator of the M5S , Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group . Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party . Another former M5S senator , Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year . In November 2015 , during a party congress , Covatta was elected spokesperson , succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella . However , Covattas role was soon transformed into that of a testimonial . In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary . Later that year , the coordinators were three : Bonelli , Zanella and , representing the partys minority , Gianluca Carrabs . Return to the centre-left . In December 2017 , in an internal referendum , 73% of Green members voted in favour of their partys return to the moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD . Consequently , the Greens formed , along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in , the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats ; additionally , no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies . After the election , Bonelli resigned from the executive and the remaining two coordinators , Zanella and Carrabs , led the transition . In December 2018 , during a party congress , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella , were elected co-spokespersons of the party . In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with Italy in Common ( IiC ) and GI . The alliance was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV . However , IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party . The list received 2.3% of the vote , quite an improvement from 2014 , but still not enough to exceed the 4% threshold . In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Marche and Campania . Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018 , the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils , their best result in terms of representation in a decade . In March 2021 Rossella Muroni ( GI ) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish , along with Lorenzo Fioramonti ( GI , former M5S ) , Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +Eu ) , Andrea Cecconi ( ex-M5S ) and Antonio Lombardo ( ex-M5S ) , a sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead . Popular support . In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe . They have a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the last decade . Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in Northern Italy , where they had their best results at the beginning ( for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ) . The Greens are stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc. ) , in northern mountain regions , such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( especially in South Tyrol , where they are organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party ) and Aosta Valley ( where the local section , the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010 ) , and in some southern regions , such as Basilicata and Campania . Leadership . The party was successively led by spokespersons , presidents and coordinators . Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time . - Spokesperson : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1991–1993 ) , Carlo Ripa di Meana ( 1993–1996 ) , Luigi Manconi ( 1996–1999 ) , Grazia Francescato ( 2008–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella ( 2013–2015 ) , Giobbe Covatta ( 2015–2017 ) , Matteo Badiali / Elena Grandi ( 2018–present ) - President : Grazia Francescato ( 1999–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2008 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2009–2013 ) - Coordinator of the Executive : Angelo Bonelli ( 2001–2004 ) , Paolo Cento ( 2004–2006 ) , Massimo Fundarò ( 2006–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Fiorella Zabatta ( 2017 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2017–2018 ) , Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2018 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2019–present ) - President of the Federal Council : Franco Corleone ( 1993–1997 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1997–1999 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1987–1989 ) , Laura Cima ( 1989–1991 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1991–1992 ) , Francesco Rutelli ( 1992–1993 ) , Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1993–1994 , deputy-leader of the PDS group in 1994–1996 ) , Anna Maria Procacci ( 1996–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2006 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Marco Boato ( 1987–1992 ) , Carla Rocchi ( 1992–1994 ) , Edo Ronchi ( 1994–1996 ) , Maurizio Pieroni ( 1996–2001 ) , Stefano Boco ( 2001–2006 ) , Natale Ripamonti ( deputy-leader of the PdCI–Green group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Alexander Langer ( 1989–1994 ) , Gianni Tamino ( 1994–1999 ) , Giorgio Celli ( 1999–2004 ) , Monica Frassoni ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website |
[
"Grazia Francescato"
]
| easy | Who was the chair of Federation of the Greens from Jul 1999 to Dec 2001? | /wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens#P488#2 | Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( , FdV ) , frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ) , is a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . Currently , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi serve as the partys two spokespersons , while Angelo Bonelli , a former president , spokesperson and member of the Chamber of Deputies , is its national coordinator . The FdV is part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . History . Background and foundation . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists , notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of the vote , gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senators . Later that year , the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the countrys three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ) . At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties : the LV and the Rainbow Greens ( VA ) , formed mainly by Radicals , including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote , of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA , and 5 MEPs . In 1990 the two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975 . In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote , returning 16 deputies and 4 senators . The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993 , its sole minister resigning a day after the cabinets swearing-in ceremony . Centre-left coalitions . In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition . As a result , Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment , who became the partys leader . In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs , its best result as a joint party . In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies , they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators , their highest number ever . Following the election , the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo DAlema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment ( 1996–2000 ) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture ( 2000–2001 ) . Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline . Some of its leading members left : Rutelli ( who was re-elected mayor of Rome ) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998 . The party also suffered the competition of several centre-left parties , some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member . In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs , prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996 . The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italys section of the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists ( SDI ) : The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2% , thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold . The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies , as part of The Olive Tree coalition . Shift to the far left . After the alliance with the SDI , a relatively centrist party , the Greens shifted far to the left , prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi , Mattioli , Scalia , Corleone and Manconi . The Greens were since part of the so-called radical left , along with the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) and the Party of Italian Communists ( PdCI ) . At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs . In February 2005 the Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree , with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalitions leader . At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union , and scored 2.1% , obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list , an alliance of Greens , Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in the election for the Senate , electing 11 senators , 5 of whom were Greens . In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment , while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction , was undersecretary of Economy and Finances . In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanios political line was confirmed in a party congress , but the Greens also tried to re-open the doors to all former members . The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007 , when Mattioli , Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again , citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Within the PD , they joined the Democratic Ecologists faction , which already included several former Greens ( Manconi , Ronchi , Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc. ) . As a result , Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy , showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC , the PdCI and Democratic Left ( SD ) . The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation . In the summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before , represented the partys establishment and in the event was supported by Centos left-wing , was elected at the helm of the party , by defeating two modernizers , Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left ( MpS ) – a moderate split from the PRC – , the Socialist Party ( PS ) – successor of the SDI – , SD and Unite the Left ( UlS ) : Left and Freedom ( SL ) . The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . After the election , it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation , that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom ( SEL ) , and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it . However , during a party congress in October 2009 the party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato , instead of Francescatos candidate , Loredana De Petris . After his election , which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party , Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL , and will try to coalesce a new ecologist constituent assembly on the model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato , De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens . New coalitions . In September 2010 the Greens launched a Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonellis view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations , notably including Beppe Grillos Five Star Movement ( M5S ) . Other than the Greens , participants of the new political force included , among others , Massimo Scalia ( a former leading Green ) , Bruno Mellano ( president of the Italian Radicals ) , movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result , in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC ) coalition was officially launched , but it would be just a short-lived experiment . In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote . In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition , which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats . In May the ERC was disbanded and in November , during a party congress , Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli . The Greens contested the 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italy ( GI ) , a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list Green Italy – European Greens . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs . In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S , joined the party , giving it parliamentary representation after seven years . In June another former senator of the M5S , Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group . Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party . Another former M5S senator , Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year . In November 2015 , during a party congress , Covatta was elected spokesperson , succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella . However , Covattas role was soon transformed into that of a testimonial . In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary . Later that year , the coordinators were three : Bonelli , Zanella and , representing the partys minority , Gianluca Carrabs . Return to the centre-left . In December 2017 , in an internal referendum , 73% of Green members voted in favour of their partys return to the moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD . Consequently , the Greens formed , along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in , the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats ; additionally , no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies . After the election , Bonelli resigned from the executive and the remaining two coordinators , Zanella and Carrabs , led the transition . In December 2018 , during a party congress , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella , were elected co-spokespersons of the party . In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with Italy in Common ( IiC ) and GI . The alliance was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV . However , IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party . The list received 2.3% of the vote , quite an improvement from 2014 , but still not enough to exceed the 4% threshold . In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Marche and Campania . Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018 , the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils , their best result in terms of representation in a decade . In March 2021 Rossella Muroni ( GI ) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish , along with Lorenzo Fioramonti ( GI , former M5S ) , Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +Eu ) , Andrea Cecconi ( ex-M5S ) and Antonio Lombardo ( ex-M5S ) , a sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead . Popular support . In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe . They have a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the last decade . Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in Northern Italy , where they had their best results at the beginning ( for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ) . The Greens are stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc. ) , in northern mountain regions , such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( especially in South Tyrol , where they are organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party ) and Aosta Valley ( where the local section , the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010 ) , and in some southern regions , such as Basilicata and Campania . Leadership . The party was successively led by spokespersons , presidents and coordinators . Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time . - Spokesperson : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1991–1993 ) , Carlo Ripa di Meana ( 1993–1996 ) , Luigi Manconi ( 1996–1999 ) , Grazia Francescato ( 2008–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella ( 2013–2015 ) , Giobbe Covatta ( 2015–2017 ) , Matteo Badiali / Elena Grandi ( 2018–present ) - President : Grazia Francescato ( 1999–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2008 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2009–2013 ) - Coordinator of the Executive : Angelo Bonelli ( 2001–2004 ) , Paolo Cento ( 2004–2006 ) , Massimo Fundarò ( 2006–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Fiorella Zabatta ( 2017 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2017–2018 ) , Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2018 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2019–present ) - President of the Federal Council : Franco Corleone ( 1993–1997 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1997–1999 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1987–1989 ) , Laura Cima ( 1989–1991 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1991–1992 ) , Francesco Rutelli ( 1992–1993 ) , Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1993–1994 , deputy-leader of the PDS group in 1994–1996 ) , Anna Maria Procacci ( 1996–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2006 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Marco Boato ( 1987–1992 ) , Carla Rocchi ( 1992–1994 ) , Edo Ronchi ( 1994–1996 ) , Maurizio Pieroni ( 1996–2001 ) , Stefano Boco ( 2001–2006 ) , Natale Ripamonti ( deputy-leader of the PdCI–Green group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Alexander Langer ( 1989–1994 ) , Gianni Tamino ( 1994–1999 ) , Giorgio Celli ( 1999–2004 ) , Monica Frassoni ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website |
