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[
"St . Marks School of Texas"
] | easy | Which school did Victor Vescovo go to from 1984 to 1987? | /wiki/Victor_Vescovo#P69#0 | Victor Vescovo Victor Lance Vescovo ( born 1966 ) is an American private equity investor , retired naval officer , and undersea explorer . He is a co-founder and managing partner of private equity company Insight Equity Holdings . He visited the deepest points of all Earths five oceans during the Five Deeps Expedition of 2018–2019 . Early life . Vescovo grew up in Dallas , Texas , where he graduated from St . Marks School of Texas . He earned a bachelors degree in Economics and Political Science from Stanford University , a masters degree in Defense and Arms Control Studies ( Political Science ) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and an MBA from Harvard Business School where he was a Baker scholar . Military service . Vescovo served 20 years in the U.S . Navy Reserve as an intelligence officer , retiring in 2013 as a Commander ( O-5 ) . Five Deeps Expedition . In 2018 , Vescovo launched the Five Deeps Expedition , whose objective was to thoroughly map and visit the bottom of all five of the worlds oceans by the end of September 2019 . This objective was achieved one month ahead of schedule , and the expeditions team successfully carried out biological samplings and depth confirmations at each location . Besides the deepest points of the five world oceans , the expedition also made dives in the Horizon Deep and the Sirena Deep , and mapped the Diamantina Fracture Zone . In December 2018 , he became the first person to reach the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean , piloting DSV Limiting Factor , a reported US$50 million submarine system ( Triton 36000/2 ) – including its support ship the DSSV Pressure Drop and its three ultra-deep-sea robotic landers – below the ocean surface to the base of the Puerto Rico Trench , an area subsequently referred to by world media as Brownson Deep . On February 4 , 2019 , he became the first person to reach the bottom of the Southern Ocean , in the southern portion of the South Sandwich Trench . For this attempt , the expedition used a Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar system − the most advanced in civilian use at the time − to achieve the most accurate mapping of the trench to date . On April 16 , 2019 , Vescovo dived to the bottom of the Sunda Trench south of Bali , reaching the bottom of the Indian Ocean . Likewise , this was done aboard the Limiting Factor . The team reported sightings of what they believed to be species new to science , including a hadal snailfish and a gelatinous organism believed to be a stalked ascidean . The same dive was later undertaken by Patrick Lahey , President of Triton Submarines , and the expeditions chief scientist , Dr . Alan Jamieson . This dive was organised subsequent to the scanning of the Diamantina Fracture Zone using multibeam sonar , confirming that the Sunda Trench was deeper and settling the debate about where the deepest point in the Indian Ocean is . On April 28 , 2019 , Vescovo descended nearly to the deepest place in the ocean – the Challenger Deep in Pacific Oceans Mariana Trench . On his first descent , he piloted the DSV Limiting Factor to a depth of , a world record by . Diving for a second time on May 1 , he became the first person to dive the Challenger Deep twice , finding at least three new species of marine animals and some sort of plastic waste . Among the underwater creatures Vescovo encountered were a snailfish at and a spoon worm at nearly , the deepest level at which the species had ever been encountered . On May 7 , 2019 , Vescovo and Jamieson made the first human-occupied deep submersible dive to the bottom of the Sirena Deep , the third deepest point in the ocean lying about 128 miles northeast from Challenger Deep . The time they spent there was 176 minutes ; among the samples they retrieved was a piece of mantle rock from the western slope of the Mariana Trench . On June 10 , 2019 , Vescovo reached the bottom of the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , confirming that it is the second deepest point on the planet and the deepest in the Southern Hemisphere at . In doing so , Vescovo had descended to the first , second , and third deepest points in the ocean . Unlike the Sunda and Mariana Trenches , no signs of human contamination were found in the deep , which was described by the expedition as completely pristine . Vescovo completed the Five Deeps Expedition on 24 August 2019 when he reached a depth of at the bottom of the Molloy Deep in the Arctic ocean . He was the first human to reach this location . World records . In 2019 , Victor Vescovo was recognized by Guinness World Records as the person who has covered the greatest vertical distance without leaving Earths surface . As part of achieving the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) , Vescovo climbed Mount Everest ( ) on 24 May 2010 , Earths highest point . Almost nine years later he dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench ( ) , Earths lowest point , in the deep submersible Limiting Factor on 29 April 2019 , for a total vertical distance of . Vescovo completed the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) by climbing the highest peak on each of the seven continents , and skied the Last Degree of Latitude at both the North and South Poles . Uniquely , with the successful completion of his Five Deeps Expedition , Vescovo has also dived the deepest point in each of the five worlds oceans . He is the first human to have reached the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Sunda Trench , the Molloy Deep , the Sirena Deep , the Horizon Deep , and the deepest point of the Southern Ocean , which lies in the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench . He is also the first to have dived the Challenger Deep more than once , doing so twice , as well as the first to have visited the three deepest points in the ocean ( the Challenger , Horizon , and Sirena Deeps ) . In June , 2020 Vescovo returned to the Challenger Deep , specially equipped to survey its three , well-defined basins , or pools . Carrying three CTDs on his submersible Limiting Factor as well as one CTD and one depthometer on each of his three independent robotic landers . Vescovo piloted six passengers to the bottom of the Challenger Deep . These included former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathryn Sullivan , the first woman to ultimate depth ; Kelly Walsh , the son of Don Walsh ( who with Jacques Piccard made the first dive into the Challenger Deep ) to become the only father/son team to make this journey albeit 60 years apart ; and Vanessa OBrien , the first woman to climb Everest and also descend to the bottom of the seafloor ( Vescovo was the first person ) . At the end of his 2020 dives , Vescovo had the unique record of eight total dives to Challenger Deep , including the record for the deepest dive in history on April 28 , 2019 . Vescovo has announced plans for a return to the Challenger Deep in 2021 . |
[
"Stanford University"
] | easy | Where was Victor Vescovo educated from 1988 to 1989? | /wiki/Victor_Vescovo#P69#1 | Victor Vescovo Victor Lance Vescovo ( born 1966 ) is an American private equity investor , retired naval officer , and undersea explorer . He is a co-founder and managing partner of private equity company Insight Equity Holdings . He visited the deepest points of all Earths five oceans during the Five Deeps Expedition of 2018–2019 . Early life . Vescovo grew up in Dallas , Texas , where he graduated from St . Marks School of Texas . He earned a bachelors degree in Economics and Political Science from Stanford University , a masters degree in Defense and Arms Control Studies ( Political Science ) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and an MBA from Harvard Business School where he was a Baker scholar . Military service . Vescovo served 20 years in the U.S . Navy Reserve as an intelligence officer , retiring in 2013 as a Commander ( O-5 ) . Five Deeps Expedition . In 2018 , Vescovo launched the Five Deeps Expedition , whose objective was to thoroughly map and visit the bottom of all five of the worlds oceans by the end of September 2019 . This objective was achieved one month ahead of schedule , and the expeditions team successfully carried out biological samplings and depth confirmations at each location . Besides the deepest points of the five world oceans , the expedition also made dives in the Horizon Deep and the Sirena Deep , and mapped the Diamantina Fracture Zone . In December 2018 , he became the first person to reach the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean , piloting DSV Limiting Factor , a reported US$50 million submarine system ( Triton 36000/2 ) – including its support ship the DSSV Pressure Drop and its three ultra-deep-sea robotic landers – below the ocean surface to the base of the Puerto Rico Trench , an area subsequently referred to by world media as Brownson Deep . On February 4 , 2019 , he became the first person to reach the bottom of the Southern Ocean , in the southern portion of the South Sandwich Trench . For this attempt , the expedition used a Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar system − the most advanced in civilian use at the time − to achieve the most accurate mapping of the trench to date . On April 16 , 2019 , Vescovo dived to the bottom of the Sunda Trench south of Bali , reaching the bottom of the Indian Ocean . Likewise , this was done aboard the Limiting Factor . The team reported sightings of what they believed to be species new to science , including a hadal snailfish and a gelatinous organism believed to be a stalked ascidean . The same dive was later undertaken by Patrick Lahey , President of Triton Submarines , and the expeditions chief scientist , Dr . Alan Jamieson . This dive was organised subsequent to the scanning of the Diamantina Fracture Zone using multibeam sonar , confirming that the Sunda Trench was deeper and settling the debate about where the deepest point in the Indian Ocean is . On April 28 , 2019 , Vescovo descended nearly to the deepest place in the ocean – the Challenger Deep in Pacific Oceans Mariana Trench . On his first descent , he piloted the DSV Limiting Factor to a depth of , a world record by . Diving for a second time on May 1 , he became the first person to dive the Challenger Deep twice , finding at least three new species of marine animals and some sort of plastic waste . Among the underwater creatures Vescovo encountered were a snailfish at and a spoon worm at nearly , the deepest level at which the species had ever been encountered . On May 7 , 2019 , Vescovo and Jamieson made the first human-occupied deep submersible dive to the bottom of the Sirena Deep , the third deepest point in the ocean lying about 128 miles northeast from Challenger Deep . The time they spent there was 176 minutes ; among the samples they retrieved was a piece of mantle rock from the western slope of the Mariana Trench . On June 10 , 2019 , Vescovo reached the bottom of the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , confirming that it is the second deepest point on the planet and the deepest in the Southern Hemisphere at . In doing so , Vescovo had descended to the first , second , and third deepest points in the ocean . Unlike the Sunda and Mariana Trenches , no signs of human contamination were found in the deep , which was described by the expedition as completely pristine . Vescovo completed the Five Deeps Expedition on 24 August 2019 when he reached a depth of at the bottom of the Molloy Deep in the Arctic ocean . He was the first human to reach this location . World records . In 2019 , Victor Vescovo was recognized by Guinness World Records as the person who has covered the greatest vertical distance without leaving Earths surface . As part of achieving the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) , Vescovo climbed Mount Everest ( ) on 24 May 2010 , Earths highest point . Almost nine years later he dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench ( ) , Earths lowest point , in the deep submersible Limiting Factor on 29 April 2019 , for a total vertical distance of . Vescovo completed the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) by climbing the highest peak on each of the seven continents , and skied the Last Degree of Latitude at both the North and South Poles . Uniquely , with the successful completion of his Five Deeps Expedition , Vescovo has also dived the deepest point in each of the five worlds oceans . He is the first human to have reached the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Sunda Trench , the Molloy Deep , the Sirena Deep , the Horizon Deep , and the deepest point of the Southern Ocean , which lies in the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench . He is also the first to have dived the Challenger Deep more than once , doing so twice , as well as the first to have visited the three deepest points in the ocean ( the Challenger , Horizon , and Sirena Deeps ) . In June , 2020 Vescovo returned to the Challenger Deep , specially equipped to survey its three , well-defined basins , or pools . Carrying three CTDs on his submersible Limiting Factor as well as one CTD and one depthometer on each of his three independent robotic landers . Vescovo piloted six passengers to the bottom of the Challenger Deep . These included former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathryn Sullivan , the first woman to ultimate depth ; Kelly Walsh , the son of Don Walsh ( who with Jacques Piccard made the first dive into the Challenger Deep ) to become the only father/son team to make this journey albeit 60 years apart ; and Vanessa OBrien , the first woman to climb Everest and also descend to the bottom of the seafloor ( Vescovo was the first person ) . At the end of his 2020 dives , Vescovo had the unique record of eight total dives to Challenger Deep , including the record for the deepest dive in history on April 28 , 2019 . Vescovo has announced plans for a return to the Challenger Deep in 2021 . |
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] | easy | Victor Vescovo went to which school from 1992 to 1994? | /wiki/Victor_Vescovo#P69#2 | Victor Vescovo Victor Lance Vescovo ( born 1966 ) is an American private equity investor , retired naval officer , and undersea explorer . He is a co-founder and managing partner of private equity company Insight Equity Holdings . He visited the deepest points of all Earths five oceans during the Five Deeps Expedition of 2018–2019 . Early life . Vescovo grew up in Dallas , Texas , where he graduated from St . Marks School of Texas . He earned a bachelors degree in Economics and Political Science from Stanford University , a masters degree in Defense and Arms Control Studies ( Political Science ) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and an MBA from Harvard Business School where he was a Baker scholar . Military service . Vescovo served 20 years in the U.S . Navy Reserve as an intelligence officer , retiring in 2013 as a Commander ( O-5 ) . Five Deeps Expedition . In 2018 , Vescovo launched the Five Deeps Expedition , whose objective was to thoroughly map and visit the bottom of all five of the worlds oceans by the end of September 2019 . This objective was achieved one month ahead of schedule , and the expeditions team successfully carried out biological samplings and depth confirmations at each location . Besides the deepest points of the five world oceans , the expedition also made dives in the Horizon Deep and the Sirena Deep , and mapped the Diamantina Fracture Zone . In December 2018 , he became the first person to reach the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean , piloting DSV Limiting Factor , a reported US$50 million submarine system ( Triton 36000/2 ) – including its support ship the DSSV Pressure Drop and its three ultra-deep-sea robotic landers – below the ocean surface to the base of the Puerto Rico Trench , an area subsequently referred to by world media as Brownson Deep . On February 4 , 2019 , he became the first person to reach the bottom of the Southern Ocean , in the southern portion of the South Sandwich Trench . For this attempt , the expedition used a Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar system − the most advanced in civilian use at the time − to achieve the most accurate mapping of the trench to date . On April 16 , 2019 , Vescovo dived to the bottom of the Sunda Trench south of Bali , reaching the bottom of the Indian Ocean . Likewise , this was done aboard the Limiting Factor . The team reported sightings of what they believed to be species new to science , including a hadal snailfish and a gelatinous organism believed to be a stalked ascidean . The same dive was later undertaken by Patrick Lahey , President of Triton Submarines , and the expeditions chief scientist , Dr . Alan Jamieson . This dive was organised subsequent to the scanning of the Diamantina Fracture Zone using multibeam sonar , confirming that the Sunda Trench was deeper and settling the debate about where the deepest point in the Indian Ocean is . On April 28 , 2019 , Vescovo descended nearly to the deepest place in the ocean – the Challenger Deep in Pacific Oceans Mariana Trench . On his first descent , he piloted the DSV Limiting Factor to a depth of , a world record by . Diving for a second time on May 1 , he became the first person to dive the Challenger Deep twice , finding at least three new species of marine animals and some sort of plastic waste . Among the underwater creatures Vescovo encountered were a snailfish at and a spoon worm at nearly , the deepest level at which the species had ever been encountered . On May 7 , 2019 , Vescovo and Jamieson made the first human-occupied deep submersible dive to the bottom of the Sirena Deep , the third deepest point in the ocean lying about 128 miles northeast from Challenger Deep . The time they spent there was 176 minutes ; among the samples they retrieved was a piece of mantle rock from the western slope of the Mariana Trench . On June 10 , 2019 , Vescovo reached the bottom of the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , confirming that it is the second deepest point on the planet and the deepest in the Southern Hemisphere at . In doing so , Vescovo had descended to the first , second , and third deepest points in the ocean . Unlike the Sunda and Mariana Trenches , no signs of human contamination were found in the deep , which was described by the expedition as completely pristine . Vescovo completed the Five Deeps Expedition on 24 August 2019 when he reached a depth of at the bottom of the Molloy Deep in the Arctic ocean . He was the first human to reach this location . World records . In 2019 , Victor Vescovo was recognized by Guinness World Records as the person who has covered the greatest vertical distance without leaving Earths surface . As part of achieving the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) , Vescovo climbed Mount Everest ( ) on 24 May 2010 , Earths highest point . Almost nine years later he dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench ( ) , Earths lowest point , in the deep submersible Limiting Factor on 29 April 2019 , for a total vertical distance of . Vescovo completed the Explorers Grand Slam ( Last Degree ) by climbing the highest peak on each of the seven continents , and skied the Last Degree of Latitude at both the North and South Poles . Uniquely , with the successful completion of his Five Deeps Expedition , Vescovo has also dived the deepest point in each of the five worlds oceans . He is the first human to have reached the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Sunda Trench , the Molloy Deep , the Sirena Deep , the Horizon Deep , and the deepest point of the Southern Ocean , which lies in the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench . He is also the first to have dived the Challenger Deep more than once , doing so twice , as well as the first to have visited the three deepest points in the ocean ( the Challenger , Horizon , and Sirena Deeps ) . In June , 2020 Vescovo returned to the Challenger Deep , specially equipped to survey its three , well-defined basins , or pools . Carrying three CTDs on his submersible Limiting Factor as well as one CTD and one depthometer on each of his three independent robotic landers . Vescovo piloted six passengers to the bottom of the Challenger Deep . These included former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathryn Sullivan , the first woman to ultimate depth ; Kelly Walsh , the son of Don Walsh ( who with Jacques Piccard made the first dive into the Challenger Deep ) to become the only father/son team to make this journey albeit 60 years apart ; and Vanessa OBrien , the first woman to climb Everest and also descend to the bottom of the seafloor ( Vescovo was the first person ) . At the end of his 2020 dives , Vescovo had the unique record of eight total dives to Challenger Deep , including the record for the deepest dive in history on April 28 , 2019 . Vescovo has announced plans for a return to the Challenger Deep in 2021 . |
[
"St . Xavier High School"
] | easy | Where was Chip Cravaack educated from 1976 to 1977? | /wiki/Chip_Cravaack#P69#0 | Chip Cravaack Raymond John Chip Cravaack ( born December 29 , 1959 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for northeastern from 2011 to 2013 . In his first run for political office , he upset 18-term Democratic incumbent Jim Oberstar by a margin of 4,400 votes to become the first Republican since 1947 to represent the district . Previously , Cravaack was a pilot for Northwest Airlines , and before that , he was a Navy pilot and a graduate of the U.S . Naval Academy . He was defeated by DFL candidate Rick Nolan on November 6 , 2012 . Early life and education . Cravaack was born in Charleston , West Virginia on December 29 , 1959 . His ancestry includes German , Italian , and Romanian-German . He grew up in the suburbs of Cincinnati , Ohio , the eldest of three children in a Republican family that had a military background ; his father , Ray , served in the Korean War , and his grandfather served in World War I . Cravaack graduated from St . Xavier High School in 1977 . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1981 with a bachelor of science degree . Military service . Following graduation , Cravaack served in the Navy as a helicopter pilot , fulfilling an early ambition . While in the Navy , he earned a masters degree in education from the University of West Florida to prepare for his post-military career . After his discharge from active duty , he served in the Naval Reserve , primarily with aircraft carrier crew augmentation unit , doing administrative work in support , and retiring in 2009 with the rank of Captain . Northwest Airlines career . Cravaack moved to Minnesota and began working as a pilot for Northwest Airlines in 1990 . He was out of work for two years in the early 1990s due to layoffs , during which time he became a simulator instructor for a subsidiary of Northwest Airlines teaching foreign pilots . He was a union steward for the Airline Pilots Association . He served as a strike coordinator during the 1998 pilots strike , bringing military discipline and parade-ground style marching to the picket lines . He and his family settled in Lindstrom , northeast of Minneapolis . He retired from Northwest in 2007 due to sleep apnea , receiving a $79,000 per year as medical disability pension , and becoming a stay-at-home dad for a time . In addition , Cravaack has said he drew unemployment benefits during a furlough from Northwest in the early 1990s . Presently Cravaack resides in New Hampshire and is a teacher , teaching U.S . History , Economics , Civics , and U.S . Government . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 Cravaack was inspired to run for Congress by a suggestion from a talk radio show host that voters demand town hall meetings with their congressmen during the health care bill Tea Party movement protests of August 2009 . Cravaack went with 25 people to one of Oberstars Minnesota offices asking for a meeting that day and when Oberstar did not come , Cravaack decided to challenge him in the November 2010 election . - 2012 Cravaack was defeated by Democratic nominee Rick Nolan , a former U.S . Representative for the 6th district . Tenure . Following his election in November 2010 , Cravaack backed fellow Minnesota Representative Michele Bachmann for the number four GOP leadership position of House Republican Conference chair . In March 2011 , Cravaack came under criticism by Duluth students and community leaders for voting for a budget bill that made cuts to the federal Pell Grant program that provides financial aid to college students , including 30 percent of the students at the University of Minnesota Duluth . He also received attention for implying during a House Homeland Security Committee hearing that Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca was furthering the goals of a terrorist organization . In March 2012 , Cravaack introduced a bill in Congress that would have allowed mining and logging in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Superior National Forest through a land exchange that would rely on the state environmental review process and bypass federal environmental reviews , with proceeds going to the school districts . He also sponsored a bill , which became law , that required the TSA to treat military personnel with respect while traveling on orders or in uniform . The bills intent , he said , is that the military personnel would be able to go through security with the same ease as registered flyers . Cravaack opposed sequestration and voted against the Budget Control Act , saying , You cut with a scalpel , not a meat ax . In the 2012 election , Cravaack was endorsed by the Mesabi Daily News in Virginia and the Duluth News Tribune . On November 6 , he lost by 9 points to the Democratic nominee , former Congressman Rick Nolan . Committee assignments . - 112th Congress - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence - Subcommittee on Transportation Security - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation ( Vice Chair ) - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation Personal life . Cravaack has two sons . He teaches social studies at Bishop Guertin High School , a Catholic College Preparatory School in Nashua , New Hampshire . External links . - Congressman Chip Cravaack official U.S . House website ( archived ) - Cravaack for Congress official campaign website ( archived ) |
[
"United States Naval Academy"
] | easy | Which school did Chip Cravaack go to from 1981 to 1989? | /wiki/Chip_Cravaack#P69#1 | Chip Cravaack Raymond John Chip Cravaack ( born December 29 , 1959 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for northeastern from 2011 to 2013 . In his first run for political office , he upset 18-term Democratic incumbent Jim Oberstar by a margin of 4,400 votes to become the first Republican since 1947 to represent the district . Previously , Cravaack was a pilot for Northwest Airlines , and before that , he was a Navy pilot and a graduate of the U.S . Naval Academy . He was defeated by DFL candidate Rick Nolan on November 6 , 2012 . Early life and education . Cravaack was born in Charleston , West Virginia on December 29 , 1959 . His ancestry includes German , Italian , and Romanian-German . He grew up in the suburbs of Cincinnati , Ohio , the eldest of three children in a Republican family that had a military background ; his father , Ray , served in the Korean War , and his grandfather served in World War I . Cravaack graduated from St . Xavier High School in 1977 . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1981 with a bachelor of science degree . Military service . Following graduation , Cravaack served in the Navy as a helicopter pilot , fulfilling an early ambition . While in the Navy , he earned a masters degree in education from the University of West Florida to prepare for his post-military career . After his discharge from active duty , he served in the Naval Reserve , primarily with aircraft carrier crew augmentation unit , doing administrative work in support , and retiring in 2009 with the rank of Captain . Northwest Airlines career . Cravaack moved to Minnesota and began working as a pilot for Northwest Airlines in 1990 . He was out of work for two years in the early 1990s due to layoffs , during which time he became a simulator instructor for a subsidiary of Northwest Airlines teaching foreign pilots . He was a union steward for the Airline Pilots Association . He served as a strike coordinator during the 1998 pilots strike , bringing military discipline and parade-ground style marching to the picket lines . He and his family settled in Lindstrom , northeast of Minneapolis . He retired from Northwest in 2007 due to sleep apnea , receiving a $79,000 per year as medical disability pension , and becoming a stay-at-home dad for a time . In addition , Cravaack has said he drew unemployment benefits during a furlough from Northwest in the early 1990s . Presently Cravaack resides in New Hampshire and is a teacher , teaching U.S . History , Economics , Civics , and U.S . Government . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 Cravaack was inspired to run for Congress by a suggestion from a talk radio show host that voters demand town hall meetings with their congressmen during the health care bill Tea Party movement protests of August 2009 . Cravaack went with 25 people to one of Oberstars Minnesota offices asking for a meeting that day and when Oberstar did not come , Cravaack decided to challenge him in the November 2010 election . - 2012 Cravaack was defeated by Democratic nominee Rick Nolan , a former U.S . Representative for the 6th district . Tenure . Following his election in November 2010 , Cravaack backed fellow Minnesota Representative Michele Bachmann for the number four GOP leadership position of House Republican Conference chair . In March 2011 , Cravaack came under criticism by Duluth students and community leaders for voting for a budget bill that made cuts to the federal Pell Grant program that provides financial aid to college students , including 30 percent of the students at the University of Minnesota Duluth . He also received attention for implying during a House Homeland Security Committee hearing that Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca was furthering the goals of a terrorist organization . In March 2012 , Cravaack introduced a bill in Congress that would have allowed mining and logging in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Superior National Forest through a land exchange that would rely on the state environmental review process and bypass federal environmental reviews , with proceeds going to the school districts . He also sponsored a bill , which became law , that required the TSA to treat military personnel with respect while traveling on orders or in uniform . The bills intent , he said , is that the military personnel would be able to go through security with the same ease as registered flyers . Cravaack opposed sequestration and voted against the Budget Control Act , saying , You cut with a scalpel , not a meat ax . In the 2012 election , Cravaack was endorsed by the Mesabi Daily News in Virginia and the Duluth News Tribune . On November 6 , he lost by 9 points to the Democratic nominee , former Congressman Rick Nolan . Committee assignments . - 112th Congress - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence - Subcommittee on Transportation Security - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation ( Vice Chair ) - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation Personal life . Cravaack has two sons . He teaches social studies at Bishop Guertin High School , a Catholic College Preparatory School in Nashua , New Hampshire . External links . - Congressman Chip Cravaack official U.S . House website ( archived ) - Cravaack for Congress official campaign website ( archived ) |
[
"National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A ."
