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[
"Rome"
] | easy | What was the residence of Alexandra Biriukova from 1922 to 1929? | /wiki/Alexandra_Biriukova#P551#1 | Alexandra Biriukova Alexandra Biriukova ( July 10 , 1895 - February 10 , 1967 ) was a Canadian architect and nurse . She is known for being the first woman in the Ontario Association of Architects and for her design of Lawren Harriss residence . She was the second woman to register as an architect in Canada . Biography . Biriukova was born in Vladivostok , Russia . Her father was Dimiti Biriukoff , who was the chief civil engineer on the first trans-Siberian railway . In 1911 , Biriukova studied architecture and received a degree from the School of Architecture in Petrograd . In 1914 , during the Russian Revolution , she and her family left the country and moved to Rome . In 1925 , in Rome , she received a post-graduate degree in architecture from the Royal Superior School of Architecture . Between 1924 and 1929 , she worked in Rome for architect Arnoldo Foschini . In 1929 she moved again to Toronto where her sister , Yulia Biriukova , an artist , lived . She registered with the Ontario Association of Architects ( OAA ) in 1931 . Work . In Toronto , her first commission is believed to be an interior design for a Russian Orthodox Church . However , Biriukovas most recognized work is the Lawren Harris residence , which was designed in the Art Deco style and is one of the few homes to be built in Toronto along avant garde lines . Construction on the home , located at 2 Ava Crescent in Forest Hill , began in 1931 . The house is symmetrical , smooth and made up of almost austere two- and three-storey masses . While the designs for the house had initially been prepared by Douglas Kertland , she reworked the designs at Harriss request and she is credited for all of the final design work . Biriukovas design was considered radical for the time . At first , the Harris home received a negative critical reception from contemporaries . However , today , the building continues to be recognized : the OAA named it one of the top ten Art Deco Buildings in Toronto . Biriukova has not been well recognized in art history due to architectural historians who have tried to diminish the role she played in the design of Harriss well-known house . Even though she was named as architect on the contract drawings , some historians have questioned how much credit Biriukova should receive for this elegant and iconic house . Geoffrey Simmins , an art historian from the University of Calgary , asserted , with little evidence , that Harris instead may have influenced most of the homes design , saying , Certainly the houses geometric plan and clear , axial sequence of spaces...accord with Harriss own interests . Cynthia Hammond calls such readings of Biriukovas work troubling narratives which are loaded with gendered assumptions . It seems likely that Biriukova , coming from Europe , would have already been aware of the avant-garde , pre-revolution Russian architects and the modernist designs coming from the Bauhaus School , and her design reflected the emerging early international style emanating from Europe . Harris had been to Europe prior to building his house and had consciously sought European precedents for the design of his home . After her work on Harriss house , she received no further commissions . Other architectural historians , like Ayla Lepine , have wondered if Modernism was too much for conservative Canadians , or if the Depression dried up opportunities for architects , or if it was because she was a Russian woman . The Depression most likely created a dearth of work . Later life . In 1934 , Biriukova registered as a nurse and never practiced as an architect again . Instead , she worked at the Free Toronto Hospital for the Consumptive Poor until she retired in the 1960s . Biriukova died in Toronto in 1967 . External links . - Image of Harris house |
[
"Toronto"
] | easy | What was the residence of Alexandra Biriukova from 1929 to 1930? | /wiki/Alexandra_Biriukova#P551#2 | Alexandra Biriukova Alexandra Biriukova ( July 10 , 1895 - February 10 , 1967 ) was a Canadian architect and nurse . She is known for being the first woman in the Ontario Association of Architects and for her design of Lawren Harriss residence . She was the second woman to register as an architect in Canada . Biography . Biriukova was born in Vladivostok , Russia . Her father was Dimiti Biriukoff , who was the chief civil engineer on the first trans-Siberian railway . In 1911 , Biriukova studied architecture and received a degree from the School of Architecture in Petrograd . In 1914 , during the Russian Revolution , she and her family left the country and moved to Rome . In 1925 , in Rome , she received a post-graduate degree in architecture from the Royal Superior School of Architecture . Between 1924 and 1929 , she worked in Rome for architect Arnoldo Foschini . In 1929 she moved again to Toronto where her sister , Yulia Biriukova , an artist , lived . She registered with the Ontario Association of Architects ( OAA ) in 1931 . Work . In Toronto , her first commission is believed to be an interior design for a Russian Orthodox Church . However , Biriukovas most recognized work is the Lawren Harris residence , which was designed in the Art Deco style and is one of the few homes to be built in Toronto along avant garde lines . Construction on the home , located at 2 Ava Crescent in Forest Hill , began in 1931 . The house is symmetrical , smooth and made up of almost austere two- and three-storey masses . While the designs for the house had initially been prepared by Douglas Kertland , she reworked the designs at Harriss request and she is credited for all of the final design work . Biriukovas design was considered radical for the time . At first , the Harris home received a negative critical reception from contemporaries . However , today , the building continues to be recognized : the OAA named it one of the top ten Art Deco Buildings in Toronto . Biriukova has not been well recognized in art history due to architectural historians who have tried to diminish the role she played in the design of Harriss well-known house . Even though she was named as architect on the contract drawings , some historians have questioned how much credit Biriukova should receive for this elegant and iconic house . Geoffrey Simmins , an art historian from the University of Calgary , asserted , with little evidence , that Harris instead may have influenced most of the homes design , saying , Certainly the houses geometric plan and clear , axial sequence of spaces...accord with Harriss own interests . Cynthia Hammond calls such readings of Biriukovas work troubling narratives which are loaded with gendered assumptions . It seems likely that Biriukova , coming from Europe , would have already been aware of the avant-garde , pre-revolution Russian architects and the modernist designs coming from the Bauhaus School , and her design reflected the emerging early international style emanating from Europe . Harris had been to Europe prior to building his house and had consciously sought European precedents for the design of his home . After her work on Harriss house , she received no further commissions . Other architectural historians , like Ayla Lepine , have wondered if Modernism was too much for conservative Canadians , or if the Depression dried up opportunities for architects , or if it was because she was a Russian woman . The Depression most likely created a dearth of work . Later life . In 1934 , Biriukova registered as a nurse and never practiced as an architect again . Instead , she worked at the Free Toronto Hospital for the Consumptive Poor until she retired in the 1960s . Biriukova died in Toronto in 1967 . External links . - Image of Harris house |
[
"Caltech"
] | easy | Which employer did Rudolf Mössbauer work for from 1960 to 1964? | /wiki/Rudolf_Mössbauer#P108#0 | Rudolf Mössbauer Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer ( German spelling : Mößbauer ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011 ) was a German physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . This effect , called the Mössbauer effect , is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy . Career . Mössbauer was born in Munich , where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich . He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955 . He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg . Since this institute , not being part of a university , had no right to award a doctorate , Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz , who was his official thesis advisor when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958 . In his PhD work , he discovered recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium , the Mössbauer effect . His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the Earth ; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einsteins general theory of relativity . The long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect , however , is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy . Along with Robert Hofstadter , Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . On the suggestion of Richard Feynman , Mössbauer was invited in 1960 to Caltech in USA , where he advanced rapidly from Research Fellow to Senior Research Fellow ; he was appointed a full professor of physics in early 1962 . In 1964 , his alma mater , the Technical University of Munich ( TUM ) , convinced him to go back as a full professor . He retained this position until he became professor emeritus in 1997 . As a condition for his return , the faculty of physics introduced a department system . This system , strongly influenced by Mössbauers American experience , was in radical contrast to the traditional , hierarchical faculty system of German universities , and it gave the TUM an eminent position in German physics . In 1972 , Rudolf Mössbauer went to Grenoble to succeed Heinz Maier-Leibnitz as the director of the Institut Laue-Langevin just when its newly built high-flux research reactor went into operation . After serving a 5-year term , Mössbauer returned to Munich , where he found his institutional reforms reversed by overarching legislation . Until the end of his career , he often expressed bitterness over this destruction of the department . Meanwhile , his research interests shifted to neutrino physics . Rudolf Mössbauer was regarded as an excellent teacher . He gave highly specialized lectures on numerous courses , including Neutrino Physics , Neutrino Oscillations , The Unification of the Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions and The Interaction of Photons and Neutrons With Matter . In 1984 , he gave undergraduate lectures to 350 people taking the physics course . He told his students : “Explain it ! The most important thing is , that you are able to explain it ! You will have exams , there you have to explain it . Eventually , you pass them , you get your diploma and you think , thats it ! – No , the whole life is an exam , youll have to write applications , youll have to discuss with peers.. . So learn to explain it ! You can train this by explaining to another student , a colleague . If they are not available , explain it to your mother – or to your cat!” Personal life . Mössbauer married Elizabeth Pritz in 1957 . They had a son , Peter and two daughters Regine and Susi . His second wife was Christel Braun . External links . - , a major source for this article - Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 3 Jan 2015 . Interview with Rudolf Mössbauer ( 18 minutes ) |
[
"Technical University of Munich"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Rudolf Mössbauer work for from 1964 to 1972? | /wiki/Rudolf_Mössbauer#P108#1 | Rudolf Mössbauer Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer ( German spelling : Mößbauer ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011 ) was a German physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . This effect , called the Mössbauer effect , is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy . Career . Mössbauer was born in Munich , where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich . He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955 . He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg . Since this institute , not being part of a university , had no right to award a doctorate , Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz , who was his official thesis advisor when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958 . In his PhD work , he discovered recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium , the Mössbauer effect . His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the Earth ; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einsteins general theory of relativity . The long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect , however , is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy . Along with Robert Hofstadter , Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . On the suggestion of Richard Feynman , Mössbauer was invited in 1960 to Caltech in USA , where he advanced rapidly from Research Fellow to Senior Research Fellow ; he was appointed a full professor of physics in early 1962 . In 1964 , his alma mater , the Technical University of Munich ( TUM ) , convinced him to go back as a full professor . He retained this position until he became professor emeritus in 1997 . As a condition for his return , the faculty of physics introduced a department system . This system , strongly influenced by Mössbauers American experience , was in radical contrast to the traditional , hierarchical faculty system of German universities , and it gave the TUM an eminent position in German physics . In 1972 , Rudolf Mössbauer went to Grenoble to succeed Heinz Maier-Leibnitz as the director of the Institut Laue-Langevin just when its newly built high-flux research reactor went into operation . After serving a 5-year term , Mössbauer returned to Munich , where he found his institutional reforms reversed by overarching legislation . Until the end of his career , he often expressed bitterness over this destruction of the department . Meanwhile , his research interests shifted to neutrino physics . Rudolf Mössbauer was regarded as an excellent teacher . He gave highly specialized lectures on numerous courses , including Neutrino Physics , Neutrino Oscillations , The Unification of the Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions and The Interaction of Photons and Neutrons With Matter . In 1984 , he gave undergraduate lectures to 350 people taking the physics course . He told his students : “Explain it ! The most important thing is , that you are able to explain it ! You will have exams , there you have to explain it . Eventually , you pass them , you get your diploma and you think , thats it ! – No , the whole life is an exam , youll have to write applications , youll have to discuss with peers.. . So learn to explain it ! You can train this by explaining to another student , a colleague . If they are not available , explain it to your mother – or to your cat!” Personal life . Mössbauer married Elizabeth Pritz in 1957 . They had a son , Peter and two daughters Regine and Susi . His second wife was Christel Braun . External links . - , a major source for this article - Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 3 Jan 2015 . Interview with Rudolf Mössbauer ( 18 minutes ) |
[
"Institut Laue-Langevin"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Rudolf Mössbauer work for from 1972 to 1977? | /wiki/Rudolf_Mössbauer#P108#2 | Rudolf Mössbauer Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer ( German spelling : Mößbauer ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011 ) was a German physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . This effect , called the Mössbauer effect , is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy . Career . Mössbauer was born in Munich , where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich . He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955 . He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg . Since this institute , not being part of a university , had no right to award a doctorate , Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz , who was his official thesis advisor when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958 . In his PhD work , he discovered recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium , the Mössbauer effect . His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the Earth ; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einsteins general theory of relativity . The long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect , however , is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy . Along with Robert Hofstadter , Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics . On the suggestion of Richard Feynman , Mössbauer was invited in 1960 to Caltech in USA , where he advanced rapidly from Research Fellow to Senior Research Fellow ; he was appointed a full professor of physics in early 1962 . In 1964 , his alma mater , the Technical University of Munich ( TUM ) , convinced him to go back as a full professor . He retained this position until he became professor emeritus in 1997 . As a condition for his return , the faculty of physics introduced a department system . This system , strongly influenced by Mössbauers American experience , was in radical contrast to the traditional , hierarchical faculty system of German universities , and it gave the TUM an eminent position in German physics . In 1972 , Rudolf Mössbauer went to Grenoble to succeed Heinz Maier-Leibnitz as the director of the Institut Laue-Langevin just when its newly built high-flux research reactor went into operation . After serving a 5-year term , Mössbauer returned to Munich , where he found his institutional reforms reversed by overarching legislation . Until the end of his career , he often expressed bitterness over this destruction of the department . Meanwhile , his research interests shifted to neutrino physics . Rudolf Mössbauer was regarded as an excellent teacher . He gave highly specialized lectures on numerous courses , including Neutrino Physics , Neutrino Oscillations , The Unification of the Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions and The Interaction of Photons and Neutrons With Matter . In 1984 , he gave undergraduate lectures to 350 people taking the physics course . He told his students : “Explain it ! The most important thing is , that you are able to explain it ! You will have exams , there you have to explain it . Eventually , you pass them , you get your diploma and you think , thats it ! – No , the whole life is an exam , youll have to write applications , youll have to discuss with peers.. . So learn to explain it ! You can train this by explaining to another student , a colleague . If they are not available , explain it to your mother – or to your cat!” Personal life . Mössbauer married Elizabeth Pritz in 1957 . They had a son , Peter and two daughters Regine and Susi . His second wife was Christel Braun . External links . - , a major source for this article - Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 3 Jan 2015 . Interview with Rudolf Mössbauer ( 18 minutes ) |
[
"Central district seats"
] | easy | What position did James Jelley take from Feb 1912 to Apr 1924? | /wiki/James_Jelley#P39#0 | James Jelley James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) was an Australian politician and trade unionist . He was a Labor member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1912 to 1933 , representing Central District ( 1912-1915 ) and Central District No . 1 ( 1915-1933 ) . He served as Chief Secretary in three Labor governments : John Gunn ( 1924-1926 ) and Lionel Hill ( 1926-1927 and 1930 ) . He was also Minister for Railways under Gunn ( 1924-1925 ) , and Minister of Marine ( 1930 ) , Minister of Local Government , Minister of Immigration , Minister of Repatriation and Minister of Immigration under Hill ( 1930-1933 ) . He was one of the members of the Hill cabinet expelled in the 1931 Labor split , continuing in minority government as part of the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , but retired in protest in 1933 following Hills decision to appoint himself Agent-General in London . He was the younger brother of Labor MLC David Jelley . History . James were one of four children of John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) , boring inspector , and Mrs . Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) who migrated to South Australia from Scotland around 1879 , living initially in Wallaroo , then Port Adelaide , finally settling around 1884 at Stanley Street , Woodville . James was born in Scotland in 1873 , and after arriving with his parents in South Australia in 1879 attended Lefevre Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Woodville Public Schools . He served an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker and joined SA branch of the Furniture Trade Society of Australasia . Politics . James was elected to the Woodville Council in 1909 and served until 1911 . He had joined the Labor Party at the age of 19 , and was to become president of the Eight Hours Union and president of the Woodville branch of the party . He was selected to contest the Australian House of Representatives seat of Boothby in 1911 but was unsuccessful . He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1912 on one of the Central district seats , and held the seat for 21 years . He served on the Cabinets of two Labor administrations : as Minister for Railways ( 1924–1925 ) and Chief Secretary ( 1924–1926 ) during the Gunn ministry , then Chief Secretary ( 1926–1930 ) and Minister of Local Government , Immigration , Repatriation and Irrigation ( 1930–1933 ) in the second Hill ministry . He resigned from Cabinet in 1933 in protest at the appointment of the Premier , Lionel Hill , as Agent-General in London . He retired from parliament in 1933 , and the same year was appointed chairman of the Betting Control Board , holding the post until 1939 . He continued as a member of the BCB until December 1953 , when failing health forced his resignation . He was buried privately , his family having refused the Governments offer of a State funeral . Family . His parents John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) and Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) had four children : - eldest son Hugh Jelley ( – 21 March 1920 ) - David Jelley ( ca.1871 – 27 January 1907 ) migrated with his parents from Scotland to South Australia and attended LeFevres Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Goodwood State schools and served an apprenticeship as ironmoulder . He joined the Ironmoulders Trades Society and won the Central district seat on the Legislative Council . He died after only attending one session of Parliament . He married Elizabeth Lizzie Fee on 2 December 1896 , resided at Sheridan Road , Woodville North , left a widow and three children , the fourth , a daughter , was born a few months later . See main article - James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) married Alice Maud Whitwell ( died 3 March 1967 ) on 11 February 1902 , lived at 35 Park Terrace , Eastwood . - Jeannie Jelley ( ca.1877 – 27 January 1917 ) born at Patna , Scotland , married Mark E . H . Ridgway on 21 April 1903 |
[
"Minister for Railways",
"Chief Secretary"
] | easy | Which position did James Jelley hold from Apr 1924 to Apr 1927? | /wiki/James_Jelley#P39#1 | James Jelley James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) was an Australian politician and trade unionist . He was a Labor member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1912 to 1933 , representing Central District ( 1912-1915 ) and Central District No . 1 ( 1915-1933 ) . He served as Chief Secretary in three Labor governments : John Gunn ( 1924-1926 ) and Lionel Hill ( 1926-1927 and 1930 ) . He was also Minister for Railways under Gunn ( 1924-1925 ) , and Minister of Marine ( 1930 ) , Minister of Local Government , Minister of Immigration , Minister of Repatriation and Minister of Immigration under Hill ( 1930-1933 ) . He was one of the members of the Hill cabinet expelled in the 1931 Labor split , continuing in minority government as part of the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , but retired in protest in 1933 following Hills decision to appoint himself Agent-General in London . He was the younger brother of Labor MLC David Jelley . History . James were one of four children of John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) , boring inspector , and Mrs . Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) who migrated to South Australia from Scotland around 1879 , living initially in Wallaroo , then Port Adelaide , finally settling around 1884 at Stanley Street , Woodville . James was born in Scotland in 1873 , and after arriving with his parents in South Australia in 1879 attended Lefevre Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Woodville Public Schools . He served an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker and joined SA branch of the Furniture Trade Society of Australasia . Politics . James was elected to the Woodville Council in 1909 and served until 1911 . He had joined the Labor Party at the age of 19 , and was to become president of the Eight Hours Union and president of the Woodville branch of the party . He was selected to contest the Australian House of Representatives seat of Boothby in 1911 but was unsuccessful . He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1912 on one of the Central district seats , and held the seat for 21 years . He served on the Cabinets of two Labor administrations : as Minister for Railways ( 1924–1925 ) and Chief Secretary ( 1924–1926 ) during the Gunn ministry , then Chief Secretary ( 1926–1930 ) and Minister of Local Government , Immigration , Repatriation and Irrigation ( 1930–1933 ) in the second Hill ministry . He resigned from Cabinet in 1933 in protest at the appointment of the Premier , Lionel Hill , as Agent-General in London . He retired from parliament in 1933 , and the same year was appointed chairman of the Betting Control Board , holding the post until 1939 . He continued as a member of the BCB until December 1953 , when failing health forced his resignation . He was buried privately , his family having refused the Governments offer of a State funeral . Family . His parents John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) and Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) had four children : - eldest son Hugh Jelley ( – 21 March 1920 ) - David Jelley ( ca.1871 – 27 January 1907 ) migrated with his parents from Scotland to South Australia and attended LeFevres Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Goodwood State schools and served an apprenticeship as ironmoulder . He joined the Ironmoulders Trades Society and won the Central district seat on the Legislative Council . He died after only attending one session of Parliament . He married Elizabeth Lizzie Fee on 2 December 1896 , resided at Sheridan Road , Woodville North , left a widow and three children , the fourth , a daughter , was born a few months later . See main article - James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) married Alice Maud Whitwell ( died 3 March 1967 ) on 11 February 1902 , lived at 35 Park Terrace , Eastwood . - Jeannie Jelley ( ca.1877 – 27 January 1917 ) born at Patna , Scotland , married Mark E . H . Ridgway on 21 April 1903 |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of James Jelley from Apr 1930 to Oct 1930? | /wiki/James_Jelley#P39#2 | James Jelley James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) was an Australian politician and trade unionist . He was a Labor member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1912 to 1933 , representing Central District ( 1912-1915 ) and Central District No . 1 ( 1915-1933 ) . He served as Chief Secretary in three Labor governments : John Gunn ( 1924-1926 ) and Lionel Hill ( 1926-1927 and 1930 ) . He was also Minister for Railways under Gunn ( 1924-1925 ) , and Minister of Marine ( 1930 ) , Minister of Local Government , Minister of Immigration , Minister of Repatriation and Minister of Immigration under Hill ( 1930-1933 ) . He was one of the members of the Hill cabinet expelled in the 1931 Labor split , continuing in minority government as part of the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , but retired in protest in 1933 following Hills decision to appoint himself Agent-General in London . He was the younger brother of Labor MLC David Jelley . History . James were one of four children of John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) , boring inspector , and Mrs . Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) who migrated to South Australia from Scotland around 1879 , living initially in Wallaroo , then Port Adelaide , finally settling around 1884 at Stanley Street , Woodville . James was born in Scotland in 1873 , and after arriving with his parents in South Australia in 1879 attended Lefevre Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Woodville Public Schools . He served an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker and joined SA branch of the Furniture Trade Society of Australasia . Politics . James was elected to the Woodville Council in 1909 and served until 1911 . He had joined the Labor Party at the age of 19 , and was to become president of the Eight Hours Union and president of the Woodville branch of the party . He was selected to contest the Australian House of Representatives seat of Boothby in 1911 but was unsuccessful . He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1912 on one of the Central district seats , and held the seat for 21 years . He served on the Cabinets of two Labor administrations : as Minister for Railways ( 1924–1925 ) and Chief Secretary ( 1924–1926 ) during the Gunn ministry , then Chief Secretary ( 1926–1930 ) and Minister of Local Government , Immigration , Repatriation and Irrigation ( 1930–1933 ) in the second Hill ministry . He resigned from Cabinet in 1933 in protest at the appointment of the Premier , Lionel Hill , as Agent-General in London . He retired from parliament in 1933 , and the same year was appointed chairman of the Betting Control Board , holding the post until 1939 . He continued as a member of the BCB until December 1953 , when failing health forced his resignation . He was buried privately , his family having refused the Governments offer of a State funeral . Family . His parents John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) and Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) had four children : - eldest son Hugh Jelley ( – 21 March 1920 ) - David Jelley ( ca.1871 – 27 January 1907 ) migrated with his parents from Scotland to South Australia and attended LeFevres Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Goodwood State schools and served an apprenticeship as ironmoulder . He joined the Ironmoulders Trades Society and won the Central district seat on the Legislative Council . He died after only attending one session of Parliament . He married Elizabeth Lizzie Fee on 2 December 1896 , resided at Sheridan Road , Woodville North , left a widow and three children , the fourth , a daughter , was born a few months later . See main article - James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) married Alice Maud Whitwell ( died 3 March 1967 ) on 11 February 1902 , lived at 35 Park Terrace , Eastwood . - Jeannie Jelley ( ca.1877 – 27 January 1917 ) born at Patna , Scotland , married Mark E . H . Ridgway on 21 April 1903 |
[
"Minister of Local Government , Immigration , Repatriation and Irrigation"
] | easy | Which position did James Jelley hold from Oct 1930 to Feb 1933? | /wiki/James_Jelley#P39#3 | James Jelley James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) was an Australian politician and trade unionist . He was a Labor member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1912 to 1933 , representing Central District ( 1912-1915 ) and Central District No . 1 ( 1915-1933 ) . He served as Chief Secretary in three Labor governments : John Gunn ( 1924-1926 ) and Lionel Hill ( 1926-1927 and 1930 ) . He was also Minister for Railways under Gunn ( 1924-1925 ) , and Minister of Marine ( 1930 ) , Minister of Local Government , Minister of Immigration , Minister of Repatriation and Minister of Immigration under Hill ( 1930-1933 ) . He was one of the members of the Hill cabinet expelled in the 1931 Labor split , continuing in minority government as part of the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , but retired in protest in 1933 following Hills decision to appoint himself Agent-General in London . He was the younger brother of Labor MLC David Jelley . History . James were one of four children of John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) , boring inspector , and Mrs . Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) who migrated to South Australia from Scotland around 1879 , living initially in Wallaroo , then Port Adelaide , finally settling around 1884 at Stanley Street , Woodville . James was born in Scotland in 1873 , and after arriving with his parents in South Australia in 1879 attended Lefevre Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Woodville Public Schools . He served an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker and joined SA branch of the Furniture Trade Society of Australasia . Politics . James was elected to the Woodville Council in 1909 and served until 1911 . He had joined the Labor Party at the age of 19 , and was to become president of the Eight Hours Union and president of the Woodville branch of the party . He was selected to contest the Australian House of Representatives seat of Boothby in 1911 but was unsuccessful . He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1912 on one of the Central district seats , and held the seat for 21 years . He served on the Cabinets of two Labor administrations : as Minister for Railways ( 1924–1925 ) and Chief Secretary ( 1924–1926 ) during the Gunn ministry , then Chief Secretary ( 1926–1930 ) and Minister of Local Government , Immigration , Repatriation and Irrigation ( 1930–1933 ) in the second Hill ministry . He resigned from Cabinet in 1933 in protest at the appointment of the Premier , Lionel Hill , as Agent-General in London . He retired from parliament in 1933 , and the same year was appointed chairman of the Betting Control Board , holding the post until 1939 . He continued as a member of the BCB until December 1953 , when failing health forced his resignation . He was buried privately , his family having refused the Governments offer of a State funeral . Family . His parents John Jelley ( ca.1847 – 6 June 1912 ) and Elizabeth Stevenson Jelley ( ca.1849 – 31 March 1929 ) had four children : - eldest son Hugh Jelley ( – 21 March 1920 ) - David Jelley ( ca.1871 – 27 January 1907 ) migrated with his parents from Scotland to South Australia and attended LeFevres Peninsula , Port Adelaide and Goodwood State schools and served an apprenticeship as ironmoulder . He joined the Ironmoulders Trades Society and won the Central district seat on the Legislative Council . He died after only attending one session of Parliament . He married Elizabeth Lizzie Fee on 2 December 1896 , resided at Sheridan Road , Woodville North , left a widow and three children , the fourth , a daughter , was born a few months later . See main article - James Jelley ( 18 October 1873 – 4 March 1954 ) married Alice Maud Whitwell ( died 3 March 1967 ) on 11 February 1902 , lived at 35 Park Terrace , Eastwood . - Jeannie Jelley ( ca.1877 – 27 January 1917 ) born at Patna , Scotland , married Mark E . H . Ridgway on 21 April 1903 |
[
"Magnum Photos"
] | easy | What organization did Abbas (photographer) join in 1985? | /wiki/Abbas_(photographer)#P463#0 | Abbas ( photographer ) Abbas Attar ( ; full name : ʿAbbās ʿAṭṭār ; 29 March 1944 – 25 April 2018 ) , better known by his mononym Abbas , was an Iranian photographer known for his photojournalism in Biafra , Vietnam and South Africa in the 1970s , and for his extensive essays on religions in later years . He was a member of Sipa Press from 1971 to 1973 , a member of Gamma from 1974 to 1980 , and joined Magnum Photos in 1981 . Career . Attar , an Iranian transplanted to Paris , dedicated his photographic work to the political and social coverage of the developing southern nations . Since 1970 , his major works have been published in world magazines and include wars and revolutions in Biafra , Bangladesh , Ulster , Vietnam , the Middle East , Chile , Cuba , and South Africa with an essay on apartheid . From 1978 to 1980 , he photographed the revolution in Iran , and returned in 1997 after a 17-year voluntary exile . His book iranDiary 1971–2002 ( 2002 ) is a critical interpretation of its history , photographed and written as a personal diary . From 1983 to 1986 , he travelled throughout Mexico , photographing the country as if he were writing a novel . An exhibition and a book , Return to Mexico , journeys beyond the mask ( 1992 ) , which includes his travel diaries , helped him define his aesthetics in photography . From 1987 to 1994 , he photographed the resurgence of Islam from the Xinjiang to Morocco . His book and exhibition Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam ( 1994 ) exposes the internal tensions within Muslim societies , torn between a mythical past and a desire for modernization and democracy . The book drew additional attention after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . When the year 2000 became a landmark in the universal calendar , Christianity was the symbol of the strength of Western civilization . Faces of Christianity , a photographic journey ( 2000 ) and a touring exhibit , explored this religion as a political , a ritual and a spiritual phenomenon . From 2000 to 2002 he worked on Animism . In our world defined by science and technology , the work looked at why irrational rituals make a strong come-back . He abandoned this project on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks . His book , In Whose Name ? The Islamic World after 9/11 ( 2009 ) , is a seven-year quest within 16 countries : opposed by governments who hunt them mercilessly , the jihadists lose many battles , but are they not winning the war to control the mind of the people , with the creeping islamisation of all Muslim societies ? From 2008 to 2010 Abbas travelled the world of Buddhism , photographing with the same sceptical eye for his book Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes ( 2011 ) . In 2011 , he began a similar long-term project on Hinduism which he concluded in 2013 . Before his death , Abbas was working on documenting Judaism around the world . Filming for Abbas by Abbas ( 2020 ) by director Kamy Pakdel ( who also served as art director for some of Abbas books ) was completed days before Abbas death . In the film Abbas is asked how he got a particular shot and he replies “Let the photos live their lives and keep their mystery.” He died in Paris on 25 April 2018 , aged 74 . About his photography Abbas wrote : My photography is a reflection , which comes to life in action and leads to meditation . Spontaneity – the suspended moment – intervenes during action , in the viewfinder . A reflection on the subject precedes it . A meditation on finality follows it , and it is here , during this exalting and fragile moment , that the real photographic writing develops , sequencing the images . For this reason a writers spirit is necessary to this enterprise . Isnt photography writing with light ? But with the difference that while the writer possesses his word , the photographer is himself possessed by his photo , by the limit of the real which he must transcend so as not to become its prisoner . Books . - Iran , la révolution confisquée , Clétrat , Paris , 1980 - Retornos a Oapan , FCE Rio de Luz , Mexico , 1986 - Return to Mexico , W . W . Norton , New York , 1992 - Allah O Akbar , voyages dans l’Islam militant , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Viaggio negli Islam del Mondo , Contrasto , Roma , 2002 - Voyage en chrétientés , La Martiniere , Paris , 2000 - Faces of Christianity , A . Abrams , New York , 2000 - Glaube-liebe-hoffnung , Knesebeck , Munchen , 2000 - IranDiary 1971–2002 , Autrement , Paris , 2002 - IranDiario 1971–2005 , Sagiattore , Milano , 2006 - Abbas , I Grandi Fotografi di Magnum , Hachette , Milan , 2005 - Sur la Route des Esprits , Delpire , Paris , 2005 - The children of Abraham , ( exhibition catalogue ) , Intervalles , Paris , 2006 - In Whose Name? , Thames & Hudson , London , 2009 - Ali , le Combat , Sonatines , Paris , 2011 - Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes , De la Martinière , Paris , 2011 Exhibitions . - 1972 : Ganvie People , Falomo , Nigeria - 1977 : Retrospective , Galerie Litho , Tehran ; Ce jour là , Galerie FNAC , Paris - 1977 : Le reportage dagence , Rencontres de la Photographie , Arles , France - 1980 : Iran , the revolution , Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art ; Darvazeh Ghar mosque , Tehran ; Fundacao Cultural , Rio de Janeiro - 1982 : Citizen of the Third World , The Photographers Gallery , London ; Open Eye Gallery , Liverpool , G.B . - 1983 : Retrospective , Consejo de Fotogragia , Mexico ; Galerie ARPA , Bordeaux , France , 1983 ; Imagina , Almeria , Espana , 1991 - 1986 : Votez pour Moi , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 1992 : Return to Mexico , Mexico Cultural Center , Paris ; Maison pour Tous , Calais ; Centro Nacional de la Fotografia , Mexico , 1994 - 1999 : Islamies , Place Royale , Brussels ; Islamies , Arab World Institute , Paris , 1999 - 1999 : Christians , Moscow House of Photography , Moscow ; Eberhardskirche , Stuttgart , 1999 ; Centre cultural français , Seoul , Korea , 1999 - 2002 : Iran , the revolution , The Grey Gallery , New York - 2002 : Viaggio negli Islam del mondo , Palazzo Vecchio , Firenze , Italia - 2002 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Tarragona , Madrid , Malaga , Orense , Espana - 2002 : IranDiary , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2003 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Girona , Granada , Pamplona and Palma de Mallorca , Espana - 2004 : Iran , Haus der Kulturen der Welt , Berlin - 2004 : Resurgence of Shias , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2004 : Ya Saddam , Noorderlicht , Leeuwarden , Hollande - 2004 : Islams , United Nations , New York - 2005 : Sur la Route des Esprits , La Chambre Claire , Paris - 2006 : The Children of Abraham , Nobel Peace Center , Oslo - 2006 : Islams and Shias , Vicino/Lontano , Udine , Italia - 2007 : The Children of Abraham , Groningen and Amsterdam , Holland ; Institut Français de Fès , Morocco , 2008 - 2008 : Jardin Botanique , Brussels , Belgium - 2009 : In Whose Name? , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 2009 : Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2009 : Gallerie Polka , Paris - 2011 : Abbas , 45 Years in Photography , National Museum of Singapore - 2014 : Faces of Christianity , Photography Festival , Guernsey |
[
"Sipa Press"
] | easy | What organization did Abbas (photographer) join in 1971? | /wiki/Abbas_(photographer)#P463#1 | Abbas ( photographer ) Abbas Attar ( ; full name : ʿAbbās ʿAṭṭār ; 29 March 1944 – 25 April 2018 ) , better known by his mononym Abbas , was an Iranian photographer known for his photojournalism in Biafra , Vietnam and South Africa in the 1970s , and for his extensive essays on religions in later years . He was a member of Sipa Press from 1971 to 1973 , a member of Gamma from 1974 to 1980 , and joined Magnum Photos in 1981 . Career . Attar , an Iranian transplanted to Paris , dedicated his photographic work to the political and social coverage of the developing southern nations . Since 1970 , his major works have been published in world magazines and include wars and revolutions in Biafra , Bangladesh , Ulster , Vietnam , the Middle East , Chile , Cuba , and South Africa with an essay on apartheid . From 1978 to 1980 , he photographed the revolution in Iran , and returned in 1997 after a 17-year voluntary exile . His book iranDiary 1971–2002 ( 2002 ) is a critical interpretation of its history , photographed and written as a personal diary . From 1983 to 1986 , he travelled throughout Mexico , photographing the country as if he were writing a novel . An exhibition and a book , Return to Mexico , journeys beyond the mask ( 1992 ) , which includes his travel diaries , helped him define his aesthetics in photography . From 1987 to 1994 , he photographed the resurgence of Islam from the Xinjiang to Morocco . His book and exhibition Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam ( 1994 ) exposes the internal tensions within Muslim societies , torn between a mythical past and a desire for modernization and democracy . The book drew additional attention after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . When the year 2000 became a landmark in the universal calendar , Christianity was the symbol of the strength of Western civilization . Faces of Christianity , a photographic journey ( 2000 ) and a touring exhibit , explored this religion as a political , a ritual and a spiritual phenomenon . From 2000 to 2002 he worked on Animism . In our world defined by science and technology , the work looked at why irrational rituals make a strong come-back . He abandoned this project on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks . His book , In Whose Name ? The Islamic World after 9/11 ( 2009 ) , is a seven-year quest within 16 countries : opposed by governments who hunt them mercilessly , the jihadists lose many battles , but are they not winning the war to control the mind of the people , with the creeping islamisation of all Muslim societies ? From 2008 to 2010 Abbas travelled the world of Buddhism , photographing with the same sceptical eye for his book Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes ( 2011 ) . In 2011 , he began a similar long-term project on Hinduism which he concluded in 2013 . Before his death , Abbas was working on documenting Judaism around the world . Filming for Abbas by Abbas ( 2020 ) by director Kamy Pakdel ( who also served as art director for some of Abbas books ) was completed days before Abbas death . In the film Abbas is asked how he got a particular shot and he replies “Let the photos live their lives and keep their mystery.” He died in Paris on 25 April 2018 , aged 74 . About his photography Abbas wrote : My photography is a reflection , which comes to life in action and leads to meditation . Spontaneity – the suspended moment – intervenes during action , in the viewfinder . A reflection on the subject precedes it . A meditation on finality follows it , and it is here , during this exalting and fragile moment , that the real photographic writing develops , sequencing the images . For this reason a writers spirit is necessary to this enterprise . Isnt photography writing with light ? But with the difference that while the writer possesses his word , the photographer is himself possessed by his photo , by the limit of the real which he must transcend so as not to become its prisoner . Books . - Iran , la révolution confisquée , Clétrat , Paris , 1980 - Retornos a Oapan , FCE Rio de Luz , Mexico , 1986 - Return to Mexico , W . W . Norton , New York , 1992 - Allah O Akbar , voyages dans l’Islam militant , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Viaggio negli Islam del Mondo , Contrasto , Roma , 2002 - Voyage en chrétientés , La Martiniere , Paris , 2000 - Faces of Christianity , A . Abrams , New York , 2000 - Glaube-liebe-hoffnung , Knesebeck , Munchen , 2000 - IranDiary 1971–2002 , Autrement , Paris , 2002 - IranDiario 1971–2005 , Sagiattore , Milano , 2006 - Abbas , I Grandi Fotografi di Magnum , Hachette , Milan , 2005 - Sur la Route des Esprits , Delpire , Paris , 2005 - The children of Abraham , ( exhibition catalogue ) , Intervalles , Paris , 2006 - In Whose Name? , Thames & Hudson , London , 2009 - Ali , le Combat , Sonatines , Paris , 2011 - Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes , De la Martinière , Paris , 2011 Exhibitions . - 1972 : Ganvie People , Falomo , Nigeria - 1977 : Retrospective , Galerie Litho , Tehran ; Ce jour là , Galerie FNAC , Paris - 1977 : Le reportage dagence , Rencontres de la Photographie , Arles , France - 1980 : Iran , the revolution , Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art ; Darvazeh Ghar mosque , Tehran ; Fundacao Cultural , Rio de Janeiro - 1982 : Citizen of the Third World , The Photographers Gallery , London ; Open Eye Gallery , Liverpool , G.B . - 1983 : Retrospective , Consejo de Fotogragia , Mexico ; Galerie ARPA , Bordeaux , France , 1983 ; Imagina , Almeria , Espana , 1991 - 1986 : Votez pour Moi , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 1992 : Return to Mexico , Mexico Cultural Center , Paris ; Maison pour Tous , Calais ; Centro Nacional de la Fotografia , Mexico , 1994 - 1999 : Islamies , Place Royale , Brussels ; Islamies , Arab World Institute , Paris , 1999 - 1999 : Christians , Moscow House of Photography , Moscow ; Eberhardskirche , Stuttgart , 1999 ; Centre cultural français , Seoul , Korea , 1999 - 2002 : Iran , the revolution , The Grey Gallery , New York - 2002 : Viaggio negli Islam del mondo , Palazzo Vecchio , Firenze , Italia - 2002 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Tarragona , Madrid , Malaga , Orense , Espana - 2002 : IranDiary , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2003 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Girona , Granada , Pamplona and Palma de Mallorca , Espana - 2004 : Iran , Haus der Kulturen der Welt , Berlin - 2004 : Resurgence of Shias , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2004 : Ya Saddam , Noorderlicht , Leeuwarden , Hollande - 2004 : Islams , United Nations , New York - 2005 : Sur la Route des Esprits , La Chambre Claire , Paris - 2006 : The Children of Abraham , Nobel Peace Center , Oslo - 2006 : Islams and Shias , Vicino/Lontano , Udine , Italia - 2007 : The Children of Abraham , Groningen and Amsterdam , Holland ; Institut Français de Fès , Morocco , 2008 - 2008 : Jardin Botanique , Brussels , Belgium - 2009 : In Whose Name? , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 2009 : Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2009 : Gallerie Polka , Paris - 2011 : Abbas , 45 Years in Photography , National Museum of Singapore - 2014 : Faces of Christianity , Photography Festival , Guernsey |
[
"Gamma"
] | easy | What organization did Abbas (photographer) join in 1974? | /wiki/Abbas_(photographer)#P463#2 | Abbas ( photographer ) Abbas Attar ( ; full name : ʿAbbās ʿAṭṭār ; 29 March 1944 – 25 April 2018 ) , better known by his mononym Abbas , was an Iranian photographer known for his photojournalism in Biafra , Vietnam and South Africa in the 1970s , and for his extensive essays on religions in later years . He was a member of Sipa Press from 1971 to 1973 , a member of Gamma from 1974 to 1980 , and joined Magnum Photos in 1981 . Career . Attar , an Iranian transplanted to Paris , dedicated his photographic work to the political and social coverage of the developing southern nations . Since 1970 , his major works have been published in world magazines and include wars and revolutions in Biafra , Bangladesh , Ulster , Vietnam , the Middle East , Chile , Cuba , and South Africa with an essay on apartheid . From 1978 to 1980 , he photographed the revolution in Iran , and returned in 1997 after a 17-year voluntary exile . His book iranDiary 1971–2002 ( 2002 ) is a critical interpretation of its history , photographed and written as a personal diary . From 1983 to 1986 , he travelled throughout Mexico , photographing the country as if he were writing a novel . An exhibition and a book , Return to Mexico , journeys beyond the mask ( 1992 ) , which includes his travel diaries , helped him define his aesthetics in photography . From 1987 to 1994 , he photographed the resurgence of Islam from the Xinjiang to Morocco . His book and exhibition Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam ( 1994 ) exposes the internal tensions within Muslim societies , torn between a mythical past and a desire for modernization and democracy . The book drew additional attention after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . When the year 2000 became a landmark in the universal calendar , Christianity was the symbol of the strength of Western civilization . Faces of Christianity , a photographic journey ( 2000 ) and a touring exhibit , explored this religion as a political , a ritual and a spiritual phenomenon . From 2000 to 2002 he worked on Animism . In our world defined by science and technology , the work looked at why irrational rituals make a strong come-back . He abandoned this project on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks . His book , In Whose Name ? The Islamic World after 9/11 ( 2009 ) , is a seven-year quest within 16 countries : opposed by governments who hunt them mercilessly , the jihadists lose many battles , but are they not winning the war to control the mind of the people , with the creeping islamisation of all Muslim societies ? From 2008 to 2010 Abbas travelled the world of Buddhism , photographing with the same sceptical eye for his book Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes ( 2011 ) . In 2011 , he began a similar long-term project on Hinduism which he concluded in 2013 . Before his death , Abbas was working on documenting Judaism around the world . Filming for Abbas by Abbas ( 2020 ) by director Kamy Pakdel ( who also served as art director for some of Abbas books ) was completed days before Abbas death . In the film Abbas is asked how he got a particular shot and he replies “Let the photos live their lives and keep their mystery.” He died in Paris on 25 April 2018 , aged 74 . About his photography Abbas wrote : My photography is a reflection , which comes to life in action and leads to meditation . Spontaneity – the suspended moment – intervenes during action , in the viewfinder . A reflection on the subject precedes it . A meditation on finality follows it , and it is here , during this exalting and fragile moment , that the real photographic writing develops , sequencing the images . For this reason a writers spirit is necessary to this enterprise . Isnt photography writing with light ? But with the difference that while the writer possesses his word , the photographer is himself possessed by his photo , by the limit of the real which he must transcend so as not to become its prisoner . Books . - Iran , la révolution confisquée , Clétrat , Paris , 1980 - Retornos a Oapan , FCE Rio de Luz , Mexico , 1986 - Return to Mexico , W . W . Norton , New York , 1992 - Allah O Akbar , voyages dans l’Islam militant , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Allah O Akbar , a journey through militant Islam , Phaidon , London , 1994 - Viaggio negli Islam del Mondo , Contrasto , Roma , 2002 - Voyage en chrétientés , La Martiniere , Paris , 2000 - Faces of Christianity , A . Abrams , New York , 2000 - Glaube-liebe-hoffnung , Knesebeck , Munchen , 2000 - IranDiary 1971–2002 , Autrement , Paris , 2002 - IranDiario 1971–2005 , Sagiattore , Milano , 2006 - Abbas , I Grandi Fotografi di Magnum , Hachette , Milan , 2005 - Sur la Route des Esprits , Delpire , Paris , 2005 - The children of Abraham , ( exhibition catalogue ) , Intervalles , Paris , 2006 - In Whose Name? , Thames & Hudson , London , 2009 - Ali , le Combat , Sonatines , Paris , 2011 - Les Enfants du lotus , voyage chez les bouddhistes , De la Martinière , Paris , 2011 Exhibitions . - 1972 : Ganvie People , Falomo , Nigeria - 1977 : Retrospective , Galerie Litho , Tehran ; Ce jour là , Galerie FNAC , Paris - 1977 : Le reportage dagence , Rencontres de la Photographie , Arles , France - 1980 : Iran , the revolution , Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art ; Darvazeh Ghar mosque , Tehran ; Fundacao Cultural , Rio de Janeiro - 1982 : Citizen of the Third World , The Photographers Gallery , London ; Open Eye Gallery , Liverpool , G.B . - 1983 : Retrospective , Consejo de Fotogragia , Mexico ; Galerie ARPA , Bordeaux , France , 1983 ; Imagina , Almeria , Espana , 1991 - 1986 : Votez pour Moi , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 1992 : Return to Mexico , Mexico Cultural Center , Paris ; Maison pour Tous , Calais ; Centro Nacional de la Fotografia , Mexico , 1994 - 1999 : Islamies , Place Royale , Brussels ; Islamies , Arab World Institute , Paris , 1999 - 1999 : Christians , Moscow House of Photography , Moscow ; Eberhardskirche , Stuttgart , 1999 ; Centre cultural français , Seoul , Korea , 1999 - 2002 : Iran , the revolution , The Grey Gallery , New York - 2002 : Viaggio negli Islam del mondo , Palazzo Vecchio , Firenze , Italia - 2002 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Tarragona , Madrid , Malaga , Orense , Espana - 2002 : IranDiary , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2003 : Visiones de l’Islam , La Caixa , Girona , Granada , Pamplona and Palma de Mallorca , Espana - 2004 : Iran , Haus der Kulturen der Welt , Berlin - 2004 : Resurgence of Shias , Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2004 : Ya Saddam , Noorderlicht , Leeuwarden , Hollande - 2004 : Islams , United Nations , New York - 2005 : Sur la Route des Esprits , La Chambre Claire , Paris - 2006 : The Children of Abraham , Nobel Peace Center , Oslo - 2006 : Islams and Shias , Vicino/Lontano , Udine , Italia - 2007 : The Children of Abraham , Groningen and Amsterdam , Holland ; Institut Français de Fès , Morocco , 2008 - 2008 : Jardin Botanique , Brussels , Belgium - 2009 : In Whose Name? , Magnum Gallery , Paris - 2009 : Visa pour lImage , Perpignan , France - 2009 : Gallerie Polka , Paris - 2011 : Abbas , 45 Years in Photography , National Museum of Singapore - 2014 : Faces of Christianity , Photography Festival , Guernsey |
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South"
] | easy | Which position did Alasdair McDonnell hold from Jun 1998 to Apr 2003? | /wiki/Alasdair_McDonnell#P39#0 | Alasdair McDonnell Alasdair McDonnell ( born 1 September 1949 ) is an Irish politician who is a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , and was its leader from 2011 to 2015 . He was the Member of Parliament for Belfast South from 2005 to 2017 and also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South from 1998 to 2015 . Political career . McDonnells first involvement with politics came when he joined the National Democrats and stood as the party candidate in the 1970 election in North Antrim and lost to Ian Paisley . McDonnell first won election to Belfast City Council in 1977 , representing Belfast Area A which included the Short Strand and Upper Ormeau areas . He lost his council seat in a surprise result in 1981 but returned in 1985 and served as the first Catholic Deputy Mayor of Belfast in 1995–96 . He first stood for the Westminster constituency of South Belfast in the 1979 general election and subsequently contested the constituency at each subsequent general election , though not in the 1986 by-election ( caused by the resignation of Unionist MPs in protest at the Anglo Irish Agreement ) . He was also elected from the constituency to the Northern Ireland Peace Forum in 1996 and the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 and 2003 . In 2004 he became his partys deputy leader . In the 2005 general election McDonnell generated one of the most sensational results in Northern Ireland when he won South Belfast , primarily due to a split in the unionist vote . He received 10,339 votes while the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) candidate Jimmy Spratt received 9,104 votes and Ulster Unionist Party candidate Michael McGimpsey received 7,263 votes . He was then re-elected by an increased majority in the 2010 general election . On 5 November 2011 , he was elected leader of the SDLP at its conference in Belfast , succeeding Margaret Ritchie . In a 2012 interview with The News Letter , McDonnell criticised Sinn Féin . He said the party were run along Soviet style lines where there was a military structure and where former terrorists were being placed into positions of power . He also claimed many people voting for Sinn Féin were doing so as an act of defiance . As SDLP chief , McDonnell described the terms of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , a seemingly blocked plan to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons by 50 ( including two from Northern Ireland ) to 600 , as a bureaucratic numbers game initiated by the Tories for purely party political advantage . In June 2013 , the SDLP abstained during the vote on the Civil Service ( Special Advisers ) Bill in Stormont , ensuring its passing . This led to claims from Sinn Féin that the SDLP was endorsing a hierarchy of victims agenda and abandoning the principles of the Good Friday Agreement . Despite the reported claims from Sinn Féin that it was inevitable that someone would mount a legal challenge to what republicans view as a discriminatory law no such challenge has since emerged . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election he stood again in Belfast South and was returned on 24.5% of the vote , the lowest ever vote share recorded by a successful MP in any part of the UK . On 14 November 2015 , McDonnell lost the leadership contest held at the SDLPs annual conference . His successor as leader of the party , Colum Eastwood , won with 172 votes to the 133 that McDonnell received . On 9 June 2017 , McDonnell lost his South Belfast seat to Emma Little-Pengelly ( DUP ) in the 2017 general election . External links . - Official website - Profile , stratagem-ni.com - Profile , Guardian.co.uk - Maiden Speech : House of Commons – 15 June 2005 |
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South"
] | easy | What position did Alasdair McDonnell take from Nov 2003 to 2007? | /wiki/Alasdair_McDonnell#P39#1 | Alasdair McDonnell Alasdair McDonnell ( born 1 September 1949 ) is an Irish politician who is a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , and was its leader from 2011 to 2015 . He was the Member of Parliament for Belfast South from 2005 to 2017 and also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South from 1998 to 2015 . Political career . McDonnells first involvement with politics came when he joined the National Democrats and stood as the party candidate in the 1970 election in North Antrim and lost to Ian Paisley . McDonnell first won election to Belfast City Council in 1977 , representing Belfast Area A which included the Short Strand and Upper Ormeau areas . He lost his council seat in a surprise result in 1981 but returned in 1985 and served as the first Catholic Deputy Mayor of Belfast in 1995–96 . He first stood for the Westminster constituency of South Belfast in the 1979 general election and subsequently contested the constituency at each subsequent general election , though not in the 1986 by-election ( caused by the resignation of Unionist MPs in protest at the Anglo Irish Agreement ) . He was also elected from the constituency to the Northern Ireland Peace Forum in 1996 and the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 and 2003 . In 2004 he became his partys deputy leader . In the 2005 general election McDonnell generated one of the most sensational results in Northern Ireland when he won South Belfast , primarily due to a split in the unionist vote . He received 10,339 votes while the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) candidate Jimmy Spratt received 9,104 votes and Ulster Unionist Party candidate Michael McGimpsey received 7,263 votes . He was then re-elected by an increased majority in the 2010 general election . On 5 November 2011 , he was elected leader of the SDLP at its conference in Belfast , succeeding Margaret Ritchie . In a 2012 interview with The News Letter , McDonnell criticised Sinn Féin . He said the party were run along Soviet style lines where there was a military structure and where former terrorists were being placed into positions of power . He also claimed many people voting for Sinn Féin were doing so as an act of defiance . As SDLP chief , McDonnell described the terms of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , a seemingly blocked plan to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons by 50 ( including two from Northern Ireland ) to 600 , as a bureaucratic numbers game initiated by the Tories for purely party political advantage . In June 2013 , the SDLP abstained during the vote on the Civil Service ( Special Advisers ) Bill in Stormont , ensuring its passing . This led to claims from Sinn Féin that the SDLP was endorsing a hierarchy of victims agenda and abandoning the principles of the Good Friday Agreement . Despite the reported claims from Sinn Féin that it was inevitable that someone would mount a legal challenge to what republicans view as a discriminatory law no such challenge has since emerged . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election he stood again in Belfast South and was returned on 24.5% of the vote , the lowest ever vote share recorded by a successful MP in any part of the UK . On 14 November 2015 , McDonnell lost the leadership contest held at the SDLPs annual conference . His successor as leader of the party , Colum Eastwood , won with 172 votes to the 133 that McDonnell received . On 9 June 2017 , McDonnell lost his South Belfast seat to Emma Little-Pengelly ( DUP ) in the 2017 general election . External links . - Official website - Profile , stratagem-ni.com - Profile , Guardian.co.uk - Maiden Speech : House of Commons – 15 June 2005 |
[
"Member of Parliament for Belfast South"
] | easy | What was the position of Alasdair McDonnell from Mar 2007 to Mar 2011? | /wiki/Alasdair_McDonnell#P39#2 | Alasdair McDonnell Alasdair McDonnell ( born 1 September 1949 ) is an Irish politician who is a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , and was its leader from 2011 to 2015 . He was the Member of Parliament for Belfast South from 2005 to 2017 and also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South from 1998 to 2015 . Political career . McDonnells first involvement with politics came when he joined the National Democrats and stood as the party candidate in the 1970 election in North Antrim and lost to Ian Paisley . McDonnell first won election to Belfast City Council in 1977 , representing Belfast Area A which included the Short Strand and Upper Ormeau areas . He lost his council seat in a surprise result in 1981 but returned in 1985 and served as the first Catholic Deputy Mayor of Belfast in 1995–96 . He first stood for the Westminster constituency of South Belfast in the 1979 general election and subsequently contested the constituency at each subsequent general election , though not in the 1986 by-election ( caused by the resignation of Unionist MPs in protest at the Anglo Irish Agreement ) . He was also elected from the constituency to the Northern Ireland Peace Forum in 1996 and the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 and 2003 . In 2004 he became his partys deputy leader . In the 2005 general election McDonnell generated one of the most sensational results in Northern Ireland when he won South Belfast , primarily due to a split in the unionist vote . He received 10,339 votes while the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) candidate Jimmy Spratt received 9,104 votes and Ulster Unionist Party candidate Michael McGimpsey received 7,263 votes . He was then re-elected by an increased majority in the 2010 general election . On 5 November 2011 , he was elected leader of the SDLP at its conference in Belfast , succeeding Margaret Ritchie . In a 2012 interview with The News Letter , McDonnell criticised Sinn Féin . He said the party were run along Soviet style lines where there was a military structure and where former terrorists were being placed into positions of power . He also claimed many people voting for Sinn Féin were doing so as an act of defiance . As SDLP chief , McDonnell described the terms of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , a seemingly blocked plan to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons by 50 ( including two from Northern Ireland ) to 600 , as a bureaucratic numbers game initiated by the Tories for purely party political advantage . In June 2013 , the SDLP abstained during the vote on the Civil Service ( Special Advisers ) Bill in Stormont , ensuring its passing . This led to claims from Sinn Féin that the SDLP was endorsing a hierarchy of victims agenda and abandoning the principles of the Good Friday Agreement . Despite the reported claims from Sinn Féin that it was inevitable that someone would mount a legal challenge to what republicans view as a discriminatory law no such challenge has since emerged . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election he stood again in Belfast South and was returned on 24.5% of the vote , the lowest ever vote share recorded by a successful MP in any part of the UK . On 14 November 2015 , McDonnell lost the leadership contest held at the SDLPs annual conference . His successor as leader of the party , Colum Eastwood , won with 172 votes to the 133 that McDonnell received . On 9 June 2017 , McDonnell lost his South Belfast seat to Emma Little-Pengelly ( DUP ) in the 2017 general election . External links . - Official website - Profile , stratagem-ni.com - Profile , Guardian.co.uk - Maiden Speech : House of Commons – 15 June 2005 |
[
"Member of Parliament for Belfast South"
] | easy | What was the position of Alasdair McDonnell from May 2011 to May 2015? | /wiki/Alasdair_McDonnell#P39#3 | Alasdair McDonnell Alasdair McDonnell ( born 1 September 1949 ) is an Irish politician who is a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , and was its leader from 2011 to 2015 . He was the Member of Parliament for Belfast South from 2005 to 2017 and also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South from 1998 to 2015 . Political career . McDonnells first involvement with politics came when he joined the National Democrats and stood as the party candidate in the 1970 election in North Antrim and lost to Ian Paisley . McDonnell first won election to Belfast City Council in 1977 , representing Belfast Area A which included the Short Strand and Upper Ormeau areas . He lost his council seat in a surprise result in 1981 but returned in 1985 and served as the first Catholic Deputy Mayor of Belfast in 1995–96 . He first stood for the Westminster constituency of South Belfast in the 1979 general election and subsequently contested the constituency at each subsequent general election , though not in the 1986 by-election ( caused by the resignation of Unionist MPs in protest at the Anglo Irish Agreement ) . He was also elected from the constituency to the Northern Ireland Peace Forum in 1996 and the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 and 2003 . In 2004 he became his partys deputy leader . In the 2005 general election McDonnell generated one of the most sensational results in Northern Ireland when he won South Belfast , primarily due to a split in the unionist vote . He received 10,339 votes while the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) candidate Jimmy Spratt received 9,104 votes and Ulster Unionist Party candidate Michael McGimpsey received 7,263 votes . He was then re-elected by an increased majority in the 2010 general election . On 5 November 2011 , he was elected leader of the SDLP at its conference in Belfast , succeeding Margaret Ritchie . In a 2012 interview with The News Letter , McDonnell criticised Sinn Féin . He said the party were run along Soviet style lines where there was a military structure and where former terrorists were being placed into positions of power . He also claimed many people voting for Sinn Féin were doing so as an act of defiance . As SDLP chief , McDonnell described the terms of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , a seemingly blocked plan to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons by 50 ( including two from Northern Ireland ) to 600 , as a bureaucratic numbers game initiated by the Tories for purely party political advantage . In June 2013 , the SDLP abstained during the vote on the Civil Service ( Special Advisers ) Bill in Stormont , ensuring its passing . This led to claims from Sinn Féin that the SDLP was endorsing a hierarchy of victims agenda and abandoning the principles of the Good Friday Agreement . Despite the reported claims from Sinn Féin that it was inevitable that someone would mount a legal challenge to what republicans view as a discriminatory law no such challenge has since emerged . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election he stood again in Belfast South and was returned on 24.5% of the vote , the lowest ever vote share recorded by a successful MP in any part of the UK . On 14 November 2015 , McDonnell lost the leadership contest held at the SDLPs annual conference . His successor as leader of the party , Colum Eastwood , won with 172 votes to the 133 that McDonnell received . On 9 June 2017 , McDonnell lost his South Belfast seat to Emma Little-Pengelly ( DUP ) in the 2017 general election . External links . - Official website - Profile , stratagem-ni.com - Profile , Guardian.co.uk - Maiden Speech : House of Commons – 15 June 2005 |
[
"member of Parliament"
] | easy | What position did Geoffrey Palmer (politician) take from Aug 1979 to Jul 1984? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#P39#0 | Geoffrey Palmer ( politician ) Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer ( born 21 April 1942 ) is a New Zealand lawyer , legal academic , and past politician , who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990 . He served as the 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand for a little over a year , from August 1989 until September 1990 , leading the Fourth Labour Government . As Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1989 , Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the countrys legal and constitutional framework , such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986 , New Zealand Bill of Rights , Imperial Laws Application Act , and the State Sector Act . He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission , from 2005 to 2010 . Early life and education . Palmer was born in Nelson and attended Nelson Central School , Nelson Intermediate School and Nelson College . At Victoria University of Wellington , he studied both political science and law . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1965 . After working for a time in Wellington , he attended the University of Chicago Law School , gaining a Juris Doctor in 1967 . He moved from New Zealand to Iowa in August 1969 to become a professor at the University of Iowa College of Law . In his first year , he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law , Conflict Resolution , and International law . He also developed the curriculum for a Torts course to be taught during the second year of law school . This was the first course of its kind in the United States and he was granted tenure in his second year of teaching at the college . In 1972 , he left to be a visiting professor at the University of Virginia College of Law . Eventually , in 1974 , he was appointed to a professorship of law at Victoria University of Wellington , bringing him back to New Zealand . At the 1975 general election , Palmer took part in the Citizens for Rowling campaign . Political career . Member of Parliament . In a 1979 by-election , Palmer was elected to Parliament as the member for Christchurch Central , having stood as the Labour Party candidate . In March 1981 he was elevated to the shadow cabinet as spokesperson for constitutional affairs and associate spokesperson for justice . Following Labours unexpected loss at the 1981 general election Palmer gained the social welfare and accident compensation portfolios . In 1983 Palmer stood for the deputy leadership of the party . In a three-way contest , in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality , Palmer trailed on the first ballot to Papanui MP Mike Moore . Lyttelton MP Ann Hercus was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for Palmer , who beat Moore by one vote . He became deputy Leader of the Opposition . When , in 1984 , the Labour Party won the general elections , Palmer became Deputy Prime Minister of the Fourth Labour Government . He also became Attorney-General and Minister of Justice . The new justice minister , who had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book Unbridled Power? , also published in 1984 , set up a Royal Commission to investigate the electoral system and propose modifications or alternatives . His Royal Commission reported in December 1986 , recommending the mixed-member proportional representation system . After the 1987 elections , when Labour was re-elected , he also became Minister of the Environment , an area in which he took personal interest . Leadership . The most notable feature of New Zealand politics at the time was the economic change promoted by the Finance Minister , Roger Douglas . Douglas was advancing monetarist policies involving extensive privatisation of state assets and the removal of tariffs and subsidies—these reforms were dubbed Rogernomics . These policies , which contravened Labours basic policy platform and campaign promises , were deeply unpopular with Labours traditional support base , and resulted in a confrontation between Prime Minister David Lange and Roger Douglas . Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system . Palmer conceded defeat on MMP at an April 1989 Labour regional conference , saying that the issue was effectively dead for the immediate future . Eventually , Douglas was removed from Cabinet , but the dispute had weakened Lange enough that he resigned a month later . Palmer , being deputy leader , took over as Prime Minister . Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure , and in September 1989 , after Palmer had become prime minister , the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation . Palmer , however , was perceived by the public as being too closely involved with Douglass reforms . Of particular concern to many people was his work on the legal aspects of state sector rearrangement , such as his preparation of the State Owned Enterprises Act . The presence of David Caygill ( a Douglas ally ) as Minister of Finance further compounded perception that Palmer was doing nothing to address public concerns . The only area in which Palmer won praise from traditional left-wing supporters was in his handling of the Environment portfolio , which he kept when he became Prime Minister – it was his work here in initiating the resource management law reform process that eventually led to the creation of the Resource Management Act 1991 . Palmer later reflected on his brief premiership : Two months before the 1990 elections , it was clear that Labour would not win . The perceived damage done by Roger Douglass reforms , as well as Palmers lack of general charisma , caused too many Labour supporters to abandon the party . In addition , Palmer was perceived as being too academic and aloof , reminding people of the paternalistic attitude that Douglas was accused of . Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore , who Labour believed would give it a better chance of winning . Palmer stated he had been prepared to lead the party to a likely defeat but was just as happy to step aside : I was actually pretty pleased to get out at the end of 1990 . I was quite happy to run through as PM and take the defeat , but if other people wanted to do it — be my guest ! Palmer also chose to retire from parliament at the election , and was replaced as the Labour candidate in his seat by Lianne Dalziel . The leadership change failed , however , and the opposition National Party under Jim Bolger won a landslide victory . Palmer became the second Labour leader to leave the party leadership without ever leading the party into an election after Alfred Hindmarsh . Of the Labour Prime Ministers and notwithstanding Hugh Watts tenure as interim prime minister following the death of Norman Kirk , Palmer is the only one who had not also served as Leader of the Opposition before and/or after his tenure as Prime Minister . Palmer is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington . After Parliament . Palmer later went on to serve as Professor of Law at Victoria University again . He also held a position as Professor of Law at the University of Iowa , and worked for a time as a law consultant . While at the University of Iowa he taught courses on International law and global environment issues as well as a two-week mini course about the International Court of Justice . The MMP system which he had helped promote was adopted in a 1993 referendum . In 1994 , he established Chen Palmer & Partners , a specialist public law firm he began with Wellington lawyer Mai Chen . In September 2001 Palmer became a founding trustee of Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and in December 2002 was appointed to be New Zealands representative to the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . Palmer continued his involvement with , and teaching at Victoria University of Wellington and was regularly engaged as an expert consultant on public and constitutional law issues . His son Matthew Palmer was also a prominent legal academic and public servant , and has recently been appointed a High Court Judge . Law Commissioner . On 1 December 2005 Palmer was appointed to the presidency of the New Zealand Law Commission ( the government agency that reviews , reforms and seeks to improve the countrys laws ) by the Governor-General for a term of five years . During his tenure , he persuaded the Government to engage in a programme of reviewing the old Law Commission reports with a view to actioning them . This resulted in a number of existing reports being actioned . Palmer stepped down from the Law Commission at the end of his tenure on 1 December 2010 . UN Inquiry . In August 2010 Palmer was chosen to chair a UN Inquiry panel into the fatal Israeli raid on the Mavi Marmara , a Turkish ship participating in a Gaza-bound protest flotilla in May of that year . The panel included the outgoing Colombian President Álvaro Uribe as the Vice-chair , and representatives from Turkey and Israel . The report , released on 2 September 2011 , found that Israels naval blockade was imposed as a legitimate security measure in order to prevent weapons from entering Gaza by sea and its implementation complied with the requirements of international law , and that Israeli soldiers enforcing the blockade faced organized and violent resistance from a group of passengers when they boarded the ship . However , the report also found that the Israeli soldiers responded with excessive and unreasonable force and recommended that Israel make an appropriate statement of regret and pay compensation . Constitutional reform campaign . In September 2016 , Palmer and legal academic Andrew Butler published A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand . In this book the pair outlined their arguments for New Zealand to adopt a written Constitution , and also drafted out what this would look like . They then invited public submissions on the subject online and spent a year promoting the book and their campaign . The pair released a second book in 2018 , Towards Democratic Renewal that amends some of their proposal in the previous text and further argues their cause for a written Constitution , taking on board the response of the public . This campaign is ongoing . Honours and awards . Palmer was appointed a member of Her Majestys Privy Council in 1985 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1991 New Year Honours , and made an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in the same year . In 1991 he was listed on the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour for his work on environmental issues . These included reforming resource management law . Palmer also sat as a Judge ad hoc on the International Court of Justice in 1995 . He holds honorary doctorates from three universities . In 2008 Palmer was one of the first people appointed as Senior Counsel during the temporary change from Queens Counsel in the Helen Clark Government . Lectures . - Lecture entitled Perspectives on International Dispute Settlement from a Participant in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Constitutional change and democratic renewal on 9 October 2017 at TEDxVUW conference , Victoria University of Wellington . External links . - Profile , NZ History - Prime Ministers Office biography ( archived ) - Law Commission biography |
[
"Minister of Justice",
"Deputy Prime Minister"
] | easy | What position did Geoffrey Palmer (politician) take from Jul 1984 to Aug 1989? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#P39#1 | Geoffrey Palmer ( politician ) Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer ( born 21 April 1942 ) is a New Zealand lawyer , legal academic , and past politician , who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990 . He served as the 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand for a little over a year , from August 1989 until September 1990 , leading the Fourth Labour Government . As Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1989 , Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the countrys legal and constitutional framework , such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986 , New Zealand Bill of Rights , Imperial Laws Application Act , and the State Sector Act . He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission , from 2005 to 2010 . Early life and education . Palmer was born in Nelson and attended Nelson Central School , Nelson Intermediate School and Nelson College . At Victoria University of Wellington , he studied both political science and law . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1965 . After working for a time in Wellington , he attended the University of Chicago Law School , gaining a Juris Doctor in 1967 . He moved from New Zealand to Iowa in August 1969 to become a professor at the University of Iowa College of Law . In his first year , he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law , Conflict Resolution , and International law . He also developed the curriculum for a Torts course to be taught during the second year of law school . This was the first course of its kind in the United States and he was granted tenure in his second year of teaching at the college . In 1972 , he left to be a visiting professor at the University of Virginia College of Law . Eventually , in 1974 , he was appointed to a professorship of law at Victoria University of Wellington , bringing him back to New Zealand . At the 1975 general election , Palmer took part in the Citizens for Rowling campaign . Political career . Member of Parliament . In a 1979 by-election , Palmer was elected to Parliament as the member for Christchurch Central , having stood as the Labour Party candidate . In March 1981 he was elevated to the shadow cabinet as spokesperson for constitutional affairs and associate spokesperson for justice . Following Labours unexpected loss at the 1981 general election Palmer gained the social welfare and accident compensation portfolios . In 1983 Palmer stood for the deputy leadership of the party . In a three-way contest , in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality , Palmer trailed on the first ballot to Papanui MP Mike Moore . Lyttelton MP Ann Hercus was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for Palmer , who beat Moore by one vote . He became deputy Leader of the Opposition . When , in 1984 , the Labour Party won the general elections , Palmer became Deputy Prime Minister of the Fourth Labour Government . He also became Attorney-General and Minister of Justice . The new justice minister , who had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book Unbridled Power? , also published in 1984 , set up a Royal Commission to investigate the electoral system and propose modifications or alternatives . His Royal Commission reported in December 1986 , recommending the mixed-member proportional representation system . After the 1987 elections , when Labour was re-elected , he also became Minister of the Environment , an area in which he took personal interest . Leadership . The most notable feature of New Zealand politics at the time was the economic change promoted by the Finance Minister , Roger Douglas . Douglas was advancing monetarist policies involving extensive privatisation of state assets and the removal of tariffs and subsidies—these reforms were dubbed Rogernomics . These policies , which contravened Labours basic policy platform and campaign promises , were deeply unpopular with Labours traditional support base , and resulted in a confrontation between Prime Minister David Lange and Roger Douglas . Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system . Palmer conceded defeat on MMP at an April 1989 Labour regional conference , saying that the issue was effectively dead for the immediate future . Eventually , Douglas was removed from Cabinet , but the dispute had weakened Lange enough that he resigned a month later . Palmer , being deputy leader , took over as Prime Minister . Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure , and in September 1989 , after Palmer had become prime minister , the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation . Palmer , however , was perceived by the public as being too closely involved with Douglass reforms . Of particular concern to many people was his work on the legal aspects of state sector rearrangement , such as his preparation of the State Owned Enterprises Act . The presence of David Caygill ( a Douglas ally ) as Minister of Finance further compounded perception that Palmer was doing nothing to address public concerns . The only area in which Palmer won praise from traditional left-wing supporters was in his handling of the Environment portfolio , which he kept when he became Prime Minister – it was his work here in initiating the resource management law reform process that eventually led to the creation of the Resource Management Act 1991 . Palmer later reflected on his brief premiership : Two months before the 1990 elections , it was clear that Labour would not win . The perceived damage done by Roger Douglass reforms , as well as Palmers lack of general charisma , caused too many Labour supporters to abandon the party . In addition , Palmer was perceived as being too academic and aloof , reminding people of the paternalistic attitude that Douglas was accused of . Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore , who Labour believed would give it a better chance of winning . Palmer stated he had been prepared to lead the party to a likely defeat but was just as happy to step aside : I was actually pretty pleased to get out at the end of 1990 . I was quite happy to run through as PM and take the defeat , but if other people wanted to do it — be my guest ! Palmer also chose to retire from parliament at the election , and was replaced as the Labour candidate in his seat by Lianne Dalziel . The leadership change failed , however , and the opposition National Party under Jim Bolger won a landslide victory . Palmer became the second Labour leader to leave the party leadership without ever leading the party into an election after Alfred Hindmarsh . Of the Labour Prime Ministers and notwithstanding Hugh Watts tenure as interim prime minister following the death of Norman Kirk , Palmer is the only one who had not also served as Leader of the Opposition before and/or after his tenure as Prime Minister . Palmer is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington . After Parliament . Palmer later went on to serve as Professor of Law at Victoria University again . He also held a position as Professor of Law at the University of Iowa , and worked for a time as a law consultant . While at the University of Iowa he taught courses on International law and global environment issues as well as a two-week mini course about the International Court of Justice . The MMP system which he had helped promote was adopted in a 1993 referendum . In 1994 , he established Chen Palmer & Partners , a specialist public law firm he began with Wellington lawyer Mai Chen . In September 2001 Palmer became a founding trustee of Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and in December 2002 was appointed to be New Zealands representative to the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . Palmer continued his involvement with , and teaching at Victoria University of Wellington and was regularly engaged as an expert consultant on public and constitutional law issues . His son Matthew Palmer was also a prominent legal academic and public servant , and has recently been appointed a High Court Judge . Law Commissioner . On 1 December 2005 Palmer was appointed to the presidency of the New Zealand Law Commission ( the government agency that reviews , reforms and seeks to improve the countrys laws ) by the Governor-General for a term of five years . During his tenure , he persuaded the Government to engage in a programme of reviewing the old Law Commission reports with a view to actioning them . This resulted in a number of existing reports being actioned . Palmer stepped down from the Law Commission at the end of his tenure on 1 December 2010 . UN Inquiry . In August 2010 Palmer was chosen to chair a UN Inquiry panel into the fatal Israeli raid on the Mavi Marmara , a Turkish ship participating in a Gaza-bound protest flotilla in May of that year . The panel included the outgoing Colombian President Álvaro Uribe as the Vice-chair , and representatives from Turkey and Israel . The report , released on 2 September 2011 , found that Israels naval blockade was imposed as a legitimate security measure in order to prevent weapons from entering Gaza by sea and its implementation complied with the requirements of international law , and that Israeli soldiers enforcing the blockade faced organized and violent resistance from a group of passengers when they boarded the ship . However , the report also found that the Israeli soldiers responded with excessive and unreasonable force and recommended that Israel make an appropriate statement of regret and pay compensation . Constitutional reform campaign . In September 2016 , Palmer and legal academic Andrew Butler published A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand . In this book the pair outlined their arguments for New Zealand to adopt a written Constitution , and also drafted out what this would look like . They then invited public submissions on the subject online and spent a year promoting the book and their campaign . The pair released a second book in 2018 , Towards Democratic Renewal that amends some of their proposal in the previous text and further argues their cause for a written Constitution , taking on board the response of the public . This campaign is ongoing . Honours and awards . Palmer was appointed a member of Her Majestys Privy Council in 1985 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1991 New Year Honours , and made an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in the same year . In 1991 he was listed on the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour for his work on environmental issues . These included reforming resource management law . Palmer also sat as a Judge ad hoc on the International Court of Justice in 1995 . He holds honorary doctorates from three universities . In 2008 Palmer was one of the first people appointed as Senior Counsel during the temporary change from Queens Counsel in the Helen Clark Government . Lectures . - Lecture entitled Perspectives on International Dispute Settlement from a Participant in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Constitutional change and democratic renewal on 9 October 2017 at TEDxVUW conference , Victoria University of Wellington . External links . - Profile , NZ History - Prime Ministers Office biography ( archived ) - Law Commission biography |
[
"Minister of Justice",
"prime minister"
] | easy | Which position did Geoffrey Palmer (politician) hold in Aug 1989? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#P39#2 | Geoffrey Palmer ( politician ) Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer ( born 21 April 1942 ) is a New Zealand lawyer , legal academic , and past politician , who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990 . He served as the 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand for a little over a year , from August 1989 until September 1990 , leading the Fourth Labour Government . As Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1989 , Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the countrys legal and constitutional framework , such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986 , New Zealand Bill of Rights , Imperial Laws Application Act , and the State Sector Act . He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission , from 2005 to 2010 . Early life and education . Palmer was born in Nelson and attended Nelson Central School , Nelson Intermediate School and Nelson College . At Victoria University of Wellington , he studied both political science and law . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1965 . After working for a time in Wellington , he attended the University of Chicago Law School , gaining a Juris Doctor in 1967 . He moved from New Zealand to Iowa in August 1969 to become a professor at the University of Iowa College of Law . In his first year , he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law , Conflict Resolution , and International law . He also developed the curriculum for a Torts course to be taught during the second year of law school . This was the first course of its kind in the United States and he was granted tenure in his second year of teaching at the college . In 1972 , he left to be a visiting professor at the University of Virginia College of Law . Eventually , in 1974 , he was appointed to a professorship of law at Victoria University of Wellington , bringing him back to New Zealand . At the 1975 general election , Palmer took part in the Citizens for Rowling campaign . Political career . Member of Parliament . In a 1979 by-election , Palmer was elected to Parliament as the member for Christchurch Central , having stood as the Labour Party candidate . In March 1981 he was elevated to the shadow cabinet as spokesperson for constitutional affairs and associate spokesperson for justice . Following Labours unexpected loss at the 1981 general election Palmer gained the social welfare and accident compensation portfolios . In 1983 Palmer stood for the deputy leadership of the party . In a three-way contest , in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality , Palmer trailed on the first ballot to Papanui MP Mike Moore . Lyttelton MP Ann Hercus was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for Palmer , who beat Moore by one vote . He became deputy Leader of the Opposition . When , in 1984 , the Labour Party won the general elections , Palmer became Deputy Prime Minister of the Fourth Labour Government . He also became Attorney-General and Minister of Justice . The new justice minister , who had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book Unbridled Power? , also published in 1984 , set up a Royal Commission to investigate the electoral system and propose modifications or alternatives . His Royal Commission reported in December 1986 , recommending the mixed-member proportional representation system . After the 1987 elections , when Labour was re-elected , he also became Minister of the Environment , an area in which he took personal interest . Leadership . The most notable feature of New Zealand politics at the time was the economic change promoted by the Finance Minister , Roger Douglas . Douglas was advancing monetarist policies involving extensive privatisation of state assets and the removal of tariffs and subsidies—these reforms were dubbed Rogernomics . These policies , which contravened Labours basic policy platform and campaign promises , were deeply unpopular with Labours traditional support base , and resulted in a confrontation between Prime Minister David Lange and Roger Douglas . Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system . Palmer conceded defeat on MMP at an April 1989 Labour regional conference , saying that the issue was effectively dead for the immediate future . Eventually , Douglas was removed from Cabinet , but the dispute had weakened Lange enough that he resigned a month later . Palmer , being deputy leader , took over as Prime Minister . Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure , and in September 1989 , after Palmer had become prime minister , the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation . Palmer , however , was perceived by the public as being too closely involved with Douglass reforms . Of particular concern to many people was his work on the legal aspects of state sector rearrangement , such as his preparation of the State Owned Enterprises Act . The presence of David Caygill ( a Douglas ally ) as Minister of Finance further compounded perception that Palmer was doing nothing to address public concerns . The only area in which Palmer won praise from traditional left-wing supporters was in his handling of the Environment portfolio , which he kept when he became Prime Minister – it was his work here in initiating the resource management law reform process that eventually led to the creation of the Resource Management Act 1991 . Palmer later reflected on his brief premiership : Two months before the 1990 elections , it was clear that Labour would not win . The perceived damage done by Roger Douglass reforms , as well as Palmers lack of general charisma , caused too many Labour supporters to abandon the party . In addition , Palmer was perceived as being too academic and aloof , reminding people of the paternalistic attitude that Douglas was accused of . Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore , who Labour believed would give it a better chance of winning . Palmer stated he had been prepared to lead the party to a likely defeat but was just as happy to step aside : I was actually pretty pleased to get out at the end of 1990 . I was quite happy to run through as PM and take the defeat , but if other people wanted to do it — be my guest ! Palmer also chose to retire from parliament at the election , and was replaced as the Labour candidate in his seat by Lianne Dalziel . The leadership change failed , however , and the opposition National Party under Jim Bolger won a landslide victory . Palmer became the second Labour leader to leave the party leadership without ever leading the party into an election after Alfred Hindmarsh . Of the Labour Prime Ministers and notwithstanding Hugh Watts tenure as interim prime minister following the death of Norman Kirk , Palmer is the only one who had not also served as Leader of the Opposition before and/or after his tenure as Prime Minister . Palmer is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington . After Parliament . Palmer later went on to serve as Professor of Law at Victoria University again . He also held a position as Professor of Law at the University of Iowa , and worked for a time as a law consultant . While at the University of Iowa he taught courses on International law and global environment issues as well as a two-week mini course about the International Court of Justice . The MMP system which he had helped promote was adopted in a 1993 referendum . In 1994 , he established Chen Palmer & Partners , a specialist public law firm he began with Wellington lawyer Mai Chen . In September 2001 Palmer became a founding trustee of Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and in December 2002 was appointed to be New Zealands representative to the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . Palmer continued his involvement with , and teaching at Victoria University of Wellington and was regularly engaged as an expert consultant on public and constitutional law issues . His son Matthew Palmer was also a prominent legal academic and public servant , and has recently been appointed a High Court Judge . Law Commissioner . On 1 December 2005 Palmer was appointed to the presidency of the New Zealand Law Commission ( the government agency that reviews , reforms and seeks to improve the countrys laws ) by the Governor-General for a term of five years . During his tenure , he persuaded the Government to engage in a programme of reviewing the old Law Commission reports with a view to actioning them . This resulted in a number of existing reports being actioned . Palmer stepped down from the Law Commission at the end of his tenure on 1 December 2010 . UN Inquiry . In August 2010 Palmer was chosen to chair a UN Inquiry panel into the fatal Israeli raid on the Mavi Marmara , a Turkish ship participating in a Gaza-bound protest flotilla in May of that year . The panel included the outgoing Colombian President Álvaro Uribe as the Vice-chair , and representatives from Turkey and Israel . The report , released on 2 September 2011 , found that Israels naval blockade was imposed as a legitimate security measure in order to prevent weapons from entering Gaza by sea and its implementation complied with the requirements of international law , and that Israeli soldiers enforcing the blockade faced organized and violent resistance from a group of passengers when they boarded the ship . However , the report also found that the Israeli soldiers responded with excessive and unreasonable force and recommended that Israel make an appropriate statement of regret and pay compensation . Constitutional reform campaign . In September 2016 , Palmer and legal academic Andrew Butler published A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand . In this book the pair outlined their arguments for New Zealand to adopt a written Constitution , and also drafted out what this would look like . They then invited public submissions on the subject online and spent a year promoting the book and their campaign . The pair released a second book in 2018 , Towards Democratic Renewal that amends some of their proposal in the previous text and further argues their cause for a written Constitution , taking on board the response of the public . This campaign is ongoing . Honours and awards . Palmer was appointed a member of Her Majestys Privy Council in 1985 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1991 New Year Honours , and made an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in the same year . In 1991 he was listed on the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour for his work on environmental issues . These included reforming resource management law . Palmer also sat as a Judge ad hoc on the International Court of Justice in 1995 . He holds honorary doctorates from three universities . In 2008 Palmer was one of the first people appointed as Senior Counsel during the temporary change from Queens Counsel in the Helen Clark Government . Lectures . - Lecture entitled Perspectives on International Dispute Settlement from a Participant in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Constitutional change and democratic renewal on 9 October 2017 at TEDxVUW conference , Victoria University of Wellington . External links . - Profile , NZ History - Prime Ministers Office biography ( archived ) - Law Commission biography |
[
"member of Parliament",
"Prime Minister of New Zealand"
] | easy | What was the position of Geoffrey Palmer (politician) from Aug 1989 to Sep 1990? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#P39#3 | Geoffrey Palmer ( politician ) Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer ( born 21 April 1942 ) is a New Zealand lawyer , legal academic , and past politician , who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990 . He served as the 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand for a little over a year , from August 1989 until September 1990 , leading the Fourth Labour Government . As Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1989 , Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the countrys legal and constitutional framework , such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986 , New Zealand Bill of Rights , Imperial Laws Application Act , and the State Sector Act . He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission , from 2005 to 2010 . Early life and education . Palmer was born in Nelson and attended Nelson Central School , Nelson Intermediate School and Nelson College . At Victoria University of Wellington , he studied both political science and law . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1965 . After working for a time in Wellington , he attended the University of Chicago Law School , gaining a Juris Doctor in 1967 . He moved from New Zealand to Iowa in August 1969 to become a professor at the University of Iowa College of Law . In his first year , he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law , Conflict Resolution , and International law . He also developed the curriculum for a Torts course to be taught during the second year of law school . This was the first course of its kind in the United States and he was granted tenure in his second year of teaching at the college . In 1972 , he left to be a visiting professor at the University of Virginia College of Law . Eventually , in 1974 , he was appointed to a professorship of law at Victoria University of Wellington , bringing him back to New Zealand . At the 1975 general election , Palmer took part in the Citizens for Rowling campaign . Political career . Member of Parliament . In a 1979 by-election , Palmer was elected to Parliament as the member for Christchurch Central , having stood as the Labour Party candidate . In March 1981 he was elevated to the shadow cabinet as spokesperson for constitutional affairs and associate spokesperson for justice . Following Labours unexpected loss at the 1981 general election Palmer gained the social welfare and accident compensation portfolios . In 1983 Palmer stood for the deputy leadership of the party . In a three-way contest , in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality , Palmer trailed on the first ballot to Papanui MP Mike Moore . Lyttelton MP Ann Hercus was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for Palmer , who beat Moore by one vote . He became deputy Leader of the Opposition . When , in 1984 , the Labour Party won the general elections , Palmer became Deputy Prime Minister of the Fourth Labour Government . He also became Attorney-General and Minister of Justice . The new justice minister , who had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book Unbridled Power? , also published in 1984 , set up a Royal Commission to investigate the electoral system and propose modifications or alternatives . His Royal Commission reported in December 1986 , recommending the mixed-member proportional representation system . After the 1987 elections , when Labour was re-elected , he also became Minister of the Environment , an area in which he took personal interest . Leadership . The most notable feature of New Zealand politics at the time was the economic change promoted by the Finance Minister , Roger Douglas . Douglas was advancing monetarist policies involving extensive privatisation of state assets and the removal of tariffs and subsidies—these reforms were dubbed Rogernomics . These policies , which contravened Labours basic policy platform and campaign promises , were deeply unpopular with Labours traditional support base , and resulted in a confrontation between Prime Minister David Lange and Roger Douglas . Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system . Palmer conceded defeat on MMP at an April 1989 Labour regional conference , saying that the issue was effectively dead for the immediate future . Eventually , Douglas was removed from Cabinet , but the dispute had weakened Lange enough that he resigned a month later . Palmer , being deputy leader , took over as Prime Minister . Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure , and in September 1989 , after Palmer had become prime minister , the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation . Palmer , however , was perceived by the public as being too closely involved with Douglass reforms . Of particular concern to many people was his work on the legal aspects of state sector rearrangement , such as his preparation of the State Owned Enterprises Act . The presence of David Caygill ( a Douglas ally ) as Minister of Finance further compounded perception that Palmer was doing nothing to address public concerns . The only area in which Palmer won praise from traditional left-wing supporters was in his handling of the Environment portfolio , which he kept when he became Prime Minister – it was his work here in initiating the resource management law reform process that eventually led to the creation of the Resource Management Act 1991 . Palmer later reflected on his brief premiership : Two months before the 1990 elections , it was clear that Labour would not win . The perceived damage done by Roger Douglass reforms , as well as Palmers lack of general charisma , caused too many Labour supporters to abandon the party . In addition , Palmer was perceived as being too academic and aloof , reminding people of the paternalistic attitude that Douglas was accused of . Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore , who Labour believed would give it a better chance of winning . Palmer stated he had been prepared to lead the party to a likely defeat but was just as happy to step aside : I was actually pretty pleased to get out at the end of 1990 . I was quite happy to run through as PM and take the defeat , but if other people wanted to do it — be my guest ! Palmer also chose to retire from parliament at the election , and was replaced as the Labour candidate in his seat by Lianne Dalziel . The leadership change failed , however , and the opposition National Party under Jim Bolger won a landslide victory . Palmer became the second Labour leader to leave the party leadership without ever leading the party into an election after Alfred Hindmarsh . Of the Labour Prime Ministers and notwithstanding Hugh Watts tenure as interim prime minister following the death of Norman Kirk , Palmer is the only one who had not also served as Leader of the Opposition before and/or after his tenure as Prime Minister . Palmer is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington . After Parliament . Palmer later went on to serve as Professor of Law at Victoria University again . He also held a position as Professor of Law at the University of Iowa , and worked for a time as a law consultant . While at the University of Iowa he taught courses on International law and global environment issues as well as a two-week mini course about the International Court of Justice . The MMP system which he had helped promote was adopted in a 1993 referendum . In 1994 , he established Chen Palmer & Partners , a specialist public law firm he began with Wellington lawyer Mai Chen . In September 2001 Palmer became a founding trustee of Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and in December 2002 was appointed to be New Zealands representative to the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . Palmer continued his involvement with , and teaching at Victoria University of Wellington and was regularly engaged as an expert consultant on public and constitutional law issues . His son Matthew Palmer was also a prominent legal academic and public servant , and has recently been appointed a High Court Judge . Law Commissioner . On 1 December 2005 Palmer was appointed to the presidency of the New Zealand Law Commission ( the government agency that reviews , reforms and seeks to improve the countrys laws ) by the Governor-General for a term of five years . During his tenure , he persuaded the Government to engage in a programme of reviewing the old Law Commission reports with a view to actioning them . This resulted in a number of existing reports being actioned . Palmer stepped down from the Law Commission at the end of his tenure on 1 December 2010 . UN Inquiry . In August 2010 Palmer was chosen to chair a UN Inquiry panel into the fatal Israeli raid on the Mavi Marmara , a Turkish ship participating in a Gaza-bound protest flotilla in May of that year . The panel included the outgoing Colombian President Álvaro Uribe as the Vice-chair , and representatives from Turkey and Israel . The report , released on 2 September 2011 , found that Israels naval blockade was imposed as a legitimate security measure in order to prevent weapons from entering Gaza by sea and its implementation complied with the requirements of international law , and that Israeli soldiers enforcing the blockade faced organized and violent resistance from a group of passengers when they boarded the ship . However , the report also found that the Israeli soldiers responded with excessive and unreasonable force and recommended that Israel make an appropriate statement of regret and pay compensation . Constitutional reform campaign . In September 2016 , Palmer and legal academic Andrew Butler published A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand . In this book the pair outlined their arguments for New Zealand to adopt a written Constitution , and also drafted out what this would look like . They then invited public submissions on the subject online and spent a year promoting the book and their campaign . The pair released a second book in 2018 , Towards Democratic Renewal that amends some of their proposal in the previous text and further argues their cause for a written Constitution , taking on board the response of the public . This campaign is ongoing . Honours and awards . Palmer was appointed a member of Her Majestys Privy Council in 1985 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1991 New Year Honours , and made an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in the same year . In 1991 he was listed on the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour for his work on environmental issues . These included reforming resource management law . Palmer also sat as a Judge ad hoc on the International Court of Justice in 1995 . He holds honorary doctorates from three universities . In 2008 Palmer was one of the first people appointed as Senior Counsel during the temporary change from Queens Counsel in the Helen Clark Government . Lectures . - Lecture entitled Perspectives on International Dispute Settlement from a Participant in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Constitutional change and democratic renewal on 9 October 2017 at TEDxVUW conference , Victoria University of Wellington . External links . - Profile , NZ History - Prime Ministers Office biography ( archived ) - Law Commission biography |
[
"member of Parliament"