[
"Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio"
]
| easy | Who was the head of Federation of the Greens from Dec 2001 to Jul 2008? | /wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens#P488#3 | Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( , FdV ) , frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ) , is a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . Currently , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi serve as the partys two spokespersons , while Angelo Bonelli , a former president , spokesperson and member of the Chamber of Deputies , is its national coordinator . The FdV is part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . History . Background and foundation . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists , notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of the vote , gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senators . Later that year , the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the countrys three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ) . At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties : the LV and the Rainbow Greens ( VA ) , formed mainly by Radicals , including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote , of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA , and 5 MEPs . In 1990 the two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975 . In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote , returning 16 deputies and 4 senators . The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993 , its sole minister resigning a day after the cabinets swearing-in ceremony . Centre-left coalitions . In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition . As a result , Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment , who became the partys leader . In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs , its best result as a joint party . In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies , they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators , their highest number ever . Following the election , the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo DAlema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment ( 1996–2000 ) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture ( 2000–2001 ) . Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline . Some of its leading members left : Rutelli ( who was re-elected mayor of Rome ) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998 . The party also suffered the competition of several centre-left parties , some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member . In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs , prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996 . The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italys section of the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists ( SDI ) : The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2% , thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold . The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies , as part of The Olive Tree coalition . Shift to the far left . After the alliance with the SDI , a relatively centrist party , the Greens shifted far to the left , prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi , Mattioli , Scalia , Corleone and Manconi . The Greens were since part of the so-called radical left , along with the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) and the Party of Italian Communists ( PdCI ) . At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs . In February 2005 the Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree , with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalitions leader . At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union , and scored 2.1% , obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list , an alliance of Greens , Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in the election for the Senate , electing 11 senators , 5 of whom were Greens . In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment , while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction , was undersecretary of Economy and Finances . In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanios political line was confirmed in a party congress , but the Greens also tried to re-open the doors to all former members . The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007 , when Mattioli , Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again , citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Within the PD , they joined the Democratic Ecologists faction , which already included several former Greens ( Manconi , Ronchi , Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc. ) . As a result , Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy , showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC , the PdCI and Democratic Left ( SD ) . The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation . In the summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before , represented the partys establishment and in the event was supported by Centos left-wing , was elected at the helm of the party , by defeating two modernizers , Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left ( MpS ) – a moderate split from the PRC – , the Socialist Party ( PS ) – successor of the SDI – , SD and Unite the Left ( UlS ) : Left and Freedom ( SL ) . The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . After the election , it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation , that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom ( SEL ) , and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it . However , during a party congress in October 2009 the party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato , instead of Francescatos candidate , Loredana De Petris . After his election , which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party , Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL , and will try to coalesce a new ecologist constituent assembly on the model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato , De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens . New coalitions . In September 2010 the Greens launched a Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonellis view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations , notably including Beppe Grillos Five Star Movement ( M5S ) . Other than the Greens , participants of the new political force included , among others , Massimo Scalia ( a former leading Green ) , Bruno Mellano ( president of the Italian Radicals ) , movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result , in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC ) coalition was officially launched , but it would be just a short-lived experiment . In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote . In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition , which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats . In May the ERC was disbanded and in November , during a party congress , Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli . The Greens contested the 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italy ( GI ) , a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list Green Italy – European Greens . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs . In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S , joined the party , giving it parliamentary representation after seven years . In June another former senator of the M5S , Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group . Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party . Another former M5S senator , Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year . In November 2015 , during a party congress , Covatta was elected spokesperson , succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella . However , Covattas role was soon transformed into that of a testimonial . In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary . Later that year , the coordinators were three : Bonelli , Zanella and , representing the partys minority , Gianluca Carrabs . Return to the centre-left . In December 2017 , in an internal referendum , 73% of Green members voted in favour of their partys return to the moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD . Consequently , the Greens formed , along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in , the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats ; additionally , no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies . After the election , Bonelli resigned from the executive and the remaining two coordinators , Zanella and Carrabs , led the transition . In December 2018 , during a party congress , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella , were elected co-spokespersons of the party . In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with Italy in Common ( IiC ) and GI . The alliance was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV . However , IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party . The list received 2.3% of the vote , quite an improvement from 2014 , but still not enough to exceed the 4% threshold . In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Marche and Campania . Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018 , the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils , their best result in terms of representation in a decade . In March 2021 Rossella Muroni ( GI ) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish , along with Lorenzo Fioramonti ( GI , former M5S ) , Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +Eu ) , Andrea Cecconi ( ex-M5S ) and Antonio Lombardo ( ex-M5S ) , a sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead . Popular support . In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe . They have a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the last decade . Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in Northern Italy , where they had their best results at the beginning ( for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ) . The Greens are stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc. ) , in northern mountain regions , such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( especially in South Tyrol , where they are organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party ) and Aosta Valley ( where the local section , the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010 ) , and in some southern regions , such as Basilicata and Campania . Leadership . The party was successively led by spokespersons , presidents and coordinators . Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time . - Spokesperson : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1991–1993 ) , Carlo Ripa di Meana ( 1993–1996 ) , Luigi Manconi ( 1996–1999 ) , Grazia Francescato ( 2008–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella ( 2013–2015 ) , Giobbe Covatta ( 2015–2017 ) , Matteo Badiali / Elena Grandi ( 2018–present ) - President : Grazia Francescato ( 1999–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2008 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2009–2013 ) - Coordinator of the Executive : Angelo Bonelli ( 2001–2004 ) , Paolo Cento ( 2004–2006 ) , Massimo Fundarò ( 2006–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Fiorella Zabatta ( 2017 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2017–2018 ) , Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2018 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2019–present ) - President of the Federal Council : Franco Corleone ( 1993–1997 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1997–1999 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1987–1989 ) , Laura Cima ( 1989–1991 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1991–1992 ) , Francesco Rutelli ( 1992–1993 ) , Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1993–1994 , deputy-leader of the PDS group in 1994–1996 ) , Anna Maria Procacci ( 1996–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2006 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Marco Boato ( 1987–1992 ) , Carla Rocchi ( 1992–1994 ) , Edo Ronchi ( 1994–1996 ) , Maurizio Pieroni ( 1996–2001 ) , Stefano Boco ( 2001–2006 ) , Natale Ripamonti ( deputy-leader of the PdCI–Green group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Alexander Langer ( 1989–1994 ) , Gianni Tamino ( 1994–1999 ) , Giorgio Celli ( 1999–2004 ) , Monica Frassoni ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website |
[
"Angelo Bonelli"
]
| easy | Who was the head of Federation of the Greens from Oct 2009 to Oct 2010? | /wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens#P488#4 | Federation of the Greens The Federation of the Greens ( , FdV ) , frequently referred to as Greens ( Verdi ) , is a green political party in Italy . It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the Federation of Green Lists and the Rainbow Greens . Currently , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi serve as the partys two spokespersons , while Angelo Bonelli , a former president , spokesperson and member of the Chamber of Deputies , is its national coordinator . The FdV is part of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . History . Background and foundation . The Federation of Green Lists was formed in 1984 by leading environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists , notably including Gianni Mattioli , Gianfranco Amendola , Massimo Scalia and Alexander Langer . The party made its debut at the 1987 general election and obtained 2.6% of the vote , gaining 13 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senators . Later that year , the Greens successfully campaigned for three referendums aimed at stopping nuclear power in Italy , which had been proposed by the left-liberal Radical Party and was eventually supported by the countrys three main parties ( Christian Democrats , Communists and Socialists ) . At the 1989 European Parliament election there were two competing green parties : the LV and the Rainbow Greens ( VA ) , formed mainly by Radicals , including Adelaide Aglietta , Franco Corleone , Adele Faccio , Marco Taradash and Francesco Rutelli , as well as splinters from Proletarian Democracy , including Mario Capanna , Guido Pollice , Gianni Tamino and Edo Ronchi . The two lists obtained a combined 6.2% of the vote , of which 3.8% for the LV and 2.4% for the VA , and 5 MEPs . In 1990 the two parties joined forces to form the Federation of the Greens , which inherited from the LV the Smiling Sun symbol of the northern European anti-nuclear movement , designed by Danish activist Anne Lund in 1975 . In the 1992 general election the new party won 2.8% of the vote , returning 16 deputies and 4 senators . The party was briefly a member of the Ciampi Cabinet formed 28 April 1993 , its sole minister resigning a day after the cabinets swearing-in ceremony . Centre-left coalitions . In 1993 the Greens joined forces with the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) within the Alliance of Progressives , a broad left-wing coalition . As a result , Rutelli was elected mayor of Rome . The party was also joined by Carlo Ripa di Meana , a former Socialist member of the European Commission and minister of the Environment , who became the partys leader . In the 1994 European Parliament election won 3.2% of the vote and three MEPs , its best result as a joint party . In 1995 the Greens were a founding member of The Olive Tree coalition and in the 1996 general election , thanks to this alliance and several candidates in single-seat constituencies , they obtained 14 deputies and 14 senators , their highest number ever . Following the election , the Greens the centre-left governments led by Romano Prodi , Massimo DAlema and Giuliano Amato . Ronchi was minister of the Environment ( 1996–2000 ) and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio minister of Agriculture ( 2000–2001 ) . Since 1996 the party however started a slow decline . Some of its leading members left : Rutelli ( who was re-elected mayor of Rome ) in 1997 and Ripa di Meana in 1998 . The party also suffered the competition of several centre-left parties , some of them new as The Democrats , of which Rutelli was a founding member . In the 1999 European Parliament election the Greens were reduced to 1.8% and two MEPs , prompting the resignation of Luigi Manconi , who had led the party since 1996 . The party was thus re-organised under Grazia Francescato , a former president of the Italys section of the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . At the 2001 general election the Greens formed a joint list with the Italian Democratic Socialists ( SDI ) : The Sunflower . The combination scored 2.2% , thus failing to surpass the 4% threshold . The Greens elected seven deputies and ten senators in single-member constituencies , as part of The Olive Tree coalition . Shift to the far left . After the alliance with the SDI , a relatively centrist party , the Greens shifted far to the left , prompting the exit of leading members as Ronchi , Mattioli , Scalia , Corleone and Manconi . The Greens were since part of the so-called radical left , along with the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) and the Party of Italian Communists ( PdCI ) . At the 2004 European Parliament election the Greens obtained 2.5% of the vote and two MEPs . In February 2005 the Greens joined The