] | easy | Thomas C. Südhof became a member of what organization or association in 2002? | /wiki/Thomas_C._Südhof#P463#0 | Thomas C . Südhof Thomas Christian Südhof ( ; born December 22 , 1955 ) , , is a German-American biochemist known for his study of synaptic transmission . Currently , he is a professor in the School of Medicine in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology , and by courtesy in Neurology , and in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University . Südhof , James Rothman and Randy Schekman are the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureates for their work on vesicle trafficking . Early life and education . A German native , Südhof was born in Göttingen in 1955 . He spent his childhood in Göttingen and Hannover . He studied music in his youth , specifically the bassoon , and has credited his bassoon instructor , Herbert Tauscher , as his most influential teacher . He was a graduate from the Hannover Waldorf School in 1975 . Südhof studied medicine at the RWTH Aachen University , Harvard University , and then the University of Göttingen . In Göttingen Südhof worked on his doctoral thesis , in which he described the structure and function of chromaffin cells , at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in the lab of Victor P . Whittaker . In 1982 , he received his MD in medical science ( Dr.med. ) from the University of Göttingen . Career and research . After a brief postdoctoral fellowship in Whittakers lab , Südhof moved to the United States in 1983 , where he began postdoctoral training in the department of molecular genetics at the University of Texas Health Science Center ( now the UT Southwestern Medical Center ) in Dallas , Texas , under the supervision of Michael Stuart Brown and Joseph L . Goldstein . During his postdoctoral research fellowship , Südhof worked to describe the role of the LDL receptor in cholesterol metabolism , for which Brown and Goldstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985 . Südhof finished his postdoctoral training in 1986 and was elected to be an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute . He then established his own laboratory at UT Southwestern Medical Center where he focused on the molecular and cellular neurosciences centered on synapses for over 20 years . In 2008 , Südhof moved to Stanford University and is currently the Avram Goldstein Professor in the School of Medicine as well as a Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology , Psychiatry , and Neurology . Thomas C . Südhof laid the foundations for his scientific career studying the synapse early while studying the mechanisms of neurotransmitter dependent hormone release from neuroendocrine cells for his doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry . Südhof described the structure and function of chromaffin cells which are responsible for the release of epinephrine , norepinephrine and endorphins from the medulla of the adrenal gland . Innervated by sympathetic nervous system , chromaffin cells are important in the initiation of the fight-or-flight response of animals when exposed to threatening stimuli . After completing his thesis in 1983 , Südhof moved to UT Southwestern Medical Center for his postdoctoral training where he began researching in the department of molecular genetics under the supervision of Joseph L . Goldstein and Michael Stuart Brown . While a postdoctoral fellow , Südhof cloned the gene for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and , soon after , was able to explain its transcriptional regulation by cholesterol . When LDL receptors , found concentrated in the liver , bind specific free blood cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein , they are internalized and recycled removing the cholesterol from circulation . This process is a primary source of blood cholesterol regulation and variations in its efficiency were shown to be present in familial hypercholesterolemia . As a result of the discovery , LDL receptor function had also elucidated the principle of receptor-mediated endocytosis—a now universally understood process in cell biology . Goldstein and Brown were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in 1985 . After finishing postdoctoral training , Thomas Südhof started his own laboratory at UT Southwestern in 1986 . Briefly continuing work with Goldstein and Brown , Südhof helped identify a DNA element in the LDL gene that produced sterol mediated end-product repression when inserted in a viral promoter . This domain , known as a sterol regulatory sequence , directly participates in the regulation of sterol biosynthesis . Sterols are a major class of biomolecule and critical for life . Important sterols in humans include cholesterol and steroid hormones . Discovery of sterol regulatory elements and LDL receptor function led to the subsequent development of statin derived cholesterol medications such as atorvastatin ( Lipitor ) —the top-selling branded pharmaceutical drug in the world in 2008 . Südhof started his independent research career in neuroscience since 1986 and open the field of molecular neuroscience for synaptic transmission especially from the presynaptic nerve terminal perspective . Until Südhof began his work , majority of neuroscience research was aimed at the postsynaptic neuron and its role in learning and memory . Indeed , Thomas Südhof is credited with discovering much of the machinery mediating neurotransmitter release and presynaptic plasticity in his 21 years at UT Southwestern . Südhof began with the discovery of synaptotagmins and their role in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron . Synaptotagmin , a transmembrane protein found in neurosecretory vesicles , functions as a calcium sensor triggering vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release . Stimulation of a neuron results in an increase in intracellular calcium concentration . After binding calcium ion to a region in its cytosolic domain , vesicular synaptotagmin promotes quick or slow neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron via interaction with regulatory and fusion related proteins such as members of the SNARE complex . Südhof also discovered RIMs and Muncs ( most notably Munc13 and Munc18 ) , soluble proteins which aid in the fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles to the nerve cell membrane and play an important role in synaptic plasticity . In addition , Südhofs research uncovered the role of many other proteins facilitating vesicle binding , fusion , and resultant neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron , including members of the SNARE complex : synaptobrevin , in the vesicular membrane , syntaxin , in the cell membrane , and SNAP25 , which is tethered to the cytosolic side of the cell membrane via cysteine-linked palmitoyl chains and holds the complex of four helices together . Südhof was also responsible for elucidating the action of tetanus and botulinum toxins , which selectively cleave synaptobrevin and SNAP25 , respectively , inhibiting vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane . A second influential contribution of Thomas Südhof is on synapse formation and specifications . Südhof discovered a number of key molecules in this process such as neurexins , present on presynaptic neurons , and neuroligins , present on postsynaptic neurons , that come together to form a physical protein bridge across the synapse . The diversity in types of neurexins and neuroligins allows for a variety of unique binding opportunities between neurons and impart a specificity to synaptic connections . Additionally he also discovered or elucidated the important functions of SynCAM , Latrophilins etc . in synapse formation . In additional studies , Südhof identified mutations in these proteins as a factor in inherited autism . Südhof is striving to elucidate the mechanism by which neurexins and neuroligins locate each other to form the synapse , their transcriptional regulation , and control of their variability . Thomas Südhof currently continues his work on synapse formation , maintenance as well as synaptic releases in his laboratory at Stanford University . Additionally , together with Dr . Marius Wernig at Stanford University , Südhof developed induced neuronal cell technology where they can use human neuronal cells derived from patients or genetically engineered with defined mutations that linked to neuropsychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders . Südhofs research has not only given the scientific community a great understanding of the processes underlying synaptic transmission and synapse formation , but has also advanced medical knowledge of mechanisms behind poorly understood diseases such as Alzheimers , Schizophrenia , and Autism . He is currently working with a diverse group of researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to develop mouse models for mutants of synaptic genes . The project aims to drastically advance our understanding of neurological disorders . He also serves on the Research Consortium of Cure Alzheimers Fund . Science and policy . Südhof recently also engages in scientific ethics as exemplified by his recent work at PLOS Biology Truth in Science Publishing : A personal Perspective and various interviews including his discussion about music , policy and medicine with The Lancet . In 2017 , he published an article in the Washington Post on basic research vs . drug development . Other activities . - Sanofi , Independent Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2016 ) Awards and honors . - 1993 W . Alden Spencer Award from Columbia University ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 1994 Wilhelm Feldberg Award - 1997 Roger Eckert Award Lecture , Göttingen - 1997 U.S . National Academy Award in Molecular Biology ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A . - 2003 Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimers Disease ( shared with Roberto Malinow ) - 2004 Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research - 2004 Ulf von Euler Award Lecture , Karolinska Institute - 2007 Elected to the Institute of Medicine - 2008 Bernhard Katz Award , Biophysical Society ( shared with Reinhard Jahn ) - 2008 Passano Foundation Award - 2010 Kavli Prize ( shared with Richard Scheller and James Rothman ) - 2013 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - shared with Randy Schekman and James Rothman - 2014 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement - 2017 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) Personal life . Südhof is married to Lu Chen , a professor of neurosurgery and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University . The couple have three children . Südhof has four more children from his previous marriage with Annette Südhof . |
[
"Institute of Medicine"
] | easy | What organization did Thomas C. Südhof join in 2007? | /wiki/Thomas_C._Südhof#P463#1 | Thomas C . Südhof Thomas Christian Südhof ( ; born December 22 , 1955 ) , , is a German-American biochemist known for his study of synaptic transmission . Currently , he is a professor in the School of Medicine in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology , and by courtesy in Neurology , and in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University . Südhof , James Rothman and Randy Schekman are the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureates for their work on vesicle trafficking . Early life and education . A German native , Südhof was born in Göttingen in 1955 . He spent his childhood in Göttingen and Hannover . He studied music in his youth , specifically the bassoon , and has credited his bassoon instructor , Herbert Tauscher , as his most influential teacher . He was a graduate from the Hannover Waldorf School in 1975 . Südhof studied medicine at the RWTH Aachen University , Harvard University , and then the University of Göttingen . In Göttingen Südhof worked on his doctoral thesis , in which he described the structure and function of chromaffin cells , at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in the lab of Victor P . Whittaker . In 1982 , he received his MD in medical science ( Dr.med. ) from the University of Göttingen . Career and research . After a brief postdoctoral fellowship in Whittakers lab , Südhof moved to the United States in 1983 , where he began postdoctoral training in the department of molecular genetics at the University of Texas Health Science Center ( now the UT Southwestern Medical Center ) in Dallas , Texas , under the supervision of Michael Stuart Brown and Joseph L . Goldstein . During his postdoctoral research fellowship , Südhof worked to describe the role of the LDL receptor in cholesterol metabolism , for which Brown and Goldstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985 . Südhof finished his postdoctoral training in 1986 and was elected to be an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute . He then established his own laboratory at UT Southwestern Medical Center where he focused on the molecular and cellular neurosciences centered on synapses for over 20 years . In 2008 , Südhof moved to Stanford University and is currently the Avram Goldstein Professor in the School of Medicine as well as a Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology , Psychiatry , and Neurology . Thomas C . Südhof laid the foundations for his scientific career studying the synapse early while studying the mechanisms of neurotransmitter dependent hormone release from neuroendocrine cells for his doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry . Südhof described the structure and function of chromaffin cells which are responsible for the release of epinephrine , norepinephrine and endorphins from the medulla of the adrenal gland . Innervated by sympathetic nervous system , chromaffin cells are important in the initiation of the fight-or-flight response of animals when exposed to threatening stimuli . After completing his thesis in 1983 , Südhof moved to UT Southwestern Medical Center for his postdoctoral training where he began researching in the department of molecular genetics under the supervision of Joseph L . Goldstein and Michael Stuart Brown . While a postdoctoral fellow , Südhof cloned the gene for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and , soon after , was able to explain its transcriptional regulation by cholesterol . When LDL receptors , found concentrated in the liver , bind specific free blood cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein , they are internalized and recycled removing the cholesterol from circulation . This process is a primary source of blood cholesterol regulation and variations in its efficiency were shown to be present in familial hypercholesterolemia . As a result of the discovery , LDL receptor function had also elucidated the principle of receptor-mediated endocytosis—a now universally understood process in cell biology . Goldstein and Brown were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in 1985 . After finishing postdoctoral training , Thomas Südhof started his own laboratory at UT Southwestern in 1986 . Briefly continuing work with Goldstein and Brown , Südhof helped identify a DNA element in the LDL gene that produced sterol mediated end-product repression when inserted in a viral promoter . This domain , known as a sterol regulatory sequence , directly participates in the regulation of sterol biosynthesis . Sterols are a major class of biomolecule and critical for life . Important sterols in humans include cholesterol and steroid hormones . Discovery of sterol regulatory elements and LDL receptor function led to the subsequent development of statin derived cholesterol medications such as atorvastatin ( Lipitor ) —the top-selling branded pharmaceutical drug in the world in 2008 . Südhof started his independent research career in neuroscience since 1986 and open the field of molecular neuroscience for synaptic transmission especially from the presynaptic nerve terminal perspective . Until Südhof began his work , majority of neuroscience research was aimed at the postsynaptic neuron and its role in learning and memory . Indeed , Thomas Südhof is credited with discovering much of the machinery mediating neurotransmitter release and presynaptic plasticity in his 21 years at UT Southwestern . Südhof began with the discovery of synaptotagmins and their role in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron . Synaptotagmin , a transmembrane protein found in neurosecretory vesicles , functions as a calcium sensor triggering vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release . Stimulation of a neuron results in an increase in intracellular calcium concentration . After binding calcium ion to a region in its cytosolic domain , vesicular synaptotagmin promotes quick or slow neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron via interaction with regulatory and fusion related proteins such as members of the SNARE complex . Südhof also discovered RIMs and Muncs ( most notably Munc13 and Munc18 ) , soluble proteins which aid in the fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles to the nerve cell membrane and play an important role in synaptic plasticity . In addition , Südhofs research uncovered the role of many other proteins facilitating vesicle binding , fusion , and resultant neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron , including members of the SNARE complex : synaptobrevin , in the vesicular membrane , syntaxin , in the cell membrane , and SNAP25 , which is tethered to the cytosolic side of the cell membrane via cysteine-linked palmitoyl chains and holds the complex of four helices together . Südhof was also responsible for elucidating the action of tetanus and botulinum toxins , which selectively cleave synaptobrevin and SNAP25 , respectively , inhibiting vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane . A second influential contribution of Thomas Südhof is on synapse formation and specifications . Südhof discovered a number of key molecules in this process such as neurexins , present on presynaptic neurons , and neuroligins , present on postsynaptic neurons , that come together to form a physical protein bridge across the synapse . The diversity in types of neurexins and neuroligins allows for a variety of unique binding opportunities between neurons and impart a specificity to synaptic connections . Additionally he also discovered or elucidated the important functions of SynCAM , Latrophilins etc . in synapse formation . In additional studies , Südhof identified mutations in these proteins as a factor in inherited autism . Südhof is striving to elucidate the mechanism by which neurexins and neuroligins locate each other to form the synapse , their transcriptional regulation , and control of their variability . Thomas Südhof currently continues his work on synapse formation , maintenance as well as synaptic releases in his laboratory at Stanford University . Additionally , together with Dr . Marius Wernig at Stanford University , Südhof developed induced neuronal cell technology where they can use human neuronal cells derived from patients or genetically engineered with defined mutations that linked to neuropsychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders . Südhofs research has not only given the scientific community a great understanding of the processes underlying synaptic transmission and synapse formation , but has also advanced medical knowledge of mechanisms behind poorly understood diseases such as Alzheimers , Schizophrenia , and Autism . He is currently working with a diverse group of researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to develop mouse models for mutants of synaptic genes . The project aims to drastically advance our understanding of neurological disorders . He also serves on the Research Consortium of Cure Alzheimers Fund . Science and policy . Südhof recently also engages in scientific ethics as exemplified by his recent work at PLOS Biology Truth in Science Publishing : A personal Perspective and various interviews including his discussion about music , policy and medicine with The Lancet . In 2017 , he published an article in the Washington Post on basic research vs . drug development . Other activities . - Sanofi , Independent Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2016 ) Awards and honors . - 1993 W . Alden Spencer Award from Columbia University ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 1994 Wilhelm Feldberg Award - 1997 Roger Eckert Award Lecture , Göttingen - 1997 U.S . National Academy Award in Molecular Biology ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A . - 2003 Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimers Disease ( shared with Roberto Malinow ) - 2004 Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research - 2004 Ulf von Euler Award Lecture , Karolinska Institute - 2007 Elected to the Institute of Medicine - 2008 Bernhard Katz Award , Biophysical Society ( shared with Reinhard Jahn ) - 2008 Passano Foundation Award - 2010 Kavli Prize ( shared with Richard Scheller and James Rothman ) - 2013 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - shared with Randy Schekman and James Rothman - 2014 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement - 2017 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) Personal life . Südhof is married to Lu Chen , a professor of neurosurgery and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University . The couple have three children . Südhof has four more children from his previous marriage with Annette Südhof . |
[
"Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS )"
] | easy | What organization did Thomas C. Südhof join in 2017? | /wiki/Thomas_C._Südhof#P463#2 | Thomas C . Südhof Thomas Christian Südhof ( ; born December 22 , 1955 ) , , is a German-American biochemist known for his study of synaptic transmission . Currently , he is a professor in the School of Medicine in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology , and by courtesy in Neurology , and in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University . Südhof , James Rothman and Randy Schekman are the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureates for their work on vesicle trafficking . Early life and education . A German native , Südhof was born in Göttingen in 1955 . He spent his childhood in Göttingen and Hannover . He studied music in his youth , specifically the bassoon , and has credited his bassoon instructor , Herbert Tauscher , as his most influential teacher . He was a graduate from the Hannover Waldorf School in 1975 . Südhof studied medicine at the RWTH Aachen University , Harvard University , and then the University of Göttingen . In Göttingen Südhof worked on his doctoral thesis , in which he described the structure and function of chromaffin cells , at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in the lab of Victor P . Whittaker . In 1982 , he received his MD in medical science ( Dr.med. ) from the University of Göttingen . Career and research . After a brief postdoctoral fellowship in Whittakers lab , Südhof moved to the United States in 1983 , where he began postdoctoral training in the department of molecular genetics at the University of Texas Health Science Center ( now the UT Southwestern Medical Center ) in Dallas , Texas , under the supervision of Michael Stuart Brown and Joseph L . Goldstein . During his postdoctoral research fellowship , Südhof worked to describe the role of the LDL receptor in cholesterol metabolism , for which Brown and Goldstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985 . Südhof finished his postdoctoral training in 1986 and was elected to be an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute . He then established his own laboratory at UT Southwestern Medical Center where he focused on the molecular and cellular neurosciences centered on synapses for over 20 years . In 2008 , Südhof moved to Stanford University and is currently the Avram Goldstein Professor in the School of Medicine as well as a Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology , Psychiatry , and Neurology . Thomas C . Südhof laid the foundations for his scientific career studying the synapse early while studying the mechanisms of neurotransmitter dependent hormone release from neuroendocrine cells for his doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry . Südhof described the structure and function of chromaffin cells which are responsible for the release of epinephrine , norepinephrine and endorphins from the medulla of the adrenal gland . Innervated by sympathetic nervous system , chromaffin cells are important in the initiation of the fight-or-flight response of animals when exposed to threatening stimuli . After completing his thesis in 1983 , Südhof moved to UT Southwestern Medical Center for his postdoctoral training where he began researching in the department of molecular genetics under the supervision of Joseph L . Goldstein and Michael Stuart Brown . While a postdoctoral fellow , Südhof cloned the gene for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and , soon after , was able to explain its transcriptional regulation by cholesterol . When LDL receptors , found concentrated in the liver , bind specific free blood cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein , they are internalized and recycled removing the cholesterol from circulation . This process is a primary source of blood cholesterol regulation and variations in its efficiency were shown to be present in familial hypercholesterolemia . As a result of the discovery , LDL receptor function had also elucidated the principle of receptor-mediated endocytosis—a now universally understood process in cell biology . Goldstein and Brown were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in 1985 . After finishing postdoctoral training , Thomas Südhof started his own laboratory at UT Southwestern in 1986 . Briefly continuing work with Goldstein and Brown , Südhof helped identify a DNA element in the LDL gene that produced sterol mediated end-product repression when inserted in a viral promoter . This domain , known as a sterol regulatory sequence , directly participates in the regulation of sterol biosynthesis . Sterols are a major class of biomolecule and critical for life . Important sterols in humans include cholesterol and steroid hormones . Discovery of sterol regulatory elements and LDL receptor function led to the subsequent development of statin derived cholesterol medications such as atorvastatin ( Lipitor ) —the top-selling branded pharmaceutical drug in the world in 2008 . Südhof started his independent research career in neuroscience since 1986 and open the field of molecular neuroscience for synaptic transmission especially from the presynaptic nerve terminal perspective . Until Südhof began his work , majority of neuroscience research was aimed at the postsynaptic neuron and its role in learning and memory . Indeed , Thomas Südhof is credited with discovering much of the machinery mediating neurotransmitter release and presynaptic plasticity in his 21 years at UT Southwestern . Südhof began with the discovery of synaptotagmins and their role in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron . Synaptotagmin , a transmembrane protein found in neurosecretory vesicles , functions as a calcium sensor triggering vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release . Stimulation of a neuron results in an increase in intracellular calcium concentration . After binding calcium ion to a region in its cytosolic domain , vesicular synaptotagmin promotes quick or slow neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron via interaction with regulatory and fusion related proteins such as members of the SNARE complex . Südhof also discovered RIMs and Muncs ( most notably Munc13 and Munc18 ) , soluble proteins which aid in the fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles to the nerve cell membrane and play an important role in synaptic plasticity . In addition , Südhofs research uncovered the role of many other proteins facilitating vesicle binding , fusion , and resultant neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron , including members of the SNARE complex : synaptobrevin , in the vesicular membrane , syntaxin , in the cell membrane , and SNAP25 , which is tethered to the cytosolic side of the cell membrane via cysteine-linked palmitoyl chains and holds the complex of four helices together . Südhof was also responsible for elucidating the action of tetanus and botulinum toxins , which selectively cleave synaptobrevin and SNAP25 , respectively , inhibiting vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane . A second influential contribution of Thomas Südhof is on synapse formation and specifications . Südhof discovered a number of key molecules in this process such as neurexins , present on presynaptic neurons , and neuroligins , present on postsynaptic neurons , that come together to form a physical protein bridge across the synapse . The diversity in types of neurexins and neuroligins allows for a variety of unique binding opportunities between neurons and impart a specificity to synaptic connections . Additionally he also discovered or elucidated the important functions of SynCAM , Latrophilins etc . in synapse formation . In additional studies , Südhof identified mutations in these proteins as a factor in inherited autism . Südhof is striving to elucidate the mechanism by which neurexins and neuroligins locate each other to form the synapse , their transcriptional regulation , and control of their variability . Thomas Südhof currently continues his work on synapse formation , maintenance as well as synaptic releases in his laboratory at Stanford University . Additionally , together with Dr . Marius Wernig at Stanford University , Südhof developed induced neuronal cell technology where they can use human neuronal cells derived from patients or genetically engineered with defined mutations that linked to neuropsychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders . Südhofs research has not only given the scientific community a great understanding of the processes underlying synaptic transmission and synapse formation , but has also advanced medical knowledge of mechanisms behind poorly understood diseases such as Alzheimers , Schizophrenia , and Autism . He is currently working with a diverse group of researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to develop mouse models for mutants of synaptic genes . The project aims to drastically advance our understanding of neurological disorders . He also serves on the Research Consortium of Cure Alzheimers Fund . Science and policy . Südhof recently also engages in scientific ethics as exemplified by his recent work at PLOS Biology Truth in Science Publishing : A personal Perspective and various interviews including his discussion about music , policy and medicine with The Lancet . In 2017 , he published an article in the Washington Post on basic research vs . drug development . Other activities . - Sanofi , Independent Member of the Board of Directors ( since 2016 ) Awards and honors . - 1993 W . Alden Spencer Award from Columbia University ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 1994 Wilhelm Feldberg Award - 1997 Roger Eckert Award Lecture , Göttingen - 1997 U.S . National Academy Award in Molecular Biology ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A . - 2003 Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimers Disease ( shared with Roberto Malinow ) - 2004 Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research - 2004 Ulf von Euler Award Lecture , Karolinska Institute - 2007 Elected to the Institute of Medicine - 2008 Bernhard Katz Award , Biophysical Society ( shared with Reinhard Jahn ) - 2008 Passano Foundation Award - 2010 Kavli Prize ( shared with Richard Scheller and James Rothman ) - 2013 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research ( shared with Richard Scheller ) - 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - shared with Randy Schekman and James Rothman - 2014 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement - 2017 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) Personal life . Südhof is married to Lu Chen , a professor of neurosurgery and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University . The couple have three children . Südhof has four more children from his previous marriage with Annette Südhof . |
[
"Sutton United"