] | easy | Geoffrey Palmer (politician) took which position in Sep 1990? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#P39#4 | Geoffrey Palmer ( politician ) Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer ( born 21 April 1942 ) is a New Zealand lawyer , legal academic , and past politician , who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990 . He served as the 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand for a little over a year , from August 1989 until September 1990 , leading the Fourth Labour Government . As Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1989 , Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the countrys legal and constitutional framework , such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986 , New Zealand Bill of Rights , Imperial Laws Application Act , and the State Sector Act . He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission , from 2005 to 2010 . Early life and education . Palmer was born in Nelson and attended Nelson Central School , Nelson Intermediate School and Nelson College . At Victoria University of Wellington , he studied both political science and law . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1965 . After working for a time in Wellington , he attended the University of Chicago Law School , gaining a Juris Doctor in 1967 . He moved from New Zealand to Iowa in August 1969 to become a professor at the University of Iowa College of Law . In his first year , he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law , Conflict Resolution , and International law . He also developed the curriculum for a Torts course to be taught during the second year of law school . This was the first course of its kind in the United States and he was granted tenure in his second year of teaching at the college . In 1972 , he left to be a visiting professor at the University of Virginia College of Law . Eventually , in 1974 , he was appointed to a professorship of law at Victoria University of Wellington , bringing him back to New Zealand . At the 1975 general election , Palmer took part in the Citizens for Rowling campaign . Political career . Member of Parliament . In a 1979 by-election , Palmer was elected to Parliament as the member for Christchurch Central , having stood as the Labour Party candidate . In March 1981 he was elevated to the shadow cabinet as spokesperson for constitutional affairs and associate spokesperson for justice . Following Labours unexpected loss at the 1981 general election Palmer gained the social welfare and accident compensation portfolios . In 1983 Palmer stood for the deputy leadership of the party . In a three-way contest , in which all candidates were from Christchurch to reflect geographical proportionality , Palmer trailed on the first ballot to Papanui MP Mike Moore . Lyttelton MP Ann Hercus was eliminated and on the second ballot almost all of her supporters voted for Palmer , who beat Moore by one vote . He became deputy Leader of the Opposition . When , in 1984 , the Labour Party won the general elections , Palmer became Deputy Prime Minister of the Fourth Labour Government . He also became Attorney-General and Minister of Justice . The new justice minister , who had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book Unbridled Power? , also published in 1984 , set up a Royal Commission to investigate the electoral system and propose modifications or alternatives . His Royal Commission reported in December 1986 , recommending the mixed-member proportional representation system . After the 1987 elections , when Labour was re-elected , he also became Minister of the Environment , an area in which he took personal interest . Leadership . The most notable feature of New Zealand politics at the time was the economic change promoted by the Finance Minister , Roger Douglas . Douglas was advancing monetarist policies involving extensive privatisation of state assets and the removal of tariffs and subsidies—these reforms were dubbed Rogernomics . These policies , which contravened Labours basic policy platform and campaign promises , were deeply unpopular with Labours traditional support base , and resulted in a confrontation between Prime Minister David Lange and Roger Douglas . Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system . Palmer conceded defeat on MMP at an April 1989 Labour regional conference , saying that the issue was effectively dead for the immediate future . Eventually , Douglas was removed from Cabinet , but the dispute had weakened Lange enough that he resigned a month later . Palmer , being deputy leader , took over as Prime Minister . Electoral reformers in the Labour Party kept up the pressure , and in September 1989 , after Palmer had become prime minister , the full annual conference of the Labour Party passed a remit endorsing a referendum on the principle of proportional representation . Palmer , however , was perceived by the public as being too closely involved with Douglass reforms . Of particular concern to many people was his work on the legal aspects of state sector rearrangement , such as his preparation of the State Owned Enterprises Act . The presence of David Caygill ( a Douglas ally ) as Minister of Finance further compounded perception that Palmer was doing nothing to address public concerns . The only area in which Palmer won praise from traditional left-wing supporters was in his handling of the Environment portfolio , which he kept when he became Prime Minister – it was his work here in initiating the resource management law reform process that eventually led to the creation of the Resource Management Act 1991 . Palmer later reflected on his brief premiership : Two months before the 1990 elections , it was clear that Labour would not win . The perceived damage done by Roger Douglass reforms , as well as Palmers lack of general charisma , caused too many Labour supporters to abandon the party . In addition , Palmer was perceived as being too academic and aloof , reminding people of the paternalistic attitude that Douglas was accused of . Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore , who Labour believed would give it a better chance of winning . Palmer stated he had been prepared to lead the party to a likely defeat but was just as happy to step aside : I was actually pretty pleased to get out at the end of 1990 . I was quite happy to run through as PM and take the defeat , but if other people wanted to do it — be my guest ! Palmer also chose to retire from parliament at the election , and was replaced as the Labour candidate in his seat by Lianne Dalziel . The leadership change failed , however , and the opposition National Party under Jim Bolger won a landslide victory . Palmer became the second Labour leader to leave the party leadership without ever leading the party into an election after Alfred Hindmarsh . Of the Labour Prime Ministers and notwithstanding Hugh Watts tenure as interim prime minister following the death of Norman Kirk , Palmer is the only one who had not also served as Leader of the Opposition before and/or after his tenure as Prime Minister . Palmer is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington . After Parliament . Palmer later went on to serve as Professor of Law at Victoria University again . He also held a position as Professor of Law at the University of Iowa , and worked for a time as a law consultant . While at the University of Iowa he taught courses on International law and global environment issues as well as a two-week mini course about the International Court of Justice . The MMP system which he had helped promote was adopted in a 1993 referendum . In 1994 , he established Chen Palmer & Partners , a specialist public law firm he began with Wellington lawyer Mai Chen . In September 2001 Palmer became a founding trustee of Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and in December 2002 was appointed to be New Zealands representative to the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . Palmer continued his involvement with , and teaching at Victoria University of Wellington and was regularly engaged as an expert consultant on public and constitutional law issues . His son Matthew Palmer was also a prominent legal academic and public servant , and has recently been appointed a High Court Judge . Law Commissioner . On 1 December 2005 Palmer was appointed to the presidency of the New Zealand Law Commission ( the government agency that reviews , reforms and seeks to improve the countrys laws ) by the Governor-General for a term of five years . During his tenure , he persuaded the Government to engage in a programme of reviewing the old Law Commission reports with a view to actioning them . This resulted in a number of existing reports being actioned . Palmer stepped down from the Law Commission at the end of his tenure on 1 December 2010 . UN Inquiry . In August 2010 Palmer was chosen to chair a UN Inquiry panel into the fatal Israeli raid on the Mavi Marmara , a Turkish ship participating in a Gaza-bound protest flotilla in May of that year . The panel included the outgoing Colombian President Álvaro Uribe as the Vice-chair , and representatives from Turkey and Israel . The report , released on 2 September 2011 , found that Israels naval blockade was imposed as a legitimate security measure in order to prevent weapons from entering Gaza by sea and its implementation complied with the requirements of international law , and that Israeli soldiers enforcing the blockade faced organized and violent resistance from a group of passengers when they boarded the ship . However , the report also found that the Israeli soldiers responded with excessive and unreasonable force and recommended that Israel make an appropriate statement of regret and pay compensation . Constitutional reform campaign . In September 2016 , Palmer and legal academic Andrew Butler published A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand . In this book the pair outlined their arguments for New Zealand to adopt a written Constitution , and also drafted out what this would look like . They then invited public submissions on the subject online and spent a year promoting the book and their campaign . The pair released a second book in 2018 , Towards Democratic Renewal that amends some of their proposal in the previous text and further argues their cause for a written Constitution , taking on board the response of the public . This campaign is ongoing . Honours and awards . Palmer was appointed a member of Her Majestys Privy Council in 1985 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1991 New Year Honours , and made an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in the same year . In 1991 he was listed on the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour for his work on environmental issues . These included reforming resource management law . Palmer also sat as a Judge ad hoc on the International Court of Justice in 1995 . He holds honorary doctorates from three universities . In 2008 Palmer was one of the first people appointed as Senior Counsel during the temporary change from Queens Counsel in the Helen Clark Government . Lectures . - Lecture entitled Perspectives on International Dispute Settlement from a Participant in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Constitutional change and democratic renewal on 9 October 2017 at TEDxVUW conference , Victoria University of Wellington . External links . - Profile , NZ History - Prime Ministers Office biography ( archived ) - Law Commission biography |
[
"Leeds"
] | easy | Which team did Norman Hunter (footballer) play for from 1962 to 1974? | /wiki/Norman_Hunter_(footballer)#P54#0 | Norman Hunter ( footballer ) Norman Hunter ( 29 October 1943 – 17 April 2020 ) was an English footballer who played for Leeds United , Bristol City , Barnsley and England . He was part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup winning squad , receiving a winners medal in 2007 . He was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award in 1974 , and was included in the Football League 100 Legends . A tough tackling centre-half and defensive midfielder , he was nicknamed Bites Yer Legs Hunter . The nickname originated from a banner held up by Leeds United fans at the 1972 FA Cup Final against Arsenal ; the banner read Norman bites yer legs . He played 726 games in total for Leeds , scoring 21 goals . Playing career . Leeds United . Hunter was born in Eighton Banks , Gateshead , in 1943 and joined Leeds at the age of 15 , giving up a career as an electrical fitter to do so . He made his first-team debut against Swansea Town in September 1962 , forming a partnership at the back with Jack Charlton which lasted for a decade . Leeds were promoted to the First Division in 1964 , and Hunter picked up winners medals as Leeds won the League Cup , the Fairs Cup in 1968 and 1971 , and the League Championship in 1969 . He was a consistent performer , playing 50 or more games for nine seasons in a row and playing all 42 league games in five separate seasons . In 1972 , Leeds won the FA Cup via a goal from Allan Clarke . A famous photograph of Hunters celebration when the goal went in has been published many times . At the end of the game , Hunter climbed the steps to the Royal box twice ; once to collect his own medal , and then again to help Mick Jones negotiate his way up and down , as Jones had been receiving treatment for a dislocated elbow while his teammates had been getting their prizes . 1973 saw defeats in two finals , as Leeds lost in the FA Cup Final to Sunderland , and then a few days later , to A.C . Milan in the European Cup Winners Cup , a game overshadowed by rumours of match-fixing . Hunter was sent off in the latter match for retaliation . In the 1973–74 season , Leeds started the season with a 29-match unbeaten run , which led them to the title , giving Hunter his second League winners medal . At the end of that season , Hunter was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award . As title holders Leeds thus entered the European Cup the following season , and Hunter was a member of the team that reached the 1975 European Cup Final , only to lose 2–0 to Bayern Munich . Bristol City . After 540 Football League appearances and 726 in total for Leeds , Hunter signed for Bristol City on 28 October 1976 for £40,000 , and remained there for three years , making 108 league appearances ( 122 in total ) and scoring four goals . Barnsley . Hunter finished his playing career with three seasons from 1979 to 1982 at Barnsley , where he was also manager from 1980 to 1984 . Managerial and coaching career . Hunter was appointed Barnsley manager on 16 September 1980 after ex-Leeds player Allan Clarke left to take over as manager at Leeds United . That season , Hunter took Barnsley to second place in the Third Division and won promotion to Division Two . Hunter had two good seasons , 1980-81 and 1981-82 , but then a mediocre one in 1982-83 . After that Barnsley started to struggle and Hunter was sacked on 8 February 1984 after a 3-2 home defeat by Cardiff City . He had a further managerial spell at Rotherham United ( 24 June 1985 to 9 December 1987 ) and was assistant manager to Terry Yorath at Bradford City , 1989 to February 1990 . Hunter also worked as a coach for manager Johnny Giles at West Bromwich Albion International career . Hunter played three games for England under-23 before given his debut for the England team in 1965 by manager Alf Ramsey . On 8 December 1965 , England played Spain in Madrid . Hunter came on in his first game , as a 35th minute substitute for Joe Baker . The substitution of Hunter in a midfield position allowed Ramsey to deploy both Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball in more attacking roles as England won 2–0 . The existing partnership between Jack Charlton and Bobby Moore meant that he spent much of his international career as an understudy , winning 28 caps in total . He was in the squad which won the 1966 World Cup but did not play any games . Hunter scored the winning goal against Spain in Englands quarter-final qualifying round for the 1968 European Championship , he then started in both the 1–0 semi final defeat to Yugoslavia and the 2–0 victory over the Soviet Union in the bronze medal match . He spent a short part of the 1970 season injured but he was in Alf Ramseys squad for the summers World Cup in Mexico , however his only appearance in the tournament was coming on as a late substitute in the 3–2 defeat by West Germany . In 1973 , Hunter was in the England team which needed to win their last qualifying tie for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany . The opposition at Wembley were Poland , who just needed a draw to qualify at Englands expense . It was 0–0 when Hunter went to make a tackle , but instead trod on the ball and lost it . Poland quickly made a counterattack allowing Grzegorz Lato to run clear and set up Jan Domarski to score . Allan Clarke equalised with a penalty but England could not score again , and the 1–1 draw saw them miss out on a place at the World Cup . Post-playing and managerial career . Hunter turned to the after-dinner circuit recounting his anecdotes , and from 1993 to 2020 he worked for local station BBC Radio Leeds and Yorkshire Radio as a summariser at Leeds games . In 1998 , the Football League , as part of its centenary season celebrations , included Hunter on its list of 100 League Legends . Hunter released his autobiography , Biting Talk , in 2004 . In the 1966 World Cup final only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the 4–2 win over West Germany received medals . Following a Football Association-led campaign to persuade FIFA to award medals to all the squad members , Hunter was presented with his winners medal by Gordon Brown at a ceremony at 10 Downing Street on 10 June 2009 . Hunter retained close links with Leeds United and its fans , and regularly appeared at Leeds matches and figured at club-hosted conferences and events ; the eponymous Norman Hunter Suite is located in the West Stand at Elland Road . Following Hunters death on 17 April 2020 , Leeds United announced on 23 April that the South Stand at Elland Road would be renamed after Hunter . Personal life . In 1968 Hunter married Susan Harper , and the couple had two children , Michael and Claire . On 10 April 2020 , it was reported that Hunter was being treated in hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . On 16 April he was described as being severely unwell . The following day , Leeds United announced that Hunter died from the virus , aged 76 , stating that [ his death ] leaves a huge hole in the Leeds United family [ and ] his legacy will never be forgotten . Honours . Club . Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 , 1973–74 - Football League Second Division : 1963–64 - FA Cup : 1971–72 ; runners-up : 1964–65 , 1969–70 , 1972–73 - Football League Cup : 1967–68 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 ; runners-up : 1974 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1967–68 , 1970–71 ; runners-up : 1966–67 - European Cup runners-up : 1974–75 - European Cup Winners Cup runners-up : 1972–73 International . England - World Cup : 1966 - European Championship third place : 1968 Individual . - PFA Players Player of the Year : 1973–74 - PFA Team of the Year : 1973–74 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Leeds United Player of the Year : 1971 |
[
"Bristol City"
] | easy | Which team did Norman Hunter (footballer) play for from 1976 to 1979? | /wiki/Norman_Hunter_(footballer)#P54#1 | Norman Hunter ( footballer ) Norman Hunter ( 29 October 1943 – 17 April 2020 ) was an English footballer who played for Leeds United , Bristol City , Barnsley and England . He was part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup winning squad , receiving a winners medal in 2007 . He was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award in 1974 , and was included in the Football League 100 Legends . A tough tackling centre-half and defensive midfielder , he was nicknamed Bites Yer Legs Hunter . The nickname originated from a banner held up by Leeds United fans at the 1972 FA Cup Final against Arsenal ; the banner read Norman bites yer legs . He played 726 games in total for Leeds , scoring 21 goals . Playing career . Leeds United . Hunter was born in Eighton Banks , Gateshead , in 1943 and joined Leeds at the age of 15 , giving up a career as an electrical fitter to do so . He made his first-team debut against Swansea Town in September 1962 , forming a partnership at the back with Jack Charlton which lasted for a decade . Leeds were promoted to the First Division in 1964 , and Hunter picked up winners medals as Leeds won the League Cup , the Fairs Cup in 1968 and 1971 , and the League Championship in 1969 . He was a consistent performer , playing 50 or more games for nine seasons in a row and playing all 42 league games in five separate seasons . In 1972 , Leeds won the FA Cup via a goal from Allan Clarke . A famous photograph of Hunters celebration when the goal went in has been published many times . At the end of the game , Hunter climbed the steps to the Royal box twice ; once to collect his own medal , and then again to help Mick Jones negotiate his way up and down , as Jones had been receiving treatment for a dislocated elbow while his teammates had been getting their prizes . 1973 saw defeats in two finals , as Leeds lost in the FA Cup Final to Sunderland , and then a few days later , to A.C . Milan in the European Cup Winners Cup , a game overshadowed by rumours of match-fixing . Hunter was sent off in the latter match for retaliation . In the 1973–74 season , Leeds started the season with a 29-match unbeaten run , which led them to the title , giving Hunter his second League winners medal . At the end of that season , Hunter was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award . As title holders Leeds thus entered the European Cup the following season , and Hunter was a member of the team that reached the 1975 European Cup Final , only to lose 2–0 to Bayern Munich . Bristol City . After 540 Football League appearances and 726 in total for Leeds , Hunter signed for Bristol City on 28 October 1976 for £40,000 , and remained there for three years , making 108 league appearances ( 122 in total ) and scoring four goals . Barnsley . Hunter finished his playing career with three seasons from 1979 to 1982 at Barnsley , where he was also manager from 1980 to 1984 . Managerial and coaching career . Hunter was appointed Barnsley manager on 16 September 1980 after ex-Leeds player Allan Clarke left to take over as manager at Leeds United . That season , Hunter took Barnsley to second place in the Third Division and won promotion to Division Two . Hunter had two good seasons , 1980-81 and 1981-82 , but then a mediocre one in 1982-83 . After that Barnsley started to struggle and Hunter was sacked on 8 February 1984 after a 3-2 home defeat by Cardiff City . He had a further managerial spell at Rotherham United ( 24 June 1985 to 9 December 1987 ) and was assistant manager to Terry Yorath at Bradford City , 1989 to February 1990 . Hunter also worked as a coach for manager Johnny Giles at West Bromwich Albion International career . Hunter played three games for England under-23 before given his debut for the England team in 1965 by manager Alf Ramsey . On 8 December 1965 , England played Spain in Madrid . Hunter came on in his first game , as a 35th minute substitute for Joe Baker . The substitution of Hunter in a midfield position allowed Ramsey to deploy both Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball in more attacking roles as England won 2–0 . The existing partnership between Jack Charlton and Bobby Moore meant that he spent much of his international career as an understudy , winning 28 caps in total . He was in the squad which won the 1966 World Cup but did not play any games . Hunter scored the winning goal against Spain in Englands quarter-final qualifying round for the 1968 European Championship , he then started in both the 1–0 semi final defeat to Yugoslavia and the 2–0 victory over the Soviet Union in the bronze medal match . He spent a short part of the 1970 season injured but he was in Alf Ramseys squad for the summers World Cup in Mexico , however his only appearance in the tournament was coming on as a late substitute in the 3–2 defeat by West Germany . In 1973 , Hunter was in the England team which needed to win their last qualifying tie for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany . The opposition at Wembley were Poland , who just needed a draw to qualify at Englands expense . It was 0–0 when Hunter went to make a tackle , but instead trod on the ball and lost it . Poland quickly made a counterattack allowing Grzegorz Lato to run clear and set up Jan Domarski to score . Allan Clarke equalised with a penalty but England could not score again , and the 1–1 draw saw them miss out on a place at the World Cup . Post-playing and managerial career . Hunter turned to the after-dinner circuit recounting his anecdotes , and from 1993 to 2020 he worked for local station BBC Radio Leeds and Yorkshire Radio as a summariser at Leeds games . In 1998 , the Football League , as part of its centenary season celebrations , included Hunter on its list of 100 League Legends . Hunter released his autobiography , Biting Talk , in 2004 . In the 1966 World Cup final only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the 4–2 win over West Germany received medals . Following a Football Association-led campaign to persuade FIFA to award medals to all the squad members , Hunter was presented with his winners medal by Gordon Brown at a ceremony at 10 Downing Street on 10 June 2009 . Hunter retained close links with Leeds United and its fans , and regularly appeared at Leeds matches and figured at club-hosted conferences and events ; the eponymous Norman Hunter Suite is located in the West Stand at Elland Road . Following Hunters death on 17 April 2020 , Leeds United announced on 23 April that the South Stand at Elland Road would be renamed after Hunter . Personal life . In 1968 Hunter married Susan Harper , and the couple had two children , Michael and Claire . On 10 April 2020 , it was reported that Hunter was being treated in hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . On 16 April he was described as being severely unwell . The following day , Leeds United announced that Hunter died from the virus , aged 76 , stating that [ his death ] leaves a huge hole in the Leeds United family [ and ] his legacy will never be forgotten . Honours . Club . Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 , 1973–74 - Football League Second Division : 1963–64 - FA Cup : 1971–72 ; runners-up : 1964–65 , 1969–70 , 1972–73 - Football League Cup : 1967–68 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 ; runners-up : 1974 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1967–68 , 1970–71 ; runners-up : 1966–67 - European Cup runners-up : 1974–75 - European Cup Winners Cup runners-up : 1972–73 International . England - World Cup : 1966 - European Championship third place : 1968 Individual . - PFA Players Player of the Year : 1973–74 - PFA Team of the Year : 1973–74 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Leeds United Player of the Year : 1971 |
[
"Barnsley"
] | easy | Norman Hunter (footballer) played for which team from 1979 to 1982? | /wiki/Norman_Hunter_(footballer)#P54#2 | Norman Hunter ( footballer ) Norman Hunter ( 29 October 1943 – 17 April 2020 ) was an English footballer who played for Leeds United , Bristol City , Barnsley and England . He was part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup winning squad , receiving a winners medal in 2007 . He was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award in 1974 , and was included in the Football League 100 Legends . A tough tackling centre-half and defensive midfielder , he was nicknamed Bites Yer Legs Hunter . The nickname originated from a banner held up by Leeds United fans at the 1972 FA Cup Final against Arsenal ; the banner read Norman bites yer legs . He played 726 games in total for Leeds , scoring 21 goals . Playing career . Leeds United . Hunter was born in Eighton Banks , Gateshead , in 1943 and joined Leeds at the age of 15 , giving up a career as an electrical fitter to do so . He made his first-team debut against Swansea Town in September 1962 , forming a partnership at the back with Jack Charlton which lasted for a decade . Leeds were promoted to the First Division in 1964 , and Hunter picked up winners medals as Leeds won the League Cup , the Fairs Cup in 1968 and 1971 , and the League Championship in 1969 . He was a consistent performer , playing 50 or more games for nine seasons in a row and playing all 42 league games in five separate seasons . In 1972 , Leeds won the FA Cup via a goal from Allan Clarke . A famous photograph of Hunters celebration when the goal went in has been published many times . At the end of the game , Hunter climbed the steps to the Royal box twice ; once to collect his own medal , and then again to help Mick Jones negotiate his way up and down , as Jones had been receiving treatment for a dislocated elbow while his teammates had been getting their prizes . 1973 saw defeats in two finals , as Leeds lost in the FA Cup Final to Sunderland , and then a few days later , to A.C . Milan in the European Cup Winners Cup , a game overshadowed by rumours of match-fixing . Hunter was sent off in the latter match for retaliation . In the 1973–74 season , Leeds started the season with a 29-match unbeaten run , which led them to the title , giving Hunter his second League winners medal . At the end of that season , Hunter was the first winner of the PFA Players Player of the Year award . As title holders Leeds thus entered the European Cup the following season , and Hunter was a member of the team that reached the 1975 European Cup Final , only to lose 2–0 to Bayern Munich . Bristol City . After 540 Football League appearances and 726 in total for Leeds , Hunter signed for Bristol City on 28 October 1976 for £40,000 , and remained there for three years , making 108 league appearances ( 122 in total ) and scoring four goals . Barnsley . Hunter finished his playing career with three seasons from 1979 to 1982 at Barnsley , where he was also manager from 1980 to 1984 . Managerial and coaching career . Hunter was appointed Barnsley manager on 16 September 1980 after ex-Leeds player Allan Clarke left to take over as manager at Leeds United . That season , Hunter took Barnsley to second place in the Third Division and won promotion to Division Two . Hunter had two good seasons , 1980-81 and 1981-82 , but then a mediocre one in 1982-83 . After that Barnsley started to struggle and Hunter was sacked on 8 February 1984 after a 3-2 home defeat by Cardiff City . He had a further managerial spell at Rotherham United ( 24 June 1985 to 9 December 1987 ) and was assistant manager to Terry Yorath at Bradford City , 1989 to February 1990 . Hunter also worked as a coach for manager Johnny Giles at West Bromwich Albion International career . Hunter played three games for England under-23 before given his debut for the England team in 1965 by manager Alf Ramsey . On 8 December 1965 , England played Spain in Madrid . Hunter came on in his first game , as a 35th minute substitute for Joe Baker . The substitution of Hunter in a midfield position allowed Ramsey to deploy both Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball in more attacking roles as England won 2–0 . The existing partnership between Jack Charlton and Bobby Moore meant that he spent much of his international career as an understudy , winning 28 caps in total . He was in the squad which won the 1966 World Cup but did not play any games . Hunter scored the winning goal against Spain in Englands quarter-final qualifying round for the 1968 European Championship , he then started in both the 1–0 semi final defeat to Yugoslavia and the 2–0 victory over the Soviet Union in the bronze medal match . He spent a short part of the 1970 season injured but he was in Alf Ramseys squad for the summers World Cup in Mexico , however his only appearance in the tournament was coming on as a late substitute in the 3–2 defeat by West Germany . In 1973 , Hunter was in the England team which needed to win their last qualifying tie for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany . The opposition at Wembley were Poland , who just needed a draw to qualify at Englands expense . It was 0–0 when Hunter went to make a tackle , but instead trod on the ball and lost it . Poland quickly made a counterattack allowing Grzegorz Lato to run clear and set up Jan Domarski to score . Allan Clarke equalised with a penalty but England could not score again , and the 1–1 draw saw them miss out on a place at the World Cup . Post-playing and managerial career . Hunter turned to the after-dinner circuit recounting his anecdotes , and from 1993 to 2020 he worked for local station BBC Radio Leeds and Yorkshire Radio as a summariser at Leeds games . In 1998 , the Football League , as part of its centenary season celebrations , included Hunter on its list of 100 League Legends . Hunter released his autobiography , Biting Talk , in 2004 . In the 1966 World Cup final only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the 4–2 win over West Germany received medals . Following a Football Association-led campaign to persuade FIFA to award medals to all the squad members , Hunter was presented with his winners medal by Gordon Brown at a ceremony at 10 Downing Street on 10 June 2009 . Hunter retained close links with Leeds United and its fans , and regularly appeared at Leeds matches and figured at club-hosted conferences and events ; the eponymous Norman Hunter Suite is located in the West Stand at Elland Road . Following Hunters death on 17 April 2020 , Leeds United announced on 23 April that the South Stand at Elland Road would be renamed after Hunter . Personal life . In 1968 Hunter married Susan Harper , and the couple had two children , Michael and Claire . On 10 April 2020 , it was reported that Hunter was being treated in hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . On 16 April he was described as being severely unwell . The following day , Leeds United announced that Hunter died from the virus , aged 76 , stating that [ his death ] leaves a huge hole in the Leeds United family [ and ] his legacy will never be forgotten . Honours . Club . Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 , 1973–74 - Football League Second Division : 1963–64 - FA Cup : 1971–72 ; runners-up : 1964–65 , 1969–70 , 1972–73 - Football League Cup : 1967–68 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 ; runners-up : 1974 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1967–68 , 1970–71 ; runners-up : 1966–67 - European Cup runners-up : 1974–75 - European Cup Winners Cup runners-up : 1972–73 International . England - World Cup : 1966 - European Championship third place : 1968 Individual . - PFA Players Player of the Year : 1973–74 - PFA Team of the Year : 1973–74 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Leeds United Player of the Year : 1971 |
[
"Hirohiko Izumida"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Niigata Prefecture from Oct 2004 to Oct 2016? | /wiki/Niigata_Prefecture#P6#0 | Niigata Prefecture Niigata is the capital and largest city of Niigata Prefecture , with other major cities including Nagaoka , Jōetsu , and Sanjō . Niigata Prefecture contains the Niigata Major Metropolitan Area centered on Niigata with a population of 1,395,612 , the largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast and the twelfth-largest in Japan . Niigata Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and features Sado Island , the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island . History . Until after the Meiji Restoration , the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province ( on the mainland ) and Sado Province . During the Sengoku period , the Nagao clan , who were at times vassals to the Uesugi , ruled a fief in the western part of modern Niigata from Kasugayama Castle . The most notable member of the Nagao clan was Nagao Kagetora , later and better known as Uesugi Kenshin . He unified the leaders of Echigo Province and became its sole ruler . By taking the surname Uesugi , he also became the head of the Uesugi clan and effectively brought their realm under his control . The city of Niigata is now the third largest Japanese city facing the Sea of Japan , after Fukuoka and Kitakyushu . It was the first Japanese port on the Sea of Japan to be opened to foreign trade following the opening of Japan by Matthew Perry . It has since played an important role in trade with Russia and Korea . A freighter from North Korea visits Niigata once a month , in one of the few forms of direct contact between Japan and that country . The Etsuzankai organization , led by the politician Kakuei Tanaka , was highly influential in bringing infrastructure improvements to Niigata Prefecture in the 1960s and 1970s . These included the Jōetsu Shinkansen high-speed rail line and the Kanetsu Expressway to Tokyo . On October 23 , 2004 , the Chūetsu earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture and was measured at Shindo 6+ at Ojiya . On January 9 , 2006 , a heavy winter storm struck the prefecture and its neighbors . At least 71 people died and more than 1,000 were injured . Also in 2006 , a massive tsunami and earthquake damaged homes and caused casualties in the maritime areas of Niigata Prefecture , especially near Sado Island . On July 16 , 2007 , another earthquake hit the area . Niigata Prefecture hosts the Fuji Rock Festival , an annual event held at the Naeba ski resort . The three-day event , organized by Smash Japan , features more than 200 Japanese and international musicians . It is one of the largest outdoor music events in Japan , with more than 100,000 people attending in 2005 . Geography . Niigata Prefecture stretches about along the Sea of Japan , from the southwest to the northeast , with a coastal plain between the mountains and the sea . It also includes Sado Island . Niigata Prefecture could be placed in either the Hokuriku or the Kōshinetsu , both of which are considered parts of the Chūbu region . The prefecture is generally divided into four geographical areas : in the south , in the center , in the north , and Sado Island . The mouth of the Shinano River , the longest river in Japan , is located in Niigata Prefecture . As of 1 April 2014 , 25% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely Bandai-Asahi , Chūbu-Sangaku , Nikkō , and Oze National Parks ; Echigo Sanzan-Tadami and Sado-Yahiko-Yoneyama Quasi-National Parks ; and thirteen Prefectural Natural Parks . Cities . Twenty cities are located in Niigata Prefecture : - Agano - Gosen - Itoigawa - Jōetsu - Kamo - Kashiwazaki - Minamiuonuma - Mitsuke - Murakami - Myōkō - Nagaoka - Niigata ( capital ) - Ojiya - Sado - Sanjō - Shibata - Tainai - Tōkamachi - Tsubame - Uonuma Towns and villages . These are the towns and villages in each district : - Higashikanbara District - Aga - Iwafune District - Awashimaura - Sekikawa - Kariwa District - Kariwa - Kitakanbara District - Seirō - Minamikanbara District - Tagami - Minamiuonuma District - Yuzawa - Nakauonuma District - Tsunan - Nishikanbara District - Yahiko - Santō District - Izumozaki List of Governor of Niigata Prefecture ( from 1947 ) . - Shohei Okada ( 岡田正平 ) - from 15 April , 1947 to 29 April , 1955 - Kazuo Kitamura ( 北村一男 ) - from 30 April , 1955 to 30 November , 1961 - Toichiro Tsukada ( 塚田十一郎 ) - from 7 December , 1966 to 28 March , 1966 - Shiro Watari ( 亘四郎 ) - from 8 May , 1966 to 30 April , 1974 - Takeo Kimi ( 君健男 ) - from 1 May , 1974 to 19 April , 1989 - Kiyoshi Kaneko ( 金子清 ) - from 4 June , 1989 to 9 September , 1992 - Ikuo Hirayama ( 平山征夫 ) - from 25 October , 1992 to 24 October , 2004 - Hirohiko Izumida ( 泉田裕彦 ) - from 25 October , 2004 to 24 October , 2016 - Ryuichi Yoneyama ( 米山隆一 ) - from 25 October , 2016 to 27 April , 2018 - Hideyo Hanazumi ( 花角英世 ) - from 12 June , 2018 to present Economy . Agriculture , forestry and fishing . The major industry in Niigata Prefecture is agriculture . Rice is the principal product , and among the prefectures of Japan Niigata is second only to Hokkaidō in rice output . The area around Uonuma is known for producing the Koshihikari variety , widely considered to be the highest-quality rice produced in Japan . Rice-related industries are also very important to the prefectural economy . Niigata Prefecture is known throughout Japan for its high-quality sake , senbei , mochi , and arare . In sake production , the prefecture comes third after Gunma and Kyoto prefectures . The prefecture was also the place of origin of the ornamental carp known as koi . Niigata Prefecture produces the highest volume of azaleas and cut lilies in Japan , and is increasing production of cut flowers and flower bulbs . Along with Toyama Prefecture , it produces the highest volume of tulips in the country . Mining and manufacturing . Crude oil is produced in Niigata Prefecture , although Japan relies heavily on petroleum imported from other countries . Kerosene heaters are also produced for use in the cold Niigata winters . Kinzan , on Sado Island , was an active gold mine until it was closed in 1989 . Sanjō and Tsubame produce 90 percent of all the silverware made in Japan . The two cities are second after Osaka in the production of scissors , kitchen knives , and wrenches . Niigata Prefecture may have been the first area in Japan to produce knitted textiles , although the earliest products may have been imported from China . A nuclear power plant , which formerly had the highest energy output in the world , is located in the tiny village of Kariwa . It has been closed since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Demographics . In the Census of 2003 , Niigata ranked as the 14th most populous . Culture . Food . Niigata is known for the following regional specialities : - Uonuma Koshihikari rice - Shōyu ( soy sauce ) and Yofu ( western-style ) katsudon - Shōyu sekihan - Noppe stew - Wappa-meshi ( seafood and rice steamed in a bamboo basket ) - Sasa-dango ( mochi balls filled with red bean paste , seasoned with mugwort and wrapped in bamboo leaves ) - Poppo-yaki ( steamed bread flavored with brown sugar ) - Hegi-soba ( soba from the Uonuma and Ojiya areas , which uses a special kind of seaweed ) - Tsubame-Sanjō ramen ( ramen made using thick udon-style noodles ) - Tochio aburage ( aburaage is called aburage in Tochio ) - Kirazu ( dishes using okara ) - Kakinomoto ( edible chrysanthemums ) - Kanzuri ( a special seasoning from Myōkō made by leaving chili peppers exposed on snow , then adding flour , salt and yuzu ) - Yasuda yogurt Niigata in popular culture . - Snow Country ( 1947 ) : a novel by Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata set in Yuzawa - Niigata Snow : a track on the LP Aida , released by Derek Bailey in 1980 - Kura : a film and TV series ( 1995 ) based on the 1993 book by Tomiko Miyao , an award-winning period piece about a Niigata family and its sake brewery - Blue ( 1996 ) : a manga about high school girls , set in Niigata City , adapted as a film in 2001 - Whiteout : an action film based on a novel published in 1995 - United States of Tara ( 2011 ) : a comedy-drama series on Showtime ; Kate is about to embark on a trip to teach English in Niigata when a flight attendant tells her that the only thing she will hopefully find in Niigata is a life lesson and a bullet train back to Tokyo . Tourism and sports . Much of the tourism in Niigata centers around skiing , especially in the alpine areas of Myōkō and Yuzawa , and going to onsen . Sado Island off the west coast of Niigata is accessible via ferry ( taking one to two and a half hours ) from Naoetsu or Niigata City . Professional sports clubs include Albirex Niigata , a J-League Division 1 Soccer Club , and Niigata Albirex BB , a BJ ( Basketball Japan ) League team . Festivals . - Tokamachi Snow Festival- February - Murakami Taisai – July 6–7 - Iwafune Taisai – October 18–19 , in Murakami - Niigata Festival – August - Niigata General Dancing Event -September 21–25 - Shirone Kite Festival – June - Sanjo Kite Festival – June - Nagaoka Festival ( with fireworks ) – August - Niigata Tanrei Sake-no-Jin - March - Echigo-Tsumari Festival - August and September ( every third year ) Education . Universities . - Niigata University - Niigata University of International and Information Studies - Niigata Sangyo University ( Niigata Industrial University ) - Niigata University of Health and Welfare - Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences - Niigata Institute of Technology - Niigata University of Management - Niigata College of Nursing - Nippon Dental University - Nagaoka University - Nagaoka University of Technology - Nagaoka Institute of Design - International University of Japan - Keiwa Gakuen University Transport . Rail . - JR East - Jōetsu Shinkansen - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Shinetsu Line - Hakushin Line - Yahiko Line - Echigo Line - Jōetsu Line - Uetsu Line - Banetsu West Line - Tadami Line - Iiyama Line - Yonesaka Line - JR West - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Ōito Line - Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line - Echigo Tokimeki Railway - Myōkō Haneuma Line - Nihonkai Hisui Line Roads . Expressways . - E17 Kanetsu Expressway - E18 Jōshinetsu Expressway - E8 Hokuriku Expressway - E49 Ban-etsu Expressway - E7 Nihonkai Tōhoku Expressway National highways . - Route 7 ( Niigata—Shibata—Murakami—Sakata—Akita—Noshiro—Hirosaki—Aomori ) - Route 8 ( Niigata—Nagaoka—Kashiwazaki—Jōetsu—Toyama—Kanazawa—Tsuruga—Kyoto ) - Route 17 ( Nagaoka—Ojiya—Minamiuonuma—Takasaki—Nihonbashi of Tokyo ) - Route 18 ( Jōetsu—Myōkō—Nagano—Karuizawa—Takasaki ) - Route 49 ( Niigata—Aizuwakamatsu—Kōriyama—Iwaki ) - Route 113 ( Niigata—Arakawa—Nanyō—Shiroishi—Sōma ) - Route 116 ( Niigata—Tsubame—Izumozaki—Kashiwazaki ) - Route 117 ( Ojiya—Tōkamachi—Iiyama ) - Route 148 ( Itoigawa—Ōmachi ) - Route 252 - Route 253 - Route 289 - Route 290 - Route 291 - Route 292 - Route 345 - Route 350 ( Sado Island ) - Route 351 - Route 352 - Route 353 - Route 402 - Route 403 - Route 404 - Route 405 - Route 459 - Route 460 Ports . - Niigata Port – Ferry route to Sado Island , Tsuruga , Akita , Otaru and Tomakomai , with International Container hub port - Ryotsu Port – Ferry route to Niigata - Ogi Port - Naoetsu Port Airports . - Niigata Airport - Sado Airport Notable individuals . Politics and military . - Masako , Empress of Japan , former registered domicile ( Honseki ) was Murakami - Uesugi Kenshin ( 1530–1578 ) , daimyō in the Sengoku period - Naoe Kanetsugu ( 1559–1620 ) , samurai in the Sengoku period - Horibe Yasubei ( 1670–1703 ) , samurai in the Edo period - Hachirō Arita ( 1884–1965 ) , foreign minister , from Sado Island - Maejima Hisoka ( 1835–1919 ) , founder of the Japanese postal service , from Joetsu - Masuda Takashi ( 1848–1938 ) , creation of a general trading company , Mitsui Bussan . established a newspaper , Nihon Keizai Shimbun . from Sado Island - Kita Ikki ( 1883–1937 ) , nationalist author and intellectual , from Sado Island - Sakae Ōsugi ( 1885-1923 ) , anarchist , lived in Shibata - Honma Masaharu ( 1887–1946 ) World War II lieutenant-general executed by the United States for war crimes committed in the Philippines - Hitoshi Imamura ( 1886–1968 ) World War II General in the Imperial Japanese Army , from Shibata high school - Isoroku Yamamoto ( 1884–1943 ) , commander of the Japanese Imperial Navy , from Nagaoka - Chiang Kai-shek ( 1887-1975 ) , Chinese political and military leader , served in the Imperial Japanese Army from 1909 to 1911 in Joetsu ( Takada ) - Ba Maw ( 1893-1977 ) , Burmese political leader , active during the interwar and World War II , lived in Minamiuonuma ( Ichiuchi ) - Kakuei Tanaka ( 1918–1993 ) , prime minister , from Kashiwazaki - Hisashi Owada ( born 1932 ) , diplomat and father of Crown Princess Masako , from Shibata - Makiko Tanaka ( born 1944 ) , first female foreign minister , from Kashiwazaki Arts and culture . - Zeami Motokiyo ( 1363– 1443 ) , aesthetician , actor , and playwright , exile to Sado Island - Ryōkan ( 1758–1831 ) , Zen Buddhist monk and poet , from Izumozaki - Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto , ( 1874–1950 ) , autobiographer and novelist , Professor of literature and taught Japanese language , culture and history at Columbia University , from Nagaoka - Yaichi Aizu ( 1881–1956 ) , poet , calligrapher and historian , from Niigata City - Kokei Kobayashi ( 1883–1957 ) , Nihonga painter , from Joetsu - Mimei Ogawa ( 1882–1961 ) , author of short stories , childrens stories , and fairy tales , from Joetsu - Koganei Yoshikiyo ( 1859–1944 ) , anatomist and anthropologist , from Nagaoka - Kyusaku Ogino ( 1882-1975 ) , doctor specializing in obstetrics and gynecology , Niigata Takeyama Hospital - Kinichiro Sakaguchi ( 1897 – 1994 ) , agricultural chemist and microbiologist , from Joetsu - Takashi Amano ( 1954-2015 ) , photographer and aquarist , from Niigata - Tetsuji Morohashi ( 1883– 1982 ) chief editor of the Dai Kan-Wa jiten , a comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters , from Sanjo - Tetsuo Harada ( born 1949 Niitsu-shi ) , sculptor working in Paris France - Tsuchida Bakusen ( 1887–1936 ) , Japanese painter , from Sado - Fubō Hayashi ( 1900–1935 ) , novelist from Sado Island - Inoue Enryō ( 1858–1919 ) , Buddhist philosopher , from Nagaoka - Junzaburō Nishiwaki ( 1894–1982 ) , Japanese poet and literary critic , from Ojiya - Daigaku Horiguchi ( 1892-1981 ) , poet and translator of French literature , from Nagaoka - Makoto Aida ( born 1965 ) , Artist , from Niigata City - Donald Keene ( born 1922 ) , Japanese scholar , historian , teacher , writer and translator of Japanese literature , Honorary Citizen of Kashiwazaki - Kodo ( taiko group ) , Based in Sado Actors , Actresses , Singers - Ken Watanabe ( born 1959 ) , stage , TV and film actor , from Niigata - Princess Tenko ( born 1959 ) , magician , from Joetsu - Mina Fujii ( born 1998 ) , actress - Mikie Hara ( born 1987 ) , gravure idol and actress , from Murakami - Fumika Baba ( born 1995 ) , actress and model , from Niigata City - Maya Kobayashi ( born 1979 ) , journalist and newscaster , from Ojiya - Mao Kobayashi ( actress ) ( born 1982 ) , newscaster and former actress , from Ojiya - Miyuki Koizumi ( born 1982 ) , Model - Kazuyuki Sekiguchi ( born 1955 ) , bass player for the rock group Southern All Stars , from Agano - Makoto Ogawa ( born 1987 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Kashiwazaki - Koharu Kusumi ( born 1992 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Washima - Hitomi Saito ( born 1981 ) , former singer of leader of Melon Kinenbi , from Niigata City - Suneohair ( born 1971 ) , singer , from Nagaoka - Yasuyuki Okamura ( born 1965 ) , from Niigata Higashi High School - Double ( singer ) ,Japanese R&B singer - Negicco Based on Niigata City , Niigata - NGT48 Based on Niigata City , Niigata Pop culture , manga , voice actors - One ( manga artist ) ( 1986 ) , mangaká , from Niigata City - Yoshifumi Kondō ( 1950–1998 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hiroyuki Yamaga ( born 1962 ) , anime director and producer , and a founding member of the animation studio Gainax , from Niigata City - Daisuke Hirakawa ( born 1973 ) , voice actor - Ryō Hirohashi ( born 1977 ) , voice actress , from Nagaoka - Yoko Ishida ( born 1973 ) , singer , from Niigata City - Rumi Kasahara ( born 1970 ) , voice actress , from Itoigawa - Makoto Kobayashi ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Közi ( born 1972 ) , rock musician - Haruo Minami ( 1923–2001 ) , enka singer , from Nagaoka - Hitomi Nabatame ( born 1976 ) , voice actress , from Sado Island - Tatsuyuki Nagai ( born 1976 ) , anime director - Kazuto Nakazawa ( born 1968 ) , animator - Kiriko Nananan ( born 1972 ) , manga artist , from Tsubame - Yukari Nozawa ( born 1957 ) , actor and voice actor - Takeshi Obata ( born 1969 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Etsushi Ogawa ( born 1969 ) , manga artist - Ikue Otani ( born 1965 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Ango Sakaguchi ( 1906–1955 ) , novelist and essayist , from Niigata City - Daisuke Sakaguchi ( born 1973 ) , voice actor , from Kashiwazaki - Shuichi Shigeno ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Tōkamachi - Bin Shimada ( born 1954 ) , voice actor , from Niigata City - Kunio Shimizu ( 1936–2021 ) , playwright from Niigata - Motoei Shinzawa ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Yōko Sōmi ( born 1965 ) , voice actress - Rumiko Takahashi ( born 1957 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Kazuya Tsurumaki ( born 1966 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hajime Watanabe ( born 1957 ) , animator - Nobuhiro Watsuki ( born 1970 ) , manga artist , from Nagaoka - Hiroki Yagami ( born 1967 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Akiko Yajima ( born 1967 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Kimio Yanagisawa ( born 1948 ) , manga artist , from Gosen - Keiko Yokozawa ( born 1952 ) , voice actress , from Niigata City Sports . - Shiro Saigo ( 1866 – 1922 ) , Judo , lived in Aga ( Tsugawa ) , lived in 1869-1882 - Haguroyama Masaji ( 1914–1969 ) , sumo wrestler from Nakanokuchi who was yokozuna for 12 years and three months ; an all-time record - Shohei Baba ( 1938–1999 ) , Japanese professional wrestler , from Sanjō - Sawao Kato ( born 1946 ) , winner of 12 Olympic medals in gymnastics - Killer Khan ( born 1947 ) , professional wrestler , from Tsubame - Ayumu Hirano ( born 1998 ) , snowboarder , from Murakami - Ayana Onozuka ( born 1988 ) , freestyle skier , from Minamiuonuma - Kentaro Minagawa ( born 1977 ) , alpine skier , from Yuzawa - Junko Hoshino ( born 1989 ) , freestyle skier , from Nagaoka - Reruhi Shimizu ( born 1993 ) , ski jumper , from Myoko - Mai Nakamura ( born 1979 ) , swimmer , from Nagaoka - Gōtoku Sakai ( born 1991 ) , footballer ( 2015– Hamburger SV ) , from Sanjo - Yujiro Takahashi ( born 1981 ) , professional wrestler from Niigata City . |
[
"Ryuichi Yoneyama"
] | easy | Who was in charge of Niigata Prefecture from Oct 2016 to Apr 2018? | /wiki/Niigata_Prefecture#P6#1 | Niigata Prefecture Niigata is the capital and largest city of Niigata Prefecture , with other major cities including Nagaoka , Jōetsu , and Sanjō . Niigata Prefecture contains the Niigata Major Metropolitan Area centered on Niigata with a population of 1,395,612 , the largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast and the twelfth-largest in Japan . Niigata Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and features Sado Island , the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island . History . Until after the Meiji Restoration , the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province ( on the mainland ) and Sado Province . During the Sengoku period , the Nagao clan , who were at times vassals to the Uesugi , ruled a fief in the western part of modern Niigata from Kasugayama Castle . The most notable member of the Nagao clan was Nagao Kagetora , later and better known as Uesugi Kenshin . He unified the leaders of Echigo Province and became its sole ruler . By taking the surname Uesugi , he also became the head of the Uesugi clan and effectively brought their realm under his control . The city of Niigata is now the third largest Japanese city facing the Sea of Japan , after Fukuoka and Kitakyushu . It was the first Japanese port on the Sea of Japan to be opened to foreign trade following the opening of Japan by Matthew Perry . It has since played an important role in trade with Russia and Korea . A freighter from North Korea visits Niigata once a month , in one of the few forms of direct contact between Japan and that country . The Etsuzankai organization , led by the politician Kakuei Tanaka , was highly influential in bringing infrastructure improvements to Niigata Prefecture in the 1960s and 1970s . These included the Jōetsu Shinkansen high-speed rail line and the Kanetsu Expressway to Tokyo . On October 23 , 2004 , the Chūetsu earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture and was measured at Shindo 6+ at Ojiya . On January 9 , 2006 , a heavy winter storm struck the prefecture and its neighbors . At least 71 people died and more than 1,000 were injured . Also in 2006 , a massive tsunami and earthquake damaged homes and caused casualties in the maritime areas of Niigata Prefecture , especially near Sado Island . On July 16 , 2007 , another earthquake hit the area . Niigata Prefecture hosts the Fuji Rock Festival , an annual event held at the Naeba ski resort . The three-day event , organized by Smash Japan , features more than 200 Japanese and international musicians . It is one of the largest outdoor music events in Japan , with more than 100,000 people attending in 2005 . Geography . Niigata Prefecture stretches about along the Sea of Japan , from the southwest to the northeast , with a coastal plain between the mountains and the sea . It also includes Sado Island . Niigata Prefecture could be placed in either the Hokuriku or the Kōshinetsu , both of which are considered parts of the Chūbu region . The prefecture is generally divided into four geographical areas : in the south , in the center , in the north , and Sado Island . The mouth of the Shinano River , the longest river in Japan , is located in Niigata Prefecture . As of 1 April 2014 , 25% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely Bandai-Asahi , Chūbu-Sangaku , Nikkō , and Oze National Parks ; Echigo Sanzan-Tadami and Sado-Yahiko-Yoneyama Quasi-National Parks ; and thirteen Prefectural Natural Parks . Cities . Twenty cities are located in Niigata Prefecture : - Agano - Gosen - Itoigawa - Jōetsu - Kamo - Kashiwazaki - Minamiuonuma - Mitsuke - Murakami - Myōkō - Nagaoka - Niigata ( capital ) - Ojiya - Sado - Sanjō - Shibata - Tainai - Tōkamachi - Tsubame - Uonuma Towns and villages . These are the towns and villages in each district : - Higashikanbara District - Aga - Iwafune District - Awashimaura - Sekikawa - Kariwa District - Kariwa - Kitakanbara District - Seirō - Minamikanbara District - Tagami - Minamiuonuma District - Yuzawa - Nakauonuma District - Tsunan - Nishikanbara District - Yahiko - Santō District - Izumozaki List of Governor of Niigata Prefecture ( from 1947 ) . - Shohei Okada ( 岡田正平 ) - from 15 April , 1947 to 29 April , 1955 - Kazuo Kitamura ( 北村一男 ) - from 30 April , 1955 to 30 November , 1961 - Toichiro Tsukada ( 塚田十一郎 ) - from 7 December , 1966 to 28 March , 1966 - Shiro Watari ( 亘四郎 ) - from 8 May , 1966 to 30 April , 1974 - Takeo Kimi ( 君健男 ) - from 1 May , 1974 to 19 April , 1989 - Kiyoshi Kaneko ( 金子清 ) - from 4 June , 1989 to 9 September , 1992 - Ikuo Hirayama ( 平山征夫 ) - from 25 October , 1992 to 24 October , 2004 - Hirohiko Izumida ( 泉田裕彦 ) - from 25 October , 2004 to 24 October , 2016 - Ryuichi Yoneyama ( 米山隆一 ) - from 25 October , 2016 to 27 April , 2018 - Hideyo Hanazumi ( 花角英世 ) - from 12 June , 2018 to present Economy . Agriculture , forestry and fishing . The major industry in Niigata Prefecture is agriculture . Rice is the principal product , and among the prefectures of Japan Niigata is second only to Hokkaidō in rice output . The area around Uonuma is known for producing the Koshihikari variety , widely considered to be the highest-quality rice produced in Japan . Rice-related industries are also very important to the prefectural economy . Niigata Prefecture is known throughout Japan for its high-quality sake , senbei , mochi , and arare . In sake production , the prefecture comes third after Gunma and Kyoto prefectures . The prefecture was also the place of origin of the ornamental carp known as koi . Niigata Prefecture produces the highest volume of azaleas and cut lilies in Japan , and is increasing production of cut flowers and flower bulbs . Along with Toyama Prefecture , it produces the highest volume of tulips in the country . Mining and manufacturing . Crude oil is produced in Niigata Prefecture , although Japan relies heavily on petroleum imported from other countries . Kerosene heaters are also produced for use in the cold Niigata winters . Kinzan , on Sado Island , was an active gold mine until it was closed in 1989 . Sanjō and Tsubame produce 90 percent of all the silverware made in Japan . The two cities are second after Osaka in the production of scissors , kitchen knives , and wrenches . Niigata Prefecture may have been the first area in Japan to produce knitted textiles , although the earliest products may have been imported from China . A nuclear power plant , which formerly had the highest energy output in the world , is located in the tiny village of Kariwa . It has been closed since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Demographics . In the Census of 2003 , Niigata ranked as the 14th most populous . Culture . Food . Niigata is known for the following regional specialities : - Uonuma Koshihikari rice - Shōyu ( soy sauce ) and Yofu ( western-style ) katsudon - Shōyu sekihan - Noppe stew - Wappa-meshi ( seafood and rice steamed in a bamboo basket ) - Sasa-dango ( mochi balls filled with red bean paste , seasoned with mugwort and wrapped in bamboo leaves ) - Poppo-yaki ( steamed bread flavored with brown sugar ) - Hegi-soba ( soba from the Uonuma and Ojiya areas , which uses a special kind of seaweed ) - Tsubame-Sanjō ramen ( ramen made using thick udon-style noodles ) - Tochio aburage ( aburaage is called aburage in Tochio ) - Kirazu ( dishes using okara ) - Kakinomoto ( edible chrysanthemums ) - Kanzuri ( a special seasoning from Myōkō made by leaving chili peppers exposed on snow , then adding flour , salt and yuzu ) - Yasuda yogurt Niigata in popular culture . - Snow Country ( 1947 ) : a novel by Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata set in Yuzawa - Niigata Snow : a track on the LP Aida , released by Derek Bailey in 1980 - Kura : a film and TV series ( 1995 ) based on the 1993 book by Tomiko Miyao , an award-winning period piece about a Niigata family and its sake brewery - Blue ( 1996 ) : a manga about high school girls , set in Niigata City , adapted as a film in 2001 - Whiteout : an action film based on a novel published in 1995 - United States of Tara ( 2011 ) : a comedy-drama series on Showtime ; Kate is about to embark on a trip to teach English in Niigata when a flight attendant tells her that the only thing she will hopefully find in Niigata is a life lesson and a bullet train back to Tokyo . Tourism and sports . Much of the tourism in Niigata centers around skiing , especially in the alpine areas of Myōkō and Yuzawa , and going to onsen . Sado Island off the west coast of Niigata is accessible via ferry ( taking one to two and a half hours ) from Naoetsu or Niigata City . Professional sports clubs include Albirex Niigata , a J-League Division 1 Soccer Club , and Niigata Albirex BB , a BJ ( Basketball Japan ) League team . Festivals . - Tokamachi Snow Festival- February - Murakami Taisai – July 6–7 - Iwafune Taisai – October 18–19 , in Murakami - Niigata Festival – August - Niigata General Dancing Event -September 21–25 - Shirone Kite Festival – June - Sanjo Kite Festival – June - Nagaoka Festival ( with fireworks ) – August - Niigata Tanrei Sake-no-Jin - March - Echigo-Tsumari Festival - August and September ( every third year ) Education . Universities . - Niigata University - Niigata University of International and Information Studies - Niigata Sangyo University ( Niigata Industrial University ) - Niigata University of Health and Welfare - Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences - Niigata Institute of Technology - Niigata University of Management - Niigata College of Nursing - Nippon Dental University - Nagaoka University - Nagaoka University of Technology - Nagaoka Institute of Design - International University of Japan - Keiwa Gakuen University Transport . Rail . - JR East - Jōetsu Shinkansen - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Shinetsu Line - Hakushin Line - Yahiko Line - Echigo Line - Jōetsu Line - Uetsu Line - Banetsu West Line - Tadami Line - Iiyama Line - Yonesaka Line - JR West - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Ōito Line - Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line - Echigo Tokimeki Railway - Myōkō Haneuma Line - Nihonkai Hisui Line Roads . Expressways . - E17 Kanetsu Expressway - E18 Jōshinetsu Expressway - E8 Hokuriku Expressway - E49 Ban-etsu Expressway - E7 Nihonkai Tōhoku Expressway National highways . - Route 7 ( Niigata—Shibata—Murakami—Sakata—Akita—Noshiro—Hirosaki—Aomori ) - Route 8 ( Niigata—Nagaoka—Kashiwazaki—Jōetsu—Toyama—Kanazawa—Tsuruga—Kyoto ) - Route 17 ( Nagaoka—Ojiya—Minamiuonuma—Takasaki—Nihonbashi of Tokyo ) - Route 18 ( Jōetsu—Myōkō—Nagano—Karuizawa—Takasaki ) - Route 49 ( Niigata—Aizuwakamatsu—Kōriyama—Iwaki ) - Route 113 ( Niigata—Arakawa—Nanyō—Shiroishi—Sōma ) - Route 116 ( Niigata—Tsubame—Izumozaki—Kashiwazaki ) - Route 117 ( Ojiya—Tōkamachi—Iiyama ) - Route 148 ( Itoigawa—Ōmachi ) - Route 252 - Route 253 - Route 289 - Route 290 - Route 291 - Route 292 - Route 345 - Route 350 ( Sado Island ) - Route 351 - Route 352 - Route 353 - Route 402 - Route 403 - Route 404 - Route 405 - Route 459 - Route 460 Ports . - Niigata Port – Ferry route to Sado Island , Tsuruga , Akita , Otaru and Tomakomai , with International Container hub port - Ryotsu Port – Ferry route to Niigata - Ogi Port - Naoetsu Port Airports . - Niigata Airport - Sado Airport Notable individuals . Politics and military . - Masako , Empress of Japan , former registered domicile ( Honseki ) was Murakami - Uesugi Kenshin ( 1530–1578 ) , daimyō in the Sengoku period - Naoe Kanetsugu ( 1559–1620 ) , samurai in the Sengoku period - Horibe Yasubei ( 1670–1703 ) , samurai in the Edo period - Hachirō Arita ( 1884–1965 ) , foreign minister , from Sado Island - Maejima Hisoka ( 1835–1919 ) , founder of the Japanese postal service , from Joetsu - Masuda Takashi ( 1848–1938 ) , creation of a general trading company , Mitsui Bussan . established a newspaper , Nihon Keizai Shimbun . from Sado Island - Kita Ikki ( 1883–1937 ) , nationalist author and intellectual , from Sado Island - Sakae Ōsugi ( 1885-1923 ) , anarchist , lived in Shibata - Honma Masaharu ( 1887–1946 ) World War II lieutenant-general executed by the United States for war crimes committed in the Philippines - Hitoshi Imamura ( 1886–1968 ) World War II General in the Imperial Japanese Army , from Shibata high school - Isoroku Yamamoto ( 1884–1943 ) , commander of the Japanese Imperial Navy , from Nagaoka - Chiang Kai-shek ( 1887-1975 ) , Chinese political and military leader , served in the Imperial Japanese Army from 1909 to 1911 in Joetsu ( Takada ) - Ba Maw ( 1893-1977 ) , Burmese political leader , active during the interwar and World War II , lived in Minamiuonuma ( Ichiuchi ) - Kakuei Tanaka ( 1918–1993 ) , prime minister , from Kashiwazaki - Hisashi Owada ( born 1932 ) , diplomat and father of Crown Princess Masako , from Shibata - Makiko Tanaka ( born 1944 ) , first female foreign minister , from Kashiwazaki Arts and culture . - Zeami Motokiyo ( 1363– 1443 ) , aesthetician , actor , and playwright , exile to Sado Island - Ryōkan ( 1758–1831 ) , Zen Buddhist monk and poet , from Izumozaki - Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto , ( 1874–1950 ) , autobiographer and novelist , Professor of literature and taught Japanese language , culture and history at Columbia University , from Nagaoka - Yaichi Aizu ( 1881–1956 ) , poet , calligrapher and historian , from Niigata City - Kokei Kobayashi ( 1883–1957 ) , Nihonga painter , from Joetsu - Mimei Ogawa ( 1882–1961 ) , author of short stories , childrens stories , and fairy tales , from Joetsu - Koganei Yoshikiyo ( 1859–1944 ) , anatomist and anthropologist , from Nagaoka - Kyusaku Ogino ( 1882-1975 ) , doctor specializing in obstetrics and gynecology , Niigata Takeyama Hospital - Kinichiro Sakaguchi ( 1897 – 1994 ) , agricultural chemist and microbiologist , from Joetsu - Takashi Amano ( 1954-2015 ) , photographer and aquarist , from Niigata - Tetsuji Morohashi ( 1883– 1982 ) chief editor of the Dai Kan-Wa jiten , a comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters , from Sanjo - Tetsuo Harada ( born 1949 Niitsu-shi ) , sculptor working in Paris France - Tsuchida Bakusen ( 1887–1936 ) , Japanese painter , from Sado - Fubō Hayashi ( 1900–1935 ) , novelist from Sado Island - Inoue Enryō ( 1858–1919 ) , Buddhist philosopher , from Nagaoka - Junzaburō Nishiwaki ( 1894–1982 ) , Japanese poet and literary critic , from Ojiya - Daigaku Horiguchi ( 1892-1981 ) , poet and translator of French literature , from Nagaoka - Makoto Aida ( born 1965 ) , Artist , from Niigata City - Donald Keene ( born 1922 ) , Japanese scholar , historian , teacher , writer and translator of Japanese literature , Honorary Citizen of Kashiwazaki - Kodo ( taiko group ) , Based in Sado Actors , Actresses , Singers - Ken Watanabe ( born 1959 ) , stage , TV and film actor , from Niigata - Princess Tenko ( born 1959 ) , magician , from Joetsu - Mina Fujii ( born 1998 ) , actress - Mikie Hara ( born 1987 ) , gravure idol and actress , from Murakami - Fumika Baba ( born 1995 ) , actress and model , from Niigata City - Maya Kobayashi ( born 1979 ) , journalist and newscaster , from Ojiya - Mao Kobayashi ( actress ) ( born 1982 ) , newscaster and former actress , from Ojiya - Miyuki Koizumi ( born 1982 ) , Model - Kazuyuki Sekiguchi ( born 1955 ) , bass player for the rock group Southern All Stars , from Agano - Makoto Ogawa ( born 1987 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Kashiwazaki - Koharu Kusumi ( born 1992 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Washima - Hitomi Saito ( born 1981 ) , former singer of leader of Melon Kinenbi , from Niigata City - Suneohair ( born 1971 ) , singer , from Nagaoka - Yasuyuki Okamura ( born 1965 ) , from Niigata Higashi High School - Double ( singer ) ,Japanese R&B singer - Negicco Based on Niigata City , Niigata - NGT48 Based on Niigata City , Niigata Pop culture , manga , voice actors - One ( manga artist ) ( 1986 ) , mangaká , from Niigata City - Yoshifumi Kondō ( 1950–1998 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hiroyuki Yamaga ( born 1962 ) , anime director and producer , and a founding member of the animation studio Gainax , from Niigata City - Daisuke Hirakawa ( born 1973 ) , voice actor - Ryō Hirohashi ( born 1977 ) , voice actress , from Nagaoka - Yoko Ishida ( born 1973 ) , singer , from Niigata City - Rumi Kasahara ( born 1970 ) , voice actress , from Itoigawa - Makoto Kobayashi ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Közi ( born 1972 ) , rock musician - Haruo Minami ( 1923–2001 ) , enka singer , from Nagaoka - Hitomi Nabatame ( born 1976 ) , voice actress , from Sado Island - Tatsuyuki Nagai ( born 1976 ) , anime director - Kazuto Nakazawa ( born 1968 ) , animator - Kiriko Nananan ( born 1972 ) , manga artist , from Tsubame - Yukari Nozawa ( born 1957 ) , actor and voice actor - Takeshi Obata ( born 1969 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Etsushi Ogawa ( born 1969 ) , manga artist - Ikue Otani ( born 1965 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Ango Sakaguchi ( 1906–1955 ) , novelist and essayist , from Niigata City - Daisuke Sakaguchi ( born 1973 ) , voice actor , from Kashiwazaki - Shuichi Shigeno ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Tōkamachi - Bin Shimada ( born 1954 ) , voice actor , from Niigata City - Kunio Shimizu ( 1936–2021 ) , playwright from Niigata - Motoei Shinzawa ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Yōko Sōmi ( born 1965 ) , voice actress - Rumiko Takahashi ( born 1957 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Kazuya Tsurumaki ( born 1966 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hajime Watanabe ( born 1957 ) , animator - Nobuhiro Watsuki ( born 1970 ) , manga artist , from Nagaoka - Hiroki Yagami ( born 1967 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Akiko Yajima ( born 1967 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Kimio Yanagisawa ( born 1948 ) , manga artist , from Gosen - Keiko Yokozawa ( born 1952 ) , voice actress , from Niigata City Sports . - Shiro Saigo ( 1866 – 1922 ) , Judo , lived in Aga ( Tsugawa ) , lived in 1869-1882 - Haguroyama Masaji ( 1914–1969 ) , sumo wrestler from Nakanokuchi who was yokozuna for 12 years and three months ; an all-time record - Shohei Baba ( 1938–1999 ) , Japanese professional wrestler , from Sanjō - Sawao Kato ( born 1946 ) , winner of 12 Olympic medals in gymnastics - Killer Khan ( born 1947 ) , professional wrestler , from Tsubame - Ayumu Hirano ( born 1998 ) , snowboarder , from Murakami - Ayana Onozuka ( born 1988 ) , freestyle skier , from Minamiuonuma - Kentaro Minagawa ( born 1977 ) , alpine skier , from Yuzawa - Junko Hoshino ( born 1989 ) , freestyle skier , from Nagaoka - Reruhi Shimizu ( born 1993 ) , ski jumper , from Myoko - Mai Nakamura ( born 1979 ) , swimmer , from Nagaoka - Gōtoku Sakai ( born 1991 ) , footballer ( 2015– Hamburger SV ) , from Sanjo - Yujiro Takahashi ( born 1981 ) , professional wrestler from Niigata City . |
[
"Hideyo Hanazumi"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Niigata Prefecture from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019? | /wiki/Niigata_Prefecture#P6#2 | Niigata Prefecture Niigata is the capital and largest city of Niigata Prefecture , with other major cities including Nagaoka , Jōetsu , and Sanjō . Niigata Prefecture contains the Niigata Major Metropolitan Area centered on Niigata with a population of 1,395,612 , the largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast and the twelfth-largest in Japan . Niigata Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and features Sado Island , the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island . History . Until after the Meiji Restoration , the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province ( on the mainland ) and Sado Province . During the Sengoku period , the Nagao clan , who were at times vassals to the Uesugi , ruled a fief in the western part of modern Niigata from Kasugayama Castle . The most notable member of the Nagao clan was Nagao Kagetora , later and better known as Uesugi Kenshin . He unified the leaders of Echigo Province and became its sole ruler . By taking the surname Uesugi , he also became the head of the Uesugi clan and effectively brought their realm under his control . The city of Niigata is now the third largest Japanese city facing the Sea of Japan , after Fukuoka and Kitakyushu . It was the first Japanese port on the Sea of Japan to be opened to foreign trade following the opening of Japan by Matthew Perry . It has since played an important role in trade with Russia and Korea . A freighter from North Korea visits Niigata once a month , in one of the few forms of direct contact between Japan and that country . The Etsuzankai organization , led by the politician Kakuei Tanaka , was highly influential in bringing infrastructure improvements to Niigata Prefecture in the 1960s and 1970s . These included the Jōetsu Shinkansen high-speed rail line and the Kanetsu Expressway to Tokyo . On October 23 , 2004 , the Chūetsu earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture and was measured at Shindo 6+ at Ojiya . On January 9 , 2006 , a heavy winter storm struck the prefecture and its neighbors . At least 71 people died and more than 1,000 were injured . Also in 2006 , a massive tsunami and earthquake damaged homes and caused casualties in the maritime areas of Niigata Prefecture , especially near Sado Island . On July 16 , 2007 , another earthquake hit the area . Niigata Prefecture hosts the Fuji Rock Festival , an annual event held at the Naeba ski resort . The three-day event , organized by Smash Japan , features more than 200 Japanese and international musicians . It is one of the largest outdoor music events in Japan , with more than 100,000 people attending in 2005 . Geography . Niigata Prefecture stretches about along the Sea of Japan , from the southwest to the northeast , with a coastal plain between the mountains and the sea . It also includes Sado Island . Niigata Prefecture could be placed in either the Hokuriku or the Kōshinetsu , both of which are considered parts of the Chūbu region . The prefecture is generally divided into four geographical areas : in the south , in the center , in the north , and Sado Island . The mouth of the Shinano River , the longest river in Japan , is located in Niigata Prefecture . As of 1 April 2014 , 25% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely Bandai-Asahi , Chūbu-Sangaku , Nikkō , and Oze National Parks ; Echigo Sanzan-Tadami and Sado-Yahiko-Yoneyama Quasi-National Parks ; and thirteen Prefectural Natural Parks . Cities . Twenty cities are located in Niigata Prefecture : - Agano - Gosen - Itoigawa - Jōetsu - Kamo - Kashiwazaki - Minamiuonuma - Mitsuke - Murakami - Myōkō - Nagaoka - Niigata ( capital ) - Ojiya - Sado - Sanjō - Shibata - Tainai - Tōkamachi - Tsubame - Uonuma Towns and villages . These are the towns and villages in each district : - Higashikanbara District - Aga - Iwafune District - Awashimaura - Sekikawa - Kariwa District - Kariwa - Kitakanbara District - Seirō - Minamikanbara District - Tagami - Minamiuonuma District - Yuzawa - Nakauonuma District - Tsunan - Nishikanbara District - Yahiko - Santō District - Izumozaki List of Governor of Niigata Prefecture ( from 1947 ) . - Shohei Okada ( 岡田正平 ) - from 15 April , 1947 to 29 April , 1955 - Kazuo Kitamura ( 北村一男 ) - from 30 April , 1955 to 30 November , 1961 - Toichiro Tsukada ( 塚田十一郎 ) - from 7 December , 1966 to 28 March , 1966 - Shiro Watari ( 亘四郎 ) - from 8 May , 1966 to 30 April , 1974 - Takeo Kimi ( 君健男 ) - from 1 May , 1974 to 19 April , 1989 - Kiyoshi Kaneko ( 金子清 ) - from 4 June , 1989 to 9 September , 1992 - Ikuo Hirayama ( 平山征夫 ) - from 25 October , 1992 to 24 October , 2004 - Hirohiko Izumida ( 泉田裕彦 ) - from 25 October , 2004 to 24 October , 2016 - Ryuichi Yoneyama ( 米山隆一 ) - from 25 October , 2016 to 27 April , 2018 - Hideyo Hanazumi ( 花角英世 ) - from 12 June , 2018 to present Economy . Agriculture , forestry and fishing . The major industry in Niigata Prefecture is agriculture . Rice is the principal product , and among the prefectures of Japan Niigata is second only to Hokkaidō in rice output . The area around Uonuma is known for producing the Koshihikari variety , widely considered to be the highest-quality rice produced in Japan . Rice-related industries are also very important to the prefectural economy . Niigata Prefecture is known throughout Japan for its high-quality sake , senbei , mochi , and arare . In sake production , the prefecture comes third after Gunma and Kyoto prefectures . The prefecture was also the place of origin of the ornamental carp known as koi . Niigata Prefecture produces the highest volume of azaleas and cut lilies in Japan , and is increasing production of cut flowers and flower bulbs . Along with Toyama Prefecture , it produces the highest volume of tulips in the country . Mining and manufacturing . Crude oil is produced in Niigata Prefecture , although Japan relies heavily on petroleum imported from other countries . Kerosene heaters are also produced for use in the cold Niigata winters . Kinzan , on Sado Island , was an active gold mine until it was closed in 1989 . Sanjō and Tsubame produce 90 percent of all the silverware made in Japan . The two cities are second after Osaka in the production of scissors , kitchen knives , and wrenches . Niigata Prefecture may have been the first area in Japan to produce knitted textiles , although the earliest products may have been imported from China . A nuclear power plant , which formerly had the highest energy output in the world , is located in the tiny village of Kariwa . It has been closed since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Demographics . In the Census of 2003 , Niigata ranked as the 14th most populous . Culture . Food . Niigata is known for the following regional specialities : - Uonuma Koshihikari rice - Shōyu ( soy sauce ) and Yofu ( western-style ) katsudon - Shōyu sekihan - Noppe stew - Wappa-meshi ( seafood and rice steamed in a bamboo basket ) - Sasa-dango ( mochi balls filled with red bean paste , seasoned with mugwort and wrapped in bamboo leaves ) - Poppo-yaki ( steamed bread flavored with brown sugar ) - Hegi-soba ( soba from the Uonuma and Ojiya areas , which uses a special kind of seaweed ) - Tsubame-Sanjō ramen ( ramen made using thick udon-style noodles ) - Tochio aburage ( aburaage is called aburage in Tochio ) - Kirazu ( dishes using okara ) - Kakinomoto ( edible chrysanthemums ) - Kanzuri ( a special seasoning from Myōkō made by leaving chili peppers exposed on snow , then adding flour , salt and yuzu ) - Yasuda yogurt Niigata in popular culture . - Snow Country ( 1947 ) : a novel by Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata set in Yuzawa - Niigata Snow : a track on the LP Aida , released by Derek Bailey in 1980 - Kura : a film and TV series ( 1995 ) based on the 1993 book by Tomiko Miyao , an award-winning period piece about a Niigata family and its sake brewery - Blue ( 1996 ) : a manga about high school girls , set in Niigata City , adapted as a film in 2001 - Whiteout : an action film based on a novel published in 1995 - United States of Tara ( 2011 ) : a comedy-drama series on Showtime ; Kate is about to embark on a trip to teach English in Niigata when a flight attendant tells her that the only thing she will hopefully find in Niigata is a life lesson and a bullet train back to Tokyo . Tourism and sports . Much of the tourism in Niigata centers around skiing , especially in the alpine areas of Myōkō and Yuzawa , and going to onsen . Sado Island off the west coast of Niigata is accessible via ferry ( taking one to two and a half hours ) from Naoetsu or Niigata City . Professional sports clubs include Albirex Niigata , a J-League Division 1 Soccer Club , and Niigata Albirex BB , a BJ ( Basketball Japan ) League team . Festivals . - Tokamachi Snow Festival- February - Murakami Taisai – July 6–7 - Iwafune Taisai – October 18–19 , in Murakami - Niigata Festival – August - Niigata General Dancing Event -September 21–25 - Shirone Kite Festival – June - Sanjo Kite Festival – June - Nagaoka Festival ( with fireworks ) – August - Niigata Tanrei Sake-no-Jin - March - Echigo-Tsumari Festival - August and September ( every third year ) Education . Universities . - Niigata University - Niigata University of International and Information Studies - Niigata Sangyo University ( Niigata Industrial University ) - Niigata University of Health and Welfare - Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences - Niigata Institute of Technology - Niigata University of Management - Niigata College of Nursing - Nippon Dental University - Nagaoka University - Nagaoka University of Technology - Nagaoka Institute of Design - International University of Japan - Keiwa Gakuen University Transport . Rail . - JR East - Jōetsu Shinkansen - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Shinetsu Line - Hakushin Line - Yahiko Line - Echigo Line - Jōetsu Line - Uetsu Line - Banetsu West Line - Tadami Line - Iiyama Line - Yonesaka Line - JR West - Hokuriku Shinkansen - Ōito Line - Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line - Echigo Tokimeki Railway - Myōkō Haneuma Line - Nihonkai Hisui Line Roads . Expressways . - E17 Kanetsu Expressway - E18 Jōshinetsu Expressway - E8 Hokuriku Expressway - E49 Ban-etsu Expressway - E7 Nihonkai Tōhoku Expressway National highways . - Route 7 ( Niigata—Shibata—Murakami—Sakata—Akita—Noshiro—Hirosaki—Aomori ) - Route 8 ( Niigata—Nagaoka—Kashiwazaki—Jōetsu—Toyama—Kanazawa—Tsuruga—Kyoto ) - Route 17 ( Nagaoka—Ojiya—Minamiuonuma—Takasaki—Nihonbashi of Tokyo ) - Route 18 ( Jōetsu—Myōkō—Nagano—Karuizawa—Takasaki ) - Route 49 ( Niigata—Aizuwakamatsu—Kōriyama—Iwaki ) - Route 113 ( Niigata—Arakawa—Nanyō—Shiroishi—Sōma ) - Route 116 ( Niigata—Tsubame—Izumozaki—Kashiwazaki ) - Route 117 ( Ojiya—Tōkamachi—Iiyama ) - Route 148 ( Itoigawa—Ōmachi ) - Route 252 - Route 253 - Route 289 - Route 290 - Route 291 - Route 292 - Route 345 - Route 350 ( Sado Island ) - Route 351 - Route 352 - Route 353 - Route 402 - Route 403 - Route 404 - Route 405 - Route 459 - Route 460 Ports . - Niigata Port – Ferry route to Sado Island , Tsuruga , Akita , Otaru and Tomakomai , with International Container hub port - Ryotsu Port – Ferry route to Niigata - Ogi Port - Naoetsu Port Airports . - Niigata Airport - Sado Airport Notable individuals . Politics and military . - Masako , Empress of Japan , former registered domicile ( Honseki ) was Murakami - Uesugi Kenshin ( 1530–1578 ) , daimyō in the Sengoku period - Naoe Kanetsugu ( 1559–1620 ) , samurai in the Sengoku period - Horibe Yasubei ( 1670–1703 ) , samurai in the Edo period - Hachirō Arita ( 1884–1965 ) , foreign minister , from Sado Island - Maejima Hisoka ( 1835–1919 ) , founder of the Japanese postal service , from Joetsu - Masuda Takashi ( 1848–1938 ) , creation of a general trading company , Mitsui Bussan . established a newspaper , Nihon Keizai Shimbun . from Sado Island - Kita Ikki ( 1883–1937 ) , nationalist author and intellectual , from Sado Island - Sakae Ōsugi ( 1885-1923 ) , anarchist , lived in Shibata - Honma Masaharu ( 1887–1946 ) World War II lieutenant-general executed by the United States for war crimes committed in the Philippines - Hitoshi Imamura ( 1886–1968 ) World War II General in the Imperial Japanese Army , from Shibata high school - Isoroku Yamamoto ( 1884–1943 ) , commander of the Japanese Imperial Navy , from Nagaoka - Chiang Kai-shek ( 1887-1975 ) , Chinese political and military leader , served in the Imperial Japanese Army from 1909 to 1911 in Joetsu ( Takada ) - Ba Maw ( 1893-1977 ) , Burmese political leader , active during the interwar and World War II , lived in Minamiuonuma ( Ichiuchi ) - Kakuei Tanaka ( 1918–1993 ) , prime minister , from Kashiwazaki - Hisashi Owada ( born 1932 ) , diplomat and father of Crown Princess Masako , from Shibata - Makiko Tanaka ( born 1944 ) , first female foreign minister , from Kashiwazaki Arts and culture . - Zeami Motokiyo ( 1363– 1443 ) , aesthetician , actor , and playwright , exile to Sado Island - Ryōkan ( 1758–1831 ) , Zen Buddhist monk and poet , from Izumozaki - Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto , ( 1874–1950 ) , autobiographer and novelist , Professor of literature and taught Japanese language , culture and history at Columbia University , from Nagaoka - Yaichi Aizu ( 1881–1956 ) , poet , calligrapher and historian , from Niigata City - Kokei Kobayashi ( 1883–1957 ) , Nihonga painter , from Joetsu - Mimei Ogawa ( 1882–1961 ) , author of short stories , childrens stories , and fairy tales , from Joetsu - Koganei Yoshikiyo ( 1859–1944 ) , anatomist and anthropologist , from Nagaoka - Kyusaku Ogino ( 1882-1975 ) , doctor specializing in obstetrics and gynecology , Niigata Takeyama Hospital - Kinichiro Sakaguchi ( 1897 – 1994 ) , agricultural chemist and microbiologist , from Joetsu - Takashi Amano ( 1954-2015 ) , photographer and aquarist , from Niigata - Tetsuji Morohashi ( 1883– 1982 ) chief editor of the Dai Kan-Wa jiten , a comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters , from Sanjo - Tetsuo Harada ( born 1949 Niitsu-shi ) , sculptor working in Paris France - Tsuchida Bakusen ( 1887–1936 ) , Japanese painter , from Sado - Fubō Hayashi ( 1900–1935 ) , novelist from Sado Island - Inoue Enryō ( 1858–1919 ) , Buddhist philosopher , from Nagaoka - Junzaburō Nishiwaki ( 1894–1982 ) , Japanese poet and literary critic , from Ojiya - Daigaku Horiguchi ( 1892-1981 ) , poet and translator of French literature , from Nagaoka - Makoto Aida ( born 1965 ) , Artist , from Niigata City - Donald Keene ( born 1922 ) , Japanese scholar , historian , teacher , writer and translator of Japanese literature , Honorary Citizen of Kashiwazaki - Kodo ( taiko group ) , Based in Sado Actors , Actresses , Singers - Ken Watanabe ( born 1959 ) , stage , TV and film actor , from Niigata - Princess Tenko ( born 1959 ) , magician , from Joetsu - Mina Fujii ( born 1998 ) , actress - Mikie Hara ( born 1987 ) , gravure idol and actress , from Murakami - Fumika Baba ( born 1995 ) , actress and model , from Niigata City - Maya Kobayashi ( born 1979 ) , journalist and newscaster , from Ojiya - Mao Kobayashi ( actress ) ( born 1982 ) , newscaster and former actress , from Ojiya - Miyuki Koizumi ( born 1982 ) , Model - Kazuyuki Sekiguchi ( born 1955 ) , bass player for the rock group Southern All Stars , from Agano - Makoto Ogawa ( born 1987 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Kashiwazaki - Koharu Kusumi ( born 1992 ) , former member of Morning Musume , actor and model , from Washima - Hitomi Saito ( born 1981 ) , former singer of leader of Melon Kinenbi , from Niigata City - Suneohair ( born 1971 ) , singer , from Nagaoka - Yasuyuki Okamura ( born 1965 ) , from Niigata Higashi High School - Double ( singer ) ,Japanese R&B singer - Negicco Based on Niigata City , Niigata - NGT48 Based on Niigata City , Niigata Pop culture , manga , voice actors - One ( manga artist ) ( 1986 ) , mangaká , from Niigata City - Yoshifumi Kondō ( 1950–1998 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hiroyuki Yamaga ( born 1962 ) , anime director and producer , and a founding member of the animation studio Gainax , from Niigata City - Daisuke Hirakawa ( born 1973 ) , voice actor - Ryō Hirohashi ( born 1977 ) , voice actress , from Nagaoka - Yoko Ishida ( born 1973 ) , singer , from Niigata City - Rumi Kasahara ( born 1970 ) , voice actress , from Itoigawa - Makoto Kobayashi ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Közi ( born 1972 ) , rock musician - Haruo Minami ( 1923–2001 ) , enka singer , from Nagaoka - Hitomi Nabatame ( born 1976 ) , voice actress , from Sado Island - Tatsuyuki Nagai ( born 1976 ) , anime director - Kazuto Nakazawa ( born 1968 ) , animator - Kiriko Nananan ( born 1972 ) , manga artist , from Tsubame - Yukari Nozawa ( born 1957 ) , actor and voice actor - Takeshi Obata ( born 1969 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Etsushi Ogawa ( born 1969 ) , manga artist - Ikue Otani ( born 1965 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Ango Sakaguchi ( 1906–1955 ) , novelist and essayist , from Niigata City - Daisuke Sakaguchi ( born 1973 ) , voice actor , from Kashiwazaki - Shuichi Shigeno ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Tōkamachi - Bin Shimada ( born 1954 ) , voice actor , from Niigata City - Kunio Shimizu ( 1936–2021 ) , playwright from Niigata - Motoei Shinzawa ( born 1958 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Yōko Sōmi ( born 1965 ) , voice actress - Rumiko Takahashi ( born 1957 ) , manga artist , from Niigata City - Kazuya Tsurumaki ( born 1966 ) , animator , from Gosen - Hajime Watanabe ( born 1957 ) , animator - Nobuhiro Watsuki ( born 1970 ) , manga artist , from Nagaoka - Hiroki Yagami ( born 1967 ) , manga artist , from Kashiwazaki - Akiko Yajima ( born 1967 ) , voice actress , from Kashiwazaki - Kimio Yanagisawa ( born 1948 ) , manga artist , from Gosen - Keiko Yokozawa ( born 1952 ) , voice actress , from Niigata City Sports . - Shiro Saigo ( 1866 – 1922 ) , Judo , lived in Aga ( Tsugawa ) , lived in 1869-1882 - Haguroyama Masaji ( 1914–1969 ) , sumo wrestler from Nakanokuchi who was yokozuna for 12 years and three months ; an all-time record - Shohei Baba ( 1938–1999 ) , Japanese professional wrestler , from Sanjō - Sawao Kato ( born 1946 ) , winner of 12 Olympic medals in gymnastics - Killer Khan ( born 1947 ) , professional wrestler , from Tsubame - Ayumu Hirano ( born 1998 ) , snowboarder , from Murakami - Ayana Onozuka ( born 1988 ) , freestyle skier , from Minamiuonuma - Kentaro Minagawa ( born 1977 ) , alpine skier , from Yuzawa - Junko Hoshino ( born 1989 ) , freestyle skier , from Nagaoka - Reruhi Shimizu ( born 1993 ) , ski jumper , from Myoko - Mai Nakamura ( born 1979 ) , swimmer , from Nagaoka - Gōtoku Sakai ( born 1991 ) , footballer ( 2015– Hamburger SV ) , from Sanjo - Yujiro Takahashi ( born 1981 ) , professional wrestler from Niigata City . |
[
"Sixten Boström"
] | easy | Who coached the team Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi#P286#0 | Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi ( literally The Football Club of Helsinki ) , commonly known as HJK Helsinki , or simply as HJK , is a professional football club based in Helsinki , Finland . The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga . Founded in 1907 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football . The clubs home ground is the 10,770-seat Bolt Arena , where they have played since 2000 . Generally considered as Finlands biggest club , HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 30 . The club has also won 14 Finnish Cups and 5 Finnish League Cups . Many of Finlands most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad . The club has also similar success with womens Kansallinen Liiga . HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage . In 1998 , they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season . HJK has also participated in the UEFA Europa League , in 2014–15 , defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . The clubs highest score in a European competition came during the 2011–12 season , with a 13–0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City , which included a 10–0 home win . HJKs traditional kit colours have long been blue and white striped shirts with blue shorts and socks . The clubs crest has been nearly untouched for a century , it has only undergone one minor font change in order to modernize it . History . The club was founded as Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi – Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb in 1907 by Fredrik Wathén . The founding meeting was held at a bowling alley in Kaisaniemi Park in May . The first ever competitive fixture was played against Ekenäs IF in Ekenäs . HJK won 2–4 . Early on , HJK became popular amongst Finnish-speaking students , while Swedish-speaking students preferred to play mainly for Unitas or HIFK . In late 1908 , after a heated debate , the language was switched to unilingually Finnish and this resulted in many Swedish-speaking members switching over to HIFK and other clubs , although a few chose to stay . In 1909 , the colours blue and white were chosen to support the fennoman movement and bandy was introduced as the clubs second official sport . The club moved from Kaisaniemi Ground to the new Eläintarha Stadium . At the end of the year , Fredrik Wathen was forced to leave his post as the clubs chairman due to illness . In 1910 , Lauri Tanner became the longest-running club chairman to date . The same year , the clubs first international match was played , against Eriksdals IF from Stockholm in Kaisaniemi . The first championship title was won in 1911 . In 1915 , the club moved to newly build Töölön Pallokenttä . In 1916 , tennis was introduced as the third official sport in HJK , and it was played in the club until the early 1920s . During the Finnish Civil War in 1918 , two HJK club members , fighting for the Whites , were killed . In 1921 , the first bandy championship was won and during the following five seasons , HJK reached five finals , winning three more titles . Bowling was added to the clubs repertoire in 1925 , but the bowlers formed their own club , Helsingin Keilaajat , the following year . In 1928 , ice hockey became an official sport and the first championship was won in 1929 . League format was introduced to Finnish football in 1930 but HJK failed to qualify for the first season . In 1931 , HJK played their first season in the league , however at the end of the season , they were relegated . During World War II , HJK lost 22 members serving in the military , of which nine fell in the Winter War , twelve in the Continuation War and one in the Lapland War . In 1943 , handball was introduced as the clubs sixth official sport . HJK won one silver and two bronze medals in handball during the following three seasons but did not gain further success . Handball was first of HJKs sports where women also competed . The womens team played a total of 22 seasons at the highest level ; their highest finish was fourth . In 1963 , HJK played their last ever season in the second level of the football pyramid , winning 20 out of 22 matches and scoring 127 goals . In 1964 , the newly promoted club won their tenth championship title and the following season , in 1965–66 , they played their first European Cup match , against Manchester United at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . However , a 2–9 aggregate loss resulted in HJKs elimination from the competition . In 1966 , the club secured their first ever cup title by winning KTP 6–1 in the final in front of 7,000 spectators . Bandy section was disbanded in the late 1960s . The last official sport , figure skating , was added into the clubs repertoire in 1966 , was abolished in 1972 . The ice hockey section was also disbanded in 1972 and the last season in handball was played in 1978 . Hereafter , HJK therefore only participated in football following 69 years as a multisport club . The 1998–99 season saw HJK become the first and , to date , only Finnish club to play in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Metz in the second qualifying round . The club also managed a respectable five points in their group , defeating Benfica at home and earning draws at home to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and away to Benfica . They lost to PSV twice and to Kaiserslautern away . The clubs current home stadium , the Telia 5G -areena , was opened in 2000 . The 20th championship title was won in 2002 and in 2008 , the club won its tenth Finnish Cup title . The 2009 season was the start of a championship run that resulted in six titles in a row from 2009 to 2014 . In 2014 , HJK became the first Finnish club to play in the UEFA Europa League group stage after defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . HJK , with wins over Torino and Copenhagen at home , finished third in their group with six points . HJK made several acquisitions during the winter of 2015 , including Córdoba forward Mike Havenaar , J-league playmaker Atomu Tanaka and Birmingham City holding midfielder Guy Moussi . With the new signings on their side , HJK began the season on a high by winning the league cup , a feat they had not accomplished since 1998 . HJK also played its first local derby against HIFK since April 1972 , drawing 1–1 . However , HJK could not replicate the league success they had enjoyed for the last six seasons , finishing the 2015 season in third place , behind champions SJK and runners-up RoPS . During the 2017 campaign the club lost only three games , which resulted in a domestic double . Crest and colours . Badge . In 1910 HJK arranged competition to find a crest for club but club board wasnt happy with proposals . Crest was finally designed by Osmo Korvenkontio in 1913 , it has only gone through minor changes during history . Colours . First kit of HJK was plain white shirt , black shorts and black socks with few white horizontal stripes on top . In 1909 HJK introduced its trademark blue and white striped shirt . Blue and white colours were homage to fennoman movement . Black trunks still remained for decades . Shirt was changed to unicolour blue for season 1973 due to pressure from sponsors . In attempt to professionalize hockey department club had fallen in to financial despair and sponsors demanded more visibility for their adds . Clubs financial situation had improved by 1986 and due fans demands shirt was changed back to striped by the end of the year and has remained so ever since . Honours . Football . - Veikkausliiga : - Winners ( 30 ) : 1911 , 1912 , 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1923 , 1925 , 1936 , 1938 , 1964 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 14 ) : 1921 , 1933 , 1937 , 1939 , 1956 , 1965 , 1966 , 1982 , 1983 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2016 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 14 ) : 1966 , 1981 , 1984 , 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016–17 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1975 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 2010 , 2021 - Finnish League Cup : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2015 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1995 , 2009 , 2012 Womens football . - Finnish Womens Championship : - Winners ( 23 ) : 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 . 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2019 - Finnish Womens Cup : - Winners ( 17 ) : 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2017 , 2019 Ice hockey . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1928–29 , 1931–32 , 1934–35 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1937–38 , 1938–39 , 1940–41 , 1971–72 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 1970 Bandy . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1921 , 1923 , 1924 , 1928 , 1937 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1925 , 1927 , 1946 Figure skating . - Finnish Champions - Pia Wingisaar : 1966 , 1967 - Anuliisa Numminen : 1970 - Tarja Säde : 1971 - Tarja Näsi : 1972 League history . Season to season . - 81 seasons in Veikkausliiga / SM-Sarja - 6 seasons in Ykkönen / Suomisarja Supporters and rivalries . Historically HJK had a wide support within Finnish speaking , prosperous middle class of Helsinki . The clubs supporters were often nationalistic after the fashion of almost every other Finnish FA club at the time . Leftist working class clubs played their own leagues and competitions under the Finnish Workers Sports Federation . However , The club remained open to all honorable citizens regardless of their native language , race or social class , and always had members from other communities as well . Before the 1970s HJK came to be known especially as a Töölöan club due to most of their activity taking place in this particular district . During recent decades the clubs old image as a prosperous , middle class group from Töölö has largely disappeared due to social changes in Finland as well as migration from inner city to housing projects built during the mass migration from the countryside during the 1960s and the 1970s . The Helsinki Derby and other local rivalries . HJKs main rivals in Helsinki were widely considered to be Kiffen , HPS and HIFK . In the past these were the four big clubs from Helsinki . The clubs were mainly separated by language , HJK and HPS being Finnish speaking clubs whereas HIFK and KIF were Swedish speaking . These four clubs competed also in bandy , ice hockey and handball . The support for HJK mainly came from around the inner city and after 1940s also from Töölö , in its early years HPS Support came from same areas as HJK . Later in 1940s and 1950s when HJK support shifted more towards Töölö area , HPS gained more support in Vallila and Alppila districts , this was mostly due their youth activities taking part in those particular areas , these boundaries were not strict however and each of the four clubs had support , players and members across the city . HJK were already founding youth teams to new suburbs in 1960s and their reputation as a Töölöan club was short lived . KIF and HPS were both struggling to survive and were both relegated to lower leagues after 1964 season and rapidly lost their support . KIF made a brief two season stint to first level in 1977–78 . While both KIF and HPS are still active as of 2020 , they have spend their recent decades playing in lower levels , HPS focusing more on youth football in northern Helsinki . HJK and HIFK share the biggest rivalry being two of the oldest and most successful clubs . Both were also successful in Bandy which was major winter sport in the first half of the 20th century , KIF and HPS gained lesser success . Also in Ice Hockey clubs faced numerous times and played more seasons in first level than HPS or KIF . A match between these two clubs is called as Stadin derby . Language was the biggest separating factor between the clubs , HIFK was the club of choice for the Swedish speaking population of the city and HJK for the Finnish speaking . In 2015 HIFK was promoted back to the top flight after 40 years of struggling in the lower leagues having played their last season in the top division in 1972 . Since HJK ceased their activity in other sports during the 1960s and 1970s the rivalry faded away on a large scale and in recent decades many even supported both clubs at the same time , HJK in football and HIFK in ice hockey . However , due to the rise of the Finnish supporter scene in the 2000s , there is a high tension between the most vocal supporters . HJK shared a short but fierce rivalry with FC Jokerit around the late 1990s and the early 2000s . Jokerit were well supported due to their popular ice hockey section and the clubs also competed against each other in ice hockey in the late 1960s and the early 1970s . Multiple Helsinki based clubs have played in the league but due to their short term visits and relatively low support base large scale rivalries were never born . Some notable clubs were Ponnistus , FinnPa , Pallo-Pojat and Helsingin Toverit . Helsinki-Lahti rivalry . HJK has competed against Lahti based clubs from the 1960s , between 1964 and 1980 HJK and Lahden Reipas had a minor rivalry as both clubs gained good success winning some titles and were also generally well supported . Reipas also won seven cup titles against one of HJK . Reipas was relegated after 1980 season . More notable rivalry was against Kuusysi from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s . Between 1981 and 1992 HJK won six league titles against Kuusysis five , both clubs also won the cup twice , facing two times in the finals ( which were both won by HJK ) . Both clubs also performed well in the European competitions . In 1996 both the Lahti clubs merged and FC Lahti was born , HJK and FC Lahti matches are more known from outside pitch activities , some crowd disturbances and small fights have occurred which otherwise are rare in Finnish football . Due to a relatively short distance between the two cities , these matches often draw more notable away support than others . HJK-Haka rivalry . HJK and Valkeakosken Haka are the two most successful clubs in Finnish football , HJK with 27 league and 12 cup titles and Haka with 9 league and 12 cup titles . The match is also considered as urban vs . rural rivalry as HJK is a club from Finlands biggest city Helsinki and Haka is representing the small town of Valkeakoski . Players . First team squad . Klubi 04 . HJKs reserve team currently plays in the Finnish First Division . It is coached by Mika Väyrynen . Management and boardroom . Management . As of 22 January 2021 Boardroom . As of 22 January 2021 Managers . - Yrjö Larha ( 1933–1944 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1945–1947 ) - George Duke ( 1948–1949 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1950 ) - János Nagy ( 1951 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1952 ) - Niilo Nordman ( 1953–1955 ) - Aatos Lehtonen ( 1956–1958 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( 1960–71 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1972–74 ) - Kai Pahlman ( 1973–74 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( July 1 , 1975–79 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( 1975 – Dec 31 , 1979 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1980 – Dec 31 , 1981 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1981–82 ) - Thure Sarnola ( 1982 ) - Miikka Toivola ( 1983–1984 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 1985 – Dec 31 , 1989 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1990 – Dec 31 , 1990 ) - Jyrki Nieminen ( Jan 1 , 1991 – Dec 31 , 1991 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen ( Jan 1 , 1992 – Dec 31 , 1994 ) - Bo Johansson ( Jan 1 , 1995 – Dec 31 , 1995 ) - Tommy Lindholm ( Jan 1 , 1996 – July 8 , 1996 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen , Martti Kuusela ( July 8 , 1996 – Dec 31 , 1996 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Jan 1 , 1997 – Dec 31 , 1999 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 2000 – Dec 31 , 2001 ) - Keith Armstrong ( Jan 1 , 2002 – Sept 5 , 2007 ) - Aki Hyryläinen ( Sept 6 , 2007 – Oct 10 , 2007 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Oct 10 , 2007 – Dec 31 , 2012 ) - Sixten Boström ( Jan 1 , 2013 – April 28 , 2014 ) - Mika Lehkosuo ( April 29 , 2014 – May 22 , 2019 ) - Toni Koskela ( May 22 , 2019– ) European campaigns . UEFA club competition record . As of 6 August 2019 . UEFA Club Ranking . This is the current UEFA Club Ranking . Last update : 28 May 2021 External links . - Official website - Klubipääty – supporters - Forza HJK – fan clu |
[
"Mika Lehkosuo"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from 2014 to 2019? | /wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi#P286#1 | Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi ( literally The Football Club of Helsinki ) , commonly known as HJK Helsinki , or simply as HJK , is a professional football club based in Helsinki , Finland . The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga . Founded in 1907 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football . The clubs home ground is the 10,770-seat Bolt Arena , where they have played since 2000 . Generally considered as Finlands biggest club , HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 30 . The club has also won 14 Finnish Cups and 5 Finnish League Cups . Many of Finlands most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad . The club has also similar success with womens Kansallinen Liiga . HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage . In 1998 , they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season . HJK has also participated in the UEFA Europa League , in 2014–15 , defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . The clubs highest score in a European competition came during the 2011–12 season , with a 13–0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City , which included a 10–0 home win . HJKs traditional kit colours have long been blue and white striped shirts with blue shorts and socks . The clubs crest has been nearly untouched for a century , it has only undergone one minor font change in order to modernize it . History . The club was founded as Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi – Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb in 1907 by Fredrik Wathén . The founding meeting was held at a bowling alley in Kaisaniemi Park in May . The first ever competitive fixture was played against Ekenäs IF in Ekenäs . HJK won 2–4 . Early on , HJK became popular amongst Finnish-speaking students , while Swedish-speaking students preferred to play mainly for Unitas or HIFK . In late 1908 , after a heated debate , the language was switched to unilingually Finnish and this resulted in many Swedish-speaking members switching over to HIFK and other clubs , although a few chose to stay . In 1909 , the colours blue and white were chosen to support the fennoman movement and bandy was introduced as the clubs second official sport . The club moved from Kaisaniemi Ground to the new Eläintarha Stadium . At the end of the year , Fredrik Wathen was forced to leave his post as the clubs chairman due to illness . In 1910 , Lauri Tanner became the longest-running club chairman to date . The same year , the clubs first international match was played , against Eriksdals IF from Stockholm in Kaisaniemi . The first championship title was won in 1911 . In 1915 , the club moved to newly build Töölön Pallokenttä . In 1916 , tennis was introduced as the third official sport in HJK , and it was played in the club until the early 1920s . During the Finnish Civil War in 1918 , two HJK club members , fighting for the Whites , were killed . In 1921 , the first bandy championship was won and during the following five seasons , HJK reached five finals , winning three more titles . Bowling was added to the clubs repertoire in 1925 , but the bowlers formed their own club , Helsingin Keilaajat , the following year . In 1928 , ice hockey became an official sport and the first championship was won in 1929 . League format was introduced to Finnish football in 1930 but HJK failed to qualify for the first season . In 1931 , HJK played their first season in the league , however at the end of the season , they were relegated . During World War II , HJK lost 22 members serving in the military , of which nine fell in the Winter War , twelve in the Continuation War and one in the Lapland War . In 1943 , handball was introduced as the clubs sixth official sport . HJK won one silver and two bronze medals in handball during the following three seasons but did not gain further success . Handball was first of HJKs sports where women also competed . The womens team played a total of 22 seasons at the highest level ; their highest finish was fourth . In 1963 , HJK played their last ever season in the second level of the football pyramid , winning 20 out of 22 matches and scoring 127 goals . In 1964 , the newly promoted club won their tenth championship title and the following season , in 1965–66 , they played their first European Cup match , against Manchester United at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . However , a 2–9 aggregate loss resulted in HJKs elimination from the competition . In 1966 , the club secured their first ever cup title by winning KTP 6–1 in the final in front of 7,000 spectators . Bandy section was disbanded in the late 1960s . The last official sport , figure skating , was added into the clubs repertoire in 1966 , was abolished in 1972 . The ice hockey section was also disbanded in 1972 and the last season in handball was played in 1978 . Hereafter , HJK therefore only participated in football following 69 years as a multisport club . The 1998–99 season saw HJK become the first and , to date , only Finnish club to play in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Metz in the second qualifying round . The club also managed a respectable five points in their group , defeating Benfica at home and earning draws at home to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and away to Benfica . They lost to PSV twice and to Kaiserslautern away . The clubs current home stadium , the Telia 5G -areena , was opened in 2000 . The 20th championship title was won in 2002 and in 2008 , the club won its tenth Finnish Cup title . The 2009 season was the start of a championship run that resulted in six titles in a row from 2009 to 2014 . In 2014 , HJK became the first Finnish club to play in the UEFA Europa League group stage after defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . HJK , with wins over Torino and Copenhagen at home , finished third in their group with six points . HJK made several acquisitions during the winter of 2015 , including Córdoba forward Mike Havenaar , J-league playmaker Atomu Tanaka and Birmingham City holding midfielder Guy Moussi . With the new signings on their side , HJK began the season on a high by winning the league cup , a feat they had not accomplished since 1998 . HJK also played its first local derby against HIFK since April 1972 , drawing 1–1 . However , HJK could not replicate the league success they had enjoyed for the last six seasons , finishing the 2015 season in third place , behind champions SJK and runners-up RoPS . During the 2017 campaign the club lost only three games , which resulted in a domestic double . Crest and colours . Badge . In 1910 HJK arranged competition to find a crest for club but club board wasnt happy with proposals . Crest was finally designed by Osmo Korvenkontio in 1913 , it has only gone through minor changes during history . Colours . First kit of HJK was plain white shirt , black shorts and black socks with few white horizontal stripes on top . In 1909 HJK introduced its trademark blue and white striped shirt . Blue and white colours were homage to fennoman movement . Black trunks still remained for decades . Shirt was changed to unicolour blue for season 1973 due to pressure from sponsors . In attempt to professionalize hockey department club had fallen in to financial despair and sponsors demanded more visibility for their adds . Clubs financial situation had improved by 1986 and due fans demands shirt was changed back to striped by the end of the year and has remained so ever since . Honours . Football . - Veikkausliiga : - Winners ( 30 ) : 1911 , 1912 , 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1923 , 1925 , 1936 , 1938 , 1964 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 14 ) : 1921 , 1933 , 1937 , 1939 , 1956 , 1965 , 1966 , 1982 , 1983 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2016 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 14 ) : 1966 , 1981 , 1984 , 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016–17 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1975 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 2010 , 2021 - Finnish League Cup : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2015 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1995 , 2009 , 2012 Womens football . - Finnish Womens Championship : - Winners ( 23 ) : 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 . 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2019 - Finnish Womens Cup : - Winners ( 17 ) : 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2017 , 2019 Ice hockey . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1928–29 , 1931–32 , 1934–35 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1937–38 , 1938–39 , 1940–41 , 1971–72 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 1970 Bandy . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1921 , 1923 , 1924 , 1928 , 1937 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1925 , 1927 , 1946 Figure skating . - Finnish Champions - Pia Wingisaar : 1966 , 1967 - Anuliisa Numminen : 1970 - Tarja Säde : 1971 - Tarja Näsi : 1972 League history . Season to season . - 81 seasons in Veikkausliiga / SM-Sarja - 6 seasons in Ykkönen / Suomisarja Supporters and rivalries . Historically HJK had a wide support within Finnish speaking , prosperous middle class of Helsinki . The clubs supporters were often nationalistic after the fashion of almost every other Finnish FA club at the time . Leftist working class clubs played their own leagues and competitions under the Finnish Workers Sports Federation . However , The club remained open to all honorable citizens regardless of their native language , race or social class , and always had members from other communities as well . Before the 1970s HJK came to be known especially as a Töölöan club due to most of their activity taking place in this particular district . During recent decades the clubs old image as a prosperous , middle class group from Töölö has largely disappeared due to social changes in Finland as well as migration from inner city to housing projects built during the mass migration from the countryside during the 1960s and the 1970s . The Helsinki Derby and other local rivalries . HJKs main rivals in Helsinki were widely considered to be Kiffen , HPS and HIFK . In the past these were the four big clubs from Helsinki . The clubs were mainly separated by language , HJK and HPS being Finnish speaking clubs whereas HIFK and KIF were Swedish speaking . These four clubs competed also in bandy , ice hockey and handball . The support for HJK mainly came from around the inner city and after 1940s also from Töölö , in its early years HPS Support came from same areas as HJK . Later in 1940s and 1950s when HJK support shifted more towards Töölö area , HPS gained more support in Vallila and Alppila districts , this was mostly due their youth activities taking part in those particular areas , these boundaries were not strict however and each of the four clubs had support , players and members across the city . HJK were already founding youth teams to new suburbs in 1960s and their reputation as a Töölöan club was short lived . KIF and HPS were both struggling to survive and were both relegated to lower leagues after 1964 season and rapidly lost their support . KIF made a brief two season stint to first level in 1977–78 . While both KIF and HPS are still active as of 2020 , they have spend their recent decades playing in lower levels , HPS focusing more on youth football in northern Helsinki . HJK and HIFK share the biggest rivalry being two of the oldest and most successful clubs . Both were also successful in Bandy which was major winter sport in the first half of the 20th century , KIF and HPS gained lesser success . Also in Ice Hockey clubs faced numerous times and played more seasons in first level than HPS or KIF . A match between these two clubs is called as Stadin derby . Language was the biggest separating factor between the clubs , HIFK was the club of choice for the Swedish speaking population of the city and HJK for the Finnish speaking . In 2015 HIFK was promoted back to the top flight after 40 years of struggling in the lower leagues having played their last season in the top division in 1972 . Since HJK ceased their activity in other sports during the 1960s and 1970s the rivalry faded away on a large scale and in recent decades many even supported both clubs at the same time , HJK in football and HIFK in ice hockey . However , due to the rise of the Finnish supporter scene in the 2000s , there is a high tension between the most vocal supporters . HJK shared a short but fierce rivalry with FC Jokerit around the late 1990s and the early 2000s . Jokerit were well supported due to their popular ice hockey section and the clubs also competed against each other in ice hockey in the late 1960s and the early 1970s . Multiple Helsinki based clubs have played in the league but due to their short term visits and relatively low support base large scale rivalries were never born . Some notable clubs were Ponnistus , FinnPa , Pallo-Pojat and Helsingin Toverit . Helsinki-Lahti rivalry . HJK has competed against Lahti based clubs from the 1960s , between 1964 and 1980 HJK and Lahden Reipas had a minor rivalry as both clubs gained good success winning some titles and were also generally well supported . Reipas also won seven cup titles against one of HJK . Reipas was relegated after 1980 season . More notable rivalry was against Kuusysi from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s . Between 1981 and 1992 HJK won six league titles against Kuusysis five , both clubs also won the cup twice , facing two times in the finals ( which were both won by HJK ) . Both clubs also performed well in the European competitions . In 1996 both the Lahti clubs merged and FC Lahti was born , HJK and FC Lahti matches are more known from outside pitch activities , some crowd disturbances and small fights have occurred which otherwise are rare in Finnish football . Due to a relatively short distance between the two cities , these matches often draw more notable away support than others . HJK-Haka rivalry . HJK and Valkeakosken Haka are the two most successful clubs in Finnish football , HJK with 27 league and 12 cup titles and Haka with 9 league and 12 cup titles . The match is also considered as urban vs . rural rivalry as HJK is a club from Finlands biggest city Helsinki and Haka is representing the small town of Valkeakoski . Players . First team squad . Klubi 04 . HJKs reserve team currently plays in the Finnish First Division . It is coached by Mika Väyrynen . Management and boardroom . Management . As of 22 January 2021 Boardroom . As of 22 January 2021 Managers . - Yrjö Larha ( 1933–1944 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1945–1947 ) - George Duke ( 1948–1949 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1950 ) - János Nagy ( 1951 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1952 ) - Niilo Nordman ( 1953–1955 ) - Aatos Lehtonen ( 1956–1958 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( 1960–71 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1972–74 ) - Kai Pahlman ( 1973–74 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( July 1 , 1975–79 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( 1975 – Dec 31 , 1979 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1980 – Dec 31 , 1981 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1981–82 ) - Thure Sarnola ( 1982 ) - Miikka Toivola ( 1983–1984 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 1985 – Dec 31 , 1989 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1990 – Dec 31 , 1990 ) - Jyrki Nieminen ( Jan 1 , 1991 – Dec 31 , 1991 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen ( Jan 1 , 1992 – Dec 31 , 1994 ) - Bo Johansson ( Jan 1 , 1995 – Dec 31 , 1995 ) - Tommy Lindholm ( Jan 1 , 1996 – July 8 , 1996 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen , Martti Kuusela ( July 8 , 1996 – Dec 31 , 1996 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Jan 1 , 1997 – Dec 31 , 1999 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 2000 – Dec 31 , 2001 ) - Keith Armstrong ( Jan 1 , 2002 – Sept 5 , 2007 ) - Aki Hyryläinen ( Sept 6 , 2007 – Oct 10 , 2007 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Oct 10 , 2007 – Dec 31 , 2012 ) - Sixten Boström ( Jan 1 , 2013 – April 28 , 2014 ) - Mika Lehkosuo ( April 29 , 2014 – May 22 , 2019 ) - Toni Koskela ( May 22 , 2019– ) European campaigns . UEFA club competition record . As of 6 August 2019 . UEFA Club Ranking . This is the current UEFA Club Ranking . Last update : 28 May 2021 External links . - Official website - Klubipääty – supporters - Forza HJK – fan clu |
[
"Toni Koskela"