Union , the new successor alliance to The Olive Tree , with party secretary Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio receiving 2.2% of the vote in the open primary election for the coalitions leader . At the 2006 general election the party was part of the winning coalition The Union , and scored 2.1% , obtained 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The Together with the Union list , an alliance of Greens , Communists and Consumers polled 4.2% in the election for the Senate , electing 11 senators , 5 of whom were Greens . In 2006–2008 Pecoraro Scanio served as minister of the Environment , while Paolo Cento , national coordinator of the party and leader of the no global faction , was undersecretary of Economy and Finances . In November 2006 Pecoraro Scanios political line was confirmed in a party congress , but the Greens also tried to re-open the doors to all former members . The attempt of re-uniting the Italian Greens failed as soon as in January 2007 , when Mattioli , Scalia and Corleone finally left the party again , citing that it was drifting too much the far left , and announced their intention to participate to the foundation of the Democratic Party ( PD ) . Within the PD , they joined the Democratic Ecologists faction , which already included several former Greens ( Manconi , Ronchi , Lino De Benetti , Stefano Semenzato , Ermete Realacci , Gianni Vernetti , Franco Piro , Francesco Ferrante , Carla Rocchi , etc. ) . As a result , Legambiente , the largest environmentalist association of Italy , showed more support for the PD than the Greens themselves . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2008 general election , the Greens participated in the foundation of The Left – The Rainbow electoral list with the PRC , the PdCI and Democratic Left ( SD ) . The coalition obtained just 3.1% of the vote and the Greens lost their parliamentary representation . In the summer of 2008 Grazia Francescato , who had been leader before , represented the partys establishment and in the event was supported by Centos left-wing , was elected at the helm of the party , by defeating two modernizers , Marco Boato and Fabio Roggiolani . For the 2009 election the Greens formed a joint list with the Movement for the Left ( MpS ) – a moderate split from the PRC – , the Socialist Party ( PS ) – successor of the SDI – , SD and Unite the Left ( UlS ) : Left and Freedom ( SL ) . The list received just 3.1% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . After the election , it was decided to transform SL into a permanent federation , that would eventually evolve into the joint party named Left Ecology Freedom ( SEL ) , and Francescato wanted the Greens to join it . However , during a party congress in October 2009 the party rejected the proposal by narrowly electing Angelo Bonelli , candidate of the liberal faction led by Boato , instead of Francescatos candidate , Loredana De Petris . After his election , which marked the end of the dominance of the internal left wing over the party , Bonelli announced that the party will pursue an independent course from SL , and will try to coalesce a new ecologist constituent assembly on the model of the French Europe Écologie . Francescato , De Petris and Cento continued to support SL as the Ecologists Association and would eventually leave the Greens . New coalitions . In September 2010 the Greens launched a Ecologist Constituent Assembly . In Bonellis view the new political force would take inspiration both from the French Verts and the German Grünen and would be open to the contribution of movements and associations , notably including Beppe Grillos Five Star Movement ( M5S ) . Other than the Greens , participants of the new political force included , among others , Massimo Scalia ( a former leading Green ) , Bruno Mellano ( president of the Italian Radicals ) , movie maker Mario Monicelli , writer Dacia Maraini , geologist Mario Tozzi and comedian Giobbe Covatta . As a result , in November 2011 the Ecologists and Civic Networks ( Ecologisti e Reti Civiche , ERC ) coalition was officially launched , but it would be just a short-lived experiment . In 2012 Bonelli stood as candidate for mayor of Taranto , garnering 11.9% of the vote . In the 2013 general election the Greens were part of the Civil Revolution coalition , which obtained a mere 2.2% of the vote and no seats . In May the ERC was disbanded and in November , during a party congress , Luana Zanella was elected to serve as co-spokesperson along with Bonelli . The Greens contested the 2014 European Parliament election with Green Italy ( GI ) , a green party established in 2013 and led by Monica Frassoni and Fabio Granata , within the joint list Green Italy – European Greens . The electoral list received 0.9% of the vote and did not return any MEPs . In January 2015 senator Bartolomeo Pepe , a former member of the M5S , joined the party , giving it parliamentary representation after seven years . In June another former senator of the M5S , Paola De Pin , joined the Greens and sat with senator Pepe within the Great Autonomies and Freedom group . Both Pepe and De Pin would soon leave the party . Another former M5S senator , Cristina De Pietro , would join the Greens in November 2016 and leave next year . In November 2015 , during a party congress , Covatta was elected spokesperson , succeeding to Bonelli and Zanella . However , Covattas role was soon transformed into that of a testimonial . In February 2017 the party appointed Bonelli and Fiorella Zabatta to serve as day-to-day coordinators and Zanella as international secretary . Later that year , the coordinators were three : Bonelli , Zanella and , representing the partys minority , Gianluca Carrabs . Return to the centre-left . In December 2017 , in an internal referendum , 73% of Green members voted in favour of their partys return to the moderate centre-left coalition led by the PD . Consequently , the Greens formed , along with the Italian Socialist Party and Civic Area , the Together electoral list for the 2018 general election . When the results came in , the list had obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats ; additionally , no Green was elected in single-seat constituencies . After the election , Bonelli resigned from the executive and the remaining two coordinators , Zanella and Carrabs , led the transition . In December 2018 , during a party congress , Matteo Badiali and Elena Grandi , supported by Bonelli and Zanella , were elected co-spokespersons of the party . In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election the party formed a joint list with Italy in Common ( IiC ) and GI . The alliance was reinforced by Marco Affronte , who had been elected with the M5S in 2014 and had joined as an independent the Greens–European Free Alliance group and the European Green Party , and eventually announced on Facebook that he had joined the FdV . However , IiC soon left the Greens in order to form an alternative alliance with More Europe , a liberal party . The list received 2.3% of the vote , quite an improvement from 2014 , but still not enough to exceed the 4% threshold . In the 2020 Italian regional elections a re-edition of Green Europe won seats in Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Marche and Campania . Together with the seat won in Trentino in 2018 , the Greens had a total of 5 seats in Regional Councils , their best result in terms of representation in a decade . In March 2021 Rossella Muroni ( GI ) left the Free and Equal group in order to establish , along with Lorenzo Fioramonti ( GI , former M5S ) , Alessandro Fusacchia ( Italian Radicals , former +Eu ) , Andrea Cecconi ( ex-M5S ) and Antonio Lombardo ( ex-M5S ) , a sub-group of the FdV within the Mixed Group instead . Popular support . In their history the Greens were never able to reach the electoral success of many green parties all around Europe . They have a stable share of vote around 2% and experienced a slight decline in the last decade . Their characterization as party of the far left did not help them in Northern Italy , where they had their best results at the beginning ( for instance 7.1% in the 1990 Venetian regional election ) . The Greens are stronger in cities and urban areas ( Milan , Venice , Rome , Naples , etc. ) , in northern mountain regions , such as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( especially in South Tyrol , where they are organised in the local Greens , a broader left-wing party ) and Aosta Valley ( where the local section , the Alternative Greens , were merged into Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology in 2010 ) , and in some southern regions , such as Basilicata and Campania . Leadership . The party was successively led by spokespersons , presidents and coordinators . Bold