] | easy | Which team did Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972) play for from 1991 to 1992? | /wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)#P54#0 | Andy Scott ( footballer , born 1972 ) Andrew Scott ( born 2 August 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is the Head of Recruitment at Swansea City . During his playing career , Scott played for Brentford , Oxford United , Sheffield United and Leyton Orient as a forward and utility player . Upon his retirement in 2005 , he entered coaching and later managed Brentford , Rotherham United and Aldershot Town . In 2015 , he moved into scouting and backroom roles with Brentford and Watford . Playing career . Early years . A forward , Scott began his career in the youth system at First Division club Wimbledon , but failed to be awarded a professional contract and dropped into non-league football to join Isthmian League Premier Division club Sutton United in 1991 . Sheffield United . Along with his brother , Efan Ekoku and Paul Rogers , Scott was one of four Sutton United players to be plucked from non-league football by Sheffield United in the early 1990s . He joined the Bramall Lane club , then members of the Premier League , for a £50,000 fee in December 1992 and made the first professional appearance of his career as an injury time substitute for Brian Deane in a 1–1 Steel City derby draw on 21 April 1993 . Scott made his first start for the club versus Chelsea on the final day of the 1992–93 season and had a dream afternoon , playing the full 90 minutes and opening the scoring after seven minutes of the eventual 4–1 victory . He played a bit-part role during the 1993–94 season , at the end of which the Blades were relegated to the First Division . Scott became a regular in the team during the 1994–95 season , making 40 appearances , but after the departure of manager Dave Bassett in 1995 , he fell out of favour with successive managers Howard Kendall and Nigel Spackman and departed the club on 21 December 1997 . Scott made 87 appearances and scored 11 goals during five years at Bramall Lane . Chesterfield ( loan ) . On 18 October 1996 , Scott joined Second Division club Chesterfield on a one-month loan . He scored three goals in five appearances before an injury forced the early termination of his loan . Bury ( loan ) . Scott joined high-flying Second Division club Bury on a one-month loan on 21 March 1997 . He failed to score in eight appearances . Brentford . Scott joined Second Division strugglers Brentford as one of new manager Micky Adams first signings on 21 November 1997 . Joining for a £75,000 fee , the move reunited him with Geoff Taylor , then Director of Youth Football at Griffin Park and previously assistant manager at Sheffield United and youth team manager at Wimbledon . Despite scoring on his debut with a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic , Scott had a difficult start to life at Griffin Park and failed to live up to expectations , scoring just five goals in 27 appearances during the remainder of the 1996-97 season , at the end of which the Bees were relegated to the Third Division . Scott was played on the left wing by new manager Ron Noades during 1998–99 , but despite suffering a serious leg injury in November 1998 , he had the best season of his career so far , scoring 11 goals in 40 appearances and winning the Third Division championship . Scott was again a regular back in the Second Division during the 1999–00 season , making 42 appearances and proving his versatility by filling in at left back and in central midfield during the campaign . Scott began the 2000–01 season in his regular left wing role , but deputised up front for the injured Lloyd Owusu and enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career , with 13 goals in a 21-match spell between late August 2000 and early January 2001 . In a bid to balance the clubs books , chairman Ron Noades sold Scott and teammate Rob Quinn in January 2001 . Scott made 143 appearances and scored 37 goals in just over three years at Griffin Park . Oxford United . Scott and Brentford teammate Rob Quinn joined Second Division strugglers Oxford United for a combined £150,000 fee on 12 January 2001 . He was unable to prevent the club from suffering relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 2000–01 season , though on a personal note he had had the best season of his career and finished the campaign with 20 goals scored for Brentford and Oxford United . He was the final Oxford United player to score at the Manor Ground . Scott played on for a three further seasons with the Us , but fell out of favour due to injury troubles during the 2003–04 season . He was released on 24 March 2004 . In three-and-a-half years with Oxford , he made 100 appearances and scored 25 goals . At the time of his departure , Scott was the clubs PFA representative . Leyton Orient . On 24 March 2004 , Scott joined struggling Third Division club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He scored one goal in eight appearances during what remained of the 2003–04 season and despite being aged 32 , was a regular in 2004–05 and scored 9 goals in 45 appearances before being forced to retire in April 2005 after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . A 2005–06 pre-season friendly was played between Leyton Orient and Brentford to raise money for Scott after his premature retirement . Managerial and coaching career . Leyton Orient . After retiring from football in April 2005 , Scott began coaching the Leyton Orient youth team . He remained in the role until his departure at the end of the 2006–07 season . Brentford . On 9 May 2007 , Scott rejoined his former club Brentford , newly relegated to League Two , as assistant to incoming manager Terry Butcher . Following a poor run of results and with a relegation into non-league football a possibility , Butcher was sacked on 11 December 2007 and Scott was named caretaker manager . After three wins , one draw and one loss from his opening five games , Scott was named as the clubs permanent manager on 4 January 2008 . Seven wins and two draws from a 9-match spell between late December 2007 and mid-February 2008 raised the Bees to 11th position , but hopes of a playoff finish were thwarted by a run of just four wins from the final 15 matches of the season . Scott signed a new five-year contract during the 2008 off-season and an overhaul of the squad and the shrewd loan signings of goalkeeper Ben Hamer , centre back Alan Bennett and forwards Jordan Rhodes and Billy Clarke contributed to Brentford winning the 2008–09 League Two championship in Scotts first full season in management . During the season he was named the 2008 BBC Radio London Manager of the Year and won the April 2009 League Two Manager of the Month award . The title win made Scott the first person to win a league championship as both a player and manager of Brentford . Scott again overhauled the squad for the 2009–10 season in League One and he again showed prowess in the loan market , signing young Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny , up-and-coming teenage attacker John Bostock and future stalwart Toumani Diagouraga . Just six defeats between early December and the end of the season led to a strong 9th-place finish . Scotts Brentford had a torrid start to the 2010–11 season and sat bottom of the table after just two wins from the opening 11 matches . The early months of the season were notable for a run to the fourth round of the League Cup , which featured wins over Championship club Hull City and Premier League Everton on penalties at Griffin Park , before the run ended with a loss in a penalty shootout away to Premier League side Birmingham City . The teams league form subsequently picked up and Scott won the October 2010 League One Manager of the Month award . In the same period , Scott felt the need to address the atmosphere surrounding the club , stating we are closing ranks . Theres a lot of negativity around the place and Im sick of it . Weve beaten Plymouth , Peterborough , Charlton , Hull and Everton and taken Birmingham to penalties – its a terrible season were having! . Scott also guided Brentford to the Southern Area finals of the Football League Trophy , but winless run in league matches in January 2011 saw Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant sacked two days after a 4–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge on 1 February . Rotherham United . On 13 April 2011 , Scott was named manager of League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract . He immediately made wholesale changes to the squad and instigated changes to the youth setup and the training ground . Four wins and one draw during the opening month of the 2011–12 season led to him winning the August 2011 League Two Manager of the Month award . With the club in 11th position in the table , Scott was sacked on 19 March 2012 . Aldershot Town . On 22 February 2013 , Scott took over as manager of League Two club Aldershot Town on a deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant were unable to save the Shots from relegation to the Conference Premier and the subsequent entry into administration . Despite Aldershot residing in the relegation places in October 2013 , the pair signed new three-year contracts . A 19th-place finish was achieved at the end of the 2013–14 season , but with the club six points above the relegation zone , Scott and Bullivant were sacked on 21 January 2015 . Backroom roles . Brentford . In early 2015 , Scott resumed his association with Brentford , when he began scouting for the club on behalf of Smartodds , a sports betting company owned by Brentford owner Matthew Benham . On 1 July 2016 , Scott officially returned to Brentford , as chief scout . After a re-structuring of the backroom , Scott became the clubs Head of Recruitment in July 2016 . He left the club in November 2017 . Watford . On 13 November 2017 , Scott joined Premier League club Watford as the clubs UK Football Recruitment Director , working under Technical Director Filippo Giraldi . He was promoted into the role of Sporting Director in November 2018 and stayed in the role until April 2019 . Swansea City . On 24 July 2019 , Scott was appointed Head of Recruitment at Championship club Swansea City . Personal life . Scott is the elder brother of Rob Scott . He attended Wilsons School in Wallington and studied Sports Studies at university . Scott is a patron of Cardiac Risk in the Young . Honours . As a player . Brentford - Football League Third Division ( 1 ) : 1998–99 As a manager . Brentford - Football League Two ( 1 ) : 2008–09 As an individual . - Football League One Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : October 2010 - Football League Two Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : April 2009 , August 2011 |
[
"Sheffield United",
"Bury",
"Chesterfield"
] | easy | Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972) played for which team from 1992 to 1997? | /wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)#P54#1 | Andy Scott ( footballer , born 1972 ) Andrew Scott ( born 2 August 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is the Head of Recruitment at Swansea City . During his playing career , Scott played for Brentford , Oxford United , Sheffield United and Leyton Orient as a forward and utility player . Upon his retirement in 2005 , he entered coaching and later managed Brentford , Rotherham United and Aldershot Town . In 2015 , he moved into scouting and backroom roles with Brentford and Watford . Playing career . Early years . A forward , Scott began his career in the youth system at First Division club Wimbledon , but failed to be awarded a professional contract and dropped into non-league football to join Isthmian League Premier Division club Sutton United in 1991 . Sheffield United . Along with his brother , Efan Ekoku and Paul Rogers , Scott was one of four Sutton United players to be plucked from non-league football by Sheffield United in the early 1990s . He joined the Bramall Lane club , then members of the Premier League , for a £50,000 fee in December 1992 and made the first professional appearance of his career as an injury time substitute for Brian Deane in a 1–1 Steel City derby draw on 21 April 1993 . Scott made his first start for the club versus Chelsea on the final day of the 1992–93 season and had a dream afternoon , playing the full 90 minutes and opening the scoring after seven minutes of the eventual 4–1 victory . He played a bit-part role during the 1993–94 season , at the end of which the Blades were relegated to the First Division . Scott became a regular in the team during the 1994–95 season , making 40 appearances , but after the departure of manager Dave Bassett in 1995 , he fell out of favour with successive managers Howard Kendall and Nigel Spackman and departed the club on 21 December 1997 . Scott made 87 appearances and scored 11 goals during five years at Bramall Lane . Chesterfield ( loan ) . On 18 October 1996 , Scott joined Second Division club Chesterfield on a one-month loan . He scored three goals in five appearances before an injury forced the early termination of his loan . Bury ( loan ) . Scott joined high-flying Second Division club Bury on a one-month loan on 21 March 1997 . He failed to score in eight appearances . Brentford . Scott joined Second Division strugglers Brentford as one of new manager Micky Adams first signings on 21 November 1997 . Joining for a £75,000 fee , the move reunited him with Geoff Taylor , then Director of Youth Football at Griffin Park and previously assistant manager at Sheffield United and youth team manager at Wimbledon . Despite scoring on his debut with a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic , Scott had a difficult start to life at Griffin Park and failed to live up to expectations , scoring just five goals in 27 appearances during the remainder of the 1996-97 season , at the end of which the Bees were relegated to the Third Division . Scott was played on the left wing by new manager Ron Noades during 1998–99 , but despite suffering a serious leg injury in November 1998 , he had the best season of his career so far , scoring 11 goals in 40 appearances and winning the Third Division championship . Scott was again a regular back in the Second Division during the 1999–00 season , making 42 appearances and proving his versatility by filling in at left back and in central midfield during the campaign . Scott began the 2000–01 season in his regular left wing role , but deputised up front for the injured Lloyd Owusu and enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career , with 13 goals in a 21-match spell between late August 2000 and early January 2001 . In a bid to balance the clubs books , chairman Ron Noades sold Scott and teammate Rob Quinn in January 2001 . Scott made 143 appearances and scored 37 goals in just over three years at Griffin Park . Oxford United . Scott and Brentford teammate Rob Quinn joined Second Division strugglers Oxford United for a combined £150,000 fee on 12 January 2001 . He was unable to prevent the club from suffering relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 2000–01 season , though on a personal note he had had the best season of his career and finished the campaign with 20 goals scored for Brentford and Oxford United . He was the final Oxford United player to score at the Manor Ground . Scott played on for a three further seasons with the Us , but fell out of favour due to injury troubles during the 2003–04 season . He was released on 24 March 2004 . In three-and-a-half years with Oxford , he made 100 appearances and scored 25 goals . At the time of his departure , Scott was the clubs PFA representative . Leyton Orient . On 24 March 2004 , Scott joined struggling Third Division club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He scored one goal in eight appearances during what remained of the 2003–04 season and despite being aged 32 , was a regular in 2004–05 and scored 9 goals in 45 appearances before being forced to retire in April 2005 after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . A 2005–06 pre-season friendly was played between Leyton Orient and Brentford to raise money for Scott after his premature retirement . Managerial and coaching career . Leyton Orient . After retiring from football in April 2005 , Scott began coaching the Leyton Orient youth team . He remained in the role until his departure at the end of the 2006–07 season . Brentford . On 9 May 2007 , Scott rejoined his former club Brentford , newly relegated to League Two , as assistant to incoming manager Terry Butcher . Following a poor run of results and with a relegation into non-league football a possibility , Butcher was sacked on 11 December 2007 and Scott was named caretaker manager . After three wins , one draw and one loss from his opening five games , Scott was named as the clubs permanent manager on 4 January 2008 . Seven wins and two draws from a 9-match spell between late December 2007 and mid-February 2008 raised the Bees to 11th position , but hopes of a playoff finish were thwarted by a run of just four wins from the final 15 matches of the season . Scott signed a new five-year contract during the 2008 off-season and an overhaul of the squad and the shrewd loan signings of goalkeeper Ben Hamer , centre back Alan Bennett and forwards Jordan Rhodes and Billy Clarke contributed to Brentford winning the 2008–09 League Two championship in Scotts first full season in management . During the season he was named the 2008 BBC Radio London Manager of the Year and won the April 2009 League Two Manager of the Month award . The title win made Scott the first person to win a league championship as both a player and manager of Brentford . Scott again overhauled the squad for the 2009–10 season in League One and he again showed prowess in the loan market , signing young Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny , up-and-coming teenage attacker John Bostock and future stalwart Toumani Diagouraga . Just six defeats between early December and the end of the season led to a strong 9th-place finish . Scotts Brentford had a torrid start to the 2010–11 season and sat bottom of the table after just two wins from the opening 11 matches . The early months of the season were notable for a run to the fourth round of the League Cup , which featured wins over Championship club Hull City and Premier League Everton on penalties at Griffin Park , before the run ended with a loss in a penalty shootout away to Premier League side Birmingham City . The teams league form subsequently picked up and Scott won the October 2010 League One Manager of the Month award . In the same period , Scott felt the need to address the atmosphere surrounding the club , stating we are closing ranks . Theres a lot of negativity around the place and Im sick of it . Weve beaten Plymouth , Peterborough , Charlton , Hull and Everton and taken Birmingham to penalties – its a terrible season were having! . Scott also guided Brentford to the Southern Area finals of the Football League Trophy , but winless run in league matches in January 2011 saw Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant sacked two days after a 4–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge on 1 February . Rotherham United . On 13 April 2011 , Scott was named manager of League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract . He immediately made wholesale changes to the squad and instigated changes to the youth setup and the training ground . Four wins and one draw during the opening month of the 2011–12 season led to him winning the August 2011 League Two Manager of the Month award . With the club in 11th position in the table , Scott was sacked on 19 March 2012 . Aldershot Town . On 22 February 2013 , Scott took over as manager of League Two club Aldershot Town on a deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant were unable to save the Shots from relegation to the Conference Premier and the subsequent entry into administration . Despite Aldershot residing in the relegation places in October 2013 , the pair signed new three-year contracts . A 19th-place finish was achieved at the end of the 2013–14 season , but with the club six points above the relegation zone , Scott and Bullivant were sacked on 21 January 2015 . Backroom roles . Brentford . In early 2015 , Scott resumed his association with Brentford , when he began scouting for the club on behalf of Smartodds , a sports betting company owned by Brentford owner Matthew Benham . On 1 July 2016 , Scott officially returned to Brentford , as chief scout . After a re-structuring of the backroom , Scott became the clubs Head of Recruitment in July 2016 . He left the club in November 2017 . Watford . On 13 November 2017 , Scott joined Premier League club Watford as the clubs UK Football Recruitment Director , working under Technical Director Filippo Giraldi . He was promoted into the role of Sporting Director in November 2018 and stayed in the role until April 2019 . Swansea City . On 24 July 2019 , Scott was appointed Head of Recruitment at Championship club Swansea City . Personal life . Scott is the elder brother of Rob Scott . He attended Wilsons School in Wallington and studied Sports Studies at university . Scott is a patron of Cardiac Risk in the Young . Honours . As a player . Brentford - Football League Third Division ( 1 ) : 1998–99 As a manager . Brentford - Football League Two ( 1 ) : 2008–09 As an individual . - Football League One Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : October 2010 - Football League Two Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : April 2009 , August 2011 |
[
"Brentford"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972) belong to from 1997 to 2001? | /wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)#P54#2 | Andy Scott ( footballer , born 1972 ) Andrew Scott ( born 2 August 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is the Head of Recruitment at Swansea City . During his playing career , Scott played for Brentford , Oxford United , Sheffield United and Leyton Orient as a forward and utility player . Upon his retirement in 2005 , he entered coaching and later managed Brentford , Rotherham United and Aldershot Town . In 2015 , he moved into scouting and backroom roles with Brentford and Watford . Playing career . Early years . A forward , Scott began his career in the youth system at First Division club Wimbledon , but failed to be awarded a professional contract and dropped into non-league football to join Isthmian League Premier Division club Sutton United in 1991 . Sheffield United . Along with his brother , Efan Ekoku and Paul Rogers , Scott was one of four Sutton United players to be plucked from non-league football by Sheffield United in the early 1990s . He joined the Bramall Lane club , then members of the Premier League , for a £50,000 fee in December 1992 and made the first professional appearance of his career as an injury time substitute for Brian Deane in a 1–1 Steel City derby draw on 21 April 1993 . Scott made his first start for the club versus Chelsea on the final day of the 1992–93 season and had a dream afternoon , playing the full 90 minutes and opening the scoring after seven minutes of the eventual 4–1 victory . He played a bit-part role during the 1993–94 season , at the end of which the Blades were relegated to the First Division . Scott became a regular in the team during the 1994–95 season , making 40 appearances , but after the departure of manager Dave Bassett in 1995 , he fell out of favour with successive managers Howard Kendall and Nigel Spackman and departed the club on 21 December 1997 . Scott made 87 appearances and scored 11 goals during five years at Bramall Lane . Chesterfield ( loan ) . On 18 October 1996 , Scott joined Second Division club Chesterfield on a one-month loan . He scored three goals in five appearances before an injury forced the early termination of his loan . Bury ( loan ) . Scott joined high-flying Second Division club Bury on a one-month loan on 21 March 1997 . He failed to score in eight appearances . Brentford . Scott joined Second Division strugglers Brentford as one of new manager Micky Adams first signings on 21 November 1997 . Joining for a £75,000 fee , the move reunited him with Geoff Taylor , then Director of Youth Football at Griffin Park and previously assistant manager at Sheffield United and youth team manager at Wimbledon . Despite scoring on his debut with a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic , Scott had a difficult start to life at Griffin Park and failed to live up to expectations , scoring just five goals in 27 appearances during the remainder of the 1996-97 season , at the end of which the Bees were relegated to the Third Division . Scott was played on the left wing by new manager Ron Noades during 1998–99 , but despite suffering a serious leg injury in November 1998 , he had the best season of his career so far , scoring 11 goals in 40 appearances and winning the Third Division championship . Scott was again a regular back in the Second Division during the 1999–00 season , making 42 appearances and proving his versatility by filling in at left back and in central midfield during the campaign . Scott began the 2000–01 season in his regular left wing role , but deputised up front for the injured Lloyd Owusu and enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career , with 13 goals in a 21-match spell between late August 2000 and early January 2001 . In a bid to balance the clubs books , chairman Ron Noades sold Scott and teammate Rob Quinn in January 2001 . Scott made 143 appearances and scored 37 goals in just over three years at Griffin Park . Oxford United . Scott and Brentford teammate Rob Quinn joined Second Division strugglers Oxford United for a combined £150,000 fee on 12 January 2001 . He was unable to prevent the club from suffering relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 2000–01 season , though on a personal note he had had the best season of his career and finished the campaign with 20 goals scored for Brentford and Oxford United . He was the final Oxford United player to score at the Manor Ground . Scott played on for a three further seasons with the Us , but fell out of favour due to injury troubles during the 2003–04 season . He was released on 24 March 2004 . In three-and-a-half years with Oxford , he made 100 appearances and scored 25 goals . At the time of his departure , Scott was the clubs PFA representative . Leyton Orient . On 24 March 2004 , Scott joined struggling Third Division club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He scored one goal in eight appearances during what remained of the 2003–04 season and despite being aged 32 , was a regular in 2004–05 and scored 9 goals in 45 appearances before being forced to retire in April 2005 after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . A 2005–06 pre-season friendly was played between Leyton Orient and Brentford to raise money for Scott after his premature retirement . Managerial and coaching career . Leyton Orient . After retiring from football in April 2005 , Scott began coaching the Leyton Orient youth team . He remained in the role until his departure at the end of the 2006–07 season . Brentford . On 9 May 2007 , Scott rejoined his former club Brentford , newly relegated to League Two , as assistant to incoming manager Terry Butcher . Following a poor run of results and with a relegation into non-league football a possibility , Butcher was sacked on 11 December 2007 and Scott was named caretaker manager . After three wins , one draw and one loss from his opening five games , Scott was named as the clubs permanent manager on 4 January 2008 . Seven wins and two draws from a 9-match spell between late December 2007 and mid-February 2008 raised the Bees to 11th position , but hopes of a playoff finish were thwarted by a run of just four wins from the final 15 matches of the season . Scott signed a new five-year contract during the 2008 off-season and an overhaul of the squad and the shrewd loan signings of goalkeeper Ben Hamer , centre back Alan Bennett and forwards Jordan Rhodes and Billy Clarke contributed to Brentford winning the 2008–09 League Two championship in Scotts first full season in management . During the season he was named the 2008 BBC Radio London Manager of the Year and won the April 2009 League Two Manager of the Month award . The title win made Scott the first person to win a league championship as both a player and manager of Brentford . Scott again overhauled the squad for the 2009–10 season in League One and he again showed prowess in the loan market , signing young Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny , up-and-coming teenage attacker John Bostock and future stalwart Toumani Diagouraga . Just six defeats between early December and the end of the season led to a strong 9th-place finish . Scotts Brentford had a torrid start to the 2010–11 season and sat bottom of the table after just two wins from the opening 11 matches . The early months of the season were notable for a run to the fourth round of the League Cup , which featured wins over Championship club Hull City and Premier League Everton on penalties at Griffin Park , before the run ended with a loss in a penalty shootout away to Premier League side Birmingham City . The teams league form subsequently picked up and Scott won the October 2010 League One Manager of the Month award . In the same period , Scott felt the need to address the atmosphere surrounding the club , stating we are closing ranks . Theres a lot of negativity around the place and Im sick of it . Weve beaten Plymouth , Peterborough , Charlton , Hull and Everton and taken Birmingham to penalties – its a terrible season were having! . Scott also guided Brentford to the Southern Area finals of the Football League Trophy , but winless run in league matches in January 2011 saw Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant sacked two days after a 4–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge on 1 February . Rotherham United . On 13 April 2011 , Scott was named manager of League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract . He immediately made wholesale changes to the squad and instigated changes to the youth setup and the training ground . Four wins and one draw during the opening month of the 2011–12 season led to him winning the August 2011 League Two Manager of the Month award . With the club in 11th position in the table , Scott was sacked on 19 March 2012 . Aldershot Town . On 22 February 2013 , Scott took over as manager of League Two club Aldershot Town on a deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant were unable to save the Shots from relegation to the Conference Premier and the subsequent entry into administration . Despite Aldershot residing in the relegation places in October 2013 , the pair signed new three-year contracts . A 19th-place finish was achieved at the end of the 2013–14 season , but with the club six points above the relegation zone , Scott and Bullivant were sacked on 21 January 2015 . Backroom roles . Brentford . In early 2015 , Scott resumed his association with Brentford , when he began scouting for the club on behalf of Smartodds , a sports betting company owned by Brentford owner Matthew Benham . On 1 July 2016 , Scott officially returned to Brentford , as chief scout . After a re-structuring of the backroom , Scott became the clubs Head of Recruitment in July 2016 . He left the club in November 2017 . Watford . On 13 November 2017 , Scott joined Premier League club Watford as the clubs UK Football Recruitment Director , working under Technical Director Filippo Giraldi . He was promoted into the role of Sporting Director in November 2018 and stayed in the role until April 2019 . Swansea City . On 24 July 2019 , Scott was appointed Head of Recruitment at Championship club Swansea City . Personal life . Scott is the elder brother of Rob Scott . He attended Wilsons School in Wallington and studied Sports Studies at university . Scott is a patron of Cardiac Risk in the Young . Honours . As a player . Brentford - Football League Third Division ( 1 ) : 1998–99 As a manager . Brentford - Football League Two ( 1 ) : 2008–09 As an individual . - Football League One Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : October 2010 - Football League Two Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : April 2009 , August 2011 |
[
"Oxford United"