] | easy | Who coached the team Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi#P286#2 | Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi ( literally The Football Club of Helsinki ) , commonly known as HJK Helsinki , or simply as HJK , is a professional football club based in Helsinki , Finland . The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga . Founded in 1907 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football . The clubs home ground is the 10,770-seat Bolt Arena , where they have played since 2000 . Generally considered as Finlands biggest club , HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 30 . The club has also won 14 Finnish Cups and 5 Finnish League Cups . Many of Finlands most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad . The club has also similar success with womens Kansallinen Liiga . HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage . In 1998 , they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season . HJK has also participated in the UEFA Europa League , in 2014–15 , defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . The clubs highest score in a European competition came during the 2011–12 season , with a 13–0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City , which included a 10–0 home win . HJKs traditional kit colours have long been blue and white striped shirts with blue shorts and socks . The clubs crest has been nearly untouched for a century , it has only undergone one minor font change in order to modernize it . History . The club was founded as Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi – Helsingfors Fotbollsklubb in 1907 by Fredrik Wathén . The founding meeting was held at a bowling alley in Kaisaniemi Park in May . The first ever competitive fixture was played against Ekenäs IF in Ekenäs . HJK won 2–4 . Early on , HJK became popular amongst Finnish-speaking students , while Swedish-speaking students preferred to play mainly for Unitas or HIFK . In late 1908 , after a heated debate , the language was switched to unilingually Finnish and this resulted in many Swedish-speaking members switching over to HIFK and other clubs , although a few chose to stay . In 1909 , the colours blue and white were chosen to support the fennoman movement and bandy was introduced as the clubs second official sport . The club moved from Kaisaniemi Ground to the new Eläintarha Stadium . At the end of the year , Fredrik Wathen was forced to leave his post as the clubs chairman due to illness . In 1910 , Lauri Tanner became the longest-running club chairman to date . The same year , the clubs first international match was played , against Eriksdals IF from Stockholm in Kaisaniemi . The first championship title was won in 1911 . In 1915 , the club moved to newly build Töölön Pallokenttä . In 1916 , tennis was introduced as the third official sport in HJK , and it was played in the club until the early 1920s . During the Finnish Civil War in 1918 , two HJK club members , fighting for the Whites , were killed . In 1921 , the first bandy championship was won and during the following five seasons , HJK reached five finals , winning three more titles . Bowling was added to the clubs repertoire in 1925 , but the bowlers formed their own club , Helsingin Keilaajat , the following year . In 1928 , ice hockey became an official sport and the first championship was won in 1929 . League format was introduced to Finnish football in 1930 but HJK failed to qualify for the first season . In 1931 , HJK played their first season in the league , however at the end of the season , they were relegated . During World War II , HJK lost 22 members serving in the military , of which nine fell in the Winter War , twelve in the Continuation War and one in the Lapland War . In 1943 , handball was introduced as the clubs sixth official sport . HJK won one silver and two bronze medals in handball during the following three seasons but did not gain further success . Handball was first of HJKs sports where women also competed . The womens team played a total of 22 seasons at the highest level ; their highest finish was fourth . In 1963 , HJK played their last ever season in the second level of the football pyramid , winning 20 out of 22 matches and scoring 127 goals . In 1964 , the newly promoted club won their tenth championship title and the following season , in 1965–66 , they played their first European Cup match , against Manchester United at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . However , a 2–9 aggregate loss resulted in HJKs elimination from the competition . In 1966 , the club secured their first ever cup title by winning KTP 6–1 in the final in front of 7,000 spectators . Bandy section was disbanded in the late 1960s . The last official sport , figure skating , was added into the clubs repertoire in 1966 , was abolished in 1972 . The ice hockey section was also disbanded in 1972 and the last season in handball was played in 1978 . Hereafter , HJK therefore only participated in football following 69 years as a multisport club . The 1998–99 season saw HJK become the first and , to date , only Finnish club to play in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Metz in the second qualifying round . The club also managed a respectable five points in their group , defeating Benfica at home and earning draws at home to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and away to Benfica . They lost to PSV twice and to Kaiserslautern away . The clubs current home stadium , the Telia 5G -areena , was opened in 2000 . The 20th championship title was won in 2002 and in 2008 , the club won its tenth Finnish Cup title . The 2009 season was the start of a championship run that resulted in six titles in a row from 2009 to 2014 . In 2014 , HJK became the first Finnish club to play in the UEFA Europa League group stage after defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . HJK , with wins over Torino and Copenhagen at home , finished third in their group with six points . HJK made several acquisitions during the winter of 2015 , including Córdoba forward Mike Havenaar , J-league playmaker Atomu Tanaka and Birmingham City holding midfielder Guy Moussi . With the new signings on their side , HJK began the season on a high by winning the league cup , a feat they had not accomplished since 1998 . HJK also played its first local derby against HIFK since April 1972 , drawing 1–1 . However , HJK could not replicate the league success they had enjoyed for the last six seasons , finishing the 2015 season in third place , behind champions SJK and runners-up RoPS . During the 2017 campaign the club lost only three games , which resulted in a domestic double . Crest and colours . Badge . In 1910 HJK arranged competition to find a crest for club but club board wasnt happy with proposals . Crest was finally designed by Osmo Korvenkontio in 1913 , it has only gone through minor changes during history . Colours . First kit of HJK was plain white shirt , black shorts and black socks with few white horizontal stripes on top . In 1909 HJK introduced its trademark blue and white striped shirt . Blue and white colours were homage to fennoman movement . Black trunks still remained for decades . Shirt was changed to unicolour blue for season 1973 due to pressure from sponsors . In attempt to professionalize hockey department club had fallen in to financial despair and sponsors demanded more visibility for their adds . Clubs financial situation had improved by 1986 and due fans demands shirt was changed back to striped by the end of the year and has remained so ever since . Honours . Football . - Veikkausliiga : - Winners ( 30 ) : 1911 , 1912 , 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1923 , 1925 , 1936 , 1938 , 1964 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 14 ) : 1921 , 1933 , 1937 , 1939 , 1956 , 1965 , 1966 , 1982 , 1983 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2016 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 14 ) : 1966 , 1981 , 1984 , 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016–17 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1975 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 2010 , 2021 - Finnish League Cup : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2015 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1995 , 2009 , 2012 Womens football . - Finnish Womens Championship : - Winners ( 23 ) : 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 . 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2019 - Finnish Womens Cup : - Winners ( 17 ) : 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2017 , 2019 Ice hockey . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1928–29 , 1931–32 , 1934–35 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1937–38 , 1938–39 , 1940–41 , 1971–72 - Finnish Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 1970 Bandy . - Finnish Championship : - Winners ( 5 ) : 1921 , 1923 , 1924 , 1928 , 1937 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1925 , 1927 , 1946 Figure skating . - Finnish Champions - Pia Wingisaar : 1966 , 1967 - Anuliisa Numminen : 1970 - Tarja Säde : 1971 - Tarja Näsi : 1972 League history . Season to season . - 81 seasons in Veikkausliiga / SM-Sarja - 6 seasons in Ykkönen / Suomisarja Supporters and rivalries . Historically HJK had a wide support within Finnish speaking , prosperous middle class of Helsinki . The clubs supporters were often nationalistic after the fashion of almost every other Finnish FA club at the time . Leftist working class clubs played their own leagues and competitions under the Finnish Workers Sports Federation . However , The club remained open to all honorable citizens regardless of their native language , race or social class , and always had members from other communities as well . Before the 1970s HJK came to be known especially as a Töölöan club due to most of their activity taking place in this particular district . During recent decades the clubs old image as a prosperous , middle class group from Töölö has largely disappeared due to social changes in Finland as well as migration from inner city to housing projects built during the mass migration from the countryside during the 1960s and the 1970s . The Helsinki Derby and other local rivalries . HJKs main rivals in Helsinki were widely considered to be Kiffen , HPS and HIFK . In the past these were the four big clubs from Helsinki . The clubs were mainly separated by language , HJK and HPS being Finnish speaking clubs whereas HIFK and KIF were Swedish speaking . These four clubs competed also in bandy , ice hockey and handball . The support for HJK mainly came from around the inner city and after 1940s also from Töölö , in its early years HPS Support came from same areas as HJK . Later in 1940s and 1950s when HJK support shifted more towards Töölö area , HPS gained more support in Vallila and Alppila districts , this was mostly due their youth activities taking part in those particular areas , these boundaries were not strict however and each of the four clubs had support , players and members across the city . HJK were already founding youth teams to new suburbs in 1960s and their reputation as a Töölöan club was short lived . KIF and HPS were both struggling to survive and were both relegated to lower leagues after 1964 season and rapidly lost their support . KIF made a brief two season stint to first level in 1977–78 . While both KIF and HPS are still active as of 2020 , they have spend their recent decades playing in lower levels , HPS focusing more on youth football in northern Helsinki . HJK and HIFK share the biggest rivalry being two of the oldest and most successful clubs . Both were also successful in Bandy which was major winter sport in the first half of the 20th century , KIF and HPS gained lesser success . Also in Ice Hockey clubs faced numerous times and played more seasons in first level than HPS or KIF . A match between these two clubs is called as Stadin derby . Language was the biggest separating factor between the clubs , HIFK was the club of choice for the Swedish speaking population of the city and HJK for the Finnish speaking . In 2015 HIFK was promoted back to the top flight after 40 years of struggling in the lower leagues having played their last season in the top division in 1972 . Since HJK ceased their activity in other sports during the 1960s and 1970s the rivalry faded away on a large scale and in recent decades many even supported both clubs at the same time , HJK in football and HIFK in ice hockey . However , due to the rise of the Finnish supporter scene in the 2000s , there is a high tension between the most vocal supporters . HJK shared a short but fierce rivalry with FC Jokerit around the late 1990s and the early 2000s . Jokerit were well supported due to their popular ice hockey section and the clubs also competed against each other in ice hockey in the late 1960s and the early 1970s . Multiple Helsinki based clubs have played in the league but due to their short term visits and relatively low support base large scale rivalries were never born . Some notable clubs were Ponnistus , FinnPa , Pallo-Pojat and Helsingin Toverit . Helsinki-Lahti rivalry . HJK has competed against Lahti based clubs from the 1960s , between 1964 and 1980 HJK and Lahden Reipas had a minor rivalry as both clubs gained good success winning some titles and were also generally well supported . Reipas also won seven cup titles against one of HJK . Reipas was relegated after 1980 season . More notable rivalry was against Kuusysi from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s . Between 1981 and 1992 HJK won six league titles against Kuusysis five , both clubs also won the cup twice , facing two times in the finals ( which were both won by HJK ) . Both clubs also performed well in the European competitions . In 1996 both the Lahti clubs merged and FC Lahti was born , HJK and FC Lahti matches are more known from outside pitch activities , some crowd disturbances and small fights have occurred which otherwise are rare in Finnish football . Due to a relatively short distance between the two cities , these matches often draw more notable away support than others . HJK-Haka rivalry . HJK and Valkeakosken Haka are the two most successful clubs in Finnish football , HJK with 27 league and 12 cup titles and Haka with 9 league and 12 cup titles . The match is also considered as urban vs . rural rivalry as HJK is a club from Finlands biggest city Helsinki and Haka is representing the small town of Valkeakoski . Players . First team squad . Klubi 04 . HJKs reserve team currently plays in the Finnish First Division . It is coached by Mika Väyrynen . Management and boardroom . Management . As of 22 January 2021 Boardroom . As of 22 January 2021 Managers . - Yrjö Larha ( 1933–1944 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1945–1947 ) - George Duke ( 1948–1949 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1950 ) - János Nagy ( 1951 ) - Eino Nuutinen ( 1952 ) - Niilo Nordman ( 1953–1955 ) - Aatos Lehtonen ( 1956–1958 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( 1960–71 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1972–74 ) - Kai Pahlman ( 1973–74 ) - Aulis Rytkönen ( July 1 , 1975–79 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( 1975 – Dec 31 , 1979 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1980 – Dec 31 , 1981 ) - Raimo Kauppinen ( Jan 1 , 1981–82 ) - Thure Sarnola ( 1982 ) - Miikka Toivola ( 1983–1984 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 1985 – Dec 31 , 1989 ) - Martti Kuusela ( Jan 1 , 1990 – Dec 31 , 1990 ) - Jyrki Nieminen ( Jan 1 , 1991 – Dec 31 , 1991 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen ( Jan 1 , 1992 – Dec 31 , 1994 ) - Bo Johansson ( Jan 1 , 1995 – Dec 31 , 1995 ) - Tommy Lindholm ( Jan 1 , 1996 – July 8 , 1996 ) - Jari-Pekka Keurulainen , Martti Kuusela ( July 8 , 1996 – Dec 31 , 1996 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Jan 1 , 1997 – Dec 31 , 1999 ) - Jyrki Heliskoski ( Jan 1 , 2000 – Dec 31 , 2001 ) - Keith Armstrong ( Jan 1 , 2002 – Sept 5 , 2007 ) - Aki Hyryläinen ( Sept 6 , 2007 – Oct 10 , 2007 ) - Antti Muurinen ( Oct 10 , 2007 – Dec 31 , 2012 ) - Sixten Boström ( Jan 1 , 2013 – April 28 , 2014 ) - Mika Lehkosuo ( April 29 , 2014 – May 22 , 2019 ) - Toni Koskela ( May 22 , 2019– ) European campaigns . UEFA club competition record . As of 6 August 2019 . UEFA Club Ranking . This is the current UEFA Club Ranking . Last update : 28 May 2021 External links . - Official website - Klubipääty – supporters - Forza HJK – fan clu |
[
"Johns Hopkins University",
"Clark University"
] | easy | Who did Oskar Bolza work for from 1889 to 1892? | /wiki/Oskar_Bolza#P108#0 | Oskar Bolza Oskar Bolza ( 12 May 1857 – 5 July 1942 ) was a German mathematician , and student of Felix Klein . He was born in Bad Bergzabern , Palatinate , then a district of Bavaria , known for his research in the calculus of variations , particularly influenced by Karl Weierstrass 1879 lectures on the subject . Life . Bolza entered the University of Berlin in 1875 . His first interest was in linguistics , then he studied physics with Kirchhoff and Helmholtz , but experimental work did not attract him , so he decided on mathematics in 1878 . The years 1878–1881 were spent studying under Elwin Christoffel and Theodor Reye at Strasbourg , Hermann Schwarz at Göttingen , and particularly Karl Weierstrass in Berlin . In the spring of 1888 he landed in Hoboken , NJ , searching for a job in the United States : he succeeded in finding a position in 1889 at Johns Hopkins University and then at the then newly founded Clark University . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 when , after becoming unhappy in the United States as a consequence of the death of his friend Heinrich Maschke in 1908 , he and his wife returned to Freiburg in Germany . The events of World War I greatly affected Bolza and , after 1914 , he stopped his research in mathematics . He became interested in religious psychology , languages ( particularly Sanskrit ) , and Indian religions . He published the book Glaubenlose Religion ( religion without belief ) in 1930 under the pseudonym F . H . Marneck . However , later in his life , he returned to do research in mathematics , lecturing at University of Freiburg from 1929 up to his retirement in 1933 . Academic career . He completed his doctoral studies , after eight years of study and many changes of direction , in 1886 , from the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . He wrote his thesis , titled Über die Reduction hyperelliptischer Integrale erster Ordnung und erster Gattung auf elliptische , insbesondere über die Reduction durch eine Transformation vierten Grades ( translated as On reduction of hyperelliptic integrals of first order and first kind to elliptic integrals , especially on reduction by transformation of fourth-degree ) under the supervision of Felix Klein . In 1889 Bolza worked at Johns Hopkins University , where Simon Newcomb gave him a temporary short-term appointment reader in mathematics , then he obtained a position as an associate professor at Clark University . While at Clark , Bolza published the important paper On the theory of substitution groups and its application to algebraic equations in the American Journal of Mathematics . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 , when he decided to return to Freiburg in Germany : he was appointed there as honorary professor , while the University Chicago awarded him the title of non-resident professor of mathematics which he retained for the rest of his life . Work . Research activity . Bolza published The elliptic s-functions considered as a special case of the hyperelliptic s-functions in 1900 which related to work he had been studying for his doctorate under Klein . However , he worked on the calculus of variations from 1901 . Papers which appeared in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society over the next few years were : New proof of a theorem of Osgoods in the calculus of variations ( 1901 ) ; Proof of the sufficiency of Jacobis condition for a permanent sign of the second variation in the so-called isoperimetric problems ( 1902 ) ; Weierstrass theorem and Knesers theorem on transversals for the most general case of an extremum of a simple definite integral ( 1906 ) ; and Existence proof for a field of extremals tangent to a given curve ( 1907 ) . His text Lectures on the Calculus of Variations published by the University of Chicago Press in 1904 , became a classic in its field and was republished several times : the augmented German edition of the same work was considered by his former student Gilbert Ames Bliss a classic , indispensable to every scholar in the field , and much wider in its scope than his earlier book . Immediately after his return to Germany Bolza continued teaching and research , in particular on function theory , integral equations and the calculus of variations . Two papers of 1913 and 1914 are particularly important . The first Problem mit gemischten Bedingungen und variablen Endpunkten formulated a new type of variational problem now called the Bolza problem of Bolza after him and the second studied variations for an integral problem involving inequalities . This latter work was to become important in control theory . Bolza returned to Chicago for part of 1913 giving lecturers during the summer on function theory and integral equations . Teaching activity . Bolza joined the University of Chicago in 1892 . Working eighteen years between 1892 and 1910 . During this time the mathematics department was outstandingly successful with thirty-nine students graduating with doctorates ( nine of them students of Bolza ) . These included Leonard Dickson , who was the first to be awarded a Ph.D . in mathematics by the University of Chicago , Gilbert Bliss , Oswald Veblen , Robert Lee Moore , George D . Birkhoff , and T . H . Hildebrandt . In 1908 Bolza moved into Freiburg and managed to become a professor at the University of Freiburg and lectured there for years . However , his teachings were interrupted by World War I afterword he continued lecturing at Freiburg until 1926 . After three years he returned to the University of Freiburg to continue lecturing he kept up his classes until 1933 . Selected publications . - a corrected and improved edition was published in 1960 as , while unabridged unaltered reprints of the first edition appeared in 1961 as , and in 2005 as , available from University of Michigan Digital Mathematics Library . - . The revised and notably augmented German edition of the classical work . |
[
"University of Chicago"
] | easy | Which employer did Oskar Bolza work for from 1892 to 1910? | /wiki/Oskar_Bolza#P108#1 | Oskar Bolza Oskar Bolza ( 12 May 1857 – 5 July 1942 ) was a German mathematician , and student of Felix Klein . He was born in Bad Bergzabern , Palatinate , then a district of Bavaria , known for his research in the calculus of variations , particularly influenced by Karl Weierstrass 1879 lectures on the subject . Life . Bolza entered the University of Berlin in 1875 . His first interest was in linguistics , then he studied physics with Kirchhoff and Helmholtz , but experimental work did not attract him , so he decided on mathematics in 1878 . The years 1878–1881 were spent studying under Elwin Christoffel and Theodor Reye at Strasbourg , Hermann Schwarz at Göttingen , and particularly Karl Weierstrass in Berlin . In the spring of 1888 he landed in Hoboken , NJ , searching for a job in the United States : he succeeded in finding a position in 1889 at Johns Hopkins University and then at the then newly founded Clark University . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 when , after becoming unhappy in the United States as a consequence of the death of his friend Heinrich Maschke in 1908 , he and his wife returned to Freiburg in Germany . The events of World War I greatly affected Bolza and , after 1914 , he stopped his research in mathematics . He became interested in religious psychology , languages ( particularly Sanskrit ) , and Indian religions . He published the book Glaubenlose Religion ( religion without belief ) in 1930 under the pseudonym F . H . Marneck . However , later in his life , he returned to do research in mathematics , lecturing at University of Freiburg from 1929 up to his retirement in 1933 . Academic career . He completed his doctoral studies , after eight years of study and many changes of direction , in 1886 , from the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . He wrote his thesis , titled Über die Reduction hyperelliptischer Integrale erster Ordnung und erster Gattung auf elliptische , insbesondere über die Reduction durch eine Transformation vierten Grades ( translated as On reduction of hyperelliptic integrals of first order and first kind to elliptic integrals , especially on reduction by transformation of fourth-degree ) under the supervision of Felix Klein . In 1889 Bolza worked at Johns Hopkins University , where Simon Newcomb gave him a temporary short-term appointment reader in mathematics , then he obtained a position as an associate professor at Clark University . While at Clark , Bolza published the important paper On the theory of substitution groups and its application to algebraic equations in the American Journal of Mathematics . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 , when he decided to return to Freiburg in Germany : he was appointed there as honorary professor , while the University Chicago awarded him the title of non-resident professor of mathematics which he retained for the rest of his life . Work . Research activity . Bolza published The elliptic s-functions considered as a special case of the hyperelliptic s-functions in 1900 which related to work he had been studying for his doctorate under Klein . However , he worked on the calculus of variations from 1901 . Papers which appeared in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society over the next few years were : New proof of a theorem of Osgoods in the calculus of variations ( 1901 ) ; Proof of the sufficiency of Jacobis condition for a permanent sign of the second variation in the so-called isoperimetric problems ( 1902 ) ; Weierstrass theorem and Knesers theorem on transversals for the most general case of an extremum of a simple definite integral ( 1906 ) ; and Existence proof for a field of extremals tangent to a given curve ( 1907 ) . His text Lectures on the Calculus of Variations published by the University of Chicago Press in 1904 , became a classic in its field and was republished several times : the augmented German edition of the same work was considered by his former student Gilbert Ames Bliss a classic , indispensable to every scholar in the field , and much wider in its scope than his earlier book . Immediately after his return to Germany Bolza continued teaching and research , in particular on function theory , integral equations and the calculus of variations . Two papers of 1913 and 1914 are particularly important . The first Problem mit gemischten Bedingungen und variablen Endpunkten formulated a new type of variational problem now called the Bolza problem of Bolza after him and the second studied variations for an integral problem involving inequalities . This latter work was to become important in control theory . Bolza returned to Chicago for part of 1913 giving lecturers during the summer on function theory and integral equations . Teaching activity . Bolza joined the University of Chicago in 1892 . Working eighteen years between 1892 and 1910 . During this time the mathematics department was outstandingly successful with thirty-nine students graduating with doctorates ( nine of them students of Bolza ) . These included Leonard Dickson , who was the first to be awarded a Ph.D . in mathematics by the University of Chicago , Gilbert Bliss , Oswald Veblen , Robert Lee Moore , George D . Birkhoff , and T . H . Hildebrandt . In 1908 Bolza moved into Freiburg and managed to become a professor at the University of Freiburg and lectured there for years . However , his teachings were interrupted by World War I afterword he continued lecturing at Freiburg until 1926 . After three years he returned to the University of Freiburg to continue lecturing he kept up his classes until 1933 . Selected publications . - a corrected and improved edition was published in 1960 as , while unabridged unaltered reprints of the first edition appeared in 1961 as , and in 2005 as , available from University of Michigan Digital Mathematics Library . - . The revised and notably augmented German edition of the classical work . |
[
"University of Freiburg"
] | easy | Who did Oskar Bolza work for from 1910 to 1933? | /wiki/Oskar_Bolza#P108#2 | Oskar Bolza Oskar Bolza ( 12 May 1857 – 5 July 1942 ) was a German mathematician , and student of Felix Klein . He was born in Bad Bergzabern , Palatinate , then a district of Bavaria , known for his research in the calculus of variations , particularly influenced by Karl Weierstrass 1879 lectures on the subject . Life . Bolza entered the University of Berlin in 1875 . His first interest was in linguistics , then he studied physics with Kirchhoff and Helmholtz , but experimental work did not attract him , so he decided on mathematics in 1878 . The years 1878–1881 were spent studying under Elwin Christoffel and Theodor Reye at Strasbourg , Hermann Schwarz at Göttingen , and particularly Karl Weierstrass in Berlin . In the spring of 1888 he landed in Hoboken , NJ , searching for a job in the United States : he succeeded in finding a position in 1889 at Johns Hopkins University and then at the then newly founded Clark University . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 when , after becoming unhappy in the United States as a consequence of the death of his friend Heinrich Maschke in 1908 , he and his wife returned to Freiburg in Germany . The events of World War I greatly affected Bolza and , after 1914 , he stopped his research in mathematics . He became interested in religious psychology , languages ( particularly Sanskrit ) , and Indian religions . He published the book Glaubenlose Religion ( religion without belief ) in 1930 under the pseudonym F . H . Marneck . However , later in his life , he returned to do research in mathematics , lecturing at University of Freiburg from 1929 up to his retirement in 1933 . Academic career . He completed his doctoral studies , after eight years of study and many changes of direction , in 1886 , from the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . He wrote his thesis , titled Über die Reduction hyperelliptischer Integrale erster Ordnung und erster Gattung auf elliptische , insbesondere über die Reduction durch eine Transformation vierten Grades ( translated as On reduction of hyperelliptic integrals of first order and first kind to elliptic integrals , especially on reduction by transformation of fourth-degree ) under the supervision of Felix Klein . In 1889 Bolza worked at Johns Hopkins University , where Simon Newcomb gave him a temporary short-term appointment reader in mathematics , then he obtained a position as an associate professor at Clark University . While at Clark , Bolza published the important paper On the theory of substitution groups and its application to algebraic equations in the American Journal of Mathematics . In 1892 Bolza joined the University of Chicago and worked there up to 1910 , when he decided to return to Freiburg in Germany : he was appointed there as honorary professor , while the University Chicago awarded him the title of non-resident professor of mathematics which he retained for the rest of his life . Work . Research activity . Bolza published The elliptic s-functions considered as a special case of the hyperelliptic s-functions in 1900 which related to work he had been studying for his doctorate under Klein . However , he worked on the calculus of variations from 1901 . Papers which appeared in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society over the next few years were : New proof of a theorem of Osgoods in the calculus of variations ( 1901 ) ; Proof of the sufficiency of Jacobis condition for a permanent sign of the second variation in the so-called isoperimetric problems ( 1902 ) ; Weierstrass theorem and Knesers theorem on transversals for the most general case of an extremum of a simple definite integral ( 1906 ) ; and Existence proof for a field of extremals tangent to a given curve ( 1907 ) . His text Lectures on the Calculus of Variations published by the University of Chicago Press in 1904 , became a classic in its field and was republished several times : the augmented German edition of the same work was considered by his former student Gilbert Ames Bliss a classic , indispensable to every scholar in the field , and much wider in its scope than his earlier book . Immediately after his return to Germany Bolza continued teaching and research , in particular on function theory , integral equations and the calculus of variations . Two papers of 1913 and 1914 are particularly important . The first Problem mit gemischten Bedingungen und variablen Endpunkten formulated a new type of variational problem now called the Bolza problem of Bolza after him and the second studied variations for an integral problem involving inequalities . This latter work was to become important in control theory . Bolza returned to Chicago for part of 1913 giving lecturers during the summer on function theory and integral equations . Teaching activity . Bolza joined the University of Chicago in 1892 . Working eighteen years between 1892 and 1910 . During this time the mathematics department was outstandingly successful with thirty-nine students graduating with doctorates ( nine of them students of Bolza ) . These included Leonard Dickson , who was the first to be awarded a Ph.D . in mathematics by the University of Chicago , Gilbert Bliss , Oswald Veblen , Robert Lee Moore , George D . Birkhoff , and T . H . Hildebrandt . In 1908 Bolza moved into Freiburg and managed to become a professor at the University of Freiburg and lectured there for years . However , his teachings were interrupted by World War I afterword he continued lecturing at Freiburg until 1926 . After three years he returned to the University of Freiburg to continue lecturing he kept up his classes until 1933 . Selected publications . - a corrected and improved edition was published in 1960 as , while unabridged unaltered reprints of the first edition appeared in 1961 as , and in 2005 as , available from University of Michigan Digital Mathematics Library . - . The revised and notably augmented German edition of the classical work . |
[
"chief of staff"
] | easy | Jodey Arrington took which position from 2001 to 2005? | /wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P39#0 | Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina |
[
"Deputy Federal Coordinator"
] | easy | What was the position of Jodey Arrington from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P39#1 | Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina |
[
"U.S House of Representatives"
] | easy | Jodey Arrington took which position from 2017 to 2019? | /wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P39#2 | Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina |
[
"Pallacanestro Petrarca Padova"
] | easy | Which team did the player Doug Moe belong to from 1965 to 1967? | /wiki/Doug_Moe#P54#0 | Doug Moe Douglas Edwin Moe ( born September 21 , 1938 ) is an American former professional basketball player and coach . As a head coach with the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he was named the NBA Coach of the Year in 1988 . Early life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Moe was a star player at the University of North Carolina where he was a two-time All-American . However , his collegiate career ended in controversy when he admitted to being associated with a point shaving scandal . Moe received $75 from fix conspirator Aaron Wagman to fly to a meeting in New Jersey , arranged by Moes friend , conspirator Lou Brown , but Moe reportedly turned down an offer to throw games . There is no evidence that Moe was ever involved in a fix conspiracy , but his ties to the scandal blemished his reputation . He was selected in the NBA draft in 1960 by the Detroit Pistons and again in 1961 with the Chicago Packers , but began his pro career in Italys Lega Basket Serie A with the Pallacanestro Petrarca Padova , and later in the American Basketball Association with the New Orleans Buccaneers , Oakland Oaks , Washington Caps , Carolina Cougars and Virginia Squires . He garnered ABA All-Star honors three times in an injury-shortened five-year professional playing career . Moe became a head coach in 1976–77 , after serving as an assistant coach for the Carolina Cougars . Moe worked behind the bench for 15 years , ten of them with the Denver Nuggets . He also had stops with the San Antonio Spurs and Philadelphia 76ers . In Denver . Moe began his coaching career with the Carolina Cougars in the ABA as an assistant coach to his UNC teammate Larry Brown from 1972 to 1974 . He then followed Brown to Denver , where they coached the Nuggets from 1974 to 1976 . During those two seasons , the Nuggets were 125–43 ( .744 ) . They advanced to the ABA Finals in 1976 , but lost to the New York Nets in six games . After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976 , Moe served as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs for four seasons ( 1976–80 ) , leading them to a conference finals appearance in 1979 . He returned to Denver in 1980 to take over the head coaching reins from another UNC alum , Donnie Walsh . From 1980 to 1990 , Moe compiled a 432–357 ( .548 ) record and led the Nuggets to the postseason nine-straight years—advancing as far as the Western Conference Finals in 1985 . He guided the Nuggets to two Midwest Division titles ( 1984–85 and ’87–88 ) and a franchise-record 54 wins in 1987–88 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year that same year . Under Moes direction , the Nuggets high-octane offense led the league in scoring in six of his 10 seasons in Denver . He is honored by the Nuggets with a banner that reads 432 for his number of wins as a Nuggets head coach . Moe also served an unsuccessful stint as a head coach for the Philadelphia 76ers ( 1992–93 ) , with his son David Moe as an assistant coach . In 1979 , he led the Spurs to the conference finals . His overall NBA head coaching ledger stands at 628–529 ( .543 ) and his wins are the 19th-most in NBA history , though he is not in the Hall of Fame . Coaching style . Moe used a run-and-gun offense which had his team shoot before the opponents defense had set up . He ran almost no plays , instead relying on ball movement , screens and constant cuts to the basket . Players were not to hold onto the ball for longer than two seconds . The movement of the ball was predicated on what the defense allowed . You cant diagram it , you cant put a pencil and paper to it . If you do , youre doing an injustice to the system , said former Nuggets assistant Allan Bristow . Moe simply said , The passing game is basically doing whatever the hell you want . Moes passing strategy was adopted from North Carolina head coach Dean Smith . Smith , normally a conservative coach , thought that the passing game could work with the right players , but he did not believe players would be smart enough to execute it at all times . Though his offensive strategy led to high scores , Moes Denver teams were never adept at running fast breaks . His teams at times appeared to give up baskets in order to get one . He disputed the fact that his teams did not play defense , attributing the high scores to the pace of the game . On coming to the NBA after the NBA-ABA merger . One of the biggest disappointments in my life was going into the NBA after the merger . The NBA was a rinky-dink league—listen , Im very serious about this . The league was run like garbage . There was no camaraderie ; a lot of the NBA guys were aloof and thought they were too good to practice or play hard . The NBA All-Star Games were nothing—guys didnt even want to play in them and the fans could [ sic ] care less about the games . It wasnt until the 1980s , when David Stern became commissioner , that the NBA figured out what the hell they were doing , and what they did was a lot of stuff we had in the ABA—from the 3-point shot to All-Star weekend to the show biz stuff . Now the NBA is like the old ABA . Guys play hard , they show their enthusiasm and there is a closeness in the league . Hell , the ABA might have lost the battle , but we won the war . The NBA now plays our kind of basketball . External links . - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as coach ) - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as player ) |
[
"New Orleans Buccaneers"
] | easy | Which team did Doug Moe play for from 1967 to 1968? | /wiki/Doug_Moe#P54#1 | Doug Moe Douglas Edwin Moe ( born September 21 , 1938 ) is an American former professional basketball player and coach . As a head coach with the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he was named the NBA Coach of the Year in 1988 . Early life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Moe was a star player at the University of North Carolina where he was a two-time All-American . However , his collegiate career ended in controversy when he admitted to being associated with a point shaving scandal . Moe received $75 from fix conspirator Aaron Wagman to fly to a meeting in New Jersey , arranged by Moes friend , conspirator Lou Brown , but Moe reportedly turned down an offer to throw games . There is no evidence that Moe was ever involved in a fix conspiracy , but his ties to the scandal blemished his reputation . He was selected in the NBA draft in 1960 by the Detroit Pistons and again in 1961 with the Chicago Packers , but began his pro career in Italys Lega Basket Serie A with the Pallacanestro Petrarca Padova , and later in the American Basketball Association with the New Orleans Buccaneers , Oakland Oaks , Washington Caps , Carolina Cougars and Virginia Squires . He garnered ABA All-Star honors three times in an injury-shortened five-year professional playing career . Moe became a head coach in 1976–77 , after serving as an assistant coach for the Carolina Cougars . Moe worked behind the bench for 15 years , ten of them with the Denver Nuggets . He also had stops with the San Antonio Spurs and Philadelphia 76ers . In Denver . Moe began his coaching career with the Carolina Cougars in the ABA as an assistant coach to his UNC teammate Larry Brown from 1972 to 1974 . He then followed Brown to Denver , where they coached the Nuggets from 1974 to 1976 . During those two seasons , the Nuggets were 125–43 ( .744 ) . They advanced to the ABA Finals in 1976 , but lost to the New York Nets in six games . After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976 , Moe served as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs for four seasons ( 1976–80 ) , leading them to a conference finals appearance in 1979 . He returned to Denver in 1980 to take over the head coaching reins from another UNC alum , Donnie Walsh . From 1980 to 1990 , Moe compiled a 432–357 ( .548 ) record and led the Nuggets to the postseason nine-straight years—advancing as far as the Western Conference Finals in 1985 . He guided the Nuggets to two Midwest Division titles ( 1984–85 and ’87–88 ) and a franchise-record 54 wins in 1987–88 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year that same year . Under Moes direction , the Nuggets high-octane offense led the league in scoring in six of his 10 seasons in Denver . He is honored by the Nuggets with a banner that reads 432 for his number of wins as a Nuggets head coach . Moe also served an unsuccessful stint as a head coach for the Philadelphia 76ers ( 1992–93 ) , with his son David Moe as an assistant coach . In 1979 , he led the Spurs to the conference finals . His overall NBA head coaching ledger stands at 628–529 ( .543 ) and his wins are the 19th-most in NBA history , though he is not in the Hall of Fame . Coaching style . Moe used a run-and-gun offense which had his team shoot before the opponents defense had set up . He ran almost no plays , instead relying on ball movement , screens and constant cuts to the basket . Players were not to hold onto the ball for longer than two seconds . The movement of the ball was predicated on what the defense allowed . You cant diagram it , you cant put a pencil and paper to it . If you do , youre doing an injustice to the system , said former Nuggets assistant Allan Bristow . Moe simply said , The passing game is basically doing whatever the hell you want . Moes passing strategy was adopted from North Carolina head coach Dean Smith . Smith , normally a conservative coach , thought that the passing game could work with the right players , but he did not believe players would be smart enough to execute it at all times . Though his offensive strategy led to high scores , Moes Denver teams were never adept at running fast breaks . His teams at times appeared to give up baskets in order to get one . He disputed the fact that his teams did not play defense , attributing the high scores to the pace of the game . On coming to the NBA after the NBA-ABA merger . One of the biggest disappointments in my life was going into the NBA after the merger . The NBA was a rinky-dink league—listen , Im very serious about this . The league was run like garbage . There was no camaraderie ; a lot of the NBA guys were aloof and thought they were too good to practice or play hard . The NBA All-Star Games were nothing—guys didnt even want to play in them and the fans could [ sic ] care less about the games . It wasnt until the 1980s , when David Stern became commissioner , that the NBA figured out what the hell they were doing , and what they did was a lot of stuff we had in the ABA—from the 3-point shot to All-Star weekend to the show biz stuff . Now the NBA is like the old ABA . Guys play hard , they show their enthusiasm and there is a closeness in the league . Hell , the ABA might have lost the battle , but we won the war . The NBA now plays our kind of basketball . External links . - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as coach ) - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as player ) |
[
"Carolina Cougars"
] | easy | Which team did Doug Moe play for from 1969 to 1970? | /wiki/Doug_Moe#P54#2 | Doug Moe Douglas Edwin Moe ( born September 21 , 1938 ) is an American former professional basketball player and coach . As a head coach with the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he was named the NBA Coach of the Year in 1988 . Early life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Moe was a star player at the University of North Carolina where he was a two-time All-American . However , his collegiate career ended in controversy when he admitted to being associated with a point shaving scandal . Moe received $75 from fix conspirator Aaron Wagman to fly to a meeting in New Jersey , arranged by Moes friend , conspirator Lou Brown , but Moe reportedly turned down an offer to throw games . There is no evidence that Moe was ever involved in a fix conspiracy , but his ties to the scandal blemished his reputation . He was selected in the NBA draft in 1960 by the Detroit Pistons and again in 1961 with the Chicago Packers , but began his pro career in Italys Lega Basket Serie A with the Pallacanestro Petrarca Padova , and later in the American Basketball Association with the New Orleans Buccaneers , Oakland Oaks , Washington Caps , Carolina Cougars and Virginia Squires . He garnered ABA All-Star honors three times in an injury-shortened five-year professional playing career . Moe became a head coach in 1976–77 , after serving as an assistant coach for the Carolina Cougars . Moe worked behind the bench for 15 years , ten of them with the Denver Nuggets . He also had stops with the San Antonio Spurs and Philadelphia 76ers . In Denver . Moe began his coaching career with the Carolina Cougars in the ABA as an assistant coach to his UNC teammate Larry Brown from 1972 to 1974 . He then followed Brown to Denver , where they coached the Nuggets from 1974 to 1976 . During those two seasons , the Nuggets were 125–43 ( .744 ) . They advanced to the ABA Finals in 1976 , but lost to the New York Nets in six games . After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976 , Moe served as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs for four seasons ( 1976–80 ) , leading them to a conference finals appearance in 1979 . He returned to Denver in 1980 to take over the head coaching reins from another UNC alum , Donnie Walsh . From 1980 to 1990 , Moe compiled a 432–357 ( .548 ) record and led the Nuggets to the postseason nine-straight years—advancing as far as the Western Conference Finals in 1985 . He guided the Nuggets to two Midwest Division titles ( 1984–85 and ’87–88 ) and a franchise-record 54 wins in 1987–88 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year that same year . Under Moes direction , the Nuggets high-octane offense led the league in scoring in six of his 10 seasons in Denver . He is honored by the Nuggets with a banner that reads 432 for his number of wins as a Nuggets head coach . Moe also served an unsuccessful stint as a head coach for the Philadelphia 76ers ( 1992–93 ) , with his son David Moe as an assistant coach . In 1979 , he led the Spurs to the conference finals . His overall NBA head coaching ledger stands at 628–529 ( .543 ) and his wins are the 19th-most in NBA history , though he is not in the Hall of Fame . Coaching style . Moe used a run-and-gun offense which had his team shoot before the opponents defense had set up . He ran almost no plays , instead relying on ball movement , screens and constant cuts to the basket . Players were not to hold onto the ball for longer than two seconds . The movement of the ball was predicated on what the defense allowed . You cant diagram it , you cant put a pencil and paper to it . If you do , youre doing an injustice to the system , said former Nuggets assistant Allan Bristow . Moe simply said , The passing game is basically doing whatever the hell you want . Moes passing strategy was adopted from North Carolina head coach Dean Smith . Smith , normally a conservative coach , thought that the passing game could work with the right players , but he did not believe players would be smart enough to execute it at all times . Though his offensive strategy led to high scores , Moes Denver teams were never adept at running fast breaks . His teams at times appeared to give up baskets in order to get one . He disputed the fact that his teams did not play defense , attributing the high scores to the pace of the game . On coming to the NBA after the NBA-ABA merger . One of the biggest disappointments in my life was going into the NBA after the merger . The NBA was a rinky-dink league—listen , Im very serious about this . The league was run like garbage . There was no camaraderie ; a lot of the NBA guys were aloof and thought they were too good to practice or play hard . The NBA All-Star Games were nothing—guys didnt even want to play in them and the fans could [ sic ] care less about the games . It wasnt until the 1980s , when David Stern became commissioner , that the NBA figured out what the hell they were doing , and what they did was a lot of stuff we had in the ABA—from the 3-point shot to All-Star weekend to the show biz stuff . Now the NBA is like the old ABA . Guys play hard , they show their enthusiasm and there is a closeness in the league . Hell , the ABA might have lost the battle , but we won the war . The NBA now plays our kind of basketball . External links . - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as coach ) - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as player ) |
[
"Virginia Squires"
] | easy | Which team did Doug Moe play for from 1970 to 1972? | /wiki/Doug_Moe#P54#3 | Doug Moe Douglas Edwin Moe ( born September 21 , 1938 ) is an American former professional basketball player and coach . As a head coach with the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he was named the NBA Coach of the Year in 1988 . Early life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Moe was a star player at the University of North Carolina where he was a two-time All-American . However , his collegiate career ended in controversy when he admitted to being associated with a point shaving scandal . Moe received $75 from fix conspirator Aaron Wagman to fly to a meeting in New Jersey , arranged by Moes friend , conspirator Lou Brown , but Moe reportedly turned down an offer to throw games . There is no evidence that Moe was ever involved in a fix conspiracy , but his ties to the scandal blemished his reputation . He was selected in the NBA draft in 1960 by the Detroit Pistons and again in 1961 with the Chicago Packers , but began his pro career in Italys Lega Basket Serie A with the Pallacanestro Petrarca Padova , and later in the American Basketball Association with the New Orleans Buccaneers , Oakland Oaks , Washington Caps , Carolina Cougars and Virginia Squires . He garnered ABA All-Star honors three times in an injury-shortened five-year professional playing career . Moe became a head coach in 1976–77 , after serving as an assistant coach for the Carolina Cougars . Moe worked behind the bench for 15 years , ten of them with the Denver Nuggets . He also had stops with the San Antonio Spurs and Philadelphia 76ers . In Denver . Moe began his coaching career with the Carolina Cougars in the ABA as an assistant coach to his UNC teammate Larry Brown from 1972 to 1974 . He then followed Brown to Denver , where they coached the Nuggets from 1974 to 1976 . During those two seasons , the Nuggets were 125–43 ( .744 ) . They advanced to the ABA Finals in 1976 , but lost to the New York Nets in six games . After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976 , Moe served as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs for four seasons ( 1976–80 ) , leading them to a conference finals appearance in 1979 . He returned to Denver in 1980 to take over the head coaching reins from another UNC alum , Donnie Walsh . From 1980 to 1990 , Moe compiled a 432–357 ( .548 ) record and led the Nuggets to the postseason nine-straight years—advancing as far as the Western Conference Finals in 1985 . He guided the Nuggets to two Midwest Division titles ( 1984–85 and ’87–88 ) and a franchise-record 54 wins in 1987–88 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year that same year . Under Moes direction , the Nuggets high-octane offense led the league in scoring in six of his 10 seasons in Denver . He is honored by the Nuggets with a banner that reads 432 for his number of wins as a Nuggets head coach . Moe also served an unsuccessful stint as a head coach for the Philadelphia 76ers ( 1992–93 ) , with his son David Moe as an assistant coach . In 1979 , he led the Spurs to the conference finals . His overall NBA head coaching ledger stands at 628–529 ( .543 ) and his wins are the 19th-most in NBA history , though he is not in the Hall of Fame . Coaching style . Moe used a run-and-gun offense which had his team shoot before the opponents defense had set up . He ran almost no plays , instead relying on ball movement , screens and constant cuts to the basket . Players were not to hold onto the ball for longer than two seconds . The movement of the ball was predicated on what the defense allowed . You cant diagram it , you cant put a pencil and paper to it . If you do , youre doing an injustice to the system , said former Nuggets assistant Allan Bristow . Moe simply said , The passing game is basically doing whatever the hell you want . Moes passing strategy was adopted from North Carolina head coach Dean Smith . Smith , normally a conservative coach , thought that the passing game could work with the right players , but he did not believe players would be smart enough to execute it at all times . Though his offensive strategy led to high scores , Moes Denver teams were never adept at running fast breaks . His teams at times appeared to give up baskets in order to get one . He disputed the fact that his teams did not play defense , attributing the high scores to the pace of the game . On coming to the NBA after the NBA-ABA merger . One of the biggest disappointments in my life was going into the NBA after the merger . The NBA was a rinky-dink league—listen , Im very serious about this . The league was run like garbage . There was no camaraderie ; a lot of the NBA guys were aloof and thought they were too good to practice or play hard . The NBA All-Star Games were nothing—guys didnt even want to play in them and the fans could [ sic ] care less about the games . It wasnt until the 1980s , when David Stern became commissioner , that the NBA figured out what the hell they were doing , and what they did was a lot of stuff we had in the ABA—from the 3-point shot to All-Star weekend to the show biz stuff . Now the NBA is like the old ABA . Guys play hard , they show their enthusiasm and there is a closeness in the league . Hell , the ABA might have lost the battle , but we won the war . The NBA now plays our kind of basketball . External links . - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as coach ) - Basketball-Reference.com : Doug Moe ( as player ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Kaleb Tarczewski belong to from 2012 to 2016? | /wiki/Kaleb_Tarczewski#P54#0 | Kaleb Tarczewski Kaleb Tarczewski ( born February 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for Arizona . He is a 2.13 m ( 70 ) tall center . High school career . Tarczewski attended Stevens High School in Claremont , New Hampshire for two years , leading Stevens High Schools varsity basketball team to the NHIAA Final Four in 2008-2009 . Tarczewski transferred to St . Marks School in Southborough , Massachusetts after that season . Ranked as the No . 4 overall prospect in the country and the No . 3 center with a scout grade of 97 by ESPN in the class of 2012 , Tarczewski led St . Marks to a 28-2 record as a senior for coach Dave Lubick . He was named MVP of the Independent School League . Tarczewski averaged 17.0 points and 12 rebounds per game as a junior , and averaged 20.7 points , 10.2 rebounds and 2.7 blocks per game while shooting 63 percent from the floor as a senior . He tallied 14 points ( 6-of-8 FGs ) and 10 rebounds in the Jordan Brand Classic , April 14 in Charlotte , North Carolina . He saw eight minutes of action in the 2012 Nike Hoop Summit , April 7 in Portland , Oregon . Among his other honors , Tarczewski helped the Lions to four consecutive NEPSAC championship games , including a victory in the 2012 Class AA title game , and was a first-team all-NEPSAC Class AA selection as a junior and senior . He participated in the Adidas Nations top-50 camp , the Adidas Super 64 , the Double Pump Best of the Summer event and the Peach Jam tournament prior to his senior season . College career . Tarczewski played four seasons with Arizona , helping the Wildcats to reach 110 victories , tying the school record . In his senior season , he averaged 9.4 points , 9.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocks and was named to the Pac-12 All-Conference Second Team and the Pac-12 All-Defensive Team . Professional career . After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft , Tarczewski joined the Detroit Pistons for the Orlando Summer League and the Washington Wizards for the Las Vegas Summer League . He signed with the Oklahoma City Thunder on September 23 , 2016 , but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in two preseason games . On November 3 , he was acquired by the Oklahoma City Blue . On March 14 , 2017 , Tarczewski signed with Olimpia Milano for the remainder of the season . He posted 6.7 points and 5.1 rebounds per game . On June 30 , 2018 , he inked a two-year contract extension . During the 2019-20 season , he averaged 8.1 points and 5.8 rebounds per game . Tarczewski signed a three-year contract extension in May 2020 . National team career . Tarczewski represented the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games , where he won a bronze medal . External links . - Arizona Wildcats bio - EuroLeague profile |
[
"Oklahoma City Blue"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kaleb Tarczewski belong to from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Kaleb_Tarczewski#P54#1 | Kaleb Tarczewski Kaleb Tarczewski ( born February 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for Arizona . He is a 2.13 m ( 70 ) tall center . High school career . Tarczewski attended Stevens High School in Claremont , New Hampshire for two years , leading Stevens High Schools varsity basketball team to the NHIAA Final Four in 2008-2009 . Tarczewski transferred to St . Marks School in Southborough , Massachusetts after that season . Ranked as the No . 4 overall prospect in the country and the No . 3 center with a scout grade of 97 by ESPN in the class of 2012 , Tarczewski led St . Marks to a 28-2 record as a senior for coach Dave Lubick . He was named MVP of the Independent School League . Tarczewski averaged 17.0 points and 12 rebounds per game as a junior , and averaged 20.7 points , 10.2 rebounds and 2.7 blocks per game while shooting 63 percent from the floor as a senior . He tallied 14 points ( 6-of-8 FGs ) and 10 rebounds in the Jordan Brand Classic , April 14 in Charlotte , North Carolina . He saw eight minutes of action in the 2012 Nike Hoop Summit , April 7 in Portland , Oregon . Among his other honors , Tarczewski helped the Lions to four consecutive NEPSAC championship games , including a victory in the 2012 Class AA title game , and was a first-team all-NEPSAC Class AA selection as a junior and senior . He participated in the Adidas Nations top-50 camp , the Adidas Super 64 , the Double Pump Best of the Summer event and the Peach Jam tournament prior to his senior season . College career . Tarczewski played four seasons with Arizona , helping the Wildcats to reach 110 victories , tying the school record . In his senior season , he averaged 9.4 points , 9.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocks and was named to the Pac-12 All-Conference Second Team and the Pac-12 All-Defensive Team . Professional career . After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft , Tarczewski joined the Detroit Pistons for the Orlando Summer League and the Washington Wizards for the Las Vegas Summer League . He signed with the Oklahoma City Thunder on September 23 , 2016 , but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in two preseason games . On November 3 , he was acquired by the Oklahoma City Blue . On March 14 , 2017 , Tarczewski signed with Olimpia Milano for the remainder of the season . He posted 6.7 points and 5.1 rebounds per game . On June 30 , 2018 , he inked a two-year contract extension . During the 2019-20 season , he averaged 8.1 points and 5.8 rebounds per game . Tarczewski signed a three-year contract extension in May 2020 . National team career . Tarczewski represented the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games , where he won a bronze medal . External links . - Arizona Wildcats bio - EuroLeague profile |
[
"Olimpia Milano"
] | easy | Which team did the player Kaleb Tarczewski belong to from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Kaleb_Tarczewski#P54#2 | Kaleb Tarczewski Kaleb Tarczewski ( born February 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for Arizona . He is a 2.13 m ( 70 ) tall center . High school career . Tarczewski attended Stevens High School in Claremont , New Hampshire for two years , leading Stevens High Schools varsity basketball team to the NHIAA Final Four in 2008-2009 . Tarczewski transferred to St . Marks School in Southborough , Massachusetts after that season . Ranked as the No . 4 overall prospect in the country and the No . 3 center with a scout grade of 97 by ESPN in the class of 2012 , Tarczewski led St . Marks to a 28-2 record as a senior for coach Dave Lubick . He was named MVP of the Independent School League . Tarczewski averaged 17.0 points and 12 rebounds per game as a junior , and averaged 20.7 points , 10.2 rebounds and 2.7 blocks per game while shooting 63 percent from the floor as a senior . He tallied 14 points ( 6-of-8 FGs ) and 10 rebounds in the Jordan Brand Classic , April 14 in Charlotte , North Carolina . He saw eight minutes of action in the 2012 Nike Hoop Summit , April 7 in Portland , Oregon . Among his other honors , Tarczewski helped the Lions to four consecutive NEPSAC championship games , including a victory in the 2012 Class AA title game , and was a first-team all-NEPSAC Class AA selection as a junior and senior . He participated in the Adidas Nations top-50 camp , the Adidas Super 64 , the Double Pump Best of the Summer event and the Peach Jam tournament prior to his senior season . College career . Tarczewski played four seasons with Arizona , helping the Wildcats to reach 110 victories , tying the school record . In his senior season , he averaged 9.4 points , 9.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocks and was named to the Pac-12 All-Conference Second Team and the Pac-12 All-Defensive Team . Professional career . After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft , Tarczewski joined the Detroit Pistons for the Orlando Summer League and the Washington Wizards for the Las Vegas Summer League . He signed with the Oklahoma City Thunder on September 23 , 2016 , but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in two preseason games . On November 3 , he was acquired by the Oklahoma City Blue . On March 14 , 2017 , Tarczewski signed with Olimpia Milano for the remainder of the season . He posted 6.7 points and 5.1 rebounds per game . On June 30 , 2018 , he inked a two-year contract extension . During the 2019-20 season , he averaged 8.1 points and 5.8 rebounds per game . Tarczewski signed a three-year contract extension in May 2020 . National team career . Tarczewski represented the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games , where he won a bronze medal . External links . - Arizona Wildcats bio - EuroLeague profile |
[
"Fisk University"
] | easy | Which school did David Levering Lewis go to from 1955 to 1956? | /wiki/David_Levering_Lewis#P69#0 | David Levering Lewis David Levering Lewis ( born May 25 , 1936 ) is an American historian , a Julius Silver University Professor , and a professor of history at New York University . He is twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography , for part one and part two of his biography of W . E . B . Du Bois ( in 1994 and 2001 , respectively ) . He is the first author to win Pulitzer Prizes for biography for two successive volumes on the same subject . The author of eight books and editor of two more , Lewis concentrates on comparative history with special focus on twentieth-century United States social history and civil rights . His interests include nineteenth-century Africa , twentieth-century France , and Islamic Spain . Life . Lewis was born in 1936 in Little Rock , Arkansas to a middle-class African-American family . His father John Henry Lewis , Sr . had graduated from Morris Brown College in Atlanta , and went on to Yale Divinity School , becoming its first African-American graduate . He also earned an M.A . in sociology from the University of Chicago . He became principal of Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College in Little Rock . Lewis mother taught high school math in the school . While the family lived in Little Rock , the young Lewis attended parochial school . Lewis attended Wilberforce Preparatory School and Xenia High School after his father became Dean of the Theological School at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce , Ohio . When the family moved to Atlanta after his father became President of Morris Brown College , Lewis attended Booker T . Washington High School in his junior year . He gained early admission at age fifteen to Fisk University in Nashville , Tennessee . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1956 . Lewis briefly attended the University of Michigan Law School but left to attend Columbia University , where he earned his M.A . in history in 1959 . He went to the London School of Economics for his doctorate , earning his Ph.D . in 1962 in modern European and French history . In 1961–1962 , Lewis served in the United States Army as a psychiatric technician and private first class in Landstuhl , Germany . Lewis has three children from his first marriage . Academic career . In 1963 , Lewis lectured at the University of Ghana on medieval African history . After returning to the United States , Lewis taught at Morgan State University , the University of Notre Dame , Howard University , and the University of the District of Columbia from 1970 to 1980 as associate and full professor . Lewis was professor of history at University of California at San Diego from 1980 to 1984 . In 1985 , Lewis joined Rutgers University as the Martin Luther King Jr . Professor of History , where he wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois and finished writing The Race to Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa during his 18-year tenure . In spring semester 2001 , Lewis served as distinguished visiting professor in Harvards history department . In 2003 , Lewis was appointed and currently serves as the Julius Silver University Professor and Professor of History at New York University . He has received fellowships from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , the National Humanities Center , the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation , the American Philosophical Society , and the John D . and Catherine T . MacArthur Foundation . Professional career . Lewis is the author of the first academic biography of Martin Luther King Jr. , which was published in 1970 , less than two years after the subjects assassination . His Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair was published in 1974 ; The Bicentennial History of the District of Columbia was published in 1976 ; and When Harlem Was in Vogue in 1980 . Lewis wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois during his 18-year tenure at Rutgers . Besides the two Pulitzer Prizes for his volumes on W . E . B . Du Bois , published in 1994 and 2001 , Lewis in 1994 won the Bancroft Prize and the Francis Parkman Prize for his first volume . In 2001 he also won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his second volume on Du Bois , published that year . He is a former trustee of the National Humanities Center , former commissioner of the National Portrait Gallery , and a former senator of Phi Beta Kappa . Lewis appeared as a historical expert in the 1999 film , directed by Ric Burns for PBS . He was president of the Society of American Historians in 2002 , and is a board member of the magazine The Crisis , published by the NAACP . He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . He was an Ellen Maria Gorrissen Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin , Germany , in spring 2008 . President Barack Obama awarded him the 2009 National Humanities Medal at the White House on February 25 , 2010 . Lewis delivered the inaugural convocation lecture on September 19 , 2010 at New York University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates . Books by David Levering Lewis . - ; Univ . of Illinois Press , 1979 . - Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair , William Morrow , 1974 . - District of Columbia : A Bicentennial History , W.W . Norton , 1976 . - The Race for Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in The Scramble for Africa . New York : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1987 - David L . Lewis ( ed. ) The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader , Viking , 1994 , - When Harlem Was in Vogue New York : Knopf , 1981 , - Winner of the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Biography , and winner also of the Bancroft and Parkman prizes . - Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award - ( with Deborah Willis ) A Small Nation of People : W . E . B . Du Bois & African American Portraits of Progress , HarperCollins , 2003 . - Gods Crucible : Islam and the Making of Europe , 570-1215 , ( New York : W . W . Norton and Company , 2008 ) - The Implausible Wendell Willkie : Leadership Ahead of Its Time in Walter Isaacson ( ed. ) Profiles in Leadership ( W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 ) External links . - W.E.B . DuBois as a Historical Novelist Audio recording : David Levering Lewis at the Key West Literary Seminar , 2009 - Pulitzer Prize for Biography : David Levering Lewis , with Gwen Ifill , PBS Newshour , 23 April 2001 - Lewis On How Harlem Became A Place For African Americans , PBS WNET , New York - Interview with Lewis , In Depth , 3 February 2008 , C-SPAN |
[
"Columbia University"
] | easy | David Levering Lewis went to which school from 1956 to 1959? | /wiki/David_Levering_Lewis#P69#1 | David Levering Lewis David Levering Lewis ( born May 25 , 1936 ) is an American historian , a Julius Silver University Professor , and a professor of history at New York University . He is twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography , for part one and part two of his biography of W . E . B . Du Bois ( in 1994 and 2001 , respectively ) . He is the first author to win Pulitzer Prizes for biography for two successive volumes on the same subject . The author of eight books and editor of two more , Lewis concentrates on comparative history with special focus on twentieth-century United States social history and civil rights . His interests include nineteenth-century Africa , twentieth-century France , and Islamic Spain . Life . Lewis was born in 1936 in Little Rock , Arkansas to a middle-class African-American family . His father John Henry Lewis , Sr . had graduated from Morris Brown College in Atlanta , and went on to Yale Divinity School , becoming its first African-American graduate . He also earned an M.A . in sociology from the University of Chicago . He became principal of Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College in Little Rock . Lewis mother taught high school math in the school . While the family lived in Little Rock , the young Lewis attended parochial school . Lewis attended Wilberforce Preparatory School and Xenia High School after his father became Dean of the Theological School at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce , Ohio . When the family moved to Atlanta after his father became President of Morris Brown College , Lewis attended Booker T . Washington High School in his junior year . He gained early admission at age fifteen to Fisk University in Nashville , Tennessee . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1956 . Lewis briefly attended the University of Michigan Law School but left to attend Columbia University , where he earned his M.A . in history in 1959 . He went to the London School of Economics for his doctorate , earning his Ph.D . in 1962 in modern European and French history . In 1961–1962 , Lewis served in the United States Army as a psychiatric technician and private first class in Landstuhl , Germany . Lewis has three children from his first marriage . Academic career . In 1963 , Lewis lectured at the University of Ghana on medieval African history . After returning to the United States , Lewis taught at Morgan State University , the University of Notre Dame , Howard University , and the University of the District of Columbia from 1970 to 1980 as associate and full professor . Lewis was professor of history at University of California at San Diego from 1980 to 1984 . In 1985 , Lewis joined Rutgers University as the Martin Luther King Jr . Professor of History , where he wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois and finished writing The Race to Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa during his 18-year tenure . In spring semester 2001 , Lewis served as distinguished visiting professor in Harvards history department . In 2003 , Lewis was appointed and currently serves as the Julius Silver University Professor and Professor of History at New York University . He has received fellowships from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , the National Humanities Center , the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation , the American Philosophical Society , and the John D . and Catherine T . MacArthur Foundation . Professional career . Lewis is the author of the first academic biography of Martin Luther King Jr. , which was published in 1970 , less than two years after the subjects assassination . His Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair was published in 1974 ; The Bicentennial History of the District of Columbia was published in 1976 ; and When Harlem Was in Vogue in 1980 . Lewis wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois during his 18-year tenure at Rutgers . Besides the two Pulitzer Prizes for his volumes on W . E . B . Du Bois , published in 1994 and 2001 , Lewis in 1994 won the Bancroft Prize and the Francis Parkman Prize for his first volume . In 2001 he also won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his second volume on Du Bois , published that year . He is a former trustee of the National Humanities Center , former commissioner of the National Portrait Gallery , and a former senator of Phi Beta Kappa . Lewis appeared as a historical expert in the 1999 film , directed by Ric Burns for PBS . He was president of the Society of American Historians in 2002 , and is a board member of the magazine The Crisis , published by the NAACP . He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . He was an Ellen Maria Gorrissen Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin , Germany , in spring 2008 . President Barack Obama awarded him the 2009 National Humanities Medal at the White House on February 25 , 2010 . Lewis delivered the inaugural convocation lecture on September 19 , 2010 at New York University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates . Books by David Levering Lewis . - ; Univ . of Illinois Press , 1979 . - Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair , William Morrow , 1974 . - District of Columbia : A Bicentennial History , W.W . Norton , 1976 . - The Race for Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in The Scramble for Africa . New York : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1987 - David L . Lewis ( ed. ) The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader , Viking , 1994 , - When Harlem Was in Vogue New York : Knopf , 1981 , - Winner of the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Biography , and winner also of the Bancroft and Parkman prizes . - Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award - ( with Deborah Willis ) A Small Nation of People : W . E . B . Du Bois & African American Portraits of Progress , HarperCollins , 2003 . - Gods Crucible : Islam and the Making of Europe , 570-1215 , ( New York : W . W . Norton and Company , 2008 ) - The Implausible Wendell Willkie : Leadership Ahead of Its Time in Walter Isaacson ( ed. ) Profiles in Leadership ( W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 ) External links . - W.E.B . DuBois as a Historical Novelist Audio recording : David Levering Lewis at the Key West Literary Seminar , 2009 - Pulitzer Prize for Biography : David Levering Lewis , with Gwen Ifill , PBS Newshour , 23 April 2001 - Lewis On How Harlem Became A Place For African Americans , PBS WNET , New York - Interview with Lewis , In Depth , 3 February 2008 , C-SPAN |
[
"London School of Economics"
] | easy | Where was David Levering Lewis educated from 1959 to 1962? | /wiki/David_Levering_Lewis#P69#2 | David Levering Lewis David Levering Lewis ( born May 25 , 1936 ) is an American historian , a Julius Silver University Professor , and a professor of history at New York University . He is twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography , for part one and part two of his biography of W . E . B . Du Bois ( in 1994 and 2001 , respectively ) . He is the first author to win Pulitzer Prizes for biography for two successive volumes on the same subject . The author of eight books and editor of two more , Lewis concentrates on comparative history with special focus on twentieth-century United States social history and civil rights . His interests include nineteenth-century Africa , twentieth-century France , and Islamic Spain . Life . Lewis was born in 1936 in Little Rock , Arkansas to a middle-class African-American family . His father John Henry Lewis , Sr . had graduated from Morris Brown College in Atlanta , and went on to Yale Divinity School , becoming its first African-American graduate . He also earned an M.A . in sociology from the University of Chicago . He became principal of Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College in Little Rock . Lewis mother taught high school math in the school . While the family lived in Little Rock , the young Lewis attended parochial school . Lewis attended Wilberforce Preparatory School and Xenia High School after his father became Dean of the Theological School at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce , Ohio . When the family moved to Atlanta after his father became President of Morris Brown College , Lewis attended Booker T . Washington High School in his junior year . He gained early admission at age fifteen to Fisk University in Nashville , Tennessee . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1956 . Lewis briefly attended the University of Michigan Law School but left to attend Columbia University , where he earned his M.A . in history in 1959 . He went to the London School of Economics for his doctorate , earning his Ph.D . in 1962 in modern European and French history . In 1961–1962 , Lewis served in the United States Army as a psychiatric technician and private first class in Landstuhl , Germany . Lewis has three children from his first marriage . Academic career . In 1963 , Lewis lectured at the University of Ghana on medieval African history . After returning to the United States , Lewis taught at Morgan State University , the University of Notre Dame , Howard University , and the University of the District of Columbia from 1970 to 1980 as associate and full professor . Lewis was professor of history at University of California at San Diego from 1980 to 1984 . In 1985 , Lewis joined Rutgers University as the Martin Luther King Jr . Professor of History , where he wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois and finished writing The Race to Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa during his 18-year tenure . In spring semester 2001 , Lewis served as distinguished visiting professor in Harvards history department . In 2003 , Lewis was appointed and currently serves as the Julius Silver University Professor and Professor of History at New York University . He has received fellowships from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , the National Humanities Center , the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation , the American Philosophical Society , and the John D . and Catherine T . MacArthur Foundation . Professional career . Lewis is the author of the first academic biography of Martin Luther King Jr. , which was published in 1970 , less than two years after the subjects assassination . His Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair was published in 1974 ; The Bicentennial History of the District of Columbia was published in 1976 ; and When Harlem Was in Vogue in 1980 . Lewis wrote his Pulitzer Prize-winning two volume-biography of W . E . B . Du Bois during his 18-year tenure at Rutgers . Besides the two Pulitzer Prizes for his volumes on W . E . B . Du Bois , published in 1994 and 2001 , Lewis in 1994 won the Bancroft Prize and the Francis Parkman Prize for his first volume . In 2001 he also won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his second volume on Du Bois , published that year . He is a former trustee of the National Humanities Center , former commissioner of the National Portrait Gallery , and a former senator of Phi Beta Kappa . Lewis appeared as a historical expert in the 1999 film , directed by Ric Burns for PBS . He was president of the Society of American Historians in 2002 , and is a board member of the magazine The Crisis , published by the NAACP . He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . He was an Ellen Maria Gorrissen Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin , Germany , in spring 2008 . President Barack Obama awarded him the 2009 National Humanities Medal at the White House on February 25 , 2010 . Lewis delivered the inaugural convocation lecture on September 19 , 2010 at New York University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates . Books by David Levering Lewis . - ; Univ . of Illinois Press , 1979 . - Prisoners of Honor : The Dreyfus Affair , William Morrow , 1974 . - District of Columbia : A Bicentennial History , W.W . Norton , 1976 . - The Race for Fashoda : European Colonialism and African Resistance in The Scramble for Africa . New York : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1987 - David L . Lewis ( ed. ) The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader , Viking , 1994 , - When Harlem Was in Vogue New York : Knopf , 1981 , - Winner of the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Biography , and winner also of the Bancroft and Parkman prizes . - Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award - ( with Deborah Willis ) A Small Nation of People : W . E . B . Du Bois & African American Portraits of Progress , HarperCollins , 2003 . - Gods Crucible : Islam and the Making of Europe , 570-1215 , ( New York : W . W . Norton and Company , 2008 ) - The Implausible Wendell Willkie : Leadership Ahead of Its Time in Walter Isaacson ( ed. ) Profiles in Leadership ( W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 ) External links . - W.E.B . DuBois as a Historical Novelist Audio recording : David Levering Lewis at the Key West Literary Seminar , 2009 - Pulitzer Prize for Biography : David Levering Lewis , with Gwen Ifill , PBS Newshour , 23 April 2001 - Lewis On How Harlem Became A Place For African Americans , PBS WNET , New York - Interview with Lewis , In Depth , 3 February 2008 , C-SPAN |
[
"Salk Institute"
] | easy | Ursula Bellugi was an employee for whom from 1970 to 1977? | /wiki/Ursula_Bellugi#P108#0 | Ursula Bellugi Ursula Bellugi ( born February 21 , 1931 in Jena , Germany ) is a Professor and Director of the Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience at the Salk Institute in La Jolla , California . She is also adjunct professor at the University of California San Diego and San Diego State University and an Associate with the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology . Broadly stated , she conducts research on the biological bases of language . More specifically , she has studied the neurological bases of American Sign Language extensively , and her work has led to the discovery that the left hemisphere of the human brain becomes specialized for language , whether spoken or signed , a striking demonstration of neuronal plasticity . She has also investigated the language abilities of individuals with Williams Syndrome , a puzzling genetically based disorder that leaves language , facial recognition and social skills remarkably well-preserved in contrast to severe inadequacy in other cognitive aptitudes . The search for the underlying biological basis for this disorder is providing new opportunities for understanding how brain structure and function relate to cognitive capabilities . Education and career . Bellugi received a B.A . from Antioch College in 1952 and an Ed.D . from Harvard University in 1967 . Since then , she has held positions as a tenure-track professor at the Salk Institute ( 1970 forward ) and as an adjunct professor at the University of California , San Diego ( 1977 forward ) and San Diego State University ( 1995 forward ) . Personal life . Bellugi is the daughter of mathematician and optical engineer Maximilian Herzberger . A lot of her research was conducted in collaboration with her husband Edward Klima , a linguist who also specialized in the study of American Sign Language . Publications . Books . 1 . The Signs of Language . Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1979 . —Paperback Edition , 1988 ; —Reprinted , 1995 . ( Award from Association of American Publishers for Most Outstanding Book in the Behavioral Sciences ) . 2 . Signed and Spoken Language : Biological Constraints on Linguistic Form . Bellugi , U. , & Studdert-Kennedy , M . Dahlem Konferenzen . Weinheim/Deerfield Beach , FL : Verlag Chemie , 1980 . 3 . What the Hands Reveal about the Brain . Poizner , H. , Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books , 1987 . 4 . Language , modality and the brain . Trends in Neurosciences . 10 , 380–388 . ( Reprinted in M.H . Johnson , ( Ed. ) , Brain development and cognition . London : Blackwell ) . 5 . Clues to the neurobiology of language . Bellugi , U. , & Hickok , G . Washington , DC : Library of Congress . 6 . The signs of aphasia . In F . Boller & J . Grafman ( Eds. ) , Handbook of neuropsychology , ( 2nd ed pp 38–50 ) . Hickok , G. , & Bellugi , U . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science Publishers . 7 . Bridging cognition , brain and molecular genetics : Evidence from Williams syndrome . Trends in Neurosciences , 5 , 197–208 . Bellugi , U. , Lichtenberger , L. , Mills , D. , Galaburda , A . & Korenberg , J.R . ( 1999 ) . 8 . Journey from cognition to brain to gene : New perspectives from Williams Syndrome . Bellugi , U . & St . George , M . ( Eds. ) Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2001 . 9 . Affect , social behavior and brain in Williams syndrome . Current Directions in Psychological Science . Bellugi , U. , Järvinen-Pasley , A. , Doyle , T. , Reilly , J. , & Korenberg , J . ( 2007 ) . 10 . Williams syndrome : A neurogenetic model of human behavior . In Encyclopedia of the Human Genome . Korenberg , J.R. , Bellugi , U. , Salandanan , L.S. , Mills , D.L. , & Reiss , A.L . Selected publications . 1 . Chailangkarn , Thanathom ; Trujillo , Cleber A. ; Freitas , Beatriz C. ; Hrvoj-Mihic , Branka ; Herai , Roberto H. ; Yu , Diana X. ; Brown , Timothy T. ; Marchetto , Maria C. ; Bardy , Cedric ( 2016-08-18 ) . A human neurodevelopmental model for Williams syndrome . Nature . 2 . Bhatara , A. , Quintin , E.M. , Levy , B. , Bellugi , U. , Fombonne , E. , & Levitin , D.J . ( 2010 ) . Perception of emotion in musical performance in adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research , 3 , 214–225 . ( PMCID : PMC2963682 ) PubMed External links . - Ursula Bellugis Salk Faculty Webpage - Ursula Bellugis Lab Webpage - Ursula Bellugis homepage - Edward Klima Tribute Salk Press Releases : - Salk scientist Ursula Bellugi elected to National Academy of Sciences - Three Salk scientists named 2007 AAAS Fellows - The Gregarious Gene ? - Beyond nature vs . nurture : Williams syndrome across cultures - Williams syndrome , the brain , and music - Are There Social Behavior Genes |
[
"University of California , San Diego"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Ursula Bellugi work for from 1977 to 1995? | /wiki/Ursula_Bellugi#P108#1 | Ursula Bellugi Ursula Bellugi ( born February 21 , 1931 in Jena , Germany ) is a Professor and Director of the Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience at the Salk Institute in La Jolla , California . She is also adjunct professor at the University of California San Diego and San Diego State University and an Associate with the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology . Broadly stated , she conducts research on the biological bases of language . More specifically , she has studied the neurological bases of American Sign Language extensively , and her work has led to the discovery that the left hemisphere of the human brain becomes specialized for language , whether spoken or signed , a striking demonstration of neuronal plasticity . She has also investigated the language abilities of individuals with Williams Syndrome , a puzzling genetically based disorder that leaves language , facial recognition and social skills remarkably well-preserved in contrast to severe inadequacy in other cognitive aptitudes . The search for the underlying biological basis for this disorder is providing new opportunities for understanding how brain structure and function relate to cognitive capabilities . Education and career . Bellugi received a B.A . from Antioch College in 1952 and an Ed.D . from Harvard University in 1967 . Since then , she has held positions as a tenure-track professor at the Salk Institute ( 1970 forward ) and as an adjunct professor at the University of California , San Diego ( 1977 forward ) and San Diego State University ( 1995 forward ) . Personal life . Bellugi is the daughter of mathematician and optical engineer Maximilian Herzberger . A lot of her research was conducted in collaboration with her husband Edward Klima , a linguist who also specialized in the study of American Sign Language . Publications . Books . 1 . The Signs of Language . Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1979 . —Paperback Edition , 1988 ; —Reprinted , 1995 . ( Award from Association of American Publishers for Most Outstanding Book in the Behavioral Sciences ) . 2 . Signed and Spoken Language : Biological Constraints on Linguistic Form . Bellugi , U. , & Studdert-Kennedy , M . Dahlem Konferenzen . Weinheim/Deerfield Beach , FL : Verlag Chemie , 1980 . 3 . What the Hands Reveal about the Brain . Poizner , H. , Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books , 1987 . 4 . Language , modality and the brain . Trends in Neurosciences . 10 , 380–388 . ( Reprinted in M.H . Johnson , ( Ed. ) , Brain development and cognition . London : Blackwell ) . 5 . Clues to the neurobiology of language . Bellugi , U. , & Hickok , G . Washington , DC : Library of Congress . 6 . The signs of aphasia . In F . Boller & J . Grafman ( Eds. ) , Handbook of neuropsychology , ( 2nd ed pp 38–50 ) . Hickok , G. , & Bellugi , U . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science Publishers . 7 . Bridging cognition , brain and molecular genetics : Evidence from Williams syndrome . Trends in Neurosciences , 5 , 197–208 . Bellugi , U. , Lichtenberger , L. , Mills , D. , Galaburda , A . & Korenberg , J.R . ( 1999 ) . 8 . Journey from cognition to brain to gene : New perspectives from Williams Syndrome . Bellugi , U . & St . George , M . ( Eds. ) Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2001 . 9 . Affect , social behavior and brain in Williams syndrome . Current Directions in Psychological Science . Bellugi , U. , Järvinen-Pasley , A. , Doyle , T. , Reilly , J. , & Korenberg , J . ( 2007 ) . 10 . Williams syndrome : A neurogenetic model of human behavior . In Encyclopedia of the Human Genome . Korenberg , J.R. , Bellugi , U. , Salandanan , L.S. , Mills , D.L. , & Reiss , A.L . Selected publications . 1 . Chailangkarn , Thanathom ; Trujillo , Cleber A. ; Freitas , Beatriz C. ; Hrvoj-Mihic , Branka ; Herai , Roberto H. ; Yu , Diana X. ; Brown , Timothy T. ; Marchetto , Maria C. ; Bardy , Cedric ( 2016-08-18 ) . A human neurodevelopmental model for Williams syndrome . Nature . 2 . Bhatara , A. , Quintin , E.M. , Levy , B. , Bellugi , U. , Fombonne , E. , & Levitin , D.J . ( 2010 ) . Perception of emotion in musical performance in adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research , 3 , 214–225 . ( PMCID : PMC2963682 ) PubMed External links . - Ursula Bellugis Salk Faculty Webpage - Ursula Bellugis Lab Webpage - Ursula Bellugis homepage - Edward Klima Tribute Salk Press Releases : - Salk scientist Ursula Bellugi elected to National Academy of Sciences - Three Salk scientists named 2007 AAAS Fellows - The Gregarious Gene ? - Beyond nature vs . nurture : Williams syndrome across cultures - Williams syndrome , the brain , and music - Are There Social Behavior Genes |
[
"San Diego State University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Ursula Bellugi work for from 1995 to 1996? | /wiki/Ursula_Bellugi#P108#2 | Ursula Bellugi Ursula Bellugi ( born February 21 , 1931 in Jena , Germany ) is a Professor and Director of the Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience at the Salk Institute in La Jolla , California . She is also adjunct professor at the University of California San Diego and San Diego State University and an Associate with the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology . Broadly stated , she conducts research on the biological bases of language . More specifically , she has studied the neurological bases of American Sign Language extensively , and her work has led to the discovery that the left hemisphere of the human brain becomes specialized for language , whether spoken or signed , a striking demonstration of neuronal plasticity . She has also investigated the language abilities of individuals with Williams Syndrome , a puzzling genetically based disorder that leaves language , facial recognition and social skills remarkably well-preserved in contrast to severe inadequacy in other cognitive aptitudes . The search for the underlying biological basis for this disorder is providing new opportunities for understanding how brain structure and function relate to cognitive capabilities . Education and career . Bellugi received a B.A . from Antioch College in 1952 and an Ed.D . from Harvard University in 1967 . Since then , she has held positions as a tenure-track professor at the Salk Institute ( 1970 forward ) and as an adjunct professor at the University of California , San Diego ( 1977 forward ) and San Diego State University ( 1995 forward ) . Personal life . Bellugi is the daughter of mathematician and optical engineer Maximilian Herzberger . A lot of her research was conducted in collaboration with her husband Edward Klima , a linguist who also specialized in the study of American Sign Language . Publications . Books . 1 . The Signs of Language . Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1979 . —Paperback Edition , 1988 ; —Reprinted , 1995 . ( Award from Association of American Publishers for Most Outstanding Book in the Behavioral Sciences ) . 2 . Signed and Spoken Language : Biological Constraints on Linguistic Form . Bellugi , U. , & Studdert-Kennedy , M . Dahlem Konferenzen . Weinheim/Deerfield Beach , FL : Verlag Chemie , 1980 . 3 . What the Hands Reveal about the Brain . Poizner , H. , Klima , E.S. , & Bellugi , U . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books , 1987 . 4 . Language , modality and the brain . Trends in Neurosciences . 10 , 380–388 . ( Reprinted in M.H . Johnson , ( Ed. ) , Brain development and cognition . London : Blackwell ) . 5 . Clues to the neurobiology of language . Bellugi , U. , & Hickok , G . Washington , DC : Library of Congress . 6 . The signs of aphasia . In F . Boller & J . Grafman ( Eds. ) , Handbook of neuropsychology , ( 2nd ed pp 38–50 ) . Hickok , G. , & Bellugi , U . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science Publishers . 7 . Bridging cognition , brain and molecular genetics : Evidence from Williams syndrome . Trends in Neurosciences , 5 , 197–208 . Bellugi , U. , Lichtenberger , L. , Mills , D. , Galaburda , A . & Korenberg , J.R . ( 1999 ) . 8 . Journey from cognition to brain to gene : New perspectives from Williams Syndrome . Bellugi , U . & St . George , M . ( Eds. ) Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2001 . 9 . Affect , social behavior and brain in Williams syndrome . Current Directions in Psychological Science . Bellugi , U. , Järvinen-Pasley , A. , Doyle , T. , Reilly , J. , & Korenberg , J . ( 2007 ) . 10 . Williams syndrome : A neurogenetic model of human behavior . In Encyclopedia of the Human Genome . Korenberg , J.R. , Bellugi , U. , Salandanan , L.S. , Mills , D.L. , & Reiss , A.L . Selected publications . 1 . Chailangkarn , Thanathom ; Trujillo , Cleber A. ; Freitas , Beatriz C. ; Hrvoj-Mihic , Branka ; Herai , Roberto H. ; Yu , Diana X. ; Brown , Timothy T. ; Marchetto , Maria C. ; Bardy , Cedric ( 2016-08-18 ) . A human neurodevelopmental model for Williams syndrome . Nature . 2 . Bhatara , A. , Quintin , E.M. , Levy , B. , Bellugi , U. , Fombonne , E. , & Levitin , D.J . ( 2010 ) . Perception of emotion in musical performance in adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research , 3 , 214–225 . ( PMCID : PMC2963682 ) PubMed External links . - Ursula Bellugis Salk Faculty Webpage - Ursula Bellugis Lab Webpage - Ursula Bellugis homepage - Edward Klima Tribute Salk Press Releases : - Salk scientist Ursula Bellugi elected to National Academy of Sciences - Three Salk scientists named 2007 AAAS Fellows - The Gregarious Gene ? - Beyond nature vs . nurture : Williams syndrome across cultures - Williams syndrome , the brain , and music - Are There Social Behavior Genes |
[
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] | easy | What was the name of the employer Henry E. Brady work for from 1978 to 1984? | /wiki/Henry_E._Brady#P108#0 | Henry E . Brady Henry E . Brady is an American political scientist specializing in methodology and its application in a diverse array of political fields . He is Dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California , Berkeley and holds the Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy . He was elected President of the American Political Science Association , 2009–2010 , giving a presidential address entitled The Art of Political Science : Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory . He has published academic works on diverse topics , co-authoring with colleagues at a variety of institutions and ranks , as well as many solo authored works . His principal areas of research are on political behavior in the United States , Canada , and the former Soviet Union , public policy and methodological work on scaling and dimensional analysis . When he became President of the American Political Science Association , a number of his colleagues and co-authors contributed to his presidential biography entitled Henry Brady , Big Scientist , discussing his work and the fields to which he has contributed and has also shaped . Education and career . Brady attended Harvey Mudd College of the Claremont Colleges , graduating in 1969 with B.S . in mathematics and physics . He attended Union Theological Seminary for a year , assisted by a fellowship , then entered the doctoral program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He completed doctorates in both Economics and Political Science in 1980 . He taught at University of California , Berkeley ; Harvard University ; University of Chicago ; and returned to Berkeley in 1990 . At Berkeley , he has directed the Survey Research Center , January 1 , 1999 to July 31 , 2009 . The Survey Research Center conducted in-person , telephone , and self-administered surveys in the United States , and California in particular . Earlier he directed the University of California Data Archive and Technical Assistance ( now D-Lab ) from 1992 to 2009 , and now serves on its governing board . From 1988–1990 , he was director of the University of Chicago , Center for the Study of Politics and Society , National Opinion Research Center ( NORC ) . He serves on the editorial boards of a number of major journals in the field , including American Journal of Political Science , Evaluation Review , American Political Science Review , and Political Analysis . From 2000 to 2008 , Brady worked to improve voting systems in the U.S . through his writing and work on legal cases . His work on voting systems includes involvement with the 2000 presidential election in Florida , Butterfly Ballot Case , and the 2003 efforts to get rid of punch card ballots , where he worked with the American Civil Liberties Union in California and Illinois to challenge their use . In the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election Brady’s research on the punch card ballot was cited in the federal case seeking to postpone the special state election . Brady published an account of his role in the punch card ballot case . Honors and Awards . - President , American Political Science Association , 2009–2010 . - Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy , University of California , Berkeley . 2003 to present . - PROSE Award for Excellence in the Social Sciences , Association of American Publishers for The Unheavenly Chorus : Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy - Society for Political Methodology , Career Achievement Award , 2012 . - American Association of Public Opinion Research book award for Voice and Equality , 2012 . - Society for Political Methodology Fellow , 2008 . - Converse award ( 2007 ) for book making lasting contribution for Voice and Equality , 2007 . - Elected fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science , 2006 . - Giovanni Sartori Book Award , American Political Science Organization 2005 for Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards ( 2004 ) , with David Collier , Rowman and Littlefield . - Harold Gosnell Prize for the best work of Political Methodology presented at a political science conference in the previous year . APSA , 2004 . - Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences - Harold James Innis Prize 1992–1993 for Letting the People Decide : The Dynamics of a Canadian Election ( September , 1992 ) , with Richard Johnston , André Blais , and Jean Crête , Stanford University Press in the United States and McGill-Queens University Press in Canada the best book in English in Canada . Publications . Books . - Unequal and Unrepresented : Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age ( May 2018 ) , Princeton University Press , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - The Unheavenly Chorus : Political Voice and the Promise of American Democracy ( 2012 ) , Princeton University Press , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards , 2nd Edition , ( 2010 ) , with David Collier . Rowman and Littlefield . Reprinted in a Japanese Edition in 2014 . - Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology ( 2008 ) , Oxford University Press with Janet Box-Steffensmeir and David Collier ( editors ) . - Capturing Campaign Effects ( 2006 ) , University of Michigan Press , co-editor with Richard Johnston . - Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards ( 2004 ) , with David Collier , Rowman and Littlefield . Winner of the 2005 Giovanni Sartori Best Book Award of the APSA Qualitative Methods Section . Republished in a Japanese edition , 2008 . - Voice and Equality : Civic Voluntarism in American Politics ( 1995 ) , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba , Harvard University Press . - Letting the People Decide : The Dynamics of a Canadian Election ( September , 1992 ) , with Richard Johnston , André Blais , and Jean Crête , Stanford University Press in the United States and McGill-Queens University Press in Canada . Winner of the Harold Adams Innis Award for the best book in the social sciences published in English in Canada in 1992–1993 . Monographs . - Counting All The Votes : The Performance of Voting Technology in the United States ( 2001 ) , with Justin Buchler , Matt Jarvis , and John McNulty . Berkeley : Survey Research Center and Institute for Governmental Studies . - Expensive Children in Poor Families : The Intersection of Childhood Disability and Welfare . ( 2000 ) , with Marcia Meyers and Eva Seto . San Francisco : Public Policy Institute of California . Select articles , chapters , and reports . - “Repeated Cross-Sections in Survey Data” 2015 , with Richard Johnson , in Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences ( eds. ) Robert Scott and Stephen Kossyln , Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley and Sons . - “Political Mobility and Political Reproduction from Generation to Generation,” with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba , The Annals , December 2014 . - “Do Two Research Cultures Imply Two Scientific Paradigms?” ( 2013 ) , Comparative Political Studies , Volume 46:2 , 252–265 . - “Who Speaks ? Citizen Political Voice on the Internet Commons,” ( 2011 ) , Daedalus , Volume 140 , Number 4 , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “The Art of Political Science : Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory” ( June 2011 ) , Perspectives on Politics , Volume 9 , Number 2 . Presidential Address to the American Political Science Association . - ”Causation and Explanation in Social Science.” The Oxford Handbook of Political Science . ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0049 - “Turning Out to Vote : the Costs of Finding and Getting to the Polling Place ( 2011 ) , American Political Science Review , Volume 105 , Number 1 , February , pages 115–134 , with John McNulty . - “Weapon of the Strong ? Participatory Inequality and the Internet” ( 2010 ) , Perspectives on Politics , Volume 8 , Number 2 , pages 487–510 , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “Political Methodology : Post-Behavioral Movements and Trends,” 2009 , Chapter 48 in Robert Goodin , Handbook of Political Science , Oxford University Press , with Janet Box-Steffensmeier and David Collier . ( A completely revised version of the introduction to the Handbook of Political Methodology ) . - “Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Identity” ( 2009 ) , Chapter 2 in Rawi Abdelal , Yoshiko Herrera , Alastair Iain Johnston , and Rose McDermott , Measuring Identity : A Guide for Social Scientists , Cambridge University Press , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “An Analytical Perspective on Participatory Inequality and Income Inequality” ( 2004 ) in Kathryn Neckerman ( editor ) , Social Inequality , New York : Russell Sage Foundation . - “Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology” ( 2004 ) in Henry E . Brady and David Collier ( editors ) , Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards , Rowman and Littlefield , with David Collier and Jason Seawright pp . 3–20 . - Defining Welfare Spells , ( 2003 ) , Evaluation Review , Volume 27 , Number 4:395–420 . with Samantha Luks . - “The Rolling Cross Section Design,” ( 2001 ) , Electoral Studies , 21 ( 2 ) :283–295.with Richard Johnston . Reprinted in Mark N . Franklin and Christopher Wlezien ( editors ) , The Future of Election Studies , Pergamon Press , 2002 . - “Law and Data : The Case of the Butterfly Ballot,” ( 2001 ) . P.S . Political Science and Politics , 33 ( 4 ) :59–69 . American Political Science Association . March , with Michael C . Herron , Walter R . Mebane Jr. , Jasjeet Sekhon , Kenneth W . Shotts , and Jonathan Wand . - “The Butterfly Did It : The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County , Florida.” ( 2001 ) , American Political Science Review , Volume 95 , Number 4 , December , pages 793–810 , with Michael C . Herron , Walter R . Mebane Jr. , Jasjeet S . Sekhon , Kenneth W . Shotts , and Jonathan N . Wand . - “Trust the People : Political Party Coalitions and the 2000 Election,” ( 2001 ) in Jack Rakove ( editor ) , The Unfinished Election of 2000 : Leading Scholars Examine America’s Strangest Election , New York : Basic Books . - “Categorically Wrong ? Nominal Versus Graded Measures of Ethnic Identity,” ( 2001 ) , Studies in Comparative International Development , Volume 35 , Number 3 , pages 56–91 , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “Subjects to Citizens : From Non-Voting , to Protesting , to Voting in Estonia During the Transition to Democracy,” ( 2001 ) , Journal of Baltic Studies , Volume 32 , Number 4 , pages 347–378 , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Participation,” ( 1999 ) John P . Robinson , Phillip R . Shaver , Lawrence S . Wrightsman ( eds. ) , Measures of Political Attitudes , Academic Press . - “Prospecting for Participants : Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists,” ( 1999 ) American Political Science Review , March pp . 153–168 . with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “The Populist Right in Canada : The Rise of the Reform Party of Canada,” ( 1998 ) in Hans-Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall , The New Politics of the Right : Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies , St . Martin’s Press : New York with Neil Nevitte , Andre Blais , Elisabeth Gidengil , and Richard Johnston . - Knowledge , Strategy , and Momentum in Presidential Primaries , ( 1996 ) Political Analysis , Volume 5 , 1–38 . University of Michigan : Ann Arbor . - “Beyond SES : A resource model of political participation” with S Verba , KL Schlozman . American Political Science Review , ( 1995 ) vol . 89 ( 2 ) pp . 271–294 . - “Participations Not a Paradox : The View from American Activists.” British Journal of Political Science , ( 1995 ) 25 ( 1 ) , 1–36 . With K . Scholozman and S . Verba doi:10.1017/S0007123400007043 - Traits versus Issues : Factor versus Ideal Point Analysis of Candidate Thermometer Ratings ( 1991 ) , Political Analysis , 2:97–129 . - The Dimensional Analysis of Ranking Data ( 1990 ) , American Journal of Political Science . 34 ( 3 ) :1017–1048 . - The Nature of Utility Functions in Mass Publics ( 1989 ) with Stephen Ansolabehere , American Political Science Review . 82 ( 4 ) :143–163 . - Factor and Ideal Point Analysis for Interpersonally Incomparable Data ( 1989 ) , Psychometrika . 50 ( 4 ) :509–537 . - Whats the Primary Message : Horse Race or Issue Journalism ( 1987 ) with Richard Johnston in Gary Orren and Nelson Polsby ( editors ) , Media and Momentum . - Conventions versus Primaries : A Canadian American Comparison ( 1986 ) with Richard Johnston in George Perlin ( editor ) , Party Democracy : The Politics of National Party Conventions . Toronto : Prentice Hall . - Attitude Attribution ( 1985 ) with Paul Sniderman , American Political Science Review , Volume 79 , Number 4 pp . 1061–1078 . - The Perils of Survey Research : Interpersonally Incomparable Responses ( 1985 ) , Political Methodology , 11. ( 3–4 ) :269–291 . - Statistical Consistency and Hypothesis Testing for Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling ( 1985 ) , Psychometrika , Volume 50 , Number 4 . External links . - Faculty webpage , Goldman School of Public Policy , University of California , Berkeley - Henry Brady Curriculum vitae - “50th Anniversary , Survey Research Center” University of California , Berkeley . - Governing board , D-Lab , University of California , Berkeley - Editorial Advisory Board , American Journal of Political Science , 2002 to present . - Editorial Advisory Board , Evaluation Review , 1993 Present . - Editorial Advisory Board , American Political Science Review , 1992–1995 . - Editorial Advisory Board , Political Analysis , 1988 Present . |
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] | easy | Henry E. Brady was an employee for whom from 1985 to 1991? | /wiki/Henry_E._Brady#P108#1 | Henry E . Brady Henry E . Brady is an American political scientist specializing in methodology and its application in a diverse array of political fields . He is Dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California , Berkeley and holds the Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy . He was elected President of the American Political Science Association , 2009–2010 , giving a presidential address entitled The Art of Political Science : Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory . He has published academic works on diverse topics , co-authoring with colleagues at a variety of institutions and ranks , as well as many solo authored works . His principal areas of research are on political behavior in the United States , Canada , and the former Soviet Union , public policy and methodological work on scaling and dimensional analysis . When he became President of the American Political Science Association , a number of his colleagues and co-authors contributed to his presidential biography entitled Henry Brady , Big Scientist , discussing his work and the fields to which he has contributed and has also shaped . Education and career . Brady attended Harvey Mudd College of the Claremont Colleges , graduating in 1969 with B.S . in mathematics and physics . He attended Union Theological Seminary for a year , assisted by a fellowship , then entered the doctoral program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He completed doctorates in both Economics and Political Science in 1980 . He taught at University of California , Berkeley ; Harvard University ; University of Chicago ; and returned to Berkeley in 1990 . At Berkeley , he has directed the Survey Research Center , January 1 , 1999 to July 31 , 2009 . The Survey Research Center conducted in-person , telephone , and self-administered surveys in the United States , and California in particular . Earlier he directed the University of California Data Archive and Technical Assistance ( now D-Lab ) from 1992 to 2009 , and now serves on its governing board . From 1988–1990 , he was director of the University of Chicago , Center for the Study of Politics and Society , National Opinion Research Center ( NORC ) . He serves on the editorial boards of a number of major journals in the field , including American Journal of Political Science , Evaluation Review , American Political Science Review , and Political Analysis . From 2000 to 2008 , Brady worked to improve voting systems in the U.S . through his writing and work on legal cases . His work on voting systems includes involvement with the 2000 presidential election in Florida , Butterfly Ballot Case , and the 2003 efforts to get rid of punch card ballots , where he worked with the American Civil Liberties Union in California and Illinois to challenge their use . In the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election Brady’s research on the punch card ballot was cited in the federal case seeking to postpone the special state election . Brady published an account of his role in the punch card ballot case . Honors and Awards . - President , American Political Science Association , 2009–2010 . - Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy , University of California , Berkeley . 2003 to present . - PROSE Award for Excellence in the Social Sciences , Association of American Publishers for The Unheavenly Chorus : Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy - Society for Political Methodology , Career Achievement Award , 2012 . - American Association of Public Opinion Research book award for Voice and Equality , 2012 . - Society for Political Methodology Fellow , 2008 . - Converse award ( 2007 ) for book making lasting contribution for Voice and Equality , 2007 . - Elected fellow , American Association for the Advancement of Science , 2006 . - Giovanni Sartori Book Award , American Political Science Organization 2005 for Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards ( 2004 ) , with David Collier , Rowman and Littlefield . - Harold Gosnell Prize for the best work of Political Methodology presented at a political science conference in the previous year . APSA , 2004 . - Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences - Harold James Innis Prize 1992–1993 for Letting the People Decide : The Dynamics of a Canadian Election ( September , 1992 ) , with Richard Johnston , André Blais , and Jean Crête , Stanford University Press in the United States and McGill-Queens University Press in Canada the best book in English in Canada . Publications . Books . - Unequal and Unrepresented : Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age ( May 2018 ) , Princeton University Press , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - The Unheavenly Chorus : Political Voice and the Promise of American Democracy ( 2012 ) , Princeton University Press , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards , 2nd Edition , ( 2010 ) , with David Collier . Rowman and Littlefield . Reprinted in a Japanese Edition in 2014 . - Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology ( 2008 ) , Oxford University Press with Janet Box-Steffensmeir and David Collier ( editors ) . - Capturing Campaign Effects ( 2006 ) , University of Michigan Press , co-editor with Richard Johnston . - Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards ( 2004 ) , with David Collier , Rowman and Littlefield . Winner of the 2005 Giovanni Sartori Best Book Award of the APSA Qualitative Methods Section . Republished in a Japanese edition , 2008 . - Voice and Equality : Civic Voluntarism in American Politics ( 1995 ) , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba , Harvard University Press . - Letting the People Decide : The Dynamics of a Canadian Election ( September , 1992 ) , with Richard Johnston , André Blais , and Jean Crête , Stanford University Press in the United States and McGill-Queens University Press in Canada . Winner of the Harold Adams Innis Award for the best book in the social sciences published in English in Canada in 1992–1993 . Monographs . - Counting All The Votes : The Performance of Voting Technology in the United States ( 2001 ) , with Justin Buchler , Matt Jarvis , and John McNulty . Berkeley : Survey Research Center and Institute for Governmental Studies . - Expensive Children in Poor Families : The Intersection of Childhood Disability and Welfare . ( 2000 ) , with Marcia Meyers and Eva Seto . San Francisco : Public Policy Institute of California . Select articles , chapters , and reports . - “Repeated Cross-Sections in Survey Data” 2015 , with Richard Johnson , in Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences ( eds. ) Robert Scott and Stephen Kossyln , Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley and Sons . - “Political Mobility and Political Reproduction from Generation to Generation,” with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba , The Annals , December 2014 . - “Do Two Research Cultures Imply Two Scientific Paradigms?” ( 2013 ) , Comparative Political Studies , Volume 46:2 , 252–265 . - “Who Speaks ? Citizen Political Voice on the Internet Commons,” ( 2011 ) , Daedalus , Volume 140 , Number 4 , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “The Art of Political Science : Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory” ( June 2011 ) , Perspectives on Politics , Volume 9 , Number 2 . Presidential Address to the American Political Science Association . - ”Causation and Explanation in Social Science.” The Oxford Handbook of Political Science . ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0049 - “Turning Out to Vote : the Costs of Finding and Getting to the Polling Place ( 2011 ) , American Political Science Review , Volume 105 , Number 1 , February , pages 115–134 , with John McNulty . - “Weapon of the Strong ? Participatory Inequality and the Internet” ( 2010 ) , Perspectives on Politics , Volume 8 , Number 2 , pages 487–510 , with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “Political Methodology : Post-Behavioral Movements and Trends,” 2009 , Chapter 48 in Robert Goodin , Handbook of Political Science , Oxford University Press , with Janet Box-Steffensmeier and David Collier . ( A completely revised version of the introduction to the Handbook of Political Methodology ) . - “Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Identity” ( 2009 ) , Chapter 2 in Rawi Abdelal , Yoshiko Herrera , Alastair Iain Johnston , and Rose McDermott , Measuring Identity : A Guide for Social Scientists , Cambridge University Press , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “An Analytical Perspective on Participatory Inequality and Income Inequality” ( 2004 ) in Kathryn Neckerman ( editor ) , Social Inequality , New York : Russell Sage Foundation . - “Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology” ( 2004 ) in Henry E . Brady and David Collier ( editors ) , Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards , Rowman and Littlefield , with David Collier and Jason Seawright pp . 3–20 . - Defining Welfare Spells , ( 2003 ) , Evaluation Review , Volume 27 , Number 4:395–420 . with Samantha Luks . - “The Rolling Cross Section Design,” ( 2001 ) , Electoral Studies , 21 ( 2 ) :283–295.with Richard Johnston . Reprinted in Mark N . Franklin and Christopher Wlezien ( editors ) , The Future of Election Studies , Pergamon Press , 2002 . - “Law and Data : The Case of the Butterfly Ballot,” ( 2001 ) . P.S . Political Science and Politics , 33 ( 4 ) :59–69 . American Political Science Association . March , with Michael C . Herron , Walter R . Mebane Jr. , Jasjeet Sekhon , Kenneth W . Shotts , and Jonathan Wand . - “The Butterfly Did It : The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County , Florida.” ( 2001 ) , American Political Science Review , Volume 95 , Number 4 , December , pages 793–810 , with Michael C . Herron , Walter R . Mebane Jr. , Jasjeet S . Sekhon , Kenneth W . Shotts , and Jonathan N . Wand . - “Trust the People : Political Party Coalitions and the 2000 Election,” ( 2001 ) in Jack Rakove ( editor ) , The Unfinished Election of 2000 : Leading Scholars Examine America’s Strangest Election , New York : Basic Books . - “Categorically Wrong ? Nominal Versus Graded Measures of Ethnic Identity,” ( 2001 ) , Studies in Comparative International Development , Volume 35 , Number 3 , pages 56–91 , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “Subjects to Citizens : From Non-Voting , to Protesting , to Voting in Estonia During the Transition to Democracy,” ( 2001 ) , Journal of Baltic Studies , Volume 32 , Number 4 , pages 347–378 , with Cynthia Kaplan . - “Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Participation,” ( 1999 ) John P . Robinson , Phillip R . Shaver , Lawrence S . Wrightsman ( eds. ) , Measures of Political Attitudes , Academic Press . - “Prospecting for Participants : Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists,” ( 1999 ) American Political Science Review , March pp . 153–168 . with Kay Schlozman and Sidney Verba . - “The Populist Right in Canada : The Rise of the Reform Party of Canada,” ( 1998 ) in Hans-Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall , The New Politics of the Right : Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies , St . Martin’s Press : New York with Neil Nevitte , Andre Blais , Elisabeth Gidengil , and Richard Johnston . - Knowledge , Strategy , and Momentum in Presidential Primaries , ( 1996 ) Political Analysis , Volume 5 , 1–38 . University of Michigan : Ann Arbor . - “Beyond SES : A resource model of political participation” with S Verba , KL Schlozman . American Political Science Review , ( 1995 ) vol . 89 ( 2 ) pp . 271–294 . - “Participations Not a Paradox : The View from American Activists.” British Journal of Political Science , ( 1995 ) 25 ( 1 ) , 1–36 . With K . Scholozman and S . Verba doi:10.1017/S0007123400007043 - Traits versus Issues : Factor versus Ideal Point Analysis of Candidate Thermometer Ratings ( 1991 ) , Political Analysis , 2:97–129 . - The Dimensional Analysis of Ranking Data ( 1990 ) , American Journal of Political Science . 34 ( 3 ) :1017–1048 . - The Nature of Utility Functions in Mass Publics ( 1989 ) with Stephen Ansolabehere , American Political Science Review . 82 ( 4 ) :143–163 . - Factor and Ideal Point Analysis for Interpersonally Incomparable Data ( 1989 ) , Psychometrika . 50 ( 4 ) :509–537 . - Whats the Primary Message : Horse Race or Issue Journalism ( 1987 ) with Richard Johnston in Gary Orren and Nelson Polsby ( editors ) , Media and Momentum . - Conventions versus Primaries : A Canadian American Comparison ( 1986 ) with Richard Johnston in George Perlin ( editor ) , Party Democracy : The Politics of National Party Conventions . Toronto : Prentice Hall . - Attitude Attribution ( 1985 ) with Paul Sniderman , American Political Science Review , Volume 79 , Number 4 pp . 1061–1078 . - The Perils of Survey Research : Interpersonally Incomparable Responses ( 1985 ) , Political Methodology , 11. ( 3–4 ) :269–291 . - Statistical Consistency and Hypothesis Testing for Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling ( 1985 ) , Psychometrika , Volume 50 , Number 4 . External links . - Faculty webpage , Goldman School of Public Policy , University of California , Berkeley - Henry Brady Curriculum vitae - “50th Anniversary , Survey Research Center” University of California , Berkeley . - Governing board , D-Lab , University of California , Berkeley - Editorial Advisory Board , American Journal of Political Science , 2002 to present . - Editorial Advisory Board , Evaluation Review , 1993 Present . - Editorial Advisory Board , American Political Science Review , 1992–1995 . - Editorial Advisory Board , Political Analysis , 1988 Present . |
[
"Central Tennessee College"