indicates the real leader/s of the time . - Spokesperson : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1991–1993 ) , Carlo Ripa di Meana ( 1993–1996 ) , Luigi Manconi ( 1996–1999 ) , Grazia Francescato ( 2008–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella ( 2013–2015 ) , Giobbe Covatta ( 2015–2017 ) , Matteo Badiali / Elena Grandi ( 2018–present ) - President : Grazia Francescato ( 1999–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2008 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2009–2013 ) - Coordinator of the Executive : Angelo Bonelli ( 2001–2004 ) , Paolo Cento ( 2004–2006 ) , Massimo Fundarò ( 2006–2009 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Fiorella Zabatta ( 2017 ) , Angelo Bonelli / Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2017–2018 ) , Luana Zanella / Gianluca Carrabs ( 2018 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2019–present ) - President of the Federal Council : Franco Corleone ( 1993–1997 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1997–1999 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1987–1989 ) , Laura Cima ( 1989–1991 ) , Massimo Scalia ( 1991–1992 ) , Francesco Rutelli ( 1992–1993 ) , Gianni Francesco Mattioli ( 1993–1994 , deputy-leader of the PDS group in 1994–1996 ) , Anna Maria Procacci ( 1996–2001 ) , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio ( 2001–2006 ) , Angelo Bonelli ( 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Marco Boato ( 1987–1992 ) , Carla Rocchi ( 1992–1994 ) , Edo Ronchi ( 1994–1996 ) , Maurizio Pieroni ( 1996–2001 ) , Stefano Boco ( 2001–2006 ) , Natale Ripamonti ( deputy-leader of the PdCI–Green group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Alexander Langer ( 1989–1994 ) , Gianni Tamino ( 1994–1999 ) , Giorgio Celli ( 1999–2004 ) , Monica Frassoni ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website |
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"Lolita Morena"
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| easy | Who was Lothar Matthäus 's spouse from 1994 to 1999? | /wiki/Lothar_Matthäus#P26#0 | Lothar Matthäus Lothar Herbert Matthäus ( , ; born 21 March 1961 ) is a German football manager and former player . After captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup where he lifted the World Cup trophy , he was named European Footballer of the Year . In 1991 , he was named the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year , and remains the only German to have received the award . He was also included in the Ballon dOr Dream Team in 2020 . Matthäus held the record of having played in five FIFA World Cups ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) , more than any other outfield player in mens football , until the 2018 World Cup , in which Mexicos Rafael Márquez equalled his record , and holds the record for the most World Cup matches played by a single player ( 25 games ) . He was the captain of the West German team that won the 1990 World Cup in Italy and also was captain of the German squad in the 1994 World Cup in the United States . He also won UEFA Euro 1980 , and played in the 1984 , 1988 and 2000 UEFA European Championships . In 1999 , aged 38 , Matthäus was again voted German Footballer of the Year , having previously won the award in 1990 . Matthäus is the most capped German player of all time , retiring with a total of 150 appearances ( 83 for West Germany ) in 20 years , and 23 goals . Matthäus is a member of the FIFA 100 list of the greatest living football players chosen by Pelé . Diego Maradona said of Matthäus , he is the best rival Ive ever had . I guess thats enough to define him , in his book Yo soy el Diego ( I am the Diego ) . A versatile and complete player , Matthäus is regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time , and was renowned for his perceptive passing , positional sense , well-timed tackling , as well as powerful shooting . During his career , he usually played as a box-to-box midfielder , although late in his career he played as a sweeper . Club career . Matthäus was born in Erlangen , Bavaria , West Germany . He spent his early playing days in the youth team of 1 . FC Herzogenaurach , located in a small town in Bavaria close to Nuremberg . Matthäus started his professional career in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the Bundesliga , for whom he played until 1984 . He then played for Bayern Munich from 1984–88 , winning the Bundesliga twice and the DFB-Pokal . They also reached the European Cup final in 1987 , leading 1–0 for most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . Matthäus and Bayern teammate Andreas Brehme signed with Inter Milan of Serie A in 1988 , winning the Scudetto in 1988–89 during their first season , and the Italian Supercup that year as well . Matthäus continued to enjoy further success with Inter , winning the UEFA Cup in 1991 and being named FIFA World Player of the Year . In the final , he scored a penalty in the first leg to help them to their victory over Roma . Returning to Bayern Munich in 1992 , he won four Bundesliga titles , two DFB-Pokals , another UEFA Cup and reached a second European Cup final in 1999 . The only major club football honour which eluded Matthäus , for competitions in which he played , was the UEFA Champions League . Famously , he came within two minutes of picking up a winners medal in 1999 , only to have his hopes dashed by Manchester United , who scored two last-minute goals in the final , after he was substituted in the 80th minute of play while the team was still leading 1–0 . When the two teams went to collect their medals Matthäus removed his runners-up medal immediately after he received it – it was the second time he had been on the losing side in a final under similar circumstances ; in the 1987 final , Bayern had been leading 1–0 most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . After Matthäus retired , Bayern would win the Champions League in 2000–01 and later that year the Intercontinental Cup . His last official match for Bayern took place in Munich on 8 March 2000 and was a Champions League match against Real Madrid , which Bayern won 4–1 . During the 1999–2000 season , Matthäus moved from Bayern to New York Citys MetroStars team of Major League Soccer in the United States . He played in the US from March to October 2000 and retired from professional football afterwards . During his season with the MetroStars , he traveled to St . Tropez when he was supposed to be rehabbing his back . Matthäus came out of retirement in 2018 , at age 57 , to play 50 minutes of 1 . FC Herzogenaurachs final league game of the season . The team had already secured the league title , and the appearance allowed Matthäus to satisfy his ambition retiring with the club where his career started : It was always my dream to play my last competitive game here . International career . Matthäus was first called up to the West German national squad in 1980 , where he was part of the winning squad in UEFA Euro 1980 in Italy , making his international debut at the tournament in a game against the Netherlands . He also played two games at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ; he was brought on as a substitute in group stage games against Chile and the infamous Disgrace of Gijón game versus Austria . West Germany reached the final , losing to Italy at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid 3–1 . By now , he also had a regular place in the national team for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , scoring the winner in the round of 16 against Morocco . In the final at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , despite his considerable play-making ability , he was assigned by coach Franz Beckenbauer to mark Argentinas Diego Maradona . Maradona did not score in the final , but his pass to a teammate with six minutes left in regulation time set up the winning goal for Argentina , and West Germany lost their second consecutive World Cup final , this time 3–2 . At UEFA Euro 1988 in West Germany , Matthäus captained the team and scored a penalty against the Netherlands ( the eventual winners ) in the semi-final to give his team a 1–0 lead , but Ronald Koeman leveled the score with a penalty , and then Marco van Basten slid in the winning goal in the final minutes . His immediate success in Italys premier football league , the Serie A , was a precursor to the national team which finally managed to triumph at the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy . Six of West Germanys squad played professionally there ; Matthäus and the West German squad played most of the World Cup games at Inters home stadium the San Siro . West Germany was the best team of the tournament and one of the few to choose an attacking style of play , contrary to