] | easy | Which team did Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972) play for from 2001 to 2004? | /wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)#P54#3 | Andy Scott ( footballer , born 1972 ) Andrew Scott ( born 2 August 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is the Head of Recruitment at Swansea City . During his playing career , Scott played for Brentford , Oxford United , Sheffield United and Leyton Orient as a forward and utility player . Upon his retirement in 2005 , he entered coaching and later managed Brentford , Rotherham United and Aldershot Town . In 2015 , he moved into scouting and backroom roles with Brentford and Watford . Playing career . Early years . A forward , Scott began his career in the youth system at First Division club Wimbledon , but failed to be awarded a professional contract and dropped into non-league football to join Isthmian League Premier Division club Sutton United in 1991 . Sheffield United . Along with his brother , Efan Ekoku and Paul Rogers , Scott was one of four Sutton United players to be plucked from non-league football by Sheffield United in the early 1990s . He joined the Bramall Lane club , then members of the Premier League , for a £50,000 fee in December 1992 and made the first professional appearance of his career as an injury time substitute for Brian Deane in a 1–1 Steel City derby draw on 21 April 1993 . Scott made his first start for the club versus Chelsea on the final day of the 1992–93 season and had a dream afternoon , playing the full 90 minutes and opening the scoring after seven minutes of the eventual 4–1 victory . He played a bit-part role during the 1993–94 season , at the end of which the Blades were relegated to the First Division . Scott became a regular in the team during the 1994–95 season , making 40 appearances , but after the departure of manager Dave Bassett in 1995 , he fell out of favour with successive managers Howard Kendall and Nigel Spackman and departed the club on 21 December 1997 . Scott made 87 appearances and scored 11 goals during five years at Bramall Lane . Chesterfield ( loan ) . On 18 October 1996 , Scott joined Second Division club Chesterfield on a one-month loan . He scored three goals in five appearances before an injury forced the early termination of his loan . Bury ( loan ) . Scott joined high-flying Second Division club Bury on a one-month loan on 21 March 1997 . He failed to score in eight appearances . Brentford . Scott joined Second Division strugglers Brentford as one of new manager Micky Adams first signings on 21 November 1997 . Joining for a £75,000 fee , the move reunited him with Geoff Taylor , then Director of Youth Football at Griffin Park and previously assistant manager at Sheffield United and youth team manager at Wimbledon . Despite scoring on his debut with a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic , Scott had a difficult start to life at Griffin Park and failed to live up to expectations , scoring just five goals in 27 appearances during the remainder of the 1996-97 season , at the end of which the Bees were relegated to the Third Division . Scott was played on the left wing by new manager Ron Noades during 1998–99 , but despite suffering a serious leg injury in November 1998 , he had the best season of his career so far , scoring 11 goals in 40 appearances and winning the Third Division championship . Scott was again a regular back in the Second Division during the 1999–00 season , making 42 appearances and proving his versatility by filling in at left back and in central midfield during the campaign . Scott began the 2000–01 season in his regular left wing role , but deputised up front for the injured Lloyd Owusu and enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career , with 13 goals in a 21-match spell between late August 2000 and early January 2001 . In a bid to balance the clubs books , chairman Ron Noades sold Scott and teammate Rob Quinn in January 2001 . Scott made 143 appearances and scored 37 goals in just over three years at Griffin Park . Oxford United . Scott and Brentford teammate Rob Quinn joined Second Division strugglers Oxford United for a combined £150,000 fee on 12 January 2001 . He was unable to prevent the club from suffering relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 2000–01 season , though on a personal note he had had the best season of his career and finished the campaign with 20 goals scored for Brentford and Oxford United . He was the final Oxford United player to score at the Manor Ground . Scott played on for a three further seasons with the Us , but fell out of favour due to injury troubles during the 2003–04 season . He was released on 24 March 2004 . In three-and-a-half years with Oxford , he made 100 appearances and scored 25 goals . At the time of his departure , Scott was the clubs PFA representative . Leyton Orient . On 24 March 2004 , Scott joined struggling Third Division club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He scored one goal in eight appearances during what remained of the 2003–04 season and despite being aged 32 , was a regular in 2004–05 and scored 9 goals in 45 appearances before being forced to retire in April 2005 after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . A 2005–06 pre-season friendly was played between Leyton Orient and Brentford to raise money for Scott after his premature retirement . Managerial and coaching career . Leyton Orient . After retiring from football in April 2005 , Scott began coaching the Leyton Orient youth team . He remained in the role until his departure at the end of the 2006–07 season . Brentford . On 9 May 2007 , Scott rejoined his former club Brentford , newly relegated to League Two , as assistant to incoming manager Terry Butcher . Following a poor run of results and with a relegation into non-league football a possibility , Butcher was sacked on 11 December 2007 and Scott was named caretaker manager . After three wins , one draw and one loss from his opening five games , Scott was named as the clubs permanent manager on 4 January 2008 . Seven wins and two draws from a 9-match spell between late December 2007 and mid-February 2008 raised the Bees to 11th position , but hopes of a playoff finish were thwarted by a run of just four wins from the final 15 matches of the season . Scott signed a new five-year contract during the 2008 off-season and an overhaul of the squad and the shrewd loan signings of goalkeeper Ben Hamer , centre back Alan Bennett and forwards Jordan Rhodes and Billy Clarke contributed to Brentford winning the 2008–09 League Two championship in Scotts first full season in management . During the season he was named the 2008 BBC Radio London Manager of the Year and won the April 2009 League Two Manager of the Month award . The title win made Scott the first person to win a league championship as both a player and manager of Brentford . Scott again overhauled the squad for the 2009–10 season in League One and he again showed prowess in the loan market , signing young Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny , up-and-coming teenage attacker John Bostock and future stalwart Toumani Diagouraga . Just six defeats between early December and the end of the season led to a strong 9th-place finish . Scotts Brentford had a torrid start to the 2010–11 season and sat bottom of the table after just two wins from the opening 11 matches . The early months of the season were notable for a run to the fourth round of the League Cup , which featured wins over Championship club Hull City and Premier League Everton on penalties at Griffin Park , before the run ended with a loss in a penalty shootout away to Premier League side Birmingham City . The teams league form subsequently picked up and Scott won the October 2010 League One Manager of the Month award . In the same period , Scott felt the need to address the atmosphere surrounding the club , stating we are closing ranks . Theres a lot of negativity around the place and Im sick of it . Weve beaten Plymouth , Peterborough , Charlton , Hull and Everton and taken Birmingham to penalties – its a terrible season were having! . Scott also guided Brentford to the Southern Area finals of the Football League Trophy , but winless run in league matches in January 2011 saw Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant sacked two days after a 4–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge on 1 February . Rotherham United . On 13 April 2011 , Scott was named manager of League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract . He immediately made wholesale changes to the squad and instigated changes to the youth setup and the training ground . Four wins and one draw during the opening month of the 2011–12 season led to him winning the August 2011 League Two Manager of the Month award . With the club in 11th position in the table , Scott was sacked on 19 March 2012 . Aldershot Town . On 22 February 2013 , Scott took over as manager of League Two club Aldershot Town on a deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant were unable to save the Shots from relegation to the Conference Premier and the subsequent entry into administration . Despite Aldershot residing in the relegation places in October 2013 , the pair signed new three-year contracts . A 19th-place finish was achieved at the end of the 2013–14 season , but with the club six points above the relegation zone , Scott and Bullivant were sacked on 21 January 2015 . Backroom roles . Brentford . In early 2015 , Scott resumed his association with Brentford , when he began scouting for the club on behalf of Smartodds , a sports betting company owned by Brentford owner Matthew Benham . On 1 July 2016 , Scott officially returned to Brentford , as chief scout . After a re-structuring of the backroom , Scott became the clubs Head of Recruitment in July 2016 . He left the club in November 2017 . Watford . On 13 November 2017 , Scott joined Premier League club Watford as the clubs UK Football Recruitment Director , working under Technical Director Filippo Giraldi . He was promoted into the role of Sporting Director in November 2018 and stayed in the role until April 2019 . Swansea City . On 24 July 2019 , Scott was appointed Head of Recruitment at Championship club Swansea City . Personal life . Scott is the elder brother of Rob Scott . He attended Wilsons School in Wallington and studied Sports Studies at university . Scott is a patron of Cardiac Risk in the Young . Honours . As a player . Brentford - Football League Third Division ( 1 ) : 1998–99 As a manager . Brentford - Football League Two ( 1 ) : 2008–09 As an individual . - Football League One Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : October 2010 - Football League Two Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : April 2009 , August 2011 |
[
"Leyton Orient"
] | easy | Which team did the player Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972) belong to from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)#P54#4 | Andy Scott ( footballer , born 1972 ) Andrew Scott ( born 2 August 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is the Head of Recruitment at Swansea City . During his playing career , Scott played for Brentford , Oxford United , Sheffield United and Leyton Orient as a forward and utility player . Upon his retirement in 2005 , he entered coaching and later managed Brentford , Rotherham United and Aldershot Town . In 2015 , he moved into scouting and backroom roles with Brentford and Watford . Playing career . Early years . A forward , Scott began his career in the youth system at First Division club Wimbledon , but failed to be awarded a professional contract and dropped into non-league football to join Isthmian League Premier Division club Sutton United in 1991 . Sheffield United . Along with his brother , Efan Ekoku and Paul Rogers , Scott was one of four Sutton United players to be plucked from non-league football by Sheffield United in the early 1990s . He joined the Bramall Lane club , then members of the Premier League , for a £50,000 fee in December 1992 and made the first professional appearance of his career as an injury time substitute for Brian Deane in a 1–1 Steel City derby draw on 21 April 1993 . Scott made his first start for the club versus Chelsea on the final day of the 1992–93 season and had a dream afternoon , playing the full 90 minutes and opening the scoring after seven minutes of the eventual 4–1 victory . He played a bit-part role during the 1993–94 season , at the end of which the Blades were relegated to the First Division . Scott became a regular in the team during the 1994–95 season , making 40 appearances , but after the departure of manager Dave Bassett in 1995 , he fell out of favour with successive managers Howard Kendall and Nigel Spackman and departed the club on 21 December 1997 . Scott made 87 appearances and scored 11 goals during five years at Bramall Lane . Chesterfield ( loan ) . On 18 October 1996 , Scott joined Second Division club Chesterfield on a one-month loan . He scored three goals in five appearances before an injury forced the early termination of his loan . Bury ( loan ) . Scott joined high-flying Second Division club Bury on a one-month loan on 21 March 1997 . He failed to score in eight appearances . Brentford . Scott joined Second Division strugglers Brentford as one of new manager Micky Adams first signings on 21 November 1997 . Joining for a £75,000 fee , the move reunited him with Geoff Taylor , then Director of Youth Football at Griffin Park and previously assistant manager at Sheffield United and youth team manager at Wimbledon . Despite scoring on his debut with a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic , Scott had a difficult start to life at Griffin Park and failed to live up to expectations , scoring just five goals in 27 appearances during the remainder of the 1996-97 season , at the end of which the Bees were relegated to the Third Division . Scott was played on the left wing by new manager Ron Noades during 1998–99 , but despite suffering a serious leg injury in November 1998 , he had the best season of his career so far , scoring 11 goals in 40 appearances and winning the Third Division championship . Scott was again a regular back in the Second Division during the 1999–00 season , making 42 appearances and proving his versatility by filling in at left back and in central midfield during the campaign . Scott began the 2000–01 season in his regular left wing role , but deputised up front for the injured Lloyd Owusu and enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career , with 13 goals in a 21-match spell between late August 2000 and early January 2001 . In a bid to balance the clubs books , chairman Ron Noades sold Scott and teammate Rob Quinn in January 2001 . Scott made 143 appearances and scored 37 goals in just over three years at Griffin Park . Oxford United . Scott and Brentford teammate Rob Quinn joined Second Division strugglers Oxford United for a combined £150,000 fee on 12 January 2001 . He was unable to prevent the club from suffering relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 2000–01 season , though on a personal note he had had the best season of his career and finished the campaign with 20 goals scored for Brentford and Oxford United . He was the final Oxford United player to score at the Manor Ground . Scott played on for a three further seasons with the Us , but fell out of favour due to injury troubles during the 2003–04 season . He was released on 24 March 2004 . In three-and-a-half years with Oxford , he made 100 appearances and scored 25 goals . At the time of his departure , Scott was the clubs PFA representative . Leyton Orient . On 24 March 2004 , Scott joined struggling Third Division club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He scored one goal in eight appearances during what remained of the 2003–04 season and despite being aged 32 , was a regular in 2004–05 and scored 9 goals in 45 appearances before being forced to retire in April 2005 after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . A 2005–06 pre-season friendly was played between Leyton Orient and Brentford to raise money for Scott after his premature retirement . Managerial and coaching career . Leyton Orient . After retiring from football in April 2005 , Scott began coaching the Leyton Orient youth team . He remained in the role until his departure at the end of the 2006–07 season . Brentford . On 9 May 2007 , Scott rejoined his former club Brentford , newly relegated to League Two , as assistant to incoming manager Terry Butcher . Following a poor run of results and with a relegation into non-league football a possibility , Butcher was sacked on 11 December 2007 and Scott was named caretaker manager . After three wins , one draw and one loss from his opening five games , Scott was named as the clubs permanent manager on 4 January 2008 . Seven wins and two draws from a 9-match spell between late December 2007 and mid-February 2008 raised the Bees to 11th position , but hopes of a playoff finish were thwarted by a run of just four wins from the final 15 matches of the season . Scott signed a new five-year contract during the 2008 off-season and an overhaul of the squad and the shrewd loan signings of goalkeeper Ben Hamer , centre back Alan Bennett and forwards Jordan Rhodes and Billy Clarke contributed to Brentford winning the 2008–09 League Two championship in Scotts first full season in management . During the season he was named the 2008 BBC Radio London Manager of the Year and won the April 2009 League Two Manager of the Month award . The title win made Scott the first person to win a league championship as both a player and manager of Brentford . Scott again overhauled the squad for the 2009–10 season in League One and he again showed prowess in the loan market , signing young Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny , up-and-coming teenage attacker John Bostock and future stalwart Toumani Diagouraga . Just six defeats between early December and the end of the season led to a strong 9th-place finish . Scotts Brentford had a torrid start to the 2010–11 season and sat bottom of the table after just two wins from the opening 11 matches . The early months of the season were notable for a run to the fourth round of the League Cup , which featured wins over Championship club Hull City and Premier League Everton on penalties at Griffin Park , before the run ended with a loss in a penalty shootout away to Premier League side Birmingham City . The teams league form subsequently picked up and Scott won the October 2010 League One Manager of the Month award . In the same period , Scott felt the need to address the atmosphere surrounding the club , stating we are closing ranks . Theres a lot of negativity around the place and Im sick of it . Weve beaten Plymouth , Peterborough , Charlton , Hull and Everton and taken Birmingham to penalties – its a terrible season were having! . Scott also guided Brentford to the Southern Area finals of the Football League Trophy , but winless run in league matches in January 2011 saw Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant sacked two days after a 4–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge on 1 February . Rotherham United . On 13 April 2011 , Scott was named manager of League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract . He immediately made wholesale changes to the squad and instigated changes to the youth setup and the training ground . Four wins and one draw during the opening month of the 2011–12 season led to him winning the August 2011 League Two Manager of the Month award . With the club in 11th position in the table , Scott was sacked on 19 March 2012 . Aldershot Town . On 22 February 2013 , Scott took over as manager of League Two club Aldershot Town on a deal until the end of the 2012–13 season . Scott and his assistant Terry Bullivant were unable to save the Shots from relegation to the Conference Premier and the subsequent entry into administration . Despite Aldershot residing in the relegation places in October 2013 , the pair signed new three-year contracts . A 19th-place finish was achieved at the end of the 2013–14 season , but with the club six points above the relegation zone , Scott and Bullivant were sacked on 21 January 2015 . Backroom roles . Brentford . In early 2015 , Scott resumed his association with Brentford , when he began scouting for the club on behalf of Smartodds , a sports betting company owned by Brentford owner Matthew Benham . On 1 July 2016 , Scott officially returned to Brentford , as chief scout . After a re-structuring of the backroom , Scott became the clubs Head of Recruitment in July 2016 . He left the club in November 2017 . Watford . On 13 November 2017 , Scott joined Premier League club Watford as the clubs UK Football Recruitment Director , working under Technical Director Filippo Giraldi . He was promoted into the role of Sporting Director in November 2018 and stayed in the role until April 2019 . Swansea City . On 24 July 2019 , Scott was appointed Head of Recruitment at Championship club Swansea City . Personal life . Scott is the elder brother of Rob Scott . He attended Wilsons School in Wallington and studied Sports Studies at university . Scott is a patron of Cardiac Risk in the Young . Honours . As a player . Brentford - Football League Third Division ( 1 ) : 1998–99 As a manager . Brentford - Football League Two ( 1 ) : 2008–09 As an individual . - Football League One Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : October 2010 - Football League Two Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : April 2009 , August 2011 |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Günther Beckstein take from Oct 2003 to Oct 2007? | /wiki/Günther_Beckstein#P39#0 | Günther Beckstein Günther Beckstein ( ) ( born 23 November 1943 in Hersbruck ) is a German CSU politician from Bavaria and was the 17th Minister President of Bavaria from 9 October 2007 to 27 October 2008 . He is well known for his outspoken views on law and order . Biography . After graduating from High School at the Willstätter-Gymnasium in Nuremberg in 1962 , he studied law at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . He holds a Ph.D . from Erlangen-Nürnberg University . In 1975 , he wrote his dissertation ( The Delinquent of Conscience in Criminal Law and Trial Law ) which led to his Ph.D . Between 1971 and 1978 , he worked as a lawyer . Beckstein has been married to Marga Beckstein , a teacher , since 1973 . They have three children : Ruth , Frank and Martin . Beckstein and his wife are residents of Nürnberg-Langwasser . He is a Protestant and an active church member , who was a member of the synod of the Evangelical Church in Germany from 1993 to 2015 . Political career . Beckstein started his political career as the district chairman of the Junge Union Nürnberg-Fürth ( 1973–1978 ) and then became vice chairman of the CSU district association Nürnberg-Fürth-Schwabach . In 1991 , he acceded its chairmanship . Beckstein became a member of the Bavarian State Parliament , the Landtag , for the CSU in 1974 . In 1987 he ran for Oberbürgermeister ( Lord Mayor ) of his home town Nürnberg , but lost to his opponent Peter Schönlein ( SPD ) . In 1988 , Beckstein became State Secretary at the Bavarian Ministry of Interior ( ) . In 1993 , he became the Interior Minister of Bavaria , succeeding Edmund Stoiber . In 2001 , he was elected to the post of Deputy Minister-President of Bavaria . Beckstein won seat in the Bundestag in the 2005 German federal elections but did not take up this position , preferring to stay in state politics . After Minister-President Edmund Stoiber had announced on 18 January 2007 to resign from his post in the autumn of 2007 , the CSU Landtag fraction came to the arrangement for Beckstein to succeed Stoiber , after a power struggle with Erwin Huber , selecting him with a vast majority . On October 9 , the Bavarian Landtag elected him as the new Minister-President by a majority of 122 of the 178 votes cast . His rise to the post of Bavarian prime minister was something of a novelty in the state as he is from Franconia—the northern half of Bavaria—and a Protestant . Traditionally , though not exclusively , Bavarian prime ministers have been from Altbayern—the south—and Catholics . On 1 October 2008 , following the Bavarian state elections of 28 September , where his party lost its absolute majority of the seats for the first time in 46 years , Beckstein resigned from his post but remained in office until a new Minister-President was elected on 27 October . Beckstein was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017 . Views . - Beckstein is an outspoken critic of the Church of Scientology . - He is a staunch supporter of Israel and has warned in the past of the danger of right-wing extremism and antisemitism . He has received the Jerusalem Prize of the ( Zionistin Organisation of Germany ) in July 2006 for his efforts . - He has warned repeatedly of the dangers arising from Islamist extremists in Germany and has asked for greater powers for government security departments to deal with those . He was criticized for this by members of the SPD and German Muslims . - As the head of the Bavarian government , Beckstein had the final say on whether Hitlers Mein Kampf could be published in Germany , since Bavaria holds the copyrights . Beckstein disallowed any form of publication of the book in Germany , fearing it would fuel right-wing extremism . - Beckstein caused controversy in the run-up to Oktoberfest by declaring that people who drink two Maß of beer over several hours are fit to drive . Other activities . - Deutsche Bank , Member of the Regional Advisory Board for Bavaria ( since 2011 ) - University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( FAU ) , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Günther Beckstein Sworn in as new Bavarian Premier Deutsche Welle article on Günther Beckstein - Website with quotes of Günther Beckstein ( in German ) - Official Bavarian government website - Günther Beckstein biography ( in German ) - Günther Becksteins curriculum vitae at the official website of the Bavarian Landtag ( in German ) |
[
"17th Minister President of Bavaria"
] | easy | Günther Beckstein took which position from Oct 2007 to Oct 2008? | /wiki/Günther_Beckstein#P39#1 | Günther Beckstein Günther Beckstein ( ) ( born 23 November 1943 in Hersbruck ) is a German CSU politician from Bavaria and was the 17th Minister President of Bavaria from 9 October 2007 to 27 October 2008 . He is well known for his outspoken views on law and order . Biography . After graduating from High School at the Willstätter-Gymnasium in Nuremberg in 1962 , he studied law at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . He holds a Ph.D . from Erlangen-Nürnberg University . In 1975 , he wrote his dissertation ( The Delinquent of Conscience in Criminal Law and Trial Law ) which led to his Ph.D . Between 1971 and 1978 , he worked as a lawyer . Beckstein has been married to Marga Beckstein , a teacher , since 1973 . They have three children : Ruth , Frank and Martin . Beckstein and his wife are residents of Nürnberg-Langwasser . He is a Protestant and an active church member , who was a member of the synod of the Evangelical Church in Germany from 1993 to 2015 . Political career . Beckstein started his political career as the district chairman of the Junge Union Nürnberg-Fürth ( 1973–1978 ) and then became vice chairman of the CSU district association Nürnberg-Fürth-Schwabach . In 1991 , he acceded its chairmanship . Beckstein became a member of the Bavarian State Parliament , the Landtag , for the CSU in 1974 . In 1987 he ran for Oberbürgermeister ( Lord Mayor ) of his home town Nürnberg , but lost to his opponent Peter Schönlein ( SPD ) . In 1988 , Beckstein became State Secretary at the Bavarian Ministry of Interior ( ) . In 1993 , he became the Interior Minister of Bavaria , succeeding Edmund Stoiber . In 2001 , he was elected to the post of Deputy Minister-President of Bavaria . Beckstein won seat in the Bundestag in the 2005 German federal elections but did not take up this position , preferring to stay in state politics . After Minister-President Edmund Stoiber had announced on 18 January 2007 to resign from his post in the autumn of 2007 , the CSU Landtag fraction came to the arrangement for Beckstein to succeed Stoiber , after a power struggle with Erwin Huber , selecting him with a vast majority . On October 9 , the Bavarian Landtag elected him as the new Minister-President by a majority of 122 of the 178 votes cast . His rise to the post of Bavarian prime minister was something of a novelty in the state as he is from Franconia—the northern half of Bavaria—and a Protestant . Traditionally , though not exclusively , Bavarian prime ministers have been from Altbayern—the south—and Catholics . On 1 October 2008 , following the Bavarian state elections of 28 September , where his party lost its absolute majority of the seats for the first time in 46 years , Beckstein resigned from his post but remained in office until a new Minister-President was elected on 27 October . Beckstein was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017 . Views . - Beckstein is an outspoken critic of the Church of Scientology . - He is a staunch supporter of Israel and has warned in the past of the danger of right-wing extremism and antisemitism . He has received the Jerusalem Prize of the ( Zionistin Organisation of Germany ) in July 2006 for his efforts . - He has warned repeatedly of the dangers arising from Islamist extremists in Germany and has asked for greater powers for government security departments to deal with those . He was criticized for this by members of the SPD and German Muslims . - As the head of the Bavarian government , Beckstein had the final say on whether Hitlers Mein Kampf could be published in Germany , since Bavaria holds the copyrights . Beckstein disallowed any form of publication of the book in Germany , fearing it would fuel right-wing extremism . - Beckstein caused controversy in the run-up to Oktoberfest by declaring that people who drink two Maß of beer over several hours are fit to drive . Other activities . - Deutsche Bank , Member of the Regional Advisory Board for Bavaria ( since 2011 ) - University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( FAU ) , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Günther Beckstein Sworn in as new Bavarian Premier Deutsche Welle article on Günther Beckstein - Website with quotes of Günther Beckstein ( in German ) - Official Bavarian government website - Günther Beckstein biography ( in German ) - Günther Becksteins curriculum vitae at the official website of the Bavarian Landtag ( in German ) |
[
"bishop of St Asaph"
] | easy | What was the position of Thomas Goldwell from 1554 to 1559? | /wiki/Thomas_Goldwell#P39#0 | Thomas Goldwell Thomas Goldwell ( 15013 April 1585 ) was an English bishop , the last of those who had refused to accept the English Reformation . Life . Thomas Goldwell was the son of William Goldwell of Great Chart , Kent . He is thought to have studied at Canterbury College , Oxford ; in January 1532 a student surnamed Goldwell was questioned concerning books in his possession which supported Catherine of Aragon , and Goldwell later referred to Richard Thornden , who was warden of that College from 1524 to 1534 , as his old friend and master . He graduated BA in 1528 , MA on 17 July 1531 , and BTh on 20 March 1534 . While at Oxford he attained more eminence in mathematics , astronomy , and kindred sciences , than in divinity or the humanities . He became chaplain to Cardinal Pole and lived with him at Rome , where he was appointed of the English Hospital of the Holy Trinity . Goldwell was attainted in 1539 . In 1547 he became a novice in the Theatine House of St . Paul , at Naples . On the death of Paul III , Cardinal Pole brought him to Rome as his personal attendant at the conclave of 1549-50 that elected of Pope Julius III . Goldwell then returned to Naples , and made his profession as a Theatine . In 1553 , while Edward VI was still reigning an Act of General Pardon was passed , from which Goldwell had the signal honour of being specially excepted by name , along with Pole and some others . On Marys accession , Pole was named papal legate , and Goldwell returned with him to England . In 1555 Goldwell became bishop of St Asaph , a diocese largely within Wales . While still only bishop-designate , he was sent to Rome on 2 July 1555 to report on the state of religion in England to Paul IV , and probably received his episcopal consecration at that time . He returned to England and assisted at the consecration of Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury . Mary planned to make him Bishop of Oxford and ambassador to Rome in November 1558 , and the documents were drawn up , but were not enacted due to her death . Goldwell attended Cardinal Poles funeral by the Queens permission and then returned to St Asaphs . When Elizabeth came to the throne , Goldwell complained of not being invited to her first parliament as a bishop . It was alleged that , by his nomination to Oxford , he was no longer Bishop of St . Asaph ; but that , as he had not done homage to the queen for Oxford , he was not yet bishop of that see . Not allowed to perform a bishops office , say Mass , or administer the sacraments , as long as he remained in the country , by June 1559 he decided to leave England . Although the ports were being watched for him , he succeeded in making his escape . In 1561 Goldwell became superior of the Theatines at San Silvestro , their house in Rome . He was the only English bishop at the last stages of the council of Trent , ( Richard Pate , Bishop of Worcester , and Reginald Pole being at the earlier stages in the 1540s ) and in 1562 was again attainted . In the following year he was appointed vicar-general to Carlo Borromeo , archbishop of Milan . Later , he returned to Rome , where he is known to have ordained the famous Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria as a priest . In 1580 , in spite of his advanced age , he set out for England at the head of the mission which included Campion and Persons , but he was taken ill at Reims and obliged to return to Rome . He died in Rome in 1585 . Episcopal succession . While bishop , he served as the principal consecrator of : and the principal co-consecrator of : |