] | easy | Walden University (Tennessee) was officially named what from 1865 to 1900? | /wiki/Walden_University_(Tennessee)#P1448#0 | Walden University ( Tennessee ) Walden University was an historically black college in Nashville , Tennessee . It was founded in 1865 by missionaries from the Northern United States on behalf of the Methodist Church to serve freedmen . Known as Central Tennessee College from 1865 to 1900 , Walden University provided education and professional training to African Americans until 1925 . Meharry Medical College , established as one of Waldens departments in 1876 , was the first medical school in the South for African Americans . In 1915 , it was chartered separately and became a separate institution . It is one of the constellation of colleges in Nashville . After regrouping as a junior college in 1922 and offering a two-year associate degree , Walden College closed in 1925 due to financial difficulties and competition with state-run colleges . Since 1935 , its second campus ( acquired in 1922 ) has served Trevecca Nazarene University . History . Walden University was founded in Nashville in 1865 by missionaries from the northern Methodist Episcopal Church . They first organized a basic community school for freedmen . Classes attracted both children and adults , as people eagerly embraced the chance for literacy and learning . After the state established a public elementary school in Nashville , in 1867 the Methodists chartered Central Tennessee College for freedmen . The Freedmens Bureau helped finance construction of the first two brick buildings . The directors added higher-level courses , including teacher education , agriculture , science , and theology . The college was part of a first generation of such institutions across the South to educate freedmen and to teach teachers and ministers , fields that were closely aligned as callings . To aid students , it included preparatory classes for those who had not had much prior education . Gaining education was seen as a priority for African Americans , and the vocation of teaching attracted many of the most talented people . Segregation made separate institutions for blacks necessary . In 1876 , the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College was founded as the first medical school in the South for blacks . It was founded and supported financially by Samuel Meharry and his four brothers , Scots-Irish immigrants who became philanthropists . In 1915 the medical department received a separate charter and became Meharry Medical College . It still continues in Nashville . Expansion continued in the 1880s , when the college added departments of law , pharmacy ( also the first in the South for African Americans ) , dentistry and industrial arts . In the 1890s , the college added courses for women , including nursing in 1892 . The college also stressed what were considered industrial and domestic arts , as promoted at Tuskegee Institute . Struggles continued over the appropriate role of the college , a tension reflected in southern education during these years . In 1900 , Central Tennessee College was renamed Walden University in honor of Methodist Bishop John Morgan Walden , who had served freedmen as a missionary after the American Civil War . The university then had thirteen departments and 68 faculty . After the state established Tennessee Agricultural , Industrial , and Normal State School , now Tennessee State University , in Nashville in 1912 , Walden University had more trouble attracting students and struggled to reframe its mission . In addition , in response to lynchings and disfranchisement , many ambitious African Americans left Nashville and other southern areas in the Great Migration to northern cities for work and more freedom . The percentage of black population in the city dropped sharply from 40 percent in 1890 . Due to other demographic influences and economic changes , by the 1970s , only 22 percent of the city was black . In 1922 , Walden University was renamed Walden College and was moved to a campus overlooking the black neighborhood of Trimble Bottom . It served as a junior college , with pre-medical and pre-law programs among its offerings . Continuing financial difficulties forced its closing in 1925 . In 1935 the campus was leased by Trevecca Nazarene University , a private Christian institution affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene , which purchased it in 1937 . Notable alumni . - George Phillip Bowser , known as the father of Christian education among African-American members of the Churches of Christ ; founder ( 1949 ) of Southwestern Christian College in Terrell , Texas , and founder ( 1902 ) of the Christian Echo , a publication targeted to African-American members of the churches of Christ . National evangelist and educator among Churches of Christ . - Mary L . Bell , president and chairperson of Bell Broadcasting Corporation - Herman Chittison , jazz pianist - Maude Roberts George ( 1888-1943 ) , soprano singer , president of National Association of Negro Musicians from 1933 to 1935 - John Henry Hale ( 1878–1944 ) , prominent surgeon - Momulu Massaquoi ( 1870–1938 ) , Liberian politician and diplomat - Samuel A . McElwee ( 1886 ) , lawyer - Noah W . Parden ( law department , 1891 ) , first African American attorney to present an oral argument before the U.S . Supreme Court . - Lucian H . Palmer , first African American member of the Wisconsin Legislature . - Freeman Ransom , lawyer , businessman and civic leader - Marshall W . Taylor ( honorary DD , 1879 ) Kentucky religious leader - George W . Malone ( 1910 ) , New Mexicos first African American licensed to practice law ( See Meharry Medical College for a list of many notable medical alumni , including some from the historical period of affiliation with Walden University. ) References . - Bobby L . Lovett , Walden University ( 1868-1925 ) A Profile of African Americans in Tennessee History , Nashville : Tennessee State University |
[
"Walden University"
] | easy | What was the official name of Walden University (Tennessee) from 1900 to 1922? | /wiki/Walden_University_(Tennessee)#P1448#1 | Walden University ( Tennessee ) Walden University was an historically black college in Nashville , Tennessee . It was founded in 1865 by missionaries from the Northern United States on behalf of the Methodist Church to serve freedmen . Known as Central Tennessee College from 1865 to 1900 , Walden University provided education and professional training to African Americans until 1925 . Meharry Medical College , established as one of Waldens departments in 1876 , was the first medical school in the South for African Americans . In 1915 , it was chartered separately and became a separate institution . It is one of the constellation of colleges in Nashville . After regrouping as a junior college in 1922 and offering a two-year associate degree , Walden College closed in 1925 due to financial difficulties and competition with state-run colleges . Since 1935 , its second campus ( acquired in 1922 ) has served Trevecca Nazarene University . History . Walden University was founded in Nashville in 1865 by missionaries from the northern Methodist Episcopal Church . They first organized a basic community school for freedmen . Classes attracted both children and adults , as people eagerly embraced the chance for literacy and learning . After the state established a public elementary school in Nashville , in 1867 the Methodists chartered Central Tennessee College for freedmen . The Freedmens Bureau helped finance construction of the first two brick buildings . The directors added higher-level courses , including teacher education , agriculture , science , and theology . The college was part of a first generation of such institutions across the South to educate freedmen and to teach teachers and ministers , fields that were closely aligned as callings . To aid students , it included preparatory classes for those who had not had much prior education . Gaining education was seen as a priority for African Americans , and the vocation of teaching attracted many of the most talented people . Segregation made separate institutions for blacks necessary . In 1876 , the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College was founded as the first medical school in the South for blacks . It was founded and supported financially by Samuel Meharry and his four brothers , Scots-Irish immigrants who became philanthropists . In 1915 the medical department received a separate charter and became Meharry Medical College . It still continues in Nashville . Expansion continued in the 1880s , when the college added departments of law , pharmacy ( also the first in the South for African Americans ) , dentistry and industrial arts . In the 1890s , the college added courses for women , including nursing in 1892 . The college also stressed what were considered industrial and domestic arts , as promoted at Tuskegee Institute . Struggles continued over the appropriate role of the college , a tension reflected in southern education during these years . In 1900 , Central Tennessee College was renamed Walden University in honor of Methodist Bishop John Morgan Walden , who had served freedmen as a missionary after the American Civil War . The university then had thirteen departments and 68 faculty . After the state established Tennessee Agricultural , Industrial , and Normal State School , now Tennessee State University , in Nashville in 1912 , Walden University had more trouble attracting students and struggled to reframe its mission . In addition , in response to lynchings and disfranchisement , many ambitious African Americans left Nashville and other southern areas in the Great Migration to northern cities for work and more freedom . The percentage of black population in the city dropped sharply from 40 percent in 1890 . Due to other demographic influences and economic changes , by the 1970s , only 22 percent of the city was black . In 1922 , Walden University was renamed Walden College and was moved to a campus overlooking the black neighborhood of Trimble Bottom . It served as a junior college , with pre-medical and pre-law programs among its offerings . Continuing financial difficulties forced its closing in 1925 . In 1935 the campus was leased by Trevecca Nazarene University , a private Christian institution affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene , which purchased it in 1937 . Notable alumni . - George Phillip Bowser , known as the father of Christian education among African-American members of the Churches of Christ ; founder ( 1949 ) of Southwestern Christian College in Terrell , Texas , and founder ( 1902 ) of the Christian Echo , a publication targeted to African-American members of the churches of Christ . National evangelist and educator among Churches of Christ . - Mary L . Bell , president and chairperson of Bell Broadcasting Corporation - Herman Chittison , jazz pianist - Maude Roberts George ( 1888-1943 ) , soprano singer , president of National Association of Negro Musicians from 1933 to 1935 - John Henry Hale ( 1878–1944 ) , prominent surgeon - Momulu Massaquoi ( 1870–1938 ) , Liberian politician and diplomat - Samuel A . McElwee ( 1886 ) , lawyer - Noah W . Parden ( law department , 1891 ) , first African American attorney to present an oral argument before the U.S . Supreme Court . - Lucian H . Palmer , first African American member of the Wisconsin Legislature . - Freeman Ransom , lawyer , businessman and civic leader - Marshall W . Taylor ( honorary DD , 1879 ) Kentucky religious leader - George W . Malone ( 1910 ) , New Mexicos first African American licensed to practice law ( See Meharry Medical College for a list of many notable medical alumni , including some from the historical period of affiliation with Walden University. ) References . - Bobby L . Lovett , Walden University ( 1868-1925 ) A Profile of African Americans in Tennessee History , Nashville : Tennessee State University |
[
"Walden College"
] | easy | What was the official name of Walden University (Tennessee) from 1922 to 1925? | /wiki/Walden_University_(Tennessee)#P1448#2 | Walden University ( Tennessee ) Walden University was an historically black college in Nashville , Tennessee . It was founded in 1865 by missionaries from the Northern United States on behalf of the Methodist Church to serve freedmen . Known as Central Tennessee College from 1865 to 1900 , Walden University provided education and professional training to African Americans until 1925 . Meharry Medical College , established as one of Waldens departments in 1876 , was the first medical school in the South for African Americans . In 1915 , it was chartered separately and became a separate institution . It is one of the constellation of colleges in Nashville . After regrouping as a junior college in 1922 and offering a two-year associate degree , Walden College closed in 1925 due to financial difficulties and competition with state-run colleges . Since 1935 , its second campus ( acquired in 1922 ) has served Trevecca Nazarene University . History . Walden University was founded in Nashville in 1865 by missionaries from the northern Methodist Episcopal Church . They first organized a basic community school for freedmen . Classes attracted both children and adults , as people eagerly embraced the chance for literacy and learning . After the state established a public elementary school in Nashville , in 1867 the Methodists chartered Central Tennessee College for freedmen . The Freedmens Bureau helped finance construction of the first two brick buildings . The directors added higher-level courses , including teacher education , agriculture , science , and theology . The college was part of a first generation of such institutions across the South to educate freedmen and to teach teachers and ministers , fields that were closely aligned as callings . To aid students , it included preparatory classes for those who had not had much prior education . Gaining education was seen as a priority for African Americans , and the vocation of teaching attracted many of the most talented people . Segregation made separate institutions for blacks necessary . In 1876 , the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College was founded as the first medical school in the South for blacks . It was founded and supported financially by Samuel Meharry and his four brothers , Scots-Irish immigrants who became philanthropists . In 1915 the medical department received a separate charter and became Meharry Medical College . It still continues in Nashville . Expansion continued in the 1880s , when the college added departments of law , pharmacy ( also the first in the South for African Americans ) , dentistry and industrial arts . In the 1890s , the college added courses for women , including nursing in 1892 . The college also stressed what were considered industrial and domestic arts , as promoted at Tuskegee Institute . Struggles continued over the appropriate role of the college , a tension reflected in southern education during these years . In 1900 , Central Tennessee College was renamed Walden University in honor of Methodist Bishop John Morgan Walden , who had served freedmen as a missionary after the American Civil War . The university then had thirteen departments and 68 faculty . After the state established Tennessee Agricultural , Industrial , and Normal State School , now Tennessee State University , in Nashville in 1912 , Walden University had more trouble attracting students and struggled to reframe its mission . In addition , in response to lynchings and disfranchisement , many ambitious African Americans left Nashville and other southern areas in the Great Migration to northern cities for work and more freedom . The percentage of black population in the city dropped sharply from 40 percent in 1890 . Due to other demographic influences and economic changes , by the 1970s , only 22 percent of the city was black . In 1922 , Walden University was renamed Walden College and was moved to a campus overlooking the black neighborhood of Trimble Bottom . It served as a junior college , with pre-medical and pre-law programs among its offerings . Continuing financial difficulties forced its closing in 1925 . In 1935 the campus was leased by Trevecca Nazarene University , a private Christian institution affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene , which purchased it in 1937 . Notable alumni . - George Phillip Bowser , known as the father of Christian education among African-American members of the Churches of Christ ; founder ( 1949 ) of Southwestern Christian College in Terrell , Texas , and founder ( 1902 ) of the Christian Echo , a publication targeted to African-American members of the churches of Christ . National evangelist and educator among Churches of Christ . - Mary L . Bell , president and chairperson of Bell Broadcasting Corporation - Herman Chittison , jazz pianist - Maude Roberts George ( 1888-1943 ) , soprano singer , president of National Association of Negro Musicians from 1933 to 1935 - John Henry Hale ( 1878–1944 ) , prominent surgeon - Momulu Massaquoi ( 1870–1938 ) , Liberian politician and diplomat - Samuel A . McElwee ( 1886 ) , lawyer - Noah W . Parden ( law department , 1891 ) , first African American attorney to present an oral argument before the U.S . Supreme Court . - Lucian H . Palmer , first African American member of the Wisconsin Legislature . - Freeman Ransom , lawyer , businessman and civic leader - Marshall W . Taylor ( honorary DD , 1879 ) Kentucky religious leader - George W . Malone ( 1910 ) , New Mexicos first African American licensed to practice law ( See Meharry Medical College for a list of many notable medical alumni , including some from the historical period of affiliation with Walden University. ) References . - Bobby L . Lovett , Walden University ( 1868-1925 ) A Profile of African Americans in Tennessee History , Nashville : Tennessee State University |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Sean Spicer go to from 1984 to 1985? | /wiki/Sean_Spicer#P69#0 | Sean Spicer Sean Michael Spicer ( born September 23 , 1971 ) is a former American political aide who served as the 30th White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017 . Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017 , and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017 . During his tenure as White House press secretary , Spicer made a number of public statements that were controversial and false , and he developed a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . The first such instance occurred on January 21 , 2017 , the day following Trumps inauguration . Spicer repeated the claim that crowds at Trumps inauguration ceremony were the largest ever at such an event and that the press had deliberately under-estimated the number of spectators . After this statement was widely criticized , Trump aide Kellyanne Conway said that Spicer had presented what she called alternative facts regarding the inaugurations attendance numbers . Spicer resigned as White House Press Secretary on July 21 , 2017 , although he remained at the White House in an unspecified capacity until August 31 . Since leaving the White House , Spicer has published the memoir , appeared as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing With the Stars , and started hosting a political talk show on Newsmax TV . Early life . Spicer is the son of Kathryn ( née Grossman ) and Michael William Spicer ( 1944–2016 ) . The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset , New York . Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island . His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University . Spicer is of partial Irish descent , and was raised Catholic . From 1985 to 1989 , Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School , a Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island . While in high school , he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college . He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government . In college he was a student senator . In April 1993 , an article in the student paper , The College Voice , referred to Spicer as Sean Sphincter ; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper , for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication Blats . The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media . In 2012 , he earned a masters degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island . Early career . After graduating from college in 1993 , Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns . In the late 1990s , he worked for representatives Mike Pappas ( R-NJ ) , Frank LoBiondo ( R-NJ ) , Mark Foley ( R-FL ) , and Clay Shaw ( R-FL ) . In 1999 , Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer ; he currently holds the rank of commander . As of December 2016 , he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staffs naval reserve contingent in Washington , D.C . Early government appointments . From 2000 to 2001 , Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee , and from 2001 to 2002 , he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee ( NRCC ) . From 2003 to 2005 , Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee . He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S . House of Representatives , and then , from 2006 to 2009 , was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W . Bushs administration . He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls . Endeavor Global Strategies . From 2009 to 2011 , Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies , a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S . government . His clients included the government of Colombia , which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S . amid public criticism of its human rights record . Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011 . Republican National Committee . In February 2011 , Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee . At the RNC , he enlarged the organizations social media operations , built an in-house TV production team , and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks . In February 2015 , he was given an additional role , as chief strategist for the party . While at the RNC , Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump . In June 2015 , after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S. , Spicer said painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush , I think thats probably something that is not helpful to the cause . In July 2015 , he released a public criticism of Trumps comments on U.S . Senator John McCain , saying there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably . Press secretary for the Trump administration . On December 22 , 2016 , Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump . On December 24 , he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller . An April 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60% , much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries . First statement to the press . On January 21 , 2017 , which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference , Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media ; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trumps inaugural ceremony . He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration , period – both in person and around the globe . But as many sources immediately pointed out , that claim was false . Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds . He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller , and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama . He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trumps inauguration than during Obamas inauguration , when in fact it was lower than during either of Obamas inaugurations . Spicer took no questions after his statement . Later , Spicer defended his previous statements by saying sometimes we can disagree with the facts . It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump , who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration . In response to the briefing , conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote : It is embarrassing , as an American , to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House . Vanity Fair described Spicers statement as peppered with lies , and The Atlantic described Spicers briefing as bizarre . The article referred to the Trump administrations needless lies and noted that Spicers statements appeared to involve a deliberate attempt to mislead . Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post gave Spicers claims four Pinocchios , writing that he was so appalled by the press secretarys performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four . Trumps team defended Spicers statements . White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicers conference was to call out what he called dishonesty in the media and their obsession with delegitimizing the president . Trumps campaign strategist and counselor , Kellyanne Conway , told NBCs Chuck Todd that Trumps inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving alternative facts . Todd responded by saying , Alternative facts are not facts . They are falsehoods . First official press conference . Two days later on January 23 , 2017 , Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters . When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration , he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online . He claimed that online viewership must have been in the tens of millions . Spicers argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNNs website . This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left . On February 7 , 2017 , CNN reported that President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicers performance during the first two weeks of the administration . Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer , the network reported . Trump regrets it every day and blames Priebus , a White House source told CNN . His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6 , 2017 . Hitler–Assad controversy . On April 11 , 2017 , Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didnt even sink to using chemical weapons . His remarks were widely criticized , especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover . Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust , instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas . Amid calls for his resignation , Spicer apologized the next day . Relationship with White House press corps . As White House press secretary , Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . In February 2017 , the White House selectively blocked several news outletsincluding the BBC , CNN , The New York Times , Los Angeles Times and Politicofrom an off-camera briefing ( or gaggle ) with Spicer , a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned , as well as by the White House Correspondents Association . The Washington Post wrote that the barring of the outlets was a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trumps escalating war against the media . Reporters from the Associated Press and Time magazine were admitted to the briefing , but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists . Defendant in Twitter lawsuit . On July 11 , 2017 , Spicer , along with Donald Trump , and Dan Scavino ( the White House director of social media ) , was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S . federal court in Manhattan . The suit , Knight First Amendment Institute v . Trump , alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trumps Twitter content . Resignation . On July 21 , 2017 , Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary . He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director . In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement , Spicer had sought a more strategic communications role in the White House . Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicers performance as White House Press Secretary . According to The New York Times , Trump asked Spicer to stay on , but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he vehemently disagreed with the appointment of Scaramucci . In a tweet , Spicer said that it has been an honor and a privilege to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House , through August 2017 . His new position was not identified . Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day . Post-White House activities . After several low-profile months , Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17 , spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner the largest audience to witness an Emmys , period . The following week he gave an interview to The New York Times and appeared on Good Morning America . Also , it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did , saw , and heard , filling numerous notebooks . The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller . Spicer announced in December 2017 on The Sean Hannity Show that he would release a book , , in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration . On July 31 , 2019 , President Trump announced his intention to appoint Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy . Spicer is one of seven members on the board appointed by the President . In August 2019 , Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars . This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News . One ABC employee told CNN journalist Oliver Darcy : Its a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House . Spicer responded by saying that Dancing is an entertainment show . I look forward to having some fun . And if people are looking for news , I suggest they tune into a news program . On the first installment of this edition of the popular celebrity reality competition , Spicer wore a bright lime green shirt with ruffles while his dancing partners dress prominently featured pineapples as they engaged in a salsa dance , garnering widespread media coverage . Starting in March 2020 , Spicer hosts a political talk show for the channel Newsmax TV called Spicer & Co . Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , Forbes warned corporations against hiring Spicer and other Trump propagandists , stating that Forbes will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie . Spicer attended the farewell event for President Trump on January 20 , 2021 , at Joint Base Andrews . Personal life . On November 13 , 2004 , Spicer married Rebecca Miller , at the time a television producer , at St . Albans Episcopal Church in Washington , D.C . Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria , Virginia . They have two children . His wife is senior vice president , communications and public affairs , for the National Beer Wholesalers Association . He is Roman Catholic . In popular culture . Several commentators have compared Spicer to Baghdad Bob , Information Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . Spicers frequently combative press conferences were satirized four times on Saturday Night Live in 2017 , with actress Melissa McCarthy playing the role of Spicer . Her portrayal was described by a staff writer at The Atlantic as genius , mixing energy and weaponized hostility . Spicer stated that he found the skits funny , but suggested that McCarthy could dial back a bit . |
[
"Portsmouth Abbey School"
] | easy | Where was Sean Spicer educated from 1985 to 1989? | /wiki/Sean_Spicer#P69#1 | Sean Spicer Sean Michael Spicer ( born September 23 , 1971 ) is a former American political aide who served as the 30th White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017 . Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017 , and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017 . During his tenure as White House press secretary , Spicer made a number of public statements that were controversial and false , and he developed a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . The first such instance occurred on January 21 , 2017 , the day following Trumps inauguration . Spicer repeated the claim that crowds at Trumps inauguration ceremony were the largest ever at such an event and that the press had deliberately under-estimated the number of spectators . After this statement was widely criticized , Trump aide Kellyanne Conway said that Spicer had presented what she called alternative facts regarding the inaugurations attendance numbers . Spicer resigned as White House Press Secretary on July 21 , 2017 , although he remained at the White House in an unspecified capacity until August 31 . Since leaving the White House , Spicer has published the memoir , appeared as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing With the Stars , and started hosting a political talk show on Newsmax TV . Early life . Spicer is the son of Kathryn ( née Grossman ) and Michael William Spicer ( 1944–2016 ) . The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset , New York . Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island . His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University . Spicer is of partial Irish descent , and was raised Catholic . From 1985 to 1989 , Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School , a Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island . While in high school , he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college . He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government . In college he was a student senator . In April 1993 , an article in the student paper , The College Voice , referred to Spicer as Sean Sphincter ; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper , for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication Blats . The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media . In 2012 , he earned a masters degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island . Early career . After graduating from college in 1993 , Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns . In the late 1990s , he worked for representatives Mike Pappas ( R-NJ ) , Frank LoBiondo ( R-NJ ) , Mark Foley ( R-FL ) , and Clay Shaw ( R-FL ) . In 1999 , Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer ; he currently holds the rank of commander . As of December 2016 , he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staffs naval reserve contingent in Washington , D.C . Early government appointments . From 2000 to 2001 , Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee , and from 2001 to 2002 , he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee ( NRCC ) . From 2003 to 2005 , Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee . He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S . House of Representatives , and then , from 2006 to 2009 , was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W . Bushs administration . He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls . Endeavor Global Strategies . From 2009 to 2011 , Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies , a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S . government . His clients included the government of Colombia , which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S . amid public criticism of its human rights record . Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011 . Republican National Committee . In February 2011 , Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee . At the RNC , he enlarged the organizations social media operations , built an in-house TV production team , and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks . In February 2015 , he was given an additional role , as chief strategist for the party . While at the RNC , Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump . In June 2015 , after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S. , Spicer said painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush , I think thats probably something that is not helpful to the cause . In July 2015 , he released a public criticism of Trumps comments on U.S . Senator John McCain , saying there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably . Press secretary for the Trump administration . On December 22 , 2016 , Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump . On December 24 , he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller . An April 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60% , much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries . First statement to the press . On January 21 , 2017 , which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference , Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media ; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trumps inaugural ceremony . He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration , period – both in person and around the globe . But as many sources immediately pointed out , that claim was false . Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds . He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller , and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama . He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trumps inauguration than during Obamas inauguration , when in fact it was lower than during either of Obamas inaugurations . Spicer took no questions after his statement . Later , Spicer defended his previous statements by saying sometimes we can disagree with the facts . It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump , who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration . In response to the briefing , conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote : It is embarrassing , as an American , to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House . Vanity Fair described Spicers statement as peppered with lies , and The Atlantic described Spicers briefing as bizarre . The article referred to the Trump administrations needless lies and noted that Spicers statements appeared to involve a deliberate attempt to mislead . Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post gave Spicers claims four Pinocchios , writing that he was so appalled by the press secretarys performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four . Trumps team defended Spicers statements . White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicers conference was to call out what he called dishonesty in the media and their obsession with delegitimizing the president . Trumps campaign strategist and counselor , Kellyanne Conway , told NBCs Chuck Todd that Trumps inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving alternative facts . Todd responded by saying , Alternative facts are not facts . They are falsehoods . First official press conference . Two days later on January 23 , 2017 , Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters . When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration , he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online . He claimed that online viewership must have been in the tens of millions . Spicers argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNNs website . This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left . On February 7 , 2017 , CNN reported that President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicers performance during the first two weeks of the administration . Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer , the network reported . Trump regrets it every day and blames Priebus , a White House source told CNN . His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6 , 2017 . Hitler–Assad controversy . On April 11 , 2017 , Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didnt even sink to using chemical weapons . His remarks were widely criticized , especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover . Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust , instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas . Amid calls for his resignation , Spicer apologized the next day . Relationship with White House press corps . As White House press secretary , Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . In February 2017 , the White House selectively blocked several news outletsincluding the BBC , CNN , The New York Times , Los Angeles Times and Politicofrom an off-camera briefing ( or gaggle ) with Spicer , a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned , as well as by the White House Correspondents Association . The Washington Post wrote that the barring of the outlets was a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trumps escalating war against the media . Reporters from the Associated Press and Time magazine were admitted to the briefing , but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists . Defendant in Twitter lawsuit . On July 11 , 2017 , Spicer , along with Donald Trump , and Dan Scavino ( the White House director of social media ) , was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S . federal court in Manhattan . The suit , Knight First Amendment Institute v . Trump , alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trumps Twitter content . Resignation . On July 21 , 2017 , Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary . He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director . In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement , Spicer had sought a more strategic communications role in the White House . Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicers performance as White House Press Secretary . According to The New York Times , Trump asked Spicer to stay on , but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he vehemently disagreed with the appointment of Scaramucci . In a tweet , Spicer said that it has been an honor and a privilege to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House , through August 2017 . His new position was not identified . Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day . Post-White House activities . After several low-profile months , Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17 , spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner the largest audience to witness an Emmys , period . The following week he gave an interview to The New York Times and appeared on Good Morning America . Also , it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did , saw , and heard , filling numerous notebooks . The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller . Spicer announced in December 2017 on The Sean Hannity Show that he would release a book , , in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration . On July 31 , 2019 , President Trump announced his intention to appoint Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy . Spicer is one of seven members on the board appointed by the President . In August 2019 , Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars . This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News . One ABC employee told CNN journalist Oliver Darcy : Its a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House . Spicer responded by saying that Dancing is an entertainment show . I look forward to having some fun . And if people are looking for news , I suggest they tune into a news program . On the first installment of this edition of the popular celebrity reality competition , Spicer wore a bright lime green shirt with ruffles while his dancing partners dress prominently featured pineapples as they engaged in a salsa dance , garnering widespread media coverage . Starting in March 2020 , Spicer hosts a political talk show for the channel Newsmax TV called Spicer & Co . Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , Forbes warned corporations against hiring Spicer and other Trump propagandists , stating that Forbes will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie . Spicer attended the farewell event for President Trump on January 20 , 2021 , at Joint Base Andrews . Personal life . On November 13 , 2004 , Spicer married Rebecca Miller , at the time a television producer , at St . Albans Episcopal Church in Washington , D.C . Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria , Virginia . They have two children . His wife is senior vice president , communications and public affairs , for the National Beer Wholesalers Association . He is Roman Catholic . In popular culture . Several commentators have compared Spicer to Baghdad Bob , Information Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . Spicers frequently combative press conferences were satirized four times on Saturday Night Live in 2017 , with actress Melissa McCarthy playing the role of Spicer . Her portrayal was described by a staff writer at The Atlantic as genius , mixing energy and weaponized hostility . Spicer stated that he found the skits funny , but suggested that McCarthy could dial back a bit . |
[
"Connecticut College"
] | easy | Which school did Sean Spicer go to from 1989 to 1993? | /wiki/Sean_Spicer#P69#2 | Sean Spicer Sean Michael Spicer ( born September 23 , 1971 ) is a former American political aide who served as the 30th White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017 . Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017 , and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017 . During his tenure as White House press secretary , Spicer made a number of public statements that were controversial and false , and he developed a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . The first such instance occurred on January 21 , 2017 , the day following Trumps inauguration . Spicer repeated the claim that crowds at Trumps inauguration ceremony were the largest ever at such an event and that the press had deliberately under-estimated the number of spectators . After this statement was widely criticized , Trump aide Kellyanne Conway said that Spicer had presented what she called alternative facts regarding the inaugurations attendance numbers . Spicer resigned as White House Press Secretary on July 21 , 2017 , although he remained at the White House in an unspecified capacity until August 31 . Since leaving the White House , Spicer has published the memoir , appeared as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing With the Stars , and started hosting a political talk show on Newsmax TV . Early life . Spicer is the son of Kathryn ( née Grossman ) and Michael William Spicer ( 1944–2016 ) . The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset , New York . Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island . His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University . Spicer is of partial Irish descent , and was raised Catholic . From 1985 to 1989 , Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School , a Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island . While in high school , he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college . He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government . In college he was a student senator . In April 1993 , an article in the student paper , The College Voice , referred to Spicer as Sean Sphincter ; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper , for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication Blats . The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media . In 2012 , he earned a masters degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island . Early career . After graduating from college in 1993 , Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns . In the late 1990s , he worked for representatives Mike Pappas ( R-NJ ) , Frank LoBiondo ( R-NJ ) , Mark Foley ( R-FL ) , and Clay Shaw ( R-FL ) . In 1999 , Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer ; he currently holds the rank of commander . As of December 2016 , he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staffs naval reserve contingent in Washington , D.C . Early government appointments . From 2000 to 2001 , Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee , and from 2001 to 2002 , he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee ( NRCC ) . From 2003 to 2005 , Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee . He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S . House of Representatives , and then , from 2006 to 2009 , was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W . Bushs administration . He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls . Endeavor Global Strategies . From 2009 to 2011 , Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies , a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S . government . His clients included the government of Colombia , which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S . amid public criticism of its human rights record . Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011 . Republican National Committee . In February 2011 , Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee . At the RNC , he enlarged the organizations social media operations , built an in-house TV production team , and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks . In February 2015 , he was given an additional role , as chief strategist for the party . While at the RNC , Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump . In June 2015 , after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S. , Spicer said painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush , I think thats probably something that is not helpful to the cause . In July 2015 , he released a public criticism of Trumps comments on U.S . Senator John McCain , saying there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably . Press secretary for the Trump administration . On December 22 , 2016 , Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump . On December 24 , he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller . An April 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60% , much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries . First statement to the press . On January 21 , 2017 , which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference , Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media ; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trumps inaugural ceremony . He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration , period – both in person and around the globe . But as many sources immediately pointed out , that claim was false . Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds . He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller , and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama . He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trumps inauguration than during Obamas inauguration , when in fact it was lower than during either of Obamas inaugurations . Spicer took no questions after his statement . Later , Spicer defended his previous statements by saying sometimes we can disagree with the facts . It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump , who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration . In response to the briefing , conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote : It is embarrassing , as an American , to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House . Vanity Fair described Spicers statement as peppered with lies , and The Atlantic described Spicers briefing as bizarre . The article referred to the Trump administrations needless lies and noted that Spicers statements appeared to involve a deliberate attempt to mislead . Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post gave Spicers claims four Pinocchios , writing that he was so appalled by the press secretarys performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four . Trumps team defended Spicers statements . White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicers conference was to call out what he called dishonesty in the media and their obsession with delegitimizing the president . Trumps campaign strategist and counselor , Kellyanne Conway , told NBCs Chuck Todd that Trumps inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving alternative facts . Todd responded by saying , Alternative facts are not facts . They are falsehoods . First official press conference . Two days later on January 23 , 2017 , Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters . When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration , he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online . He claimed that online viewership must have been in the tens of millions . Spicers argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNNs website . This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left . On February 7 , 2017 , CNN reported that President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicers performance during the first two weeks of the administration . Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer , the network reported . Trump regrets it every day and blames Priebus , a White House source told CNN . His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6 , 2017 . Hitler–Assad controversy . On April 11 , 2017 , Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didnt even sink to using chemical weapons . His remarks were widely criticized , especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover . Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust , instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas . Amid calls for his resignation , Spicer apologized the next day . Relationship with White House press corps . As White House press secretary , Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . In February 2017 , the White House selectively blocked several news outletsincluding the BBC , CNN , The New York Times , Los Angeles Times and Politicofrom an off-camera briefing ( or gaggle ) with Spicer , a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned , as well as by the White House Correspondents Association . The Washington Post wrote that the barring of the outlets was a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trumps escalating war against the media . Reporters from the Associated Press and Time magazine were admitted to the briefing , but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists . Defendant in Twitter lawsuit . On July 11 , 2017 , Spicer , along with Donald Trump , and Dan Scavino ( the White House director of social media ) , was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S . federal court in Manhattan . The suit , Knight First Amendment Institute v . Trump , alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trumps Twitter content . Resignation . On July 21 , 2017 , Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary . He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director . In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement , Spicer had sought a more strategic communications role in the White House . Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicers performance as White House Press Secretary . According to The New York Times , Trump asked Spicer to stay on , but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he vehemently disagreed with the appointment of Scaramucci . In a tweet , Spicer said that it has been an honor and a privilege to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House , through August 2017 . His new position was not identified . Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day . Post-White House activities . After several low-profile months , Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17 , spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner the largest audience to witness an Emmys , period . The following week he gave an interview to The New York Times and appeared on Good Morning America . Also , it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did , saw , and heard , filling numerous notebooks . The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller . Spicer announced in December 2017 on The Sean Hannity Show that he would release a book , , in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration . On July 31 , 2019 , President Trump announced his intention to appoint Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy . Spicer is one of seven members on the board appointed by the President . In August 2019 , Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars . This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News . One ABC employee told CNN journalist Oliver Darcy : Its a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House . Spicer responded by saying that Dancing is an entertainment show . I look forward to having some fun . And if people are looking for news , I suggest they tune into a news program . On the first installment of this edition of the popular celebrity reality competition , Spicer wore a bright lime green shirt with ruffles while his dancing partners dress prominently featured pineapples as they engaged in a salsa dance , garnering widespread media coverage . Starting in March 2020 , Spicer hosts a political talk show for the channel Newsmax TV called Spicer & Co . Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , Forbes warned corporations against hiring Spicer and other Trump propagandists , stating that Forbes will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie . Spicer attended the farewell event for President Trump on January 20 , 2021 , at Joint Base Andrews . Personal life . On November 13 , 2004 , Spicer married Rebecca Miller , at the time a television producer , at St . Albans Episcopal Church in Washington , D.C . Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria , Virginia . They have two children . His wife is senior vice president , communications and public affairs , for the National Beer Wholesalers Association . He is Roman Catholic . In popular culture . Several commentators have compared Spicer to Baghdad Bob , Information Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . Spicers frequently combative press conferences were satirized four times on Saturday Night Live in 2017 , with actress Melissa McCarthy playing the role of Spicer . Her portrayal was described by a staff writer at The Atlantic as genius , mixing energy and weaponized hostility . Spicer stated that he found the skits funny , but suggested that McCarthy could dial back a bit . |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Sean Spicer educated from 1993 to 2012? | /wiki/Sean_Spicer#P69#3 | Sean Spicer Sean Michael Spicer ( born September 23 , 1971 ) is a former American political aide who served as the 30th White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017 . Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017 , and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017 . During his tenure as White House press secretary , Spicer made a number of public statements that were controversial and false , and he developed a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . The first such instance occurred on January 21 , 2017 , the day following Trumps inauguration . Spicer repeated the claim that crowds at Trumps inauguration ceremony were the largest ever at such an event and that the press had deliberately under-estimated the number of spectators . After this statement was widely criticized , Trump aide Kellyanne Conway said that Spicer had presented what she called alternative facts regarding the inaugurations attendance numbers . Spicer resigned as White House Press Secretary on July 21 , 2017 , although he remained at the White House in an unspecified capacity until August 31 . Since leaving the White House , Spicer has published the memoir , appeared as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing With the Stars , and started hosting a political talk show on Newsmax TV . Early life . Spicer is the son of Kathryn ( née Grossman ) and Michael William Spicer ( 1944–2016 ) . The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset , New York . Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island . His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University . Spicer is of partial Irish descent , and was raised Catholic . From 1985 to 1989 , Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School , a Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island . While in high school , he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college . He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government . In college he was a student senator . In April 1993 , an article in the student paper , The College Voice , referred to Spicer as Sean Sphincter ; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper , for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication Blats . The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media . In 2012 , he earned a masters degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island . Early career . After graduating from college in 1993 , Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns . In the late 1990s , he worked for representatives Mike Pappas ( R-NJ ) , Frank LoBiondo ( R-NJ ) , Mark Foley ( R-FL ) , and Clay Shaw ( R-FL ) . In 1999 , Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer ; he currently holds the rank of commander . As of December 2016 , he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staffs naval reserve contingent in Washington , D.C . Early government appointments . From 2000 to 2001 , Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee , and from 2001 to 2002 , he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee ( NRCC ) . From 2003 to 2005 , Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee . He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S . House of Representatives , and then , from 2006 to 2009 , was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W . Bushs administration . He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls . Endeavor Global Strategies . From 2009 to 2011 , Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies , a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S . government . His clients included the government of Colombia , which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S . amid public criticism of its human rights record . Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011 . Republican National Committee . In February 2011 , Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee . At the RNC , he enlarged the organizations social media operations , built an in-house TV production team , and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks . In February 2015 , he was given an additional role , as chief strategist for the party . While at the RNC , Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump . In June 2015 , after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S. , Spicer said painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush , I think thats probably something that is not helpful to the cause . In July 2015 , he released a public criticism of Trumps comments on U.S . Senator John McCain , saying there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably . Press secretary for the Trump administration . On December 22 , 2016 , Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump . On December 24 , he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller . An April 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60% , much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries . First statement to the press . On January 21 , 2017 , which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference , Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media ; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trumps inaugural ceremony . He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration , period – both in person and around the globe . But as many sources immediately pointed out , that claim was false . Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds . He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller , and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama . He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trumps inauguration than during Obamas inauguration , when in fact it was lower than during either of Obamas inaugurations . Spicer took no questions after his statement . Later , Spicer defended his previous statements by saying sometimes we can disagree with the facts . It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump , who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration . In response to the briefing , conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote : It is embarrassing , as an American , to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House . Vanity Fair described Spicers statement as peppered with lies , and The Atlantic described Spicers briefing as bizarre . The article referred to the Trump administrations needless lies and noted that Spicers statements appeared to involve a deliberate attempt to mislead . Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post gave Spicers claims four Pinocchios , writing that he was so appalled by the press secretarys performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four . Trumps team defended Spicers statements . White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicers conference was to call out what he called dishonesty in the media and their obsession with delegitimizing the president . Trumps campaign strategist and counselor , Kellyanne Conway , told NBCs Chuck Todd that Trumps inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving alternative facts . Todd responded by saying , Alternative facts are not facts . They are falsehoods . First official press conference . Two days later on January 23 , 2017 , Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters . When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration , he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online . He claimed that online viewership must have been in the tens of millions . Spicers argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNNs website . This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left . On February 7 , 2017 , CNN reported that President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicers performance during the first two weeks of the administration . Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer , the network reported . Trump regrets it every day and blames Priebus , a White House source told CNN . His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6 , 2017 . Hitler–Assad controversy . On April 11 , 2017 , Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didnt even sink to using chemical weapons . His remarks were widely criticized , especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover . Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust , instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas . Amid calls for his resignation , Spicer apologized the next day . Relationship with White House press corps . As White House press secretary , Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps . In February 2017 , the White House selectively blocked several news outletsincluding the BBC , CNN , The New York Times , Los Angeles Times and Politicofrom an off-camera briefing ( or gaggle ) with Spicer , a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned , as well as by the White House Correspondents Association . The Washington Post wrote that the barring of the outlets was a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trumps escalating war against the media . Reporters from the Associated Press and Time magazine were admitted to the briefing , but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists . Defendant in Twitter lawsuit . On July 11 , 2017 , Spicer , along with Donald Trump , and Dan Scavino ( the White House director of social media ) , was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S . federal court in Manhattan . The suit , Knight First Amendment Institute v . Trump , alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trumps Twitter content . Resignation . On July 21 , 2017 , Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary . He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director . In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement , Spicer had sought a more strategic communications role in the White House . Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicers performance as White House Press Secretary . According to The New York Times , Trump asked Spicer to stay on , but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he vehemently disagreed with the appointment of Scaramucci . In a tweet , Spicer said that it has been an honor and a privilege to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House , through August 2017 . His new position was not identified . Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day . Post-White House activities . After several low-profile months , Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17 , spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner the largest audience to witness an Emmys , period . The following week he gave an interview to The New York Times and appeared on Good Morning America . Also , it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did , saw , and heard , filling numerous notebooks . The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller . Spicer announced in December 2017 on The Sean Hannity Show that he would release a book , , in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration . On July 31 , 2019 , President Trump announced his intention to appoint Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy . Spicer is one of seven members on the board appointed by the President . In August 2019 , Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars . This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News . One ABC employee told CNN journalist Oliver Darcy : Its a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House . Spicer responded by saying that Dancing is an entertainment show . I look forward to having some fun . And if people are looking for news , I suggest they tune into a news program . On the first installment of this edition of the popular celebrity reality competition , Spicer wore a bright lime green shirt with ruffles while his dancing partners dress prominently featured pineapples as they engaged in a salsa dance , garnering widespread media coverage . Starting in March 2020 , Spicer hosts a political talk show for the channel Newsmax TV called Spicer & Co . Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , Forbes warned corporations against hiring Spicer and other Trump propagandists , stating that Forbes will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie . Spicer attended the farewell event for President Trump on January 20 , 2021 , at Joint Base Andrews . Personal life . On November 13 , 2004 , Spicer married Rebecca Miller , at the time a television producer , at St . Albans Episcopal Church in Washington , D.C . Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria , Virginia . They have two children . His wife is senior vice president , communications and public affairs , for the National Beer Wholesalers Association . He is Roman Catholic . In popular culture . Several commentators have compared Spicer to Baghdad Bob , Information Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . Spicers frequently combative press conferences were satirized four times on Saturday Night Live in 2017 , with actress Melissa McCarthy playing the role of Spicer . Her portrayal was described by a staff writer at The Atlantic as genius , mixing energy and weaponized hostility . Spicer stated that he found the skits funny , but suggested that McCarthy could dial back a bit . |
[
"Interscope Records"
] | easy | What was the record label of Fergie (singer) from 2008 to 2017? | /wiki/Fergie_(singer)#P264#0 | Fergie ( singer ) Fergie Duhamel ( ; born Stacy Ann Ferguson ; March 27 , 1975 ) , known professionally as Fergie , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . She first achieved chart success as part of the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas . Her debut solo album , The Dutchess ( 2006 ) , saw commercial success and spawned three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : London Bridge , Glamorous , and Big Girls Dont Cry . Although she vocally incorporates rapping into her performances , she does not consider herself a rapper . Fergie was originally a member of the childrens television series Kids Incorporated and the girl group Wild Orchid . In 2001 , she left the group and in the subsequent year joined the Black Eyed Peas . She worked with the Black Eyed Peas on two albums before releasing her debut solo album , The Dutchess , in 2006 . She continued her collaboration with the Black Eyed Peas and released a further two albums with them , The E.N.D . ( 2009 ) and The Beginning ( 2010 ) . Fergie began touring with her own group in 2009 . Her second solo album , Double Dutchess , was released in 2017 . Fergie has additionally appeared in a number of films including Poseidon ( 2006 ) , Grindhouse ( 2007 ) , and Nine ( 2009 ) . She launched her first fragrance , Outspoken , under Avon in May 2010 and has since released four more fragrances . Early life . Stacy Ann Fergie Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights , California , to Terri ( née Gore ) and Jon Patrick Ferguson . Her ancestry includes English , Irish , Mexican , and Scottish . She has a younger sister named Dana Ferguson . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A . Wilson High School . She was a cheerleader , straight-A student , spelling bee champion , and Girl Scout . Career . 1984–2002 : Television , acting and Wild Orchid . Fergie studied dance and began to do voiceover work ; she provided the voice for Sally in two made-for-television Peanuts cartoons , Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) and Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) , as well as on four episodes of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show . From 1984 to 1989 , she starred on the TV show Kids Incorporated and was the longest running cast member ; she starred in the first six of the shows nine seasons . Fergie was a member of the female trio Wild Orchid , which she fronted with Stefanie Ridel and fellow Kids Incorporated star Renee Sandstrom . By 1992 , the girls began meeting with record labels , but they still could not get a recording contract . They eventually signed a music publishing deal with Sony Publishing before signing a record contract with RCA Records in 1994 . In April 2007 , she gave an interview in which she admitted that she went on a sex and drugs spree when she turned eighteen , saying : I have had lesbian experiences in the past . I wont say how many men Ive had sex with—but I am a very sexual person . Wild Orchid released their self-titled debut album in March 1997 , which debuted at #153 on the Billboard 200 . In September 1998 , they released their second album , Oxygen , which was a commercial failure , only selling 200,000 copies worldwide . From June 16 to August 28 , 1999 , they opened for Chers Do You Believe ? tour alongside Cyndi Lauper , which took them to 52 cities across the United States and Canada . They completed a third album , which their record label declined to release , and Fergie left the group in September 2001 . In 2006 , Fergie told Entertainment Weekly that both frustrations with the bands image and personal drug problems led her to leave Wild Orchid . 2003–2006 : Success with the Black Eyed Peas . The Black Eyed Peas were recording their third album , Elephunk ( 2003 ) , when will.i.am invited Fergie to try out for a song called Shut Up . She secured the gig and instantly bonded with the trio , going on to record five additional songs on the album . The following spring , shortly before Elephunk came out , Interscope chairman Jimmy Iovine offered Fergie a permanent spot to take over vocal duties and fill the void left by background singer Kim Hills departure in 2000 . In a positive review of the Black Eyed Peas new-found style , Rolling Stone noted that since 2002 , when the group hired a blond bombshell named Stacy Fergie Ferguson and gave up their pursuit of backpack-rapper cred , they have made a kind of spiritual practice of recording futuristic songs – a total aesthetic commitment that extends from their garish wardrobes to their United Colors of Benetton worldview . From Elephunk came Where is the Love? , which became the Black Eyed Peas first major hit : it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in several other countries . The album subsequently spawned Shut Up , which topped the charts in many markets . The third single from the album , Hey Mama , reached the top 10 in several European countries and later peaked at number twenty-three in the United States in 2004 . Their next album , Monkey Business , was released on June 7 , 2005 , and debuted at number two on the U.S . Billboard 200 albums chart , selling over 295,000 copies in its first week and was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA . Their next and last commercially released single from the album was Pump It , which borrows much of its sound from Misirlou , specifically Dick Dales version ; it peaked at number 8 in Australia but 18 in America . The albums first single , Dont Phunk with My Heart , was a hit in the United States , reaching number three on the U.S . Hot 100 and earned them another Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group . Dont Lie , the second single from the album , saw success on the U.S . Hot 100 , reaching No . 14 , although becoming somewhat more successful in the UK and Australia , reaching a peak of No.6 in both countries . My Humps , another song from the album , immediately achieved commercial success in the U.S . and fairly substantial radio play despite the sexually suggestive lyrics , reaching number three on the U.S . Hot 100 and number one in Australia , making it their fourth Australian number one single . However , many mocked the song for its poor lyrical content ; John Bush , writing for AllMusic , described it as one of the most embarrassing rap performances of the new millennium . Later in 2005 , the Black Eyed Peas toured with Gwen Stefani , as supporting act . In December 2005 , they embarked on the European Tour . In March 2006 , the Black Eyed Peas toured again , as the featured headliner for the Honda Civic Tour . 2006–2008 : The Dutchess . Fergies debut solo album , The Dutchess , was released in September 2006 . It was initially recorded in 2005 . The songs on the album are from a seven-year period , but [ Interscope CEO ] Jimmy Iovine heard some [ tracks ] and was like , This is great , lets put it out . One of the albums executive producers and fellow Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am stated that she was writing about her personal struggles and casting her demons away and feminine power . [ Its ] her singing for young girls to be strong , and what theyre going through in life , just growing up in this world of uncertainty . London Bridge was released as the albums lead single on July 18 , 2006 to radio stations and on August 7 , 2006 on the iTunes Store . The urban pop track caused controversy due to its double entendre title , but became a huge success , topping the Billboard Hot 100 ( for three weeks ) and New Zealand charts , while also reaching the top-ten in over twelve countries . The music video for the song features the Black Eyed Peas members as well as Fergie on the Tower Bridge , among other scenes . The following single , Fergalicious , was released on October 23 , 2006 . The track , which features will.i.am , managed to reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , the top-five in Australia and New Zealand , although it peaked lower than London Bridge in Europe . Its music video features Fergie as Willy Wonka in a candy factory . Glamorous was released as the third single from the album , on February 20 , 2007 . The track , which features Ludacris , became another number-one single for Fergie in the United States , and also reached the top-ten in over seven countries . The fourth single , Big Girls Dont Cry , was released on May 22 , 2007 . The ballad became a huge success worldwide , topping the charts of ten countries , including Australia , Canada and the United States ; it was also the albums most successful single in Europe . The music video for the song features American actor Milo Ventimiglia as her love interest . Clumsy was then selected to be the fifth and final single of the album . It was released on September 25 , 2007 and became a top-ten hit in five countries , including in Australia and the United States , becoming her fifth consecutive top-five hit in the U.S . In December 2007 , Blender picked Fergie as their woman of the year . In 2007 , the Black Eyed Peas embarked on the Black Blue & You World Tour and visited more than 20 countries . Fergie returned to acting in 2006 , appearing as a lounge singer in the Poseidon remake . She later had supporting roles in 2007s Grindhouse and the 2009 musical film Nine . Fergie and other members of the cast of Nine received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination for their performance in that film . On December 31 , 2006 , Fergie began hosting Dick Clarks New Years Rockin Eve on ABC for the pre-taped Hollywood segments after the New Year Ball came down in Times Square . 2009–2012 : Continued success with the Black Eyed Peas . In early 2009 , Fergie and the group left A&M Records ; both remained with Interscope Records . The groups fifth studio album , The E.N.D ( The Energy Never Dies ) , was released on June 9 , 2009 . The overall sound of the album has a more electro hop beat rather than the usual hip pop/R&B feeling of their previous albums . In its first week , the album sold 304,000 copies and debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . They released Boom Boom Pow as the lead single from their fifth album , The E.N.D. , in March 2009 . It went to number one in the United States and became the groups first chart topper . As of March 2011 , the album has sold over 3,000,000 copies in the US alone . In France , the album proved to be very successful . It spent 55 weeks inside of the top 10 with 11 at No . 1 . They subsequently released a second single from the album , I Gotta Feeling , which proved an even greater success than the first : it moved from number two behind Boom Boom Pow to the top spot in July , and stayed for 14 straight weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , the longest stay at the top of 2009 . The two hit singles back to back kept the Black Eyed Peas on the top for 26 consecutive weeks , from April 18 through October 16 . Meet Me Halfway was released as the third single from the album in September 2009 . The single reached number one in the United Kingdom and Australia . It also peaked at seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . In October 2009 , Fergie became a part owner of the National Football Leagues Miami Dolphins . Imma Be was released as the fourth single ; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks . Rock That Body was then released as the fifth single and reached number nine on the U.S . charts . In September 2009 , the group embarked on The E.N.D World Tour , visiting Japan , Thailand , Malaysia , Australia and New Zealand . In October 2009 , they also were the opening acts for 5 concerts of the U2 360° Tour North America leg . The group performed at the Grammys on January 31 , 2010 . They performed a mash-up of Imma Be/I Gotta Feeling . They won 3 out of the 6 awards they were nominated for including Best Pop Vocal Album for The E.N.D. , Best Pop VocalPerformance by a Group for I Gotta Feeling and Best Short Form Video for Boom Boom Pow . On July 27 , 2010 , the Black Eyed Peas released a remix album : . It was released on iTunes in Canada only , during the Canadian leg of The E.N.D World Tour . It mostly features remixes of the singles taken from The E.N.D . It also features a remix of Lets Get It Started taken from Elephunk ; the remix was also a bonus track on the deluxe edition of The E.N.D. . She launched her debut fragrance , Outspoken , under Avon in May 2010 . Her performance of Gimme Shelter with Mick Jagger and U2 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 25th Anniversary in 2010 has over 13 million views . Their sixth studio album , The Beginning , was released on November 30 , 2010 , and received mixed reviews . The albums first single release was called The Time ( Dirty Bit ) . In January 2011 , she began appearing in Dr Pepper Cherry commercials . Just Cant Get Enough , the albums second single , was released on February 18 , 2011 . The music video was released on March 16 , 2011 , and it was filmed in Tokyo , one week before the earthquake and the tsunami . The video was directed by Ben Mor . The groups third single was Dont Stop the Party and it was released on May 10 , 2011 . On the same day , a music video for the song was released on iTunes , along with the single . The video , which is directed by Ben Mor , features on stage and backstage footage of the group during The E.N.D . World Tour in 2009–10 . The video premiered on Vevo on May 12 , 2011 . On May 22 , the group appeared on the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and won 1 of their 4 nominations , for Top Duo/Group . On the July 6 , 2011 during a concert at Alton Towers in Staffordshire , the Black Eyed Peas announced they are taking an indefinite hiatus following the completion of their current tour , as they did between 2005 and 2009 . On September 22 , Fergie visited Madame Tussauds for the unveiling of her wax figure in Las Vegas , Nevada . In May 2010 , she launched her first fragrance , Outspoken by Fergie , under direct selling beauty and cosmetics company , Avon and release more fragrances in her Outspoken line , including Outspoken Intense in 2011 , Viva by Fergie in 2012 , Outspoken Fresh in 2013 and Outspoken Party ! in 2015 . Her tagline to her fragrance line is Say What You Mean It . 2013–present : Double Dutchess . In 2013 , Fergie announced that she had begun writing her second solo studio album . In April , Fergie received the Always Next , Forever Now award from Logo TV in recognition of her work in the LGBT community . The same year , Fergie filed a claim at the Los Angeles County Superior Court to legally change her name to Fergie Duhamel and take the last name of her husband , Josh Duhamel . On January 6 , 2014 , it was announced , again , that Fergie was beginning the process of her second studio album . She stated in an interview with radio host Ryan Seacrest that will.i.am would be handling the production , with a release through Interscope . In September 2014 , it was announced that Fergies second studio album had been slated for a 2015 release . A new single from Fergie , titled L.A . Love ( La La ) , was released to contemporary hit radio on September 30 , 2014 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 97 and peaked at number 27 . It also reached number 16 on the Rhythmic Songs , number eight on Hot Rap Songs , number 24 on the Digital Songs and number 20 on the Pop Songs radio chart . On April 22 , 2015 , the singer performed a song with the Black Eyed Peas at the 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival as part of David Guettas set . Fergie announced in June 2015 that she was putting the finishing touches on the album , titled Double Dutchess . A teaser for the album titled Hungry ( 1st Byte ) was released on June 9 , 2016 . On July 1 , she released a new single , titled M.I.L.F . $ . Fergie was inspired to write the song after the birth of her son , Axl . The music video was conceptualized by Fergie and features a group of famous mothers as lingerie-clad 1950s housewives . On November 11 , 2016 , Fergie released the third single from the album , Life Goes On . In November 2016 , during a live Facebook chat , Fergie confirmed that the album would see its release in 2017 . In May 2017 , it was announced that Fergie had parted ways—by mutual decision—with Interscope and would launch her own imprint , Dutchess Music , as part of a global partnership with BMG Rights Management . On June 2 , 2017 , a Billboard article rumored that Fergie was departing from the Black Eyed Peas . Band frontman will.i.am dismissed this , but stated that Fergie was taking a break from the group opting to concentrate on her solo career whilst the remaining members are working on a side project . The pre-order of Double Dutchess was made available on August 25 , 2017 , along with instant downloads of Hungry and You Already Know , collaborations with Rick Ross and Nicki Minaj respectively , with the latter being the fourth single from the album . On September 16 , 2017 , Fergie performed a solo set live from the Rock in Rio stage in Rio de Janeiro for over a hundred thousand people with surprise guests Pabllo Vittar , Sergio Mendes and Gracinha Leporace . Double Dutchess was finally released on September 22 , 2017 . On February 18 , 2018 , will.i.am confirmed Fergies departure from the band in an interview with the Daily Star . At the 2018 NBA All-Star Game , Fergie performed a controversial rendition of The Star-Spangled Banner , which People described as a slowed-down jazzy rendition and Deadline reported it as being bluesy and breathy . She would later acknowledge that clearly this rendition didnt strike the intended tone . Personal life . Fergie began dating Josh Duhamel in September 2004 , after she met him when she and the Black Eyed Peas filmed a cameo for an episode of Duhamels show Las Vegas . Fergie and Duhamel became engaged in December 2007 ; they married in a Catholic ceremony on January 10 , 2009 . They have one son , Axl Jack Duhamel , born on August 29 , 2013 . On September 14 , 2017 , Fergie and Duhamel announced that they had separated earlier that year . On June 1 , 2019 , the couple filed for divorce after two years of separation . The divorce was finalized in November 2019 . Substance abuse . While performing with Wild Orchid , Fergie developed an addiction to crystal methamphetamine , which followed her after she left the group in 2001 . In September 2006 , Fergie talked with Time magazine about quitting her crystal meth addiction . It was the hardest boyfriend I ever had to break up with , she said . Its the drug thats addicting . But its why you start doing it in the first place thats interesting . A lot of it was being a child actor ; I learned to suppress feelings . Fergie has stated in several interviews that she is an avid user of hypnotherapy , which she used to overcome her crystal meth addiction and to relax . Discography . - Studio albums - The Dutchess ( 2006 ) - Double Dutchess ( 2017 ) Tours . - Verizon VIP Tour ( 2007 ) |
[
"BMG Rights Management"
] | easy | What was the record label of Fergie (singer) from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Fergie_(singer)#P264#1 | Fergie ( singer ) Fergie Duhamel ( ; born Stacy Ann Ferguson ; March 27 , 1975 ) , known professionally as Fergie , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . She first achieved chart success as part of the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas . Her debut solo album , The Dutchess ( 2006 ) , saw commercial success and spawned three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : London Bridge , Glamorous , and Big Girls Dont Cry . Although she vocally incorporates rapping into her performances , she does not consider herself a rapper . Fergie was originally a member of the childrens television series Kids Incorporated and the girl group Wild Orchid . In 2001 , she left the group and in the subsequent year joined the Black Eyed Peas . She worked with the Black Eyed Peas on two albums before releasing her debut solo album , The Dutchess , in 2006 . She continued her collaboration with the Black Eyed Peas and released a further two albums with them , The E.N.D . ( 2009 ) and The Beginning ( 2010 ) . Fergie began touring with her own group in 2009 . Her second solo album , Double Dutchess , was released in 2017 . Fergie has additionally appeared in a number of films including Poseidon ( 2006 ) , Grindhouse ( 2007 ) , and Nine ( 2009 ) . She launched her first fragrance , Outspoken , under Avon in May 2010 and has since released four more fragrances . Early life . Stacy Ann Fergie Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights , California , to Terri ( née Gore ) and Jon Patrick Ferguson . Her ancestry includes English , Irish , Mexican , and Scottish . She has a younger sister named Dana Ferguson . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A . Wilson High School . She was a cheerleader , straight-A student , spelling bee champion , and Girl Scout . Career . 1984–2002 : Television , acting and Wild Orchid . Fergie studied dance and began to do voiceover work ; she provided the voice for Sally in two made-for-television Peanuts cartoons , Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) and Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) , as well as on four episodes of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show . From 1984 to 1989 , she starred on the TV show Kids Incorporated and was the longest running cast member ; she starred in the first six of the shows nine seasons . Fergie was a member of the female trio Wild Orchid , which she fronted with Stefanie Ridel and fellow Kids Incorporated star Renee Sandstrom . By 1992 , the girls began meeting with record labels , but they still could not get a recording contract . They eventually signed a music publishing deal with Sony Publishing before signing a record contract with RCA Records in 1994 . In April 2007 , she gave an interview in which she admitted that she went on a sex and drugs spree when she turned eighteen , saying : I have had lesbian experiences in the past . I wont say how many men Ive had sex with—but I am a very sexual person . Wild Orchid released their self-titled debut album in March 1997 , which debuted at #153 on the Billboard 200 . In September 1998 , they released their second album , Oxygen , which was a commercial failure , only selling 200,000 copies worldwide . From June 16 to August 28 , 1999 , they opened for Chers Do You Believe ? tour alongside Cyndi Lauper , which took them to 52 cities across the United States and Canada . They completed a third album , which their record label declined to release , and Fergie left the group in September 2001 . In 2006 , Fergie told Entertainment Weekly that both frustrations with the bands image and personal drug problems led her to leave Wild Orchid . 2003–2006 : Success with the Black Eyed Peas . The Black Eyed Peas were recording their third album , Elephunk ( 2003 ) , when will.i.am invited Fergie to try out for a song called Shut Up . She secured the gig and instantly bonded with the trio , going on to record five additional songs on the album . The following spring , shortly before Elephunk came out , Interscope chairman Jimmy Iovine offered Fergie a permanent spot to take over vocal duties and fill the void left by background singer Kim Hills departure in 2000 . In a positive review of the Black Eyed Peas new-found style , Rolling Stone noted that since 2002 , when the group hired a blond bombshell named Stacy Fergie Ferguson and gave up their pursuit of backpack-rapper cred , they have made a kind of spiritual practice of recording futuristic songs – a total aesthetic commitment that extends from their garish wardrobes to their United Colors of Benetton worldview . From Elephunk came Where is the Love? , which became the Black Eyed Peas first major hit : it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in several other countries . The album subsequently spawned Shut Up , which topped the charts in many markets . The third single from the album , Hey Mama , reached the top 10 in several European countries and later peaked at number twenty-three in the United States in 2004 . Their next album , Monkey Business , was released on June 7 , 2005 , and debuted at number two on the U.S . Billboard 200 albums chart , selling over 295,000 copies in its first week and was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA . Their next and last commercially released single from the album was Pump It , which borrows much of its sound from Misirlou , specifically Dick Dales version ; it peaked at number 8 in Australia but 18 in America . The albums first single , Dont Phunk with My Heart , was a hit in the United States , reaching number three on the U.S . Hot 100 and earned them another Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group . Dont Lie , the second single from the album , saw success on the U.S . Hot 100 , reaching No . 14 , although becoming somewhat more successful in the UK and Australia , reaching a peak of No.6 in both countries . My Humps , another song from the album , immediately achieved commercial success in the U.S . and fairly substantial radio play despite the sexually suggestive lyrics , reaching number three on the U.S . Hot 100 and number one in Australia , making it their fourth Australian number one single . However , many mocked the song for its poor lyrical content ; John Bush , writing for AllMusic , described it as one of the most embarrassing rap performances of the new millennium . Later in 2005 , the Black Eyed Peas toured with Gwen Stefani , as supporting act . In December 2005 , they embarked on the European Tour . In March 2006 , the Black Eyed Peas toured again , as the featured headliner for the Honda Civic Tour . 2006–2008 : The Dutchess . Fergies debut solo album , The Dutchess , was released in September 2006 . It was initially recorded in 2005 . The songs on the album are from a seven-year period , but [ Interscope CEO ] Jimmy Iovine heard some [ tracks ] and was like , This is great , lets put it out . One of the albums executive producers and fellow Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am stated that she was writing about her personal struggles and casting her demons away and feminine power . [ Its ] her singing for young girls to be strong , and what theyre going through in life , just growing up in this world of uncertainty . London Bridge was released as the albums lead single on July 18 , 2006 to radio stations and on August 7 , 2006 on the iTunes Store . The urban pop track caused controversy due to its double entendre title , but became a huge success , topping the Billboard Hot 100 ( for three weeks ) and New Zealand charts , while also reaching the top-ten in over twelve countries . The music video for the song features the Black Eyed Peas members as well as Fergie on the Tower Bridge , among other scenes . The following single , Fergalicious , was released on October 23 , 2006 . The track , which features will.i.am , managed to reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , the top-five in Australia and New Zealand , although it peaked lower than London Bridge in Europe . Its music video features Fergie as Willy Wonka in a candy factory . Glamorous was released as the third single from the album , on February 20 , 2007 . The track , which features Ludacris , became another number-one single for Fergie in the United States , and also reached the top-ten in over seven countries . The fourth single , Big Girls Dont Cry , was released on May 22 , 2007 . The ballad became a huge success worldwide , topping the charts of ten countries , including Australia , Canada and the United States ; it was also the albums most successful single in Europe . The music video for the song features American actor Milo Ventimiglia as her love interest . Clumsy was then selected to be the fifth and final single of the album . It was released on September 25 , 2007 and became a top-ten hit in five countries , including in Australia and the United States , becoming her fifth consecutive top-five hit in the U.S . In December 2007 , Blender picked Fergie as their woman of the year . In 2007 , the Black Eyed Peas embarked on the Black Blue & You World Tour and visited more than 20 countries . Fergie returned to acting in 2006 , appearing as a lounge singer in the Poseidon remake . She later had supporting roles in 2007s Grindhouse and the 2009 musical film Nine . Fergie and other members of the cast of Nine received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination for their performance in that film . On December 31 , 2006 , Fergie began hosting Dick Clarks New Years Rockin Eve on ABC for the pre-taped Hollywood segments after the New Year Ball came down in Times Square . 2009–2012 : Continued success with the Black Eyed Peas . In early 2009 , Fergie and the group left A&M Records ; both remained with Interscope Records . The groups fifth studio album , The E.N.D ( The Energy Never Dies ) , was released on June 9 , 2009 . The overall sound of the album has a more electro hop beat rather than the usual hip pop/R&B feeling of their previous albums . In its first week , the album sold 304,000 copies and debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . They released Boom Boom Pow as the lead single from their fifth album , The E.N.D. , in March 2009 . It went to number one in the United States and became the groups first chart topper . As of March 2011 , the album has sold over 3,000,000 copies in the US alone . In France , the album proved to be very successful . It spent 55 weeks inside of the top 10 with 11 at No . 1 . They subsequently released a second single from the album , I Gotta Feeling , which proved an even greater success than the first : it moved from number two behind Boom Boom Pow to the top spot in July , and stayed for 14 straight weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , the longest stay at the top of 2009 . The two hit singles back to back kept the Black Eyed Peas on the top for 26 consecutive weeks , from April 18 through October 16 . Meet Me Halfway was released as the third single from the album in September 2009 . The single reached number one in the United Kingdom and Australia . It also peaked at seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . In October 2009 , Fergie became a part owner of the National Football Leagues Miami Dolphins . Imma Be was released as the fourth single ; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks . Rock That Body was then released as the fifth single and reached number nine on the U.S . charts . In September 2009 , the group embarked on The E.N.D World Tour , visiting Japan , Thailand , Malaysia , Australia and New Zealand . In October 2009 , they also were the opening acts for 5 concerts of the U2 360° Tour North America leg . The group performed at the Grammys on January 31 , 2010 . They performed a mash-up of Imma Be/I Gotta Feeling . They won 3 out of the 6 awards they were nominated for including Best Pop Vocal Album for The E.N.D. , Best Pop VocalPerformance by a Group for I Gotta Feeling and Best Short Form Video for Boom Boom Pow . On July 27 , 2010 , the Black Eyed Peas released a remix album : . It was released on iTunes in Canada only , during the Canadian leg of The E.N.D World Tour . It mostly features remixes of the singles taken from The E.N.D . It also features a remix of Lets Get It Started taken from Elephunk ; the remix was also a bonus track on the deluxe edition of The E.N.D. . She launched her debut fragrance , Outspoken , under Avon in May 2010 . Her performance of Gimme Shelter with Mick Jagger and U2 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 25th Anniversary in 2010 has over 13 million views . Their sixth studio album , The Beginning , was released on November 30 , 2010 , and received mixed reviews . The albums first single release was called The Time ( Dirty Bit ) . In January 2011 , she began appearing in Dr Pepper Cherry commercials . Just Cant Get Enough , the albums second single , was released on February 18 , 2011 . The music video was released on March 16 , 2011 , and it was filmed in Tokyo , one week before the earthquake and the tsunami . The video was directed by Ben Mor . The groups third single was Dont Stop the Party and it was released on May 10 , 2011 . On the same day , a music video for the song was released on iTunes , along with the single . The video , which is directed by Ben Mor , features on stage and backstage footage of the group during The E.N.D . World Tour in 2009–10 . The video premiered on Vevo on May 12 , 2011 . On May 22 , the group appeared on the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and won 1 of their 4 nominations , for Top Duo/Group . On the July 6 , 2011 during a concert at Alton Towers in Staffordshire , the Black Eyed Peas announced they are taking an indefinite hiatus following the completion of their current tour , as they did between 2005 and 2009 . On September 22 , Fergie visited Madame Tussauds for the unveiling of her wax figure in Las Vegas , Nevada . In May 2010 , she launched her first fragrance , Outspoken by Fergie , under direct selling beauty and cosmetics company , Avon and release more fragrances in her Outspoken line , including Outspoken Intense in 2011 , Viva by Fergie in 2012 , Outspoken Fresh in 2013 and Outspoken Party ! in 2015 . Her tagline to her fragrance line is Say What You Mean It . 2013–present : Double Dutchess . In 2013 , Fergie announced that she had begun writing her second solo studio album . In April , Fergie received the Always Next , Forever Now award from Logo TV in recognition of her work in the LGBT community . The same year , Fergie filed a claim at the Los Angeles County Superior Court to legally change her name to Fergie Duhamel and take the last name of her husband , Josh Duhamel . On January 6 , 2014 , it was announced , again , that Fergie was beginning the process of her second studio album . She stated in an interview with radio host Ryan Seacrest that will.i.am would be handling the production , with a release through Interscope . In September 2014 , it was announced that Fergies second studio album had been slated for a 2015 release . A new single from Fergie , titled L.A . Love ( La La ) , was released to contemporary hit radio on September 30 , 2014 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 97 and peaked at number 27 . It also reached number 16 on the Rhythmic Songs , number eight on Hot Rap Songs , number 24 on the Digital Songs and number 20 on the Pop Songs radio chart . On April 22 , 2015 , the singer performed a song with the Black Eyed Peas at the 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival as part of David Guettas set . Fergie announced in June 2015 that she was putting the finishing touches on the album , titled Double Dutchess . A teaser for the album titled Hungry ( 1st Byte ) was released on June 9 , 2016 . On July 1 , she released a new single , titled M.I.L.F . $ . Fergie was inspired to write the song after the birth of her son , Axl . The music video was conceptualized by Fergie and features a group of famous mothers as lingerie-clad 1950s housewives . On November 11 , 2016 , Fergie released the third single from the album , Life Goes On . In November 2016 , during a live Facebook chat , Fergie confirmed that the album would see its release in 2017 . In May 2017 , it was announced that Fergie had parted ways—by mutual decision—with Interscope and would launch her own imprint , Dutchess Music , as part of a global partnership with BMG Rights Management . On June 2 , 2017 , a Billboard article rumored that Fergie was departing from the Black Eyed Peas . Band frontman will.i.am dismissed this , but stated that Fergie was taking a break from the group opting to concentrate on her solo career whilst the remaining members are working on a side project . The pre-order of Double Dutchess was made available on August 25 , 2017 , along with instant downloads of Hungry and You Already Know , collaborations with Rick Ross and Nicki Minaj respectively , with the latter being the fourth single from the album . On September 16 , 2017 , Fergie performed a solo set live from the Rock in Rio stage in Rio de Janeiro for over a hundred thousand people with surprise guests Pabllo Vittar , Sergio Mendes and Gracinha Leporace . Double Dutchess was finally released on September 22 , 2017 . On February 18 , 2018 , will.i.am confirmed Fergies departure from the band in an interview with the Daily Star . At the 2018 NBA All-Star Game , Fergie performed a controversial rendition of The Star-Spangled Banner , which People described as a slowed-down jazzy rendition and Deadline reported it as being bluesy and breathy . She would later acknowledge that clearly this rendition didnt strike the intended tone . Personal life . Fergie began dating Josh Duhamel in September 2004 , after she met him when she and the Black Eyed Peas filmed a cameo for an episode of Duhamels show Las Vegas . Fergie and Duhamel became engaged in December 2007 ; they married in a Catholic ceremony on January 10 , 2009 . They have one son , Axl Jack Duhamel , born on August 29 , 2013 . On September 14 , 2017 , Fergie and Duhamel announced that they had separated earlier that year . On June 1 , 2019 , the couple filed for divorce after two years of separation . The divorce was finalized in November 2019 . Substance abuse . While performing with Wild Orchid , Fergie developed an addiction to crystal methamphetamine , which followed her after she left the group in 2001 . In September 2006 , Fergie talked with Time magazine about quitting her crystal meth addiction . It was the hardest boyfriend I ever had to break up with , she said . Its the drug thats addicting . But its why you start doing it in the first place thats interesting . A lot of it was being a child actor ; I learned to suppress feelings . Fergie has stated in several interviews that she is an avid user of hypnotherapy , which she used to overcome her crystal meth addiction and to relax . Discography . - Studio albums - The Dutchess ( 2006 ) - Double Dutchess ( 2017 ) Tours . - Verizon VIP Tour ( 2007 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1675 to 1682? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#0 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Per Larsson Sparre"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1682 to 1692? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#1 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Erik Dahlbergh"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1692 to 1693? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#2 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Johan Siöblad"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1693 to 1710? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#3 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Reinhold Johan von Fersen"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1712 to 1715? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#4 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1715 to 1719? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#5 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1719 to 1724? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#6 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Fredrik Magnus Cronberg"
] | easy | Who was the office holder of Master-General of the Ordnance (Sweden) from 1728 to 1740? | /wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Sweden)#P1308#7 | Master-General of the Ordnance ( Sweden ) Master-General of the Ordnance ( , Gftm ) was in Sweden a chief officer of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1682 to 1865 , then until 1968 in the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . History . In Sweden , the Master-General of the Ordnance ( Generalfälttygmästare ) was an appointment for a member of the Krigskollegium ( Board of Warfare ) from 1675 and the head of the Artillery Office ( Artillerikontoret ) from 1682 to 1794 and from 1807 to 1897 . The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for the central administration of the artillery , the procurement and care of the armys weapons and ammunition , and for the land defence ( lantförsvaret ) stock supplies , the so-called Ordnance Storage ( Tygförrådet ) . Earlier , he was called Riksfälttygsmästare . Between 1782 and 1865 , the Master-General of the Ordnance was the head of the Ordnance Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration , with , among others , the Deputy Chief of Ordnance and two Tygmästare ( Master of the Ordnance ) of regimental officers or captains rank , as subordinates . The Master-General of the Ordnance was head of the artillery until 1898 . That year a change was carried out through which the artillery regiments and corps were placed under the command of the commander of each army division , while the Master-General of the Ordnance retained the command over the Artillery Staff and the artillery workshops and ordnance staff . However , he still had the obligation to inspect the artillerys exercises , and his complete title was therefore the Master-General of the Ordnance and Inspector of Artillery . He also served as head of the Artillery Department of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration . As Inspector , he was responsible for the artillery in the same way as the Inspectors of the Infantry and the Cavalry , and also commanded and supervised the Swedish Army Artillery School ( Artilleriets skjutskola , ArtSS ) . As Master-General of the Ordnance , it was imperative for him to pay constant attention to the improvement of firearms with associated ammunition and equipment , and for that purpose at the Kings request to employ or attempt to arrange for them . Furthermore , he would submit to the King for review and establishing proposals for new or changed weapon designs and more . Finally , he would oversee operations at artillery factories and ordnance establishments and oversee manufacturing of weapons , ammunition and artillery equipment for the needs of the army . To his assistant , the Master-General of the Ordnance and the Inspector of Artillery in the latter capacity had at his disposal certain personnel from the Artillery Staff . This personnel , which together formed the Artillery Inspectorate ( Artilleriinspektionen ) , was made up partly of the head of the Artillery Staff , who also served as commander of the Swedish Army Artillery School , and partly of the chief of staff of the Artillery Inspectorate , a major of the Artillery Staff , with the subordinate Equipment Department and the Inspectors Office Department . The personnel in the departments consisted of Artillery Staff officers and commissioned officers . In 1936 , the Master-General of the Ordnances role as Inspector of Artillery ceased and in 1937 he became the head of the Swedish Army Ordnance Corps . In 1968 the post was eliminated . Masters-General of the Ordnance . - 1682–1692 : Per Larsson Sparre - 1692–1693 : Erik Dahlbergh - 1693–1710 : Johan Siöblad - 1710–1712 : Vacant - 1712–1715 : Reinhold Johan von Fersen - 1715–1719 : Henning Rudolf Horn af Rantzien - 1719–1724 : Hugo Hamilton Hamilton af Hageby - 1724–1728 : Vacant - 1728–1740 : Fredrik Magnus Cronberg - 1741–1754 : Per Siöblad - 1754–1757 : Vacant - 1757–1759 : Thomas Cunninghame - 1759–1761 : Carl Ehrensvärd ( acting ) - 1761–1765 : Carl Funck ( acting ) - 1766–1772 : Anders Reinhold Wrangel - 1772–1781 : Reinhold Anrep - 1781–1784 : Gabriel von Spången ( acting ) - 1784–1791 : Carl Gideon Sinclair - 1791–1800 : Carl Ulrik Silfverschiöld - 1800–1803 : Nils Fredrik Ehrenström - 1803–1807 : Vacant - 1807–1815 : Carl von Helvig - 1816–1821 : Carl von Cardell - 1821–1844 : Crown Prince Oscar - 1828–1834 : Claes Josef Breitholtz - 1844–1849 : Axel Gustaf von Arbin - 1849–1857 : Crown Prince Charles - 1857–1867 : Fabian Wrede af Elimä - 1867–1872 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht ( acting ) - 1872–1874 : Carl Henrik Hägerflycht - 1874–1890 : Carl Leijonhufvud - 1890–1898 : Edvard Julius Breitholtz - 1898–1902 : John Hamilton - 1902–1903 : Gottschalk Geijer - 1903–1915 : Fredrik Johan Leth - 1915–1919 : David Hedengren - 1919–1929 : Lars Sparre - 1929–1934 : Ludvig Hammarskiöld - 1934–1939 : Oscar Osterman - 1939–1949 : Halvar Gustafsson - 1949–1959 : Birger Hedqvist - 1959–1964 : Edward Malm - 1964–1966 : Sten Wåhlin - 1966–1968 : Ove Ljung |
[
"Bury"