previous German teams more defensive style . Matthäus led his squad from midfield and scored four goals , including two against Yugoslavia . He scored the only goal of the quarter-final against Czechoslovakia from a penalty awarded in the 25th minute of the match . West Germany reached its third consecutive final , a rematch against Maradona-led Argentina , and this time Matthäus and his team emerged victorious 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome thanks to Andreas Brehme converting an 85th minute penalty . Matthäus later said that playing the World Cup in Italy was like playing a World Cup at home . As team captain , Matthäus hoisted the last World Cup trophy before German reunification in 1990 . He was injured and unable to take part in UEFA Euro 1992 in Sweden ; though a reunified Germany made the final but lost 2–0 to surprise Denmark . At the 1994 FIFA World Cup hosted by the United States , he captained the team but now operated as sweeper . He scored a penalty in Germanys quarter-final match against Bulgaria at Giants Stadium in New York City , which was also his record-tying 21st World Cup match , but the Bulgarians scored twice in three minutes to upset the defending champions . USA 94 was expected to be his last tournament , though he did not officially retire from international play . Matthäus was afterwards not called up for the national team , due to feuding with succeeding captain Jürgen Klinsmann and coach Berti Vogts . In his absence Germany won UEFA Euro 1996 which was held in England . Surprisingly , he was called up for the 1998 World Cup in France as a replacement for the injured sweeper Matthias Sammer . He was on the bench for Germanys victory over the United States , but came in as a substitute against FR Yugoslavia and helped the team to a 2–2 draw . He became the second player to appear in five different World Cup tournaments , tying the record of Mexican goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal . In 2014 the record has also been tied by Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon , who however has only played in four . In 2015 Homare Sawa and Formiga became the first footballers to appear for a record sixth time at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup in Canada . Matthäus played in all the rest of Germanys matches until Croatia knocked them out in Lyon 3–0 in the quarterfinals , taking his total to a record 25 . He earned his last three caps at UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands , his 150th cap being against Portugal , where Germany had a disastrous first round exit . Matthäus had a poor performance in the first group game against Romania , causing Oliver Bierhoff and other key German players to demand his benching , but head coach Erich Ribbeck stuck by Matthäus . Coaching career . One year after ending his illustrious playing days , Matthäus started a coaching career , which has so far been much less distinguished . In his print interviews and other media appearances , he has been clear about his goal and desire to coach in the Bundesliga . His hope was that taking coaching jobs abroad would lead to offers from Germany . When none came his way even after multiple foreign appointments , he often brought it up in the German press in-between his coaching stints . In November 2009 , he gave a lengthy interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , complaining about what he considers to be inadequate treatment he receives in Germany as a former great . He also bemoaned the lack of coaching job offers extended to him in the Bundesliga — saying German clubs perceived him as being too much of a Bayern supporter and too closely linked with the influential Bild tabloid newspaper to give him a job . Rapid Wien . His first head coaching experience was at SK Rapid Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga . It lasted from 6 September 2001 until 14 May 2002 with mixed results . Matthäus got Rapid Wien to the second round of the UEFA Cup , Round of 16 i nthe Austrian Cup , and finished eighth place in Bundesliga . Partizan . In December 2002 he was hired by Serbian club FK Partizan during mid-season winter break to replace recently sacked Ljubiša Tumbaković . Matthäus signed an 18-month contract . Inheriting a team at the top of the league table , Matthäus achieved the immediate goal by steering Partizan to the 2002–03 league title in convincing fashion , at one point , even extending the lead over the second-placed rivals Red Star Belgrade to 19 points . Still , his finest hour with the club came in August 2003 when Partizan eliminated Newcastle United in the Champions League third qualifying round to reach the 2003–04 competitions group stage . Following the first leg 0–1 loss at home , the cause seemed lost , however , Partizan improbably triumphed 0–1 away at St . James Park , taking the tie to penalties . The penalty series brought further dramatic changes of momentum before Milivoje Ćirkovićs successful spot-kick finally put Partizan through . Matthäus had his back turned to the pitch as couldnt bear to watch the drama of Ćirkovićs penalty . Drawn in a tough group with Real Madrid , eventual champions FC Porto , and Olympique de Marseille , Partizan missed out on the UEFA Cup spot . On 13 December 2003 , right after finishing the final league match of the half-season ( 0–1 win away at FK Železnik ) before the winter break , Matthäus abruptly resigned his post at Partizan by addressing the players and club leadership in private . A club spokesperson said Matthäus would clear everything up at a press conference that he scheduled for two days later , but it was already widely speculated through reports in the Hungarian press that the German had agreed terms with the Hungarian Football Federation to coach the Hungary national team . The rumours proved true as he officially signed the contract in Budapest and also got introduced to the media at Kempinski Hotel Corvinus . Four months after leaving Belgrade , in mid-April 2004 , the row over the terms of Matthäus contract with Partizan was opened with both parties publicly going back and forth at each other . It began with Matthäus , by now Hungarian national team head coach , giving a detailed interview to Serbian press and accusing Partizan club leadership of breaching the additional terms of his contract . It became known on that occasion that his initial contract with Partizan that had been finalized on 1 January 2003 included a base guaranteed part as well additional premium clauses giving him between 5–10% from players transfers and shirt sponsorships as well as Champions League bonus incentives . Matthäus claimed that after none of that was honoured he gave up on asking for his percentages of the Danko Lazović and Zvonimir Vukić transfers as well as Superfund shirt sponsorship deal due to not wanting to upset the team atmosphere during Champions League qualifying , but instead pushed for the additional terms to be renegotiated . After successful Champions League qualification , the additional terms were in fact renegotiated with Partizans general secretary Žarko Zečević so that both parties agreed to put the previous additional terms out of effect and instead now give Matthäus 15% of Igor Duljajs ( the clubs best young asset at the time ) future transfer abroad as well as to allow Matthäus to leave the club any time he wanted without penalties . Duljaj was sold to Shakhtar Donetsk in January 2004 for US$4 million , and Matthäus claimed Partizan failed to pay him the agreed percentage ( $600,000 or €469,500 ) . The club responded two days later in a lengthy press release saying that they dont owe him any money . One day after that , Matthäus decided to sue Partizan for the amount of US$600,000 before Sports Arbitration Court in Lausanne , Switzerland . Hungary national team . Matthäus became manager of the Hungary national football team on 14 December 2003 . The country once synonymous with world class football was trying to return its national team on the path of former 1950s glory , and Matthäus was given the task of qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . After being drawn in a tough group with Sweden , Croatia and Bulgaria that goal looked increasingly difficult . The campaign started in the autumn of 2004 and fairly quickly it became obvious Hungary were in over their heads . The opening 3–0 loss away at Croatia in early September was somewhat offset four days later by the 3–2 hard fought home win versus Iceland . A month later , Matthäus Hungary faced another important test away from home , this time at Sweden . And once again it finished in disappointment with another demoralizing 3–0 loss . Before the winter break , Hungary managed to beat the minnows of the group Malta thus finishing the autumn part of the qualifying