[
""
] | easy | Thomas Goldwell took which position from 1559 to 1560? | /wiki/Thomas_Goldwell#P39#1 | Thomas Goldwell Thomas Goldwell ( 15013 April 1585 ) was an English bishop , the last of those who had refused to accept the English Reformation . Life . Thomas Goldwell was the son of William Goldwell of Great Chart , Kent . He is thought to have studied at Canterbury College , Oxford ; in January 1532 a student surnamed Goldwell was questioned concerning books in his possession which supported Catherine of Aragon , and Goldwell later referred to Richard Thornden , who was warden of that College from 1524 to 1534 , as his old friend and master . He graduated BA in 1528 , MA on 17 July 1531 , and BTh on 20 March 1534 . While at Oxford he attained more eminence in mathematics , astronomy , and kindred sciences , than in divinity or the humanities . He became chaplain to Cardinal Pole and lived with him at Rome , where he was appointed of the English Hospital of the Holy Trinity . Goldwell was attainted in 1539 . In 1547 he became a novice in the Theatine House of St . Paul , at Naples . On the death of Paul III , Cardinal Pole brought him to Rome as his personal attendant at the conclave of 1549-50 that elected of Pope Julius III . Goldwell then returned to Naples , and made his profession as a Theatine . In 1553 , while Edward VI was still reigning an Act of General Pardon was passed , from which Goldwell had the signal honour of being specially excepted by name , along with Pole and some others . On Marys accession , Pole was named papal legate , and Goldwell returned with him to England . In 1555 Goldwell became bishop of St Asaph , a diocese largely within Wales . While still only bishop-designate , he was sent to Rome on 2 July 1555 to report on the state of religion in England to Paul IV , and probably received his episcopal consecration at that time . He returned to England and assisted at the consecration of Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury . Mary planned to make him Bishop of Oxford and ambassador to Rome in November 1558 , and the documents were drawn up , but were not enacted due to her death . Goldwell attended Cardinal Poles funeral by the Queens permission and then returned to St Asaphs . When Elizabeth came to the throne , Goldwell complained of not being invited to her first parliament as a bishop . It was alleged that , by his nomination to Oxford , he was no longer Bishop of St . Asaph ; but that , as he had not done homage to the queen for Oxford , he was not yet bishop of that see . Not allowed to perform a bishops office , say Mass , or administer the sacraments , as long as he remained in the country , by June 1559 he decided to leave England . Although the ports were being watched for him , he succeeded in making his escape . In 1561 Goldwell became superior of the Theatines at San Silvestro , their house in Rome . He was the only English bishop at the last stages of the council of Trent , ( Richard Pate , Bishop of Worcester , and Reginald Pole being at the earlier stages in the 1540s ) and in 1562 was again attainted . In the following year he was appointed vicar-general to Carlo Borromeo , archbishop of Milan . Later , he returned to Rome , where he is known to have ordained the famous Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria as a priest . In 1580 , in spite of his advanced age , he set out for England at the head of the mission which included Campion and Persons , but he was taken ill at Reims and obliged to return to Rome . He died in Rome in 1585 . Episcopal succession . While bishop , he served as the principal consecrator of : and the principal co-consecrator of : |
[
"club Lille"
] | easy | Which team did Benoît Cheyrou play for from 1999 to 2000? | /wiki/Benoît_Cheyrou#P54#0 | Benoît Cheyrou Benoît Benjamin Cheyrou ( born 3 May 1981 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and often acted as a deep-lying playmaker for the attack . He is the assistant manager of French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris . He was known for his vision , distribution , and ability to provide assists . He is a former French youth international having represented his nation at under-19 , under-20 , and under-21 level . His older brother is the former French international Bruno Cheyrou , who formerly played for English club Liverpool , and is currently a sports broadcaster . The younger Cheyrou earned his first call up to the national team on 25 February 2010 , but unlike his older brother , never made his senior debut for France throughout his playing career . On 26 January 2018 , Cheyrou joined Toronto FC in an academy coaching role and left his coaching job on 21 August 2018 . Career . Early career . Cheyrou began his career at his hometown club Racing Club de France , which served as a family tradition among the Cheyrou household as his grandfather , father , and older brother trained there as young players as well . It is also the place where Cheyrous father met his mother . During his time as a youth at the club , Cheyrou often played against the Paris Saint-Germain youths who were considered more rich and professional than Racing , which led to Cheyrou developing a minor grudge with the Parisian giants . Following Brunos departure to RC Lens , the younger Cheyrou stayed behind until securing a move to Division 2 club Lille . That same year , his elder brother joined him at the club . Lille . Cheyrou trained in the clubs youth system for two years before earning promotion to the senior team for the 1999–2000 season . He made his professional debut on 3 September 1999 appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 victory over Toulouse . Four days later , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Wasquehal . Cheyrou remained a fixture in the team until the end of the year before suffering injury . He returned to the team for the 2000–01 season with Lille now playing in Division 1 . Cheyrou only made 8 league appearances as he was again limited due to injury . The next season saw Cheyrous appearances increased to 23 league matches with the midfielder also making four appearances in the UEFA Cup . Following the departure of his brother to Liverpool , Cheyrous importance in the team increased . On 5 October 2002 , he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 victory over Marseille after having appeared as a substitute three minutes prior . After alternating between the bench and first eleven , by mid-season , Cheyrou became a fixture in the starting eleven helping Lille finished in 5th position , thus qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In his final season with Lille , Cheyrou appeared in 27 league matches scoring one goal , which came against Guingamp in a 3–1 defeat . Auxerre . In 2004 , Cheyrou signed with up and coming club AJ Auxerre who were led by former player Guy Roux . In his first season with the club , who were also playing in Europe , he was inserted as a starter alongside fellow midfielders Philippe Violeau and Lionel Mathis . Cheyrou appeared in 29 league matches starting 28 of them . He scored his only league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to Lyon as Auxerre finished 8th , three points out of the European places . In the UEFA Cup , Cheyrou appeared in all 8 matches contested as Auxerre reached the quarterfinals where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Russian club CSKA Moscow . Cheyrou scored his first career European goal in the Round of 16 second leg match against Dutch club Ajax . The goal evened the match 2–2 on aggregate and the club advance 3–2 following an 86th-minute goal from Mathis . On 4 June 2005 , Cheyrou claimed the first major honour of his career following the clubs 2–1 victory over Sedan in the 2005 edition of the Coupe de France final . Cheyrou played the entire match as Auxerre earned the title following a 90th minute game-winning goal from Bonaventure Kalou . The 2005–06 season saw the arrival of the Dane Thomas Kahlenberg , who Cheyrou formed an impressive partnership with . Cheyrou appeared in a career-high 35 matches for the season and also scored two goals , both in shutout victories over Sochaux and Nantes . Despite suffering early elimination at the hands of Bulgarian club Levski Sofia in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup , the club rebounded in the league finishing in sixth position and , as a result , qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . During the Ligue 1 2006–07 season , Cheyrou was named captain of the team and scored in back-to-back matches in September with Auxerre winning both matches . The club reached the UEFA Cup for the third straight season reaching the group stage where they finished a disappointing 4th place in their group . Auxerre also finished out of Europe in the league standings , which prompted an exodus of players looking to continue playing in UEFA competitions , which included Cheyrou . Marseille . Following the 2006–07 season , Marseille sporting director José Anigo sought Cheyrous services after stating he was impressed with the players performances during the season . On 21 June 2007 , after weeks of discussion , Marseille reached an agreement with Auxerre for the transfer of Cheyrou with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the southern coast club playing Auxerre €5 million for his services . Cheyrou was presented along with new recruits Gaël Givet and Laurent Bonnart and was assigned the number 7 shirt . Cheyrou made his club debut for the team on 4 August 2007 in a 0–0 draw with Strasbourg . Cheyrou formed an amazing three-way midfield partnership with fellow Frenchman Samir Nasri and the rugged Albanian Lorik Cana . Cheyrou scored two league goals with both coming in draws against Bordeaux and Lens . Marseille finished in 3rd position after falling behind Lyon and Bordeaux during the latter part of the season . Cheyrou was named to the leagues Team of the Year for his performances . He also featured in his first-ever UEFA Champions League and impressed playing the entire match in Marseilles upset victory over English club Liverpool at Anfield . Unfortunately , the club finished third in the group , which meant a return to the UEFA Cup for Cheyrou . In the competition , Marseille reached the Round of 16 before shockingly suffering elimination to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3–1 heading into the match at Petrovsky Stadium . Cheyrou scored his only goal in the competition in the teams previous round 3–0 first leg win over Spartak Moscow . The 2008–09 season was arguably Cheyrous best season of his career . He appeared in 34 league matches scoring three goals and also providing seven assists . His positive play and the team as a whole led to Marseille finishing in 2nd-place position only falling to champions Bordeaux by three points . Cheyrous score his first two goals on the season in back-to-back weeks against Saint-Étienne and Grenoble . On 26 April 2009 , Cheyrou scored the equalizing goal in Marseilles 2–1 come from behind victory over rivals Lille . He followed up his performance in the Lille match by assisting on two goals in Marseilles 4–0 thumping of Rennes on the final match day of the season . Had Bordeaux lost their match on the final day , Marseille would have been crowned champions . For his performances , Cheyrou was named to the Team of the Year for the second straight season . In Europe , Cheyrou scored a vital away goal in Marseilles 1–0 first leg qualifying round victory over Norwegian club Brann . In the group stage , Marseille again finished third and played in the UEFA Cup , where the club reached the quarterfinals . In the Round of 32 , Marseille advanced 7–6 on penalties with Cheyrou converting his penalty shot . In the following round , Cheyrou scored Marseilles opening goal in their 2–1 first leg win over Ajax . The team later advanced to the quarterfinals after a late extra time goal from Tyrone Mears in the second leg . The team were later eliminated by Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk . Toronto FC . It was confirmed on 29 January 2015 that Benoît had signed a contract with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC . On 30 November 2016 , Benoît scored the game-winning goal in extra-time for Toronto FC , a minute after coming on as a substitution for the injured Sebastian Giovinco in the second leg of the MLS Eastern Conference Final over Montreal Impact , sending Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final with an eventual 7–5 aggregate win . In the final , held on 10 December at BMO Field , Toronto were defeated 5–4 on penalties by Seattle Sounders , following a 0–0 draw after extra time , although Cheyrou was able to net his spot kick in the shoot-out . On 9 December 2017 , Cheyrou came on for Marky Delgado as an injury time substitute in the 2017 MLS Cup Final – a rematch of the previous years final – against Seattle , at BMO Field once again ; Toronto won the match 2–0 to capture an unprecedented domestic treble of the MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield , and the Canadian Championship . Coaching career . Following a 19-season career , Cheyrou officially announced his retirement from professional football on 21 December 2017 , at the age of 36 , weeks after winning the MLS Cup with Toronto FC . He stated that he will remain with the Toronto organization , working as a coach with the TFC Academy . On 21 August 2018 , Cheyrou left Toronto to return to his native France . On 7 February 2019 , Cheyrou joined French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris as the assistant manager . Honours . Lille - Division 2 : 1999–2000 Auxerre - Coupe de France : 2004–05 Marseille - Ligue 1 : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2010 , 2011 Toronto - MLS Cup : 2017 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2016 , 2017 France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2000 Individual - Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 - George Gross Memorial Trophy : 2016 |
[
"Lille"
] | easy | Benoît Cheyrou played for which team from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Benoît_Cheyrou#P54#1 | Benoît Cheyrou Benoît Benjamin Cheyrou ( born 3 May 1981 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and often acted as a deep-lying playmaker for the attack . He is the assistant manager of French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris . He was known for his vision , distribution , and ability to provide assists . He is a former French youth international having represented his nation at under-19 , under-20 , and under-21 level . His older brother is the former French international Bruno Cheyrou , who formerly played for English club Liverpool , and is currently a sports broadcaster . The younger Cheyrou earned his first call up to the national team on 25 February 2010 , but unlike his older brother , never made his senior debut for France throughout his playing career . On 26 January 2018 , Cheyrou joined Toronto FC in an academy coaching role and left his coaching job on 21 August 2018 . Career . Early career . Cheyrou began his career at his hometown club Racing Club de France , which served as a family tradition among the Cheyrou household as his grandfather , father , and older brother trained there as young players as well . It is also the place where Cheyrous father met his mother . During his time as a youth at the club , Cheyrou often played against the Paris Saint-Germain youths who were considered more rich and professional than Racing , which led to Cheyrou developing a minor grudge with the Parisian giants . Following Brunos departure to RC Lens , the younger Cheyrou stayed behind until securing a move to Division 2 club Lille . That same year , his elder brother joined him at the club . Lille . Cheyrou trained in the clubs youth system for two years before earning promotion to the senior team for the 1999–2000 season . He made his professional debut on 3 September 1999 appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 victory over Toulouse . Four days later , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Wasquehal . Cheyrou remained a fixture in the team until the end of the year before suffering injury . He returned to the team for the 2000–01 season with Lille now playing in Division 1 . Cheyrou only made 8 league appearances as he was again limited due to injury . The next season saw Cheyrous appearances increased to 23 league matches with the midfielder also making four appearances in the UEFA Cup . Following the departure of his brother to Liverpool , Cheyrous importance in the team increased . On 5 October 2002 , he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 victory over Marseille after having appeared as a substitute three minutes prior . After alternating between the bench and first eleven , by mid-season , Cheyrou became a fixture in the starting eleven helping Lille finished in 5th position , thus qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In his final season with Lille , Cheyrou appeared in 27 league matches scoring one goal , which came against Guingamp in a 3–1 defeat . Auxerre . In 2004 , Cheyrou signed with up and coming club AJ Auxerre who were led by former player Guy Roux . In his first season with the club , who were also playing in Europe , he was inserted as a starter alongside fellow midfielders Philippe Violeau and Lionel Mathis . Cheyrou appeared in 29 league matches starting 28 of them . He scored his only league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to Lyon as Auxerre finished 8th , three points out of the European places . In the UEFA Cup , Cheyrou appeared in all 8 matches contested as Auxerre reached the quarterfinals where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Russian club CSKA Moscow . Cheyrou scored his first career European goal in the Round of 16 second leg match against Dutch club Ajax . The goal evened the match 2–2 on aggregate and the club advance 3–2 following an 86th-minute goal from Mathis . On 4 June 2005 , Cheyrou claimed the first major honour of his career following the clubs 2–1 victory over Sedan in the 2005 edition of the Coupe de France final . Cheyrou played the entire match as Auxerre earned the title following a 90th minute game-winning goal from Bonaventure Kalou . The 2005–06 season saw the arrival of the Dane Thomas Kahlenberg , who Cheyrou formed an impressive partnership with . Cheyrou appeared in a career-high 35 matches for the season and also scored two goals , both in shutout victories over Sochaux and Nantes . Despite suffering early elimination at the hands of Bulgarian club Levski Sofia in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup , the club rebounded in the league finishing in sixth position and , as a result , qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . During the Ligue 1 2006–07 season , Cheyrou was named captain of the team and scored in back-to-back matches in September with Auxerre winning both matches . The club reached the UEFA Cup for the third straight season reaching the group stage where they finished a disappointing 4th place in their group . Auxerre also finished out of Europe in the league standings , which prompted an exodus of players looking to continue playing in UEFA competitions , which included Cheyrou . Marseille . Following the 2006–07 season , Marseille sporting director José Anigo sought Cheyrous services after stating he was impressed with the players performances during the season . On 21 June 2007 , after weeks of discussion , Marseille reached an agreement with Auxerre for the transfer of Cheyrou with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the southern coast club playing Auxerre €5 million for his services . Cheyrou was presented along with new recruits Gaël Givet and Laurent Bonnart and was assigned the number 7 shirt . Cheyrou made his club debut for the team on 4 August 2007 in a 0–0 draw with Strasbourg . Cheyrou formed an amazing three-way midfield partnership with fellow Frenchman Samir Nasri and the rugged Albanian Lorik Cana . Cheyrou scored two league goals with both coming in draws against Bordeaux and Lens . Marseille finished in 3rd position after falling behind Lyon and Bordeaux during the latter part of the season . Cheyrou was named to the leagues Team of the Year for his performances . He also featured in his first-ever UEFA Champions League and impressed playing the entire match in Marseilles upset victory over English club Liverpool at Anfield . Unfortunately , the club finished third in the group , which meant a return to the UEFA Cup for Cheyrou . In the competition , Marseille reached the Round of 16 before shockingly suffering elimination to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3–1 heading into the match at Petrovsky Stadium . Cheyrou scored his only goal in the competition in the teams previous round 3–0 first leg win over Spartak Moscow . The 2008–09 season was arguably Cheyrous best season of his career . He appeared in 34 league matches scoring three goals and also providing seven assists . His positive play and the team as a whole led to Marseille finishing in 2nd-place position only falling to champions Bordeaux by three points . Cheyrous score his first two goals on the season in back-to-back weeks against Saint-Étienne and Grenoble . On 26 April 2009 , Cheyrou scored the equalizing goal in Marseilles 2–1 come from behind victory over rivals Lille . He followed up his performance in the Lille match by assisting on two goals in Marseilles 4–0 thumping of Rennes on the final match day of the season . Had Bordeaux lost their match on the final day , Marseille would have been crowned champions . For his performances , Cheyrou was named to the Team of the Year for the second straight season . In Europe , Cheyrou scored a vital away goal in Marseilles 1–0 first leg qualifying round victory over Norwegian club Brann . In the group stage , Marseille again finished third and played in the UEFA Cup , where the club reached the quarterfinals . In the Round of 32 , Marseille advanced 7–6 on penalties with Cheyrou converting his penalty shot . In the following round , Cheyrou scored Marseilles opening goal in their 2–1 first leg win over Ajax . The team later advanced to the quarterfinals after a late extra time goal from Tyrone Mears in the second leg . The team were later eliminated by Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk . Toronto FC . It was confirmed on 29 January 2015 that Benoît had signed a contract with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC . On 30 November 2016 , Benoît scored the game-winning goal in extra-time for Toronto FC , a minute after coming on as a substitution for the injured Sebastian Giovinco in the second leg of the MLS Eastern Conference Final over Montreal Impact , sending Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final with an eventual 7–5 aggregate win . In the final , held on 10 December at BMO Field , Toronto were defeated 5–4 on penalties by Seattle Sounders , following a 0–0 draw after extra time , although Cheyrou was able to net his spot kick in the shoot-out . On 9 December 2017 , Cheyrou came on for Marky Delgado as an injury time substitute in the 2017 MLS Cup Final – a rematch of the previous years final – against Seattle , at BMO Field once again ; Toronto won the match 2–0 to capture an unprecedented domestic treble of the MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield , and the Canadian Championship . Coaching career . Following a 19-season career , Cheyrou officially announced his retirement from professional football on 21 December 2017 , at the age of 36 , weeks after winning the MLS Cup with Toronto FC . He stated that he will remain with the Toronto organization , working as a coach with the TFC Academy . On 21 August 2018 , Cheyrou left Toronto to return to his native France . On 7 February 2019 , Cheyrou joined French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris as the assistant manager . Honours . Lille - Division 2 : 1999–2000 Auxerre - Coupe de France : 2004–05 Marseille - Ligue 1 : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2010 , 2011 Toronto - MLS Cup : 2017 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2016 , 2017 France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2000 Individual - Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 - George Gross Memorial Trophy : 2016 |
[
"AJ Auxerre"
] | easy | Which team did Benoît Cheyrou play for from 2004 to 2007? | /wiki/Benoît_Cheyrou#P54#2 | Benoît Cheyrou Benoît Benjamin Cheyrou ( born 3 May 1981 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and often acted as a deep-lying playmaker for the attack . He is the assistant manager of French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris . He was known for his vision , distribution , and ability to provide assists . He is a former French youth international having represented his nation at under-19 , under-20 , and under-21 level . His older brother is the former French international Bruno Cheyrou , who formerly played for English club Liverpool , and is currently a sports broadcaster . The younger Cheyrou earned his first call up to the national team on 25 February 2010 , but unlike his older brother , never made his senior debut for France throughout his playing career . On 26 January 2018 , Cheyrou joined Toronto FC in an academy coaching role and left his coaching job on 21 August 2018 . Career . Early career . Cheyrou began his career at his hometown club Racing Club de France , which served as a family tradition among the Cheyrou household as his grandfather , father , and older brother trained there as young players as well . It is also the place where Cheyrous father met his mother . During his time as a youth at the club , Cheyrou often played against the Paris Saint-Germain youths who were considered more rich and professional than Racing , which led to Cheyrou developing a minor grudge with the Parisian giants . Following Brunos departure to RC Lens , the younger Cheyrou stayed behind until securing a move to Division 2 club Lille . That same year , his elder brother joined him at the club . Lille . Cheyrou trained in the clubs youth system for two years before earning promotion to the senior team for the 1999–2000 season . He made his professional debut on 3 September 1999 appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 victory over Toulouse . Four days later , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Wasquehal . Cheyrou remained a fixture in the team until the end of the year before suffering injury . He returned to the team for the 2000–01 season with Lille now playing in Division 1 . Cheyrou only made 8 league appearances as he was again limited due to injury . The next season saw Cheyrous appearances increased to 23 league matches with the midfielder also making four appearances in the UEFA Cup . Following the departure of his brother to Liverpool , Cheyrous importance in the team increased . On 5 October 2002 , he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 victory over Marseille after having appeared as a substitute three minutes prior . After alternating between the bench and first eleven , by mid-season , Cheyrou became a fixture in the starting eleven helping Lille finished in 5th position , thus qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In his final season with Lille , Cheyrou appeared in 27 league matches scoring one goal , which came against Guingamp in a 3–1 defeat . Auxerre . In 2004 , Cheyrou signed with up and coming club AJ Auxerre who were led by former player Guy Roux . In his first season with the club , who were also playing in Europe , he was inserted as a starter alongside fellow midfielders Philippe Violeau and Lionel Mathis . Cheyrou appeared in 29 league matches starting 28 of them . He scored his only league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to Lyon as Auxerre finished 8th , three points out of the European places . In the UEFA Cup , Cheyrou appeared in all 8 matches contested as Auxerre reached the quarterfinals where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Russian club CSKA Moscow . Cheyrou scored his first career European goal in the Round of 16 second leg match against Dutch club Ajax . The goal evened the match 2–2 on aggregate and the club advance 3–2 following an 86th-minute goal from Mathis . On 4 June 2005 , Cheyrou claimed the first major honour of his career following the clubs 2–1 victory over Sedan in the 2005 edition of the Coupe de France final . Cheyrou played the entire match as Auxerre earned the title following a 90th minute game-winning goal from Bonaventure Kalou . The 2005–06 season saw the arrival of the Dane Thomas Kahlenberg , who Cheyrou formed an impressive partnership with . Cheyrou appeared in a career-high 35 matches for the season and also scored two goals , both in shutout victories over Sochaux and Nantes . Despite suffering early elimination at the hands of Bulgarian club Levski Sofia in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup , the club rebounded in the league finishing in sixth position and , as a result , qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . During the Ligue 1 2006–07 season , Cheyrou was named captain of the team and scored in back-to-back matches in September with Auxerre winning both matches . The club reached the UEFA Cup for the third straight season reaching the group stage where they finished a disappointing 4th place in their group . Auxerre also finished out of Europe in the league standings , which prompted an exodus of players looking to continue playing in UEFA competitions , which included Cheyrou . Marseille . Following the 2006–07 season , Marseille sporting director José Anigo sought Cheyrous services after stating he was impressed with the players performances during the season . On 21 June 2007 , after weeks of discussion , Marseille reached an agreement with Auxerre for the transfer of Cheyrou with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the southern coast club playing Auxerre €5 million for his services . Cheyrou was presented along with new recruits Gaël Givet and Laurent Bonnart and was assigned the number 7 shirt . Cheyrou made his club debut for the team on 4 August 2007 in a 0–0 draw with Strasbourg . Cheyrou formed an amazing three-way midfield partnership with fellow Frenchman Samir Nasri and the rugged Albanian Lorik Cana . Cheyrou scored two league goals with both coming in draws against Bordeaux and Lens . Marseille finished in 3rd position after falling behind Lyon and Bordeaux during the latter part of the season . Cheyrou was named to the leagues Team of the Year for his performances . He also featured in his first-ever UEFA Champions League and impressed playing the entire match in Marseilles upset victory over English club Liverpool at Anfield . Unfortunately , the club finished third in the group , which meant a return to the UEFA Cup for Cheyrou . In the competition , Marseille reached the Round of 16 before shockingly suffering elimination to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3–1 heading into the match at Petrovsky Stadium . Cheyrou scored his only goal in the competition in the teams previous round 3–0 first leg win over Spartak Moscow . The 2008–09 season was arguably Cheyrous best season of his career . He appeared in 34 league matches scoring three goals and also providing seven assists . His positive play and the team as a whole led to Marseille finishing in 2nd-place position only falling to champions Bordeaux by three points . Cheyrous score his first two goals on the season in back-to-back weeks against Saint-Étienne and Grenoble . On 26 April 2009 , Cheyrou scored the equalizing goal in Marseilles 2–1 come from behind victory over rivals Lille . He followed up his performance in the Lille match by assisting on two goals in Marseilles 4–0 thumping of Rennes on the final match day of the season . Had Bordeaux lost their match on the final day , Marseille would have been crowned champions . For his performances , Cheyrou was named to the Team of the Year for the second straight season . In Europe , Cheyrou scored a vital away goal in Marseilles 1–0 first leg qualifying round victory over Norwegian club Brann . In the group stage , Marseille again finished third and played in the UEFA Cup , where the club reached the quarterfinals . In the Round of 32 , Marseille advanced 7–6 on penalties with Cheyrou converting his penalty shot . In the following round , Cheyrou scored Marseilles opening goal in their 2–1 first leg win over Ajax . The team later advanced to the quarterfinals after a late extra time goal from Tyrone Mears in the second leg . The team were later eliminated by Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk . Toronto FC . It was confirmed on 29 January 2015 that Benoît had signed a contract with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC . On 30 November 2016 , Benoît scored the game-winning goal in extra-time for Toronto FC , a minute after coming on as a substitution for the injured Sebastian Giovinco in the second leg of the MLS Eastern Conference Final over Montreal Impact , sending Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final with an eventual 7–5 aggregate win . In the final , held on 10 December at BMO Field , Toronto were defeated 5–4 on penalties by Seattle Sounders , following a 0–0 draw after extra time , although Cheyrou was able to net his spot kick in the shoot-out . On 9 December 2017 , Cheyrou came on for Marky Delgado as an injury time substitute in the 2017 MLS Cup Final – a rematch of the previous years final – against Seattle , at BMO Field once again ; Toronto won the match 2–0 to capture an unprecedented domestic treble of the MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield , and the Canadian Championship . Coaching career . Following a 19-season career , Cheyrou officially announced his retirement from professional football on 21 December 2017 , at the age of 36 , weeks after winning the MLS Cup with Toronto FC . He stated that he will remain with the Toronto organization , working as a coach with the TFC Academy . On 21 August 2018 , Cheyrou left Toronto to return to his native France . On 7 February 2019 , Cheyrou joined French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris as the assistant manager . Honours . Lille - Division 2 : 1999–2000 Auxerre - Coupe de France : 2004–05 Marseille - Ligue 1 : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2010 , 2011 Toronto - MLS Cup : 2017 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2016 , 2017 France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2000 Individual - Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 - George Gross Memorial Trophy : 2016 |