] | easy | Which team did the player Colin Bell belong to from 1963 to 1966? | /wiki/Colin_Bell#P54#0 | Colin Bell Colin Bell ( 26 February 1946 – 5 January 2021 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Best known for his thirteen-year spell at Manchester City , he was regarded as one of the clubs finest-ever players , and was part of the Bell–Lee–Summerbee trio in the late 1960s and 1970s . Bell made forty-eight appearances for the England national football team ; he was an unused squad member at UEFA Euro 1968 and played in three matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . During his playing career , he was nicknamed The King of the Kippax ( after Maine Roads Kippax Street terraced stand renowned for its singing ) and Nijinsky ( after the famous racehorse , due to his renowned stamina ) . In 2004 , the West Stand of City of Manchester Stadium was later named in his honour . Club career . Bell began his career at Bury where he was swiftly made club captain . In total , Bell made eighty-two league appearances for Bury ( in three seasons ) and scored twenty-five goals . In 1966 , he moved to Manchester City ( who were managed by Joe Mercer ) for £45,000 . When trying to sign him for Manchester City , assistant manager Malcolm Allison misled other clubs interested in Bell ( including Leicester City ) by claiming that the player was hopeless . Allisons stratagem succeeded as Bell ultimately signed for City . In the 1965–66 season , Bell helped City finish first in the Second Division , earning the team promotion to the First Division . Bell scored the only goal ( via a header ) in a 1–0 victory against Rotherham which ensured promotion . In the 1966–67 season , Bell was Citys top scorer with fourteen league goals in all competitions , and the team finished in fifteenth place in the First Division . Bell scored a hat trick in a 3–1 victory against Stoke City in April that season . In the 1967–68 season , Bell helped City win their second League Championship ( they had won their first in 1937 ) . Bell scored fourteen league goals that season . One of his goals came in the famous 4–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur , at Maine Road , which was dubbed the Ballet on Ice due to the snowy conditions in which the game was played . Mike Summerbee , Tony Coleman and Neil Young scored Citys other goals while Jimmy Greaves scored the goal for Spurs . After the game , legendary centre forward Dixie Dean informed Allison that the City team which had beaten Spurs was the most brilliant side I have ever seen . In the penultimate game of the season , Bell scored twice in a 3–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . In the game , Lee and Summerbee stretched the Spurs defence allowing Bell a clear run at a slowing Dave Mackay which overwhelmed the Scotsman . In the final game of the season , City defeated Newcastle United 4–3 , to clinch the title . Bell assisted Lee with the best pass of the afternoon to score Citys fourth goal . In the 1968–69 season , Bell again scored fourteen league goals as City finished thirteenth in the First Division . Manchester City won the FA Cup that season with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City in the final thanks to a goal by Neil Young . In the 1969–70 season , Bell scored eleven league goals for City , who finished tenth in the league . Manchester City and Bell won two trophies , in 1970 , the League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . City defeated West Bromwich Albion 2–1 in the 1970 Football League Cup Final , in which Mike Doyle and Glyn Pardoe scored Citys goals . City defeated Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in the 1970 European Cup Winners Cup Final with goals from Young and Francis Lee . In the 1970–71 season , Bell scored thirteen goals for City who finished eleventh in the First Division . In the following season , City challenged for the title but ultimately lost out to Derby County and finished fourth in the league . Bell scored thirteen goals that season . In the 1972–73 season , City finished eleventh in the league . In the 1973–74 season , Bell helped City reach the 1974 Football League Cup Final , in which he scored in a 2–1 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Bell played for City in a 1–0 victory against Manchester United in the final game of the season . Denis Law scored the only goal in the game which confirmed Uniteds relegation from the First Division . In the 1974–75 season , Bell scored fifteen league goals . He was named in the 1974–75 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year . In November 1975 , at the age of 29 , Bell severely injured his right knee against Manchester United in a challenge with Martin Buchan during a League Cup match at Maine Road . City went on to win the League Cup that season , defeating Newcastle 2–1 in the 1976 Football League Cup Final . Bells prolonged absence due to his injury was a blow to Don Revie , who quit as manager of England in 1977 . Bell returned to action in a 4–0 victory against Newcastle on Boxing Day in 1977 . His introduction to the game , at half time , was greeted with rapturous applause . However , Bells return to City was fleeting as he left City in the 1978–79 season ; Malcolm Allison , who returned to City for a second spell as manager in 1979 , convinced Bell that it was time to go . The then-chairman Peter Swales described Bell as the finest tuned athlete and irreplaceable . This latter sentiment turned out to be true as Allison was not able to find a trio of talented players of the calibre of Bell , Summerbee and Lee as he had done in the past with Joe Mercer . Bell tried to resurrect his career in 1980 with NASL side San Jose Earthquakes , where he joined former Manchester United player George Best . However , Bell ended up playing only five games for the club before retiring from football altogether . International career . Bell played twice for the England Under 23 team in 1968 . He played in a 2–1 victory against Scotland Under 23 team in which Martin Chivers and Rodney Marsh scored for the England Under 23 team . He also played in a 4–0 victory against the Hungary Under 23 team . Bell scored one of the four goals . The other scorers were Chivers , Marsh and Joe Royle . In the same year , Bell won his first cap for the senior England team against Sweden , where he helped inspire goals from Martin Peters , Bobby Charlton and Roger Hunt in a 3–1 victory . Bell was part of the England squad for UEFA Euro 1968 , which was ultimately won by Italy . England finished third in the tournament after defeating the Soviet Union in the third-place match . In 1969 , Bell distinguished himself in the national team , scoring Englands only goal in a 1–0 victory over the Netherlands in an all-action display . Bell was part of the England squad which toured South America in 1969 . Brian Glanville contended that both Bell and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Alan Mullery excelled on the tour . Bell gave England an early lead in a game against Brazil , but late goals from Tostão and Jairzinho gave Brazil a 2–1 victory . Bell also played in a 2–1 victory against Uruguay on the tour . He also helped England to win the 1968–69 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Wales in which Bobby Charlton and Francis Lee scored Englands goals . 1970 FIFA World Cup . Bell played in the 1969–70 British Home Championship , which was shared between England , Wales and Scotland . He replaced Keith Newton in a 3–1 victory against Northern Ireland . He was subsequently included in the England squad for the World Cup in Mexico . Glanville contends that Bells excellence was threatening Bobby Charltons place in the England team . England were seeking to replicate their performance in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , which they had won . Bells City teammate Francis Lee was also included in the squad . In order to help the players acclimatise to the heat of Mexico , the team staged an intra-squad mini-olympics which saw Bell win every event . In the group stage , Bell came on as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Brazil , in which Jairzinho scored the only goal . Bell added spark to the England offence in the latter stages of the game . Bell started in the next game , a 1–0 victory against Czechoslovakia , in which Allan Clarke scored the only goal . In the quarter-final , Bell replaced Bobby Charlton in a 2–3 defeat to West Germany . England had taken a 2–0 lead in the game through goals from Alan Mullery and Martin Peters . Franz Beckenbauer had pulled a goal back for West Germany before the substitution . Following the substitution of Charlton and another substitution ( Peters was replaced by Norman Hunter ) , the Germans scored twice ( Uwe Seeler and Gerd Müller were the scorers ) . Bell was involved in creating chances for England following his introduction . At one point in the game , Bell sent in a low cross to the near post , but Hurst headed the ball just wide of the far one . At another point in the game , Bell beat Beckenbauer in the German penalty area and was then knocked down by the German player , but England were not awarded a penalty . The substitution was deemed by some to be the negative ( for England ) turning point of the game . However , West Germany scored their first goal before Charlton was substituted , and the fact that the German team at the time had a habit of coming back in games indicates that it was questionable to blame the substitutions for Englands defeat . West Germany were subsequently defeated by Italy 4–3 in the semi final . Italy were eventually defeated 4–1 by Brazil in the final . Charlton asserted that the absence of Gordon Banks ( he was replaced in goal by Peter Bonetti ) through sickness was the most important factor in Englands defeat to the West Germans . Similarly , Glanville argued that had Banks played , England would surely have won . Geoff Hurst stated that to suggest that Colin Bells inclusion weakened the team is patently unfair . Alan Ball described the substitutions as wise given the need to rest players for the prospective semi-final . Failure to qualify after 1970 . Bell also played for England in the 1971–72 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell scored in a 3–0 victory against Wales ( with Rodney Marsh and Emlyn Hughes scoring Englands other goals ) . Bell also captained England ( in Bobby Moores absence ) in a 1–0 defeat to Northern Ireland . In addition , Bell played in a 1–0 victory over Scotland ( in which Alan Ball scored the winner ) . Bell also played in a 3–1 defeat and a 0–0 draw with West Germany in 1972 , which meant that England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 1972 . In the first game , Sepp Maier had spilled a shot from Bell which Lee tapped in to equalise Uli Hoeneß first half goal . However , late goals from Günter Netzer and Gerd Müller secured victory for the West Germans . In November 1972 , Bell cashed in on clever approach work by Alan Ball to score the decisive winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Wales in a World Cup qualification game at Ninian Park . Bell played in the other qualification game against Wales at Wembley , which ended 1–1 . Bell was described as having excellent technique and rated as the best England player in the game as he was always trying to find a way through the packed Welsh defence . In 1973 , Bell scored in the 7–0 demolition of Austria . In the game Bell , along with Martin Peters and Tony Currie dictated the pace and pattern of the match from midfield . Bell also helped England to win the 1972–73 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Northern Ireland , a 3–0 victory against Wales and a 1–0 victory against Scotland . Despite these successes , Bell was upset that he was unable to better make his name on the world stage when England failed to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup . England had needed to defeat Poland to qualify . Polands goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski had been labelled a clown by Brian Clough before the match but turned in a man-of-the-match performance in which he repeatedly denied Englands attackers ( including Bell ) . The only goal that Tomaszewski conceded was an equalizing penalty from Allan Clarke . In drawing the game , Poland qualified for the finals in West Germany at the expense of England . Englands failure led to manager Alf Ramseys departure . Bells former manager at Manchester City , Joe Mercer ( who had left City in 1971 ) , took over as caretaker of the national side and chose Bell to play in every game that he was in charge . Bell also played for England in the 1973–74 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell played in a 2–0 victory against Wales ( in which Stan Bowles and Kevin Keegan were the scorers ) , a 1–0 victory against Northern Ireland and a 2–0 defeat to Scotland . Bell played for England in a 2–2 draw against Argentina in which Mick Channon and Frank Worthington scored for England and Mario Kempes scored twice for Argentina . He was also part of the England squad that toured Eastern Europe in the summer of 1974 . This included a 1–1 draw with East Germany , in which Martin Dobson , ( Colin ) Bell and Trevor Brooking dominated the match in midfield . In the second game of the tour , England defeated Bulgaria 1–0 . The performance of Englands midfield trio ( Bell , Brooking and Dobson ) in the game was described as tremendous . In the last game of the tour ( which was Mercers last game as England manager ) , England drew 2–2 with Yugoslavia . Bell scored a brace in Don Revies first game in charge of England , a 3–0 victory over Czechoslovakia . In Revies third game in charge , Bell helped England defeat the then World Champions , Germany , 2–0 , in 1975 , at the one hundredth international game played at Wembley Stadium . The team that beat the Germans in that game consisted of a forward line-up of Channon , Keegan , Malcolm Macdonald , Alan Hudson and Alan Ball , as well as Bell . Channon commented that he did not understand why Revie did not continue with this line-up which he considered was as good as any forward line England had had since 1970 . In the game against the West Germans , the energy and tackling of Bell and Ball had freed Hudson to show his full range of playmaking skills . Bell also helped England to win the 1974–75 British Home Championship . Bell played in a 0–0 draw with Northern Ireland , a 2–2 draw with Wales and a 5–1 victory against Scotland ( in which he also scored ) . Other international appearances . In January 1973 , Bell played for the New European Common Market ( NECM ) , alongside Peter Storey , Emlyn Hughes , Bobby Moore , Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball , in the match celebrating the admission to the European Common Market of the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . NECM defeated the Old European Common Market ( OECM ) 2–0 . In addition , in March 1974 , Bell scored a goal in a 5–0 victory for The Football League XI against the Scottish Football League XI at Maine Road . Later life . Bell subsequently became a coach for the youth and reserve teams of Manchester City , as well as one of its club ambassadors . He was awarded an MBE in 2004 for services to the community . Bell was diagnosed with bowel cancer shortly after his autobiography , Reluctant Hero , was released in 2005 . He detailed how his mother died from that same disease and was encouraged to have it examined himself . He was operated on within three weeks of the diagnosis . He died on 5 January 2021 at the age of 74 . He suffered from a short illness in the time leading up to his death . Legacy . Bell is regarded as one of Englands finest-ever midfield players , being described by one commentator as the most finished article in the modern game . Bell has been inducted into both the English Football Hall of Fame and the Manchester City Hall of Fame . In 1998 he was selected as one of the Football League 100 Legends . In his foreword to Colin Bells autobiography , Bobby Charlton has stated that Colin Bell was unquestionably a great player . Alan Mullery , another of Bells former England teammates stated that Bell would still be a star in todays football and would fit into any team . Another England teammate of Bells , Kevin Keegan , has stated that Bell had it all . England legend Tom Finney stated that Colin Bell was as good as anything Ive ever seen . George Best described Bell as a brilliant player . Joe Royle described Bell as a phenomenal natural athlete and a wonderful footballer . Journalist Dave Maddock described Bell as possibly the greatest midfield talent England has ever unearthed . In 2003 , Manchester City moved into the new City of Manchester Stadium , and in February 2004 , one of the ends , the west stand , was named after Bell as a tribute . Only three players have scored more goals than Bell for Manchester City in all competitions : Sergio Agüero with 252 goals , Eric Brook with 177 goals and Tommy Johnson with 166 goals . Bell scored 152 goals for Manchester City in all competitions . He was deemed by Goal.com to be Englands twenty-sixth best-ever footballer . He is listed as the greatest-ever City player on the Times website , in Ian Penneys book The Essential History of Manchester City , and in the Manchester Evening News . Honours . Club . Manchester City - Football League First Division : 1967–68 - Football League Second Division : 1965–66 - FA Cup : 1968–69 - FA Charity Shield : 1968 and 1972 - Football League Cup : 1969–70 , 1975–76 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1969–70 International . England - British Home Championship : 1968–69 , 1969–70 ( shared ) , 1971–72 ( shared ) , 1972–73 , 1973–74 ( shared ) , 1974–75 Individual . - Manchester City Player of the Year : 1968 - PFA Football League Division 1 Team of the Year : 1974–75 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Manchester City Hall of Fame : 2004 - English Football Hall of Fame : 2005 Publications . Bell , Colin ; Cheeseman , Ian Colin Bell : Reluctant Hero , Mainstream Publishing References . Specific Bibliography External links . - English Football Hall of Fame - Colin Bells Sweaty Jockstrap |
[
"Manchester City"
] | easy | Which team did Colin Bell play for from 1966 to 1968? | /wiki/Colin_Bell#P54#1 | Colin Bell Colin Bell ( 26 February 1946 – 5 January 2021 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Best known for his thirteen-year spell at Manchester City , he was regarded as one of the clubs finest-ever players , and was part of the Bell–Lee–Summerbee trio in the late 1960s and 1970s . Bell made forty-eight appearances for the England national football team ; he was an unused squad member at UEFA Euro 1968 and played in three matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . During his playing career , he was nicknamed The King of the Kippax ( after Maine Roads Kippax Street terraced stand renowned for its singing ) and Nijinsky ( after the famous racehorse , due to his renowned stamina ) . In 2004 , the West Stand of City of Manchester Stadium was later named in his honour . Club career . Bell began his career at Bury where he was swiftly made club captain . In total , Bell made eighty-two league appearances for Bury ( in three seasons ) and scored twenty-five goals . In 1966 , he moved to Manchester City ( who were managed by Joe Mercer ) for £45,000 . When trying to sign him for Manchester City , assistant manager Malcolm Allison misled other clubs interested in Bell ( including Leicester City ) by claiming that the player was hopeless . Allisons stratagem succeeded as Bell ultimately signed for City . In the 1965–66 season , Bell helped City finish first in the Second Division , earning the team promotion to the First Division . Bell scored the only goal ( via a header ) in a 1–0 victory against Rotherham which ensured promotion . In the 1966–67 season , Bell was Citys top scorer with fourteen league goals in all competitions , and the team finished in fifteenth place in the First Division . Bell scored a hat trick in a 3–1 victory against Stoke City in April that season . In the 1967–68 season , Bell helped City win their second League Championship ( they had won their first in 1937 ) . Bell scored fourteen league goals that season . One of his goals came in the famous 4–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur , at Maine Road , which was dubbed the Ballet on Ice due to the snowy conditions in which the game was played . Mike Summerbee , Tony Coleman and Neil Young scored Citys other goals while Jimmy Greaves scored the goal for Spurs . After the game , legendary centre forward Dixie Dean informed Allison that the City team which had beaten Spurs was the most brilliant side I have ever seen . In the penultimate game of the season , Bell scored twice in a 3–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . In the game , Lee and Summerbee stretched the Spurs defence allowing Bell a clear run at a slowing Dave Mackay which overwhelmed the Scotsman . In the final game of the season , City defeated Newcastle United 4–3 , to clinch the title . Bell assisted Lee with the best pass of the afternoon to score Citys fourth goal . In the 1968–69 season , Bell again scored fourteen league goals as City finished thirteenth in the First Division . Manchester City won the FA Cup that season with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City in the final thanks to a goal by Neil Young . In the 1969–70 season , Bell scored eleven league goals for City , who finished tenth in the league . Manchester City and Bell won two trophies , in 1970 , the League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . City defeated West Bromwich Albion 2–1 in the 1970 Football League Cup Final , in which Mike Doyle and Glyn Pardoe scored Citys goals . City defeated Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in the 1970 European Cup Winners Cup Final with goals from Young and Francis Lee . In the 1970–71 season , Bell scored thirteen goals for City who finished eleventh in the First Division . In the following season , City challenged for the title but ultimately lost out to Derby County and finished fourth in the league . Bell scored thirteen goals that season . In the 1972–73 season , City finished eleventh in the league . In the 1973–74 season , Bell helped City reach the 1974 Football League Cup Final , in which he scored in a 2–1 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Bell played for City in a 1–0 victory against Manchester United in the final game of the season . Denis Law scored the only goal in the game which confirmed Uniteds relegation from the First Division . In the 1974–75 season , Bell scored fifteen league goals . He was named in the 1974–75 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year . In November 1975 , at the age of 29 , Bell severely injured his right knee against Manchester United in a challenge with Martin Buchan during a League Cup match at Maine Road . City went on to win the League Cup that season , defeating Newcastle 2–1 in the 1976 Football League Cup Final . Bells prolonged absence due to his injury was a blow to Don Revie , who quit as manager of England in 1977 . Bell returned to action in a 4–0 victory against Newcastle on Boxing Day in 1977 . His introduction to the game , at half time , was greeted with rapturous applause . However , Bells return to City was fleeting as he left City in the 1978–79 season ; Malcolm Allison , who returned to City for a second spell as manager in 1979 , convinced Bell that it was time to go . The then-chairman Peter Swales described Bell as the finest tuned athlete and irreplaceable . This latter sentiment turned out to be true as Allison was not able to find a trio of talented players of the calibre of Bell , Summerbee and Lee as he had done in the past with Joe Mercer . Bell tried to resurrect his career in 1980 with NASL side San Jose Earthquakes , where he joined former Manchester United player George Best . However , Bell ended up playing only five games for the club before retiring from football altogether . International career . Bell played twice for the England Under 23 team in 1968 . He played in a 2–1 victory against Scotland Under 23 team in which Martin Chivers and Rodney Marsh scored for the England Under 23 team . He also played in a 4–0 victory against the Hungary Under 23 team . Bell scored one of the four goals . The other scorers were Chivers , Marsh and Joe Royle . In the same year , Bell won his first cap for the senior England team against Sweden , where he helped inspire goals from Martin Peters , Bobby Charlton and Roger Hunt in a 3–1 victory . Bell was part of the England squad for UEFA Euro 1968 , which was ultimately won by Italy . England finished third in the tournament after defeating the Soviet Union in the third-place match . In 1969 , Bell distinguished himself in the national team , scoring Englands only goal in a 1–0 victory over the Netherlands in an all-action display . Bell was part of the England squad which toured South America in 1969 . Brian Glanville contended that both Bell and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Alan Mullery excelled on the tour . Bell gave England an early lead in a game against Brazil , but late goals from Tostão and Jairzinho gave Brazil a 2–1 victory . Bell also played in a 2–1 victory against Uruguay on the tour . He also helped England to win the 1968–69 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Wales in which Bobby Charlton and Francis Lee scored Englands goals . 1970 FIFA World Cup . Bell played in the 1969–70 British Home Championship , which was shared between England , Wales and Scotland . He replaced Keith Newton in a 3–1 victory against Northern Ireland . He was subsequently included in the England squad for the World Cup in Mexico . Glanville contends that Bells excellence was threatening Bobby Charltons place in the England team . England were seeking to replicate their performance in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , which they had won . Bells City teammate Francis Lee was also included in the squad . In order to help the players acclimatise to the heat of Mexico , the team staged an intra-squad mini-olympics which saw Bell win every event . In the group stage , Bell came on as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Brazil , in which Jairzinho scored the only goal . Bell added spark to the England offence in the latter stages of the game . Bell started in the next game , a 1–0 victory against Czechoslovakia , in which Allan Clarke scored the only goal . In the quarter-final , Bell replaced Bobby Charlton in a 2–3 defeat to West Germany . England had taken a 2–0 lead in the game through goals from Alan Mullery and Martin Peters . Franz Beckenbauer had pulled a goal back for West Germany before the substitution . Following the substitution of Charlton and another substitution ( Peters was replaced by Norman Hunter ) , the Germans scored twice ( Uwe Seeler and Gerd Müller were the scorers ) . Bell was involved in creating chances for England following his introduction . At one point in the game , Bell sent in a low cross to the near post , but Hurst headed the ball just wide of the far one . At another point in the game , Bell beat Beckenbauer in the German penalty area and was then knocked down by the German player , but England were not awarded a penalty . The substitution was deemed by some to be the negative ( for England ) turning point of the game . However , West Germany scored their first goal before Charlton was substituted , and the fact that the German team at the time had a habit of coming back in games indicates that it was questionable to blame the substitutions for Englands defeat . West Germany were subsequently defeated by Italy 4–3 in the semi final . Italy were eventually defeated 4–1 by Brazil in the final . Charlton asserted that the absence of Gordon Banks ( he was replaced in goal by Peter Bonetti ) through sickness was the most important factor in Englands defeat to the West Germans . Similarly , Glanville argued that had Banks played , England would surely have won . Geoff Hurst stated that to suggest that Colin Bells inclusion weakened the team is patently unfair . Alan Ball described the substitutions as wise given the need to rest players for the prospective semi-final . Failure to qualify after 1970 . Bell also played for England in the 1971–72 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell scored in a 3–0 victory against Wales ( with Rodney Marsh and Emlyn Hughes scoring Englands other goals ) . Bell also captained England ( in Bobby Moores absence ) in a 1–0 defeat to Northern Ireland . In addition , Bell played in a 1–0 victory over Scotland ( in which Alan Ball scored the winner ) . Bell also played in a 3–1 defeat and a 0–0 draw with West Germany in 1972 , which meant that England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 1972 . In the first game , Sepp Maier had spilled a shot from Bell which Lee tapped in to equalise Uli Hoeneß first half goal . However , late goals from Günter Netzer and Gerd Müller secured victory for the West Germans . In November 1972 , Bell cashed in on clever approach work by Alan Ball to score the decisive winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Wales in a World Cup qualification game at Ninian Park . Bell played in the other qualification game against Wales at Wembley , which ended 1–1 . Bell was described as having excellent technique and rated as the best England player in the game as he was always trying to find a way through the packed Welsh defence . In 1973 , Bell scored in the 7–0 demolition of Austria . In the game Bell , along with Martin Peters and Tony Currie dictated the pace and pattern of the match from midfield . Bell also helped England to win the 1972–73 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Northern Ireland , a 3–0 victory against Wales and a 1–0 victory against Scotland . Despite these successes , Bell was upset that he was unable to better make his name on the world stage when England failed to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup . England had needed to defeat Poland to qualify . Polands goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski had been labelled a clown by Brian Clough before the match but turned in a man-of-the-match performance in which he repeatedly denied Englands attackers ( including Bell ) . The only goal that Tomaszewski conceded was an equalizing penalty from Allan Clarke . In drawing the game , Poland qualified for the finals in West Germany at the expense of England . Englands failure led to manager Alf Ramseys departure . Bells former manager at Manchester City , Joe Mercer ( who had left City in 1971 ) , took over as caretaker of the national side and chose Bell to play in every game that he was in charge . Bell also played for England in the 1973–74 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell played in a 2–0 victory against Wales ( in which Stan Bowles and Kevin Keegan were the scorers ) , a 1–0 victory against Northern Ireland and a 2–0 defeat to Scotland . Bell played for England in a 2–2 draw against Argentina in which Mick Channon and Frank Worthington scored for England and Mario Kempes scored twice for Argentina . He was also part of the England squad that toured Eastern Europe in the summer of 1974 . This included a 1–1 draw with East Germany , in which Martin Dobson , ( Colin ) Bell and Trevor Brooking dominated the match in midfield . In the second game of the tour , England defeated Bulgaria 1–0 . The performance of Englands midfield trio ( Bell , Brooking and Dobson ) in the game was described as tremendous . In the last game of the tour ( which was Mercers last game as England manager ) , England drew 2–2 with Yugoslavia . Bell scored a brace in Don Revies first game in charge of England , a 3–0 victory over Czechoslovakia . In Revies third game in charge , Bell helped England defeat the then World Champions , Germany , 2–0 , in 1975 , at the one hundredth international game played at Wembley Stadium . The team that beat the Germans in that game consisted of a forward line-up of Channon , Keegan , Malcolm Macdonald , Alan Hudson and Alan Ball , as well as Bell . Channon commented that he did not understand why Revie did not continue with this line-up which he considered was as good as any forward line England had had since 1970 . In the game against the West Germans , the energy and tackling of Bell and Ball had freed Hudson to show his full range of playmaking skills . Bell also helped England to win the 1974–75 British Home Championship . Bell played in a 0–0 draw with Northern Ireland , a 2–2 draw with Wales and a 5–1 victory against Scotland ( in which he also scored ) . Other international appearances . In January 1973 , Bell played for the New European Common Market ( NECM ) , alongside Peter Storey , Emlyn Hughes , Bobby Moore , Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball , in the match celebrating the admission to the European Common Market of the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . NECM defeated the Old European Common Market ( OECM ) 2–0 . In addition , in March 1974 , Bell scored a goal in a 5–0 victory for The Football League XI against the Scottish Football League XI at Maine Road . Later life . Bell subsequently became a coach for the youth and reserve teams of Manchester City , as well as one of its club ambassadors . He was awarded an MBE in 2004 for services to the community . Bell was diagnosed with bowel cancer shortly after his autobiography , Reluctant Hero , was released in 2005 . He detailed how his mother died from that same disease and was encouraged to have it examined himself . He was operated on within three weeks of the diagnosis . He died on 5 January 2021 at the age of 74 . He suffered from a short illness in the time leading up to his death . Legacy . Bell is regarded as one of Englands finest-ever midfield players , being described by one commentator as the most finished article in the modern game . Bell has been inducted into both the English Football Hall of Fame and the Manchester City Hall of Fame . In 1998 he was selected as one of the Football League 100 Legends . In his foreword to Colin Bells autobiography , Bobby Charlton has stated that Colin Bell was unquestionably a great player . Alan Mullery , another of Bells former England teammates stated that Bell would still be a star in todays football and would fit into any team . Another England teammate of Bells , Kevin Keegan , has stated that Bell had it all . England legend Tom Finney stated that Colin Bell was as good as anything Ive ever seen . George Best described Bell as a brilliant player . Joe Royle described Bell as a phenomenal natural athlete and a wonderful footballer . Journalist Dave Maddock described Bell as possibly the greatest midfield talent England has ever unearthed . In 2003 , Manchester City moved into the new City of Manchester Stadium , and in February 2004 , one of the ends , the west stand , was named after Bell as a tribute . Only three players have scored more goals than Bell for Manchester City in all competitions : Sergio Agüero with 252 goals , Eric Brook with 177 goals and Tommy Johnson with 166 goals . Bell scored 152 goals for Manchester City in all competitions . He was deemed by Goal.com to be Englands twenty-sixth best-ever footballer . He is listed as the greatest-ever City player on the Times website , in Ian Penneys book The Essential History of Manchester City , and in the Manchester Evening News . Honours . Club . Manchester City - Football League First Division : 1967–68 - Football League Second Division : 1965–66 - FA Cup : 1968–69 - FA Charity Shield : 1968 and 1972 - Football League Cup : 1969–70 , 1975–76 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1969–70 International . England - British Home Championship : 1968–69 , 1969–70 ( shared ) , 1971–72 ( shared ) , 1972–73 , 1973–74 ( shared ) , 1974–75 Individual . - Manchester City Player of the Year : 1968 - PFA Football League Division 1 Team of the Year : 1974–75 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Manchester City Hall of Fame : 2004 - English Football Hall of Fame : 2005 Publications . Bell , Colin ; Cheeseman , Ian Colin Bell : Reluctant Hero , Mainstream Publishing References . Specific Bibliography External links . - English Football Hall of Fame - Colin Bells Sweaty Jockstrap |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Colin Bell play for from 1968 to 1975? | /wiki/Colin_Bell#P54#2 | Colin Bell Colin Bell ( 26 February 1946 – 5 January 2021 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Best known for his thirteen-year spell at Manchester City , he was regarded as one of the clubs finest-ever players , and was part of the Bell–Lee–Summerbee trio in the late 1960s and 1970s . Bell made forty-eight appearances for the England national football team ; he was an unused squad member at UEFA Euro 1968 and played in three matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup . During his playing career , he was nicknamed The King of the Kippax ( after Maine Roads Kippax Street terraced stand renowned for its singing ) and Nijinsky ( after the famous racehorse , due to his renowned stamina ) . In 2004 , the West Stand of City of Manchester Stadium was later named in his honour . Club career . Bell began his career at Bury where he was swiftly made club captain . In total , Bell made eighty-two league appearances for Bury ( in three seasons ) and scored twenty-five goals . In 1966 , he moved to Manchester City ( who were managed by Joe Mercer ) for £45,000 . When trying to sign him for Manchester City , assistant manager Malcolm Allison misled other clubs interested in Bell ( including Leicester City ) by claiming that the player was hopeless . Allisons stratagem succeeded as Bell ultimately signed for City . In the 1965–66 season , Bell helped City finish first in the Second Division , earning the team promotion to the First Division . Bell scored the only goal ( via a header ) in a 1–0 victory against Rotherham which ensured promotion . In the 1966–67 season , Bell was Citys top scorer with fourteen league goals in all competitions , and the team finished in fifteenth place in the First Division . Bell scored a hat trick in a 3–1 victory against Stoke City in April that season . In the 1967–68 season , Bell helped City win their second League Championship ( they had won their first in 1937 ) . Bell scored fourteen league goals that season . One of his goals came in the famous 4–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur , at Maine Road , which was dubbed the Ballet on Ice due to the snowy conditions in which the game was played . Mike Summerbee , Tony Coleman and Neil Young scored Citys other goals while Jimmy Greaves scored the goal for Spurs . After the game , legendary centre forward Dixie Dean informed Allison that the City team which had beaten Spurs was the most brilliant side I have ever seen . In the penultimate game of the season , Bell scored twice in a 3–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . In the game , Lee and Summerbee stretched the Spurs defence allowing Bell a clear run at a slowing Dave Mackay which overwhelmed the Scotsman . In the final game of the season , City defeated Newcastle United 4–3 , to clinch the title . Bell assisted Lee with the best pass of the afternoon to score Citys fourth goal . In the 1968–69 season , Bell again scored fourteen league goals as City finished thirteenth in the First Division . Manchester City won the FA Cup that season with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City in the final thanks to a goal by Neil Young . In the 1969–70 season , Bell scored eleven league goals for City , who finished tenth in the league . Manchester City and Bell won two trophies , in 1970 , the League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . City defeated West Bromwich Albion 2–1 in the 1970 Football League Cup Final , in which Mike Doyle and Glyn Pardoe scored Citys goals . City defeated Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in the 1970 European Cup Winners Cup Final with goals from Young and Francis Lee . In the 1970–71 season , Bell scored thirteen goals for City who finished eleventh in the First Division . In the following season , City challenged for the title but ultimately lost out to Derby County and finished fourth in the league . Bell scored thirteen goals that season . In the 1972–73 season , City finished eleventh in the league . In the 1973–74 season , Bell helped City reach the 1974 Football League Cup Final , in which he scored in a 2–1 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Bell played for City in a 1–0 victory against Manchester United in the final game of the season . Denis Law scored the only goal in the game which confirmed Uniteds relegation from the First Division . In the 1974–75 season , Bell scored fifteen league goals . He was named in the 1974–75 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year . In November 1975 , at the age of 29 , Bell severely injured his right knee against Manchester United in a challenge with Martin Buchan during a League Cup match at Maine Road . City went on to win the League Cup that season , defeating Newcastle 2–1 in the 1976 Football League Cup Final . Bells prolonged absence due to his injury was a blow to Don Revie , who quit as manager of England in 1977 . Bell returned to action in a 4–0 victory against Newcastle on Boxing Day in 1977 . His introduction to the game , at half time , was greeted with rapturous applause . However , Bells return to City was fleeting as he left City in the 1978–79 season ; Malcolm Allison , who returned to City for a second spell as manager in 1979 , convinced Bell that it was time to go . The then-chairman Peter Swales described Bell as the finest tuned athlete and irreplaceable . This latter sentiment turned out to be true as Allison was not able to find a trio of talented players of the calibre of Bell , Summerbee and Lee as he had done in the past with Joe Mercer . Bell tried to resurrect his career in 1980 with NASL side San Jose Earthquakes , where he joined former Manchester United player George Best . However , Bell ended up playing only five games for the club before retiring from football altogether . International career . Bell played twice for the England Under 23 team in 1968 . He played in a 2–1 victory against Scotland Under 23 team in which Martin Chivers and Rodney Marsh scored for the England Under 23 team . He also played in a 4–0 victory against the Hungary Under 23 team . Bell scored one of the four goals . The other scorers were Chivers , Marsh and Joe Royle . In the same year , Bell won his first cap for the senior England team against Sweden , where he helped inspire goals from Martin Peters , Bobby Charlton and Roger Hunt in a 3–1 victory . Bell was part of the England squad for UEFA Euro 1968 , which was ultimately won by Italy . England finished third in the tournament after defeating the Soviet Union in the third-place match . In 1969 , Bell distinguished himself in the national team , scoring Englands only goal in a 1–0 victory over the Netherlands in an all-action display . Bell was part of the England squad which toured South America in 1969 . Brian Glanville contended that both Bell and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Alan Mullery excelled on the tour . Bell gave England an early lead in a game against Brazil , but late goals from Tostão and Jairzinho gave Brazil a 2–1 victory . Bell also played in a 2–1 victory against Uruguay on the tour . He also helped England to win the 1968–69 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Wales in which Bobby Charlton and Francis Lee scored Englands goals . 1970 FIFA World Cup . Bell played in the 1969–70 British Home Championship , which was shared between England , Wales and Scotland . He replaced Keith Newton in a 3–1 victory against Northern Ireland . He was subsequently included in the England squad for the World Cup in Mexico . Glanville contends that Bells excellence was threatening Bobby Charltons place in the England team . England were seeking to replicate their performance in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , which they had won . Bells City teammate Francis Lee was also included in the squad . In order to help the players acclimatise to the heat of Mexico , the team staged an intra-squad mini-olympics which saw Bell win every event . In the group stage , Bell came on as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Brazil , in which Jairzinho scored the only goal . Bell added spark to the England offence in the latter stages of the game . Bell started in the next game , a 1–0 victory against Czechoslovakia , in which Allan Clarke scored the only goal . In the quarter-final , Bell replaced Bobby Charlton in a 2–3 defeat to West Germany . England had taken a 2–0 lead in the game through goals from Alan Mullery and Martin Peters . Franz Beckenbauer had pulled a goal back for West Germany before the substitution . Following the substitution of Charlton and another substitution ( Peters was replaced by Norman Hunter ) , the Germans scored twice ( Uwe Seeler and Gerd Müller were the scorers ) . Bell was involved in creating chances for England following his introduction . At one point in the game , Bell sent in a low cross to the near post , but Hurst headed the ball just wide of the far one . At another point in the game , Bell beat Beckenbauer in the German penalty area and was then knocked down by the German player , but England were not awarded a penalty . The substitution was deemed by some to be the negative ( for England ) turning point of the game . However , West Germany scored their first goal before Charlton was substituted , and the fact that the German team at the time had a habit of coming back in games indicates that it was questionable to blame the substitutions for Englands defeat . West Germany were subsequently defeated by Italy 4–3 in the semi final . Italy were eventually defeated 4–1 by Brazil in the final . Charlton asserted that the absence of Gordon Banks ( he was replaced in goal by Peter Bonetti ) through sickness was the most important factor in Englands defeat to the West Germans . Similarly , Glanville argued that had Banks played , England would surely have won . Geoff Hurst stated that to suggest that Colin Bells inclusion weakened the team is patently unfair . Alan Ball described the substitutions as wise given the need to rest players for the prospective semi-final . Failure to qualify after 1970 . Bell also played for England in the 1971–72 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell scored in a 3–0 victory against Wales ( with Rodney Marsh and Emlyn Hughes scoring Englands other goals ) . Bell also captained England ( in Bobby Moores absence ) in a 1–0 defeat to Northern Ireland . In addition , Bell played in a 1–0 victory over Scotland ( in which Alan Ball scored the winner ) . Bell also played in a 3–1 defeat and a 0–0 draw with West Germany in 1972 , which meant that England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 1972 . In the first game , Sepp Maier had spilled a shot from Bell which Lee tapped in to equalise Uli Hoeneß first half goal . However , late goals from Günter Netzer and Gerd Müller secured victory for the West Germans . In November 1972 , Bell cashed in on clever approach work by Alan Ball to score the decisive winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Wales in a World Cup qualification game at Ninian Park . Bell played in the other qualification game against Wales at Wembley , which ended 1–1 . Bell was described as having excellent technique and rated as the best England player in the game as he was always trying to find a way through the packed Welsh defence . In 1973 , Bell scored in the 7–0 demolition of Austria . In the game Bell , along with Martin Peters and Tony Currie dictated the pace and pattern of the match from midfield . Bell also helped England to win the 1972–73 British Home Championship . He played in a 2–1 victory against Northern Ireland , a 3–0 victory against Wales and a 1–0 victory against Scotland . Despite these successes , Bell was upset that he was unable to better make his name on the world stage when England failed to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup . England had needed to defeat Poland to qualify . Polands goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski had been labelled a clown by Brian Clough before the match but turned in a man-of-the-match performance in which he repeatedly denied Englands attackers ( including Bell ) . The only goal that Tomaszewski conceded was an equalizing penalty from Allan Clarke . In drawing the game , Poland qualified for the finals in West Germany at the expense of England . Englands failure led to manager Alf Ramseys departure . Bells former manager at Manchester City , Joe Mercer ( who had left City in 1971 ) , took over as caretaker of the national side and chose Bell to play in every game that he was in charge . Bell also played for England in the 1973–74 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland . Bell played in a 2–0 victory against Wales ( in which Stan Bowles and Kevin Keegan were the scorers ) , a 1–0 victory against Northern Ireland and a 2–0 defeat to Scotland . Bell played for England in a 2–2 draw against Argentina in which Mick Channon and Frank Worthington scored for England and Mario Kempes scored twice for Argentina . He was also part of the England squad that toured Eastern Europe in the summer of 1974 . This included a 1–1 draw with East Germany , in which Martin Dobson , ( Colin ) Bell and Trevor Brooking dominated the match in midfield . In the second game of the tour , England defeated Bulgaria 1–0 . The performance of Englands midfield trio ( Bell , Brooking and Dobson ) in the game was described as tremendous . In the last game of the tour ( which was Mercers last game as England manager ) , England drew 2–2 with Yugoslavia . Bell scored a brace in Don Revies first game in charge of England , a 3–0 victory over Czechoslovakia . In Revies third game in charge , Bell helped England defeat the then World Champions , Germany , 2–0 , in 1975 , at the one hundredth international game played at Wembley Stadium . The team that beat the Germans in that game consisted of a forward line-up of Channon , Keegan , Malcolm Macdonald , Alan Hudson and Alan Ball , as well as Bell . Channon commented that he did not understand why Revie did not continue with this line-up which he considered was as good as any forward line England had had since 1970 . In the game against the West Germans , the energy and tackling of Bell and Ball had freed Hudson to show his full range of playmaking skills . Bell also helped England to win the 1974–75 British Home Championship . Bell played in a 0–0 draw with Northern Ireland , a 2–2 draw with Wales and a 5–1 victory against Scotland ( in which he also scored ) . Other international appearances . In January 1973 , Bell played for the New European Common Market ( NECM ) , alongside Peter Storey , Emlyn Hughes , Bobby Moore , Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball , in the match celebrating the admission to the European Common Market of the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . NECM defeated the Old European Common Market ( OECM ) 2–0 . In addition , in March 1974 , Bell scored a goal in a 5–0 victory for The Football League XI against the Scottish Football League XI at Maine Road . Later life . Bell subsequently became a coach for the youth and reserve teams of Manchester City , as well as one of its club ambassadors . He was awarded an MBE in 2004 for services to the community . Bell was diagnosed with bowel cancer shortly after his autobiography , Reluctant Hero , was released in 2005 . He detailed how his mother died from that same disease and was encouraged to have it examined himself . He was operated on within three weeks of the diagnosis . He died on 5 January 2021 at the age of 74 . He suffered from a short illness in the time leading up to his death . Legacy . Bell is regarded as one of Englands finest-ever midfield players , being described by one commentator as the most finished article in the modern game . Bell has been inducted into both the English Football Hall of Fame and the Manchester City Hall of Fame . In 1998 he was selected as one of the Football League 100 Legends . In his foreword to Colin Bells autobiography , Bobby Charlton has stated that Colin Bell was unquestionably a great player . Alan Mullery , another of Bells former England teammates stated that Bell would still be a star in todays football and would fit into any team . Another England teammate of Bells , Kevin Keegan , has stated that Bell had it all . England legend Tom Finney stated that Colin Bell was as good as anything Ive ever seen . George Best described Bell as a brilliant player . Joe Royle described Bell as a phenomenal natural athlete and a wonderful footballer . Journalist Dave Maddock described Bell as possibly the greatest midfield talent England has ever unearthed . In 2003 , Manchester City moved into the new City of Manchester Stadium , and in February 2004 , one of the ends , the west stand , was named after Bell as a tribute . Only three players have scored more goals than Bell for Manchester City in all competitions : Sergio Agüero with 252 goals , Eric Brook with 177 goals and Tommy Johnson with 166 goals . Bell scored 152 goals for Manchester City in all competitions . He was deemed by Goal.com to be Englands twenty-sixth best-ever footballer . He is listed as the greatest-ever City player on the Times website , in Ian Penneys book The Essential History of Manchester City , and in the Manchester Evening News . Honours . Club . Manchester City - Football League First Division : 1967–68 - Football League Second Division : 1965–66 - FA Cup : 1968–69 - FA Charity Shield : 1968 and 1972 - Football League Cup : 1969–70 , 1975–76 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1969–70 International . England - British Home Championship : 1968–69 , 1969–70 ( shared ) , 1971–72 ( shared ) , 1972–73 , 1973–74 ( shared ) , 1974–75 Individual . - Manchester City Player of the Year : 1968 - PFA Football League Division 1 Team of the Year : 1974–75 - Football League 100 Legends : 1998 - Manchester City Hall of Fame : 2004 - English Football Hall of Fame : 2005 Publications . Bell , Colin ; Cheeseman , Ian Colin Bell : Reluctant Hero , Mainstream Publishing References . Specific Bibliography External links . - English Football Hall of Fame - Colin Bells Sweaty Jockstrap |
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"Krishnagar Government College"
] | easy | Where was Prabodh Chandra Bagchi educated from 1917 to 1918? | /wiki/Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi#P69#0 | Prabodh Chandra Bagchi Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( ) ( 18 November 1898 – 19 January 1956 ) or P . C . Bagchi was one of the most notable Sino -Indologists of the 20th century . He was the third Upacharya ( Vice-Chancellor ) of Visva-Bharati University . Early life and education . He was born on 18 November 1898 , the eldest son of Shri Harinath Bagchi and Smt Tarangini Devi in present-day Bangladesh in Magura District . He was to lose his mother in his early childhood . He did his schooling in Srikole , Magura District in present Bangladesh . Dr Bagchi was a brilliant student and a favourite of his teachers and Head Master who expected great things of him . In 1914 , he appeared for the Matriculation examination . He graduated from Krishnagar Government College in 1918 with honours in Sanskrit . He stood first in his college and received the prestigious Mohini Mohan Roy award . Although he showed promise in Mathematics , he took Sanskrit , the classical language of India , because of his desire to study ancient Indian history . He joined Calcutta University for his post-graduation studies in Ancient History and Culture , obtaining a First Class M.A . in 1920 . He was awarded a Gold Medal in the Religion Section and overall had stood first in the University . Academic career and contributions . After his post-graduation from Calcutta University , he immediately joined the University as a Lecturer after being called by Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee who told him to Join from tomorrow ( In Bengali , as noted in his personal diary ) . The period from 1921 onwards was highly significant for Prabodh Chandra Bagchi in fulfilling his dream to become a true Orientalist . He realised the need for reconstructing ancient history and the multifaceted Indian cultural history more scientifically on a broader Asiatic perspective . With this lofty dream in mind , he started learning Chinese and Japanese from Professor Kimura and Professor Masuda of Calcutta University and German from Professor Taraporewala . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , the Vice-Chancellor deputed Prabodh Chandra to learn Chinese and Tibetan from Sylvain Lévi , the Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Civilization in the Sorbonne University , Paris who was in Santiniketan on an invitation from Rabindranath Tagore . It was also from Sylvain Lévi and the great poet Rabindranath that Prabodh Chandra imbibed a new approach to research on the Indian cultural history which renewed his endeavour to learn various foreign languages to have access to the original source materials . Instead of fragmented specialised studies he realised that ancient Indian history and culture should be viewed in its entirety so that many obscure areas would be brought into light . In 1922 , young Prabodh reached the first milestone of his career , when he accompanied Sylvain Lévi and Madame Lévi to Nepal . His painstaking work in exploring original manuscripts and the Tibetan and Chinese manuscripts of old Sanskrit texts which were lost in their originals but preserved in their translations at the Royal Durbar Library of Nepal resulted in his invaluable findings in the domain of Indological research . Among his findings the palm leaf manuscripts of Kaula-Jnana- Nirnaya and Sammoho Tantra need special mention as they throw light on mysticism , influence of Sakti-ism on later Buddhism and emergence of new religious creeds . In 1922 , Prabodh reached another milestone when he was awarded Rashbehari Ghosh Travelling Fellowship for one year . He travelled to Indo-China , Cambodia , Cochin-China and Japan . He got the opportunity to work with Sylvain Lévi , Louis Finot , the founder of Ecole de Pali in Phnom Penh , George Groslier who established a renowned museum in Phnom Penh , National Museum of Cambodia , Henry Marshal , the head of Ecole Francaise d extreme orient in Hanoi and Henri Permentier exponent of Khmer art and culture . Prabodh Chandra was enriched with their exploratory survey of the archaeological remains of Angkor Vat . He stayed in Hanoi and was fortunate to attend Chinese classes conducted by Prof . Auroussean . He visited Japan and benefited extensively from his stay at the Monastery of Koyasen . During the period between 1923 and 1926 Prabodh Chandra was in France on a government scholarship for higher studies . He worked - on Sanskrit Buddhist literature with Sylvain Lévi , - on the ancient remains of Indian civilisation in Central Asia with Paul Pelliot , - on Buddhist literature in China with Henri Maspero , - on the ancient Pali texts with Jules Bloch and - on Avestan gathas with Antoine Meillet . He was awarded the highest degree of Docteur es Letters ( State Doctorate ) by the Paris University . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi served the department of Ancient History and Culture of Calcutta University during the period between 1926 and 1944 . He contributed immensely to the enhancement of the research studies on Humanities with his innumerable writings based on his own findings . In 1929 and 1930 he was sent to Nepal again to carry on his research from the Chinese and Tibetan manuscripts on Tantrik Buddhism ( Vajrayana ) , Buddhist Siddhacharyas and Charyagiti ( Charyapada ) and Dohakosa ( Dohakosa of Tillopada and Sarahapada ) . In 1931 , he along with Professors Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Sukumar Sen formed an informal Study Circle at the Calcutta University for various deliberations on the discipline of historical linguistics which was known as the science of comparative philology . Subsequently in the year 1938 this Philological Society merged with the Indian Linguistic Society with Dr . Sukumar Sen as its Secretary and Dr . Bagchi as its Treasurer . Prabodh Chandras residence at Ballygunge Place , Kolkata became a hub of cultural and intellectual activities . Parichayagosthi , an association of eminent literary persons like Hiran Kumar Sanyal , Bishnu Dey , Sudhin Datta and others had their gatherings at Prabodhs residence . Sarojini Naidu attended this gathering , Pramatha Nath Chowdhury was a frequent visitor and was extremely fond of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . He presided over a number of conferences like Howrah Teachers Conference and Divya Memorial Conference at Rangpur in 1937 , Brihattara Banga Sahitya Sammelan ( Greater Bengali Literary Conference ) held in Guwahati , Assam and at Rangoon , Burma in 1939 , Indian History Congress at Aligarh , All India Oriental Conference ( section of Pali and Buddhism ) in Nagpur in 1946 . Prabodh Chandra , who already established himself as an exponent in Sinology joined Visva Bharati University at Santiniketan as Director of Research Studies under the Chinese Cultural Studies Scheme on a special grant from the Chinese Government in the year 1945 . He was still on deputation from Calcutta University . In the meantime , the government of India created a Chair Professorship at Peking University to promote Sino-Indian understanding and cultural ties and Prabodh Chandra was selected for this prestigious post for a period of two years . He fulfilled his new assignment successfully and his house at 41\M Legation Street in Peking became a hub of Indo-Chinese cultural activities . An international conference ( 23–24 November 2008 ) was held in Beijing to commemorate the 110th birth anniversary of Professors Prabodh Chandra Bagchi and Tan Yunshan by remembering their scholarly contribution to Sino-Indian studies . At this international Conference which was inaugurated by Mrs.Nirupama Rao , then the Ambassador to China . A book on the collection of articles written by Prabodh Chandra was also released ( India and China : Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy ) . On his return from China he resumed his work at Visva Bharati and took charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . In recognition of his valuable contributions to Oriental Studies he was awarded the Honorary Diploma by Ecole Francaise d Extreme Orient . Between 1949 and 1951 P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of lectures at Jadavpur , Calcutta University as its Hemchandra Basu Mallik Professor . These highly illuminating lectures were on - the nomadic movements in early Central Asia - the history of the relations between Tokharistan and Eastern Iran - the history of the early states in the oases of Chinese Turkestan - the uses of the Indian scripts and languages in Central Asia These lectures were compiled into a book entitled India and Central Asia and published by Jadavpur , National Council of Education in 1955 . To quote Professor B.N.Mukherjee , an eminent Orientalist evaluating this book and Bagchis profound scholarship in the Centenary Volume ...he ( Bagchi ) was the first competent Indian scholar to delve into the past of Central Asia . He will always adorn a niche in the facade of Indo-Central Asian scholarship.In 1952 he was sent to China as a delegate of the first Indian cultural delegation from independent India , led by Smt . Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . Visva Bharati and his untimely death . Bagchi had been involved with Visva-Bharati University since 1945 and had taken charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . He was appointed Vice – Chancellor ( Upacharya ) of Visva Bharati University in April 1954 . As a recognition of his contribution to academics Bagchi , became the first full Vice-Chancellor from outside the Tagore family . This was short-lived tenure as he died on 19 January 1956 after a heart attack . Despite his brief term of office , he proved to be an able administrator . The all round growth of Visva Bharati in keeping with the ideals of its founder , the great poet Rabindranath Tagore became his main thrust . He expanded spheres of activities in all the departments and introduced the three years degree course in the graduation level with many other related changes in the curricula . To make Visva Bharati a centre of studies of Eastern Humanities he reorganised the Department of Indology and created higher posts of professorship in the Indo-Tibetan and Japanese Departments . The encouragement given to research by him despite institutional financial constraints was highly commendable . He personally used to guide the research students and make arrangements for their publication . He used to edit personally the Quarterly journals like Sino-Indian Studies , Visva Bharati Annals and Sahitya Prakashika . He introduced many new technical subjects like Applied Mechanics , Metal work etc . in the curricula of Siksha Shatra , the nucleus of Sriniketan . To quote Prabodh Chandra : Through sustained contacts with Sriniketan I have now arrived at the firm conclusion that without Sriniketan , Santiniketan is incomplete . If Sriniketan is kept aloof from Santiniketan then we could not live up to the ideals of Gurudeva . Bagchi kept up his prolific academic work during his tenure as Vice-Chancellor . In 1954 , P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of scholarly lectures in memory of Adhar Chandra Mukherjee at the Calcutta University on the obscure field of India and South East Asia . In the same year P.C.Bagchi was invited by the Government of India to lead a cultural delegation to China which he declined due to his preoccupation with the administrative work of Visva-Bharati . Even whilst carrying out his administrative duties as Vice-Chancellor and despite his failing health , Bagchi carried out his research work late into the night . Many unfinished works were found on his study table after his sudden death . Out of these , only She-Kia-Fang-Che was posthumously published by the Visva-Bharati University in 1959 . This treatise , translated from old Chinese into English for the first time by P.C.Bagchi , was written by Tao-Siuan , a disciple of the famous Chinese monk and pilgrim Xuanzang ( Hiuen-Tsang ) who lived between A.D.596 and 667 . This book is of immense value as one of the major sources of our knowledge about the ancient geography , prevailing Buddhism and the travel account of Xuanzang . To quote Professor B . N . Mukherjee Though published without any critical introduction or notes , obviously due to the translators sudden and unexpected demise in course of the preparation of the publication , the translation may be included among Professor Bagchis greatest contribution to the study of Central Asia . Centenary Volume India and Asia . Prabodh Chandras sudden demise was a great shock for Visva Bharati and the educational fraternity . Visva Bharati wrote in its news : Dr.Bagchis earthly pilgrimage is over . His name and fame now belong to history . Although this is an irreparable loss , we shall be proud to recollect that he was our own...A man of letters , he will certainly live more than his years . The Ministry of Education , Government of India resolved : This meeting...the Ministry of Education in the Government of India places on record its deep sense of loss at the untimely and sudden passing away of Dr.P.C.Bagchi , Vice-Chancellor , Visva Bharati , Santiniketan . Dr . Bagchis death is a loss not only to Visva Bharati with which he was connected over a period of years , but to the cause of scholarship throughout the country . In him the nation has lost a distinguished scholar , Indologist , Sinologist and a worker who strived steadfastly for the ideals of Satyam , Shivam and Sundaram , which have been the motto of the university since its inception . What stood out in his scholarship was his holistic approach to his research and indeed , to his life . Personal life . In 1921 , he married Panna Rani Devi , the daughter of Rai Saheb Taraknath Moitra and Hemangini Devi from Pabna . She was a great pillar of support , sharing in every aspect of his scholarly life and , running the family when he was away on his long foreign travels , exploratory field trips or lost in his remarkable library of rare and invaluable books into which he would delve for hours or when he was busy typing out his observations , the staccato from his Remington type writer a familiar sound in the household . She was known for her hospitality and tender nature and was very popular with his colleagues , students and friends . They had a son ( Pratip ) and five daughters ( Chitra , Krishna,Gopa , Ratna , Indrani ) . He had five grandsons ( Deepak Sinha , Ashok Sinha , Devdatta Mukutmoni , Dipankar Mukutmoni and Shiladitya Sinha ) and two granddaughters ( Sujata ( Bulu ) Sanyal and Sudeshna Sinha ) . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi was a man of sensitivity which is evident from his love for animals , music , aesthetics and refined life style . His compassion for the have-nots knew no bounds . He used to contribute a considerable amount every month from his own salary as scholarships to the needy yet deserving students . Bagchi the patriot . Whilst at Paris , the young Bagchi also made his mark as an effective organiser He was one of the founders of Association des Etudiante Hindous de France ( Association of Indian Students of France ) . Forever sympathetic , he was loved by all Indian students and whenever required , he was ready to extend his helping hand . The well known scientist , Satyendra Nath Bose personally benefited from an introductory letter to Madame Marie Curie by Prof . Sylvain Lévi at the request of Bagchi . Satyendra Nath Bose has given an illuminating account of the significant role played by the young Bagchi , a man of exemplary integrity in a chapter in his Bengali compilation of essays . This organisation under the guidance of Prabodh Chandra gave shelter to the Indian freedom fighters who were branded as anti-government by the British authorities . The Association was involved in revolutionary activities with its branches in various European cities and its headquarters at 17 , Rue de Sommerard in Paris . Even early in his life , during his post-graduate studies , he was actively associated with the Anushilan Samity , an organisation to trigger nationalistic activities . This was founded in Dacca by Barrister P . Mitra on whom Vivekananda made an indelible impact . Later on , this organisation was transferred to Calcutta . Some eminent students . Dr Bagchi left behind a rich legacy through several of his students who went on to gain pre-eminence in their field . Some are listed here : - Pratap Chandra Chunder- a prominent educationist , he became Union Minister of Education in the Morarji Desai Ministry - Prof Dilip Kumar Biswas , former president of The Asiatic Society - Prof Biswanath Bannerjee , former president of The Asiatic Society - Emeritus Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Windsor University , Ontario , Canada - Prof Narayan Sen , noted Sinologist - Prof Biswadeb Mukherjee noted Sinologist specialising in Chinese Buddhism Centenary year commemoration . Dr Bagchis immense contribution to his field was highlighted with Centenary Celebrations at - Visva-Bharati University – a souvenir edited by Prof . Dilip Kumar Ganguly was published - Ancient Indian History Department , Calcutta University - Indian Museum , Kolkata – a book titled Tribute to PC Bagchi : Prabodhochandradaya was published edited by Prof Shyamal Kanti Chakravarty - The Asiatic Society , Kolkata – a book titled Contributions of PC Bagchi on IndoTibetology edited by Prof Haraprasad Ray ( , ) , - National Library of India , Kolkata with an excellent exhibition - Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi , Kolkata – Prabodh Chandra Bagchi a biography written by Ratna Sinha , Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Prof Suniti Pathak , Prof Haraprasad Ray and , Prof BN Mukherjee was published alongside Prabandha Samgraha ( a collection of essays ) by Probodhchandra Bagchi ( ) edited by Prof Jyoti Bhusan Chaki . - India and Asia : PC Bagchi Centenary Volume edited by Prof BN Mukherjee , published by Progressive Publishers in 2009 ( ) Works . He published a large number of books in English , French and Bengali . He contributed to academic and other journals . His best known work that is still acclaimed as a classical work even today is India and China , ( , ) , which was first published in 1944 . A second edition was brought out in 1950 . This book was revised by Haraprasad Ray and published in the fifth edition in 2008.Publishers page His other major works were : - Le canon bouddhique en Chine . Les traducteurs et les traductions . Geuthner , Paris 1927–1938 ( 2 vol. ) - Fan yu tsa ming ( 《梵語雜名》 ) de Li Yen ( 禮言 ) et Fan yu tsien tseu wen ( 《梵語千字文》 ) de Yi-tsing ( 義凈 ) . 2 vol . P . Geuthner , Paris 1929–1937 - Studies in the Tantras . Calcutta . University of Calcutta , 1939 For more details see Bibliography below : Select Bibliography of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . Books in French . 1.Le Canon Bouddhique en Chine les traducteurs et les traductions , Tome 1 , pp . lii , 436 ; Tome II pp . vi 437–742 , 1927 : Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1938 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta 2.Deux Lexiques Sanskrit Chinois Fan Yu Tsa Ming De Li Yen et Fan Yu Tsien Tsen Wen De Yi-Tsing : Tome I , pp . iv , 336 : Tome II , pp . viii , 337–590 , 1929 , Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1937 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta Books in English . 3 . Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian In India 1929 , Calcutta University 1968 , Reprinted by Calcutta University 4 . Kaula-Jyana-Nirnaya and some Minor Texts of the School of Matsyendranath Calcutta Sanskrit Series , 1934 , pp . viii , 92–148 , Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House : Calcutta 5 . Studies In The Tantras Part-I , 1939 : Calcutta University 6 . India and China : a thousand years of cultural relations . Published in Greater India Society , Bulletin 2 , Calcutta in 1927 First Edition 1944 , China Press , Calcutta Second Edition 1950 , Hind Kitab , Bombay Third Edition 1951 , Philosophical Library , New York Fourth Edition 1981 , Saraswat Library , Calcutta Fifth Edition 2008 , Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd , New Delhi . . Chinese Translation Zhong-Yin Qiannian Shi 2008 , Indian Embassy , Beijing . . 7 . India and Central Asia : 1955 , National Council of Education , Jadavpur , Calcutta 8 . Caryagiti Kosa : P . C . Bagchi & Shanti Bhiksu Sastri 1956 , Visva Bharati 9 . She-Kia-Fang-Che 1959 , Visva Bharati 10 . Indological Studies-A collected works of Dr . P . C . Bagchi , vol . I , 1982 , Visva Bharati 11 . The Second City of the Empire . Editor Books in Bengali . Visva Bharati Press 12 . Bouddha Dharma O Sahitya 13 . Bharat O Indo Chin 14 . Bharat O Chin 15 . Bharat O Madhya Asia Bangla Academy 16 . Probondho Shamgraho Further reading . - Information and photos obtained from the daughters of P . C . Bagchi : Mrs . Krishna Sinha , Mrs . Ratna Sinha and Mrs . Indrani Mukutmoni from their personal album , their fathers letters and his diary . - A Monograph on P.C.Bagchi by Kalyan Kumar Sarkar published in Dec.1956 - Visva-Bharati , Quarterly News , 1956 - In Memoriam written by Prof.Suniti Kumar Chatterjee published in Visva-Bharati Annals and Visva-Bharati Patrika in 1957 and in Indian Linguistics : Bagchi Memorial Volume , Deccan College , Poona , jointly with Linguistic Society of India . - Interviews on Doordarshan , Kolkata of Professors like B . N . Mukherjee , Shyamalkanti Chakravarty and the daughters of P.C . Bagchi on the occasion of P.C.Bagchis centenary Satavarsher aloye Prabodh Chandra Bagchi - Diner pore din je galo written by Prof . Sukumar Sen - Convocation Addresses delivered by Upacharya P.C.Bagchi in the years 1954 and 1955 collected from Rabindra Bhavan , Visva-Bharati - Review of PC Bagchis publications . - Yuyama , Akira ( 2002 ) , Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( 1898-1956 ) . A Model in the Beginnings of Indo-sinic Philology , Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 5 , 137-146 |
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"Calcutta University"
] | easy | Prabodh Chandra Bagchi went to which school from 1918 to 1920? | /wiki/Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi#P69#1 | Prabodh Chandra Bagchi Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( ) ( 18 November 1898 – 19 January 1956 ) or P . C . Bagchi was one of the most notable Sino -Indologists of the 20th century . He was the third Upacharya ( Vice-Chancellor ) of Visva-Bharati University . Early life and education . He was born on 18 November 1898 , the eldest son of Shri Harinath Bagchi and Smt Tarangini Devi in present-day Bangladesh in Magura District . He was to lose his mother in his early childhood . He did his schooling in Srikole , Magura District in present Bangladesh . Dr Bagchi was a brilliant student and a favourite of his teachers and Head Master who expected great things of him . In 1914 , he appeared for the Matriculation examination . He graduated from Krishnagar Government College in 1918 with honours in Sanskrit . He stood first in his college and received the prestigious Mohini Mohan Roy award . Although he showed promise in Mathematics , he took Sanskrit , the classical language of India , because of his desire to study ancient Indian history . He joined Calcutta University for his post-graduation studies in Ancient History and Culture , obtaining a First Class M.A . in 1920 . He was awarded a Gold Medal in the Religion Section and overall had stood first in the University . Academic career and contributions . After his post-graduation from Calcutta University , he immediately joined the University as a Lecturer after being called by Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee who told him to Join from tomorrow ( In Bengali , as noted in his personal diary ) . The period from 1921 onwards was highly significant for Prabodh Chandra Bagchi in fulfilling his dream to become a true Orientalist . He realised the need for reconstructing ancient history and the multifaceted Indian cultural history more scientifically on a broader Asiatic perspective . With this lofty dream in mind , he started learning Chinese and Japanese from Professor Kimura and Professor Masuda of Calcutta University and German from Professor Taraporewala . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , the Vice-Chancellor deputed Prabodh Chandra to learn Chinese and Tibetan from Sylvain Lévi , the Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Civilization in the Sorbonne University , Paris who was in Santiniketan on an invitation from Rabindranath Tagore . It was also from Sylvain Lévi and the great poet Rabindranath that Prabodh Chandra imbibed a new approach to research on the Indian cultural history which renewed his endeavour to learn various foreign languages to have access to the original source materials . Instead of fragmented specialised studies he realised that ancient Indian history and culture should be viewed in its entirety so that many obscure areas would be brought into light . In 1922 , young Prabodh reached the first milestone of his career , when he accompanied Sylvain Lévi and Madame Lévi to Nepal . His painstaking work in exploring original manuscripts and the Tibetan and Chinese manuscripts of old Sanskrit texts which were lost in their originals but preserved in their translations at the Royal Durbar Library of Nepal resulted in his invaluable findings in the domain of Indological research . Among his findings the palm leaf manuscripts of Kaula-Jnana- Nirnaya and Sammoho Tantra need special mention as they throw light on mysticism , influence of Sakti-ism on later Buddhism and emergence of new religious creeds . In 1922 , Prabodh reached another milestone when he was awarded Rashbehari Ghosh Travelling Fellowship for one year . He travelled to Indo-China , Cambodia , Cochin-China and Japan . He got the opportunity to work with Sylvain Lévi , Louis Finot , the founder of Ecole de Pali in Phnom Penh , George Groslier who established a renowned museum in Phnom Penh , National Museum of Cambodia , Henry Marshal , the head of Ecole Francaise d extreme orient in Hanoi and Henri Permentier exponent of Khmer art and culture . Prabodh Chandra was enriched with their exploratory survey of the archaeological remains of Angkor Vat . He stayed in Hanoi and was fortunate to attend Chinese classes conducted by Prof . Auroussean . He visited Japan and benefited extensively from his stay at the Monastery of Koyasen . During the period between 1923 and 1926 Prabodh Chandra was in France on a government scholarship for higher studies . He worked - on Sanskrit Buddhist literature with Sylvain Lévi , - on the ancient remains of Indian civilisation in Central Asia with Paul Pelliot , - on Buddhist literature in China with Henri Maspero , - on the ancient Pali texts with Jules Bloch and - on Avestan gathas with Antoine Meillet . He was awarded the highest degree of Docteur es Letters ( State Doctorate ) by the Paris University . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi served the department of Ancient History and Culture of Calcutta University during the period between 1926 and 1944 . He contributed immensely to the enhancement of the research studies on Humanities with his innumerable writings based on his own findings . In 1929 and 1930 he was sent to Nepal again to carry on his research from the Chinese and Tibetan manuscripts on Tantrik Buddhism ( Vajrayana ) , Buddhist Siddhacharyas and Charyagiti ( Charyapada ) and Dohakosa ( Dohakosa of Tillopada and Sarahapada ) . In 1931 , he along with Professors Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Sukumar Sen formed an informal Study Circle at the Calcutta University for various deliberations on the discipline of historical linguistics which was known as the science of comparative philology . Subsequently in the year 1938 this Philological Society merged with the Indian Linguistic Society with Dr . Sukumar Sen as its Secretary and Dr . Bagchi as its Treasurer . Prabodh Chandras residence at Ballygunge Place , Kolkata became a hub of cultural and intellectual activities . Parichayagosthi , an association of eminent literary persons like Hiran Kumar Sanyal , Bishnu Dey , Sudhin Datta and others had their gatherings at Prabodhs residence . Sarojini Naidu attended this gathering , Pramatha Nath Chowdhury was a frequent visitor and was extremely fond of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . He presided over a number of conferences like Howrah Teachers Conference and Divya Memorial Conference at Rangpur in 1937 , Brihattara Banga Sahitya Sammelan ( Greater Bengali Literary Conference ) held in Guwahati , Assam and at Rangoon , Burma in 1939 , Indian History Congress at Aligarh , All India Oriental Conference ( section of Pali and Buddhism ) in Nagpur in 1946 . Prabodh Chandra , who already established himself as an exponent in Sinology joined Visva Bharati University at Santiniketan as Director of Research Studies under the Chinese Cultural Studies Scheme on a special grant from the Chinese Government in the year 1945 . He was still on deputation from Calcutta University . In the meantime , the government of India created a Chair Professorship at Peking University to promote Sino-Indian understanding and cultural ties and Prabodh Chandra was selected for this prestigious post for a period of two years . He fulfilled his new assignment successfully and his house at 41\M Legation Street in Peking became a hub of Indo-Chinese cultural activities . An international conference ( 23–24 November 2008 ) was held in Beijing to commemorate the 110th birth anniversary of Professors Prabodh Chandra Bagchi and Tan Yunshan by remembering their scholarly contribution to Sino-Indian studies . At this international Conference which was inaugurated by Mrs.Nirupama Rao , then the Ambassador to China . A book on the collection of articles written by Prabodh Chandra was also released ( India and China : Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy ) . On his return from China he resumed his work at Visva Bharati and took charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . In recognition of his valuable contributions to Oriental Studies he was awarded the Honorary Diploma by Ecole Francaise d Extreme Orient . Between 1949 and 1951 P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of lectures at Jadavpur , Calcutta University as its Hemchandra Basu Mallik Professor . These highly illuminating lectures were on - the nomadic movements in early Central Asia - the history of the relations between Tokharistan and Eastern Iran - the history of the early states in the oases of Chinese Turkestan - the uses of the Indian scripts and languages in Central Asia These lectures were compiled into a book entitled India and Central Asia and published by Jadavpur , National Council of Education in 1955 . To quote Professor B.N.Mukherjee , an eminent Orientalist evaluating this book and Bagchis profound scholarship in the Centenary Volume ...he ( Bagchi ) was the first competent Indian scholar to delve into the past of Central Asia . He will always adorn a niche in the facade of Indo-Central Asian scholarship.In 1952 he was sent to China as a delegate of the first Indian cultural delegation from independent India , led by Smt . Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . Visva Bharati and his untimely death . Bagchi had been involved with Visva-Bharati University since 1945 and had taken charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . He was appointed Vice – Chancellor ( Upacharya ) of Visva Bharati University in April 1954 . As a recognition of his contribution to academics Bagchi , became the first full Vice-Chancellor from outside the Tagore family . This was short-lived tenure as he died on 19 January 1956 after a heart attack . Despite his brief term of office , he proved to be an able administrator . The all round growth of Visva Bharati in keeping with the ideals of its founder , the great poet Rabindranath Tagore became his main thrust . He expanded spheres of activities in all the departments and introduced the three years degree course in the graduation level with many other related changes in the curricula . To make Visva Bharati a centre of studies of Eastern Humanities he reorganised the Department of Indology and created higher posts of professorship in the Indo-Tibetan and Japanese Departments . The encouragement given to research by him despite institutional financial constraints was highly commendable . He personally used to guide the research students and make arrangements for their publication . He used to edit personally the Quarterly journals like Sino-Indian Studies , Visva Bharati Annals and Sahitya Prakashika . He introduced many new technical subjects like Applied Mechanics , Metal work etc . in the curricula of Siksha Shatra , the nucleus of Sriniketan . To quote Prabodh Chandra : Through sustained contacts with Sriniketan I have now arrived at the firm conclusion that without Sriniketan , Santiniketan is incomplete . If Sriniketan is kept aloof from Santiniketan then we could not live up to the ideals of Gurudeva . Bagchi kept up his prolific academic work during his tenure as Vice-Chancellor . In 1954 , P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of scholarly lectures in memory of Adhar Chandra Mukherjee at the Calcutta University on the obscure field of India and South East Asia . In the same year P.C.Bagchi was invited by the Government of India to lead a cultural delegation to China which he declined due to his preoccupation with the administrative work of Visva-Bharati . Even whilst carrying out his administrative duties as Vice-Chancellor and despite his failing health , Bagchi carried out his research work late into the night . Many unfinished works were found on his study table after his sudden death . Out of these , only She-Kia-Fang-Che was posthumously published by the Visva-Bharati University in 1959 . This treatise , translated from old Chinese into English for the first time by P.C.Bagchi , was written by Tao-Siuan , a disciple of the famous Chinese monk and pilgrim Xuanzang ( Hiuen-Tsang ) who lived between A.D.596 and 667 . This book is of immense value as one of the major sources of our knowledge about the ancient geography , prevailing Buddhism and the travel account of Xuanzang . To quote Professor B . N . Mukherjee Though published without any critical introduction or notes , obviously due to the translators sudden and unexpected demise in course of the preparation of the publication , the translation may be included among Professor Bagchis greatest contribution to the study of Central Asia . Centenary Volume India and Asia . Prabodh Chandras sudden demise was a great shock for Visva Bharati and the educational fraternity . Visva Bharati wrote in its news : Dr.Bagchis earthly pilgrimage is over . His name and fame now belong to history . Although this is an irreparable loss , we shall be proud to recollect that he was our own...A man of letters , he will certainly live more than his years . The Ministry of Education , Government of India resolved : This meeting...the Ministry of Education in the Government of India places on record its deep sense of loss at the untimely and sudden passing away of Dr.P.C.Bagchi , Vice-Chancellor , Visva Bharati , Santiniketan . Dr . Bagchis death is a loss not only to Visva Bharati with which he was connected over a period of years , but to the cause of scholarship throughout the country . In him the nation has lost a distinguished scholar , Indologist , Sinologist and a worker who strived steadfastly for the ideals of Satyam , Shivam and Sundaram , which have been the motto of the university since its inception . What stood out in his scholarship was his holistic approach to his research and indeed , to his life . Personal life . In 1921 , he married Panna Rani Devi , the daughter of Rai Saheb Taraknath Moitra and Hemangini Devi from Pabna . She was a great pillar of support , sharing in every aspect of his scholarly life and , running the family when he was away on his long foreign travels , exploratory field trips or lost in his remarkable library of rare and invaluable books into which he would delve for hours or when he was busy typing out his observations , the staccato from his Remington type writer a familiar sound in the household . She was known for her hospitality and tender nature and was very popular with his colleagues , students and friends . They had a son ( Pratip ) and five daughters ( Chitra , Krishna,Gopa , Ratna , Indrani ) . He had five grandsons ( Deepak Sinha , Ashok Sinha , Devdatta Mukutmoni , Dipankar Mukutmoni and Shiladitya Sinha ) and two granddaughters ( Sujata ( Bulu ) Sanyal and Sudeshna Sinha ) . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi was a man of sensitivity which is evident from his love for animals , music , aesthetics and refined life style . His compassion for the have-nots knew no bounds . He used to contribute a considerable amount every month from his own salary as scholarships to the needy yet deserving students . Bagchi the patriot . Whilst at Paris , the young Bagchi also made his mark as an effective organiser He was one of the founders of Association des Etudiante Hindous de France ( Association of Indian Students of France ) . Forever sympathetic , he was loved by all Indian students and whenever required , he was ready to extend his helping hand . The well known scientist , Satyendra Nath Bose personally benefited from an introductory letter to Madame Marie Curie by Prof . Sylvain Lévi at the request of Bagchi . Satyendra Nath Bose has given an illuminating account of the significant role played by the young Bagchi , a man of exemplary integrity in a chapter in his Bengali compilation of essays . This organisation under the guidance of Prabodh Chandra gave shelter to the Indian freedom fighters who were branded as anti-government by the British authorities . The Association was involved in revolutionary activities with its branches in various European cities and its headquarters at 17 , Rue de Sommerard in Paris . Even early in his life , during his post-graduate studies , he was actively associated with the Anushilan Samity , an organisation to trigger nationalistic activities . This was founded in Dacca by Barrister P . Mitra on whom Vivekananda made an indelible impact . Later on , this organisation was transferred to Calcutta . Some eminent students . Dr Bagchi left behind a rich legacy through several of his students who went on to gain pre-eminence in their field . Some are listed here : - Pratap Chandra Chunder- a prominent educationist , he became Union Minister of Education in the Morarji Desai Ministry - Prof Dilip Kumar Biswas , former president of The Asiatic Society - Prof Biswanath Bannerjee , former president of The Asiatic Society - Emeritus Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Windsor University , Ontario , Canada - Prof Narayan Sen , noted Sinologist - Prof Biswadeb Mukherjee noted Sinologist specialising in Chinese Buddhism Centenary year commemoration . Dr Bagchis immense contribution to his field was highlighted with Centenary Celebrations at - Visva-Bharati University – a souvenir edited by Prof . Dilip Kumar Ganguly was published - Ancient Indian History Department , Calcutta University - Indian Museum , Kolkata – a book titled Tribute to PC Bagchi : Prabodhochandradaya was published edited by Prof Shyamal Kanti Chakravarty - The Asiatic Society , Kolkata – a book titled Contributions of PC Bagchi on IndoTibetology edited by Prof Haraprasad Ray ( , ) , - National Library of India , Kolkata with an excellent exhibition - Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi , Kolkata – Prabodh Chandra Bagchi a biography written by Ratna Sinha , Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Prof Suniti Pathak , Prof Haraprasad Ray and , Prof BN Mukherjee was published alongside Prabandha Samgraha ( a collection of essays ) by Probodhchandra Bagchi ( ) edited by Prof Jyoti Bhusan Chaki . - India and Asia : PC Bagchi Centenary Volume edited by Prof BN Mukherjee , published by Progressive Publishers in 2009 ( ) Works . He published a large number of books in English , French and Bengali . He contributed to academic and other journals . His best known work that is still acclaimed as a classical work even today is India and China , ( , ) , which was first published in 1944 . A second edition was brought out in 1950 . This book was revised by Haraprasad Ray and published in the fifth edition in 2008.Publishers page His other major works were : - Le canon bouddhique en Chine . Les traducteurs et les traductions . Geuthner , Paris 1927–1938 ( 2 vol. ) - Fan yu tsa ming ( 《梵語雜名》 ) de Li Yen ( 禮言 ) et Fan yu tsien tseu wen ( 《梵語千字文》 ) de Yi-tsing ( 義凈 ) . 2 vol . P . Geuthner , Paris 1929–1937 - Studies in the Tantras . Calcutta . University of Calcutta , 1939 For more details see Bibliography below : Select Bibliography of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . Books in French . 1.Le Canon Bouddhique en Chine les traducteurs et les traductions , Tome 1 , pp . lii , 436 ; Tome II pp . vi 437–742 , 1927 : Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1938 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta 2.Deux Lexiques Sanskrit Chinois Fan Yu Tsa Ming De Li Yen et Fan Yu Tsien Tsen Wen De Yi-Tsing : Tome I , pp . iv , 336 : Tome II , pp . viii , 337–590 , 1929 , Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1937 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta Books in English . 3 . Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian In India 1929 , Calcutta University 1968 , Reprinted by Calcutta University 4 . Kaula-Jyana-Nirnaya and some Minor Texts of the School of Matsyendranath Calcutta Sanskrit Series , 1934 , pp . viii , 92–148 , Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House : Calcutta 5 . Studies In The Tantras Part-I , 1939 : Calcutta University 6 . India and China : a thousand years of cultural relations . Published in Greater India Society , Bulletin 2 , Calcutta in 1927 First Edition 1944 , China Press , Calcutta Second Edition 1950 , Hind Kitab , Bombay Third Edition 1951 , Philosophical Library , New York Fourth Edition 1981 , Saraswat Library , Calcutta Fifth Edition 2008 , Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd , New Delhi . . Chinese Translation Zhong-Yin Qiannian Shi 2008 , Indian Embassy , Beijing . . 7 . India and Central Asia : 1955 , National Council of Education , Jadavpur , Calcutta 8 . Caryagiti Kosa : P . C . Bagchi & Shanti Bhiksu Sastri 1956 , Visva Bharati 9 . She-Kia-Fang-Che 1959 , Visva Bharati 10 . Indological Studies-A collected works of Dr . P . C . Bagchi , vol . I , 1982 , Visva Bharati 11 . The Second City of the Empire . Editor Books in Bengali . Visva Bharati Press 12 . Bouddha Dharma O Sahitya 13 . Bharat O Indo Chin 14 . Bharat O Chin 15 . Bharat O Madhya Asia Bangla Academy 16 . Probondho Shamgraho Further reading . - Information and photos obtained from the daughters of P . C . Bagchi : Mrs . Krishna Sinha , Mrs . Ratna Sinha and Mrs . Indrani Mukutmoni from their personal album , their fathers letters and his diary . - A Monograph on P.C.Bagchi by Kalyan Kumar Sarkar published in Dec.1956 - Visva-Bharati , Quarterly News , 1956 - In Memoriam written by Prof.Suniti Kumar Chatterjee published in Visva-Bharati Annals and Visva-Bharati Patrika in 1957 and in Indian Linguistics : Bagchi Memorial Volume , Deccan College , Poona , jointly with Linguistic Society of India . - Interviews on Doordarshan , Kolkata of Professors like B . N . Mukherjee , Shyamalkanti Chakravarty and the daughters of P.C . Bagchi on the occasion of P.C.Bagchis centenary Satavarsher aloye Prabodh Chandra Bagchi - Diner pore din je galo written by Prof . Sukumar Sen - Convocation Addresses delivered by Upacharya P.C.Bagchi in the years 1954 and 1955 collected from Rabindra Bhavan , Visva-Bharati - Review of PC Bagchis publications . - Yuyama , Akira ( 2002 ) , Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( 1898-1956 ) . A Model in the Beginnings of Indo-sinic Philology , Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 5 , 137-146 |
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] | easy | Prabodh Chandra Bagchi went to which school from 1923 to 1926? | /wiki/Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi#P69#2 | Prabodh Chandra Bagchi Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( ) ( 18 November 1898 – 19 January 1956 ) or P . C . Bagchi was one of the most notable Sino -Indologists of the 20th century . He was the third Upacharya ( Vice-Chancellor ) of Visva-Bharati University . Early life and education . He was born on 18 November 1898 , the eldest son of Shri Harinath Bagchi and Smt Tarangini Devi in present-day Bangladesh in Magura District . He was to lose his mother in his early childhood . He did his schooling in Srikole , Magura District in present Bangladesh . Dr Bagchi was a brilliant student and a favourite of his teachers and Head Master who expected great things of him . In 1914 , he appeared for the Matriculation examination . He graduated from Krishnagar Government College in 1918 with honours in Sanskrit . He stood first in his college and received the prestigious Mohini Mohan Roy award . Although he showed promise in Mathematics , he took Sanskrit , the classical language of India , because of his desire to study ancient Indian history . He joined Calcutta University for his post-graduation studies in Ancient History and Culture , obtaining a First Class M.A . in 1920 . He was awarded a Gold Medal in the Religion Section and overall had stood first in the University . Academic career and contributions . After his post-graduation from Calcutta University , he immediately joined the University as a Lecturer after being called by Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee who told him to Join from tomorrow ( In Bengali , as noted in his personal diary ) . The period from 1921 onwards was highly significant for Prabodh Chandra Bagchi in fulfilling his dream to become a true Orientalist . He realised the need for reconstructing ancient history and the multifaceted Indian cultural history more scientifically on a broader Asiatic perspective . With this lofty dream in mind , he started learning Chinese and Japanese from Professor Kimura and Professor Masuda of Calcutta University and German from Professor Taraporewala . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , the Vice-Chancellor deputed Prabodh Chandra to learn Chinese and Tibetan from Sylvain Lévi , the Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Civilization in the Sorbonne University , Paris who was in Santiniketan on an invitation from Rabindranath Tagore . It was also from Sylvain Lévi and the great poet Rabindranath that Prabodh Chandra imbibed a new approach to research on the Indian cultural history which renewed his endeavour to learn various foreign languages to have access to the original source materials . Instead of fragmented specialised studies he realised that ancient Indian history and culture should be viewed in its entirety so that many obscure areas would be brought into light . In 1922 , young Prabodh reached the first milestone of his career , when he accompanied Sylvain Lévi and Madame Lévi to Nepal . His painstaking work in exploring original manuscripts and the Tibetan and Chinese manuscripts of old Sanskrit texts which were lost in their originals but preserved in their translations at the Royal Durbar Library of Nepal resulted in his invaluable findings in the domain of Indological research . Among his findings the palm leaf manuscripts of Kaula-Jnana- Nirnaya and Sammoho Tantra need special mention as they throw light on mysticism , influence of Sakti-ism on later Buddhism and emergence of new religious creeds . In 1922 , Prabodh reached another milestone when he was awarded Rashbehari Ghosh Travelling Fellowship for one year . He travelled to Indo-China , Cambodia , Cochin-China and Japan . He got the opportunity to work with Sylvain Lévi , Louis Finot , the founder of Ecole de Pali in Phnom Penh , George Groslier who established a renowned museum in Phnom Penh , National Museum of Cambodia , Henry Marshal , the head of Ecole Francaise d extreme orient in Hanoi and Henri Permentier exponent of Khmer art and culture . Prabodh Chandra was enriched with their exploratory survey of the archaeological remains of Angkor Vat . He stayed in Hanoi and was fortunate to attend Chinese classes conducted by Prof . Auroussean . He visited Japan and benefited extensively from his stay at the Monastery of Koyasen . During the period between 1923 and 1926 Prabodh Chandra was in France on a government scholarship for higher studies . He worked - on Sanskrit Buddhist literature with Sylvain Lévi , - on the ancient remains of Indian civilisation in Central Asia with Paul Pelliot , - on Buddhist literature in China with Henri Maspero , - on the ancient Pali texts with Jules Bloch and - on Avestan gathas with Antoine Meillet . He was awarded the highest degree of Docteur es Letters ( State Doctorate ) by the Paris University . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi served the department of Ancient History and Culture of Calcutta University during the period between 1926 and 1944 . He contributed immensely to the enhancement of the research studies on Humanities with his innumerable writings based on his own findings . In 1929 and 1930 he was sent to Nepal again to carry on his research from the Chinese and Tibetan manuscripts on Tantrik Buddhism ( Vajrayana ) , Buddhist Siddhacharyas and Charyagiti ( Charyapada ) and Dohakosa ( Dohakosa of Tillopada and Sarahapada ) . In 1931 , he along with Professors Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Sukumar Sen formed an informal Study Circle at the Calcutta University for various deliberations on the discipline of historical linguistics which was known as the science of comparative philology . Subsequently in the year 1938 this Philological Society merged with the Indian Linguistic Society with Dr . Sukumar Sen as its Secretary and Dr . Bagchi as its Treasurer . Prabodh Chandras residence at Ballygunge Place , Kolkata became a hub of cultural and intellectual activities . Parichayagosthi , an association of eminent literary persons like Hiran Kumar Sanyal , Bishnu Dey , Sudhin Datta and others had their gatherings at Prabodhs residence . Sarojini Naidu attended this gathering , Pramatha Nath Chowdhury was a frequent visitor and was extremely fond of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . He presided over a number of conferences like Howrah Teachers Conference and Divya Memorial Conference at Rangpur in 1937 , Brihattara Banga Sahitya Sammelan ( Greater Bengali Literary Conference ) held in Guwahati , Assam and at Rangoon , Burma in 1939 , Indian History Congress at Aligarh , All India Oriental Conference ( section of Pali and Buddhism ) in Nagpur in 1946 . Prabodh Chandra , who already established himself as an exponent in Sinology joined Visva Bharati University at Santiniketan as Director of Research Studies under the Chinese Cultural Studies Scheme on a special grant from the Chinese Government in the year 1945 . He was still on deputation from Calcutta University . In the meantime , the government of India created a Chair Professorship at Peking University to promote Sino-Indian understanding and cultural ties and Prabodh Chandra was selected for this prestigious post for a period of two years . He fulfilled his new assignment successfully and his house at 41\M Legation Street in Peking became a hub of Indo-Chinese cultural activities . An international conference ( 23–24 November 2008 ) was held in Beijing to commemorate the 110th birth anniversary of Professors Prabodh Chandra Bagchi and Tan Yunshan by remembering their scholarly contribution to Sino-Indian studies . At this international Conference which was inaugurated by Mrs.Nirupama Rao , then the Ambassador to China . A book on the collection of articles written by Prabodh Chandra was also released ( India and China : Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy ) . On his return from China he resumed his work at Visva Bharati and took charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . In recognition of his valuable contributions to Oriental Studies he was awarded the Honorary Diploma by Ecole Francaise d Extreme Orient . Between 1949 and 1951 P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of lectures at Jadavpur , Calcutta University as its Hemchandra Basu Mallik Professor . These highly illuminating lectures were on - the nomadic movements in early Central Asia - the history of the relations between Tokharistan and Eastern Iran - the history of the early states in the oases of Chinese Turkestan - the uses of the Indian scripts and languages in Central Asia These lectures were compiled into a book entitled India and Central Asia and published by Jadavpur , National Council of Education in 1955 . To quote Professor B.N.Mukherjee , an eminent Orientalist evaluating this book and Bagchis profound scholarship in the Centenary Volume ...he ( Bagchi ) was the first competent Indian scholar to delve into the past of Central Asia . He will always adorn a niche in the facade of Indo-Central Asian scholarship.In 1952 he was sent to China as a delegate of the first Indian cultural delegation from independent India , led by Smt . Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . Visva Bharati and his untimely death . Bagchi had been involved with Visva-Bharati University since 1945 and had taken charge of Vidya Bhavana , the department of higher studies . He was appointed Vice – Chancellor ( Upacharya ) of Visva Bharati University in April 1954 . As a recognition of his contribution to academics Bagchi , became the first full Vice-Chancellor from outside the Tagore family . This was short-lived tenure as he died on 19 January 1956 after a heart attack . Despite his brief term of office , he proved to be an able administrator . The all round growth of Visva Bharati in keeping with the ideals of its founder , the great poet Rabindranath Tagore became his main thrust . He expanded spheres of activities in all the departments and introduced the three years degree course in the graduation level with many other related changes in the curricula . To make Visva Bharati a centre of studies of Eastern Humanities he reorganised the Department of Indology and created higher posts of professorship in the Indo-Tibetan and Japanese Departments . The encouragement given to research by him despite institutional financial constraints was highly commendable . He personally used to guide the research students and make arrangements for their publication . He used to edit personally the Quarterly journals like Sino-Indian Studies , Visva Bharati Annals and Sahitya Prakashika . He introduced many new technical subjects like Applied Mechanics , Metal work etc . in the curricula of Siksha Shatra , the nucleus of Sriniketan . To quote Prabodh Chandra : Through sustained contacts with Sriniketan I have now arrived at the firm conclusion that without Sriniketan , Santiniketan is incomplete . If Sriniketan is kept aloof from Santiniketan then we could not live up to the ideals of Gurudeva . Bagchi kept up his prolific academic work during his tenure as Vice-Chancellor . In 1954 , P.C.Bagchi delivered a series of scholarly lectures in memory of Adhar Chandra Mukherjee at the Calcutta University on the obscure field of India and South East Asia . In the same year P.C.Bagchi was invited by the Government of India to lead a cultural delegation to China which he declined due to his preoccupation with the administrative work of Visva-Bharati . Even whilst carrying out his administrative duties as Vice-Chancellor and despite his failing health , Bagchi carried out his research work late into the night . Many unfinished works were found on his study table after his sudden death . Out of these , only She-Kia-Fang-Che was posthumously published by the Visva-Bharati University in 1959 . This treatise , translated from old Chinese into English for the first time by P.C.Bagchi , was written by Tao-Siuan , a disciple of the famous Chinese monk and pilgrim Xuanzang ( Hiuen-Tsang ) who lived between A.D.596 and 667 . This book is of immense value as one of the major sources of our knowledge about the ancient geography , prevailing Buddhism and the travel account of Xuanzang . To quote Professor B . N . Mukherjee Though published without any critical introduction or notes , obviously due to the translators sudden and unexpected demise in course of the preparation of the publication , the translation may be included among Professor Bagchis greatest contribution to the study of Central Asia . Centenary Volume India and Asia . Prabodh Chandras sudden demise was a great shock for Visva Bharati and the educational fraternity . Visva Bharati wrote in its news : Dr.Bagchis earthly pilgrimage is over . His name and fame now belong to history . Although this is an irreparable loss , we shall be proud to recollect that he was our own...A man of letters , he will certainly live more than his years . The Ministry of Education , Government of India resolved : This meeting...the Ministry of Education in the Government of India places on record its deep sense of loss at the untimely and sudden passing away of Dr.P.C.Bagchi , Vice-Chancellor , Visva Bharati , Santiniketan . Dr . Bagchis death is a loss not only to Visva Bharati with which he was connected over a period of years , but to the cause of scholarship throughout the country . In him the nation has lost a distinguished scholar , Indologist , Sinologist and a worker who strived steadfastly for the ideals of Satyam , Shivam and Sundaram , which have been the motto of the university since its inception . What stood out in his scholarship was his holistic approach to his research and indeed , to his life . Personal life . In 1921 , he married Panna Rani Devi , the daughter of Rai Saheb Taraknath Moitra and Hemangini Devi from Pabna . She was a great pillar of support , sharing in every aspect of his scholarly life and , running the family when he was away on his long foreign travels , exploratory field trips or lost in his remarkable library of rare and invaluable books into which he would delve for hours or when he was busy typing out his observations , the staccato from his Remington type writer a familiar sound in the household . She was known for her hospitality and tender nature and was very popular with his colleagues , students and friends . They had a son ( Pratip ) and five daughters ( Chitra , Krishna,Gopa , Ratna , Indrani ) . He had five grandsons ( Deepak Sinha , Ashok Sinha , Devdatta Mukutmoni , Dipankar Mukutmoni and Shiladitya Sinha ) and two granddaughters ( Sujata ( Bulu ) Sanyal and Sudeshna Sinha ) . Prabodh Chandra Bagchi was a man of sensitivity which is evident from his love for animals , music , aesthetics and refined life style . His compassion for the have-nots knew no bounds . He used to contribute a considerable amount every month from his own salary as scholarships to the needy yet deserving students . Bagchi the patriot . Whilst at Paris , the young Bagchi also made his mark as an effective organiser He was one of the founders of Association des Etudiante Hindous de France ( Association of Indian Students of France ) . Forever sympathetic , he was loved by all Indian students and whenever required , he was ready to extend his helping hand . The well known scientist , Satyendra Nath Bose personally benefited from an introductory letter to Madame Marie Curie by Prof . Sylvain Lévi at the request of Bagchi . Satyendra Nath Bose has given an illuminating account of the significant role played by the young Bagchi , a man of exemplary integrity in a chapter in his Bengali compilation of essays . This organisation under the guidance of Prabodh Chandra gave shelter to the Indian freedom fighters who were branded as anti-government by the British authorities . The Association was involved in revolutionary activities with its branches in various European cities and its headquarters at 17 , Rue de Sommerard in Paris . Even early in his life , during his post-graduate studies , he was actively associated with the Anushilan Samity , an organisation to trigger nationalistic activities . This was founded in Dacca by Barrister P . Mitra on whom Vivekananda made an indelible impact . Later on , this organisation was transferred to Calcutta . Some eminent students . Dr Bagchi left behind a rich legacy through several of his students who went on to gain pre-eminence in their field . Some are listed here : - Pratap Chandra Chunder- a prominent educationist , he became Union Minister of Education in the Morarji Desai Ministry - Prof Dilip Kumar Biswas , former president of The Asiatic Society - Prof Biswanath Bannerjee , former president of The Asiatic Society - Emeritus Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Windsor University , Ontario , Canada - Prof Narayan Sen , noted Sinologist - Prof Biswadeb Mukherjee noted Sinologist specialising in Chinese Buddhism Centenary year commemoration . Dr Bagchis immense contribution to his field was highlighted with Centenary Celebrations at - Visva-Bharati University – a souvenir edited by Prof . Dilip Kumar Ganguly was published - Ancient Indian History Department , Calcutta University - Indian Museum , Kolkata – a book titled Tribute to PC Bagchi : Prabodhochandradaya was published edited by Prof Shyamal Kanti Chakravarty - The Asiatic Society , Kolkata – a book titled Contributions of PC Bagchi on IndoTibetology edited by Prof Haraprasad Ray ( , ) , - National Library of India , Kolkata with an excellent exhibition - Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi , Kolkata – Prabodh Chandra Bagchi a biography written by Ratna Sinha , Prof Kalyan Kumar Sarkar , Prof Suniti Pathak , Prof Haraprasad Ray and , Prof BN Mukherjee was published alongside Prabandha Samgraha ( a collection of essays ) by Probodhchandra Bagchi ( ) edited by Prof Jyoti Bhusan Chaki . - India and Asia : PC Bagchi Centenary Volume edited by Prof BN Mukherjee , published by Progressive Publishers in 2009 ( ) Works . He published a large number of books in English , French and Bengali . He contributed to academic and other journals . His best known work that is still acclaimed as a classical work even today is India and China , ( , ) , which was first published in 1944 . A second edition was brought out in 1950 . This book was revised by Haraprasad Ray and published in the fifth edition in 2008.Publishers page His other major works were : - Le canon bouddhique en Chine . Les traducteurs et les traductions . Geuthner , Paris 1927–1938 ( 2 vol. ) - Fan yu tsa ming ( 《梵語雜名》 ) de Li Yen ( 禮言 ) et Fan yu tsien tseu wen ( 《梵語千字文》 ) de Yi-tsing ( 義凈 ) . 2 vol . P . Geuthner , Paris 1929–1937 - Studies in the Tantras . Calcutta . University of Calcutta , 1939 For more details see Bibliography below : Select Bibliography of Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . Books in French . 1.Le Canon Bouddhique en Chine les traducteurs et les traductions , Tome 1 , pp . lii , 436 ; Tome II pp . vi 437–742 , 1927 : Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1938 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta 2.Deux Lexiques Sanskrit Chinois Fan Yu Tsa Ming De Li Yen et Fan Yu Tsien Tsen Wen De Yi-Tsing : Tome I , pp . iv , 336 : Tome II , pp . viii , 337–590 , 1929 , Paris , Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner 1937 , Sino-Indica Publications de Luniversite de Calcutta Books in English . 3 . Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian In India 1929 , Calcutta University 1968 , Reprinted by Calcutta University 4 . Kaula-Jyana-Nirnaya and some Minor Texts of the School of Matsyendranath Calcutta Sanskrit Series , 1934 , pp . viii , 92–148 , Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House : Calcutta 5 . Studies In The Tantras Part-I , 1939 : Calcutta University 6 . India and China : a thousand years of cultural relations . Published in Greater India Society , Bulletin 2 , Calcutta in 1927 First Edition 1944 , China Press , Calcutta Second Edition 1950 , Hind Kitab , Bombay Third Edition 1951 , Philosophical Library , New York Fourth Edition 1981 , Saraswat Library , Calcutta Fifth Edition 2008 , Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd , New Delhi . . Chinese Translation Zhong-Yin Qiannian Shi 2008 , Indian Embassy , Beijing . . 7 . India and Central Asia : 1955 , National Council of Education , Jadavpur , Calcutta 8 . Caryagiti Kosa : P . C . Bagchi & Shanti Bhiksu Sastri 1956 , Visva Bharati 9 . She-Kia-Fang-Che 1959 , Visva Bharati 10 . Indological Studies-A collected works of Dr . P . C . Bagchi , vol . I , 1982 , Visva Bharati 11 . The Second City of the Empire . Editor Books in Bengali . Visva Bharati Press 12 . Bouddha Dharma O Sahitya 13 . Bharat O Indo Chin 14 . Bharat O Chin 15 . Bharat O Madhya Asia Bangla Academy 16 . Probondho Shamgraho Further reading . - Information and photos obtained from the daughters of P . C . Bagchi : Mrs . Krishna Sinha , Mrs . Ratna Sinha and Mrs . Indrani Mukutmoni from their personal album , their fathers letters and his diary . - A Monograph on P.C.Bagchi by Kalyan Kumar Sarkar published in Dec.1956 - Visva-Bharati , Quarterly News , 1956 - In Memoriam written by Prof.Suniti Kumar Chatterjee published in Visva-Bharati Annals and Visva-Bharati Patrika in 1957 and in Indian Linguistics : Bagchi Memorial Volume , Deccan College , Poona , jointly with Linguistic Society of India . - Interviews on Doordarshan , Kolkata of Professors like B . N . Mukherjee , Shyamalkanti Chakravarty and the daughters of P.C . Bagchi on the occasion of P.C.Bagchis centenary Satavarsher aloye Prabodh Chandra Bagchi - Diner pore din je galo written by Prof . Sukumar Sen - Convocation Addresses delivered by Upacharya P.C.Bagchi in the years 1954 and 1955 collected from Rabindra Bhavan , Visva-Bharati - Review of PC Bagchis publications . - Yuyama , Akira ( 2002 ) , Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( 1898-1956 ) . A Model in the Beginnings of Indo-sinic Philology , Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 5 , 137-146 |
[
"Bonnie Broecker"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Wes Craven from 1964 to 1969? | /wiki/Wes_Craven#P26#0 | Wes Craven Wesley Earl Craven ( August 2 , 1939 – August 30 , 2015 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , and producer . He was known for his pioneering work in the horror genre , particularly slasher films , where he mixed horror cliches with humor and satire . His impact on the genre was considered prolific and highly influential . Due to the success and cultural impact of his works , Craven has been called a Master of Horror . He is best known for creating the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise ( 1984–2010 ) , featuring the characters Freddy Krueger and Nancy Thompson , and the Scream franchise ( 1996–2011 ) , featuring Ghostface and Sidney Prescott . His other notable films include The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) , Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) , The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Shocker ( 1989 ) , The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) , Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and Red Eye ( 2005 ) . Cravens final film was Scream 4 ( 2011 ) . Early life . Craven was born in Cleveland , Ohio , the son of Caroline ( née Miller ) and Paul Eugene Craven . He was raised in a strict Baptist family . Craven earned an undergraduate degree in English and psychology from Wheaton College in Illinois and a masters degree in philosophy and writing from Johns Hopkins University . Craven briefly taught English at Westminster College and was a humanities professor at Clarkson College of Technology ( later named Clarkson University ) in Potsdam , New York . He additionally taught at Madrid-Waddington High School in Madrid , New York . During this time , he purchased a used 16 mm film camera and began making short movies . When his friend Steve Chapin informed him of a messenger position at a New York City film production co , where his brother , future folk-rock star Harry Chapin worked . Craven moved into the building where his friend Steve Chapin lived at 136 Hicks St . in Brooklyn Heights . His first creative job in the film industry was as a sound editor . Recalling his early training , Craven said in 1994 , Harry was a fantastic film editor and producer of industrials . He taught me the Chapin method [ of editing ] : Nuts and bolts ! Nuts and bolts ! Get rid of the shit ! Craven afterward became the firms assistant manager , and broke into film editing with Youve Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or Youll Lose That Beat ( 1971 ) . Career . Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director . In the documentary Inside Deep Throat , Craven says on camera he made many hardcore X-rated films under pseudonyms . While his role in Deep Throat is undisclosed , most of his early known work involved writing , film editing , or both . Cravens first feature film as director was The Last House on the Left , which was released in 1972 . Craven expected the film to be shown at only a few theaters , which according to him gave me a freedom to be outrageous , and to go into areas that normally I wouldnt have gone into , and not worry about my family hearing about it , or being crushed . Ultimately the movie was screened much more widely than he assumed , leaving him ostracized due to the content of the film . After the negative experience of Last House , Craven attempted to move out of the horror genre , and began writing non-horror films with his partner Sean S . Cunningham , none of which attracted any financial backing . Finally , based on advice from a friend about the ease of filming in the Nevada deserts , Craven began to write a new horror film based on that locale . The resulting film , The Hills Have Eyes , cemented Craven as a horror film director with Craven noting It soon became clear that I wasnt going to do anything else unless it was scary . Craven frequently collaborated with Sean S . Cunningham . In Cravens debut feature , The Last House on the Left , Cunningham served as producer . They pooled all of their resources and came up with $90,000 . Later , in Cravens best-known film , A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) , Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes , although he was not credited . Their characters , Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees , appeared together in the slasher film Freddy vs . Jason ( 2003 ) with Cunningham acting as producer , while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as Character Creator . Later , in The Last House on the Left remake ( 2009 ) , Cunningham and Craven share production credits . Craven had a hand in launching actor Johnny Depps career by casting him in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Depps first major film role . Although known for directing horror/thriller films , he had worked on two films which are outside this genre : Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and as one of the 22 directors responsible for Paris , je taime ( 2006 ) . Craven created Coming of Rage , a five-issue comic book series , with 30 Days of Night writer Steve Niles . The series was released in digital form in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut . Film style . Craven has cited filmmakers Ingmar Bergman , Luis Buñuel , Alfred Hitchcock , Federico Fellini , Jean Cocteau , and Francois Truffaut as among his major influences . Craven’s first film , The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , was conceived as a remake of Bergman’s The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) . Cravens works tend to explore family dynamics , the nature of dreams and reality , and often feature black humor and satirical elements . A Nightmare on Elm Street , for example , dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life . New Nightmare has actress Heather Langenkamp play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred . At one point in the film , the audience sees on Wes Cravens word processor a script he has written , which includes the conversation he just had with Heather—as if the script were being written as the action unfolds . The Serpent and the Rainbow portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality . In Scream , the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations , and at one point , Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie . This concept was emphasized in the sequels , as copycat stalkers re-enact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro killings ( Woodsboro being the fictional town where Scream is set ) occurring in Scream . Scream included a scene mentioning an urban legend about Richard Gere and a sex act involving a hamster . Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in , he would never work again . The last film that he directed before his death was Scream 4 . Other work . Craven designed the Halloween 2008 logo for Google and was the second celebrity personality to take over the YouTube homepage on Halloween . Craven had a letter published in the July 19 , 1968 , edition of Life , praising that periodicals coverage of contemporary rock music , in particular Frank Zappas . Personal life . Cravens first marriage , to Bonnie Broecker , produced two children : Jonathan Craven ( born 1965 ) and Jessica Craven ( born 1968 ) . Jonathan is a writer and director . Jessica was a singer-songwriter in the group the Chapin Sisters . The marriage ended in 1970 . In 1982 , Craven married a woman who became known professionally as actress Mimi Craven . The two later divorced , with Wes Craven stating in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it was no longer anything but a sham . In 2004 , Craven married Iya Labunka ; she frequently worked as a producer on Cravens films . Craven was a birder ; in 2010 , he joined Audubon Californias Board of Directors . His favorite films included Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) , The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) and Red River ( 1948 ) . Craven was an atheist . Death and legacy . Craven died of a brain tumor at his home in Los Angeles on August 30 , 2015 , four weeks after his 76th birthday . Many actors paid tribute to him , including David Arquette , Johnny Depp , Adrienne Barbeau , Angela Bassett , Neve Campbell , Courteney Cox , Robert Englund , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Jamie Kennedy , Rose McGowan , Kristy Swanson , and Amanda Wyss . The tenth episode of the horror series Scream was dedicated in his memory . Awards and nominations . Throughout his career , Craven was nominated for and won numerous awards , including multiple Saturn Awards and several film festival honors . In 1977 , Craven won the critics award at the Sitges Film Festival for his horror film The Hills Have Eyes . In 1997 , the Gérardmer Film Festival granted him the Grand Prize for the slasher film Scream . In 2012 , the New York City Horror Film Festival awarded Craven the Lifetime Achievement Award . |
[
"Mimi Craven"