in fourth place with six points , mathematically still within striking distance of the leading trio . Notable was a 2–0 win in a friendly in Kaiserslautern against Germany on 6 June 2004 . As the qualifiers resumed in late March 2005 , Hungary hosted Bulgaria in what was pretty much a must win match for Matthäus squad , however they only managed a draw right at the end with the goal coming in 90th minute for a 1–1 final scoreline . As Croatia and Sweden both won on the same occasion , the leading duo of teams now tangibly separated themselves from the pack of chasers , all of which meant that in order to qualify Hungary would have to win all its remaining fixtures and even get some outside help in terms of favourable results elsewhere . Such improbable scenario failed to materialize and they ended up in fourth place with 14 points from 10 matches , well behind Croatia and Sweden who earned 25 and 24 points , respectively . However , Matthäus was allowed to finish out the campaign behind the bench , and was even offered Hungarian citizenship , which he at the time said he would accept . Theres no word whether he actually did . Matthäus left the Hungarian national team on 11 January 2006 . After he left the Hungary post , Matthäus was vocally critical of the Hungarian Football Federation , accusing it in November 2007 of not contributing , but exploiting Hungarian football and citing that its not coincidental that the Hungarian bid to host Euro 2012 didnt receive any votes . Atlético Paranaense . Matthäus signed a one-year contract to coach Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense from the city of Curitiba on 11 January 2006 . However , after only seven matches in charge ( five wins , two draws ) from the start of the 2006 Paraná state championship he quit the club in March 2006 citing the need to be closer to his family . The way he left raised some questions about his professionalism . Apparently , only five weeks after signing a contract he informed club officials about a need to rush back to Europe in order to deal with an urgent personal problem , but assured them hed be back in 3–4 days . After missing for two weeks , he faxed in his resignation on 20 March and never even went back to Brazil to pick up his personal belongings . Some ten days later , Atlético put out a release mentioning that Matthäus ran up R$13,000 ( US$5,915 ) in phone charges that the club wanted him to pay . The club even posted the bill on their website . Red Bull Salzburg . On 19 May 2006 , only two months following the bizarre Brazilian episode , Matthäus was announced as coach of Red Bull Salzburg ( formerly Austria Salzburg ) for the upcoming 2006–07 season . Shortly , the club also signed Giovanni Trapattoni ( incidentally Matthäus former coach at both Internazionale and Bayern ) to be their director of football . In practice , this meant that Trapattoni and Matthäus essentially shared coaching duties . Despite co-leading the team to the Austrian league title by a large margin , Matthäus would eventually be fired on 12 June 2007 by unanimous decision of the Red Bull Salzburgs board of directors . Maccabi Netanya . On 13 April 2008 , it was announced that Matthäus signed with Israeli club Maccabi Netanya to coach the team from the beginning of the 2008–09 season . On 29 April 2009 , with the Israeli league season still ongoing and Netanya sitting in fourth place , it was announced that Matthäus will not be back for the second season once the current one is finished . The reason cited was the financial trouble that the club was going through . Matthäus club finished the league season in fourth spot . Bulgaria national team . On 23 September 2010 , it was announced that Matthäus would be the new coach of the Bulgarian national team after the resignation of Stanimir Stoilov a few weeks earlier . His contract was for one year with the option for a two-year extension . He started with a 1–0 win against Wales in Cardiff on his debut . Matthäus led Bulgaria to their first win in 2010 and in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign . On 12 October 2010 , he led Bulgaria to a 2–0 win over Saudi Arabia in a friendly . On 17 November 2010 , in a friendly played in Sofia , Bulgaria lost to Serbia 0–1 . Despite winning his first match in the qualifiers against Wales , Bulgaria under Matthäus were unable to qualify for Euro 2012 , following draws with Switzerland and Montenegro , as well as a home loss against England . On 19 September 2011 , it was revealed that Matthäus had been sacked . The match against Switzerland was his final match . In April 2018 he was one of 77 applicants for the vacant Cameroon national team job . Columnist and TV pundit . From 2001 until 2009 , in parallel and in-between his coaching jobs , Matthäus wrote a column for the German weekly sports magazine Sport Bild . He also worked as in-studio TV pundit on a variety of television networks during big football competitions : for the German pay television channel Premiere during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups , for the German channel ZDF during UEFA Euro 2004 , for Eurosport during UEFA Euro 2008 , for the Arabian network Al Jazeera Sports during the 2010 FIFA World Cup , for the Iranian channel IRIB during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup , and for the British TV network ITV during UEFA Euro 2016 . He has further participated in a special É Campeão for the Brazilian channel SporTV . Personal life . Matthäus has four children and has been married five times . During his first marriage that lasted from 1981 until 1992 , wife Silvia gave birth to two daughters Alisa ( born 1986 ) and Viola ( born 1988 ) . In 1994 , he married Swiss model and TV presenter Lolita Morena with whom he had a son , Loris ( born 1992 ) . The marriage ended in 1999 . While coaching FK Partizan in Belgrade , he met 31-year-old Serbian socialite Marijana Kostić who became his third wife on 27 November 2003 . It was her third marriage as well . By late 2007 the couple separated and she filed for divorce . Their divorce became official in late January 2009 following the conclusion of a year-long court case in Salzburg , Austria ( their last residence ) over the division of assets . In December 2008 , 47-year-old Matthäus married 21-year-old Ukrainian model Kristina Liliana Chudinova . The ceremony was held in Las Vegas . They met a year earlier at the Oktoberfest beer festival in Munich . The couple lived in Tel Aviv , Israel , where Liliana studies journalism in a local university ; but started living separately by early 2010 . Matthäus and his wife Anastasia Klimko have a son , Milan ( born April 2014 ) and live in Budapest , Hungary . Video game appearances . Matthäus features in EA Sports FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover of the German edition of FIFA 2001 , and features in the FIFA 14 , FIFA 15 , FIFA 16 , FIFA 17 , FIFA 18 , FIFA 19 and FIFA 20 as an Ultimate Team Legend . Matthäus was also prominently featured in the opening video scene of EAs Euro 2000 video game , with Paul Oakenfold transforming the real Matthäus into an interactive digital player he controls in the game with his turntables . Career statistics . International goals . Scores and results list West Germanys and Germanys goal tallies first . Honours . Club . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1986–87 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Pokal : 1985–86 , 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Supercup : 1987 - Fuji-Cup : 1986 , 1987 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Cup : 1995–96 - DFB-Ligapokal : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 1986–87 , 1998–99 Internazionale - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 MetroStars - MLS Eastern Division Champion : 2000 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 - UEFA European Championship : 1980 - U.S . Cup : 1993 Individual . - Ballon dOr : 1990 - IFFHS Worlds Best Player : 1990 - World Soccer Awards Player of the Year : 1990 - FIFA World Player of the Year : 1991 - FIFA World Cup Silver Ball : 1990 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - UEFA European Championship of the Tournament : 1988 - Onze dOr : 1990 - Onze de bronze : 1991 - Footballer of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1999 - Goal of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1987–88 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Pirata dOro ( Inter Milan Player of the Year ) : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1996 , 1997 , 2001 - FIFA 100 - Golden Foot legends award : 2012 - IFFHS Legends - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2018 - Bayern Munich All-time XI - Ballon dOr Dream Team : 2020 |
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