[
"Marseille"
] | easy | Benoît Cheyrou played for which team from 2007 to 2014? | /wiki/Benoît_Cheyrou#P54#3 | Benoît Cheyrou Benoît Benjamin Cheyrou ( born 3 May 1981 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and often acted as a deep-lying playmaker for the attack . He is the assistant manager of French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris . He was known for his vision , distribution , and ability to provide assists . He is a former French youth international having represented his nation at under-19 , under-20 , and under-21 level . His older brother is the former French international Bruno Cheyrou , who formerly played for English club Liverpool , and is currently a sports broadcaster . The younger Cheyrou earned his first call up to the national team on 25 February 2010 , but unlike his older brother , never made his senior debut for France throughout his playing career . On 26 January 2018 , Cheyrou joined Toronto FC in an academy coaching role and left his coaching job on 21 August 2018 . Career . Early career . Cheyrou began his career at his hometown club Racing Club de France , which served as a family tradition among the Cheyrou household as his grandfather , father , and older brother trained there as young players as well . It is also the place where Cheyrous father met his mother . During his time as a youth at the club , Cheyrou often played against the Paris Saint-Germain youths who were considered more rich and professional than Racing , which led to Cheyrou developing a minor grudge with the Parisian giants . Following Brunos departure to RC Lens , the younger Cheyrou stayed behind until securing a move to Division 2 club Lille . That same year , his elder brother joined him at the club . Lille . Cheyrou trained in the clubs youth system for two years before earning promotion to the senior team for the 1999–2000 season . He made his professional debut on 3 September 1999 appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 victory over Toulouse . Four days later , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Wasquehal . Cheyrou remained a fixture in the team until the end of the year before suffering injury . He returned to the team for the 2000–01 season with Lille now playing in Division 1 . Cheyrou only made 8 league appearances as he was again limited due to injury . The next season saw Cheyrous appearances increased to 23 league matches with the midfielder also making four appearances in the UEFA Cup . Following the departure of his brother to Liverpool , Cheyrous importance in the team increased . On 5 October 2002 , he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 victory over Marseille after having appeared as a substitute three minutes prior . After alternating between the bench and first eleven , by mid-season , Cheyrou became a fixture in the starting eleven helping Lille finished in 5th position , thus qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In his final season with Lille , Cheyrou appeared in 27 league matches scoring one goal , which came against Guingamp in a 3–1 defeat . Auxerre . In 2004 , Cheyrou signed with up and coming club AJ Auxerre who were led by former player Guy Roux . In his first season with the club , who were also playing in Europe , he was inserted as a starter alongside fellow midfielders Philippe Violeau and Lionel Mathis . Cheyrou appeared in 29 league matches starting 28 of them . He scored his only league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to Lyon as Auxerre finished 8th , three points out of the European places . In the UEFA Cup , Cheyrou appeared in all 8 matches contested as Auxerre reached the quarterfinals where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Russian club CSKA Moscow . Cheyrou scored his first career European goal in the Round of 16 second leg match against Dutch club Ajax . The goal evened the match 2–2 on aggregate and the club advance 3–2 following an 86th-minute goal from Mathis . On 4 June 2005 , Cheyrou claimed the first major honour of his career following the clubs 2–1 victory over Sedan in the 2005 edition of the Coupe de France final . Cheyrou played the entire match as Auxerre earned the title following a 90th minute game-winning goal from Bonaventure Kalou . The 2005–06 season saw the arrival of the Dane Thomas Kahlenberg , who Cheyrou formed an impressive partnership with . Cheyrou appeared in a career-high 35 matches for the season and also scored two goals , both in shutout victories over Sochaux and Nantes . Despite suffering early elimination at the hands of Bulgarian club Levski Sofia in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup , the club rebounded in the league finishing in sixth position and , as a result , qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . During the Ligue 1 2006–07 season , Cheyrou was named captain of the team and scored in back-to-back matches in September with Auxerre winning both matches . The club reached the UEFA Cup for the third straight season reaching the group stage where they finished a disappointing 4th place in their group . Auxerre also finished out of Europe in the league standings , which prompted an exodus of players looking to continue playing in UEFA competitions , which included Cheyrou . Marseille . Following the 2006–07 season , Marseille sporting director José Anigo sought Cheyrous services after stating he was impressed with the players performances during the season . On 21 June 2007 , after weeks of discussion , Marseille reached an agreement with Auxerre for the transfer of Cheyrou with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the southern coast club playing Auxerre €5 million for his services . Cheyrou was presented along with new recruits Gaël Givet and Laurent Bonnart and was assigned the number 7 shirt . Cheyrou made his club debut for the team on 4 August 2007 in a 0–0 draw with Strasbourg . Cheyrou formed an amazing three-way midfield partnership with fellow Frenchman Samir Nasri and the rugged Albanian Lorik Cana . Cheyrou scored two league goals with both coming in draws against Bordeaux and Lens . Marseille finished in 3rd position after falling behind Lyon and Bordeaux during the latter part of the season . Cheyrou was named to the leagues Team of the Year for his performances . He also featured in his first-ever UEFA Champions League and impressed playing the entire match in Marseilles upset victory over English club Liverpool at Anfield . Unfortunately , the club finished third in the group , which meant a return to the UEFA Cup for Cheyrou . In the competition , Marseille reached the Round of 16 before shockingly suffering elimination to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3–1 heading into the match at Petrovsky Stadium . Cheyrou scored his only goal in the competition in the teams previous round 3–0 first leg win over Spartak Moscow . The 2008–09 season was arguably Cheyrous best season of his career . He appeared in 34 league matches scoring three goals and also providing seven assists . His positive play and the team as a whole led to Marseille finishing in 2nd-place position only falling to champions Bordeaux by three points . Cheyrous score his first two goals on the season in back-to-back weeks against Saint-Étienne and Grenoble . On 26 April 2009 , Cheyrou scored the equalizing goal in Marseilles 2–1 come from behind victory over rivals Lille . He followed up his performance in the Lille match by assisting on two goals in Marseilles 4–0 thumping of Rennes on the final match day of the season . Had Bordeaux lost their match on the final day , Marseille would have been crowned champions . For his performances , Cheyrou was named to the Team of the Year for the second straight season . In Europe , Cheyrou scored a vital away goal in Marseilles 1–0 first leg qualifying round victory over Norwegian club Brann . In the group stage , Marseille again finished third and played in the UEFA Cup , where the club reached the quarterfinals . In the Round of 32 , Marseille advanced 7–6 on penalties with Cheyrou converting his penalty shot . In the following round , Cheyrou scored Marseilles opening goal in their 2–1 first leg win over Ajax . The team later advanced to the quarterfinals after a late extra time goal from Tyrone Mears in the second leg . The team were later eliminated by Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk . Toronto FC . It was confirmed on 29 January 2015 that Benoît had signed a contract with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC . On 30 November 2016 , Benoît scored the game-winning goal in extra-time for Toronto FC , a minute after coming on as a substitution for the injured Sebastian Giovinco in the second leg of the MLS Eastern Conference Final over Montreal Impact , sending Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final with an eventual 7–5 aggregate win . In the final , held on 10 December at BMO Field , Toronto were defeated 5–4 on penalties by Seattle Sounders , following a 0–0 draw after extra time , although Cheyrou was able to net his spot kick in the shoot-out . On 9 December 2017 , Cheyrou came on for Marky Delgado as an injury time substitute in the 2017 MLS Cup Final – a rematch of the previous years final – against Seattle , at BMO Field once again ; Toronto won the match 2–0 to capture an unprecedented domestic treble of the MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield , and the Canadian Championship . Coaching career . Following a 19-season career , Cheyrou officially announced his retirement from professional football on 21 December 2017 , at the age of 36 , weeks after winning the MLS Cup with Toronto FC . He stated that he will remain with the Toronto organization , working as a coach with the TFC Academy . On 21 August 2018 , Cheyrou left Toronto to return to his native France . On 7 February 2019 , Cheyrou joined French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris as the assistant manager . Honours . Lille - Division 2 : 1999–2000 Auxerre - Coupe de France : 2004–05 Marseille - Ligue 1 : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2010 , 2011 Toronto - MLS Cup : 2017 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2016 , 2017 France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2000 Individual - Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 - George Gross Memorial Trophy : 2016 |
[
"Toronto FC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Benoît Cheyrou belong to from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Benoît_Cheyrou#P54#4 | Benoît Cheyrou Benoît Benjamin Cheyrou ( born 3 May 1981 ) is a French former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder , and often acted as a deep-lying playmaker for the attack . He is the assistant manager of French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris . He was known for his vision , distribution , and ability to provide assists . He is a former French youth international having represented his nation at under-19 , under-20 , and under-21 level . His older brother is the former French international Bruno Cheyrou , who formerly played for English club Liverpool , and is currently a sports broadcaster . The younger Cheyrou earned his first call up to the national team on 25 February 2010 , but unlike his older brother , never made his senior debut for France throughout his playing career . On 26 January 2018 , Cheyrou joined Toronto FC in an academy coaching role and left his coaching job on 21 August 2018 . Career . Early career . Cheyrou began his career at his hometown club Racing Club de France , which served as a family tradition among the Cheyrou household as his grandfather , father , and older brother trained there as young players as well . It is also the place where Cheyrous father met his mother . During his time as a youth at the club , Cheyrou often played against the Paris Saint-Germain youths who were considered more rich and professional than Racing , which led to Cheyrou developing a minor grudge with the Parisian giants . Following Brunos departure to RC Lens , the younger Cheyrou stayed behind until securing a move to Division 2 club Lille . That same year , his elder brother joined him at the club . Lille . Cheyrou trained in the clubs youth system for two years before earning promotion to the senior team for the 1999–2000 season . He made his professional debut on 3 September 1999 appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 victory over Toulouse . Four days later , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Wasquehal . Cheyrou remained a fixture in the team until the end of the year before suffering injury . He returned to the team for the 2000–01 season with Lille now playing in Division 1 . Cheyrou only made 8 league appearances as he was again limited due to injury . The next season saw Cheyrous appearances increased to 23 league matches with the midfielder also making four appearances in the UEFA Cup . Following the departure of his brother to Liverpool , Cheyrous importance in the team increased . On 5 October 2002 , he scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 victory over Marseille after having appeared as a substitute three minutes prior . After alternating between the bench and first eleven , by mid-season , Cheyrou became a fixture in the starting eleven helping Lille finished in 5th position , thus qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In his final season with Lille , Cheyrou appeared in 27 league matches scoring one goal , which came against Guingamp in a 3–1 defeat . Auxerre . In 2004 , Cheyrou signed with up and coming club AJ Auxerre who were led by former player Guy Roux . In his first season with the club , who were also playing in Europe , he was inserted as a starter alongside fellow midfielders Philippe Violeau and Lionel Mathis . Cheyrou appeared in 29 league matches starting 28 of them . He scored his only league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to Lyon as Auxerre finished 8th , three points out of the European places . In the UEFA Cup , Cheyrou appeared in all 8 matches contested as Auxerre reached the quarterfinals where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Russian club CSKA Moscow . Cheyrou scored his first career European goal in the Round of 16 second leg match against Dutch club Ajax . The goal evened the match 2–2 on aggregate and the club advance 3–2 following an 86th-minute goal from Mathis . On 4 June 2005 , Cheyrou claimed the first major honour of his career following the clubs 2–1 victory over Sedan in the 2005 edition of the Coupe de France final . Cheyrou played the entire match as Auxerre earned the title following a 90th minute game-winning goal from Bonaventure Kalou . The 2005–06 season saw the arrival of the Dane Thomas Kahlenberg , who Cheyrou formed an impressive partnership with . Cheyrou appeared in a career-high 35 matches for the season and also scored two goals , both in shutout victories over Sochaux and Nantes . Despite suffering early elimination at the hands of Bulgarian club Levski Sofia in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup , the club rebounded in the league finishing in sixth position and , as a result , qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . During the Ligue 1 2006–07 season , Cheyrou was named captain of the team and scored in back-to-back matches in September with Auxerre winning both matches . The club reached the UEFA Cup for the third straight season reaching the group stage where they finished a disappointing 4th place in their group . Auxerre also finished out of Europe in the league standings , which prompted an exodus of players looking to continue playing in UEFA competitions , which included Cheyrou . Marseille . Following the 2006–07 season , Marseille sporting director José Anigo sought Cheyrous services after stating he was impressed with the players performances during the season . On 21 June 2007 , after weeks of discussion , Marseille reached an agreement with Auxerre for the transfer of Cheyrou with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the southern coast club playing Auxerre €5 million for his services . Cheyrou was presented along with new recruits Gaël Givet and Laurent Bonnart and was assigned the number 7 shirt . Cheyrou made his club debut for the team on 4 August 2007 in a 0–0 draw with Strasbourg . Cheyrou formed an amazing three-way midfield partnership with fellow Frenchman Samir Nasri and the rugged Albanian Lorik Cana . Cheyrou scored two league goals with both coming in draws against Bordeaux and Lens . Marseille finished in 3rd position after falling behind Lyon and Bordeaux during the latter part of the season . Cheyrou was named to the leagues Team of the Year for his performances . He also featured in his first-ever UEFA Champions League and impressed playing the entire match in Marseilles upset victory over English club Liverpool at Anfield . Unfortunately , the club finished third in the group , which meant a return to the UEFA Cup for Cheyrou . In the competition , Marseille reached the Round of 16 before shockingly suffering elimination to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3–1 heading into the match at Petrovsky Stadium . Cheyrou scored his only goal in the competition in the teams previous round 3–0 first leg win over Spartak Moscow . The 2008–09 season was arguably Cheyrous best season of his career . He appeared in 34 league matches scoring three goals and also providing seven assists . His positive play and the team as a whole led to Marseille finishing in 2nd-place position only falling to champions Bordeaux by three points . Cheyrous score his first two goals on the season in back-to-back weeks against Saint-Étienne and Grenoble . On 26 April 2009 , Cheyrou scored the equalizing goal in Marseilles 2–1 come from behind victory over rivals Lille . He followed up his performance in the Lille match by assisting on two goals in Marseilles 4–0 thumping of Rennes on the final match day of the season . Had Bordeaux lost their match on the final day , Marseille would have been crowned champions . For his performances , Cheyrou was named to the Team of the Year for the second straight season . In Europe , Cheyrou scored a vital away goal in Marseilles 1–0 first leg qualifying round victory over Norwegian club Brann . In the group stage , Marseille again finished third and played in the UEFA Cup , where the club reached the quarterfinals . In the Round of 32 , Marseille advanced 7–6 on penalties with Cheyrou converting his penalty shot . In the following round , Cheyrou scored Marseilles opening goal in their 2–1 first leg win over Ajax . The team later advanced to the quarterfinals after a late extra time goal from Tyrone Mears in the second leg . The team were later eliminated by Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk . Toronto FC . It was confirmed on 29 January 2015 that Benoît had signed a contract with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC . On 30 November 2016 , Benoît scored the game-winning goal in extra-time for Toronto FC , a minute after coming on as a substitution for the injured Sebastian Giovinco in the second leg of the MLS Eastern Conference Final over Montreal Impact , sending Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final with an eventual 7–5 aggregate win . In the final , held on 10 December at BMO Field , Toronto were defeated 5–4 on penalties by Seattle Sounders , following a 0–0 draw after extra time , although Cheyrou was able to net his spot kick in the shoot-out . On 9 December 2017 , Cheyrou came on for Marky Delgado as an injury time substitute in the 2017 MLS Cup Final – a rematch of the previous years final – against Seattle , at BMO Field once again ; Toronto won the match 2–0 to capture an unprecedented domestic treble of the MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield , and the Canadian Championship . Coaching career . Following a 19-season career , Cheyrou officially announced his retirement from professional football on 21 December 2017 , at the age of 36 , weeks after winning the MLS Cup with Toronto FC . He stated that he will remain with the Toronto organization , working as a coach with the TFC Academy . On 21 August 2018 , Cheyrou left Toronto to return to his native France . On 7 February 2019 , Cheyrou joined French amateur club La Salesienne de Paris as the assistant manager . Honours . Lille - Division 2 : 1999–2000 Auxerre - Coupe de France : 2004–05 Marseille - Ligue 1 : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2010 , 2011 Toronto - MLS Cup : 2017 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2016 , 2017 France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2000 Individual - Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 - George Gross Memorial Trophy : 2016 |
[
"member of the Council of State"
] | easy | What was the position of René Cassin from 1944 to 1960? | /wiki/René_Cassin#P39#0 | René Cassin René Samuel Cassin ( 5 October 1887 – 20 February 1976 ) was a French jurist known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize . Cassin was born in Bayonne . He served as a soldier in World War I . On June 24 , 1940 , Cassin heeded General Charles de Gaulles radio appeal and joined him in London , using his legal expertise to help the Free French . Between 1944 and 1959 was a member of the Council of State . Seconded to the UN Commission on Human Rights after the war , he was a major contributor to the 1946 Universal Declaration of Human Rights . For this work he would receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968 . That same year , he was awarded one of the UN General Assemblys Human Rights Prizes . Personal life . Cassin was born in Bayonne 5 October 1887 , to a Sephardi Jewish family . He grew up in Nice , where he attended the , and graduated with a bachelors degree at 17 . He matriculated at the University of Aix , studying political economics , constitutional history , and Roman law , and awarded distinctions in law , and a university degree with distinction , and a first prize in the competitive examinations in the faculty of law . In 1914 in Paris , he was awarded his doctorate in juridical science , economics , and politics . Cassin died in Paris in 1976 and was initially interred at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . In 1987 , his remains were exhumed and enshrined in the crypt of the Pantheon in Paris . Career . Early career . Cassin served in World War I in 1916 at the Battle of the Meuse . In one operation he led to attack enemy positions , he was gravely injured in the arm , side , and stomach by machine gun fire . A medic saved his life , but he only received surgical treatment ten days later at Antibes . He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for his actions , but was too gravely injured to return to active duty , and was mustered out as a war invalid . He formed the Union Fédérale , a leftist , pacifist organisation for veterans . Cassin also headed many Non-Governmental Organisations ( NGO ) , founding the French Federation of Disabled War Veterans in 1918 and until 1940 serving as its president and then honorary president . As French delegate to the League of Nations from 1924 to 1938 , Cassin pressed for progress on disarmament and in developing institutions to aid the resolution of international conflicts . Second World War . Refusing the ceasefire , René Cassin embarked on a British ship , the Ettrick , in Saint-Jean-de-Luz on June 24 , 1940 and joined General Charles de Gaulle in London to help him continue the war against Germany . He was , therefore , one of the first to join him . De Gaulle needed legal help to draft the statutes of Free France , so his arrival in London was very welcome . René Cassin did not speak English but already knew leading academics and political figures , like Foreign Minister Anthony Eden . In April 1941 , Cassin made a radio broadcast from London , addressing himself especially to French Jews from a secular viewpoint and reminding them of the full and equal protection France had always offered Jews since the Revolution . Je exhorted them to pay back that debt in part by joining the forces of Free France . In May , the Vichy Regime stripped Cassin of his French citizenship , and in 1942 he was sentenced him to death in absentia . Post-war . Following World War Two , Cassin was assigned to the United Nations , helping to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Working from a list of rights elaborated by Canadian scholar and professor of law John Humphrey , Cassin produced a revised draft and expanded the text . He served on the UNs Human Rights Commission and the Hague Court of Arbitration . He was also a member ( 1959–1965 ) and president ( 1965–1968 ) of the European Court of Human Rights . Today the court building is on the Allée René Cassin in Strasbourg . In 1945 , Charles de Gaulle suggested Cassin , having done so much for the French people , also do something to help the Jewish people . Cassin became the president of the French-Jewish Alliance Israelite Universelle ( AIU ) which had previously been primarily dedicated to educating Sephardi Jews living under the rule of the Ottoman Empire according to a French modernist curriculum . As president of the AIU , Cassin worked with the American Jewish Committee and the Anglo-Jewish Association , to found the Consultative Council of Jewish Organisations , a network dedicated to building support for Cassins platform of human rights from a Jewish perspective while the UN human rights system was in its early stages of development . In 1947 , René Cassin created the French Institute of Administrative Sciences ( IFSA ) which was recognized of public utility . He was the first president of this association which organized many conferences that helped to develop the French doctrine in administrative law . On 10 November 1950 , he was photographed at a U.N . radio alongside Karim Azkoul , Georges Day and Herald C.L . Roy , participating in a roundtable discussion for the use of French-speaking countries . This is perhaps all the more interesting because Azkoul and Cassin differed so strongly in their perspectives concerning the politics of Zionism . Legacy . In 2001 , CCJO René Cassin was founded in Cassins to promote Universal Human Rights from a Jewish perspective . The René Cassin medal is awarded by the CCJO to those who have made an outstanding global contribution to human rights . As the head of the Alliance Israélite in France , he pursued civil rights for the Jews and was an active Zionist . A high school in Jerusalem is named after him . In 2003 , the Basque Government created the René Cassin Award , with the goal of publicly acknowledging and rewarding individuals or collectives that , through their personal or professional path , showed a strong commitment to the promotion , defence and divulgation of Human Rights . The award is given on December 10 , International Human Rights Day . |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did René Cassin hold from Jul 1960 to 1976? | /wiki/René_Cassin#P39#1 | René Cassin René Samuel Cassin ( 5 October 1887 – 20 February 1976 ) was a French jurist known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize . Cassin was born in Bayonne . He served as a soldier in World War I . On June 24 , 1940 , Cassin heeded General Charles de Gaulles radio appeal and joined him in London , using his legal expertise to help the Free French . Between 1944 and 1959 was a member of the Council of State . Seconded to the UN Commission on Human Rights after the war , he was a major contributor to the 1946 Universal Declaration of Human Rights . For this work he would receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968 . That same year , he was awarded one of the UN General Assemblys Human Rights Prizes . Personal life . Cassin was born in Bayonne 5 October 1887 , to a Sephardi Jewish family . He grew up in Nice , where he attended the , and graduated with a bachelors degree at 17 . He matriculated at the University of Aix , studying political economics , constitutional history , and Roman law , and awarded distinctions in law , and a university degree with distinction , and a first prize in the competitive examinations in the faculty of law . In 1914 in Paris , he was awarded his doctorate in juridical science , economics , and politics . Cassin died in Paris in 1976 and was initially interred at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . In 1987 , his remains were exhumed and enshrined in the crypt of the Pantheon in Paris . Career . Early career . Cassin served in World War I in 1916 at the Battle of the Meuse . In one operation he led to attack enemy positions , he was gravely injured in the arm , side , and stomach by machine gun fire . A medic saved his life , but he only received surgical treatment ten days later at Antibes . He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for his actions , but was too gravely injured to return to active duty , and was mustered out as a war invalid . He formed the Union Fédérale , a leftist , pacifist organisation for veterans . Cassin also headed many Non-Governmental Organisations ( NGO ) , founding the French Federation of Disabled War Veterans in 1918 and until 1940 serving as its president and then honorary president . As French delegate to the League of Nations from 1924 to 1938 , Cassin pressed for progress on disarmament and in developing institutions to aid the resolution of international conflicts . Second World War . Refusing the ceasefire , René Cassin embarked on a British ship , the Ettrick , in Saint-Jean-de-Luz on June 24 , 1940 and joined General Charles de Gaulle in London to help him continue the war against Germany . He was , therefore , one of the first to join him . De Gaulle needed legal help to draft the statutes of Free France , so his arrival in London was very welcome . René Cassin did not speak English but already knew leading academics and political figures , like Foreign Minister Anthony Eden . In April 1941 , Cassin made a radio broadcast from London , addressing himself especially to French Jews from a secular viewpoint and reminding them of the full and equal protection France had always offered Jews since the Revolution . Je exhorted them to pay back that debt in part by joining the forces of Free France . In May , the Vichy Regime stripped Cassin of his French citizenship , and in 1942 he was sentenced him to death in absentia . Post-war . Following World War Two , Cassin was assigned to the United Nations , helping to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Working from a list of rights elaborated by Canadian scholar and professor of law John Humphrey , Cassin produced a revised draft and expanded the text . He served on the UNs Human Rights Commission and the Hague Court of Arbitration . He was also a member ( 1959–1965 ) and president ( 1965–1968 ) of the European Court of Human Rights . Today the court building is on the Allée René Cassin in Strasbourg . In 1945 , Charles de Gaulle suggested Cassin , having done so much for the French people , also do something to help the Jewish people . Cassin became the president of the French-Jewish Alliance Israelite Universelle ( AIU ) which had previously been primarily dedicated to educating Sephardi Jews living under the rule of the Ottoman Empire according to a French modernist curriculum . As president of the AIU , Cassin worked with the American Jewish Committee and the Anglo-Jewish Association , to found the Consultative Council of Jewish Organisations , a network dedicated to building support for Cassins platform of human rights from a Jewish perspective while the UN human rights system was in its early stages of development . In 1947 , René Cassin created the French Institute of Administrative Sciences ( IFSA ) which was recognized of public utility . He was the first president of this association which organized many conferences that helped to develop the French doctrine in administrative law . On 10 November 1950 , he was photographed at a U.N . radio alongside Karim Azkoul , Georges Day and Herald C.L . Roy , participating in a roundtable discussion for the use of French-speaking countries . This is perhaps all the more interesting because Azkoul and Cassin differed so strongly in their perspectives concerning the politics of Zionism . Legacy . In 2001 , CCJO René Cassin was founded in Cassins to promote Universal Human Rights from a Jewish perspective . The René Cassin medal is awarded by the CCJO to those who have made an outstanding global contribution to human rights . As the head of the Alliance Israélite in France , he pursued civil rights for the Jews and was an active Zionist . A high school in Jerusalem is named after him . In 2003 , the Basque Government created the René Cassin Award , with the goal of publicly acknowledging and rewarding individuals or collectives that , through their personal or professional path , showed a strong commitment to the promotion , defence and divulgation of Human Rights . The award is given on December 10 , International Human Rights Day . |