] | easy | Who was Wes Craven 's spouse from 1984 to 1987? | /wiki/Wes_Craven#P26#1 | Wes Craven Wesley Earl Craven ( August 2 , 1939 – August 30 , 2015 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , and producer . He was known for his pioneering work in the horror genre , particularly slasher films , where he mixed horror cliches with humor and satire . His impact on the genre was considered prolific and highly influential . Due to the success and cultural impact of his works , Craven has been called a Master of Horror . He is best known for creating the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise ( 1984–2010 ) , featuring the characters Freddy Krueger and Nancy Thompson , and the Scream franchise ( 1996–2011 ) , featuring Ghostface and Sidney Prescott . His other notable films include The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) , Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) , The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Shocker ( 1989 ) , The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) , Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and Red Eye ( 2005 ) . Cravens final film was Scream 4 ( 2011 ) . Early life . Craven was born in Cleveland , Ohio , the son of Caroline ( née Miller ) and Paul Eugene Craven . He was raised in a strict Baptist family . Craven earned an undergraduate degree in English and psychology from Wheaton College in Illinois and a masters degree in philosophy and writing from Johns Hopkins University . Craven briefly taught English at Westminster College and was a humanities professor at Clarkson College of Technology ( later named Clarkson University ) in Potsdam , New York . He additionally taught at Madrid-Waddington High School in Madrid , New York . During this time , he purchased a used 16 mm film camera and began making short movies . When his friend Steve Chapin informed him of a messenger position at a New York City film production co , where his brother , future folk-rock star Harry Chapin worked . Craven moved into the building where his friend Steve Chapin lived at 136 Hicks St . in Brooklyn Heights . His first creative job in the film industry was as a sound editor . Recalling his early training , Craven said in 1994 , Harry was a fantastic film editor and producer of industrials . He taught me the Chapin method [ of editing ] : Nuts and bolts ! Nuts and bolts ! Get rid of the shit ! Craven afterward became the firms assistant manager , and broke into film editing with Youve Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or Youll Lose That Beat ( 1971 ) . Career . Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director . In the documentary Inside Deep Throat , Craven says on camera he made many hardcore X-rated films under pseudonyms . While his role in Deep Throat is undisclosed , most of his early known work involved writing , film editing , or both . Cravens first feature film as director was The Last House on the Left , which was released in 1972 . Craven expected the film to be shown at only a few theaters , which according to him gave me a freedom to be outrageous , and to go into areas that normally I wouldnt have gone into , and not worry about my family hearing about it , or being crushed . Ultimately the movie was screened much more widely than he assumed , leaving him ostracized due to the content of the film . After the negative experience of Last House , Craven attempted to move out of the horror genre , and began writing non-horror films with his partner Sean S . Cunningham , none of which attracted any financial backing . Finally , based on advice from a friend about the ease of filming in the Nevada deserts , Craven began to write a new horror film based on that locale . The resulting film , The Hills Have Eyes , cemented Craven as a horror film director with Craven noting It soon became clear that I wasnt going to do anything else unless it was scary . Craven frequently collaborated with Sean S . Cunningham . In Cravens debut feature , The Last House on the Left , Cunningham served as producer . They pooled all of their resources and came up with $90,000 . Later , in Cravens best-known film , A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) , Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes , although he was not credited . Their characters , Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees , appeared together in the slasher film Freddy vs . Jason ( 2003 ) with Cunningham acting as producer , while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as Character Creator . Later , in The Last House on the Left remake ( 2009 ) , Cunningham and Craven share production credits . Craven had a hand in launching actor Johnny Depps career by casting him in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Depps first major film role . Although known for directing horror/thriller films , he had worked on two films which are outside this genre : Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and as one of the 22 directors responsible for Paris , je taime ( 2006 ) . Craven created Coming of Rage , a five-issue comic book series , with 30 Days of Night writer Steve Niles . The series was released in digital form in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut . Film style . Craven has cited filmmakers Ingmar Bergman , Luis Buñuel , Alfred Hitchcock , Federico Fellini , Jean Cocteau , and Francois Truffaut as among his major influences . Craven’s first film , The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , was conceived as a remake of Bergman’s The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) . Cravens works tend to explore family dynamics , the nature of dreams and reality , and often feature black humor and satirical elements . A Nightmare on Elm Street , for example , dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life . New Nightmare has actress Heather Langenkamp play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred . At one point in the film , the audience sees on Wes Cravens word processor a script he has written , which includes the conversation he just had with Heather—as if the script were being written as the action unfolds . The Serpent and the Rainbow portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality . In Scream , the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations , and at one point , Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie . This concept was emphasized in the sequels , as copycat stalkers re-enact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro killings ( Woodsboro being the fictional town where Scream is set ) occurring in Scream . Scream included a scene mentioning an urban legend about Richard Gere and a sex act involving a hamster . Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in , he would never work again . The last film that he directed before his death was Scream 4 . Other work . Craven designed the Halloween 2008 logo for Google and was the second celebrity personality to take over the YouTube homepage on Halloween . Craven had a letter published in the July 19 , 1968 , edition of Life , praising that periodicals coverage of contemporary rock music , in particular Frank Zappas . Personal life . Cravens first marriage , to Bonnie Broecker , produced two children : Jonathan Craven ( born 1965 ) and Jessica Craven ( born 1968 ) . Jonathan is a writer and director . Jessica was a singer-songwriter in the group the Chapin Sisters . The marriage ended in 1970 . In 1982 , Craven married a woman who became known professionally as actress Mimi Craven . The two later divorced , with Wes Craven stating in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it was no longer anything but a sham . In 2004 , Craven married Iya Labunka ; she frequently worked as a producer on Cravens films . Craven was a birder ; in 2010 , he joined Audubon Californias Board of Directors . His favorite films included Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) , The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) and Red River ( 1948 ) . Craven was an atheist . Death and legacy . Craven died of a brain tumor at his home in Los Angeles on August 30 , 2015 , four weeks after his 76th birthday . Many actors paid tribute to him , including David Arquette , Johnny Depp , Adrienne Barbeau , Angela Bassett , Neve Campbell , Courteney Cox , Robert Englund , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Jamie Kennedy , Rose McGowan , Kristy Swanson , and Amanda Wyss . The tenth episode of the horror series Scream was dedicated in his memory . Awards and nominations . Throughout his career , Craven was nominated for and won numerous awards , including multiple Saturn Awards and several film festival honors . In 1977 , Craven won the critics award at the Sitges Film Festival for his horror film The Hills Have Eyes . In 1997 , the Gérardmer Film Festival granted him the Grand Prize for the slasher film Scream . In 2012 , the New York City Horror Film Festival awarded Craven the Lifetime Achievement Award . |
[
"Iya Labunka"
] | easy | Who was Wes Craven 's spouse from 2004 to Aug 2015? | /wiki/Wes_Craven#P26#2 | Wes Craven Wesley Earl Craven ( August 2 , 1939 – August 30 , 2015 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , and producer . He was known for his pioneering work in the horror genre , particularly slasher films , where he mixed horror cliches with humor and satire . His impact on the genre was considered prolific and highly influential . Due to the success and cultural impact of his works , Craven has been called a Master of Horror . He is best known for creating the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise ( 1984–2010 ) , featuring the characters Freddy Krueger and Nancy Thompson , and the Scream franchise ( 1996–2011 ) , featuring Ghostface and Sidney Prescott . His other notable films include The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) , Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) , The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Shocker ( 1989 ) , The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) , Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and Red Eye ( 2005 ) . Cravens final film was Scream 4 ( 2011 ) . Early life . Craven was born in Cleveland , Ohio , the son of Caroline ( née Miller ) and Paul Eugene Craven . He was raised in a strict Baptist family . Craven earned an undergraduate degree in English and psychology from Wheaton College in Illinois and a masters degree in philosophy and writing from Johns Hopkins University . Craven briefly taught English at Westminster College and was a humanities professor at Clarkson College of Technology ( later named Clarkson University ) in Potsdam , New York . He additionally taught at Madrid-Waddington High School in Madrid , New York . During this time , he purchased a used 16 mm film camera and began making short movies . When his friend Steve Chapin informed him of a messenger position at a New York City film production co , where his brother , future folk-rock star Harry Chapin worked . Craven moved into the building where his friend Steve Chapin lived at 136 Hicks St . in Brooklyn Heights . His first creative job in the film industry was as a sound editor . Recalling his early training , Craven said in 1994 , Harry was a fantastic film editor and producer of industrials . He taught me the Chapin method [ of editing ] : Nuts and bolts ! Nuts and bolts ! Get rid of the shit ! Craven afterward became the firms assistant manager , and broke into film editing with Youve Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or Youll Lose That Beat ( 1971 ) . Career . Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director . In the documentary Inside Deep Throat , Craven says on camera he made many hardcore X-rated films under pseudonyms . While his role in Deep Throat is undisclosed , most of his early known work involved writing , film editing , or both . Cravens first feature film as director was The Last House on the Left , which was released in 1972 . Craven expected the film to be shown at only a few theaters , which according to him gave me a freedom to be outrageous , and to go into areas that normally I wouldnt have gone into , and not worry about my family hearing about it , or being crushed . Ultimately the movie was screened much more widely than he assumed , leaving him ostracized due to the content of the film . After the negative experience of Last House , Craven attempted to move out of the horror genre , and began writing non-horror films with his partner Sean S . Cunningham , none of which attracted any financial backing . Finally , based on advice from a friend about the ease of filming in the Nevada deserts , Craven began to write a new horror film based on that locale . The resulting film , The Hills Have Eyes , cemented Craven as a horror film director with Craven noting It soon became clear that I wasnt going to do anything else unless it was scary . Craven frequently collaborated with Sean S . Cunningham . In Cravens debut feature , The Last House on the Left , Cunningham served as producer . They pooled all of their resources and came up with $90,000 . Later , in Cravens best-known film , A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) , Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes , although he was not credited . Their characters , Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees , appeared together in the slasher film Freddy vs . Jason ( 2003 ) with Cunningham acting as producer , while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as Character Creator . Later , in The Last House on the Left remake ( 2009 ) , Cunningham and Craven share production credits . Craven had a hand in launching actor Johnny Depps career by casting him in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Depps first major film role . Although known for directing horror/thriller films , he had worked on two films which are outside this genre : Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and as one of the 22 directors responsible for Paris , je taime ( 2006 ) . Craven created Coming of Rage , a five-issue comic book series , with 30 Days of Night writer Steve Niles . The series was released in digital form in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut . Film style . Craven has cited filmmakers Ingmar Bergman , Luis Buñuel , Alfred Hitchcock , Federico Fellini , Jean Cocteau , and Francois Truffaut as among his major influences . Craven’s first film , The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , was conceived as a remake of Bergman’s The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) . Cravens works tend to explore family dynamics , the nature of dreams and reality , and often feature black humor and satirical elements . A Nightmare on Elm Street , for example , dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life . New Nightmare has actress Heather Langenkamp play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred . At one point in the film , the audience sees on Wes Cravens word processor a script he has written , which includes the conversation he just had with Heather—as if the script were being written as the action unfolds . The Serpent and the Rainbow portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality . In Scream , the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations , and at one point , Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie . This concept was emphasized in the sequels , as copycat stalkers re-enact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro killings ( Woodsboro being the fictional town where Scream is set ) occurring in Scream . Scream included a scene mentioning an urban legend about Richard Gere and a sex act involving a hamster . Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in , he would never work again . The last film that he directed before his death was Scream 4 . Other work . Craven designed the Halloween 2008 logo for Google and was the second celebrity personality to take over the YouTube homepage on Halloween . Craven had a letter published in the July 19 , 1968 , edition of Life , praising that periodicals coverage of contemporary rock music , in particular Frank Zappas . Personal life . Cravens first marriage , to Bonnie Broecker , produced two children : Jonathan Craven ( born 1965 ) and Jessica Craven ( born 1968 ) . Jonathan is a writer and director . Jessica was a singer-songwriter in the group the Chapin Sisters . The marriage ended in 1970 . In 1982 , Craven married a woman who became known professionally as actress Mimi Craven . The two later divorced , with Wes Craven stating in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it was no longer anything but a sham . In 2004 , Craven married Iya Labunka ; she frequently worked as a producer on Cravens films . Craven was a birder ; in 2010 , he joined Audubon Californias Board of Directors . His favorite films included Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) , The Virgin Spring ( 1960 ) and Red River ( 1948 ) . Craven was an atheist . Death and legacy . Craven died of a brain tumor at his home in Los Angeles on August 30 , 2015 , four weeks after his 76th birthday . Many actors paid tribute to him , including David Arquette , Johnny Depp , Adrienne Barbeau , Angela Bassett , Neve Campbell , Courteney Cox , Robert Englund , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Jamie Kennedy , Rose McGowan , Kristy Swanson , and Amanda Wyss . The tenth episode of the horror series Scream was dedicated in his memory . Awards and nominations . Throughout his career , Craven was nominated for and won numerous awards , including multiple Saturn Awards and several film festival honors . In 1977 , Craven won the critics award at the Sitges Film Festival for his horror film The Hills Have Eyes . In 1997 , the Gérardmer Film Festival granted him the Grand Prize for the slasher film Scream . In 2012 , the New York City Horror Film Festival awarded Craven the Lifetime Achievement Award . |
[
"San Jose State University"
] | easy | Crawford Gates went to which school from 1942 to 1943? | /wiki/Crawford_Gates#P69#0 | Crawford Gates Crawford Marion Gates ( December 29 , 1921 – June 9 , 2018 ) was an American musician , composer , and conductor known for his contributions to the body of music for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Early life and education . Gates was born in San Francisco , December 29 , 1921 , and grew up in Palo Alto , California . He started playing piano at age eight and violin at age nine . In his first year of college at the College of the Pacific and San Jose State , he won a student composition contest sponsored by the Stockton Symphony During his mission for the LDS Church , he directed the Mormon Male Chorus of Philadelphia , a group of eight other missionaries . The chorus performed for local radio stations , including WFIL . Gates wrote forty-three arrangements for the choir . Gates received a BA with great distinction from San Jose State University in 1943 . From September 1944 until August 1945 he was stationed in Pearl Harbor but never sent into combat . He studied for his MA from Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1948 , studying there with Leroy Robertson . Gates earned his Ph.D . from the Eastman School of Music under Howard Hanson in 1954 . He studied there from 1948 to 1950 , and returned to study in the summers of 1951 and 1954 . Music career . College teaching . He was a member of the music faculty at Brigham Young University during the summers of 1948 to 1960 , full-time from 1950 to 1966 . He conducted the chorus there from 1950 to 1958 . He was the chair of BYU’s music department from 1960 to 1966 , and conducted the BYU Symphony 1964 to 1966 . Gates was a professor of music and artist in residence at Beloit College in Wisconsin from 1966 to 1989 . From 1982 to 1987 he was the Chair of Music at Beloit College . After his retirement from Beloit College in 1989 , he continued his work as an emeritus artist-in-residence . Conducting . Gates was the music director of the Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra for 34 years ( 1963–1964 , 1966–1999 ) , where he prepared orchestral and orchestral-choral arrangements for annual pops and children’s concerts . He was the music director of the Quincy Symphony from 1969 to 1970 and of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1986 . While conducting the Rockford Symphony Orchestra , he professionalized the orchestra . He guest conducted for the Utah Symphony twenty-five times . At Tanglewood in 1957 , Gates studied orchestral conducting with Eleazar de Carvalho . In the summer of 1967 , he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky . Composing . Since age eight , Gates has composed or arranged nearly 900 titles . His works have been performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Los Angeles Philharmonic and orchestras in Dallas , Kansas City , Rochester and Milwaukee . Gates has had musical relationships ( guest conducting , recording , commissioned compositions and premieres ) with five major musical organizations in Utah : the Utah Symphony , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , the Orchestra at Temple Square , Ballet West , the Utah Opera and the Oratorio Society of Utah . He wrote the music score to the play Promised Valley ( 1947 ) , celebrating the centennial entrance of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley . This stage work has been produced over 2,700 times , in six languages and on five continents . He composed and orchestrated the score from January until July 22 , 1947 , just before the first performance . The first performances were produced in the University of Utah stadium , which held 12,500 people at the time . Gates is most known for his works with religious themes . In 1953 , Harold Hansen , the director of the pageant , asked Gates to write an original score for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . This church assignment was approved by the first presidency of the LDS Church . His teaching schedule and local church service did not leave him much time to compose , so the score was not complete until 1957 . During this time , he studied composition with Ernst Toch at UCLA in 1954 . After having difficulty composing the Christ theme for the Hill Cumorah Pageant , he received a blessing from Harold B . Lee , which told him he would hear the music in the night . After hearing the music in a dream , Gates composed what he felt was the right theme . In 1987 , Gates started composing a new score for Orson Scott Cards new script for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . Gates conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , Utah Symphony Orchestra , and Salt Lake Childrens choir to make a recording of the new score to use in rehearsals . He composed two hymns in the LDS hymn book : Our Savior’s Love and Ring Out , Wild Bells , and wrote the music for two hymns in the LDS Childrens Songbook : On a Golden Springtime and Baptism . In 1976 , Gates premiered his Symphony No . 4 : A New Morning based on a text by Carol Lynn Pearson , for the United States Bicentennial . Milton Barlow commissioned Gates to write the ballet Desert As A Rose for Utahs statehood centennial in 1996 . Gates collaborated with William Auld to write an Esperanto hymn , which premiered at the 76th Universala Kongreso in 1991 . Claudia Bushman , Gatess sister-in-law , encouraged him to write an opera on Joseph Smith . Gates wrote Joseph ! Joseph! , which was performed in 2004 and 2005 . Awards and legacy . In 1955 , Gates won the Max Wald Memorial Funds first composition competition for his Symphony No.1 , written for his doctoral dissertation . Gatess works have won the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) every year from 1967 to 1989 . In 1997 , Gates received a Governors Commendation from Tommy Thompson for his musical service in southern Wisconsin . In 1998 , he received a Rotary Club Service Above Self award . In 2010 , the instrumental qualities of Gatess choral arrangements were the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Matthew Thompson at Kansas University . Personal life . Crawford Gates married Georgia Lauper on December 19 , 1952 . They had four children . Crawford and Georgia moved to Salt Lake City in 1999 . Gates died June 9 , 2018 at the age of 96 . In other media . Gates appears together with Gordon B . Hinckley and two other Latter-day Saint missionaries who visit the protagonists of the 2019 film The Fighting Preacher in order to tour the Sacred Grove on their ways home from missionary service . In fact , Gatess mission occurred seven years after Hinckleys , and concluded after the family he visits in the film had returned home . The Gates role is portrayed by Joseph Skousen . |
[
"Brigham Young University"
] | easy | Which school did Crawford Gates go to from 1946 to 1948? | /wiki/Crawford_Gates#P69#1 | Crawford Gates Crawford Marion Gates ( December 29 , 1921 – June 9 , 2018 ) was an American musician , composer , and conductor known for his contributions to the body of music for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Early life and education . Gates was born in San Francisco , December 29 , 1921 , and grew up in Palo Alto , California . He started playing piano at age eight and violin at age nine . In his first year of college at the College of the Pacific and San Jose State , he won a student composition contest sponsored by the Stockton Symphony During his mission for the LDS Church , he directed the Mormon Male Chorus of Philadelphia , a group of eight other missionaries . The chorus performed for local radio stations , including WFIL . Gates wrote forty-three arrangements for the choir . Gates received a BA with great distinction from San Jose State University in 1943 . From September 1944 until August 1945 he was stationed in Pearl Harbor but never sent into combat . He studied for his MA from Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1948 , studying there with Leroy Robertson . Gates earned his Ph.D . from the Eastman School of Music under Howard Hanson in 1954 . He studied there from 1948 to 1950 , and returned to study in the summers of 1951 and 1954 . Music career . College teaching . He was a member of the music faculty at Brigham Young University during the summers of 1948 to 1960 , full-time from 1950 to 1966 . He conducted the chorus there from 1950 to 1958 . He was the chair of BYU’s music department from 1960 to 1966 , and conducted the BYU Symphony 1964 to 1966 . Gates was a professor of music and artist in residence at Beloit College in Wisconsin from 1966 to 1989 . From 1982 to 1987 he was the Chair of Music at Beloit College . After his retirement from Beloit College in 1989 , he continued his work as an emeritus artist-in-residence . Conducting . Gates was the music director of the Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra for 34 years ( 1963–1964 , 1966–1999 ) , where he prepared orchestral and orchestral-choral arrangements for annual pops and children’s concerts . He was the music director of the Quincy Symphony from 1969 to 1970 and of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1986 . While conducting the Rockford Symphony Orchestra , he professionalized the orchestra . He guest conducted for the Utah Symphony twenty-five times . At Tanglewood in 1957 , Gates studied orchestral conducting with Eleazar de Carvalho . In the summer of 1967 , he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky . Composing . Since age eight , Gates has composed or arranged nearly 900 titles . His works have been performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Los Angeles Philharmonic and orchestras in Dallas , Kansas City , Rochester and Milwaukee . Gates has had musical relationships ( guest conducting , recording , commissioned compositions and premieres ) with five major musical organizations in Utah : the Utah Symphony , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , the Orchestra at Temple Square , Ballet West , the Utah Opera and the Oratorio Society of Utah . He wrote the music score to the play Promised Valley ( 1947 ) , celebrating the centennial entrance of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley . This stage work has been produced over 2,700 times , in six languages and on five continents . He composed and orchestrated the score from January until July 22 , 1947 , just before the first performance . The first performances were produced in the University of Utah stadium , which held 12,500 people at the time . Gates is most known for his works with religious themes . In 1953 , Harold Hansen , the director of the pageant , asked Gates to write an original score for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . This church assignment was approved by the first presidency of the LDS Church . His teaching schedule and local church service did not leave him much time to compose , so the score was not complete until 1957 . During this time , he studied composition with Ernst Toch at UCLA in 1954 . After having difficulty composing the Christ theme for the Hill Cumorah Pageant , he received a blessing from Harold B . Lee , which told him he would hear the music in the night . After hearing the music in a dream , Gates composed what he felt was the right theme . In 1987 , Gates started composing a new score for Orson Scott Cards new script for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . Gates conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , Utah Symphony Orchestra , and Salt Lake Childrens choir to make a recording of the new score to use in rehearsals . He composed two hymns in the LDS hymn book : Our Savior’s Love and Ring Out , Wild Bells , and wrote the music for two hymns in the LDS Childrens Songbook : On a Golden Springtime and Baptism . In 1976 , Gates premiered his Symphony No . 4 : A New Morning based on a text by Carol Lynn Pearson , for the United States Bicentennial . Milton Barlow commissioned Gates to write the ballet Desert As A Rose for Utahs statehood centennial in 1996 . Gates collaborated with William Auld to write an Esperanto hymn , which premiered at the 76th Universala Kongreso in 1991 . Claudia Bushman , Gatess sister-in-law , encouraged him to write an opera on Joseph Smith . Gates wrote Joseph ! Joseph! , which was performed in 2004 and 2005 . Awards and legacy . In 1955 , Gates won the Max Wald Memorial Funds first composition competition for his Symphony No.1 , written for his doctoral dissertation . Gatess works have won the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) every year from 1967 to 1989 . In 1997 , Gates received a Governors Commendation from Tommy Thompson for his musical service in southern Wisconsin . In 1998 , he received a Rotary Club Service Above Self award . In 2010 , the instrumental qualities of Gatess choral arrangements were the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Matthew Thompson at Kansas University . Personal life . Crawford Gates married Georgia Lauper on December 19 , 1952 . They had four children . Crawford and Georgia moved to Salt Lake City in 1999 . Gates died June 9 , 2018 at the age of 96 . In other media . Gates appears together with Gordon B . Hinckley and two other Latter-day Saint missionaries who visit the protagonists of the 2019 film The Fighting Preacher in order to tour the Sacred Grove on their ways home from missionary service . In fact , Gatess mission occurred seven years after Hinckleys , and concluded after the family he visits in the film had returned home . The Gates role is portrayed by Joseph Skousen . |
[
"Eastman School of Music"
] | easy | Where was Crawford Gates educated from 1948 to 1954? | /wiki/Crawford_Gates#P69#2 | Crawford Gates Crawford Marion Gates ( December 29 , 1921 – June 9 , 2018 ) was an American musician , composer , and conductor known for his contributions to the body of music for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Early life and education . Gates was born in San Francisco , December 29 , 1921 , and grew up in Palo Alto , California . He started playing piano at age eight and violin at age nine . In his first year of college at the College of the Pacific and San Jose State , he won a student composition contest sponsored by the Stockton Symphony During his mission for the LDS Church , he directed the Mormon Male Chorus of Philadelphia , a group of eight other missionaries . The chorus performed for local radio stations , including WFIL . Gates wrote forty-three arrangements for the choir . Gates received a BA with great distinction from San Jose State University in 1943 . From September 1944 until August 1945 he was stationed in Pearl Harbor but never sent into combat . He studied for his MA from Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1948 , studying there with Leroy Robertson . Gates earned his Ph.D . from the Eastman School of Music under Howard Hanson in 1954 . He studied there from 1948 to 1950 , and returned to study in the summers of 1951 and 1954 . Music career . College teaching . He was a member of the music faculty at Brigham Young University during the summers of 1948 to 1960 , full-time from 1950 to 1966 . He conducted the chorus there from 1950 to 1958 . He was the chair of BYU’s music department from 1960 to 1966 , and conducted the BYU Symphony 1964 to 1966 . Gates was a professor of music and artist in residence at Beloit College in Wisconsin from 1966 to 1989 . From 1982 to 1987 he was the Chair of Music at Beloit College . After his retirement from Beloit College in 1989 , he continued his work as an emeritus artist-in-residence . Conducting . Gates was the music director of the Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra for 34 years ( 1963–1964 , 1966–1999 ) , where he prepared orchestral and orchestral-choral arrangements for annual pops and children’s concerts . He was the music director of the Quincy Symphony from 1969 to 1970 and of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1986 . While conducting the Rockford Symphony Orchestra , he professionalized the orchestra . He guest conducted for the Utah Symphony twenty-five times . At Tanglewood in 1957 , Gates studied orchestral conducting with Eleazar de Carvalho . In the summer of 1967 , he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky . Composing . Since age eight , Gates has composed or arranged nearly 900 titles . His works have been performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Los Angeles Philharmonic and orchestras in Dallas , Kansas City , Rochester and Milwaukee . Gates has had musical relationships ( guest conducting , recording , commissioned compositions and premieres ) with five major musical organizations in Utah : the Utah Symphony , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , the Orchestra at Temple Square , Ballet West , the Utah Opera and the Oratorio Society of Utah . He wrote the music score to the play Promised Valley ( 1947 ) , celebrating the centennial entrance of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley . This stage work has been produced over 2,700 times , in six languages and on five continents . He composed and orchestrated the score from January until July 22 , 1947 , just before the first performance . The first performances were produced in the University of Utah stadium , which held 12,500 people at the time . Gates is most known for his works with religious themes . In 1953 , Harold Hansen , the director of the pageant , asked Gates to write an original score for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . This church assignment was approved by the first presidency of the LDS Church . His teaching schedule and local church service did not leave him much time to compose , so the score was not complete until 1957 . During this time , he studied composition with Ernst Toch at UCLA in 1954 . After having difficulty composing the Christ theme for the Hill Cumorah Pageant , he received a blessing from Harold B . Lee , which told him he would hear the music in the night . After hearing the music in a dream , Gates composed what he felt was the right theme . In 1987 , Gates started composing a new score for Orson Scott Cards new script for the Hill Cumorah Pageant . Gates conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , Utah Symphony Orchestra , and Salt Lake Childrens choir to make a recording of the new score to use in rehearsals . He composed two hymns in the LDS hymn book : Our Savior’s Love and Ring Out , Wild Bells , and wrote the music for two hymns in the LDS Childrens Songbook : On a Golden Springtime and Baptism . In 1976 , Gates premiered his Symphony No . 4 : A New Morning based on a text by Carol Lynn Pearson , for the United States Bicentennial . Milton Barlow commissioned Gates to write the ballet Desert As A Rose for Utahs statehood centennial in 1996 . Gates collaborated with William Auld to write an Esperanto hymn , which premiered at the 76th Universala Kongreso in 1991 . Claudia Bushman , Gatess sister-in-law , encouraged him to write an opera on Joseph Smith . Gates wrote Joseph ! Joseph! , which was performed in 2004 and 2005 . Awards and legacy . In 1955 , Gates won the Max Wald Memorial Funds first composition competition for his Symphony No.1 , written for his doctoral dissertation . Gatess works have won the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) every year from 1967 to 1989 . In 1997 , Gates received a Governors Commendation from Tommy Thompson for his musical service in southern Wisconsin . In 1998 , he received a Rotary Club Service Above Self award . In 2010 , the instrumental qualities of Gatess choral arrangements were the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Matthew Thompson at Kansas University . Personal life . Crawford Gates married Georgia Lauper on December 19 , 1952 . They had four children . Crawford and Georgia moved to Salt Lake City in 1999 . Gates died June 9 , 2018 at the age of 96 . In other media . Gates appears together with Gordon B . Hinckley and two other Latter-day Saint missionaries who visit the protagonists of the 2019 film The Fighting Preacher in order to tour the Sacred Grove on their ways home from missionary service . In fact , Gatess mission occurred seven years after Hinckleys , and concluded after the family he visits in the film had returned home . The Gates role is portrayed by Joseph Skousen . |
[
"Communist Party"
] | easy | Which party was Yelena Mizulina a member of from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Yelena_Mizulina#P102#0 | Yelena Mizulina Yelena Borisovna Mizulina ( , born December 9 , 1954 ) is a Russian politician serving as a member of the Russian Parliament between 1995 and 2003 and again since 2007 . Since 2012 , she has been the center of attention in regard to a set of controversial laws concerning the rights of the LGBT community in Russia and the adoption of Russian orphan children by foreigners . She is currently Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . She has changed her political affiliation several times , having served public office on behalf of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , the liberal Yabloko and Union of Right Forces parties and is currently representing the region of Omsk in the Duma as a representative of the social democratic A Just Russia party . She holds a doctoral degree in Law . She has received distinctions in Russia for her work as a lawyer including the Honoured Lawyer of Russia title . Due to the Crimean crisis , she was sanctioned by Canada and the United States on March 17 , 2014 . Biography . Yaroslavl . Yelena Borisovna Mizulina was born on December 9 , 1954 , in the city of Buy in Kostroma Oblast , Soviet Union . In 1972 she began studying at the Faculty of Law and History of the Yaroslavl State University where she first met her future husband Mikhail Mizulin . They were married after their fourth year as undergraduates at university . She graduated in 1977 with a law degree and worked as a research assistant of the same university . Between 1977 and 1984 , she worked as a consultant , and then from 1984 , as head consultant in the Yaroslavl regional court . In parallel she obtained a Candidate of Sciences degree via distance learning from the Kazan State University . In 1983 she successfully defended a dissertation entitled The nature of supervisory review in the criminal process ( based on the material provided by the Yaroslavl Regional Court ) . In 1985 , she became Senior Research Associate to Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D . Ushinsky . Her husband later confessed that he had taken advantage of his job as the head of the ideology in the Yaroslavl Oblast to obtain the job for Yelena . In 1987 , Muzilina obtained the status of head of department of Russian history , heading the faculty until 1990 . She remained a member of the Communist Party until 1991 . In 1992 , she obtained a Doctor of Science in Law degree ( see Education in Russia ) entitled Criminal code : the concept of self-limiting country at the Institute of State and Law . In regard to this dissertation Yelena Mizulina has publicly declared the following : It seemed that what I wrote was unique , and that I was indeed a learned person of God ( in Russian казалось , что то , что я написала — уникально , что я , действительно , учёный от Бога ) . Between 1992 and 1995 , she was a docent and subsequently a professor at Yaroslavl State University . Member of Yabloko . In 1993 , she joined the Russian legislature from the political union The Russian Choice and was elected to the Federal Council ( upper house of parliament in the Russian Federation ) , where she became the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation and Judicial and Legal Matters , a member of the Committee on Regulation of Parliamentary Procedures . In 1995 , she joined the opposition pro-democratic political party Yabloko and the group Reformi – the new direction ( in Russian Реформы — новый курс ) . From 1995 and on , she was the head of the Yaroslavl regional and public organisation Ravnovsie ( in Russian Равновесие he Federation Council ) . In December 1995 , Muzilina was elected a member of parliament Duma from the Kirov region representing the political party Yabloko . As a result , she resigned her position in the Federation Council in January 1996 . As a parliament member of the Duma , she held the position of the Deputy Chairman of Committee on Legislation and Judicial-legal Reforms and Deputy of the Subcommittee on Matters of State building and Constitutional Rights of Citizens . Muzilina was also involved in the legal implementation of the failed attempt to carry out the impeachment of Boris Yeltsin . In December 1999 , she was elected member of Russian parliament , the Duma , from the Yabloko party . In July 2000 , she became the head of the Yaroslavl Union of Democratic Forces ( in Russian Ярославский союз демократических сил ) , which was composed of members of the Yabloko party and the Union of Right Forces . Member in Union of Right Forces . In February 2001 , she announced that she would discontinue her membership in the Yabloko party and in June of the same year she joined the Union of Right Forces party . She explained her decision to leave Yabloko by the fact that she was ashamed to be in a party that had obtained only 5% during elections . This had become a moral problem . Her former colleagues from Yabloko and Union of Right Forces Sergey Mitrokhin and Leonid Gozman have accused Yelena Mizulina of changing her political affiliation to keep up with political trends . After the Union of Right Forces lost the 2003 legislative elections , Mizulina , no longer an elected parliament member , was appointed to the Constitutional Court of Russia as the representative of the Duma . In this position , she was a proponent of local governors being no longer elected but rather directly nominated by the president of the Russian Federation . As a member of the Constitutional Court , she also worked as the Deputy Head of the Legal Department of the Duma and she graduated from the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration in 2005 . Membership in A Just Russia . In 2007 , she was elected to the Duma as a member of A Just Russia party . In January 2008 , she became the chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . Originally A Just Russia put forward another candidate , Svetlana Goryacheva , for this position , which was not well accepted by the United Russia party , and Mizulinas candidature was offered as a compromise . In 2010 , Mizulina received a medal from the World Congress of Families . In 2011 , she was re-elected to the Duma as a member of the A Just Russia party . Since December 2011 , she is the Chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . On March 17 , 2014 , the next day after the Crimean status referendum , Mizulina became one of the first seven persons who were put by President Obama under executive sanctions . The sanctions freeze her assets in the US and ban her from entering the United States . On January 23 , 2017 she announced her intention to quit A Just Russia . Legislative work . Yelena Mizulina is among the lead authors of a set of controversial legislative projects including : - 2010 bill on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development - 2012 Internet Restriction Bill . - Future amendment to the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development that would block all websites containing swearing and the usage of mat . Opponents to the Internet Restriction Bill stressed that under the pretext of protecting children , this bill provides overwhelming tools for a broad scale Internet censorship and a limitation of freedom of speech in Russia . This protest has leading to public outcry such as the Russian-language Wikipedia strike . On June 10 , 2012 , she incriminated foreign intervention in these protests and therefore , she announced that she would issue an inquiry to the ministry of justice of the USA . She also claimed that the Internet protests were organized by a pedophile lobby . - 2013 Anti-Magnitsky bill denying Americans the right to adopt Russian children . Following this proposal , US authorities have responded by proposing to include Y . Mizulina , along with Vitaly Milonov within the Magnitsky list of banned Russian personalities . - 2014 bill preventing women from entering higher education before giving birth . - 2017 bill to decriminalise domestic violence first assaults which cause less serious injuries to an administrative offence . On November 14 , 2012 , Yelena Muzilina declared that the prophylactic goals of Internet Restriction Bill of acquiring a safe information space on the web without making use of punitive measures had been accomplished . She also disclosed a possible future legislative project that would prevent access to sites previously included in the Russian Internet blacklist . Among such portals are expected to fall rublacklist.net belonging to Pirate Party of Russia . Views on marriage , family and sexual relations . Yelena Mizulina in recent times became concerned with birth rates , in her role as Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . In an interview with Vladimir Posner she has expressed the following views : Analyzing all the circumstances , and the particularity of territorial Russia and her survival .. . I came to the conclusion that if today we want to resolve the demographic crisis , we need to , excuse me , tighten the belt on certain moral values and information , so that giving birth and raising children become fully valued . Position on abortion . Yelena Muzilina believes in limiting womens right to abortion . She has proposed to let abortions remain free of charge only for medical reasons and in cases of rape . In all other cases , she believes abortions should be billed to the abortion-seeking woman . She has also publicly spoken out against abortions being carried out in private medical institutions , and in favor of a ban on selling products that result in abortions without a prescription from a physician . She believes in obtaining the consent of the husband by all married women before carrying out an abortion , and in the case of underaged women – the consent of their parents . In July 2013 , Yelena Mizulina was part of a group of members of parliament that proposed legislation affecting the Offences Code of Russia that would result in a fine of 1 million rubles on doctors and medical institutions that carried out abortions on women without providing them a waiting period to reflect on their decision to abort . It was also proposed to fine the pregnant women that did not respect this quiet time up to 3,000–5,000 rubles . Position on family and marriage . Yelena Mizulina has expressed strong views concerning the adoption of Russian children by US citizens : This is just mean , not to say despicable . Russia has never defended its interest at the expense of children . Two month later , she voted for the Anti-Magnitsky bill , a law that bans United States citizens from adopting Russian children . In June 2012 , the Duma Committee on matters of Family that Mizulina presides , rendered public a project entitled The State Concept of Family Policy until 2025 , which proposes amongst other things , several controversial elements including the following : - introduce a tax on divorce - condemns the birth of a child out of wedlock - proposes new restrictions on abortion - strongly condemns homosexuality - proposes to strengthen the role of the church in passing legislation relative to family matters - to increase the number of multi-generational families ( families where grandparents , parents and grandchildren live together ) . - recommends to actively advocate multiple births - determines that minimum sum of child support , and proposes it be implemented independently of whether the parent has an income or not . Opposition journalists including Alexander Nikonov have speculated that the divorce of Vladimir Putin that took place two days after the publication of the legislative project was precipitated by the proposed fine on divorce . After the publication of the Concept , it was pointed out that some of the positions described in it had been plagiarized verbatim from a school report published in a free access on the Internet , which itself was plagiarized from a curriculum on family studies in the Tomsk Polytechnic University . In this context , she has also called for the removal from Russian airwaves of the satirical cartoon South Park . Yelena Mizulina believes in raising the age of consent in sexual relations in Russia from 16 to 18 years . Contrary to the clause 30 of Citizens health protection Law of Russia , she proposed to ban surrogate motherhood pointing out that the latter threatens not just for Russia to survive but also to the survival of entire humanity and is an analogy to the banning of nuclear weapons . Position on LGBT issues . Yelena Mizulina is the author of several legislative projects directed against propaganda of homosexuality including the infamous Russian LGBT propaganda law . She believes that the phrase gays are people too should be considered potentially extremist by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare . Yelena Mizulina is also in favor of confiscating children from gay parents , including biological parents . In July 2013 , Mizulina and , her deputy in the Duma Committee , filed a complaint at the Institution of Criminal Proceedings against the LGBT rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev . According to Mizulina , Alexeyev is the leader of the LGBT community and has launched a campaign to discredit her , to the detriment of Russia as a whole . Mizulina intends to ask for Alexeyevs punishment to be in the form of compulsory work in a place where he can not proceed with propaganda , for example , driving a hearse . Representatives of the LGBT community have also appealed to the prosecutors office with a complaint against Mizulina for inciting hatred against homosexuals and for infringing on the LGBT rights in Russia . Accusation of political opponents of belonging to a pedophile lobby . Yelena Mizulina has accused several of her political opponents of belonging to a so-called pedophile lobby She first suggested that in the depths of the United Russia party there was a pedophile lobby that was against toughening the law on sexual offenses against minors in 2011 during the evaluation of the Criminal Code of Russia . Those opposing the law on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development were also accused by Yelena Mizulina of being part of a pedophile lobby . In 2012 , in regard to the Russian-language Wikipedia protest against the Dumas reading of the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development , Mizulina said : This is a coverup . Wikipedia itself is not threatened . I too use Wikipedia . Notice , how only the Russian-language version was closed down . Therefore [ I believe that .. ] this is an attempt to blackmail the Russian parliament . Behind this there stands a lobby , and suspicions are high that it is pedophile lobby . In June 2013 , the writer and former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch published an article concerning Mizulinas son that lives in Belgium and works for the large international law firm called Mayer Brown that sponsors pro-gay associations and organizations and is among the hundreds on pro-LGBT rights organizations in Belgium , whilst his mother is waging war on homosexuality in Russia . In response to this , Mizulina accused Koch of being a member of a pedophile lobby . The journalist Andrei Malgin wrote a piece in his blog entitled Great : anyone that Mizulina doesnt like is a pedophile lobby . Decriminalisation of domestic violence . In July 2016 , The Moscow Times reported that Senator Mizulina had proposed amendments to present legislation to downgrade spousal and child abuse from a criminal offense to an administrative misdemeanor offense . Mizulina publicly stated her opinion that the present laws against domestic violence , in which the convicted are subject to fines and a two-year prison sentence , are absurd suggesting that such a punishment is excessive for just a slap . On 11 January 2017 , during the first reading of the law , 368 Russian lawmakers voted in favour of the law , one deputy voted against and another abstained . Investigation of alleged defamation of Mizulina . In June 2013 , the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a criminal investigation concerning the alleged defamation of Mizulina by a group of people consisting of : - journalist of Novaya Gazeta Yelena Kostyuchenko - gay-rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev - journalist-socialite Kseniya Sobchak - economist , writer former Russian Vice-Prime Minister Alfred Koch According to Yelena Mizulina bloggers disseminated false information concerning her alleged intention to ban oral sex in Russia . Ksenia Sobchak has communicated to the press that she was interrogated by an investigator on the topic of oral sex . Similarly , Alfred Koch claims that he was interrogated for three hours concerning the gay-oral phobia of Mizulina and his position concerning the latter . Criticism . The Russian political scientist Mark Urnov has described the laws instigated by Yelena Mizulina as diverse , but having a single common quality – their capacity to spread intolerance . They are simply a legal expression of the intolerance and the suppression of everything that corresponds to ones personal views in regard to what is right and wrong . The writer Dmitri Bykov believes that Yelena Mizulina is constantly providing a legislative form for things that should remain a question of personal choice , which is far more dangerous than any gay pride parade . In April 2019 Mizulina was widely quoted for her statement in defense of Russian Internet censorship laws , which were characterized as Orwellian by many journalists : Personal life . Yelena Mizulina is married and has two adult children . Her husband Mikhail Muzilin holds a PhD in Philosophy and is a docent at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration . He was the head of the Yabloko party headquarters in Yaroslavl . He has also formerly served as dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Yaroslavl State University . Her son Nikolay Mizulin lives in Brussels with his wife and two children where he works as a lawyer in the firm Mayer Brown . This family connection caused a controversy when former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch alleged that Nikolays employer ( allegedly gay-friendly ) might be in breach of the anti-gay laws instigated by Russian government and spearheaded by Nikolays mother . After the publication , Alfred Koch was interrogated by Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for three hours , based on accusations by Yelena Mizulina . Also , Mizulina was quoted as saying that Alfred Koch is a part of paedophile lobby , trying to hinder the Russian governments campaign against sexual criminals . Mizulinas daughter Ekaterina is the head of the Moscow Fund of Social-Legal Initiatives The Rights Capital ( in Russian Правовая столица ) , a firm that acts as a financial intermediary , publishing and advertising , which was reported to belong in fact to Yelena Mizulina . In the law proposed by Yelena Mizulina entitled Concept of the State Family Policy until 2025 . ( in Russian Концепции государственной семейной политики до 2025 года ) , she has defined the ideal family as marriage with the goal of commonly bringing up three or more children . In this law she also proposes several generations of Russian parents , children and grandchildren should inhabit the same place . In a recent interview with the opposition radio station Echo of Moscow , Mizulina when asked why she herself had not conformed with the ideal family she responded the following way : I wanted three children , Misha [ Mikhail – her husband ] also wanted three . But things happen as they did . Fate has given us two . In 1994 , a polemic broke out when she requested a larger state-provided flat in the goal of exotic cat breeding . |
[
"Yabloko"
] | easy | Which political party did Yelena Mizulina belong to from 1995 to 2001? | /wiki/Yelena_Mizulina#P102#1 | Yelena Mizulina Yelena Borisovna Mizulina ( , born December 9 , 1954 ) is a Russian politician serving as a member of the Russian Parliament between 1995 and 2003 and again since 2007 . Since 2012 , she has been the center of attention in regard to a set of controversial laws concerning the rights of the LGBT community in Russia and the adoption of Russian orphan children by foreigners . She is currently Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . She has changed her political affiliation several times , having served public office on behalf of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , the liberal Yabloko and Union of Right Forces parties and is currently representing the region of Omsk in the Duma as a representative of the social democratic A Just Russia party . She holds a doctoral degree in Law . She has received distinctions in Russia for her work as a lawyer including the Honoured Lawyer of Russia title . Due to the Crimean crisis , she was sanctioned by Canada and the United States on March 17 , 2014 . Biography . Yaroslavl . Yelena Borisovna Mizulina was born on December 9 , 1954 , in the city of Buy in Kostroma Oblast , Soviet Union . In 1972 she began studying at the Faculty of Law and History of the Yaroslavl State University where she first met her future husband Mikhail Mizulin . They were married after their fourth year as undergraduates at university . She graduated in 1977 with a law degree and worked as a research assistant of the same university . Between 1977 and 1984 , she worked as a consultant , and then from 1984 , as head consultant in the Yaroslavl regional court . In parallel she obtained a Candidate of Sciences degree via distance learning from the Kazan State University . In 1983 she successfully defended a dissertation entitled The nature of supervisory review in the criminal process ( based on the material provided by the Yaroslavl Regional Court ) . In 1985 , she became Senior Research Associate to Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D . Ushinsky . Her husband later confessed that he had taken advantage of his job as the head of the ideology in the Yaroslavl Oblast to obtain the job for Yelena . In 1987 , Muzilina obtained the status of head of department of Russian history , heading the faculty until 1990 . She remained a member of the Communist Party until 1991 . In 1992 , she obtained a Doctor of Science in Law degree ( see Education in Russia ) entitled Criminal code : the concept of self-limiting country at the Institute of State and Law . In regard to this dissertation Yelena Mizulina has publicly declared the following : It seemed that what I wrote was unique , and that I was indeed a learned person of God ( in Russian казалось , что то , что я написала — уникально , что я , действительно , учёный от Бога ) . Between 1992 and 1995 , she was a docent and subsequently a professor at Yaroslavl State University . Member of Yabloko . In 1993 , she joined the Russian legislature from the political union The Russian Choice and was elected to the Federal Council ( upper house of parliament in the Russian Federation ) , where she became the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation and Judicial and Legal Matters , a member of the Committee on Regulation of Parliamentary Procedures . In 1995 , she joined the opposition pro-democratic political party Yabloko and the group Reformi – the new direction ( in Russian Реформы — новый курс ) . From 1995 and on , she was the head of the Yaroslavl regional and public organisation Ravnovsie ( in Russian Равновесие he Federation Council ) . In December 1995 , Muzilina was elected a member of parliament Duma from the Kirov region representing the political party Yabloko . As a result , she resigned her position in the Federation Council in January 1996 . As a parliament member of the Duma , she held the position of the Deputy Chairman of Committee on Legislation and Judicial-legal Reforms and Deputy of the Subcommittee on Matters of State building and Constitutional Rights of Citizens . Muzilina was also involved in the legal implementation of the failed attempt to carry out the impeachment of Boris Yeltsin . In December 1999 , she was elected member of Russian parliament , the Duma , from the Yabloko party . In July 2000 , she became the head of the Yaroslavl Union of Democratic Forces ( in Russian Ярославский союз демократических сил ) , which was composed of members of the Yabloko party and the Union of Right Forces . Member in Union of Right Forces . In February 2001 , she announced that she would discontinue her membership in the Yabloko party and in June of the same year she joined the Union of Right Forces party . She explained her decision to leave Yabloko by the fact that she was ashamed to be in a party that had obtained only 5% during elections . This had become a moral problem . Her former colleagues from Yabloko and Union of Right Forces Sergey Mitrokhin and Leonid Gozman have accused Yelena Mizulina of changing her political affiliation to keep up with political trends . After the Union of Right Forces lost the 2003 legislative elections , Mizulina , no longer an elected parliament member , was appointed to the Constitutional Court of Russia as the representative of the Duma . In this position , she was a proponent of local governors being no longer elected but rather directly nominated by the president of the Russian Federation . As a member of the Constitutional Court , she also worked as the Deputy Head of the Legal Department of the Duma and she graduated from the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration in 2005 . Membership in A Just Russia . In 2007 , she was elected to the Duma as a member of A Just Russia party . In January 2008 , she became the chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . Originally A Just Russia put forward another candidate , Svetlana Goryacheva , for this position , which was not well accepted by the United Russia party , and Mizulinas candidature was offered as a compromise . In 2010 , Mizulina received a medal from the World Congress of Families . In 2011 , she was re-elected to the Duma as a member of the A Just Russia party . Since December 2011 , she is the Chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . On March 17 , 2014 , the next day after the Crimean status referendum , Mizulina became one of the first seven persons who were put by President Obama under executive sanctions . The sanctions freeze her assets in the US and ban her from entering the United States . On January 23 , 2017 she announced her intention to quit A Just Russia . Legislative work . Yelena Mizulina is among the lead authors of a set of controversial legislative projects including : - 2010 bill on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development - 2012 Internet Restriction Bill . - Future amendment to the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development that would block all websites containing swearing and the usage of mat . Opponents to the Internet Restriction Bill stressed that under the pretext of protecting children , this bill provides overwhelming tools for a broad scale Internet censorship and a limitation of freedom of speech in Russia . This protest has leading to public outcry such as the Russian-language Wikipedia strike . On June 10 , 2012 , she incriminated foreign intervention in these protests and therefore , she announced that she would issue an inquiry to the ministry of justice of the USA . She also claimed that the Internet protests were organized by a pedophile lobby . - 2013 Anti-Magnitsky bill denying Americans the right to adopt Russian children . Following this proposal , US authorities have responded by proposing to include Y . Mizulina , along with Vitaly Milonov within the Magnitsky list of banned Russian personalities . - 2014 bill preventing women from entering higher education before giving birth . - 2017 bill to decriminalise domestic violence first assaults which cause less serious injuries to an administrative offence . On November 14 , 2012 , Yelena Muzilina declared that the prophylactic goals of Internet Restriction Bill of acquiring a safe information space on the web without making use of punitive measures had been accomplished . She also disclosed a possible future legislative project that would prevent access to sites previously included in the Russian Internet blacklist . Among such portals are expected to fall rublacklist.net belonging to Pirate Party of Russia . Views on marriage , family and sexual relations . Yelena Mizulina in recent times became concerned with birth rates , in her role as Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . In an interview with Vladimir Posner she has expressed the following views : Analyzing all the circumstances , and the particularity of territorial Russia and her survival .. . I came to the conclusion that if today we want to resolve the demographic crisis , we need to , excuse me , tighten the belt on certain moral values and information , so that giving birth and raising children become fully valued . Position on abortion . Yelena Muzilina believes in limiting womens right to abortion . She has proposed to let abortions remain free of charge only for medical reasons and in cases of rape . In all other cases , she believes abortions should be billed to the abortion-seeking woman . She has also publicly spoken out against abortions being carried out in private medical institutions , and in favor of a ban on selling products that result in abortions without a prescription from a physician . She believes in obtaining the consent of the husband by all married women before carrying out an abortion , and in the case of underaged women – the consent of their parents . In July 2013 , Yelena Mizulina was part of a group of members of parliament that proposed legislation affecting the Offences Code of Russia that would result in a fine of 1 million rubles on doctors and medical institutions that carried out abortions on women without providing them a waiting period to reflect on their decision to abort . It was also proposed to fine the pregnant women that did not respect this quiet time up to 3,000–5,000 rubles . Position on family and marriage . Yelena Mizulina has expressed strong views concerning the adoption of Russian children by US citizens : This is just mean , not to say despicable . Russia has never defended its interest at the expense of children . Two month later , she voted for the Anti-Magnitsky bill , a law that bans United States citizens from adopting Russian children . In June 2012 , the Duma Committee on matters of Family that Mizulina presides , rendered public a project entitled The State Concept of Family Policy until 2025 , which proposes amongst other things , several controversial elements including the following : - introduce a tax on divorce - condemns the birth of a child out of wedlock - proposes new restrictions on abortion - strongly condemns homosexuality - proposes to strengthen the role of the church in passing legislation relative to family matters - to increase the number of multi-generational families ( families where grandparents , parents and grandchildren live together ) . - recommends to actively advocate multiple births - determines that minimum sum of child support , and proposes it be implemented independently of whether the parent has an income or not . Opposition journalists including Alexander Nikonov have speculated that the divorce of Vladimir Putin that took place two days after the publication of the legislative project was precipitated by the proposed fine on divorce . After the publication of the Concept , it was pointed out that some of the positions described in it had been plagiarized verbatim from a school report published in a free access on the Internet , which itself was plagiarized from a curriculum on family studies in the Tomsk Polytechnic University . In this context , she has also called for the removal from Russian airwaves of the satirical cartoon South Park . Yelena Mizulina believes in raising the age of consent in sexual relations in Russia from 16 to 18 years . Contrary to the clause 30 of Citizens health protection Law of Russia , she proposed to ban surrogate motherhood pointing out that the latter threatens not just for Russia to survive but also to the survival of entire humanity and is an analogy to the banning of nuclear weapons . Position on LGBT issues . Yelena Mizulina is the author of several legislative projects directed against propaganda of homosexuality including the infamous Russian LGBT propaganda law . She believes that the phrase gays are people too should be considered potentially extremist by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare . Yelena Mizulina is also in favor of confiscating children from gay parents , including biological parents . In July 2013 , Mizulina and , her deputy in the Duma Committee , filed a complaint at the Institution of Criminal Proceedings against the LGBT rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev . According to Mizulina , Alexeyev is the leader of the LGBT community and has launched a campaign to discredit her , to the detriment of Russia as a whole . Mizulina intends to ask for Alexeyevs punishment to be in the form of compulsory work in a place where he can not proceed with propaganda , for example , driving a hearse . Representatives of the LGBT community have also appealed to the prosecutors office with a complaint against Mizulina for inciting hatred against homosexuals and for infringing on the LGBT rights in Russia . Accusation of political opponents of belonging to a pedophile lobby . Yelena Mizulina has accused several of her political opponents of belonging to a so-called pedophile lobby She first suggested that in the depths of the United Russia party there was a pedophile lobby that was against toughening the law on sexual offenses against minors in 2011 during the evaluation of the Criminal Code of Russia . Those opposing the law on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development were also accused by Yelena Mizulina of being part of a pedophile lobby . In 2012 , in regard to the Russian-language Wikipedia protest against the Dumas reading of the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development , Mizulina said : This is a coverup . Wikipedia itself is not threatened . I too use Wikipedia . Notice , how only the Russian-language version was closed down . Therefore [ I believe that .. ] this is an attempt to blackmail the Russian parliament . Behind this there stands a lobby , and suspicions are high that it is pedophile lobby . In June 2013 , the writer and former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch published an article concerning Mizulinas son that lives in Belgium and works for the large international law firm called Mayer Brown that sponsors pro-gay associations and organizations and is among the hundreds on pro-LGBT rights organizations in Belgium , whilst his mother is waging war on homosexuality in Russia . In response to this , Mizulina accused Koch of being a member of a pedophile lobby . The journalist Andrei Malgin wrote a piece in his blog entitled Great : anyone that Mizulina doesnt like is a pedophile lobby . Decriminalisation of domestic violence . In July 2016 , The Moscow Times reported that Senator Mizulina had proposed amendments to present legislation to downgrade spousal and child abuse from a criminal offense to an administrative misdemeanor offense . Mizulina publicly stated her opinion that the present laws against domestic violence , in which the convicted are subject to fines and a two-year prison sentence , are absurd suggesting that such a punishment is excessive for just a slap . On 11 January 2017 , during the first reading of the law , 368 Russian lawmakers voted in favour of the law , one deputy voted against and another abstained . Investigation of alleged defamation of Mizulina . In June 2013 , the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a criminal investigation concerning the alleged defamation of Mizulina by a group of people consisting of : - journalist of Novaya Gazeta Yelena Kostyuchenko - gay-rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev - journalist-socialite Kseniya Sobchak - economist , writer former Russian Vice-Prime Minister Alfred Koch According to Yelena Mizulina bloggers disseminated false information concerning her alleged intention to ban oral sex in Russia . Ksenia Sobchak has communicated to the press that she was interrogated by an investigator on the topic of oral sex . Similarly , Alfred Koch claims that he was interrogated for three hours concerning the gay-oral phobia of Mizulina and his position concerning the latter . Criticism . The Russian political scientist Mark Urnov has described the laws instigated by Yelena Mizulina as diverse , but having a single common quality – their capacity to spread intolerance . They are simply a legal expression of the intolerance and the suppression of everything that corresponds to ones personal views in regard to what is right and wrong . The writer Dmitri Bykov believes that Yelena Mizulina is constantly providing a legislative form for things that should remain a question of personal choice , which is far more dangerous than any gay pride parade . In April 2019 Mizulina was widely quoted for her statement in defense of Russian Internet censorship laws , which were characterized as Orwellian by many journalists : Personal life . Yelena Mizulina is married and has two adult children . Her husband Mikhail Muzilin holds a PhD in Philosophy and is a docent at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration . He was the head of the Yabloko party headquarters in Yaroslavl . He has also formerly served as dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Yaroslavl State University . Her son Nikolay Mizulin lives in Brussels with his wife and two children where he works as a lawyer in the firm Mayer Brown . This family connection caused a controversy when former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch alleged that Nikolays employer ( allegedly gay-friendly ) might be in breach of the anti-gay laws instigated by Russian government and spearheaded by Nikolays mother . After the publication , Alfred Koch was interrogated by Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for three hours , based on accusations by Yelena Mizulina . Also , Mizulina was quoted as saying that Alfred Koch is a part of paedophile lobby , trying to hinder the Russian governments campaign against sexual criminals . Mizulinas daughter Ekaterina is the head of the Moscow Fund of Social-Legal Initiatives The Rights Capital ( in Russian Правовая столица ) , a firm that acts as a financial intermediary , publishing and advertising , which was reported to belong in fact to Yelena Mizulina . In the law proposed by Yelena Mizulina entitled Concept of the State Family Policy until 2025 . ( in Russian Концепции государственной семейной политики до 2025 года ) , she has defined the ideal family as marriage with the goal of commonly bringing up three or more children . In this law she also proposes several generations of Russian parents , children and grandchildren should inhabit the same place . In a recent interview with the opposition radio station Echo of Moscow , Mizulina when asked why she herself had not conformed with the ideal family she responded the following way : I wanted three children , Misha [ Mikhail – her husband ] also wanted three . But things happen as they did . Fate has given us two . In 1994 , a polemic broke out when she requested a larger state-provided flat in the goal of exotic cat breeding . |
[
"Union of Right Forces"
] | easy | Which party was Yelena Mizulina a member of from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Yelena_Mizulina#P102#2 | Yelena Mizulina Yelena Borisovna Mizulina ( , born December 9 , 1954 ) is a Russian politician serving as a member of the Russian Parliament between 1995 and 2003 and again since 2007 . Since 2012 , she has been the center of attention in regard to a set of controversial laws concerning the rights of the LGBT community in Russia and the adoption of Russian orphan children by foreigners . She is currently Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . She has changed her political affiliation several times , having served public office on behalf of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , the liberal Yabloko and Union of Right Forces parties and is currently representing the region of Omsk in the Duma as a representative of the social democratic A Just Russia party . She holds a doctoral degree in Law . She has received distinctions in Russia for her work as a lawyer including the Honoured Lawyer of Russia title . Due to the Crimean crisis , she was sanctioned by Canada and the United States on March 17 , 2014 . Biography . Yaroslavl . Yelena Borisovna Mizulina was born on December 9 , 1954 , in the city of Buy in Kostroma Oblast , Soviet Union . In 1972 she began studying at the Faculty of Law and History of the Yaroslavl State University where she first met her future husband Mikhail Mizulin . They were married after their fourth year as undergraduates at university . She graduated in 1977 with a law degree and worked as a research assistant of the same university . Between 1977 and 1984 , she worked as a consultant , and then from 1984 , as head consultant in the Yaroslavl regional court . In parallel she obtained a Candidate of Sciences degree via distance learning from the Kazan State University . In 1983 she successfully defended a dissertation entitled The nature of supervisory review in the criminal process ( based on the material provided by the Yaroslavl Regional Court ) . In 1985 , she became Senior Research Associate to Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D . Ushinsky . Her husband later confessed that he had taken advantage of his job as the head of the ideology in the Yaroslavl Oblast to obtain the job for Yelena . In 1987 , Muzilina obtained the status of head of department of Russian history , heading the faculty until 1990 . She remained a member of the Communist Party until 1991 . In 1992 , she obtained a Doctor of Science in Law degree ( see Education in Russia ) entitled Criminal code : the concept of self-limiting country at the Institute of State and Law . In regard to this dissertation Yelena Mizulina has publicly declared the following : It seemed that what I wrote was unique , and that I was indeed a learned person of God ( in Russian казалось , что то , что я написала — уникально , что я , действительно , учёный от Бога ) . Between 1992 and 1995 , she was a docent and subsequently a professor at Yaroslavl State University . Member of Yabloko . In 1993 , she joined the Russian legislature from the political union The Russian Choice and was elected to the Federal Council ( upper house of parliament in the Russian Federation ) , where she became the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation and Judicial and Legal Matters , a member of the Committee on Regulation of Parliamentary Procedures . In 1995 , she joined the opposition pro-democratic political party Yabloko and the group Reformi – the new direction ( in Russian Реформы — новый курс ) . From 1995 and on , she was the head of the Yaroslavl regional and public organisation Ravnovsie ( in Russian Равновесие he Federation Council ) . In December 1995 , Muzilina was elected a member of parliament Duma from the Kirov region representing the political party Yabloko . As a result , she resigned her position in the Federation Council in January 1996 . As a parliament member of the Duma , she held the position of the Deputy Chairman of Committee on Legislation and Judicial-legal Reforms and Deputy of the Subcommittee on Matters of State building and Constitutional Rights of Citizens . Muzilina was also involved in the legal implementation of the failed attempt to carry out the impeachment of Boris Yeltsin . In December 1999 , she was elected member of Russian parliament , the Duma , from the Yabloko party . In July 2000 , she became the head of the Yaroslavl Union of Democratic Forces ( in Russian Ярославский союз демократических сил ) , which was composed of members of the Yabloko party and the Union of Right Forces . Member in Union of Right Forces . In February 2001 , she announced that she would discontinue her membership in the Yabloko party and in June of the same year she joined the Union of Right Forces party . She explained her decision to leave Yabloko by the fact that she was ashamed to be in a party that had obtained only 5% during elections . This had become a moral problem . Her former colleagues from Yabloko and Union of Right Forces Sergey Mitrokhin and Leonid Gozman have accused Yelena Mizulina of changing her political affiliation to keep up with political trends . After the Union of Right Forces lost the 2003 legislative elections , Mizulina , no longer an elected parliament member , was appointed to the Constitutional Court of Russia as the representative of the Duma . In this position , she was a proponent of local governors being no longer elected but rather directly nominated by the president of the Russian Federation . As a member of the Constitutional Court , she also worked as the Deputy Head of the Legal Department of the Duma and she graduated from the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration in 2005 . Membership in A Just Russia . In 2007 , she was elected to the Duma as a member of A Just Russia party . In January 2008 , she became the chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . Originally A Just Russia put forward another candidate , Svetlana Goryacheva , for this position , which was not well accepted by the United Russia party , and Mizulinas candidature was offered as a compromise . In 2010 , Mizulina received a medal from the World Congress of Families . In 2011 , she was re-elected to the Duma as a member of the A Just Russia party . Since December 2011 , she is the Chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . On March 17 , 2014 , the next day after the Crimean status referendum , Mizulina became one of the first seven persons who were put by President Obama under executive sanctions . The sanctions freeze her assets in the US and ban her from entering the United States . On January 23 , 2017 she announced her intention to quit A Just Russia . Legislative work . Yelena Mizulina is among the lead authors of a set of controversial legislative projects including : - 2010 bill on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development - 2012 Internet Restriction Bill . - Future amendment to the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development that would block all websites containing swearing and the usage of mat . Opponents to the Internet Restriction Bill stressed that under the pretext of protecting children , this bill provides overwhelming tools for a broad scale Internet censorship and a limitation of freedom of speech in Russia . This protest has leading to public outcry such as the Russian-language Wikipedia strike . On June 10 , 2012 , she incriminated foreign intervention in these protests and therefore , she announced that she would issue an inquiry to the ministry of justice of the USA . She also claimed that the Internet protests were organized by a pedophile lobby . - 2013 Anti-Magnitsky bill denying Americans the right to adopt Russian children . Following this proposal , US authorities have responded by proposing to include Y . Mizulina , along with Vitaly Milonov within the Magnitsky list of banned Russian personalities . - 2014 bill preventing women from entering higher education before giving birth . - 2017 bill to decriminalise domestic violence first assaults which cause less serious injuries to an administrative offence . On November 14 , 2012 , Yelena Muzilina declared that the prophylactic goals of Internet Restriction Bill of acquiring a safe information space on the web without making use of punitive measures had been accomplished . She also disclosed a possible future legislative project that would prevent access to sites previously included in the Russian Internet blacklist . Among such portals are expected to fall rublacklist.net belonging to Pirate Party of Russia . Views on marriage , family and sexual relations . Yelena Mizulina in recent times became concerned with birth rates , in her role as Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . In an interview with Vladimir Posner she has expressed the following views : Analyzing all the circumstances , and the particularity of territorial Russia and her survival .. . I came to the conclusion that if today we want to resolve the demographic crisis , we need to , excuse me , tighten the belt on certain moral values and information , so that giving birth and raising children become fully valued . Position on abortion . Yelena Muzilina believes in limiting womens right to abortion . She has proposed to let abortions remain free of charge only for medical reasons and in cases of rape . In all other cases , she believes abortions should be billed to the abortion-seeking woman . She has also publicly spoken out against abortions being carried out in private medical institutions , and in favor of a ban on selling products that result in abortions without a prescription from a physician . She believes in obtaining the consent of the husband by all married women before carrying out an abortion , and in the case of underaged women – the consent of their parents . In July 2013 , Yelena Mizulina was part of a group of members of parliament that proposed legislation affecting the Offences Code of Russia that would result in a fine of 1 million rubles on doctors and medical institutions that carried out abortions on women without providing them a waiting period to reflect on their decision to abort . It was also proposed to fine the pregnant women that did not respect this quiet time up to 3,000–5,000 rubles . Position on family and marriage . Yelena Mizulina has expressed strong views concerning the adoption of Russian children by US citizens : This is just mean , not to say despicable . Russia has never defended its interest at the expense of children . Two month later , she voted for the Anti-Magnitsky bill , a law that bans United States citizens from adopting Russian children . In June 2012 , the Duma Committee on matters of Family that Mizulina presides , rendered public a project entitled The State Concept of Family Policy until 2025 , which proposes amongst other things , several controversial elements including the following : - introduce a tax on divorce - condemns the birth of a child out of wedlock - proposes new restrictions on abortion - strongly condemns homosexuality - proposes to strengthen the role of the church in passing legislation relative to family matters - to increase the number of multi-generational families ( families where grandparents , parents and grandchildren live together ) . - recommends to actively advocate multiple births - determines that minimum sum of child support , and proposes it be implemented independently of whether the parent has an income or not . Opposition journalists including Alexander Nikonov have speculated that the divorce of Vladimir Putin that took place two days after the publication of the legislative project was precipitated by the proposed fine on divorce . After the publication of the Concept , it was pointed out that some of the positions described in it had been plagiarized verbatim from a school report published in a free access on the Internet , which itself was plagiarized from a curriculum on family studies in the Tomsk Polytechnic University . In this context , she has also called for the removal from Russian airwaves of the satirical cartoon South Park . Yelena Mizulina believes in raising the age of consent in sexual relations in Russia from 16 to 18 years . Contrary to the clause 30 of Citizens health protection Law of Russia , she proposed to ban surrogate motherhood pointing out that the latter threatens not just for Russia to survive but also to the survival of entire humanity and is an analogy to the banning of nuclear weapons . Position on LGBT issues . Yelena Mizulina is the author of several legislative projects directed against propaganda of homosexuality including the infamous Russian LGBT propaganda law . She believes that the phrase gays are people too should be considered potentially extremist by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare . Yelena Mizulina is also in favor of confiscating children from gay parents , including biological parents . In July 2013 , Mizulina and , her deputy in the Duma Committee , filed a complaint at the Institution of Criminal Proceedings against the LGBT rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev . According to Mizulina , Alexeyev is the leader of the LGBT community and has launched a campaign to discredit her , to the detriment of Russia as a whole . Mizulina intends to ask for Alexeyevs punishment to be in the form of compulsory work in a place where he can not proceed with propaganda , for example , driving a hearse . Representatives of the LGBT community have also appealed to the prosecutors office with a complaint against Mizulina for inciting hatred against homosexuals and for infringing on the LGBT rights in Russia . Accusation of political opponents of belonging to a pedophile lobby . Yelena Mizulina has accused several of her political opponents of belonging to a so-called pedophile lobby She first suggested that in the depths of the United Russia party there was a pedophile lobby that was against toughening the law on sexual offenses against minors in 2011 during the evaluation of the Criminal Code of Russia . Those opposing the law on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development were also accused by Yelena Mizulina of being part of a pedophile lobby . In 2012 , in regard to the Russian-language Wikipedia protest against the Dumas reading of the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development , Mizulina said : This is a coverup . Wikipedia itself is not threatened . I too use Wikipedia . Notice , how only the Russian-language version was closed down . Therefore [ I believe that .. ] this is an attempt to blackmail the Russian parliament . Behind this there stands a lobby , and suspicions are high that it is pedophile lobby . In June 2013 , the writer and former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch published an article concerning Mizulinas son that lives in Belgium and works for the large international law firm called Mayer Brown that sponsors pro-gay associations and organizations and is among the hundreds on pro-LGBT rights organizations in Belgium , whilst his mother is waging war on homosexuality in Russia . In response to this , Mizulina accused Koch of being a member of a pedophile lobby . The journalist Andrei Malgin wrote a piece in his blog entitled Great : anyone that Mizulina doesnt like is a pedophile lobby . Decriminalisation of domestic violence . In July 2016 , The Moscow Times reported that Senator Mizulina had proposed amendments to present legislation to downgrade spousal and child abuse from a criminal offense to an administrative misdemeanor offense . Mizulina publicly stated her opinion that the present laws against domestic violence , in which the convicted are subject to fines and a two-year prison sentence , are absurd suggesting that such a punishment is excessive for just a slap . On 11 January 2017 , during the first reading of the law , 368 Russian lawmakers voted in favour of the law , one deputy voted against and another abstained . Investigation of alleged defamation of Mizulina . In June 2013 , the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a criminal investigation concerning the alleged defamation of Mizulina by a group of people consisting of : - journalist of Novaya Gazeta Yelena Kostyuchenko - gay-rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev - journalist-socialite Kseniya Sobchak - economist , writer former Russian Vice-Prime Minister Alfred Koch According to Yelena Mizulina bloggers disseminated false information concerning her alleged intention to ban oral sex in Russia . Ksenia Sobchak has communicated to the press that she was interrogated by an investigator on the topic of oral sex . Similarly , Alfred Koch claims that he was interrogated for three hours concerning the gay-oral phobia of Mizulina and his position concerning the latter . Criticism . The Russian political scientist Mark Urnov has described the laws instigated by Yelena Mizulina as diverse , but having a single common quality – their capacity to spread intolerance . They are simply a legal expression of the intolerance and the suppression of everything that corresponds to ones personal views in regard to what is right and wrong . The writer Dmitri Bykov believes that Yelena Mizulina is constantly providing a legislative form for things that should remain a question of personal choice , which is far more dangerous than any gay pride parade . In April 2019 Mizulina was widely quoted for her statement in defense of Russian Internet censorship laws , which were characterized as Orwellian by many journalists : Personal life . Yelena Mizulina is married and has two adult children . Her husband Mikhail Muzilin holds a PhD in Philosophy and is a docent at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration . He was the head of the Yabloko party headquarters in Yaroslavl . He has also formerly served as dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Yaroslavl State University . Her son Nikolay Mizulin lives in Brussels with his wife and two children where he works as a lawyer in the firm Mayer Brown . This family connection caused a controversy when former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch alleged that Nikolays employer ( allegedly gay-friendly ) might be in breach of the anti-gay laws instigated by Russian government and spearheaded by Nikolays mother . After the publication , Alfred Koch was interrogated by Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for three hours , based on accusations by Yelena Mizulina . Also , Mizulina was quoted as saying that Alfred Koch is a part of paedophile lobby , trying to hinder the Russian governments campaign against sexual criminals . Mizulinas daughter Ekaterina is the head of the Moscow Fund of Social-Legal Initiatives The Rights Capital ( in Russian Правовая столица ) , a firm that acts as a financial intermediary , publishing and advertising , which was reported to belong in fact to Yelena Mizulina . In the law proposed by Yelena Mizulina entitled Concept of the State Family Policy until 2025 . ( in Russian Концепции государственной семейной политики до 2025 года ) , she has defined the ideal family as marriage with the goal of commonly bringing up three or more children . In this law she also proposes several generations of Russian parents , children and grandchildren should inhabit the same place . In a recent interview with the opposition radio station Echo of Moscow , Mizulina when asked why she herself had not conformed with the ideal family she responded the following way : I wanted three children , Misha [ Mikhail – her husband ] also wanted three . But things happen as they did . Fate has given us two . In 1994 , a polemic broke out when she requested a larger state-provided flat in the goal of exotic cat breeding . |
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] | easy | Which political party did Yelena Mizulina belong to from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Yelena_Mizulina#P102#3 | Yelena Mizulina Yelena Borisovna Mizulina ( , born December 9 , 1954 ) is a Russian politician serving as a member of the Russian Parliament between 1995 and 2003 and again since 2007 . Since 2012 , she has been the center of attention in regard to a set of controversial laws concerning the rights of the LGBT community in Russia and the adoption of Russian orphan children by foreigners . She is currently Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . She has changed her political affiliation several times , having served public office on behalf of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , the liberal Yabloko and Union of Right Forces parties and is currently representing the region of Omsk in the Duma as a representative of the social democratic A Just Russia party . She holds a doctoral degree in Law . She has received distinctions in Russia for her work as a lawyer including the Honoured Lawyer of Russia title . Due to the Crimean crisis , she was sanctioned by Canada and the United States on March 17 , 2014 . Biography . Yaroslavl . Yelena Borisovna Mizulina was born on December 9 , 1954 , in the city of Buy in Kostroma Oblast , Soviet Union . In 1972 she began studying at the Faculty of Law and History of the Yaroslavl State University where she first met her future husband Mikhail Mizulin . They were married after their fourth year as undergraduates at university . She graduated in 1977 with a law degree and worked as a research assistant of the same university . Between 1977 and 1984 , she worked as a consultant , and then from 1984 , as head consultant in the Yaroslavl regional court . In parallel she obtained a Candidate of Sciences degree via distance learning from the Kazan State University . In 1983 she successfully defended a dissertation entitled The nature of supervisory review in the criminal process ( based on the material provided by the Yaroslavl Regional Court ) . In 1985 , she became Senior Research Associate to Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D . Ushinsky . Her husband later confessed that he had taken advantage of his job as the head of the ideology in the Yaroslavl Oblast to obtain the job for Yelena . In 1987 , Muzilina obtained the status of head of department of Russian history , heading the faculty until 1990 . She remained a member of the Communist Party until 1991 . In 1992 , she obtained a Doctor of Science in Law degree ( see Education in Russia ) entitled Criminal code : the concept of self-limiting country at the Institute of State and Law . In regard to this dissertation Yelena Mizulina has publicly declared the following : It seemed that what I wrote was unique , and that I was indeed a learned person of God ( in Russian казалось , что то , что я написала — уникально , что я , действительно , учёный от Бога ) . Between 1992 and 1995 , she was a docent and subsequently a professor at Yaroslavl State University . Member of Yabloko . In 1993 , she joined the Russian legislature from the political union The Russian Choice and was elected to the Federal Council ( upper house of parliament in the Russian Federation ) , where she became the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation and Judicial and Legal Matters , a member of the Committee on Regulation of Parliamentary Procedures . In 1995 , she joined the opposition pro-democratic political party Yabloko and the group Reformi – the new direction ( in Russian Реформы — новый курс ) . From 1995 and on , she was the head of the Yaroslavl regional and public organisation Ravnovsie ( in Russian Равновесие he Federation Council ) . In December 1995 , Muzilina was elected a member of parliament Duma from the Kirov region representing the political party Yabloko . As a result , she resigned her position in the Federation Council in January 1996 . As a parliament member of the Duma , she held the position of the Deputy Chairman of Committee on Legislation and Judicial-legal Reforms and Deputy of the Subcommittee on Matters of State building and Constitutional Rights of Citizens . Muzilina was also involved in the legal implementation of the failed attempt to carry out the impeachment of Boris Yeltsin . In December 1999 , she was elected member of Russian parliament , the Duma , from the Yabloko party . In July 2000 , she became the head of the Yaroslavl Union of Democratic Forces ( in Russian Ярославский союз демократических сил ) , which was composed of members of the Yabloko party and the Union of Right Forces . Member in Union of Right Forces . In February 2001 , she announced that she would discontinue her membership in the Yabloko party and in June of the same year she joined the Union of Right Forces party . She explained her decision to leave Yabloko by the fact that she was ashamed to be in a party that had obtained only 5% during elections . This had become a moral problem . Her former colleagues from Yabloko and Union of Right Forces Sergey Mitrokhin and Leonid Gozman have accused Yelena Mizulina of changing her political affiliation to keep up with political trends . After the Union of Right Forces lost the 2003 legislative elections , Mizulina , no longer an elected parliament member , was appointed to the Constitutional Court of Russia as the representative of the Duma . In this position , she was a proponent of local governors being no longer elected but rather directly nominated by the president of the Russian Federation . As a member of the Constitutional Court , she also worked as the Deputy Head of the Legal Department of the Duma and she graduated from the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration in 2005 . Membership in A Just Russia . In 2007 , she was elected to the Duma as a member of A Just Russia party . In January 2008 , she became the chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . Originally A Just Russia put forward another candidate , Svetlana Goryacheva , for this position , which was not well accepted by the United Russia party , and Mizulinas candidature was offered as a compromise . In 2010 , Mizulina received a medal from the World Congress of Families . In 2011 , she was re-elected to the Duma as a member of the A Just Russia party . Since December 2011 , she is the Chairman of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . On March 17 , 2014 , the next day after the Crimean status referendum , Mizulina became one of the first seven persons who were put by President Obama under executive sanctions . The sanctions freeze her assets in the US and ban her from entering the United States . On January 23 , 2017 she announced her intention to quit A Just Russia . Legislative work . Yelena Mizulina is among the lead authors of a set of controversial legislative projects including : - 2010 bill on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development - 2012 Internet Restriction Bill . - Future amendment to the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development that would block all websites containing swearing and the usage of mat . Opponents to the Internet Restriction Bill stressed that under the pretext of protecting children , this bill provides overwhelming tools for a broad scale Internet censorship and a limitation of freedom of speech in Russia . This protest has leading to public outcry such as the Russian-language Wikipedia strike . On June 10 , 2012 , she incriminated foreign intervention in these protests and therefore , she announced that she would issue an inquiry to the ministry of justice of the USA . She also claimed that the Internet protests were organized by a pedophile lobby . - 2013 Anti-Magnitsky bill denying Americans the right to adopt Russian children . Following this proposal , US authorities have responded by proposing to include Y . Mizulina , along with Vitaly Milonov within the Magnitsky list of banned Russian personalities . - 2014 bill preventing women from entering higher education before giving birth . - 2017 bill to decriminalise domestic violence first assaults which cause less serious injuries to an administrative offence . On November 14 , 2012 , Yelena Muzilina declared that the prophylactic goals of Internet Restriction Bill of acquiring a safe information space on the web without making use of punitive measures had been accomplished . She also disclosed a possible future legislative project that would prevent access to sites previously included in the Russian Internet blacklist . Among such portals are expected to fall rublacklist.net belonging to Pirate Party of Russia . Views on marriage , family and sexual relations . Yelena Mizulina in recent times became concerned with birth rates , in her role as Chair of the Duma Committee on Family , Women and Children Affairs . In an interview with Vladimir Posner she has expressed the following views : Analyzing all the circumstances , and the particularity of territorial Russia and her survival .. . I came to the conclusion that if today we want to resolve the demographic crisis , we need to , excuse me , tighten the belt on certain moral values and information , so that giving birth and raising children become fully valued . Position on abortion . Yelena Muzilina believes in limiting womens right to abortion . She has proposed to let abortions remain free of charge only for medical reasons and in cases of rape . In all other cases , she believes abortions should be billed to the abortion-seeking woman . She has also publicly spoken out against abortions being carried out in private medical institutions , and in favor of a ban on selling products that result in abortions without a prescription from a physician . She believes in obtaining the consent of the husband by all married women before carrying out an abortion , and in the case of underaged women – the consent of their parents . In July 2013 , Yelena Mizulina was part of a group of members of parliament that proposed legislation affecting the Offences Code of Russia that would result in a fine of 1 million rubles on doctors and medical institutions that carried out abortions on women without providing them a waiting period to reflect on their decision to abort . It was also proposed to fine the pregnant women that did not respect this quiet time up to 3,000–5,000 rubles . Position on family and marriage . Yelena Mizulina has expressed strong views concerning the adoption of Russian children by US citizens : This is just mean , not to say despicable . Russia has never defended its interest at the expense of children . Two month later , she voted for the Anti-Magnitsky bill , a law that bans United States citizens from adopting Russian children . In June 2012 , the Duma Committee on matters of Family that Mizulina presides , rendered public a project entitled The State Concept of Family Policy until 2025 , which proposes amongst other things , several controversial elements including the following : - introduce a tax on divorce - condemns the birth of a child out of wedlock - proposes new restrictions on abortion - strongly condemns homosexuality - proposes to strengthen the role of the church in passing legislation relative to family matters - to increase the number of multi-generational families ( families where grandparents , parents and grandchildren live together ) . - recommends to actively advocate multiple births - determines that minimum sum of child support , and proposes it be implemented independently of whether the parent has an income or not . Opposition journalists including Alexander Nikonov have speculated that the divorce of Vladimir Putin that took place two days after the publication of the legislative project was precipitated by the proposed fine on divorce . After the publication of the Concept , it was pointed out that some of the positions described in it had been plagiarized verbatim from a school report published in a free access on the Internet , which itself was plagiarized from a curriculum on family studies in the Tomsk Polytechnic University . In this context , she has also called for the removal from Russian airwaves of the satirical cartoon South Park . Yelena Mizulina believes in raising the age of consent in sexual relations in Russia from 16 to 18 years . Contrary to the clause 30 of Citizens health protection Law of Russia , she proposed to ban surrogate motherhood pointing out that the latter threatens not just for Russia to survive but also to the survival of entire humanity and is an analogy to the banning of nuclear weapons . Position on LGBT issues . Yelena Mizulina is the author of several legislative projects directed against propaganda of homosexuality including the infamous Russian LGBT propaganda law . She believes that the phrase gays are people too should be considered potentially extremist by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare . Yelena Mizulina is also in favor of confiscating children from gay parents , including biological parents . In July 2013 , Mizulina and , her deputy in the Duma Committee , filed a complaint at the Institution of Criminal Proceedings against the LGBT rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev . According to Mizulina , Alexeyev is the leader of the LGBT community and has launched a campaign to discredit her , to the detriment of Russia as a whole . Mizulina intends to ask for Alexeyevs punishment to be in the form of compulsory work in a place where he can not proceed with propaganda , for example , driving a hearse . Representatives of the LGBT community have also appealed to the prosecutors office with a complaint against Mizulina for inciting hatred against homosexuals and for infringing on the LGBT rights in Russia . Accusation of political opponents of belonging to a pedophile lobby . Yelena Mizulina has accused several of her political opponents of belonging to a so-called pedophile lobby She first suggested that in the depths of the United Russia party there was a pedophile lobby that was against toughening the law on sexual offenses against minors in 2011 during the evaluation of the Criminal Code of Russia . Those opposing the law on On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development were also accused by Yelena Mizulina of being part of a pedophile lobby . In 2012 , in regard to the Russian-language Wikipedia protest against the Dumas reading of the bill On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development , Mizulina said : This is a coverup . Wikipedia itself is not threatened . I too use Wikipedia . Notice , how only the Russian-language version was closed down . Therefore [ I believe that .. ] this is an attempt to blackmail the Russian parliament . Behind this there stands a lobby , and suspicions are high that it is pedophile lobby . In June 2013 , the writer and former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch published an article concerning Mizulinas son that lives in Belgium and works for the large international law firm called Mayer Brown that sponsors pro-gay associations and organizations and is among the hundreds on pro-LGBT rights organizations in Belgium , whilst his mother is waging war on homosexuality in Russia . In response to this , Mizulina accused Koch of being a member of a pedophile lobby . The journalist Andrei Malgin wrote a piece in his blog entitled Great : anyone that Mizulina doesnt like is a pedophile lobby . Decriminalisation of domestic violence . In July 2016 , The Moscow Times reported that Senator Mizulina had proposed amendments to present legislation to downgrade spousal and child abuse from a criminal offense to an administrative misdemeanor offense . Mizulina publicly stated her opinion that the present laws against domestic violence , in which the convicted are subject to fines and a two-year prison sentence , are absurd suggesting that such a punishment is excessive for just a slap . On 11 January 2017 , during the first reading of the law , 368 Russian lawmakers voted in favour of the law , one deputy voted against and another abstained . Investigation of alleged defamation of Mizulina . In June 2013 , the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a criminal investigation concerning the alleged defamation of Mizulina by a group of people consisting of : - journalist of Novaya Gazeta Yelena Kostyuchenko - gay-rights activist Nikolay Alexeyev - journalist-socialite Kseniya Sobchak - economist , writer former Russian Vice-Prime Minister Alfred Koch According to Yelena Mizulina bloggers disseminated false information concerning her alleged intention to ban oral sex in Russia . Ksenia Sobchak has communicated to the press that she was interrogated by an investigator on the topic of oral sex . Similarly , Alfred Koch claims that he was interrogated for three hours concerning the gay-oral phobia of Mizulina and his position concerning the latter . Criticism . The Russian political scientist Mark Urnov has described the laws instigated by Yelena Mizulina as diverse , but having a single common quality – their capacity to spread intolerance . They are simply a legal expression of the intolerance and the suppression of everything that corresponds to ones personal views in regard to what is right and wrong . The writer Dmitri Bykov believes that Yelena Mizulina is constantly providing a legislative form for things that should remain a question of personal choice , which is far more dangerous than any gay pride parade . In April 2019 Mizulina was widely quoted for her statement in defense of Russian Internet censorship laws , which were characterized as Orwellian by many journalists : Personal life . Yelena Mizulina is married and has two adult children . Her husband Mikhail Muzilin holds a PhD in Philosophy and is a docent at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration . He was the head of the Yabloko party headquarters in Yaroslavl . He has also formerly served as dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Yaroslavl State University . Her son Nikolay Mizulin lives in Brussels with his wife and two children where he works as a lawyer in the firm Mayer Brown . This family connection caused a controversy when former Russian Vice Prime Minister Alfred Koch alleged that Nikolays employer ( allegedly gay-friendly ) might be in breach of the anti-gay laws instigated by Russian government and spearheaded by Nikolays mother . After the publication , Alfred Koch was interrogated by Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for three hours , based on accusations by Yelena Mizulina . Also , Mizulina was quoted as saying that Alfred Koch is a part of paedophile lobby , trying to hinder the Russian governments campaign against sexual criminals . Mizulinas daughter Ekaterina is the head of the Moscow Fund of Social-Legal Initiatives The Rights Capital ( in Russian Правовая столица ) , a firm that acts as a financial intermediary , publishing and advertising , which was reported to belong in fact to Yelena Mizulina . In the law proposed by Yelena Mizulina entitled Concept of the State Family Policy until 2025 . ( in Russian Концепции государственной семейной политики до 2025 года ) , she has defined the ideal family as marriage with the goal of commonly bringing up three or more children . In this law she also proposes several generations of Russian parents , children and grandchildren should inhabit the same place . In a recent interview with the opposition radio station Echo of Moscow , Mizulina when asked why she herself had not conformed with the ideal family she responded the following way : I wanted three children , Misha [ Mikhail – her husband ] also wanted three . But things happen as they did . Fate has given us two . In 1994 , a polemic broke out when she requested a larger state-provided flat in the goal of exotic cat breeding . |
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] | easy | Who was the spouse of Humphrey Bogart from 1926 to 1927? | /wiki/Humphrey_Bogart#P26#0 | Humphrey Bogart Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( ; December 25 , 1899 – January 14 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Bogey , was an American film and stage actor . His performances in Classical Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon . In 1999 , the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema . Bogart began acting in Broadway shows , beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River ( 1930 ) for Fox . Bogart appeared in supporting roles for the next decade , sometimes portraying gangsters . Bogart was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) but remained secondary to other actors Warner Bros . cast in lead roles . His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom came with High Sierra ( 1941 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , considered one of the first great noir films . Bogarts private detectives , Sam Spade ( in The Maltese Falcon ) and Phillip Marlowe ( in 1946s The Big Sleep ) , became the models for detectives in other noir films . His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca ( 1942 ) , which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love when they filmed To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) ; soon after the main filming for The Big Sleep ( 1946 , their second film together ) , he filed for divorce from his third wife and married Bacall . After their marriage , she played his love interest in Dark Passage ( 1947 ) and Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Bogarts performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) and In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) are now considered among his best , although they were not recognized as such when the films were released . He reprised those unsettled , unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) , which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination . For his role as a cantankerous river steam launch skipper with Katharine Hepburns missionary in the World War I adventure The African Queen ( 1951 ) , Bogart received the Academy Award for Best Actor . In his later years , significant roles included The Barefoot Contessa with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina ( 1954 ) . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957 . Early life and education . Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City , the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart ( 1867–1934 ) and Maud Humphrey ( 1868–1940 ) . Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart ( a Canandaigua , New York , innkeeper ) and Julia Augusta Stiles , a wealthy heiress . The name Bogart derives from the Dutch surname , Bogaert . Belmont and Maud married in June 1898 . He was a Presbyterian , of English and Dutch descent , and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje ( the first European child born in New Netherland ) . Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage , and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland . Humphrey was raised Episcopalian , but was non-practicing for most of his adult life . The date of Bogarts birth has been disputed . Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros . publicity department had altered it to January 23 , 1900 to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldnt really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen . The corrected January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases , remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources . According to biographers Ann M . Sperber and Eric Lax , Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records ( including his marriage license ) . Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogarts birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day , saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year . Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10 , 1900 rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate ; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate . Belmont , Bogarts father , was a cardiopulmonary surgeon . Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France , including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler . She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette . Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food . She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time , and considerably more than her husbands $20,000 . The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment , and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York . When he was young , Bogarts group of friends at the lake would put on plays . He had two younger sisters : Frances ( Pat ) and Catherine Elizabeth ( Kay ) . Bogarts parents were busy in their careers , and frequently fought . Very formal , they showed little emotion towards their children . Maud told her offspring to call her Maud instead of Mother , and showed little ( if any ) physical affection for them . When she was pleased , she [ c ] lapped you on the shoulder , almost the way a man does , Bogart recalled . I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly . A kiss , in our family , was an event . Our mother and father didnt glug over my two sisters and me . Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls , tidiness , the cute pictures his mother had him pose for , the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him , and for his first name . He inherited a tendency to needle , a fondness for fishing , a lifelong love of boating , and an attraction to strong-willed women from his father . Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade , and then attended the prestigious Trinity School . He was an indifferent , sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities . Bogart later attended Phillips Academy , a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections . Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University , in 1918 Bogart left Phillips . Several reasons have been given ; according to one , he was expelled for throwing the headmaster ( or a groundskeeper ) into Rabbit Pond on campus . Another cited smoking , drinking , poor academic performance , and ( possibly ) inappropriate comments made to the staff . In a third scenario , Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades . His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future . Navy . With no viable career options , Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 ( during World War I ) , and served as a coxswain . He recalled later , At eighteen , war was great stuff . Paris ! Sexy French girls ! Hot damn ! Bogart was recorded as a model sailor , who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe . Bogart left the service at the rank of Seaman Second Class . During the Second World War , Bogart attempted to reenlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age . He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944 , patrolling the California coastline in his yacht , the Santana . He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint . There are several conflicting stories . In one , his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship ( the ) was shelled . The ship was never shelled , however , and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice . Another story , held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley , was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery , Maine . While changing trains in Boston , the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette . When Bogart looked for a match , the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs ( cutting Bogarts lip ) and fled before he was recaptured and imprisoned . In an alternative version , Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge ; the other handcuff was still around the prisoners wrist . By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor , a scar had formed . David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar , however , he said that it was caused by a childhood accident . Goddamn doctor , Bogart later told Niven . Instead of stitching it up , he screwed it up . According to Niven , the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios . His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar , although it noted many smaller scars . When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924 , he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930 . Brooks said that his lip wound gave him no speech impediment , either before or after it was mended . Acting . First performances . Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health , his medical practice faltering , and much of the familys wealth lost in bad timber investments . His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days , and he began to rebel . Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension , phonies and snobs , sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority ; he was also well-mannered , articulate , punctual , self-effacing and standoffish . After his naval service , he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman , joining the Coast Guard Reserve . Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr . ( whose father had show-business connections ) , and obtained an office job with William A . Bradys new World Films company . Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting , directing , and production , he excelled at none . Bogart was stage manager for Bradys daughter Alices play A Ruined Lady . He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alices 1921 play Drifting ( nervously delivering one line of dialogue ) , and appeared in several of her subsequent plays . Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession , he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received : I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets . He spent much of his free time in speakeasies , drinking heavily . A barroom brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogarts lip damage , dovetailing with Louise Brooks account . Preferring to learn by doing , he never took acting lessons . Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft , appearing in at least 17 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935 . He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say , Tennis , anyone ? on stage . According to Alexander Woollcott , Bogart is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate . Other critics were kinder . Heywood Broun , reviewing Nerves , wrote : Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance .. . both dry and fresh , if that be possible . He played a juvenile lead ( reporter Gregory Brown ) in Lynn Starlings comedy Meet the Wife , which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924 . Bogart disliked his trivial , effeminate early-career parts , calling them White Pants Willie roles . While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922 , he met actress Helen Menken ; they were married on May 20 , 1926 , at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City . Divorced on November 18 , 1927 , they remained friends . Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage , citing neglect and abuse . He married actress Mary Philips on April 3 , 1928 , at her mothers apartment in Hartford , Connecticut ; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 . Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood . Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler , The Dancing Town , a complete copy of which has not been found . He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short , Broadways Like That ( 1930 ) , which was rediscovered in 1963 . Broadway to Hollywood . Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week . There he met Spencer Tracy , a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired , and they became close friends and drinking companions . In 1930 , Tracy first called him Bogie . He made his film debut in his only film with Bogart , John Fords early sound film Up the River ( 1930 ) , in which they had major roles as inmates . Tracy received top billing , but Bogart appeared on the films posters . He was billed fourth behind Tracy , Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracys and much larger than Luces or Hymers . Despite being close friends , Up the River turned out to be Humphrey Bogarts only film with Spencer Tracy . A quarter of a century later , Tracy and Bogart planned to make The Desperate Hours together . Both insisted upon top billing , however ; Tracy dropped out , and was replaced by Fredric March . Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister ( 1931 ) with Bette Davis . Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935 , out of work for long periods . His parents had separated ; his father died in 1934 in debt , which Bogart eventually paid off . He inherited his fathers gold ring , which he wore in many of his films . At his fathers deathbed , Bogart finally told him how much he loved him . Bogarts second marriage was rocky ; dissatisfied with his acting career , depressed and irritable , he drank heavily . In Hollywood permanently : The Petrified Forest . In 1934 , Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque ( renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937 ) . Its producer , Arthur Hopkins , heard the play from offstage ; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E . Sherwoods forthcoming play , The Petrified Forest . Hopkins later recalled : The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935 . Although Leslie Howard was the star , The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was a peach .. . a roaring Western melodrama .. . Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor . Bogart said that the play marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek , sybaritic , stiff-shirted , swallow-tailed smoothies to which I seemed condemned to life . However , he still felt insecure . Warner Bros . bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935 . The play seemed ideal for the studio , which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz . Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast . Howard , who held the production rights , made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him . The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G . Robinson , who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract . Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland , who replied : Att : Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H. . When Warner Bros . saw that Howard would not budge , they gave in and cast Bogart . Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name , but Bogart declined having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater . The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936 . According to Variety , Bogarts menace leaves nothing wanting . Frank S . Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself . The film was successful at the box office , earning $500,000 in rentals , and made Bogart a star . He never forgot Howards favor and named his only daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , after him in 1952 . Supporting gangster and villain roles . Despite his success in The Petrified Forest ( an A movie ) , Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas . Although he was proud of his success , the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him : I cant get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument . There must be something in my tone of voice , or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody . Nobody likes me on sight . I suppose thats why Im cast as the heavy . In spite of his success , Warner Bros . had no interest in raising Bogarts profile . His roles were repetitive and physically demanding ; studios were not yet air-conditioned , and his tightly-scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and peachy actors life he hoped for . Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him , he worked steadily . In the first 34 pictures for Warners , he told George Frazier , I was shot in 12 , electrocuted or hanged in 8 , and was a jailbird in 9 . He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940 , sometimes working on two films at the same time . Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona : a wounded , stoical , cynical , charming , vulnerable , self-mocking loner with a code of honor . Amenities at Warners were few , compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap , and often wore his own suits in his films ; he used his dog , Zero , to play Pard ( his characters dog ) in High Sierra . His disputes with Warner Bros . over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney . Leading men at Warner Bros . included James Cagney and Edward G . Robinson . Most of the studios better scripts went to them ( or others ) , leaving Bogart with what was left : films like San Quentin ( 1937 ) , Racket Busters ( 1938 ) , and You Cant Get Away with Murder ( 1939 ) . His only leading role during this period was in Dead End ( 1937 , on loan to Samuel Goldwyn ) , as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson . Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shutes 1939 novel , What Happened to the Corbetts , the protagonist replies Ive seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon . Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces ( 1938 ) , Bogarts roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang . In Black Legion ( 1937 ) , a movie Graham Greene described as intelligent and exciting , if rather earnest , he played a good man who was caught up with ( and destroyed by ) a racist organization . The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady ( 1938 ) , a hillbilly musical which he reportedly considered his worst film performance . He played a rejuvenated , formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X ( 1939 ) , his only horror film : If itd been Jack Warners blood .. . I wouldnt have minded so much . The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie . His wife , Mary , had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood . After the play closed , Mary relented ; she insisted on continuing her career , however , and they divorced in 1937 . On August 21 , 1938 , Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot , a lively , friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk . She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her ( which he eventually was , with Lauren Bacall , while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944 ) . They drifted apart ; Methots drinking increased , and she threw plants , crockery and other objects at Bogart . She set their house afire , stabbed him with a knife , and slashed her wrists several times . Bogart needled her ; apparently enjoying confrontation , he was sometimes violent as well . The press called them the Battling Bogarts . According to their friend , Julius Epstein , The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War . Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy , his nickname for Methot : I like a jealous wife . . We get on so well together ( because ) we dont have illusions about each other .. . I wouldnt give you two cents for a dame without a temper . Louise Brooks said that except for Leslie Howard , no one contributed as much to Humphreys success as his third wife , Mayo Methot . Methots influence was increasingly destructive , however , and Bogart also continued to drink . He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness , and was again irritated by his inferior films . Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres , issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity . When he thought an actor , director or studio had done something shoddy , he spoke up publicly about it . Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an againster . He was not the most popular of actors , and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios . Bogart once said , The Hollywood press , unaccustomed to such candor , was delighted . Early stardom . High Sierra . High Sierra ( 1941 , directed by Raoul Walsh ) was written by John Huston , Bogarts friend and drinking partner . The film was adapted from a novel by W . R . Burnett , author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based . Paul Muni , George Raft , Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role , giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth . Walsh initially opposed Bogarts casting , preferring Raft for the part . It was Bogarts last major film as a gangster ; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot , released in 1942 . He worked well with Ida Lupino , sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot . The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston . Bogart admired ( and somewhat envied ) Huston for his skill as a writer ; a poor student , Bogart was a lifelong reader . He could quote Plato , Pope , Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare , and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review . Bogart admired writers ; some of his best friends were screenwriters , including Louis Bromfield , Nathaniel Benchley , and Nunnally Johnson . He enjoyed intense , provocative conversation ( accompanied by stiff drinks ) , as did Huston . Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks . Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart ( also bored easily off-camera ) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set . The Maltese Falcon . Now regarded as a classic film noir , The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) was John Hustons directorial debut . Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel , it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions ; the second was Satan Met a Lady ( 1936 ) , starring Bette Davis . Producer Hal B . Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man , but Raft ( more established than Bogart ) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes . Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon ( 1931 ) , Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh . Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade . Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , Elisha Cook Jr. , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil . Bogarts sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the films quick action and rapid-fire dialogue . It was a commercial hit , and a major triumph for Huston . Bogart was unusually happy with the film : It is practically a masterpiece . I dont have many things Im proud of .. . but thats one . Casablanca . Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca ( 1942 ) : Rick Blaine , an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis , the French underground , the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend . Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogarts character was used to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today . The film , directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis , featured Ingrid Bergman , Claude Rains , Sydney Greenstreet , Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt , Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson . Bogart and Bergmans on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport , although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise . Off the set , the co-stars hardly spoke . Bergman ( who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men ) later said about Bogart , I kissed him but I never knew him . Because she was taller , Bogart had blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes . Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player , a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends , enemies , and allies . He played tournament-level chess ( one division below master ) in real life , often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid . Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943 . Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role , but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine . The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studios roster , however , finally overtaking James Cagney . He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946 , making him the worlds highest-paid actor . Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944 , making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa ( including Casablanca ) . He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts , leading to conflicts with the front office . He starred in Conflict ( 1945 , again with Greenstreet ) , but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year . Bogart and Bacall . To Have and Have Not . Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall ( 1924–2014 ) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille ( 1944 ) . The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) , a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel , and Bacalls film debut . It has several similarities to Casablanca : the same kind of hero and enemies , and a piano player as a supporting character . When they met , Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44 ; he nicknamed her Baby . A model since age 16 , she had appeared in two failed plays . Bogart was attracted by Bacalls high cheekbones , green eyes , tawny blond hair , lean body , maturity , poise and earthy , outspoken honesty ; he reportedly said , I just saw your test . Well have a lot of fun together . Their emotional bond was strong from the start , their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic . In contrast to the Hollywood norm , their affair was Bogarts first with a leading lady . His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief , their separations bridged by love letters . The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film , and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching . He encouraged her to steal scenes ; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role , and found Bogart easy to direct . However , Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship . He considered himself Bacalls protector and mentor , and Bogart was usurping that role . Not usually drawn to his starlets , the married director also fell for Bacall ; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures . Bogart calmed her down , and then went after Hawks ; Jack Warner settled the dispute , and filming resumed . Hawks said about Bacall , Bogie fell in love with the character she played , so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life . The Big Sleep . Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not , Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore : the film noir The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner . Chandler admired the actors performance : Bogart can be tough without a gun . Also , he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt . Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945 , it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacalls box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship . At director Howard Hawks urging , production partner Charles K . Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacalls scenes to heighten the insolent quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film , and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner . The dialogue , especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks , was full of sexual innuendo , and Bogart is convincing as private detective Philip Marlowe . The film was successful , although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated . According to Chandler , Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur ; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram , he could not provide an answer . Marriage . Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945 . He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogarts close friend , Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield , at Malabar Farm ( near Lucas , Ohio ) on May 21 , 1945 . They moved into a $160,000 ( $ in ) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeless Holmby Hills . The marriage was a happy one , with tensions due to their differences . Bogarts drinking was sometimes problematic . He was a homebody , and Bacall liked the nightlife ; he loved the sea , which made her seasick . Bogart bought the Santana , a sailing yacht , from actor Dick Powell in 1945 . He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water , with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island : An actor needs something to stabilize his personality , something to nail down what he really is , not what he is currently pretending to be . Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve , offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana . He reportedly attempted to enlist , but was turned down due to his age . Dark Passage and Key Largo . The suspenseful Dark Passage ( 1947 ) was Bogart and Bacalls next collaboration . Vincent Parry ( Bogart ) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison . According to Bogarts biographer , Stefan Kanfer , it was a production line film noir with no particular distinction . Bogart and Bacalls last pairing in a film was in Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Directed by John Huston , Edward G . Robinson was billed second ( behind Bogart ) as gangster Johnny Rocco : a seething , older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles . The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacalls father-in-law , played by Lionel Barrymore . Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Roccos physically abused , alcoholic girlfriend . Later career . The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his production company , Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre : a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico . Lacking a love interest or a happy ending , it was considered a risky project . Bogart later said about co-star ( and John Hustons father ) Walter Huston , Hes probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom Id gladly lose a scene . The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make . James Agee wrote , Bogart does a wonderful job with this character .. . miles ahead of the very good work he has done before . Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award , the film had mediocre box-office results . Bogart complained , An intelligent script , beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it . House Un-American Activities Committee . Bogart , a liberal Democrat , organized the Committee for the First Amendment ( a delegation to Washington , D.C. ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committees harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors . He wrote an article , Im No Communist , for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance . Bogart wrote , The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us . Santana Productions . Bogart created his film company , Santana Productions ( named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo ) , in 1948 . The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious , fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios power . In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart , James Stewart , and Henry Fonda , they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains . Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners , Chain Lightning ( 1950 ) and The Enforcer ( 1951 ) . Except for Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) , originally distributed in the United States by United Artists , the company released its films through Columbia Pictures ; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later . In quick succession , Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door ( 1949 ) , Tokyo Joe ( 1949 ) , In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) , and Sirocco ( 1951 ) . Santana also made two films without him : And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) and The Family Secret ( 1951 ) . Although most lost money at the box office ( ultimately forcing Santanas sale ) , at least two retain a reputation ; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point . Bogart plays Dixon Steele , an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray ( Gloria Grahame ) . Several Bogart biographers , and actress-writer Louise Brooks , have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart . According to Brooks , the film gave him a role that he could play with complexity , because the film characters pride in his art , his selfishness , drunkenness , lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart . The character mimics some of Bogarts personal habits , twice ordering the actors favorite meal ( ham and eggs ) . A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon , Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston . Co-written by Truman Capote , the eccentrically-filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure . Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 . The African Queen . Outside Santana Productions , Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951 . The C . S . Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights . Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book ; she suggested Bogart for the male lead , believing that he was the only man who could have played that part . Hustons love of adventure , his deep , longstanding friendship ( and success ) with Bogart , and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo . Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent , plus a relatively small salary for both . The stars met in London and announced that they would work together . Bacall came for the over-four-month duration , leaving their young son in Los Angeles . The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe , including a visit with Pope Pius XII . Bacall later made herself useful as a cook , nurse and clothes washer ; her husband said : I dont know what wed have done without her . She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa . Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston , who subsisted on canned food and alcohol ; Bogart said , All I ate was baked beans , canned asparagus and Scotch whisky . Whenever a fly bit Huston or me , it dropped dead . Hepburn ( a teetotaler ) fared worse in the difficult conditions , losing weight and at one point becoming very ill . Bogart resisted Hustons insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh , and reasonable fakes were employed . The crew overcame illness , army-ant infestations , leaky boats , poor food , attacking hippos , poor water filters , extreme heat , isolation , and a boat fire to complete the film . Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps , rivers and marshes , The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogarts early love of boats ; when he returned to California , he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death . His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 ( his only award of three nominations ) , and he considered it the best of his film career . Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight , Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to just say you did it all yourself and dont thank anyone . When Bogart won , however , he said : Its a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre . Its nicer to be here . Thank you very much .. . No one does it alone . As in tennis , you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you . John and Katie helped me to be where I am now . Despite the award and its accompanying recognition , Bogart later said : The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one .. . too many stars .. . win it and then figure they have to top themselves .. . they become afraid to take chances . The result : A lot of dull performances in dull pictures . The African Queen was Bogarts first starring Technicolor role . The Caine Mutiny . Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryks drama , The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) . Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so , he delivered a strong performance in the lead ; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7 , 1954 Time magazine cover story . Despite his success , Bogart was still melancholy ; he grumbled to ( and feuded with ) the studio , while his health began to deteriorate . The character of Queeg was similar to his roles in The Maltese Falcon , Casablanca and The Big Sleep–the wary loner who trusts no one—but without their warmth and humor . Like his portrayal of Fred C . Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre , Bogarts Queeg is a paranoid , self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him . Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny , generating publicity for the film . Final roles . For Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger , playboy sibling ( William Holden ) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina ( Audrey Hepburn ) . Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part , he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the directors assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming . The actor , however , got along poorly with his director and co-stars ; he complained about the scripts last-minute drafting and delivery , and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set . Wilder was the opposite of Bogarts ideal director ( John Huston ) in style and personality ; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was overbearing and is [ a ] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop . He is the type of director I dont like to work with .. . the picture is a crock of crap . I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina . Wilder later said , We parted as enemies but finally made up . Despite the acrimony , the film was successful ; according to a review in The New York Times , Bogart was incredibly adroit .. . the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show . Joseph L . Mankiewiczs The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) was filmed in Rome . In this Hollywood backstory , Bogart is a broken-down man , a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth . He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead ; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra , and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance . The actor was generally praised as the films strongest part . During filming and while Bacall was home , Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson ( his long-time studio assistant , whom he drank with and took sailing ) . When Bacall found them together , she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband ; the three traveled together after the shooting . Bogart could be generous with actors , particularly those who were blacklisted , down on their luck or having personal problems . During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God ( 1955 ) , he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly ; he coached her , feeding Tierney her lines . Familiar with mental illness because of his sisters bouts of depression , Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment . He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtizs Were No Angels ( 1955 ) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner . Television and radio . Bogart rarely performed on television , but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R . Murrows Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question . He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show , where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance ( October 25 , 1953 ) . Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955 , an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers Showcase . Bogart received top billing , and Henry Fonda played Leslie Howards role ; a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has survived . Bogart performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films , such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon , and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall . Personal life . Children . Bogart became a father at age 49 , when Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6 , 1949 , during the filming of Tokyo Joe . The name was taken from Steve , Bogarts characters nickname in To Have and Have Not . Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies . The couples daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , was born on August 23 , 1952 . Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard , Bogarts friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest . Rat Pack . Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack . In the spring of 1955 , after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , her husband Sidney Luft , Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria , David Niven , Angie Dickinson and others , Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said : You look like a goddamn rat pack . The name stuck and was made official at Romanoffs in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was dubbed Pack Leader ; Bacall Den Mother ; Bogart Director of Public Relations , and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager . Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the groups purpose was , Bacall replied : To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late . Illness and death . After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros. , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended . In 1955 , however , his health was failing . In the wake of Santana , Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film ( Melville Goodwin , U.S.A. ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate . His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore , though , and he dropped the project . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart had developed esophageal cancer . He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall . The disease worsened several weeks later , and on March 1 Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus , two lymph nodes and a rib . The surgery was unsuccessful , and chemotherapy followed . He had additional surgery in November 1956 , when the cancer had spread . Although Bogart became too weak to walk up and down stairs , he joked despite the pain : Put me in the dumbwaiter and Ill ride down to the first floor in style . It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair . Sinatra , Katharine Hepburn , and Spencer Tracy visited Bogart on January 13 , 1957 . In an interview , Hepburn said : Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day , 20 days after his 57th birthday ; at the time of his death he weighed only . A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church , with music by Bogarts favorite composers : Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy . In attendance were some of Hollywoods biggest stars , including Hepburn , Tracy , Judy Garland , David Niven , Ronald Reagan , James Mason , Bette Davis , Danny Kaye , Joan Fontaine , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney , Errol Flynn , Edward G . Robinson , Gregory Peck , Gary Cooper , Billy Wilder and studio head Jack L . Warner . Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy ; he was too upset , however , and John Huston spoke instead : Bogart was cremated , and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Parks Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale , California . He was buried with a small , gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married . On it was inscribed , If you want anything , just whistle . This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacalls character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting , You know how to whistle , dont you , Steve ? You just put your lips together and blow . Bogarts estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ( $ million and $ million , respectively , in ) . Awards and honors . On August 21 , 1946 , he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Graumans Chinese Theatre . On February 8 , 1960 , Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard . Legacy and tributes . After his death , a Bogie cult formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in Greenwich Village , and in France ; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s . In 1997 , Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time ; two years later , the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend . Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( 1960 ) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart . Over a decade later , in Woody Allens comic paean Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) , Bogarts ghost aids Allens character : a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his sex life has turned into the Petrified Forest . The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its Legends of Hollywood series in 1997 , the third figure recognized . At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children , Stephen and Leslie , USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute : Today , we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy . With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid , we will begin today to bring his artistry , his power , his unique star quality , to the messages that travel the world . On June 24 , 2006 , 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place . Lauren Bacall and her son , Stephen Bogart , attended the ceremony . Bogie would never have believed it , she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers . In popular culture . Bogart has inspired a number of artists . Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor : Slick Hare ( 1947 ) and 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 , based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) . The Man with Bogarts Face ( 1981 , starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi ) was an homage to the actor . The lyrics of Bertie Higgins 1981 song , Key Largo , refer to two of Bogarts films , Key Largo and Casablanca . |
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"Mary Philips"
] | easy | Who was Humphrey Bogart 's spouse from 1928 to 1937? | /wiki/Humphrey_Bogart#P26#1 | Humphrey Bogart Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( ; December 25 , 1899 – January 14 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Bogey , was an American film and stage actor . His performances in Classical Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon . In 1999 , the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema . Bogart began acting in Broadway shows , beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River ( 1930 ) for Fox . Bogart appeared in supporting roles for the next decade , sometimes portraying gangsters . Bogart was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) but remained secondary to other actors Warner Bros . cast in lead roles . His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom came with High Sierra ( 1941 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , considered one of the first great noir films . Bogarts private detectives , Sam Spade ( in The Maltese Falcon ) and Phillip Marlowe ( in 1946s The Big Sleep ) , became the models for detectives in other noir films . His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca ( 1942 ) , which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love when they filmed To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) ; soon after the main filming for The Big Sleep ( 1946 , their second film together ) , he filed for divorce from his third wife and married Bacall . After their marriage , she played his love interest in Dark Passage ( 1947 ) and Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Bogarts performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) and In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) are now considered among his best , although they were not recognized as such when the films were released . He reprised those unsettled , unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) , which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination . For his role as a cantankerous river steam launch skipper with Katharine Hepburns missionary in the World War I adventure The African Queen ( 1951 ) , Bogart received the Academy Award for Best Actor . In his later years , significant roles included The Barefoot Contessa with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina ( 1954 ) . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957 . Early life and education . Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City , the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart ( 1867–1934 ) and Maud Humphrey ( 1868–1940 ) . Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart ( a Canandaigua , New York , innkeeper ) and Julia Augusta Stiles , a wealthy heiress . The name Bogart derives from the Dutch surname , Bogaert . Belmont and Maud married in June 1898 . He was a Presbyterian , of English and Dutch descent , and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje ( the first European child born in New Netherland ) . Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage , and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland . Humphrey was raised Episcopalian , but was non-practicing for most of his adult life . The date of Bogarts birth has been disputed . Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros . publicity department had altered it to January 23 , 1900 to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldnt really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen . The corrected January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases , remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources . According to biographers Ann M . Sperber and Eric Lax , Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records ( including his marriage license ) . Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogarts birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day , saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year . Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10 , 1900 rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate ; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate . Belmont , Bogarts father , was a cardiopulmonary surgeon . Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France , including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler . She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette . Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food . She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time , and considerably more than her husbands $20,000 . The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment , and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York . When he was young , Bogarts group of friends at the lake would put on plays . He had two younger sisters : Frances ( Pat ) and Catherine Elizabeth ( Kay ) . Bogarts parents were busy in their careers , and frequently fought . Very formal , they showed little emotion towards their children . Maud told her offspring to call her Maud instead of Mother , and showed little ( if any ) physical affection for them . When she was pleased , she [ c ] lapped you on the shoulder , almost the way a man does , Bogart recalled . I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly . A kiss , in our family , was an event . Our mother and father didnt glug over my two sisters and me . Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls , tidiness , the cute pictures his mother had him pose for , the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him , and for his first name . He inherited a tendency to needle , a fondness for fishing , a lifelong love of boating , and an attraction to strong-willed women from his father . Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade , and then attended the prestigious Trinity School . He was an indifferent , sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities . Bogart later attended Phillips Academy , a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections . Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University , in 1918 Bogart left Phillips . Several reasons have been given ; according to one , he was expelled for throwing the headmaster ( or a groundskeeper ) into Rabbit Pond on campus . Another cited smoking , drinking , poor academic performance , and ( possibly ) inappropriate comments made to the staff . In a third scenario , Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades . His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future . Navy . With no viable career options , Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 ( during World War I ) , and served as a coxswain . He recalled later , At eighteen , war was great stuff . Paris ! Sexy French girls ! Hot damn ! Bogart was recorded as a model sailor , who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe . Bogart left the service at the rank of Seaman Second Class . During the Second World War , Bogart attempted to reenlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age . He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944 , patrolling the California coastline in his yacht , the Santana . He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint . There are several conflicting stories . In one , his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship ( the ) was shelled . The ship was never shelled , however , and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice . Another story , held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley , was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery , Maine . While changing trains in Boston , the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette . When Bogart looked for a match , the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs ( cutting Bogarts lip ) and fled before he was recaptured and imprisoned . In an alternative version , Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge ; the other handcuff was still around the prisoners wrist . By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor , a scar had formed . David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar , however , he said that it was caused by a childhood accident . Goddamn doctor , Bogart later told Niven . Instead of stitching it up , he screwed it up . According to Niven , the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios . His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar , although it noted many smaller scars . When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924 , he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930 . Brooks said that his lip wound gave him no speech impediment , either before or after it was mended . Acting . First performances . Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health , his medical practice faltering , and much of the familys wealth lost in bad timber investments . His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days , and he began to rebel . Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension , phonies and snobs , sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority ; he was also well-mannered , articulate , punctual , self-effacing and standoffish . After his naval service , he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman , joining the Coast Guard Reserve . Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr . ( whose father had show-business connections ) , and obtained an office job with William A . Bradys new World Films company . Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting , directing , and production , he excelled at none . Bogart was stage manager for Bradys daughter Alices play A Ruined Lady . He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alices 1921 play Drifting ( nervously delivering one line of dialogue ) , and appeared in several of her subsequent plays . Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession , he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received : I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets . He spent much of his free time in speakeasies , drinking heavily . A barroom brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogarts lip damage , dovetailing with Louise Brooks account . Preferring to learn by doing , he never took acting lessons . Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft , appearing in at least 17 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935 . He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say , Tennis , anyone ? on stage . According to Alexander Woollcott , Bogart is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate . Other critics were kinder . Heywood Broun , reviewing Nerves , wrote : Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance .. . both dry and fresh , if that be possible . He played a juvenile lead ( reporter Gregory Brown ) in Lynn Starlings comedy Meet the Wife , which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924 . Bogart disliked his trivial , effeminate early-career parts , calling them White Pants Willie roles . While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922 , he met actress Helen Menken ; they were married on May 20 , 1926 , at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City . Divorced on November 18 , 1927 , they remained friends . Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage , citing neglect and abuse . He married actress Mary Philips on April 3 , 1928 , at her mothers apartment in Hartford , Connecticut ; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 . Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood . Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler , The Dancing Town , a complete copy of which has not been found . He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short , Broadways Like That ( 1930 ) , which was rediscovered in 1963 . Broadway to Hollywood . Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week . There he met Spencer Tracy , a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired , and they became close friends and drinking companions . In 1930 , Tracy first called him Bogie . He made his film debut in his only film with Bogart , John Fords early sound film Up the River ( 1930 ) , in which they had major roles as inmates . Tracy received top billing , but Bogart appeared on the films posters . He was billed fourth behind Tracy , Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracys and much larger than Luces or Hymers . Despite being close friends , Up the River turned out to be Humphrey Bogarts only film with Spencer Tracy . A quarter of a century later , Tracy and Bogart planned to make The Desperate Hours together . Both insisted upon top billing , however ; Tracy dropped out , and was replaced by Fredric March . Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister ( 1931 ) with Bette Davis . Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935 , out of work for long periods . His parents had separated ; his father died in 1934 in debt , which Bogart eventually paid off . He inherited his fathers gold ring , which he wore in many of his films . At his fathers deathbed , Bogart finally told him how much he loved him . Bogarts second marriage was rocky ; dissatisfied with his acting career , depressed and irritable , he drank heavily . In Hollywood permanently : The Petrified Forest . In 1934 , Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque ( renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937 ) . Its producer , Arthur Hopkins , heard the play from offstage ; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E . Sherwoods forthcoming play , The Petrified Forest . Hopkins later recalled : The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935 . Although Leslie Howard was the star , The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was a peach .. . a roaring Western melodrama .. . Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor . Bogart said that the play marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek , sybaritic , stiff-shirted , swallow-tailed smoothies to which I seemed condemned to life . However , he still felt insecure . Warner Bros . bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935 . The play seemed ideal for the studio , which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz . Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast . Howard , who held the production rights , made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him . The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G . Robinson , who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract . Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland , who replied : Att : Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H. . When Warner Bros . saw that Howard would not budge , they gave in and cast Bogart . Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name , but Bogart declined having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater . The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936 . According to Variety , Bogarts menace leaves nothing wanting . Frank S . Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself . The film was successful at the box office , earning $500,000 in rentals , and made Bogart a star . He never forgot Howards favor and named his only daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , after him in 1952 . Supporting gangster and villain roles . Despite his success in The Petrified Forest ( an A movie ) , Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas . Although he was proud of his success , the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him : I cant get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument . There must be something in my tone of voice , or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody . Nobody likes me on sight . I suppose thats why Im cast as the heavy . In spite of his success , Warner Bros . had no interest in raising Bogarts profile . His roles were repetitive and physically demanding ; studios were not yet air-conditioned , and his tightly-scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and peachy actors life he hoped for . Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him , he worked steadily . In the first 34 pictures for Warners , he told George Frazier , I was shot in 12 , electrocuted or hanged in 8 , and was a jailbird in 9 . He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940 , sometimes working on two films at the same time . Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona : a wounded , stoical , cynical , charming , vulnerable , self-mocking loner with a code of honor . Amenities at Warners were few , compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap , and often wore his own suits in his films ; he used his dog , Zero , to play Pard ( his characters dog ) in High Sierra . His disputes with Warner Bros . over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney . Leading men at Warner Bros . included James Cagney and Edward G . Robinson . Most of the studios better scripts went to them ( or others ) , leaving Bogart with what was left : films like San Quentin ( 1937 ) , Racket Busters ( 1938 ) , and You Cant Get Away with Murder ( 1939 ) . His only leading role during this period was in Dead End ( 1937 , on loan to Samuel Goldwyn ) , as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson . Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shutes 1939 novel , What Happened to the Corbetts , the protagonist replies Ive seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon . Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces ( 1938 ) , Bogarts roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang . In Black Legion ( 1937 ) , a movie Graham Greene described as intelligent and exciting , if rather earnest , he played a good man who was caught up with ( and destroyed by ) a racist organization . The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady ( 1938 ) , a hillbilly musical which he reportedly considered his worst film performance . He played a rejuvenated , formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X ( 1939 ) , his only horror film : If itd been Jack Warners blood .. . I wouldnt have minded so much . The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie . His wife , Mary , had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood . After the play closed , Mary relented ; she insisted on continuing her career , however , and they divorced in 1937 . On August 21 , 1938 , Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot , a lively , friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk . She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her ( which he eventually was , with Lauren Bacall , while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944 ) . They drifted apart ; Methots drinking increased , and she threw plants , crockery and other objects at Bogart . She set their house afire , stabbed him with a knife , and slashed her wrists several times . Bogart needled her ; apparently enjoying confrontation , he was sometimes violent as well . The press called them the Battling Bogarts . According to their friend , Julius Epstein , The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War . Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy , his nickname for Methot : I like a jealous wife . . We get on so well together ( because ) we dont have illusions about each other .. . I wouldnt give you two cents for a dame without a temper . Louise Brooks said that except for Leslie Howard , no one contributed as much to Humphreys success as his third wife , Mayo Methot . Methots influence was increasingly destructive , however , and Bogart also continued to drink . He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness , and was again irritated by his inferior films . Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres , issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity . When he thought an actor , director or studio had done something shoddy , he spoke up publicly about it . Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an againster . He was not the most popular of actors , and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios . Bogart once said , The Hollywood press , unaccustomed to such candor , was delighted . Early stardom . High Sierra . High Sierra ( 1941 , directed by Raoul Walsh ) was written by John Huston , Bogarts friend and drinking partner . The film was adapted from a novel by W . R . Burnett , author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based . Paul Muni , George Raft , Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role , giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth . Walsh initially opposed Bogarts casting , preferring Raft for the part . It was Bogarts last major film as a gangster ; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot , released in 1942 . He worked well with Ida Lupino , sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot . The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston . Bogart admired ( and somewhat envied ) Huston for his skill as a writer ; a poor student , Bogart was a lifelong reader . He could quote Plato , Pope , Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare , and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review . Bogart admired writers ; some of his best friends were screenwriters , including Louis Bromfield , Nathaniel Benchley , and Nunnally Johnson . He enjoyed intense , provocative conversation ( accompanied by stiff drinks ) , as did Huston . Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks . Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart ( also bored easily off-camera ) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set . The Maltese Falcon . Now regarded as a classic film noir , The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) was John Hustons directorial debut . Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel , it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions ; the second was Satan Met a Lady ( 1936 ) , starring Bette Davis . Producer Hal B . Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man , but Raft ( more established than Bogart ) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes . Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon ( 1931 ) , Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh . Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade . Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , Elisha Cook Jr. , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil . Bogarts sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the films quick action and rapid-fire dialogue . It was a commercial hit , and a major triumph for Huston . Bogart was unusually happy with the film : It is practically a masterpiece . I dont have many things Im proud of .. . but thats one . Casablanca . Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca ( 1942 ) : Rick Blaine , an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis , the French underground , the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend . Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogarts character was used to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today . The film , directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis , featured Ingrid Bergman , Claude Rains , Sydney Greenstreet , Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt , Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson . Bogart and Bergmans on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport , although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise . Off the set , the co-stars hardly spoke . Bergman ( who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men ) later said about Bogart , I kissed him but I never knew him . Because she was taller , Bogart had blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes . Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player , a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends , enemies , and allies . He played tournament-level chess ( one division below master ) in real life , often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid . Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943 . Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role , but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine . The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studios roster , however , finally overtaking James Cagney . He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946 , making him the worlds highest-paid actor . Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944 , making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa ( including Casablanca ) . He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts , leading to conflicts with the front office . He starred in Conflict ( 1945 , again with Greenstreet ) , but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year . Bogart and Bacall . To Have and Have Not . Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall ( 1924–2014 ) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille ( 1944 ) . The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) , a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel , and Bacalls film debut . It has several similarities to Casablanca : the same kind of hero and enemies , and a piano player as a supporting character . When they met , Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44 ; he nicknamed her Baby . A model since age 16 , she had appeared in two failed plays . Bogart was attracted by Bacalls high cheekbones , green eyes , tawny blond hair , lean body , maturity , poise and earthy , outspoken honesty ; he reportedly said , I just saw your test . Well have a lot of fun together . Their emotional bond was strong from the start , their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic . In contrast to the Hollywood norm , their affair was Bogarts first with a leading lady . His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief , their separations bridged by love letters . The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film , and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching . He encouraged her to steal scenes ; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role , and found Bogart easy to direct . However , Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship . He considered himself Bacalls protector and mentor , and Bogart was usurping that role . Not usually drawn to his starlets , the married director also fell for Bacall ; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures . Bogart calmed her down , and then went after Hawks ; Jack Warner settled the dispute , and filming resumed . Hawks said about Bacall , Bogie fell in love with the character she played , so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life . The Big Sleep . Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not , Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore : the film noir The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner . Chandler admired the actors performance : Bogart can be tough without a gun . Also , he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt . Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945 , it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacalls box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship . At director Howard Hawks urging , production partner Charles K . Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacalls scenes to heighten the insolent quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film , and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner . The dialogue , especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks , was full of sexual innuendo , and Bogart is convincing as private detective Philip Marlowe . The film was successful , although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated . According to Chandler , Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur ; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram , he could not provide an answer . Marriage . Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945 . He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogarts close friend , Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield , at Malabar Farm ( near Lucas , Ohio ) on May 21 , 1945 . They moved into a $160,000 ( $ in ) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeless Holmby Hills . The marriage was a happy one , with tensions due to their differences . Bogarts drinking was sometimes problematic . He was a homebody , and Bacall liked the nightlife ; he loved the sea , which made her seasick . Bogart bought the Santana , a sailing yacht , from actor Dick Powell in 1945 . He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water , with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island : An actor needs something to stabilize his personality , something to nail down what he really is , not what he is currently pretending to be . Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve , offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana . He reportedly attempted to enlist , but was turned down due to his age . Dark Passage and Key Largo . The suspenseful Dark Passage ( 1947 ) was Bogart and Bacalls next collaboration . Vincent Parry ( Bogart ) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison . According to Bogarts biographer , Stefan Kanfer , it was a production line film noir with no particular distinction . Bogart and Bacalls last pairing in a film was in Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Directed by John Huston , Edward G . Robinson was billed second ( behind Bogart ) as gangster Johnny Rocco : a seething , older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles . The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacalls father-in-law , played by Lionel Barrymore . Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Roccos physically abused , alcoholic girlfriend . Later career . The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his production company , Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre : a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico . Lacking a love interest or a happy ending , it was considered a risky project . Bogart later said about co-star ( and John Hustons father ) Walter Huston , Hes probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom Id gladly lose a scene . The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make . James Agee wrote , Bogart does a wonderful job with this character .. . miles ahead of the very good work he has done before . Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award , the film had mediocre box-office results . Bogart complained , An intelligent script , beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it . House Un-American Activities Committee . Bogart , a liberal Democrat , organized the Committee for the First Amendment ( a delegation to Washington , D.C. ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committees harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors . He wrote an article , Im No Communist , for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance . Bogart wrote , The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us . Santana Productions . Bogart created his film company , Santana Productions ( named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo ) , in 1948 . The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious , fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios power . In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart , James Stewart , and Henry Fonda , they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains . Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners , Chain Lightning ( 1950 ) and The Enforcer ( 1951 ) . Except for Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) , originally distributed in the United States by United Artists , the company released its films through Columbia Pictures ; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later . In quick succession , Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door ( 1949 ) , Tokyo Joe ( 1949 ) , In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) , and Sirocco ( 1951 ) . Santana also made two films without him : And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) and The Family Secret ( 1951 ) . Although most lost money at the box office ( ultimately forcing Santanas sale ) , at least two retain a reputation ; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point . Bogart plays Dixon Steele , an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray ( Gloria Grahame ) . Several Bogart biographers , and actress-writer Louise Brooks , have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart . According to Brooks , the film gave him a role that he could play with complexity , because the film characters pride in his art , his selfishness , drunkenness , lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart . The character mimics some of Bogarts personal habits , twice ordering the actors favorite meal ( ham and eggs ) . A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon , Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston . Co-written by Truman Capote , the eccentrically-filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure . Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 . The African Queen . Outside Santana Productions , Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951 . The C . S . Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights . Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book ; she suggested Bogart for the male lead , believing that he was the only man who could have played that part . Hustons love of adventure , his deep , longstanding friendship ( and success ) with Bogart , and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo . Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent , plus a relatively small salary for both . The stars met in London and announced that they would work together . Bacall came for the over-four-month duration , leaving their young son in Los Angeles . The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe , including a visit with Pope Pius XII . Bacall later made herself useful as a cook , nurse and clothes washer ; her husband said : I dont know what wed have done without her . She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa . Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston , who subsisted on canned food and alcohol ; Bogart said , All I ate was baked beans , canned asparagus and Scotch whisky . Whenever a fly bit Huston or me , it dropped dead . Hepburn ( a teetotaler ) fared worse in the difficult conditions , losing weight and at one point becoming very ill . Bogart resisted Hustons insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh , and reasonable fakes were employed . The crew overcame illness , army-ant infestations , leaky boats , poor food , attacking hippos , poor water filters , extreme heat , isolation , and a boat fire to complete the film . Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps , rivers and marshes , The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogarts early love of boats ; when he returned to California , he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death . His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 ( his only award of three nominations ) , and he considered it the best of his film career . Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight , Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to just say you did it all yourself and dont thank anyone . When Bogart won , however , he said : Its a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre . Its nicer to be here . Thank you very much .. . No one does it alone . As in tennis , you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you . John and Katie helped me to be where I am now . Despite the award and its accompanying recognition , Bogart later said : The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one .. . too many stars .. . win it and then figure they have to top themselves .. . they become afraid to take chances . The result : A lot of dull performances in dull pictures . The African Queen was Bogarts first starring Technicolor role . The Caine Mutiny . Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryks drama , The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) . Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so , he delivered a strong performance in the lead ; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7 , 1954 Time magazine cover story . Despite his success , Bogart was still melancholy ; he grumbled to ( and feuded with ) the studio , while his health began to deteriorate . The character of Queeg was similar to his roles in The Maltese Falcon , Casablanca and The Big Sleep–the wary loner who trusts no one—but without their warmth and humor . Like his portrayal of Fred C . Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre , Bogarts Queeg is a paranoid , self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him . Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny , generating publicity for the film . Final roles . For Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger , playboy sibling ( William Holden ) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina ( Audrey Hepburn ) . Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part , he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the directors assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming . The actor , however , got along poorly with his director and co-stars ; he complained about the scripts last-minute drafting and delivery , and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set . Wilder was the opposite of Bogarts ideal director ( John Huston ) in style and personality ; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was overbearing and is [ a ] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop . He is the type of director I dont like to work with .. . the picture is a crock of crap . I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina . Wilder later said , We parted as enemies but finally made up . Despite the acrimony , the film was successful ; according to a review in The New York Times , Bogart was incredibly adroit .. . the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show . Joseph L . Mankiewiczs The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) was filmed in Rome . In this Hollywood backstory , Bogart is a broken-down man , a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth . He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead ; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra , and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance . The actor was generally praised as the films strongest part . During filming and while Bacall was home , Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson ( his long-time studio assistant , whom he drank with and took sailing ) . When Bacall found them together , she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband ; the three traveled together after the shooting . Bogart could be generous with actors , particularly those who were blacklisted , down on their luck or having personal problems . During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God ( 1955 ) , he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly ; he coached her , feeding Tierney her lines . Familiar with mental illness because of his sisters bouts of depression , Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment . He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtizs Were No Angels ( 1955 ) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner . Television and radio . Bogart rarely performed on television , but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R . Murrows Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question . He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show , where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance ( October 25 , 1953 ) . Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955 , an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers Showcase . Bogart received top billing , and Henry Fonda played Leslie Howards role ; a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has survived . Bogart performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films , such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon , and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall . Personal life . Children . Bogart became a father at age 49 , when Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6 , 1949 , during the filming of Tokyo Joe . The name was taken from Steve , Bogarts characters nickname in To Have and Have Not . Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies . The couples daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , was born on August 23 , 1952 . Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard , Bogarts friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest . Rat Pack . Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack . In the spring of 1955 , after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , her husband Sidney Luft , Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria , David Niven , Angie Dickinson and others , Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said : You look like a goddamn rat pack . The name stuck and was made official at Romanoffs in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was dubbed Pack Leader ; Bacall Den Mother ; Bogart Director of Public Relations , and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager . Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the groups purpose was , Bacall replied : To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late . Illness and death . After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros. , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended . In 1955 , however , his health was failing . In the wake of Santana , Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film ( Melville Goodwin , U.S.A. ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate . His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore , though , and he dropped the project . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart had developed esophageal cancer . He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall . The disease worsened several weeks later , and on March 1 Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus , two lymph nodes and a rib . The surgery was unsuccessful , and chemotherapy followed . He had additional surgery in November 1956 , when the cancer had spread . Although Bogart became too weak to walk up and down stairs , he joked despite the pain : Put me in the dumbwaiter and Ill ride down to the first floor in style . It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair . Sinatra , Katharine Hepburn , and Spencer Tracy visited Bogart on January 13 , 1957 . In an interview , Hepburn said : Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day , 20 days after his 57th birthday ; at the time of his death he weighed only . A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church , with music by Bogarts favorite composers : Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy . In attendance were some of Hollywoods biggest stars , including Hepburn , Tracy , Judy Garland , David Niven , Ronald Reagan , James Mason , Bette Davis , Danny Kaye , Joan Fontaine , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney , Errol Flynn , Edward G . Robinson , Gregory Peck , Gary Cooper , Billy Wilder and studio head Jack L . Warner . Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy ; he was too upset , however , and John Huston spoke instead : Bogart was cremated , and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Parks Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale , California . He was buried with a small , gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married . On it was inscribed , If you want anything , just whistle . This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacalls character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting , You know how to whistle , dont you , Steve ? You just put your lips together and blow . Bogarts estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ( $ million and $ million , respectively , in ) . Awards and honors . On August 21 , 1946 , he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Graumans Chinese Theatre . On February 8 , 1960 , Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard . Legacy and tributes . After his death , a Bogie cult formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in Greenwich Village , and in France ; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s . In 1997 , Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time ; two years later , the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend . Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( 1960 ) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart . Over a decade later , in Woody Allens comic paean Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) , Bogarts ghost aids Allens character : a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his sex life has turned into the Petrified Forest . The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its Legends of Hollywood series in 1997 , the third figure recognized . At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children , Stephen and Leslie , USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute : Today , we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy . With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid , we will begin today to bring his artistry , his power , his unique star quality , to the messages that travel the world . On June 24 , 2006 , 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place . Lauren Bacall and her son , Stephen Bogart , attended the ceremony . Bogie would never have believed it , she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers . In popular culture . Bogart has inspired a number of artists . Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor : Slick Hare ( 1947 ) and 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 , based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) . The Man with Bogarts Face ( 1981 , starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi ) was an homage to the actor . The lyrics of Bertie Higgins 1981 song , Key Largo , refer to two of Bogarts films , Key Largo and Casablanca . |
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] | easy | Who was the spouse of Humphrey Bogart from Aug 1938 to 1945? | /wiki/Humphrey_Bogart#P26#2 | Humphrey Bogart Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( ; December 25 , 1899 – January 14 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Bogey , was an American film and stage actor . His performances in Classical Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon . In 1999 , the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema . Bogart began acting in Broadway shows , beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River ( 1930 ) for Fox . Bogart appeared in supporting roles for the next decade , sometimes portraying gangsters . Bogart was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) but remained secondary to other actors Warner Bros . cast in lead roles . His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom came with High Sierra ( 1941 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , considered one of the first great noir films . Bogarts private detectives , Sam Spade ( in The Maltese Falcon ) and Phillip Marlowe ( in 1946s The Big Sleep ) , became the models for detectives in other noir films . His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca ( 1942 ) , which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love when they filmed To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) ; soon after the main filming for The Big Sleep ( 1946 , their second film together ) , he filed for divorce from his third wife and married Bacall . After their marriage , she played his love interest in Dark Passage ( 1947 ) and Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Bogarts performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) and In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) are now considered among his best , although they were not recognized as such when the films were released . He reprised those unsettled , unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) , which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination . For his role as a cantankerous river steam launch skipper with Katharine Hepburns missionary in the World War I adventure The African Queen ( 1951 ) , Bogart received the Academy Award for Best Actor . In his later years , significant roles included The Barefoot Contessa with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina ( 1954 ) . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957 . Early life and education . Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City , the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart ( 1867–1934 ) and Maud Humphrey ( 1868–1940 ) . Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart ( a Canandaigua , New York , innkeeper ) and Julia Augusta Stiles , a wealthy heiress . The name Bogart derives from the Dutch surname , Bogaert . Belmont and Maud married in June 1898 . He was a Presbyterian , of English and Dutch descent , and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje ( the first European child born in New Netherland ) . Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage , and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland . Humphrey was raised Episcopalian , but was non-practicing for most of his adult life . The date of Bogarts birth has been disputed . Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros . publicity department had altered it to January 23 , 1900 to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldnt really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen . The corrected January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases , remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources . According to biographers Ann M . Sperber and Eric Lax , Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records ( including his marriage license ) . Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogarts birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day , saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year . Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10 , 1900 rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate ; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate . Belmont , Bogarts father , was a cardiopulmonary surgeon . Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France , including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler . She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette . Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food . She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time , and considerably more than her husbands $20,000 . The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment , and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York . When he was young , Bogarts group of friends at the lake would put on plays . He had two younger sisters : Frances ( Pat ) and Catherine Elizabeth ( Kay ) . Bogarts parents were busy in their careers , and frequently fought . Very formal , they showed little emotion towards their children . Maud told her offspring to call her Maud instead of Mother , and showed little ( if any ) physical affection for them . When she was pleased , she [ c ] lapped you on the shoulder , almost the way a man does , Bogart recalled . I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly . A kiss , in our family , was an event . Our mother and father didnt glug over my two sisters and me . Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls , tidiness , the cute pictures his mother had him pose for , the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him , and for his first name . He inherited a tendency to needle , a fondness for fishing , a lifelong love of boating , and an attraction to strong-willed women from his father . Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade , and then attended the prestigious Trinity School . He was an indifferent , sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities . Bogart later attended Phillips Academy , a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections . Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University , in 1918 Bogart left Phillips . Several reasons have been given ; according to one , he was expelled for throwing the headmaster ( or a groundskeeper ) into Rabbit Pond on campus . Another cited smoking , drinking , poor academic performance , and ( possibly ) inappropriate comments made to the staff . In a third scenario , Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades . His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future . Navy . With no viable career options , Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 ( during World War I ) , and served as a coxswain . He recalled later , At eighteen , war was great stuff . Paris ! Sexy French girls ! Hot damn ! Bogart was recorded as a model sailor , who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe . Bogart left the service at the rank of Seaman Second Class . During the Second World War , Bogart attempted to reenlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age . He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944 , patrolling the California coastline in his yacht , the Santana . He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint . There are several conflicting stories . In one , his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship ( the ) was shelled . The ship was never shelled , however , and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice . Another story , held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley , was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery , Maine . While changing trains in Boston , the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette . When Bogart looked for a match , the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs ( cutting Bogarts lip ) and fled before he was recaptured and imprisoned . In an alternative version , Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge ; the other handcuff was still around the prisoners wrist . By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor , a scar had formed . David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar , however , he said that it was caused by a childhood accident . Goddamn doctor , Bogart later told Niven . Instead of stitching it up , he screwed it up . According to Niven , the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios . His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar , although it noted many smaller scars . When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924 , he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930 . Brooks said that his lip wound gave him no speech impediment , either before or after it was mended . Acting . First performances . Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health , his medical practice faltering , and much of the familys wealth lost in bad timber investments . His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days , and he began to rebel . Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension , phonies and snobs , sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority ; he was also well-mannered , articulate , punctual , self-effacing and standoffish . After his naval service , he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman , joining the Coast Guard Reserve . Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr . ( whose father had show-business connections ) , and obtained an office job with William A . Bradys new World Films company . Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting , directing , and production , he excelled at none . Bogart was stage manager for Bradys daughter Alices play A Ruined Lady . He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alices 1921 play Drifting ( nervously delivering one line of dialogue ) , and appeared in several of her subsequent plays . Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession , he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received : I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets . He spent much of his free time in speakeasies , drinking heavily . A barroom brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogarts lip damage , dovetailing with Louise Brooks account . Preferring to learn by doing , he never took acting lessons . Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft , appearing in at least 17 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935 . He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say , Tennis , anyone ? on stage . According to Alexander Woollcott , Bogart is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate . Other critics were kinder . Heywood Broun , reviewing Nerves , wrote : Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance .. . both dry and fresh , if that be possible . He played a juvenile lead ( reporter Gregory Brown ) in Lynn Starlings comedy Meet the Wife , which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924 . Bogart disliked his trivial , effeminate early-career parts , calling them White Pants Willie roles . While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922 , he met actress Helen Menken ; they were married on May 20 , 1926 , at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City . Divorced on November 18 , 1927 , they remained friends . Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage , citing neglect and abuse . He married actress Mary Philips on April 3 , 1928 , at her mothers apartment in Hartford , Connecticut ; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 . Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood . Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler , The Dancing Town , a complete copy of which has not been found . He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short , Broadways Like That ( 1930 ) , which was rediscovered in 1963 . Broadway to Hollywood . Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week . There he met Spencer Tracy , a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired , and they became close friends and drinking companions . In 1930 , Tracy first called him Bogie . He made his film debut in his only film with Bogart , John Fords early sound film Up the River ( 1930 ) , in which they had major roles as inmates . Tracy received top billing , but Bogart appeared on the films posters . He was billed fourth behind Tracy , Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracys and much larger than Luces or Hymers . Despite being close friends , Up the River turned out to be Humphrey Bogarts only film with Spencer Tracy . A quarter of a century later , Tracy and Bogart planned to make The Desperate Hours together . Both insisted upon top billing , however ; Tracy dropped out , and was replaced by Fredric March . Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister ( 1931 ) with Bette Davis . Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935 , out of work for long periods . His parents had separated ; his father died in 1934 in debt , which Bogart eventually paid off . He inherited his fathers gold ring , which he wore in many of his films . At his fathers deathbed , Bogart finally told him how much he loved him . Bogarts second marriage was rocky ; dissatisfied with his acting career , depressed and irritable , he drank heavily . In Hollywood permanently : The Petrified Forest . In 1934 , Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque ( renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937 ) . Its producer , Arthur Hopkins , heard the play from offstage ; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E . Sherwoods forthcoming play , The Petrified Forest . Hopkins later recalled : The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935 . Although Leslie Howard was the star , The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was a peach .. . a roaring Western melodrama .. . Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor . Bogart said that the play marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek , sybaritic , stiff-shirted , swallow-tailed smoothies to which I seemed condemned to life . However , he still felt insecure . Warner Bros . bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935 . The play seemed ideal for the studio , which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz . Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast . Howard , who held the production rights , made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him . The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G . Robinson , who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract . Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland , who replied : Att : Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H. . When Warner Bros . saw that Howard would not budge , they gave in and cast Bogart . Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name , but Bogart declined having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater . The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936 . According to Variety , Bogarts menace leaves nothing wanting . Frank S . Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself . The film was successful at the box office , earning $500,000 in rentals , and made Bogart a star . He never forgot Howards favor and named his only daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , after him in 1952 . Supporting gangster and villain roles . Despite his success in The Petrified Forest ( an A movie ) , Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas . Although he was proud of his success , the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him : I cant get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument . There must be something in my tone of voice , or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody . Nobody likes me on sight . I suppose thats why Im cast as the heavy . In spite of his success , Warner Bros . had no interest in raising Bogarts profile . His roles were repetitive and physically demanding ; studios were not yet air-conditioned , and his tightly-scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and peachy actors life he hoped for . Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him , he worked steadily . In the first 34 pictures for Warners , he told George Frazier , I was shot in 12 , electrocuted or hanged in 8 , and was a jailbird in 9 . He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940 , sometimes working on two films at the same time . Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona : a wounded , stoical , cynical , charming , vulnerable , self-mocking loner with a code of honor . Amenities at Warners were few , compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap , and often wore his own suits in his films ; he used his dog , Zero , to play Pard ( his characters dog ) in High Sierra . His disputes with Warner Bros . over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney . Leading men at Warner Bros . included James Cagney and Edward G . Robinson . Most of the studios better scripts went to them ( or others ) , leaving Bogart with what was left : films like San Quentin ( 1937 ) , Racket Busters ( 1938 ) , and You Cant Get Away with Murder ( 1939 ) . His only leading role during this period was in Dead End ( 1937 , on loan to Samuel Goldwyn ) , as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson . Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shutes 1939 novel , What Happened to the Corbetts , the protagonist replies Ive seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon . Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces ( 1938 ) , Bogarts roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang . In Black Legion ( 1937 ) , a movie Graham Greene described as intelligent and exciting , if rather earnest , he played a good man who was caught up with ( and destroyed by ) a racist organization . The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady ( 1938 ) , a hillbilly musical which he reportedly considered his worst film performance . He played a rejuvenated , formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X ( 1939 ) , his only horror film : If itd been Jack Warners blood .. . I wouldnt have minded so much . The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie . His wife , Mary , had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood . After the play closed , Mary relented ; she insisted on continuing her career , however , and they divorced in 1937 . On August 21 , 1938 , Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot , a lively , friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk . She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her ( which he eventually was , with Lauren Bacall , while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944 ) . They drifted apart ; Methots drinking increased , and she threw plants , crockery and other objects at Bogart . She set their house afire , stabbed him with a knife , and slashed her wrists several times . Bogart needled her ; apparently enjoying confrontation , he was sometimes violent as well . The press called them the Battling Bogarts . According to their friend , Julius Epstein , The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War . Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy , his nickname for Methot : I like a jealous wife . . We get on so well together ( because ) we dont have illusions about each other .. . I wouldnt give you two cents for a dame without a temper . Louise Brooks said that except for Leslie Howard , no one contributed as much to Humphreys success as his third wife , Mayo Methot . Methots influence was increasingly destructive , however , and Bogart also continued to drink . He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness , and was again irritated by his inferior films . Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres , issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity . When he thought an actor , director or studio had done something shoddy , he spoke up publicly about it . Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an againster . He was not the most popular of actors , and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios . Bogart once said , The Hollywood press , unaccustomed to such candor , was delighted . Early stardom . High Sierra . High Sierra ( 1941 , directed by Raoul Walsh ) was written by John Huston , Bogarts friend and drinking partner . The film was adapted from a novel by W . R . Burnett , author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based . Paul Muni , George Raft , Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role , giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth . Walsh initially opposed Bogarts casting , preferring Raft for the part . It was Bogarts last major film as a gangster ; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot , released in 1942 . He worked well with Ida Lupino , sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot . The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston . Bogart admired ( and somewhat envied ) Huston for his skill as a writer ; a poor student , Bogart was a lifelong reader . He could quote Plato , Pope , Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare , and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review . Bogart admired writers ; some of his best friends were screenwriters , including Louis Bromfield , Nathaniel Benchley , and Nunnally Johnson . He enjoyed intense , provocative conversation ( accompanied by stiff drinks ) , as did Huston . Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks . Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart ( also bored easily off-camera ) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set . The Maltese Falcon . Now regarded as a classic film noir , The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) was John Hustons directorial debut . Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel , it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions ; the second was Satan Met a Lady ( 1936 ) , starring Bette Davis . Producer Hal B . Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man , but Raft ( more established than Bogart ) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes . Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon ( 1931 ) , Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh . Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade . Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , Elisha Cook Jr. , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil . Bogarts sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the films quick action and rapid-fire dialogue . It was a commercial hit , and a major triumph for Huston . Bogart was unusually happy with the film : It is practically a masterpiece . I dont have many things Im proud of .. . but thats one . Casablanca . Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca ( 1942 ) : Rick Blaine , an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis , the French underground , the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend . Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogarts character was used to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today . The film , directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis , featured Ingrid Bergman , Claude Rains , Sydney Greenstreet , Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt , Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson . Bogart and Bergmans on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport , although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise . Off the set , the co-stars hardly spoke . Bergman ( who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men ) later said about Bogart , I kissed him but I never knew him . Because she was taller , Bogart had blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes . Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player , a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends , enemies , and allies . He played tournament-level chess ( one division below master ) in real life , often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid . Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943 . Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role , but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine . The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studios roster , however , finally overtaking James Cagney . He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946 , making him the worlds highest-paid actor . Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944 , making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa ( including Casablanca ) . He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts , leading to conflicts with the front office . He starred in Conflict ( 1945 , again with Greenstreet ) , but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year . Bogart and Bacall . To Have and Have Not . Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall ( 1924–2014 ) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille ( 1944 ) . The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) , a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel , and Bacalls film debut . It has several similarities to Casablanca : the same kind of hero and enemies , and a piano player as a supporting character . When they met , Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44 ; he nicknamed her Baby . A model since age 16 , she had appeared in two failed plays . Bogart was attracted by Bacalls high cheekbones , green eyes , tawny blond hair , lean body , maturity , poise and earthy , outspoken honesty ; he reportedly said , I just saw your test . Well have a lot of fun together . Their emotional bond was strong from the start , their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic . In contrast to the Hollywood norm , their affair was Bogarts first with a leading lady . His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief , their separations bridged by love letters . The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film , and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching . He encouraged her to steal scenes ; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role , and found Bogart easy to direct . However , Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship . He considered himself Bacalls protector and mentor , and Bogart was usurping that role . Not usually drawn to his starlets , the married director also fell for Bacall ; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures . Bogart calmed her down , and then went after Hawks ; Jack Warner settled the dispute , and filming resumed . Hawks said about Bacall , Bogie fell in love with the character she played , so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life . The Big Sleep . Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not , Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore : the film noir The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner . Chandler admired the actors performance : Bogart can be tough without a gun . Also , he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt . Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945 , it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacalls box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship . At director Howard Hawks urging , production partner Charles K . Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacalls scenes to heighten the insolent quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film , and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner . The dialogue , especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks , was full of sexual innuendo , and Bogart is convincing as private detective Philip Marlowe . The film was successful , although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated . According to Chandler , Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur ; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram , he could not provide an answer . Marriage . Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945 . He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogarts close friend , Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield , at Malabar Farm ( near Lucas , Ohio ) on May 21 , 1945 . They moved into a $160,000 ( $ in ) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeless Holmby Hills . The marriage was a happy one , with tensions due to their differences . Bogarts drinking was sometimes problematic . He was a homebody , and Bacall liked the nightlife ; he loved the sea , which made her seasick . Bogart bought the Santana , a sailing yacht , from actor Dick Powell in 1945 . He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water , with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island : An actor needs something to stabilize his personality , something to nail down what he really is , not what he is currently pretending to be . Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve , offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana . He reportedly attempted to enlist , but was turned down due to his age . Dark Passage and Key Largo . The suspenseful Dark Passage ( 1947 ) was Bogart and Bacalls next collaboration . Vincent Parry ( Bogart ) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison . According to Bogarts biographer , Stefan Kanfer , it was a production line film noir with no particular distinction . Bogart and Bacalls last pairing in a film was in Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Directed by John Huston , Edward G . Robinson was billed second ( behind Bogart ) as gangster Johnny Rocco : a seething , older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles . The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacalls father-in-law , played by Lionel Barrymore . Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Roccos physically abused , alcoholic girlfriend . Later career . The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his production company , Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre : a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico . Lacking a love interest or a happy ending , it was considered a risky project . Bogart later said about co-star ( and John Hustons father ) Walter Huston , Hes probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom Id gladly lose a scene . The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make . James Agee wrote , Bogart does a wonderful job with this character .. . miles ahead of the very good work he has done before . Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award , the film had mediocre box-office results . Bogart complained , An intelligent script , beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it . House Un-American Activities Committee . Bogart , a liberal Democrat , organized the Committee for the First Amendment ( a delegation to Washington , D.C. ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committees harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors . He wrote an article , Im No Communist , for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance . Bogart wrote , The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us . Santana Productions . Bogart created his film company , Santana Productions ( named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo ) , in 1948 . The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious , fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios power . In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart , James Stewart , and Henry Fonda , they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains . Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners , Chain Lightning ( 1950 ) and The Enforcer ( 1951 ) . Except for Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) , originally distributed in the United States by United Artists , the company released its films through Columbia Pictures ; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later . In quick succession , Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door ( 1949 ) , Tokyo Joe ( 1949 ) , In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) , and Sirocco ( 1951 ) . Santana also made two films without him : And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) and The Family Secret ( 1951 ) . Although most lost money at the box office ( ultimately forcing Santanas sale ) , at least two retain a reputation ; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point . Bogart plays Dixon Steele , an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray ( Gloria Grahame ) . Several Bogart biographers , and actress-writer Louise Brooks , have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart . According to Brooks , the film gave him a role that he could play with complexity , because the film characters pride in his art , his selfishness , drunkenness , lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart . The character mimics some of Bogarts personal habits , twice ordering the actors favorite meal ( ham and eggs ) . A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon , Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston . Co-written by Truman Capote , the eccentrically-filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure . Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 . The African Queen . Outside Santana Productions , Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951 . The C . S . Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights . Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book ; she suggested Bogart for the male lead , believing that he was the only man who could have played that part . Hustons love of adventure , his deep , longstanding friendship ( and success ) with Bogart , and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo . Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent , plus a relatively small salary for both . The stars met in London and announced that they would work together . Bacall came for the over-four-month duration , leaving their young son in Los Angeles . The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe , including a visit with Pope Pius XII . Bacall later made herself useful as a cook , nurse and clothes washer ; her husband said : I dont know what wed have done without her . She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa . Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston , who subsisted on canned food and alcohol ; Bogart said , All I ate was baked beans , canned asparagus and Scotch whisky . Whenever a fly bit Huston or me , it dropped dead . Hepburn ( a teetotaler ) fared worse in the difficult conditions , losing weight and at one point becoming very ill . Bogart resisted Hustons insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh , and reasonable fakes were employed . The crew overcame illness , army-ant infestations , leaky boats , poor food , attacking hippos , poor water filters , extreme heat , isolation , and a boat fire to complete the film . Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps , rivers and marshes , The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogarts early love of boats ; when he returned to California , he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death . His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 ( his only award of three nominations ) , and he considered it the best of his film career . Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight , Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to just say you did it all yourself and dont thank anyone . When Bogart won , however , he said : Its a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre . Its nicer to be here . Thank you very much .. . No one does it alone . As in tennis , you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you . John and Katie helped me to be where I am now . Despite the award and its accompanying recognition , Bogart later said : The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one .. . too many stars .. . win it and then figure they have to top themselves .. . they become afraid to take chances . The result : A lot of dull performances in dull pictures . The African Queen was Bogarts first starring Technicolor role . The Caine Mutiny . Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryks drama , The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) . Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so , he delivered a strong performance in the lead ; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7 , 1954 Time magazine cover story . Despite his success , Bogart was still melancholy ; he grumbled to ( and feuded with ) the studio , while his health began to deteriorate . The character of Queeg was similar to his roles in The Maltese Falcon , Casablanca and The Big Sleep–the wary loner who trusts no one—but without their warmth and humor . Like his portrayal of Fred C . Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre , Bogarts Queeg is a paranoid , self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him . Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny , generating publicity for the film . Final roles . For Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger , playboy sibling ( William Holden ) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina ( Audrey Hepburn ) . Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part , he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the directors assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming . The actor , however , got along poorly with his director and co-stars ; he complained about the scripts last-minute drafting and delivery , and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set . Wilder was the opposite of Bogarts ideal director ( John Huston ) in style and personality ; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was overbearing and is [ a ] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop . He is the type of director I dont like to work with .. . the picture is a crock of crap . I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina . Wilder later said , We parted as enemies but finally made up . Despite the acrimony , the film was successful ; according to a review in The New York Times , Bogart was incredibly adroit .. . the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show . Joseph L . Mankiewiczs The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) was filmed in Rome . In this Hollywood backstory , Bogart is a broken-down man , a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth . He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead ; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra , and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance . The actor was generally praised as the films strongest part . During filming and while Bacall was home , Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson ( his long-time studio assistant , whom he drank with and took sailing ) . When Bacall found them together , she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband ; the three traveled together after the shooting . Bogart could be generous with actors , particularly those who were blacklisted , down on their luck or having personal problems . During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God ( 1955 ) , he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly ; he coached her , feeding Tierney her lines . Familiar with mental illness because of his sisters bouts of depression , Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment . He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtizs Were No Angels ( 1955 ) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner . Television and radio . Bogart rarely performed on television , but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R . Murrows Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question . He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show , where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance ( October 25 , 1953 ) . Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955 , an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers Showcase . Bogart received top billing , and Henry Fonda played Leslie Howards role ; a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has survived . Bogart performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films , such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon , and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall . Personal life . Children . Bogart became a father at age 49 , when Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6 , 1949 , during the filming of Tokyo Joe . The name was taken from Steve , Bogarts characters nickname in To Have and Have Not . Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies . The couples daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , was born on August 23 , 1952 . Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard , Bogarts friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest . Rat Pack . Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack . In the spring of 1955 , after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , her husband Sidney Luft , Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria , David Niven , Angie Dickinson and others , Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said : You look like a goddamn rat pack . The name stuck and was made official at Romanoffs in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was dubbed Pack Leader ; Bacall Den Mother ; Bogart Director of Public Relations , and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager . Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the groups purpose was , Bacall replied : To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late . Illness and death . After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros. , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended . In 1955 , however , his health was failing . In the wake of Santana , Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film ( Melville Goodwin , U.S.A. ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate . His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore , though , and he dropped the project . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart had developed esophageal cancer . He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall . The disease worsened several weeks later , and on March 1 Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus , two lymph nodes and a rib . The surgery was unsuccessful , and chemotherapy followed . He had additional surgery in November 1956 , when the cancer had spread . Although Bogart became too weak to walk up and down stairs , he joked despite the pain : Put me in the dumbwaiter and Ill ride down to the first floor in style . It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair . Sinatra , Katharine Hepburn , and Spencer Tracy visited Bogart on January 13 , 1957 . In an interview , Hepburn said : Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day , 20 days after his 57th birthday ; at the time of his death he weighed only . A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church , with music by Bogarts favorite composers : Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy . In attendance were some of Hollywoods biggest stars , including Hepburn , Tracy , Judy Garland , David Niven , Ronald Reagan , James Mason , Bette Davis , Danny Kaye , Joan Fontaine , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney , Errol Flynn , Edward G . Robinson , Gregory Peck , Gary Cooper , Billy Wilder and studio head Jack L . Warner . Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy ; he was too upset , however , and John Huston spoke instead : Bogart was cremated , and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Parks Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale , California . He was buried with a small , gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married . On it was inscribed , If you want anything , just whistle . This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacalls character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting , You know how to whistle , dont you , Steve ? You just put your lips together and blow . Bogarts estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ( $ million and $ million , respectively , in ) . Awards and honors . On August 21 , 1946 , he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Graumans Chinese Theatre . On February 8 , 1960 , Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard . Legacy and tributes . After his death , a Bogie cult formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in Greenwich Village , and in France ; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s . In 1997 , Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time ; two years later , the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend . Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( 1960 ) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart . Over a decade later , in Woody Allens comic paean Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) , Bogarts ghost aids Allens character : a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his sex life has turned into the Petrified Forest . The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its Legends of Hollywood series in 1997 , the third figure recognized . At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children , Stephen and Leslie , USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute : Today , we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy . With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid , we will begin today to bring his artistry , his power , his unique star quality , to the messages that travel the world . On June 24 , 2006 , 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place . Lauren Bacall and her son , Stephen Bogart , attended the ceremony . Bogie would never have believed it , she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers . In popular culture . Bogart has inspired a number of artists . Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor : Slick Hare ( 1947 ) and 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 , based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) . The Man with Bogarts Face ( 1981 , starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi ) was an homage to the actor . The lyrics of Bertie Higgins 1981 song , Key Largo , refer to two of Bogarts films , Key Largo and Casablanca . |