[
"New York"
] | easy | Where did Julia Richman live from Oct 1855 to 1860? | /wiki/Julia_Richman#P551#0 | Julia Richman Julia Richman ( 1855–1912 ) was an American educator and pedagogue . She is remembered as the first woman district superintendent of schools in New York City . Richman wrote books on curriculum and started a number of school programs , including an optical one , special education for delinquents , chronic absentee students , as well as those who were above average . She was the first Normal College graduate to serve as principal in New York City and the first Jewish woman to obtain the position . The now defunct Julia Richman High School was named in her honor . Family and education . Richman was born on October 12 , 1855 , at 156 Seventh Avenue , New York City , the neighborhood of Chelsea , Manhattan . She was the third child of her parents , Moses and Theresa Melis Richman , with two younger and two older siblings . Her ancestry was a long line of rabbis and teachers , whose graves are in Old Jewish Cemetery , Prague . The cemetery and the graves were visited by Richman on her first European trip . At the time of her birth , her father ( who was in the paint and glazing business ) had the contract to put all the glass in Cooper Institute ( now Cooper Union ) . He accidentally drowned when Richman was just out of her teens . Shortly after she passed her fifth birthday , in the late fall of 1860 , the family moved to Huntington , New York . The three older children were admitted to the Huntington High School . Richman entered the Primary Department , and remained a pupil of the school for six years . She was known as a “tom boy” . In 1866 , the family returned to New York in order to give the older children educational advantages not present in Huntington . They moved to East 13th Street , and Richman entered Grammar School No . 50 , on 20th Street , between Second and Third Avenues . She attended no other public school , remaining there until the opening of the Normal School ( later Normal College , now known as Hunter College ) , in February , 1870 , from which she was graduated in June , 1872 , when she was still 16 . Although she received her diploma at that time , her license to teach was withheld until she had passed her birthday in October . She also attended the School of Pedagogy ( now Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ) in that city . Early career . At seventeen she began to teach in the Grammar Department of one of the largest schools in New York City . A month or two later her father wished her to volunteer as Sabbath School teacher in the temple of which he had been a founder in the year 1848 , and of which he was then a trustee . The congregation had a number of very wealthy members , and their sons were not always well behaved . A class was assigned to her which contained the usual quota of unruly boys . For a few months she taught them . One boy was particularly and constantly troublesome , and she had threatened to report him ; but as this had no effect , she carried out the threat . The reply of the Sabbath School superintendent , no doubt intended to be conciliatory , was : “You must do the best you can , but we cannot be severe with him , as he is the son of one of our richest members.” This attitude of the superintendent to shield the boy because he happened to belong to a wealthy family aroused all her sense of indignation . and she immediately resigned her position . She could not be persuaded to go back , but that day the seed was sown which in after years bore the great fruit of her labors in the Council of Jewish Women , in the Chautauqua and in every direction where she could benefit or improve the Sabbath School system or establish the teaching of ethics . Her interest in this work continued to the end of her life , as is shown by her uncompleted book on Ethics . When the Council of Jewish Women first organized , she took charge of one of the three circles for the study of the Bible , which were formed in New York . She was a capable leader , but had to give up the work because it conflicted with school duties . Then she became identified with the Jewish Chautauqua , and for a number of years addressed them at their annual meetings in Atlantic City . She also wrote pamphlets useful in their work . She was a tireless worker in the Educational Alliance and in the early days of the Young Women’s Hebrew Association , and in both of these institutions her advice was always sought and usually followed . One of her trips abroad—maybe in 1892—was to England in order to visit the principal schools in London and compare the English educational system in the public schools with the American methods . In London she became acquainted with Claude Montefiore , and a friendship ensued which lasted until her death . Through Montefiore , she met and was entertained by many distinguished English ladies , chief among them being Lady Montefiore , Lady Somerset , Baroness de Rothschild and Lady Magnus , the well—known writer . During this visit , in a conversation upon religious subjects with Montefiore , she suggested to him the advantages that he could give to the public if he would publish the Bible stories as he had told them to his own child . The idea appealed to him , and the “Montefiore Bible for Home Study” was the result . District superintendent of schools . In the summer of 1903 , while she was traveling in Europe , a vacancy occurred in the Board of School Superintendents . At the special meeting which was held in order to make a new appointment , it was unanimously decided to offer the position to Richman upon her return . This was done , yet she hesitated about accepting it because she had planned many changes in her own school . Finally , she decided to accept , for she felt she would have a much broader field of action and could accomplish much more . She was the first woman in New York City appointed to that office , and , being the only woman among the five district superintendents , the men gave her the privilege of selecting the district she preferred . Much to their astonishment , for she might have had the best , she chose the lower East Side , and left her uptown home to reside among the people to whose uplift she devoted her life work . She rented a house in the heart of the Ghetto , had it remodeled and modernized in every respect , and made of it a social settlement for the teachers of the district where they could meet every afternoon or evening . She also took some of the teachers into her home as residents . She had 14 day and night schools under her jurisdiction , and in these schools there were nearly 600 teachers whom she had to supervise , and more than 23,000 children . She visited the schools in rotation by day and in the evenings superintended her office work and interviewed parents who came to her office to consult her or to make complaints . One of her notable achievements was the establishing of a special school for delinquent children , which was presided over by the best equipped teachers . Each refractory pupil received special instruction and direction by an able teacher , and many boys who had been deemed fit subjects for a reform school became honest , decent citizens . Later the Board of Education , seeing the success achieved by the delinquent classes , decided to establish special classes for feeble—minded and defective children . This action on the part of the board was due solely to Richman’s persistent appeals to them . Her idea was to separate these unfortunates from the other children so that they should not be subjected to the humiliation of being outstripped by others of their own age , and that each child might get the special training that it required . She was also directly responsible for the examination of children’s eyes in the schools and of furnishing glasses if necessary . Philanthropic and charitable work . She was one of the organizers of and one of the hardest workers in the establishment of “The Consumptives’ Outdoor Home” in New York . This was accomplished under many difficulties , but nothing ever deterred her . She knew so well the ill effects of the crowded tenements , with their lack of air and light , and she watched the rapid strides of the terrible white plague . It was at the same time that the city had begun to abolish the ferryboat system between New York and Long Island . Many old ferryboats were tied up at the docks , and the sight of these gave her the idea . She awakened the interest of influential people and a ferryboat was obtained and placed at her disposal . Then the decks were fitted up with couches , beds , hammocks and awnings , a kitchen and a nurse’s room were furnished , and the floating home for consumptives was established . She was a powerful adviser in the work of the North American Civic League for Immigrants , and many improvements in their mode of dealing with those unhappy people on Ellis Island were due to her suggestions . Her interest and labors in the Juvenile Court never waned , for , to her mind , nothing deserved more encouragement than to aid the children . She established physical culture clubs , literary and debating clubs , for both girls and boys , and any number of “Julia Richman” societies , clubs and athletic leagues flourish on the East Side . She was a factor in the National Educational Association , and was invited to lecture upon educational matters in various cities of the United States . Boston , Chicago , Louisville , Minneapolis , Albany and many smaller towns . She also wrote educational articles for magazines . 1912 . Her last public appearance was in May , 1912 , five weeks before her death , on the occasion of the memorial services held in Carnegie Hall in memory of Mr . and Mrs . Isidor Straus . In the early spring of 1912 , she decided to resign her position on the Board of School Superintendents when the autumn term began , “in order,” as she said , “to give some younger woman a chance.” She had promised to write a book to be published by Macmillan Publishing Company ; it was to be called “Forty Years in the New York Public Schools.” She expected to begin the work during the summer vacation , which she planned to spend in Switzerland . On June 6 , she sailed for Europe , in apparently good health and in excellent spirits . The day before the steamer landed in Cherbourg she was taken ill and was carried from the steamer to the train leaving for Paris . She was rapidly conveyed from the station in Paris to the American Hospital , where an immediate operation for appendicitis was imperative . Her friends , Prof . and Mrs . Richard Gottheil , of New York , who remained with her to the end , told her of her condition and she prepared for the operation without any fear . The operation seemed successful and she rallied wonderfully , but on the fourth day complications arose and five days later , she died at the age of fifty-six . Three weeks later the remains arrived in New York and the last rites took place in the Temple Ahawath Chesed , where she had been a worshipper . A memorial service was held on October 12 , her birthday . The program was arranged by a committee composed of members of the Board of Education and of the Jewish Educational Alliance , and the designated place was the public school that she had made famous . The Hon . Egerton Winthrop , Jr. , President of the Board of Education , presided , and in the course of his address promised that the Board of Education would raise a monument to the memory of the departed superintendent which would be imperishable and everlasting . The promise was fulfilled a few months later , when the memorial took the form of a new high school , Julia Richman High School . Selected works . - The immigrant child , 1905 - Good citizenship ( with Isabel Richman Wallach ) , 1908 - What share of blame for the increase in the number of truants and incorrigibles belongs to school ? : [ The problem of the delinquent pupil , II ] , 1909 - Methods of teaching Jewish ethics ( with Eugene Heitler Lehman ; Jewish Chautauqua Society ) , 1914 |
[
"Huntington , New York"
] | easy | What was the residence of Julia Richman from 1860 to 1866? | /wiki/Julia_Richman#P551#1 | Julia Richman Julia Richman ( 1855–1912 ) was an American educator and pedagogue . She is remembered as the first woman district superintendent of schools in New York City . Richman wrote books on curriculum and started a number of school programs , including an optical one , special education for delinquents , chronic absentee students , as well as those who were above average . She was the first Normal College graduate to serve as principal in New York City and the first Jewish woman to obtain the position . The now defunct Julia Richman High School was named in her honor . Family and education . Richman was born on October 12 , 1855 , at 156 Seventh Avenue , New York City , the neighborhood of Chelsea , Manhattan . She was the third child of her parents , Moses and Theresa Melis Richman , with two younger and two older siblings . Her ancestry was a long line of rabbis and teachers , whose graves are in Old Jewish Cemetery , Prague . The cemetery and the graves were visited by Richman on her first European trip . At the time of her birth , her father ( who was in the paint and glazing business ) had the contract to put all the glass in Cooper Institute ( now Cooper Union ) . He accidentally drowned when Richman was just out of her teens . Shortly after she passed her fifth birthday , in the late fall of 1860 , the family moved to Huntington , New York . The three older children were admitted to the Huntington High School . Richman entered the Primary Department , and remained a pupil of the school for six years . She was known as a “tom boy” . In 1866 , the family returned to New York in order to give the older children educational advantages not present in Huntington . They moved to East 13th Street , and Richman entered Grammar School No . 50 , on 20th Street , between Second and Third Avenues . She attended no other public school , remaining there until the opening of the Normal School ( later Normal College , now known as Hunter College ) , in February , 1870 , from which she was graduated in June , 1872 , when she was still 16 . Although she received her diploma at that time , her license to teach was withheld until she had passed her birthday in October . She also attended the School of Pedagogy ( now Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ) in that city . Early career . At seventeen she began to teach in the Grammar Department of one of the largest schools in New York City . A month or two later her father wished her to volunteer as Sabbath School teacher in the temple of which he had been a founder in the year 1848 , and of which he was then a trustee . The congregation had a number of very wealthy members , and their sons were not always well behaved . A class was assigned to her which contained the usual quota of unruly boys . For a few months she taught them . One boy was particularly and constantly troublesome , and she had threatened to report him ; but as this had no effect , she carried out the threat . The reply of the Sabbath School superintendent , no doubt intended to be conciliatory , was : “You must do the best you can , but we cannot be severe with him , as he is the son of one of our richest members.” This attitude of the superintendent to shield the boy because he happened to belong to a wealthy family aroused all her sense of indignation . and she immediately resigned her position . She could not be persuaded to go back , but that day the seed was sown which in after years bore the great fruit of her labors in the Council of Jewish Women , in the Chautauqua and in every direction where she could benefit or improve the Sabbath School system or establish the teaching of ethics . Her interest in this work continued to the end of her life , as is shown by her uncompleted book on Ethics . When the Council of Jewish Women first organized , she took charge of one of the three circles for the study of the Bible , which were formed in New York . She was a capable leader , but had to give up the work because it conflicted with school duties . Then she became identified with the Jewish Chautauqua , and for a number of years addressed them at their annual meetings in Atlantic City . She also wrote pamphlets useful in their work . She was a tireless worker in the Educational Alliance and in the early days of the Young Women’s Hebrew Association , and in both of these institutions her advice was always sought and usually followed . One of her trips abroad—maybe in 1892—was to England in order to visit the principal schools in London and compare the English educational system in the public schools with the American methods . In London she became acquainted with Claude Montefiore , and a friendship ensued which lasted until her death . Through Montefiore , she met and was entertained by many distinguished English ladies , chief among them being Lady Montefiore , Lady Somerset , Baroness de Rothschild and Lady Magnus , the well—known writer . During this visit , in a conversation upon religious subjects with Montefiore , she suggested to him the advantages that he could give to the public if he would publish the Bible stories as he had told them to his own child . The idea appealed to him , and the “Montefiore Bible for Home Study” was the result . District superintendent of schools . In the summer of 1903 , while she was traveling in Europe , a vacancy occurred in the Board of School Superintendents . At the special meeting which was held in order to make a new appointment , it was unanimously decided to offer the position to Richman upon her return . This was done , yet she hesitated about accepting it because she had planned many changes in her own school . Finally , she decided to accept , for she felt she would have a much broader field of action and could accomplish much more . She was the first woman in New York City appointed to that office , and , being the only woman among the five district superintendents , the men gave her the privilege of selecting the district she preferred . Much to their astonishment , for she might have had the best , she chose the lower East Side , and left her uptown home to reside among the people to whose uplift she devoted her life work . She rented a house in the heart of the Ghetto , had it remodeled and modernized in every respect , and made of it a social settlement for the teachers of the district where they could meet every afternoon or evening . She also took some of the teachers into her home as residents . She had 14 day and night schools under her jurisdiction , and in these schools there were nearly 600 teachers whom she had to supervise , and more than 23,000 children . She visited the schools in rotation by day and in the evenings superintended her office work and interviewed parents who came to her office to consult her or to make complaints . One of her notable achievements was the establishing of a special school for delinquent children , which was presided over by the best equipped teachers . Each refractory pupil received special instruction and direction by an able teacher , and many boys who had been deemed fit subjects for a reform school became honest , decent citizens . Later the Board of Education , seeing the success achieved by the delinquent classes , decided to establish special classes for feeble—minded and defective children . This action on the part of the board was due solely to Richman’s persistent appeals to them . Her idea was to separate these unfortunates from the other children so that they should not be subjected to the humiliation of being outstripped by others of their own age , and that each child might get the special training that it required . She was also directly responsible for the examination of children’s eyes in the schools and of furnishing glasses if necessary . Philanthropic and charitable work . She was one of the organizers of and one of the hardest workers in the establishment of “The Consumptives’ Outdoor Home” in New York . This was accomplished under many difficulties , but nothing ever deterred her . She knew so well the ill effects of the crowded tenements , with their lack of air and light , and she watched the rapid strides of the terrible white plague . It was at the same time that the city had begun to abolish the ferryboat system between New York and Long Island . Many old ferryboats were tied up at the docks , and the sight of these gave her the idea . She awakened the interest of influential people and a ferryboat was obtained and placed at her disposal . Then the decks were fitted up with couches , beds , hammocks and awnings , a kitchen and a nurse’s room were furnished , and the floating home for consumptives was established . She was a powerful adviser in the work of the North American Civic League for Immigrants , and many improvements in their mode of dealing with those unhappy people on Ellis Island were due to her suggestions . Her interest and labors in the Juvenile Court never waned , for , to her mind , nothing deserved more encouragement than to aid the children . She established physical culture clubs , literary and debating clubs , for both girls and boys , and any number of “Julia Richman” societies , clubs and athletic leagues flourish on the East Side . She was a factor in the National Educational Association , and was invited to lecture upon educational matters in various cities of the United States . Boston , Chicago , Louisville , Minneapolis , Albany and many smaller towns . She also wrote educational articles for magazines . 1912 . Her last public appearance was in May , 1912 , five weeks before her death , on the occasion of the memorial services held in Carnegie Hall in memory of Mr . and Mrs . Isidor Straus . In the early spring of 1912 , she decided to resign her position on the Board of School Superintendents when the autumn term began , “in order,” as she said , “to give some younger woman a chance.” She had promised to write a book to be published by Macmillan Publishing Company ; it was to be called “Forty Years in the New York Public Schools.” She expected to begin the work during the summer vacation , which she planned to spend in Switzerland . On June 6 , she sailed for Europe , in apparently good health and in excellent spirits . The day before the steamer landed in Cherbourg she was taken ill and was carried from the steamer to the train leaving for Paris . She was rapidly conveyed from the station in Paris to the American Hospital , where an immediate operation for appendicitis was imperative . Her friends , Prof . and Mrs . Richard Gottheil , of New York , who remained with her to the end , told her of her condition and she prepared for the operation without any fear . The operation seemed successful and she rallied wonderfully , but on the fourth day complications arose and five days later , she died at the age of fifty-six . Three weeks later the remains arrived in New York and the last rites took place in the Temple Ahawath Chesed , where she had been a worshipper . A memorial service was held on October 12 , her birthday . The program was arranged by a committee composed of members of the Board of Education and of the Jewish Educational Alliance , and the designated place was the public school that she had made famous . The Hon . Egerton Winthrop , Jr. , President of the Board of Education , presided , and in the course of his address promised that the Board of Education would raise a monument to the memory of the departed superintendent which would be imperishable and everlasting . The promise was fulfilled a few months later , when the memorial took the form of a new high school , Julia Richman High School . Selected works . - The immigrant child , 1905 - Good citizenship ( with Isabel Richman Wallach ) , 1908 - What share of blame for the increase in the number of truants and incorrigibles belongs to school ? : [ The problem of the delinquent pupil , II ] , 1909 - Methods of teaching Jewish ethics ( with Eugene Heitler Lehman ; Jewish Chautauqua Society ) , 1914 |
[
"New York"
] | easy | What was the residence of Julia Richman from 1866 to 1867? | /wiki/Julia_Richman#P551#2 | Julia Richman Julia Richman ( 1855–1912 ) was an American educator and pedagogue . She is remembered as the first woman district superintendent of schools in New York City . Richman wrote books on curriculum and started a number of school programs , including an optical one , special education for delinquents , chronic absentee students , as well as those who were above average . She was the first Normal College graduate to serve as principal in New York City and the first Jewish woman to obtain the position . The now defunct Julia Richman High School was named in her honor . Family and education . Richman was born on October 12 , 1855 , at 156 Seventh Avenue , New York City , the neighborhood of Chelsea , Manhattan . She was the third child of her parents , Moses and Theresa Melis Richman , with two younger and two older siblings . Her ancestry was a long line of rabbis and teachers , whose graves are in Old Jewish Cemetery , Prague . The cemetery and the graves were visited by Richman on her first European trip . At the time of her birth , her father ( who was in the paint and glazing business ) had the contract to put all the glass in Cooper Institute ( now Cooper Union ) . He accidentally drowned when Richman was just out of her teens . Shortly after she passed her fifth birthday , in the late fall of 1860 , the family moved to Huntington , New York . The three older children were admitted to the Huntington High School . Richman entered the Primary Department , and remained a pupil of the school for six years . She was known as a “tom boy” . In 1866 , the family returned to New York in order to give the older children educational advantages not present in Huntington . They moved to East 13th Street , and Richman entered Grammar School No . 