[
"Lauren Bacall",
"Mayo Methot"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Humphrey Bogart from 1945 to May 1945? | /wiki/Humphrey_Bogart#P26#3 | Humphrey Bogart Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( ; December 25 , 1899 – January 14 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Bogey , was an American film and stage actor . His performances in Classical Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon . In 1999 , the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema . Bogart began acting in Broadway shows , beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River ( 1930 ) for Fox . Bogart appeared in supporting roles for the next decade , sometimes portraying gangsters . Bogart was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) but remained secondary to other actors Warner Bros . cast in lead roles . His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom came with High Sierra ( 1941 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , considered one of the first great noir films . Bogarts private detectives , Sam Spade ( in The Maltese Falcon ) and Phillip Marlowe ( in 1946s The Big Sleep ) , became the models for detectives in other noir films . His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca ( 1942 ) , which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love when they filmed To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) ; soon after the main filming for The Big Sleep ( 1946 , their second film together ) , he filed for divorce from his third wife and married Bacall . After their marriage , she played his love interest in Dark Passage ( 1947 ) and Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Bogarts performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) and In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) are now considered among his best , although they were not recognized as such when the films were released . He reprised those unsettled , unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) , which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination . For his role as a cantankerous river steam launch skipper with Katharine Hepburns missionary in the World War I adventure The African Queen ( 1951 ) , Bogart received the Academy Award for Best Actor . In his later years , significant roles included The Barefoot Contessa with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina ( 1954 ) . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957 . Early life and education . Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City , the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart ( 1867–1934 ) and Maud Humphrey ( 1868–1940 ) . Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart ( a Canandaigua , New York , innkeeper ) and Julia Augusta Stiles , a wealthy heiress . The name Bogart derives from the Dutch surname , Bogaert . Belmont and Maud married in June 1898 . He was a Presbyterian , of English and Dutch descent , and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje ( the first European child born in New Netherland ) . Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage , and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland . Humphrey was raised Episcopalian , but was non-practicing for most of his adult life . The date of Bogarts birth has been disputed . Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros . publicity department had altered it to January 23 , 1900 to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldnt really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen . The corrected January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases , remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources . According to biographers Ann M . Sperber and Eric Lax , Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records ( including his marriage license ) . Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogarts birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day , saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year . Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10 , 1900 rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate ; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate . Belmont , Bogarts father , was a cardiopulmonary surgeon . Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France , including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler . She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette . Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food . She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time , and considerably more than her husbands $20,000 . The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment , and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York . When he was young , Bogarts group of friends at the lake would put on plays . He had two younger sisters : Frances ( Pat ) and Catherine Elizabeth ( Kay ) . Bogarts parents were busy in their careers , and frequently fought . Very formal , they showed little emotion towards their children . Maud told her offspring to call her Maud instead of Mother , and showed little ( if any ) physical affection for them . When she was pleased , she [ c ] lapped you on the shoulder , almost the way a man does , Bogart recalled . I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly . A kiss , in our family , was an event . Our mother and father didnt glug over my two sisters and me . Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls , tidiness , the cute pictures his mother had him pose for , the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him , and for his first name . He inherited a tendency to needle , a fondness for fishing , a lifelong love of boating , and an attraction to strong-willed women from his father . Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade , and then attended the prestigious Trinity School . He was an indifferent , sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities . Bogart later attended Phillips Academy , a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections . Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University , in 1918 Bogart left Phillips . Several reasons have been given ; according to one , he was expelled for throwing the headmaster ( or a groundskeeper ) into Rabbit Pond on campus . Another cited smoking , drinking , poor academic performance , and ( possibly ) inappropriate comments made to the staff . In a third scenario , Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades . His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future . Navy . With no viable career options , Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 ( during World War I ) , and served as a coxswain . He recalled later , At eighteen , war was great stuff . Paris ! Sexy French girls ! Hot damn ! Bogart was recorded as a model sailor , who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe . Bogart left the service at the rank of Seaman Second Class . During the Second World War , Bogart attempted to reenlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age . He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944 , patrolling the California coastline in his yacht , the Santana . He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint . There are several conflicting stories . In one , his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship ( the ) was shelled . The ship was never shelled , however , and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice . Another story , held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley , was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery , Maine . While changing trains in Boston , the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette . When Bogart looked for a match , the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs ( cutting Bogarts lip ) and fled before he was recaptured and imprisoned . In an alternative version , Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge ; the other handcuff was still around the prisoners wrist . By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor , a scar had formed . David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar , however , he said that it was caused by a childhood accident . Goddamn doctor , Bogart later told Niven . Instead of stitching it up , he screwed it up . According to Niven , the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios . His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar , although it noted many smaller scars . When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924 , he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930 . Brooks said that his lip wound gave him no speech impediment , either before or after it was mended . Acting . First performances . Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health , his medical practice faltering , and much of the familys wealth lost in bad timber investments . His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days , and he began to rebel . Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension , phonies and snobs , sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority ; he was also well-mannered , articulate , punctual , self-effacing and standoffish . After his naval service , he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman , joining the Coast Guard Reserve . Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr . ( whose father had show-business connections ) , and obtained an office job with William A . Bradys new World Films company . Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting , directing , and production , he excelled at none . Bogart was stage manager for Bradys daughter Alices play A Ruined Lady . He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alices 1921 play Drifting ( nervously delivering one line of dialogue ) , and appeared in several of her subsequent plays . Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession , he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received : I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets . He spent much of his free time in speakeasies , drinking heavily . A barroom brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogarts lip damage , dovetailing with Louise Brooks account . Preferring to learn by doing , he never took acting lessons . Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft , appearing in at least 17 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935 . He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say , Tennis , anyone ? on stage . According to Alexander Woollcott , Bogart is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate . Other critics were kinder . Heywood Broun , reviewing Nerves , wrote : Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance .. . both dry and fresh , if that be possible . He played a juvenile lead ( reporter Gregory Brown ) in Lynn Starlings comedy Meet the Wife , which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924 . Bogart disliked his trivial , effeminate early-career parts , calling them White Pants Willie roles . While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922 , he met actress Helen Menken ; they were married on May 20 , 1926 , at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City . Divorced on November 18 , 1927 , they remained friends . Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage , citing neglect and abuse . He married actress Mary Philips on April 3 , 1928 , at her mothers apartment in Hartford , Connecticut ; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 . Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood . Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler , The Dancing Town , a complete copy of which has not been found . He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short , Broadways Like That ( 1930 ) , which was rediscovered in 1963 . Broadway to Hollywood . Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week . There he met Spencer Tracy , a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired , and they became close friends and drinking companions . In 1930 , Tracy first called him Bogie . He made his film debut in his only film with Bogart , John Fords early sound film Up the River ( 1930 ) , in which they had major roles as inmates . Tracy received top billing , but Bogart appeared on the films posters . He was billed fourth behind Tracy , Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracys and much larger than Luces or Hymers . Despite being close friends , Up the River turned out to be Humphrey Bogarts only film with Spencer Tracy . A quarter of a century later , Tracy and Bogart planned to make The Desperate Hours together . Both insisted upon top billing , however ; Tracy dropped out , and was replaced by Fredric March . Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister ( 1931 ) with Bette Davis . Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935 , out of work for long periods . His parents had separated ; his father died in 1934 in debt , which Bogart eventually paid off . He inherited his fathers gold ring , which he wore in many of his films . At his fathers deathbed , Bogart finally told him how much he loved him . Bogarts second marriage was rocky ; dissatisfied with his acting career , depressed and irritable , he drank heavily . In Hollywood permanently : The Petrified Forest . In 1934 , Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque ( renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937 ) . Its producer , Arthur Hopkins , heard the play from offstage ; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E . Sherwoods forthcoming play , The Petrified Forest . Hopkins later recalled : The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935 . Although Leslie Howard was the star , The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was a peach .. . a roaring Western melodrama .. . Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor . Bogart said that the play marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek , sybaritic , stiff-shirted , swallow-tailed smoothies to which I seemed condemned to life . However , he still felt insecure . Warner Bros . bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935 . The play seemed ideal for the studio , which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz . Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast . Howard , who held the production rights , made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him . The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G . Robinson , who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract . Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland , who replied : Att : Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H. . When Warner Bros . saw that Howard would not budge , they gave in and cast Bogart . Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name , but Bogart declined having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater . The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936 . According to Variety , Bogarts menace leaves nothing wanting . Frank S . Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself . The film was successful at the box office , earning $500,000 in rentals , and made Bogart a star . He never forgot Howards favor and named his only daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , after him in 1952 . Supporting gangster and villain roles . Despite his success in The Petrified Forest ( an A movie ) , Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas . Although he was proud of his success , the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him : I cant get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument . There must be something in my tone of voice , or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody . Nobody likes me on sight . I suppose thats why Im cast as the heavy . In spite of his success , Warner Bros . had no interest in raising Bogarts profile . His roles were repetitive and physically demanding ; studios were not yet air-conditioned , and his tightly-scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and peachy actors life he hoped for . Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him , he worked steadily . In the first 34 pictures for Warners , he told George Frazier , I was shot in 12 , electrocuted or hanged in 8 , and was a jailbird in 9 . He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940 , sometimes working on two films at the same time . Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona : a wounded , stoical , cynical , charming , vulnerable , self-mocking loner with a code of honor . Amenities at Warners were few , compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap , and often wore his own suits in his films ; he used his dog , Zero , to play Pard ( his characters dog ) in High Sierra . His disputes with Warner Bros . over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney . Leading men at Warner Bros . included James Cagney and Edward G . Robinson . Most of the studios better scripts went to them ( or others ) , leaving Bogart with what was left : films like San Quentin ( 1937 ) , Racket Busters ( 1938 ) , and You Cant Get Away with Murder ( 1939 ) . His only leading role during this period was in Dead End ( 1937 , on loan to Samuel Goldwyn ) , as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson . Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shutes 1939 novel , What Happened to the Corbetts , the protagonist replies Ive seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon . Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces ( 1938 ) , Bogarts roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang . In Black Legion ( 1937 ) , a movie Graham Greene described as intelligent and exciting , if rather earnest , he played a good man who was caught up with ( and destroyed by ) a racist organization . The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady ( 1938 ) , a hillbilly musical which he reportedly considered his worst film performance . He played a rejuvenated , formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X ( 1939 ) , his only horror film : If itd been Jack Warners blood .. . I wouldnt have minded so much . The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie . His wife , Mary , had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood . After the play closed , Mary relented ; she insisted on continuing her career , however , and they divorced in 1937 . On August 21 , 1938 , Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot , a lively , friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk . She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her ( which he eventually was , with Lauren Bacall , while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944 ) . They drifted apart ; Methots drinking increased , and she threw plants , crockery and other objects at Bogart . She set their house afire , stabbed him with a knife , and slashed her wrists several times . Bogart needled her ; apparently enjoying confrontation , he was sometimes violent as well . The press called them the Battling Bogarts . According to their friend , Julius Epstein , The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War . Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy , his nickname for Methot : I like a jealous wife . . We get on so well together ( because ) we dont have illusions about each other .. . I wouldnt give you two cents for a dame without a temper . Louise Brooks said that except for Leslie Howard , no one contributed as much to Humphreys success as his third wife , Mayo Methot . Methots influence was increasingly destructive , however , and Bogart also continued to drink . He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness , and was again irritated by his inferior films . Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres , issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity . When he thought an actor , director or studio had done something shoddy , he spoke up publicly about it . Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an againster . He was not the most popular of actors , and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios . Bogart once said , The Hollywood press , unaccustomed to such candor , was delighted . Early stardom . High Sierra . High Sierra ( 1941 , directed by Raoul Walsh ) was written by John Huston , Bogarts friend and drinking partner . The film was adapted from a novel by W . R . Burnett , author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based . Paul Muni , George Raft , Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role , giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth . Walsh initially opposed Bogarts casting , preferring Raft for the part . It was Bogarts last major film as a gangster ; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot , released in 1942 . He worked well with Ida Lupino , sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot . The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston . Bogart admired ( and somewhat envied ) Huston for his skill as a writer ; a poor student , Bogart was a lifelong reader . He could quote Plato , Pope , Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare , and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review . Bogart admired writers ; some of his best friends were screenwriters , including Louis Bromfield , Nathaniel Benchley , and Nunnally Johnson . He enjoyed intense , provocative conversation ( accompanied by stiff drinks ) , as did Huston . Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks . Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart ( also bored easily off-camera ) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set . The Maltese Falcon . Now regarded as a classic film noir , The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) was John Hustons directorial debut . Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel , it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions ; the second was Satan Met a Lady ( 1936 ) , starring Bette Davis . Producer Hal B . Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man , but Raft ( more established than Bogart ) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes . Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon ( 1931 ) , Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh . Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade . Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , Elisha Cook Jr. , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil . Bogarts sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the films quick action and rapid-fire dialogue . It was a commercial hit , and a major triumph for Huston . Bogart was unusually happy with the film : It is practically a masterpiece . I dont have many things Im proud of .. . but thats one . Casablanca . Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca ( 1942 ) : Rick Blaine , an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis , the French underground , the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend . Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogarts character was used to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today . The film , directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis , featured Ingrid Bergman , Claude Rains , Sydney Greenstreet , Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt , Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson . Bogart and Bergmans on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport , although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise . Off the set , the co-stars hardly spoke . Bergman ( who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men ) later said about Bogart , I kissed him but I never knew him . Because she was taller , Bogart had blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes . Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player , a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends , enemies , and allies . He played tournament-level chess ( one division below master ) in real life , often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid . Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943 . Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role , but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine . The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studios roster , however , finally overtaking James Cagney . He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946 , making him the worlds highest-paid actor . Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944 , making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa ( including Casablanca ) . He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts , leading to conflicts with the front office . He starred in Conflict ( 1945 , again with Greenstreet ) , but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year . Bogart and Bacall . To Have and Have Not . Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall ( 1924–2014 ) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille ( 1944 ) . The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) , a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel , and Bacalls film debut . It has several similarities to Casablanca : the same kind of hero and enemies , and a piano player as a supporting character . When they met , Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44 ; he nicknamed her Baby . A model since age 16 , she had appeared in two failed plays . Bogart was attracted by Bacalls high cheekbones , green eyes , tawny blond hair , lean body , maturity , poise and earthy , outspoken honesty ; he reportedly said , I just saw your test . Well have a lot of fun together . Their emotional bond was strong from the start , their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic . In contrast to the Hollywood norm , their affair was Bogarts first with a leading lady . His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief , their separations bridged by love letters . The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film , and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching . He encouraged her to steal scenes ; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role , and found Bogart easy to direct . However , Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship . He considered himself Bacalls protector and mentor , and Bogart was usurping that role . Not usually drawn to his starlets , the married director also fell for Bacall ; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures . Bogart calmed her down , and then went after Hawks ; Jack Warner settled the dispute , and filming resumed . Hawks said about Bacall , Bogie fell in love with the character she played , so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life . The Big Sleep . Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not , Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore : the film noir The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner . Chandler admired the actors performance : Bogart can be tough without a gun . Also , he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt . Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945 , it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacalls box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship . At director Howard Hawks urging , production partner Charles K . Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacalls scenes to heighten the insolent quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film , and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner . The dialogue , especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks , was full of sexual innuendo , and Bogart is convincing as private detective Philip Marlowe . The film was successful , although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated . According to Chandler , Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur ; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram , he could not provide an answer . Marriage . Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945 . He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogarts close friend , Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield , at Malabar Farm ( near Lucas , Ohio ) on May 21 , 1945 . They moved into a $160,000 ( $ in ) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeless Holmby Hills . The marriage was a happy one , with tensions due to their differences . Bogarts drinking was sometimes problematic . He was a homebody , and Bacall liked the nightlife ; he loved the sea , which made her seasick . Bogart bought the Santana , a sailing yacht , from actor Dick Powell in 1945 . He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water , with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island : An actor needs something to stabilize his personality , something to nail down what he really is , not what he is currently pretending to be . Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve , offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana . He reportedly attempted to enlist , but was turned down due to his age . Dark Passage and Key Largo . The suspenseful Dark Passage ( 1947 ) was Bogart and Bacalls next collaboration . Vincent Parry ( Bogart ) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison . According to Bogarts biographer , Stefan Kanfer , it was a production line film noir with no particular distinction . Bogart and Bacalls last pairing in a film was in Key Largo ( 1948 ) . Directed by John Huston , Edward G . Robinson was billed second ( behind Bogart ) as gangster Johnny Rocco : a seething , older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles . The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacalls father-in-law , played by Lionel Barrymore . Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Roccos physically abused , alcoholic girlfriend . Later career . The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his production company , Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre : a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico . Lacking a love interest or a happy ending , it was considered a risky project . Bogart later said about co-star ( and John Hustons father ) Walter Huston , Hes probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom Id gladly lose a scene . The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make . James Agee wrote , Bogart does a wonderful job with this character .. . miles ahead of the very good work he has done before . Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award , the film had mediocre box-office results . Bogart complained , An intelligent script , beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it . House Un-American Activities Committee . Bogart , a liberal Democrat , organized the Committee for the First Amendment ( a delegation to Washington , D.C. ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committees harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors . He wrote an article , Im No Communist , for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance . Bogart wrote , The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us . Santana Productions . Bogart created his film company , Santana Productions ( named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo ) , in 1948 . The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious , fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios power . In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart , James Stewart , and Henry Fonda , they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains . Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners , Chain Lightning ( 1950 ) and The Enforcer ( 1951 ) . Except for Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) , originally distributed in the United States by United Artists , the company released its films through Columbia Pictures ; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later . In quick succession , Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door ( 1949 ) , Tokyo Joe ( 1949 ) , In a Lonely Place ( 1950 ) , and Sirocco ( 1951 ) . Santana also made two films without him : And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) and The Family Secret ( 1951 ) . Although most lost money at the box office ( ultimately forcing Santanas sale ) , at least two retain a reputation ; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point . Bogart plays Dixon Steele , an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray ( Gloria Grahame ) . Several Bogart biographers , and actress-writer Louise Brooks , have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart . According to Brooks , the film gave him a role that he could play with complexity , because the film characters pride in his art , his selfishness , drunkenness , lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart . The character mimics some of Bogarts personal habits , twice ordering the actors favorite meal ( ham and eggs ) . A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon , Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston . Co-written by Truman Capote , the eccentrically-filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure . Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 . The African Queen . Outside Santana Productions , Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951 . The C . S . Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights . Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book ; she suggested Bogart for the male lead , believing that he was the only man who could have played that part . Hustons love of adventure , his deep , longstanding friendship ( and success ) with Bogart , and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo . Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent , plus a relatively small salary for both . The stars met in London and announced that they would work together . Bacall came for the over-four-month duration , leaving their young son in Los Angeles . The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe , including a visit with Pope Pius XII . Bacall later made herself useful as a cook , nurse and clothes washer ; her husband said : I dont know what wed have done without her . She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa . Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston , who subsisted on canned food and alcohol ; Bogart said , All I ate was baked beans , canned asparagus and Scotch whisky . Whenever a fly bit Huston or me , it dropped dead . Hepburn ( a teetotaler ) fared worse in the difficult conditions , losing weight and at one point becoming very ill . Bogart resisted Hustons insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh , and reasonable fakes were employed . The crew overcame illness , army-ant infestations , leaky boats , poor food , attacking hippos , poor water filters , extreme heat , isolation , and a boat fire to complete the film . Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps , rivers and marshes , The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogarts early love of boats ; when he returned to California , he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death . His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 ( his only award of three nominations ) , and he considered it the best of his film career . Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight , Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to just say you did it all yourself and dont thank anyone . When Bogart won , however , he said : Its a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre . Its nicer to be here . Thank you very much .. . No one does it alone . As in tennis , you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you . John and Katie helped me to be where I am now . Despite the award and its accompanying recognition , Bogart later said : The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one .. . too many stars .. . win it and then figure they have to top themselves .. . they become afraid to take chances . The result : A lot of dull performances in dull pictures . The African Queen was Bogarts first starring Technicolor role . The Caine Mutiny . Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryks drama , The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ) . Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so , he delivered a strong performance in the lead ; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7 , 1954 Time magazine cover story . Despite his success , Bogart was still melancholy ; he grumbled to ( and feuded with ) the studio , while his health began to deteriorate . The character of Queeg was similar to his roles in The Maltese Falcon , Casablanca and The Big Sleep–the wary loner who trusts no one—but without their warmth and humor . Like his portrayal of Fred C . Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre , Bogarts Queeg is a paranoid , self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him . Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny , generating publicity for the film . Final roles . For Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger , playboy sibling ( William Holden ) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina ( Audrey Hepburn ) . Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part , he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the directors assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming . The actor , however , got along poorly with his director and co-stars ; he complained about the scripts last-minute drafting and delivery , and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set . Wilder was the opposite of Bogarts ideal director ( John Huston ) in style and personality ; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was overbearing and is [ a ] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop . He is the type of director I dont like to work with .. . the picture is a crock of crap . I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina . Wilder later said , We parted as enemies but finally made up . Despite the acrimony , the film was successful ; according to a review in The New York Times , Bogart was incredibly adroit .. . the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show . Joseph L . Mankiewiczs The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) was filmed in Rome . In this Hollywood backstory , Bogart is a broken-down man , a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth . He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead ; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra , and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance . The actor was generally praised as the films strongest part . During filming and while Bacall was home , Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson ( his long-time studio assistant , whom he drank with and took sailing ) . When Bacall found them together , she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband ; the three traveled together after the shooting . Bogart could be generous with actors , particularly those who were blacklisted , down on their luck or having personal problems . During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God ( 1955 ) , he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly ; he coached her , feeding Tierney her lines . Familiar with mental illness because of his sisters bouts of depression , Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment . He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtizs Were No Angels ( 1955 ) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner . Television and radio . Bogart rarely performed on television , but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R . Murrows Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question . He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show , where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance ( October 25 , 1953 ) . Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955 , an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers Showcase . Bogart received top billing , and Henry Fonda played Leslie Howards role ; a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has survived . Bogart performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films , such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon , and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall . Personal life . Children . Bogart became a father at age 49 , when Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6 , 1949 , during the filming of Tokyo Joe . The name was taken from Steve , Bogarts characters nickname in To Have and Have Not . Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies . The couples daughter , Leslie Howard Bogart , was born on August 23 , 1952 . Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard , Bogarts friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest . Rat Pack . Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack . In the spring of 1955 , after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , her husband Sidney Luft , Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria , David Niven , Angie Dickinson and others , Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said : You look like a goddamn rat pack . The name stuck and was made official at Romanoffs in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was dubbed Pack Leader ; Bacall Den Mother ; Bogart Director of Public Relations , and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager . Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the groups purpose was , Bacall replied : To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late . Illness and death . After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros. , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended . In 1955 , however , his health was failing . In the wake of Santana , Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film ( Melville Goodwin , U.S.A. ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate . His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore , though , and he dropped the project . A heavy smoker and drinker , Bogart had developed esophageal cancer . He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall . The disease worsened several weeks later , and on March 1 Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus , two lymph nodes and a rib . The surgery was unsuccessful , and chemotherapy followed . He had additional surgery in November 1956 , when the cancer had spread . Although Bogart became too weak to walk up and down stairs , he joked despite the pain : Put me in the dumbwaiter and Ill ride down to the first floor in style . It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair . Sinatra , Katharine Hepburn , and Spencer Tracy visited Bogart on January 13 , 1957 . In an interview , Hepburn said : Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day , 20 days after his 57th birthday ; at the time of his death he weighed only . A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church , with music by Bogarts favorite composers : Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy . In attendance were some of Hollywoods biggest stars , including Hepburn , Tracy , Judy Garland , David Niven , Ronald Reagan , James Mason , Bette Davis , Danny Kaye , Joan Fontaine , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney , Errol Flynn , Edward G . Robinson , Gregory Peck , Gary Cooper , Billy Wilder and studio head Jack L . Warner . Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy ; he was too upset , however , and John Huston spoke instead : Bogart was cremated , and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Parks Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale , California . He was buried with a small , gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married . On it was inscribed , If you want anything , just whistle . This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacalls character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting , You know how to whistle , dont you , Steve ? You just put your lips together and blow . Bogarts estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ( $ million and $ million , respectively , in ) . Awards and honors . On August 21 , 1946 , he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Graumans Chinese Theatre . On February 8 , 1960 , Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard . Legacy and tributes . After his death , a Bogie cult formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in Greenwich Village , and in France ; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s . In 1997 , Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time ; two years later , the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend . Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( 1960 ) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart . Over a decade later , in Woody Allens comic paean Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) , Bogarts ghost aids Allens character : a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his sex life has turned into the Petrified Forest . The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its Legends of Hollywood series in 1997 , the third figure recognized . At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children , Stephen and Leslie , USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute : Today , we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy . With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid , we will begin today to bring his artistry , his power , his unique star quality , to the messages that travel the world . On June 24 , 2006 , 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place . Lauren Bacall and her son , Stephen Bogart , attended the ceremony . Bogie would never have believed it , she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers . In popular culture . Bogart has inspired a number of artists . Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor : Slick Hare ( 1947 ) and 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 , based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) . The Man with Bogarts Face ( 1981 , starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi ) was an homage to the actor . The lyrics of Bertie Higgins 1981 song , Key Largo , refer to two of Bogarts films , Key Largo and Casablanca . |
[
"South West Africa"
] | easy | What was Curt von François afflicted to from 1889 to Mar 1891? | /wiki/Curt_von_François#P1416#0 | Curt von François Curt Karl Bruno von François ( 2 October 1852 – 28 December 1931 ) was a German geographer , cartographer , Schutztruppe officer and commissioner of the imperial colonial army of the German Empire , particularly in German South West Africa ( todays Namibia ) where he was responsible on behalf of Kaiser for the foundation of the city of Windhoek on 18 October 1890 and the harbor of Swakopmund on 4 August 1892 . Life . François was born in Luxembourg of French Huguenot ancestry . He was the son of Prussian general Bruno von François , who was killed in the battle of Spicheren . Curts younger brother Hermann von François ( 1856–1933 ) served as a general in World War I and was one of the key contributors to the German victory at the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg . The writer Louise von François was his aunt . Like his ancestors , young Curt von François joined the Prussian Cadet Corps . He served as a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , whereby his father was killed in action during the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August 1870 , and was awarded the Iron Cross . In 1883 he worked as a geographer on an exploratory expedition along the Kasai River in the Congo region under the leadership of Hermann Wissmann and two years later joined another expedition into the Congo led by George Grenfell . Back in Germany , he became a member of the German General Staff , and was elevated to the rank of Hauptmann ( Captain ) . In 1887 he was stationed as a research officer in German West Africa . On behalf of the Foreign Office , he explored Togoland and the trade route to Salaga up to the Mossi territory in the north . South West Africa . In 1883 , the German merchant Adolf Lüderitz had purchased the coastal area of Angra Pequena , following negotiations with a local African chief . He called this coastal region of southwestern Africa Lüderitz . Fearing that the British were soon to declare the area a protectorate , Lüderitz advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it , which he did at the Berlin Conference of 1884 . On October 7 , the colony of German South West Africa was established under Reichskommissar governor Gustav Nachtigal . However , the German authorities met with fierce resistance by the local Herero people . When in 1888 their officials were forcibly expelled from Okahandja , the German Colonial Society engaged Hauptmann Curt von François to provide security to the territory . In June 1889 he arrived with 21 troopers , 8 soldiers of the Imperial Army and 13 volunteers in the British-held enclave of Walvis Bay . Soon afterwards François stationed himself at Otjimbingwe ( against the advice of acting commissioner Heinrich Göring ) in order to deal with opponents to German authority in the interior of the territory . In May 1890 he renewed a former peace agreement with the Herero chief Maharero and eventually occupied the completely destroyed settlement of Windhoek ( founded by Jonker Afrikaner decades earlier ) . Upon Mahareros death in October , his son Samuel Maharero had to reaffirm the treaty . At Windhoek , François set up the new headquarters of the German occupation ( which he called Alte Feste , Old Fortress ) . This location was chosen because the Germans felt it would serve as a buffer zone between the Nama and Herero tribes . After Göring was recalled from office , François served as Reichskommissar of German South West Africa from March 1891 until November 1893 . Within this time period ( on 12 September 1892 ) he established the coastal town of Swakopmund as the main harbour of German South West Africa and mapped large parts of the colony . In November 1893 he was promoted to Major and given the title of Landeshauptmann . However , François at the same time had to cope with the rising resistance by the Nama people . On 12 April 1893 he led an attack of 225 German soldiers on Nama leader Hendrik Witboois headquarters at Hoornkrans west of Rehoboth . The shelling of the Oorlam kraal and its final storming led to tremendous civilian casualties . Rendered as the Massacre of Hoornkrans by the international press , it severely damaged François reputation . Moreover , Witbooi escaped and fled into the Naukluft Mountains , where he waged several months of guerrilla warfare against the German forces . François force was formally established as the Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa by the Reich Law of 9 June 1895 . Later years . In 1894 François was replaced by Theodor Leutwein as Landeshauptmann of South West Africa . He embarked in Cape Town to Germany and during the following year he retired from military life . In retirement in Zernsdorf , Brandenburg , he wrote extensively about his experiences in Africa . He died in a Königs Wusterhausen hospital on 28 December 1931 . François was buried in the Invalids Cemetery in Berlin , his grave is not preserved . The original Schutztruppe headquarters built at the behest of François in 1890 at Windhoek was expanded in 1912 , and has been a museum since 1962 . Recognition . In front of Windhoeks municipal buildings there is a statue of von François . It was inaugurated on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by him . Written works . - Reise im Hinterlandes des deutschen Schutzgebiets Togo , Mitteilungen Von Forschungsreisenden Und Gelehrten Aus Den Deutschen Schutzgebieten I , Berlin 1888 - Travel in the Hinterland of the German Togo Conservation Area , Communications from Researchers and Scholars from the German Protected Areas - Die Erforschung des Tschuapa und Lulongo : Reisen in Centralafrika , Brockhaus , Leipzig 1888 . - Exploration of Tschuapa and Lulongo : Travels in Central Africa . - Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika , Verlag D . Reimer , Berlin 1899 . - German South West Africa . - Kriegführung in Süd-Afrika , Dietrich Reimer , Berlin 1900 . - Warfare in South Africa . - Lehren aus dem Südafrikanischen Kriege für das deutsche Heer . with eight sketches , Verlag E . S . Mittler & Sohn , Berlin 1901 . - Lessons from the South African War for the German army . - Der Hottentotten-Aufstand . Studie über die Vorgänge im Namalande v . Jan . 1904 bis 2 . Jan . 1905 u . d . Aussichten d . Niederwerfung d . Aufstandes. , Berlin 1905 . - The Hottentot uprising , etc . - Ohne Schuss durch dick und dünn : erste Erforschung des Togohinterlandes [ Without a shot through thick and thin : First exploration of the Togo Hinterland ] ( Privately published by Dr . Erika Götz von François in 1972 ) References and external links . - Biographies of Namibian personalities by Klaus Dierks |
[
"Reichskommissar of German South West Africa"
] | easy | What was Curt von François afflicted to from Mar 1891 to 1894? | /wiki/Curt_von_François#P1416#1 | Curt von François Curt Karl Bruno von François ( 2 October 1852 – 28 December 1931 ) was a German geographer , cartographer , Schutztruppe officer and commissioner of the imperial colonial army of the German Empire , particularly in German South West Africa ( todays Namibia ) where he was responsible on behalf of Kaiser for the foundation of the city of Windhoek on 18 October 1890 and the harbor of Swakopmund on 4 August 1892 . Life . François was born in Luxembourg of French Huguenot ancestry . He was the son of Prussian general Bruno von François , who was killed in the battle of Spicheren . Curts younger brother Hermann von François ( 1856–1933 ) served as a general in World War I and was one of the key contributors to the German victory at the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg . The writer Louise von François was his aunt . Like his ancestors , young Curt von François joined the Prussian Cadet Corps . He served as a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , whereby his father was killed in action during the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August 1870 , and was awarded the Iron Cross . In 1883 he worked as a geographer on an exploratory expedition along the Kasai River in the Congo region under the leadership of Hermann Wissmann and two years later joined another expedition into the Congo led by George Grenfell . Back in Germany , he became a member of the German General Staff , and was elevated to the rank of Hauptmann ( Captain ) . In 1887 he was stationed as a research officer in German West Africa . On behalf of the Foreign Office , he explored Togoland and the trade route to Salaga up to the Mossi territory in the north . South West Africa . In 1883 , the German merchant Adolf Lüderitz had purchased the coastal area of Angra Pequena , following negotiations with a local African chief . He called this coastal region of southwestern Africa Lüderitz . Fearing that the British were soon to declare the area a protectorate , Lüderitz advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it , which he did at the Berlin Conference of 1884 . On October 7 , the colony of German South West Africa was established under Reichskommissar governor Gustav Nachtigal . However , the German authorities met with fierce resistance by the local Herero people . When in 1888 their officials were forcibly expelled from Okahandja , the German Colonial Society engaged Hauptmann Curt von François to provide security to the territory . In June 1889 he arrived with 21 troopers , 8 soldiers of the Imperial Army and 13 volunteers in the British-held enclave of Walvis Bay . Soon afterwards François stationed himself at Otjimbingwe ( against the advice of acting commissioner Heinrich Göring ) in order to deal with opponents to German authority in the interior of the territory . In May 1890 he renewed a former peace agreement with the Herero chief Maharero and eventually occupied the completely destroyed settlement of Windhoek ( founded by Jonker Afrikaner decades earlier ) . Upon Mahareros death in October , his son Samuel Maharero had to reaffirm the treaty . At Windhoek , François set up the new headquarters of the German occupation ( which he called Alte Feste , Old Fortress ) . This location was chosen because the Germans felt it would serve as a buffer zone between the Nama and Herero tribes . After Göring was recalled from office , François served as Reichskommissar of German South West Africa from March 1891 until November 1893 . Within this time period ( on 12 September 1892 ) he established the coastal town of Swakopmund as the main harbour of German South West Africa and mapped large parts of the colony . In November 1893 he was promoted to Major and given the title of Landeshauptmann . However , François at the same time had to cope with the rising resistance by the Nama people . On 12 April 1893 he led an attack of 225 German soldiers on Nama leader Hendrik Witboois headquarters at Hoornkrans west of Rehoboth . The shelling of the Oorlam kraal and its final storming led to tremendous civilian casualties . Rendered as the Massacre of Hoornkrans by the international press , it severely damaged François reputation . Moreover , Witbooi escaped and fled into the Naukluft Mountains , where he waged several months of guerrilla warfare against the German forces . François force was formally established as the Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa by the Reich Law of 9 June 1895 . Later years . In 1894 François was replaced by Theodor Leutwein as Landeshauptmann of South West Africa . He embarked in Cape Town to Germany and during the following year he retired from military life . In retirement in Zernsdorf , Brandenburg , he wrote extensively about his experiences in Africa . He died in a Königs Wusterhausen hospital on 28 December 1931 . François was buried in the Invalids Cemetery in Berlin , his grave is not preserved . The original Schutztruppe headquarters built at the behest of François in 1890 at Windhoek was expanded in 1912 , and has been a museum since 1962 . Recognition . In front of Windhoeks municipal buildings there is a statue of von François . It was inaugurated on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by him . Written works . - Reise im Hinterlandes des deutschen Schutzgebiets Togo , Mitteilungen Von Forschungsreisenden Und Gelehrten Aus Den Deutschen Schutzgebieten I , Berlin 1888 - Travel in the Hinterland of the German Togo Conservation Area , Communications from Researchers and Scholars from the German Protected Areas - Die Erforschung des Tschuapa und Lulongo : Reisen in Centralafrika , Brockhaus , Leipzig 1888 . - Exploration of Tschuapa and Lulongo : Travels in Central Africa . - Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika , Verlag D . Reimer , Berlin 1899 . - German South West Africa . - Kriegführung in Süd-Afrika , Dietrich Reimer , Berlin 1900 . - Warfare in South Africa . - Lehren aus dem Südafrikanischen Kriege für das deutsche Heer . with eight sketches , Verlag E . S . Mittler & Sohn , Berlin 1901 . - Lessons from the South African War for the German army . - Der Hottentotten-Aufstand . Studie über die Vorgänge im Namalande v . Jan . 1904 bis 2 . Jan . 1905 u . d . Aussichten d . Niederwerfung d . Aufstandes. , Berlin 1905 . - The Hottentot uprising , etc . - Ohne Schuss durch dick und dünn : erste Erforschung des Togohinterlandes [ Without a shot through thick and thin : First exploration of the Togo Hinterland ] ( Privately published by Dr . Erika Götz von François in 1972 ) References and external links . - Biographies of Namibian personalities by Klaus Dierks |
[
"South West Africa"
] | easy | What was Curt von François afflicted to in 1894? | /wiki/Curt_von_François#P1416#2 | Curt von François Curt Karl Bruno von François ( 2 October 1852 – 28 December 1931 ) was a German geographer , cartographer , Schutztruppe officer and commissioner of the imperial colonial army of the German Empire , particularly in German South West Africa ( todays Namibia ) where he was responsible on behalf of Kaiser for the foundation of the city of Windhoek on 18 October 1890 and the harbor of Swakopmund on 4 August 1892 . Life . François was born in Luxembourg of French Huguenot ancestry . He was the son of Prussian general Bruno von François , who was killed in the battle of Spicheren . Curts younger brother Hermann von François ( 1856–1933 ) served as a general in World War I and was one of the key contributors to the German victory at the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg . The writer Louise von François was his aunt . Like his ancestors , young Curt von François joined the Prussian Cadet Corps . He served as a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , whereby his father was killed in action during the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August 1870 , and was awarded the Iron Cross . In 1883 he worked as a geographer on an exploratory expedition along the Kasai River in the Congo region under the leadership of Hermann Wissmann and two years later joined another expedition into the Congo led by George Grenfell . Back in Germany , he became a member of the German General Staff , and was elevated to the rank of Hauptmann ( Captain ) . In 1887 he was stationed as a research officer in German West Africa . On behalf of the Foreign Office , he explored Togoland and the trade route to Salaga up to the Mossi territory in the north . South West Africa . In 1883 , the German merchant Adolf Lüderitz had purchased the coastal area of Angra Pequena , following negotiations with a local African chief . He called this coastal region of southwestern Africa Lüderitz . Fearing that the British were soon to declare the area a protectorate , Lüderitz advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it , which he did at the Berlin Conference of 1884 . On October 7 , the colony of German South West Africa was established under Reichskommissar governor Gustav Nachtigal . However , the German authorities met with fierce resistance by the local Herero people . When in 1888 their officials were forcibly expelled from Okahandja , the German Colonial Society engaged Hauptmann Curt von François to provide security to the territory . In June 1889 he arrived with 21 troopers , 8 soldiers of the Imperial Army and 13 volunteers in the British-held enclave of Walvis Bay . Soon afterwards François stationed himself at Otjimbingwe ( against the advice of acting commissioner Heinrich Göring ) in order to deal with opponents to German authority in the interior of the territory . In May 1890 he renewed a former peace agreement with the Herero chief Maharero and eventually occupied the completely destroyed settlement of Windhoek ( founded by Jonker Afrikaner decades earlier ) . Upon Mahareros death in October , his son Samuel Maharero had to reaffirm the treaty . At Windhoek , François set up the new headquarters of the German occupation ( which he called Alte Feste , Old Fortress ) . This location was chosen because the Germans felt it would serve as a buffer zone between the Nama and Herero tribes . After Göring was recalled from office , François served as Reichskommissar of German South West Africa from March 1891 until November 1893 . Within this time period ( on 12 September 1892 ) he established the coastal town of Swakopmund as the main harbour of German South West Africa and mapped large parts of the colony . In November 1893 he was promoted to Major and given the title of Landeshauptmann . However , François at the same time had to cope with the rising resistance by the Nama people . On 12 April 1893 he led an attack of 225 German soldiers on Nama leader Hendrik Witboois headquarters at Hoornkrans west of Rehoboth . The shelling of the Oorlam kraal and its final storming led to tremendous civilian casualties . Rendered as the Massacre of Hoornkrans by the international press , it severely damaged François reputation . Moreover , Witbooi escaped and fled into the Naukluft Mountains , where he waged several months of guerrilla warfare against the German forces . François force was formally established as the Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa by the Reich Law of 9 June 1895 . Later years . In 1894 François was replaced by Theodor Leutwein as Landeshauptmann of South West Africa . He embarked in Cape Town to Germany and during the following year he retired from military life . In retirement in Zernsdorf , Brandenburg , he wrote extensively about his experiences in Africa . He died in a Königs Wusterhausen hospital on 28 December 1931 . François was buried in the Invalids Cemetery in Berlin , his grave is not preserved . The original Schutztruppe headquarters built at the behest of François in 1890 at Windhoek was expanded in 1912 , and has been a museum since 1962 . Recognition . In front of Windhoeks municipal buildings there is a statue of von François . It was inaugurated on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by him . Written works . - Reise im Hinterlandes des deutschen Schutzgebiets Togo , Mitteilungen Von Forschungsreisenden Und Gelehrten Aus Den Deutschen Schutzgebieten I , Berlin 1888 - Travel in the Hinterland of the German Togo Conservation Area , Communications from Researchers and Scholars from the German Protected Areas - Die Erforschung des Tschuapa und Lulongo : Reisen in Centralafrika , Brockhaus , Leipzig 1888 . - Exploration of Tschuapa and Lulongo : Travels in Central Africa . - Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika , Verlag D . Reimer , Berlin 1899 . - German South West Africa . - Kriegführung in Süd-Afrika , Dietrich Reimer , Berlin 1900 . - Warfare in South Africa . - Lehren aus dem Südafrikanischen Kriege für das deutsche Heer . with eight sketches , Verlag E . S . Mittler & Sohn , Berlin 1901 . - Lessons from the South African War for the German army . - Der Hottentotten-Aufstand . Studie über die Vorgänge im Namalande v . Jan . 1904 bis 2 . Jan . 1905 u . d . Aussichten d . Niederwerfung d . Aufstandes. , Berlin 1905 . - The Hottentot uprising , etc . - Ohne Schuss durch dick und dünn : erste Erforschung des Togohinterlandes [ Without a shot through thick and thin : First exploration of the Togo Hinterland ] ( Privately published by Dr . Erika Götz von François in 1972 ) References and external links . - Biographies of Namibian personalities by Klaus Dierks |
[
"FIFA"
] | easy | Federation of Uganda Football Associations became a member of what organization or association in 1960? | /wiki/Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations#P463#0 | Federation of Uganda Football Associations The Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) is the governing body of association football in Uganda . The association was founded in 1924 , became affiliated with FIFA in 1960 and the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in 1961 . In 1973 , FUFA went ahead and got affiliated with CECAFA . Further more , FUFA is also affiliated to Uganda Olympic Committee . FUFA is ; - a custodian of eight mens and womens national football teams ( i.e . the Uganda cranes , the crested cranes , U-23 ; Uganda Kobs , U-20 ; Uganda hippos , U-17 ; Uganda cubs , sand cranes , U-20 girls and U-17 girls ) , - also a top administrator/regulator of national football league which runs from the first tier ( top/1st division ) to the fifth tier ( 5th division ) . The first division is the Uganda Premier League also known as StarTimes Uganda Premier League . The 2nd division is the FUFA Big League . The third tier ( Regional Leagues ) is organised by the regional football associations ( RFA ) which are 8 in total ( Kampala RFA , Buganda RFA , Western RFA , Kitara RFA , Eastern RFA , Northern RFA , West Nile RFA and North East RFA ) and the fourth tier ( District Leagues / Fourth Division ) is organised by district football associations ( DFA ) . - FUFA also organizes the football tournaments ; that is to say , Uganda Cup , which is the oldest football competition of knockout format in Uganda having started in 1971 . The FUFA Drum which is an inter-provinces ( Kampala , Buganda , Ankole , Kigezi , Teso , Tooro , Bunyoro , Rwenzori , West Nile , Busoga , Sebei , Bugisu , Karamoja , Lango , Acholi and Bukedi ) tournament is also another tournament run and organised by FUFA . Last but not least , Odilo tournament which runs across the country . is a Primary schools championship which is also organised by this federation . History . In 1924 , the Kampala Football Association ( KFA ) was formed and in the 1950s became the Uganda Football Association ( UFA ) . In 1967 the Uganda Football Association ( UFA ) was changed to the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) . Administration . FUFA is an association made up of 31 member associations and represented by 86 delegates at the Supreme Body called the FUFA General Assembly ( GA ) . The member associations include : - Uganda Beach Soccer Association ( UBSA ) - Uganda Futsal Association ( UFA ) - Uganda Schools Football Association ( USFA ) - Uganda Youth Football Association ( UYFA ) - Uganda Youth Soccer Academy ( UYSA ) - Uganda Womens Football Association ( UWFA ) - and the 8 regional football associations ( see section below ) The organisation is led by the FUFA Executive Committee ( EXCOM ) which is advised and supported by the FUFA Standing Committees , Judicial Bodies and Secretariat . Presidents . Previous . Previous presidents are as follows : - 1924-34 - King Sir Daudi Chwa - 1935-44 – W.A . Hunter - 1945-53 – W.B . Ouseley - 1954-56 – Eriasafu Nsobya - 1957-62 – W.W . Kulubya - 1963-64 – George Magezi - 1965-68 – A.A.A Nekyon - 1969-71 – H . Blamaze Lwanga - 1972-74 – Kezekia Ssegwanga Musisi - 1974-76 – Era Mugisa - 1977-79 – Capt . Muhammed Sseruwagi - 1979-80 – Gerald Sendawula - 1981 – Steven Ibale - 1982 – Peter Abe - 1982-83 – Careb Babihuga - 1983-85 – Geresom Kagurusi - 1985 – Chris Rwanika - 1985-87 – Barnabas Byabazaire - 1988-89 – Paul Katamba Lujjo - 1989-92 – J.B . Semanobe - 1992 – John Ssebaana Kizito ( May – December ) - 1994 – Ben Kurt Omoding - 1994-95 – Brigadier Moses Ali - 1995-98 – Twaha Kakaire - 1998-2004 – Denis Obua - 2004-13 – Lawrence Mulindwa - 2013–present - Moses Magogo Hassim Current . The president of FUFA is Moses Hassim Magogo who succeeded Lawrence Mulindwa in August 2013 . Magogo is an electrical engineer by trade and has worked for the African Development Bank . Magogo was previously the Federations vice president , in charge of administration . In 2000 , while playing for Kinyara FC , Magogo started to actively participate in sports talk shows on radio . That platform endeared him to the public and by the time he was elected the FUFA delegate for Lubaga , Magogo had created a niche as one of the most knowledgeable persons about football management . FUFA subsequently appointed him to run the Super League . Magogo is accredited for having transformed the league and football competition systems in Uganda and particularly the FUFA Big League and Regional Leagues . He is also responsible for starting the players contracting regulations and system in Uganda , negotiating and concluding the various sponsorships to football . With an assertive nature he has been a central figure in administration wrangles . Regional organisations . Eight regional football associations administer the Regional Leagues covering the third tier of Ugandan football . Affiliated members includes Regional League clubs , schools football associations and cup competitions . - Buganda Region Football Association ( 4 zones ) - Kampala Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Eastern Region Football Association ( 2 zones ) - Northern Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - West Nile Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Western Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Kitara Region Football Association ( 2 zones ) - North East Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) Zones and district organisations . Below the regional football associations , FUFA has divided the country into 13 administrative zones , each of which encompass several district football associations . These local associations are affiliated to FUFA and manage grassroots affairs in their districts including the Fourth Division Leagues . North Eastern region - Zone 1 . - Teso & Karamoja Sub Region - Amuria District Football Association - Bukedea District Football Association - Kaberamaido District Football Association - Katakwi District Football Association - Kumi District Football Association - Moroto District Football Association - Napak District Football Association - Ngora District Football Association - Serere District Football Association - Soroti District Football Association Eastern region - Zone 2 . - Sebei , Bugisu & Bukeddi Sub Region - Budaka District Football Association - Busia District Football Association - Butalejja District Football Association - Kibuku District Football Association - Mbale District Football Association - Sironko District Football Association - Tororo District Football Association Mid North region – Zone 3 . - Acholi & Lango Sub Region - Amuru District Football Association - Apac District Football Association - Dokolo District Football Association - Gulu District Football Association - Kitgum District Football Association - Lira District Football Association - Nwoya District Football Association - Otuke District Football Association - Oyam District Football Association - Pader District Football Association West Nile region - Zone 4 . - West Nile Sub Region - Adjumani District Football Association - Arua District Football Association - Koboko District Football Association - Moyo District Football Association - Nebbi District Football Association - Yumbe District Football Association Kitara region – Zone 5 . - Bunyoro Sub Region - Hoima District Football Association - Kiryandongo District Football Association - Masindi District Football Association Western region – Zone 6 . - Ankole & Kigezi Sub Region - Bushenyi District Football Association - Isingiro District Football Association - Kabale District Football Association - Kanungu District Football Association - Kiruhura District Football Association - Kisoro District Football Association - Mbarara District Football Association - Ntungamo District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 7 . - Southern Buganda Sub Region - Lwengo District Football Association - Lyantonde District Football Association - Masaka District Football Association - Rakai District Football Association - Sembabule District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 8 . - Central and Western Buganda - Kiboga District Football Association - Kyankwanzi District Football Association - Mityana District Football Association - Mpigi District Football Association - Mubende District Football Association - Wakiso District Football Association Kampala region - Zone 9 . - Kampala - Kampala Central District Football Association - Kawempe District Football Association - Makindye District Football Association - Nakawa District Football Association - Rubaga District Football Association Eastern region – Zone 10 . - Busoga Sub Region - Bugiri District Football Association - Buyende District Football Association - Iganga District Football Association - Jinja District Football Association - Kaliro District Football Association - Kamuli District Football Association - Mayuge District Football Association - Namayingo District Football Association - Namutumba District Football Association Kitara region – Zone 11 . - Tooro Sub Region - Bundibugyo District Football Association - Kabarole District Football Association - Kamwenge District Football Association - Kasese District Football Association - Kyegegwa District Football Association - Kyenjojo District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 12 . - Northern Buganda Sub Region - Luwero District Football Association - Nakaseke District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 13 . - Eastern Buganda Sub Region - Buikwe District Football Association - Kayunga District Football Association - Mukono District Football Association Current administrators and officials . Presidency . - President - Eng . Moses Magogo Hassim - First vice president - Justus Mugisha - Second vice president - Darius Mugoye - Third Vice President - Hon . Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi Executive Members . - Buganda - Hajji Abdul Lukooya Ssekabira - Eastern - Magoola Issa Kakaire - Kampala - Hamid Juma - Kitara - Rogers Byamukama - Northern - Mukidi David Kalyebara - West Nile - Rasoul Ariga - North East - Richard Ochom - Western - Chris John Kalibbala - Women - Agnes Mugena - Co-opted member - Kalema Ronnie - Co-opted member - Mulindwa Rogers - Note : The Executive Committee had 15 members : The FUFA president and his vice presidents and the other 11 members . Committee chairmen . - FUFA Competitions committee - Hamid Juma - FUFA National teams committee - Hamid Juma - FUFA Finance Committee - Rasoul Ariga - FUFA Legal Committee - Ojok Odur Geoffrey - FUFA Licensing committee - Mulindwa Rogers - Marketing and Communication - Rogers Byamukama - IMOC - Magoola Issa Kakaire - Member Associations committee - Mukidi David Kalyebala - Players’ Status committee - Mayor . Richard Ochom - Referees standing committee - Kalema Ronnie - Security & safety committee - Hajji Abdul Lukooya Ssekabira - Football Development Committee - Kalibbala John Chris - Womens Football committee - Agnes Mugena - FUFA electoral Committee - Bwiire Mathias |
[
"CECAFA"
] | easy | What organization did Federation of Uganda Football Associations join in 1973? | /wiki/Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations#P463#1 | Federation of Uganda Football Associations The Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) is the governing body of association football in Uganda . The association was founded in 1924 , became affiliated with FIFA in 1960 and the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in 1961 . In 1973 , FUFA went ahead and got affiliated with CECAFA . Further more , FUFA is also affiliated to Uganda Olympic Committee . FUFA is ; - a custodian of eight mens and womens national football teams ( i.e . the Uganda cranes , the crested cranes , U-23 ; Uganda Kobs , U-20 ; Uganda hippos , U-17 ; Uganda cubs , sand cranes , U-20 girls and U-17 girls ) , - also a top administrator/regulator of national football league which runs from the first tier ( top/1st division ) to the fifth tier ( 5th division ) . The first division is the Uganda Premier League also known as StarTimes Uganda Premier League . The 2nd division is the FUFA Big League . The third tier ( Regional Leagues ) is organised by the regional football associations ( RFA ) which are 8 in total ( Kampala RFA , Buganda RFA , Western RFA , Kitara RFA , Eastern RFA , Northern RFA , West Nile RFA and North East RFA ) and the fourth tier ( District Leagues / Fourth Division ) is organised by district football associations ( DFA ) . - FUFA also organizes the football tournaments ; that is to say , Uganda Cup , which is the oldest football competition of knockout format in Uganda having started in 1971 . The FUFA Drum which is an inter-provinces ( Kampala , Buganda , Ankole , Kigezi , Teso , Tooro , Bunyoro , Rwenzori , West Nile , Busoga , Sebei , Bugisu , Karamoja , Lango , Acholi and Bukedi ) tournament is also another tournament run and organised by FUFA . Last but not least , Odilo tournament which runs across the country . is a Primary schools championship which is also organised by this federation . History . In 1924 , the Kampala Football Association ( KFA ) was formed and in the 1950s became the Uganda Football Association ( UFA ) . In 1967 the Uganda Football Association ( UFA ) was changed to the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) . Administration . FUFA is an association made up of 31 member associations and represented by 86 delegates at the Supreme Body called the FUFA General Assembly ( GA ) . The member associations include : - Uganda Beach Soccer Association ( UBSA ) - Uganda Futsal Association ( UFA ) - Uganda Schools Football Association ( USFA ) - Uganda Youth Football Association ( UYFA ) - Uganda Youth Soccer Academy ( UYSA ) - Uganda Womens Football Association ( UWFA ) - and the 8 regional football associations ( see section below ) The organisation is led by the FUFA Executive Committee ( EXCOM ) which is advised and supported by the FUFA Standing Committees , Judicial Bodies and Secretariat . Presidents . Previous . Previous presidents are as follows : - 1924-34 - King Sir Daudi Chwa - 1935-44 – W.A . Hunter - 1945-53 – W.B . Ouseley - 1954-56 – Eriasafu Nsobya - 1957-62 – W.W . Kulubya - 1963-64 – George Magezi - 1965-68 – A.A.A Nekyon - 1969-71 – H . Blamaze Lwanga - 1972-74 – Kezekia Ssegwanga Musisi - 1974-76 – Era Mugisa - 1977-79 – Capt . Muhammed Sseruwagi - 1979-80 – Gerald Sendawula - 1981 – Steven Ibale - 1982 – Peter Abe - 1982-83 – Careb Babihuga - 1983-85 – Geresom Kagurusi - 1985 – Chris Rwanika - 1985-87 – Barnabas Byabazaire - 1988-89 – Paul Katamba Lujjo - 1989-92 – J.B . Semanobe - 1992 – John Ssebaana Kizito ( May – December ) - 1994 – Ben Kurt Omoding - 1994-95 – Brigadier Moses Ali - 1995-98 – Twaha Kakaire - 1998-2004 – Denis Obua - 2004-13 – Lawrence Mulindwa - 2013–present - Moses Magogo Hassim Current . The president of FUFA is Moses Hassim Magogo who succeeded Lawrence Mulindwa in August 2013 . Magogo is an electrical engineer by trade and has worked for the African Development Bank . Magogo was previously the Federations vice president , in charge of administration . In 2000 , while playing for Kinyara FC , Magogo started to actively participate in sports talk shows on radio . That platform endeared him to the public and by the time he was elected the FUFA delegate for Lubaga , Magogo had created a niche as one of the most knowledgeable persons about football management . FUFA subsequently appointed him to run the Super League . Magogo is accredited for having transformed the league and football competition systems in Uganda and particularly the FUFA Big League and Regional Leagues . He is also responsible for starting the players contracting regulations and system in Uganda , negotiating and concluding the various sponsorships to football . With an assertive nature he has been a central figure in administration wrangles . Regional organisations . Eight regional football associations administer the Regional Leagues covering the third tier of Ugandan football . Affiliated members includes Regional League clubs , schools football associations and cup competitions . - Buganda Region Football Association ( 4 zones ) - Kampala Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Eastern Region Football Association ( 2 zones ) - Northern Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - West Nile Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Western Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) - Kitara Region Football Association ( 2 zones ) - North East Region Football Association ( 1 zone ) Zones and district organisations . Below the regional football associations , FUFA has divided the country into 13 administrative zones , each of which encompass several district football associations . These local associations are affiliated to FUFA and manage grassroots affairs in their districts including the Fourth Division Leagues . North Eastern region - Zone 1 . - Teso & Karamoja Sub Region - Amuria District Football Association - Bukedea District Football Association - Kaberamaido District Football Association - Katakwi District Football Association - Kumi District Football Association - Moroto District Football Association - Napak District Football Association - Ngora District Football Association - Serere District Football Association - Soroti District Football Association Eastern region - Zone 2 . - Sebei , Bugisu & Bukeddi Sub Region - Budaka District Football Association - Busia District Football Association - Butalejja District Football Association - Kibuku District Football Association - Mbale District Football Association - Sironko District Football Association - Tororo District Football Association Mid North region – Zone 3 . - Acholi & Lango Sub Region - Amuru District Football Association - Apac District Football Association - Dokolo District Football Association - Gulu District Football Association - Kitgum District Football Association - Lira District Football Association - Nwoya District Football Association - Otuke District Football Association - Oyam District Football Association - Pader District Football Association West Nile region - Zone 4 . - West Nile Sub Region - Adjumani District Football Association - Arua District Football Association - Koboko District Football Association - Moyo District Football Association - Nebbi District Football Association - Yumbe District Football Association Kitara region – Zone 5 . - Bunyoro Sub Region - Hoima District Football Association - Kiryandongo District Football Association - Masindi District Football Association Western region – Zone 6 . - Ankole & Kigezi Sub Region - Bushenyi District Football Association - Isingiro District Football Association - Kabale District Football Association - Kanungu District Football Association - Kiruhura District Football Association - Kisoro District Football Association - Mbarara District Football Association - Ntungamo District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 7 . - Southern Buganda Sub Region - Lwengo District Football Association - Lyantonde District Football Association - Masaka District Football Association - Rakai District Football Association - Sembabule District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 8 . - Central and Western Buganda - Kiboga District Football Association - Kyankwanzi District Football Association - Mityana District Football Association - Mpigi District Football Association - Mubende District Football Association - Wakiso District Football Association Kampala region - Zone 9 . - Kampala - Kampala Central District Football Association - Kawempe District Football Association - Makindye District Football Association - Nakawa District Football Association - Rubaga District Football Association Eastern region – Zone 10 . - Busoga Sub Region - Bugiri District Football Association - Buyende District Football Association - Iganga District Football Association - Jinja District Football Association - Kaliro District Football Association - Kamuli District Football Association - Mayuge District Football Association - Namayingo District Football Association - Namutumba District Football Association Kitara region – Zone 11 . - Tooro Sub Region - Bundibugyo District Football Association - Kabarole District Football Association - Kamwenge District Football Association - Kasese District Football Association - Kyegegwa District Football Association - Kyenjojo District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 12 . - Northern Buganda Sub Region - Luwero District Football Association - Nakaseke District Football Association Buganda region – Zone 13 . - Eastern Buganda Sub Region - Buikwe District Football Association - Kayunga District Football Association - Mukono District Football Association Current administrators and officials . Presidency . - President - Eng . Moses Magogo Hassim - First vice president - Justus Mugisha - Second vice president - Darius Mugoye - Third Vice President - Hon . Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi Executive Members . - Buganda - Hajji Abdul Lukooya Ssekabira - Eastern - Magoola Issa Kakaire - Kampala - Hamid Juma - Kitara - Rogers Byamukama - Northern - Mukidi David Kalyebara - West Nile - Rasoul Ariga - North East - Richard Ochom - Western - Chris John Kalibbala - Women - Agnes Mugena - Co-opted member - Kalema Ronnie - Co-opted member - Mulindwa Rogers - Note : The Executive Committee had 15 members : The FUFA president and his vice presidents and the other 11 members . Committee chairmen . - FUFA Competitions committee - Hamid Juma - FUFA National teams committee - Hamid Juma - FUFA Finance Committee - Rasoul Ariga - FUFA Legal Committee - Ojok Odur Geoffrey - FUFA Licensing committee - Mulindwa Rogers - Marketing and Communication - Rogers Byamukama - IMOC - Magoola Issa Kakaire - Member Associations committee - Mukidi David Kalyebala - Players’ Status committee - Mayor . Richard Ochom - Referees standing committee - Kalema Ronnie - Security & safety committee - Hajji Abdul Lukooya Ssekabira - Football Development Committee - Kalibbala John Chris - Womens Football committee - Agnes Mugena - FUFA electoral Committee - Bwiire Mathias |
[
"High Commissioner to Cyprus"
] | easy | Peter Ramsbotham took which position from 1969 to 1971? | /wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham#P39#0 | Peter Ramsbotham Peter Edward Ramsbotham , 3rd Viscount Soulbury ( 8 October 1919 – 9 April 2010 ) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator . Early life . Born in London , Ramsbotham was the younger son of Herwald Ramsbotham , later the 1st Viscount Soulbury . He was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College , Oxford . At Oxford he contracted polio in 1938 , which left him with a slightly shorter right leg . World War II . He was already working for MI5 as a civilian when he joined the army on the outbreak of the Second World War . In April 1941 , Ramsbotham was working in B3 Division of MI5 ( Communications ) with the task of studying the activities of foreign journalists in the UK . In July he was with B3A ( Censorship ) before moving to E3 ( Alien Control – USA citizens in the UK and other territories ) . By 1943 he was with E2 Division dealing with nationals from the Baltic states , the Balkans and Central Europe . In June 1943 , he left MI5 and was later commissioned into the Intelligence Corps on 9 June 1944 . As a fluent speaker in French , he continued to work with MI5 on the Continent as a member of 106 Special Counter Intelligence Unit ( SCIU ) , running double agents and acting as a liaison officer to the counter-espionage section of the French Intelligence Service . He also reported to the 212 Committee , the Allied equivalent of MI5s XX Committee ( Double Cross Committee ) . At the close of hostilities , he was employed in the Political Division of the Control Commissions for both Germany and Austria and served also in Hamburg and Berlin . In recognition of his exemplary service during the war , he received a Mention in Despatches in August 1945 and was awarded a Croix de Guerre on 1 March 1949 ( en bloc ) . Diplomatic Service . In 1948 , Ramsbotham joined the diplomatic service on the advice of his superior , Sir Christopher Steel . He failed the Foreign Office exam on his first attempt , due to poor mathematical skill , but passed six months later after some coaching . His first position was in the German Department of the Foreign Office in London . His posts included High Commissioner to Cyprus ( 1969–1971 ) Ambassador to Iran ( 1971–1974 ) and Ambassador to the United States ( 1974–1977 ) . He had a close relationship with Jimmy Carter , and was the first ambassador Carter invited to the White House . Ramsbotham was removed from his position as Ambassador to the United States by incoming Foreign Secretary David Owen . Owen controversially replaced him with Peter Jay , who was economics editor of The Times , the son-in-law of Prime Minister James Callaghan and Owens personal friend . Governor . Ramsbothams final posting was as Governor of Bermuda ( 1977–1980 ) . During his governorship , the two assassins of Sir Richard Sharples , the former governor , were hanged . The executions were followed by extensive rioting , as a result of which troops had to be sent to Bermuda to restore order . Honours and title . He was appointed Companion ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1964 , promoted to Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1972 , becoming Sir Peter Ramsbotham , and promoted again to Knight Grand Cross ( GCMG ) in 1978 . In 1976 , he was appointed Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) of the Royal Victorian Order as well as Knight ( KStJ ) of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem . He inherited the title of Viscount Soulbury from his elder brother in 2004 but continued to be known as Sir Peter Ramsbotham . Family . His first marriage was to Frances Marie Massie Blomfield . They were married on 30 August 1941 and their marriage ended with her death in 1982 . His second marriage was to Dr Zaida Mary Hall , née Megrah , in 1985 ( died 17 March 2013 ) . He died in New Alresford , Hampshire on 9 April 2010 . References . - Whos Who 2009 External links . - Cracrofts Peerage - Interview with Hon Sir Peter Ramsbotham & transcript , British Diplomatic Oral History Programme , Churchill College , Cambridge , 2001 |
[
"Ambassador to Iran"
] | easy | Peter Ramsbotham took which position from 1971 to 1974? | /wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham#P39#1 | Peter Ramsbotham Peter Edward Ramsbotham , 3rd Viscount Soulbury ( 8 October 1919 – 9 April 2010 ) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator . Early life . Born in London , Ramsbotham was the younger son of Herwald Ramsbotham , later the 1st Viscount Soulbury . He was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College , Oxford . At Oxford he contracted polio in 1938 , which left him with a slightly shorter right leg . World War II . He was already working for MI5 as a civilian when he joined the army on the outbreak of the Second World War . In April 1941 , Ramsbotham was working in B3 Division of MI5 ( Communications ) with the task of studying the activities of foreign journalists in the UK . In July he was with B3A ( Censorship ) before moving to E3 ( Alien Control – USA citizens in the UK and other territories ) . By 1943 he was with E2 Division dealing with nationals from the Baltic states , the Balkans and Central Europe . In June 1943 , he left MI5 and was later commissioned into the Intelligence Corps on 9 June 1944 . As a fluent speaker in French , he continued to work with MI5 on the Continent as a member of 106 Special Counter Intelligence Unit ( SCIU ) , running double agents and acting as a liaison officer to the counter-espionage section of the French Intelligence Service . He also reported to the 212 Committee , the Allied equivalent of MI5s XX Committee ( Double Cross Committee ) . At the close of hostilities , he was employed in the Political Division of the Control Commissions for both Germany and Austria and served also in Hamburg and Berlin . In recognition of his exemplary service during the war , he received a Mention in Despatches in August 1945 and was awarded a Croix de Guerre on 1 March 1949 ( en bloc ) . Diplomatic Service . In 1948 , Ramsbotham joined the diplomatic service on the advice of his superior , Sir Christopher Steel . He failed the Foreign Office exam on his first attempt , due to poor mathematical skill , but passed six months later after some coaching . His first position was in the German Department of the Foreign Office in London . His posts included High Commissioner to Cyprus ( 1969–1971 ) Ambassador to Iran ( 1971–1974 ) and Ambassador to the United States ( 1974–1977 ) . He had a close relationship with Jimmy Carter , and was the first ambassador Carter invited to the White House . Ramsbotham was removed from his position as Ambassador to the United States by incoming Foreign Secretary David Owen . Owen controversially replaced him with Peter Jay , who was economics editor of The Times , the son-in-law of Prime Minister James Callaghan and Owens personal friend . Governor . Ramsbothams final posting was as Governor of Bermuda ( 1977–1980 ) . During his governorship , the two assassins of Sir Richard Sharples , the former governor , were hanged . The executions were followed by extensive rioting , as a result of which troops had to be sent to Bermuda to restore order . Honours and title . He was appointed Companion ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1964 , promoted to Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1972 , becoming Sir Peter Ramsbotham , and promoted again to Knight Grand Cross ( GCMG ) in 1978 . In 1976 , he was appointed Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) of the Royal Victorian Order as well as Knight ( KStJ ) of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem . He inherited the title of Viscount Soulbury from his elder brother in 2004 but continued to be known as Sir Peter Ramsbotham . Family . His first marriage was to Frances Marie Massie Blomfield . They were married on 30 August 1941 and their marriage ended with her death in 1982 . His second marriage was to Dr Zaida Mary Hall , née Megrah , in 1985 ( died 17 March 2013 ) . He died in New Alresford , Hampshire on 9 April 2010 . References . - Whos Who 2009 External links . - Cracrofts Peerage - Interview with Hon Sir Peter Ramsbotham & transcript , British Diplomatic Oral History Programme , Churchill College , Cambridge , 2001 |
[
"Ambassador to the United States"
] | easy | What position did Peter Ramsbotham take from 1974 to 1977? | /wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham#P39#2 | Peter Ramsbotham Peter Edward Ramsbotham , 3rd Viscount Soulbury ( 8 October 1919 – 9 April 2010 ) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator . Early life . Born in London , Ramsbotham was the younger son of Herwald Ramsbotham , later the 1st Viscount Soulbury . He was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College , Oxford . At Oxford he contracted polio in 1938 , which left him with a slightly shorter right leg . World War II . He was already working for MI5 as a civilian when he joined the army on the outbreak of the Second World War . In April 1941 , Ramsbotham was working in B3 Division of MI5 ( Communications ) with the task of studying the activities of foreign journalists in the UK . In July he was with B3A ( Censorship ) before moving to E3 ( Alien Control – USA citizens in the UK and other territories ) . By 1943 he was with E2 Division dealing with nationals from the Baltic states , the Balkans and Central Europe . In June 1943 , he left MI5 and was later commissioned into the Intelligence Corps on 9 June 1944 . As a fluent speaker in French , he continued to work with MI5 on the Continent as a member of 106 Special Counter Intelligence Unit ( SCIU ) , running double agents and acting as a liaison officer to the counter-espionage section of the French Intelligence Service . He also reported to the 212 Committee , the Allied equivalent of MI5s XX Committee ( Double Cross Committee ) . At the close of hostilities , he was employed in the Political Division of the Control Commissions for both Germany and Austria and served also in Hamburg and Berlin . In recognition of his exemplary service during the war , he received a Mention in Despatches in August 1945 and was awarded a Croix de Guerre on 1 March 1949 ( en bloc ) . Diplomatic Service . In 1948 , Ramsbotham joined the diplomatic service on the advice of his superior , Sir Christopher Steel . He failed the Foreign Office exam on his first attempt , due to poor mathematical skill , but passed six months later after some coaching . His first position was in the German Department of the Foreign Office in London . His posts included High Commissioner to Cyprus ( 1969–1971 ) Ambassador to Iran ( 1971–1974 ) and Ambassador to the United States ( 1974–1977 ) . He had a close relationship with Jimmy Carter , and was the first ambassador Carter invited to the White House . Ramsbotham was removed from his position as Ambassador to the United States by incoming Foreign Secretary David Owen . Owen controversially replaced him with Peter Jay , who was economics editor of The Times , the son-in-law of Prime Minister James Callaghan and Owens personal friend . Governor . Ramsbothams final posting was as Governor of Bermuda ( 1977–1980 ) . During his governorship , the two assassins of Sir Richard Sharples , the former governor , were hanged . The executions were followed by extensive rioting , as a result of which troops had to be sent to Bermuda to restore order . Honours and title . He was appointed Companion ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1964 , promoted to Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1972 , becoming Sir Peter Ramsbotham , and promoted again to Knight Grand Cross ( GCMG ) in 1978 . In 1976 , he was appointed Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) of the Royal Victorian Order as well as Knight ( KStJ ) of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem . He inherited the title of Viscount Soulbury from his elder brother in 2004 but continued to be known as Sir Peter Ramsbotham . Family . His first marriage was to Frances Marie Massie Blomfield . They were married on 30 August 1941 and their marriage ended with her death in 1982 . His second marriage was to Dr Zaida Mary Hall , née Megrah , in 1985 ( died 17 March 2013 ) . He died in New Alresford , Hampshire on 9 April 2010 . References . - Whos Who 2009 External links . - Cracrofts Peerage - Interview with Hon Sir Peter Ramsbotham & transcript , British Diplomatic Oral History Programme , Churchill College , Cambridge , 2001 |
[
"Governor of Bermuda"
] | easy | Which position did Peter Ramsbotham hold from 1977 to 1980? | /wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham#P39#3 | Peter Ramsbotham Peter Edward Ramsbotham , 3rd Viscount Soulbury ( 8 October 1919 – 9 April 2010 ) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator . Early life . Born in London , Ramsbotham was the younger son of Herwald Ramsbotham , later the 1st Viscount Soulbury . He was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College , Oxford . At Oxford he contracted polio in 1938 , which left him with a slightly shorter right leg . World War II . He was already working for MI5 as a civilian when he joined the army on the outbreak of the Second World War . In April 1941 , Ramsbotham was working in B3 Division of MI5 ( Communications ) with the task of studying the activities of foreign journalists in the UK . In July he was with B3A ( Censorship ) before moving to E3 ( Alien Control – USA citizens in the UK and other territories ) . By 1943 he was with E2 Division dealing with nationals from the Baltic states , the Balkans and Central Europe . In June 1943 , he left MI5 and was later commissioned into the Intelligence Corps on 9 June 1944 . As a fluent speaker in French , he continued to work with MI5 on the Continent as a member of 106 Special Counter Intelligence Unit ( SCIU ) , running double agents and acting as a liaison officer to the counter-espionage section of the French Intelligence Service . He also reported to the 212 Committee , the Allied equivalent of MI5s XX Committee ( Double Cross Committee ) . At the close of hostilities , he was employed in the Political Division of the Control Commissions for both Germany and Austria and served also in Hamburg and Berlin . In recognition of his exemplary service during the war , he received a Mention in Despatches in August 1945 and was awarded a Croix de Guerre on 1 March 1949 ( en bloc ) . Diplomatic Service . In 1948 , Ramsbotham joined the diplomatic service on the advice of his superior , Sir Christopher Steel . He failed the Foreign Office exam on his first attempt , due to poor mathematical skill , but passed six months later after some coaching . His first position was in the German Department of the Foreign Office in London . His posts included High Commissioner to Cyprus ( 1969–1971 ) Ambassador to Iran ( 1971–1974 ) and Ambassador to the United States ( 1974–1977 ) . He had a close relationship with Jimmy Carter , and was the first ambassador Carter invited to the White House . Ramsbotham was removed from his position as Ambassador to the United States by incoming Foreign Secretary David Owen . Owen controversially replaced him with Peter Jay , who was economics editor of The Times , the son-in-law of Prime Minister James Callaghan and Owens personal friend . Governor . Ramsbothams final posting was as Governor of Bermuda ( 1977–1980 ) . During his governorship , the two assassins of Sir Richard Sharples , the former governor , were hanged . The executions were followed by extensive rioting , as a result of which troops had to be sent to Bermuda to restore order . Honours and title . He was appointed Companion ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1964 , promoted to Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1972 , becoming Sir Peter Ramsbotham , and promoted again to Knight Grand Cross ( GCMG ) in 1978 . In 1976 , he was appointed Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) of the Royal Victorian Order as well as Knight ( KStJ ) of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem . He inherited the title of Viscount Soulbury from his elder brother in 2004 but continued to be known as Sir Peter Ramsbotham . Family . His first marriage was to Frances Marie Massie Blomfield . They were married on 30 August 1941 and their marriage ended with her death in 1982 . His second marriage was to Dr Zaida Mary Hall , née Megrah , in 1985 ( died 17 March 2013 ) . He died in New Alresford , Hampshire on 9 April 2010 . References . - Whos Who 2009 External links . - Cracrofts Peerage - Interview with Hon Sir Peter Ramsbotham & transcript , British Diplomatic Oral History Programme , Churchill College , Cambridge , 2001 |
[
"Saint Louis University"
] | easy | Janet Abuel went to which school from 1987 to 1991? | /wiki/Janet_Abuel#P69#0 | Janet Abuel Janet Braganza Abuel ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is a Filipino lawyer , accountant and public servant who , on March to August 2019 , was acting secretary of the Department of Budget and Management following the appointment of former-Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Early life and education . Abuel was born on March 13 , 1971 , in Dagupan , Pangasinan , the fourth of seven children of Miguel and Fausta Abuel . She went to Dominican School in Dagupan for her elementary and secondary schooling . From 1987 to 1991 , she attended Saint Louis University in Baguio where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree major in accounting . She passed the certified public accountant examinations in 1991 . For her post graduate studies , she attended Baguio Colleges Foundation ( currently known as the University of the Cordilleras ) where she earned a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1998 . A single working mother , she attended night school from 5 to 8 p.m . after office work . In the 1998 bar examinations , she placed first with a 91.80% rating , becoming the first bar topnotcher of the university . From 2004 to 2005 , she went to Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy under a scholarship and earned a Masters degree in public policy . She was also awarded a certificate of completion in 2014 from the John F . Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University where she attended the Executive Education Program on Driving Government Performance . She also holds a Master of Laws degree from University of Sydney in Australia . Career . Abuel first started her career as a new accounts clerk at the Makati branch of BPI Family Bank from 1993 to 1994 . In 1995 , she was an accounting clerk of the Baguio Sub-Regional Office of the Home Development Mutual Fund . In 1996 , she was an accountant of the Sto . Niño Jesus Medical Center in Baguio . Abuel was also a part-time instructor at the University of the Cordilleras College of Law from 1999 to 2010 and authored the handbook Bar Review Methods and Techniques , 2003 Edition . Department of Budget & Management . Abuel started working at the DBM in 1996 as a budget analyst of the departments Cordillera Administrative Region regional office in Baguio City . Up until 1999 , she was still in the regional office becoming a budget specialist in 1998 and a senior budget specialist in July 1999 . A month later , in August , Abuel was promoted to being the director of the budget departments legal and legislative service . She was personally offered the position by then-DBM Secretary Benjamin Diokno after he learned that she had topped the bar . She then became the regional director , in 2002 , of DBMs Ilocos Region office in San Fernando , La Union . After serving for about a decade in the regional office , she was appointed by then-President Benigno Aquino III as assistant secretary of the department , replacing Ruby U . Alvarez . As assistant secretary , Abuel handled assignments of assisting the Undersecretary for Operations in the supervision of the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of local government units ( LGUs ) , the Project Management Office on LGU Public Financial Management , and other local and regional concerns , including overseeing the DBM Regional Offices . For a period , she took the reins of the Corporate Affairs Group , particularly supervising the Administrative Service , and the Financial and Management Service of the DBM . She also directly supervised the Department Legislative Liaison Office in Congress ( House of Representatives and Senate ) . From 2012 to October 2015 , she had been the chair of the Bids and Awards Committee ( BAC ) of the department . She became an undersecretary in March 2015 . As undersecretary , she was designated to head the establishment of the Office of the Comptroller General , and oversee the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of LGUs , the PMO on LGU PFM , and other local and regional concerns , and supervise the DBM Regional Offices . Following the death of BSP Governor Nestor Espenilla Jr . in February 2019 , then-Secretary Diokno was appointed to serve his unexpired term . After that , Abuel was named officer-in-charge of the department . In a cabinet meeting held in April 2019 , President Duterte verbally appointed Abuel as acting secretary amid the 45-day appointment ban ahead of the 2019 Philippine general election . Awards . - 1999 DBM Sariling Sikap Awards - Ten Outstanding Citizens of Baguio CIty |
[
"University of the Cordilleras"
] | easy | Where was Janet Abuel educated from 1994 to 1998? | /wiki/Janet_Abuel#P69#1 | Janet Abuel Janet Braganza Abuel ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is a Filipino lawyer , accountant and public servant who , on March to August 2019 , was acting secretary of the Department of Budget and Management following the appointment of former-Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Early life and education . Abuel was born on March 13 , 1971 , in Dagupan , Pangasinan , the fourth of seven children of Miguel and Fausta Abuel . She went to Dominican School in Dagupan for her elementary and secondary schooling . From 1987 to 1991 , she attended Saint Louis University in Baguio where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree major in accounting . She passed the certified public accountant examinations in 1991 . For her post graduate studies , she attended Baguio Colleges Foundation ( currently known as the University of the Cordilleras ) where she earned a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1998 . A single working mother , she attended night school from 5 to 8 p.m . after office work . In the 1998 bar examinations , she placed first with a 91.80% rating , becoming the first bar topnotcher of the university . From 2004 to 2005 , she went to Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy under a scholarship and earned a Masters degree in public policy . She was also awarded a certificate of completion in 2014 from the John F . Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University where she attended the Executive Education Program on Driving Government Performance . She also holds a Master of Laws degree from University of Sydney in Australia . Career . Abuel first started her career as a new accounts clerk at the Makati branch of BPI Family Bank from 1993 to 1994 . In 1995 , she was an accounting clerk of the Baguio Sub-Regional Office of the Home Development Mutual Fund . In 1996 , she was an accountant of the Sto . Niño Jesus Medical Center in Baguio . Abuel was also a part-time instructor at the University of the Cordilleras College of Law from 1999 to 2010 and authored the handbook Bar Review Methods and Techniques , 2003 Edition . Department of Budget & Management . Abuel started working at the DBM in 1996 as a budget analyst of the departments Cordillera Administrative Region regional office in Baguio City . Up until 1999 , she was still in the regional office becoming a budget specialist in 1998 and a senior budget specialist in July 1999 . A month later , in August , Abuel was promoted to being the director of the budget departments legal and legislative service . She was personally offered the position by then-DBM Secretary Benjamin Diokno after he learned that she had topped the bar . She then became the regional director , in 2002 , of DBMs Ilocos Region office in San Fernando , La Union . After serving for about a decade in the regional office , she was appointed by then-President Benigno Aquino III as assistant secretary of the department , replacing Ruby U . Alvarez . As assistant secretary , Abuel handled assignments of assisting the Undersecretary for Operations in the supervision of the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of local government units ( LGUs ) , the Project Management Office on LGU Public Financial Management , and other local and regional concerns , including overseeing the DBM Regional Offices . For a period , she took the reins of the Corporate Affairs Group , particularly supervising the Administrative Service , and the Financial and Management Service of the DBM . She also directly supervised the Department Legislative Liaison Office in Congress ( House of Representatives and Senate ) . From 2012 to October 2015 , she had been the chair of the Bids and Awards Committee ( BAC ) of the department . She became an undersecretary in March 2015 . As undersecretary , she was designated to head the establishment of the Office of the Comptroller General , and oversee the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of LGUs , the PMO on LGU PFM , and other local and regional concerns , and supervise the DBM Regional Offices . Following the death of BSP Governor Nestor Espenilla Jr . in February 2019 , then-Secretary Diokno was appointed to serve his unexpired term . After that , Abuel was named officer-in-charge of the department . In a cabinet meeting held in April 2019 , President Duterte verbally appointed Abuel as acting secretary amid the 45-day appointment ban ahead of the 2019 Philippine general election . Awards . - 1999 DBM Sariling Sikap Awards - Ten Outstanding Citizens of Baguio CIty |
[
"Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy"
] | easy | Where was Janet Abuel educated from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Janet_Abuel#P69#2 | Janet Abuel Janet Braganza Abuel ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is a Filipino lawyer , accountant and public servant who , on March to August 2019 , was acting secretary of the Department of Budget and Management following the appointment of former-Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Early life and education . Abuel was born on March 13 , 1971 , in Dagupan , Pangasinan , the fourth of seven children of Miguel and Fausta Abuel . She went to Dominican School in Dagupan for her elementary and secondary schooling . From 1987 to 1991 , she attended Saint Louis University in Baguio where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree major in accounting . She passed the certified public accountant examinations in 1991 . For her post graduate studies , she attended Baguio Colleges Foundation ( currently known as the University of the Cordilleras ) where she earned a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1998 . A single working mother , she attended night school from 5 to 8 p.m . after office work . In the 1998 bar examinations , she placed first with a 91.80% rating , becoming the first bar topnotcher of the university . From 2004 to 2005 , she went to Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy under a scholarship and earned a Masters degree in public policy . She was also awarded a certificate of completion in 2014 from the John F . Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University where she attended the Executive Education Program on Driving Government Performance . She also holds a Master of Laws degree from University of Sydney in Australia . Career . Abuel first started her career as a new accounts clerk at the Makati branch of BPI Family Bank from 1993 to 1994 . In 1995 , she was an accounting clerk of the Baguio Sub-Regional Office of the Home Development Mutual Fund . In 1996 , she was an accountant of the Sto . Niño Jesus Medical Center in Baguio . Abuel was also a part-time instructor at the University of the Cordilleras College of Law from 1999 to 2010 and authored the handbook Bar Review Methods and Techniques , 2003 Edition . Department of Budget & Management . Abuel started working at the DBM in 1996 as a budget analyst of the departments Cordillera Administrative Region regional office in Baguio City . Up until 1999 , she was still in the regional office becoming a budget specialist in 1998 and a senior budget specialist in July 1999 . A month later , in August , Abuel was promoted to being the director of the budget departments legal and legislative service . She was personally offered the position by then-DBM Secretary Benjamin Diokno after he learned that she had topped the bar . She then became the regional director , in 2002 , of DBMs Ilocos Region office in San Fernando , La Union . After serving for about a decade in the regional office , she was appointed by then-President Benigno Aquino III as assistant secretary of the department , replacing Ruby U . Alvarez . As assistant secretary , Abuel handled assignments of assisting the Undersecretary for Operations in the supervision of the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of local government units ( LGUs ) , the Project Management Office on LGU Public Financial Management , and other local and regional concerns , including overseeing the DBM Regional Offices . For a period , she took the reins of the Corporate Affairs Group , particularly supervising the Administrative Service , and the Financial and Management Service of the DBM . She also directly supervised the Department Legislative Liaison Office in Congress ( House of Representatives and Senate ) . From 2012 to October 2015 , she had been the chair of the Bids and Awards Committee ( BAC ) of the department . She became an undersecretary in March 2015 . As undersecretary , she was designated to head the establishment of the Office of the Comptroller General , and oversee the bureau in charge of policy formulation and concerns of LGUs , the PMO on LGU PFM , and other local and regional concerns , and supervise the DBM Regional Offices . Following the death of BSP Governor Nestor Espenilla Jr . in February 2019 , then-Secretary Diokno was appointed to serve his unexpired term . After that , Abuel was named officer-in-charge of the department . In a cabinet meeting held in April 2019 , President Duterte verbally appointed Abuel as acting secretary amid the 45-day appointment ban ahead of the 2019 Philippine general election . Awards . - 1999 DBM Sariling Sikap Awards - Ten Outstanding Citizens of Baguio CIty |
Subsets and Splits