50 , on 20th Street , between Second and Third Avenues . She attended no other public school , remaining there until the opening of the Normal School ( later Normal College , now known as Hunter College ) , in February , 1870 , from which she was graduated in June , 1872 , when she was still 16 . Although she received her diploma at that time , her license to teach was withheld until she had passed her birthday in October . She also attended the School of Pedagogy ( now Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ) in that city . Early career . At seventeen she began to teach in the Grammar Department of one of the largest schools in New York City . A month or two later her father wished her to volunteer as Sabbath School teacher in the temple of which he had been a founder in the year 1848 , and of which he was then a trustee . The congregation had a number of very wealthy members , and their sons were not always well behaved . A class was assigned to her which contained the usual quota of unruly boys . For a few months she taught them . One boy was particularly and constantly troublesome , and she had threatened to report him ; but as this had no effect , she carried out the threat . The reply of the Sabbath School superintendent , no doubt intended to be conciliatory , was : “You must do the best you can , but we cannot be severe with him , as he is the son of one of our richest members.” This attitude of the superintendent to shield the boy because he happened to belong to a wealthy family aroused all her sense of indignation . and she immediately resigned her position . She could not be persuaded to go back , but that day the seed was sown which in after years bore the great fruit of her labors in the Council of Jewish Women , in the Chautauqua and in every direction where she could benefit or improve the Sabbath School system or establish the teaching of ethics . Her interest in this work continued to the end of her life , as is shown by her uncompleted book on Ethics . When the Council of Jewish Women first organized , she took charge of one of the three circles for the study of the Bible , which were formed in New York . She was a capable leader , but had to give up the work because it conflicted with school duties . Then she became identified with the Jewish Chautauqua , and for a number of years addressed them at their annual meetings in Atlantic City . She also wrote pamphlets useful in their work . She was a tireless worker in the Educational Alliance and in the early days of the Young Women’s Hebrew Association , and in both of these institutions her advice was always sought and usually followed . One of her trips abroad—maybe in 1892—was to England in order to visit the principal schools in London and compare the English educational system in the public schools with the American methods . In London she became acquainted with Claude Montefiore , and a friendship ensued which lasted until her death . Through Montefiore , she met and was entertained by many distinguished English ladies , chief among them being Lady Montefiore , Lady Somerset , Baroness de Rothschild and Lady Magnus , the well—known writer . During this visit , in a conversation upon religious subjects with Montefiore , she suggested to him the advantages that he could give to the public if he would publish the Bible stories as he had told them to his own child . The idea appealed to him , and the “Montefiore Bible for Home Study” was the result . District superintendent of schools . In the summer of 1903 , while she was traveling in Europe , a vacancy occurred in the Board of School Superintendents . At the special meeting which was held in order to make a new appointment , it was unanimously decided to offer the position to Richman upon her return . This was done , yet she hesitated about accepting it because she had planned many changes in her own school . Finally , she decided to accept , for she felt she would have a much broader field of action and could accomplish much more . She was the first woman in New York City appointed to that office , and , being the only woman among the five district superintendents , the men gave her the privilege of selecting the district she preferred . Much to their astonishment , for she might have had the best , she chose the lower East Side , and left her uptown home to reside among the people to whose uplift she devoted her life work . She rented a house in the heart of the Ghetto , had it remodeled and modernized in every respect , and made of it a social settlement for the teachers of the district where they could meet every afternoon or evening . She also took some of the teachers into her home as residents . She had 14 day and night schools under her jurisdiction , and in these schools there were nearly 600 teachers whom she had to supervise , and more than 23,000 children . She visited the schools in rotation by day and in the evenings superintended her office work and interviewed parents who came to her office to consult her or to make complaints . One of her notable achievements was the establishing of a special school for delinquent children , which was presided over by the best equipped teachers . Each refractory pupil received special instruction and direction by an able teacher , and many boys who had been deemed fit subjects for a reform school became honest , decent citizens . Later the Board of Education , seeing the success achieved by the delinquent classes , decided to establish special classes for feeble—minded and defective children . This action on the part of the board was due solely to Richman’s persistent appeals to them . Her idea was to separate these unfortunates from the other children so that they should not be subjected to the humiliation of being outstripped by others of their own age , and that each child might get the special training that it required . She was also directly responsible for the examination of children’s eyes in the schools and of furnishing glasses if necessary . Philanthropic and charitable work . She was one of the organizers of and one of the hardest workers in the establishment of “The Consumptives’ Outdoor Home” in New York . This was accomplished under many difficulties , but nothing ever deterred her . She knew so well the ill effects of the crowded tenements , with their lack of air and light , and she watched the rapid strides of the terrible white plague . It was at the same time that the city had begun to abolish the ferryboat system between New York and Long Island . Many old ferryboats were tied up at the docks , and the sight of these gave her the idea . She awakened the interest of influential people and a ferryboat was obtained and placed at her disposal . Then the decks were fitted up with couches , beds , hammocks and awnings , a kitchen and a nurse’s room were furnished , and the floating home for consumptives was established . She was a powerful adviser in the work of the North American Civic League for Immigrants , and many improvements in their mode of dealing with those unhappy people on Ellis Island were due to her suggestions . Her interest and labors in the Juvenile Court never waned , for , to her mind , nothing deserved more encouragement than to aid the children . She established physical culture clubs , literary and debating clubs , for both girls and boys , and any number of “Julia Richman” societies , clubs and athletic leagues flourish on the East Side . She was a factor in the National Educational Association , and was invited to lecture upon educational matters in various cities of the United States . Boston , Chicago , Louisville , Minneapolis , Albany and many smaller towns . She also wrote educational articles for magazines . 1912 . Her last public appearance was in May , 1912 , five weeks before her death , on the occasion of the memorial services held in Carnegie Hall in memory of Mr . and Mrs . Isidor Straus . In the early spring of 1912 , she decided to resign her position on the Board of School Superintendents when the autumn term began , “in order,” as she said , “to give some younger woman a chance.” She had promised to write a book to be published by Macmillan Publishing Company ; it was to be called “Forty Years in the New York Public Schools.” She expected to begin the work during the summer vacation , which she planned to spend in Switzerland . On June 6 , she sailed for Europe , in apparently good health and in excellent spirits . The day before the steamer landed in Cherbourg she was taken ill and was carried from the steamer to the train leaving for Paris . She was rapidly conveyed from the station in Paris to the American Hospital , where an immediate operation for appendicitis was imperative . Her friends , Prof . and Mrs . Richard Gottheil , of New York , who remained with her to the end , told her of her condition and she prepared for the operation without any fear . The operation seemed successful and she rallied wonderfully , but on the fourth day complications arose and five days later , she died at the age of fifty-six . Three weeks later the remains arrived in New York and the last rites took place in the Temple Ahawath Chesed , where she had been a worshipper . A memorial service was held on October 12 , her birthday . The program was arranged by a committee composed of members of the Board of Education and of the Jewish Educational Alliance , and the designated place was the public school that she had made famous . The Hon . Egerton Winthrop , Jr. , President of the Board of Education , presided , and in the course of his address promised that the Board of Education would raise a monument to the memory of the departed superintendent which would be imperishable and everlasting . The promise was fulfilled a few months later , when the memorial took the form of a new high school , Julia Richman High School . Selected works . - The immigrant child , 1905 - Good citizenship ( with Isabel Richman Wallach ) , 1908 - What share of blame for the increase in the number of truants and incorrigibles belongs to school ? : [ The problem of the delinquent pupil , II ] , 1909 - Methods of teaching Jewish ethics ( with Eugene Heitler Lehman ; Jewish Chautauqua Society ) , 1914 |
[
"Harvard"
] | easy | Who did Samuel Eliot Morison work for from 1912 to 1915? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P108#0 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
[
"Oxford University",
"Harvard"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Samuel Eliot Morison work for from 1915 to 1922? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P108#1 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
[
"Oxford University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Samuel Eliot Morison work for from 1922 to 1925? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P108#2 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
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] | easy | Samuel Eliot Morison was an employee for whom from 1925 to 1955? | /wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison#P108#3 | Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison ( July 9 , 1887 – May 15 , 1976 ) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular . He received his Ph.D . from Harvard University in 1912 , and taught history at the university for 40 years . He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , a biography of Christopher Columbus , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) . In 1942 , he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II , which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 . Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People ( 1965 ) , and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic ( 1930 ) with Henry Steele Commager . Over the course of his career , Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees , and garnered numerous literary prizes , military honors , and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States , including two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the Balzan Prize , the Legion of Merit , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Early life ( 1887–1912 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9 , 1887 , in Boston , Massachusetts , to John Holmes Morison ( 1856–1911 ) and Emily Marshall ( Eliot ) Morison ( 1857–1925 ) . He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian , educator , and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford , Connecticut . The Eliot family , which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals , descended from Andrew Eliot , who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker . The most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T.S . Eliot , who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker . Morison attended Noble and Greenough School ( 1897–1901 ) and St . Pauls ( 1901–1903 ) prior to entering Harvard University , where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club . At the age of fourteen , he learned to sail , and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings . He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Masters degree from Harvard in 1908 . After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques ( 1908–1909 ) , Morison returned to Harvard . Scholar and historian ( 1913–1941 ) . Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar . His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis , Federalist , 1765–1848 ( 1913 ) , which sold 700 copies . After earning his Ph.D . at Harvard , Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California , Berkeley in 1912 . In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor . During World War I he served as a private in the US Army . He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17 , 1919 . In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History . In 1925 he returned to Harvard , where he was appointed a full professor . One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England . As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England , including Builders of the Bay Colony : A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors ( 1930 ) , The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) , Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) , Three Centuries of Harvard : 1636–1936 ( 1936 ) , and The Puritan Pronaos ( 1936 ) . In later years , he returned to the subject of New England history , writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth ( 1950 ) and The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth ( 1956 ) and editing the definitive work , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 ( 1952 ) . During his time at Harvard , Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback . He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection . In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . In 1940 , Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century , a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer , Christopher Columbus . In 1941 , Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard . For Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) , Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored . The Harvard Columbus Expedition , led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W . McElroy , Herbert F . Hossmer , Jr. , Richard S . Colley , Dr . Clifton W . Anderson , Kenneth R . Spear and Richard Spear , left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisbon , Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch Mary Otis to retrace Columbus route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939 . The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner . The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943 . Naval war service ( 1942–1952 ) . In 1942 , Morison met with his friend President Franklin D . Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insiders perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them . The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal . On May 5 , 1942 , Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve , and was called at once to active duty . Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures : Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962 , documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals . British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict . Issued as The Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948 , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949 . Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15 , 1945 . On August 1 , 1951 , he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards . In History as a Literary Art : An Appeal to Young Historians ( 1946 ) , Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research : Later years ( 1953–1976 ) . In 1955 , Morison retired from Harvard University . He devoted the rest of his life to writing . In quick succession , Morison wrote Christopher Columbus , Mariner ( 1955 ) , Freedom in Contemporary Society ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 ( 1956 ) , Nathaniel Holmes Morison ( 1957 ) , William Hickling Prescott ( 1958 ) , Strategy and Compromise ( 1958 ) , and John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) , which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize . In the early 1960s , Morisons focus returned to his New England youth , writing The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine ( 1960 ) , One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 ( 1962 ) , Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford ( 1962 ) , and A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1963 ) . In 1963 , The Two-Ocean War was published , a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II . In 1964 , Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B . Johnson . In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States , Johnson noted : Morisons later years were devoted to books on exploration , such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It , written jointly with Mauricio Obregón ( 1964 ) , Spring Tides ( 1965 ) , The European Discovery of America ( 1971–1974 ) , and Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France ( 1972 ) . His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain , and tracing others by airplane . Morisons first marriage to Elizabeth S . Greene produced four children—one of whom , Emily Morison Beck , became editor of Bartletts Familiar Quotations . Elizabeth died August 20 , 1945 . In 1949 , Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton . Priscilla died February 22 , 1973 . Death and legacy . Morison died of a stroke on May 15 , 1976 . His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor , Maine . During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes , two Bancroft Prizes , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) , and numerous honorary degrees , military awards , and honors from foreign nations . On July 19 , 1979 , the frigate USS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched , honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy . Morisons legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Commands Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship . Bostons Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailors oilskin . Morisons last known public appearance was on April 8 , 1976 , when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum . The Museums research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor . The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS Constitution , and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison : artful scholarship , patriotic pride , and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime . In 1976 , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award , honoring an American author whose work shows that good history is literature as well as high scholarship . It lasted two years . Since 1982 , the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morisons name , the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature , for significant works about the US Navy . In 1985 , the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize , recognizing an authors body of contributions in the field of military history . Criticism . Slavery . Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book The Growth of the American Republic , which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commagers student William E . Leuchtenburg . The book originated as Morisons two-volume Oxford History of the United States ( Oxford University Press , 1927 ) . First published in 1930 , the first two editions of the textbook , according to these critics , echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips . This view , sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography , was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century , despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings . Phillipss theories remained authoritative , considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed . In 1944 , the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic . In 1950 , despite denying any racist intent ( he noted his daughters marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn , the former President of the NAACP ) , Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes . Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive civilizing effects of the American system of slavery . Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries , an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics . In the 1962 edition of the textbook , Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive . Battle of Savo Island . In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island , a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II , Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces . Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted . On October 21 , 2014 , the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew , which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force . The letter states that RAdm . Morisons criticism was unwarranted . Honors and awards . Award ribbons Other honors - Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ( 1938 ) - Vuelo Panamericano Medal ( Republic of Cuba ) ( 1943 ) Honorary degrees - Trinity College , Hartford ( 1935 ) - Amherst College ( 1936 ) - Harvard University ( 1936 ) - Union College ( 1939 ) - Columbia University ( 1942 ) - Yale University ( 1949 ) - Williams College ( 1950 ) - University of Oxford ( 1951 ) - Bucknell University ( 1960 ) - Boston College ( 1961 ) - College of the Holy Cross ( 1962 ) Literary prizes - Loubat Prize ( 1938 ) for The Founding of Harvard College ( 1935 ) and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century ( 1936 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1943 ) for Admiral of the Ocean Sea ( 1942 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1949 ) for The Rising Sun in the Pacific ( 1948 ) - Pulitzer Prize ( 1960 ) for John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography ( 1959 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal ( 1961 ) - American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal ( 1962 ) - Balzan Prize ( 1962 ) for History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( 1963 ) - Bancroft Prize ( 1972 ) for The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages ( 1971 ) Works . The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison , arranged alphabetically . - Admiral of the Ocean Sea . 2 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1942 . - American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II . London : Oxford University Press , 1958 . - The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1930 . - By Land and By Sea . New York : Knopf , 1953 . - The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1964 . ( with Mauricio Obregon ) - Christopher Columbus , Mariner . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1955 . - The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison , Harvard 1839 . Boston : Privately printed , 1926 . - The Conservative American Revolution . Washington , DC : Society of the Cincinnati , 1976 . - Doctor Morisons Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1939 . - The European Discovery of America . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press , 1971–1974 . - The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1936 . - The Founding of Harvard College . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1935 . - Francis Parkman . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1973 . - Freedom in Contemporary Society . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1956 . - The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1930 . - Harrison Gray Otis , 1765–1848 : The Urbane Federalist . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1969 . - Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century . 2 vols . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - Harvard Guide to American History . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1963 . ( with Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Frederick Merk , Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr. , and Paul Herman Buck ) - Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 . Boston : Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary , Inc. , 1928 , 1930 . - Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission . Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1930 . - History As A Literary Art . Boston : Old South Association , 1946 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution , 1963 . - A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Boston : Wright & Potter , 1917 . - History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . 15 vols . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1947–1962 . - An Hour of American History : From Columbus to Coolidge . Philadelphia : J . B . Lippincott & Co. , 1929 . - Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford . New Bedford : Old Dartmouth Historical Society , 1962 . - John Paul Jones : A Sailors Biography . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1959 . - Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis . 2 vols . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . - Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago . Washington , DC : Cosmos Club , 1968 . - The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1921 . - Nathaniel Homes Morison . Baltimore : Peabody Institute , 1957 . - A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America . Madrid : Graficas Yagues , 1959 . - Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620–1647 . Editor . New York : Knopf , 1952 . - Old Bruin : Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , 1796–1858 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1967 . - One Boys Boston , 1887–1901 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1962 . - The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . - Oxford History of the United States . 2 vols . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1927 . - The Pilgrim Fathers : Their Significance in History . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1937 . - Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1940 . - A Prologue to American History : An Inaugural Lecture . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1922 . - The Proprietors of Peterborough , New Hampshire . Peterborough : Historical Society , 1930 . - The Puritan Pronaos . New York : New York University Press , 1936 . - Ropemakers of Plymouth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1950 . - Sailor Historian : The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison . Edited by Emily Morison Beck . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . - Samuel de Champlain : Father of New France . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1972 . - The Scholar in American : Past , Present , and Future . New York : Oxford University Press , 1961 . - The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus . New York : Oxford University Press , 1939 . - Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764–1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1923 . - Spring Tides . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1965 . - The Story of Mount Desert Island , Maine . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1960 . - The Story of the Old Colony of New Plymouth , 1620–1692 . New York : Knopf , 1956 . - Strategy and Compromise . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1958 . - These Forty Years . Boston : Privately printed , 1948 . ( Address to the 40th Reunion , Harvard Class of 1908 ) - Three Centuries of Harvard , 1636–1936 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1936 . - The Two Ocean War . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1963 . - Vistas of History . New York : Knopf , 1964 . - William Hickling Prescott . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society , 1958 . - The Young Man Washington . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1932 . Further reading . - Cunliffe , Marcus , and Robin W . Winks , eds . Pastmasters : some essays on American historians ( Harper & Row , 1975 ) . - Keegan , John . The Price of Admiralty : The Evolution of Naval Warfare . New York : Viking , 1989 . - Morison , Samuel Eliot . The Gilberts & Marshalls in Life Magazine , May 22 , 1944 . - Pfitzer , Gregory M . Samuel Eliot Morisons Historical World : In Quest of a New Parkman . Boston : Northeastern , 1991 . - Taylor , P.A.M . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian Journal of American Studies ( 1977 ) 11#1 13–26 . - Washburn , Wilcomb E . Samuel Eliot Morison , Historian The William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Series , Vol . XXXVI , July 1979 . in JSTOR - Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29 , 1950 . American Historical Review 56:2 ( January 1951 ) : 261–275 . External links . - Official United States Navy Biography |
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] | easy | What was the name of the employer James Cudworth work for from 1831 to 1840? | /wiki/James_Cudworth#P108#0 | James Cudworth James IAnson Cudworth ( 12 January 1817 – 22 October 1899 ) was an English railway engineer , and was Locomotive Superintendent of the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) . He served in this capacity from 1845 to 1876 . He is notable for designing a successful method for burning coal in steam locomotives without significant emission of smoke , and for introducing the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to English railways . Early life . Cudworth was born in Darlington , County Durham on 12 January 1817 , the second of three children born to William Cudworth and Mary IAnson ( born 18 November 1785 , Darlington ) . His parents were Quakers , and had married in 1810 ; William Cudworth was a grocer and druggist , whilst Mary IAnsons family name was of Scandinavian origin . James Cudworths elder brother William was a civil engineer , and worked for the Stockton & Darlington Railway ; Williams son William John , also a civil engineer , worked for the North Eastern Railway . Career . Cudworth was apprenticed to Robert Stephenson & Co Ltd from March 1831 . After completing his apprenticeship , he became a chargehand at Stephensons , before being appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great North of England Railway in February 1840 . On 22 May 1845 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the South Eastern Railway , which was in the process of leaving the Brighton , Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ; this committee ( and its predecessor the Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ) had handled all SER locomotive affairs since March 1842 , as well as those of the London & Croydon Railway , and , since March 1844 , the London & Brighton Railway . The committee had shared maintenance facilities for the three railways , but on its dissolution , it was necessary for the SER to provide its own workshops . Cudworth was given the task of establishing suitable facilities , his salary being increased from £350 to £500 per annum . Repair shops were built near the terminus at Bricklayers Arms , but the site was cramped . In February 1846 , of land were bought at Ashford , Kent , and in October 1847 , Ashford railway works began repairing locomotives . In 1845 , he built the 2-2-2 locomotive White Horse of Kent , which was constructed on the uniflow principle . Cudworths early locomotives were on the Stephenson long-boilered principle . White Horse of Kent was not a success , being described by Daniel Gooch as unsafe . It was later converted to a 2-4-0 . In 1850 , Ashford Works completed a small locomotive which had been part-assembled at Bricklayers Arms , but the first engines entirely constructed at Ashford Works were 2-4-0s for the Hastings Line , which were placed in service during 1853–4 . These engines were known as the 59 class . In 1847 , the SER purchased a number of 4-2-0 Cramptons from Tulk & Ley , Whitehaven , Cumberland . In 1849 , Cudworth converted four long-boilered 4-2-0s to Cramptons in an effort to improve their riding . By 1855 , Cudworth started to introduce more conventional steam locomotives . Fifty three 0-6-0 goods engines were constructed at Ashford Works between 1855 and 1876 . The engines were double framed , with 16 x 24 cylinders . A number of these engines were rebuilt twice , firstly by Cudworth and later by Stirling . The engines gave over 40 years service on the South Eastern Main Line . In 1857 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-4-0s . Forty eight were built by contractors , and 68 were built at Ashford Works between 1857 and 1875 . Many of them were rebuilt by Stirling . These engines also gave many years service on the SER . In 1861 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-2-2 express passenger locomotives with diameter driving wheels . These engines gave over 20 years service on the boat trains serving Folkestone and Dover , finally being replaced in 1884 by Stirlings F class 4-4-0s . Cudworth was also responsible for the introduction of the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement for steam locomotives to English railways , with his 235 class of 1866 . Cudworth had three main achievements on the SER : he planned the layout of Ashford Works and brought it to such a standard that the company was able to begin production of its own locomotives in 1853 ; with two of his classes ( the Standard Goods 0-6-0 of 1855 and the 118 class 2-4-0 of 1859 ) , practised locomotive standardisation on a scale unheard of on other contemporary railways ; and , at a time when coke ( a smokeless fuel , but expensive ) was normal for railways , designed a successful coal-burning firebox . In 1874 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Engineer of the SER , with Alfred Watkin , son of SER chairman Sir Edward Watkin appointed Locomotive Superintendent at a salary of £500 . Cudworth was not one who was disposed to toe Watkins line , which put a strain on their relationship . In 1876 , Watkin persuaded John Ramsbottom of the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) to design a number of 2-4-0 passenger engines for the SER , unbeknown to Cudworth . Orders were placed with Sharp , Stewart of Manchester and Avonside of Bristol for ten engines each . The locomotives were very similar to the LNWRs Precedent Class locomotives . Known as the Ironclads , they replaced the Singles on the boat trains for a short time , but were quickly relegated to less prestige duties and the Singles resumed their former role . When Cudworth found out about the engines , he was furious and resigned . It was considered by many on the Board of the SER that Cudworth had been sacked . Coal-burning firebox . Since the Rainhill Trials in 1829 , it had been appreciated that the smoke emitted by burning coal was a nuisance . Railway companies accepted the need to burn coke ( a smokeless fuel ) in their locomotives , but this was much more expensive than coal , and several locomotive engineers sought an effective method by which coal could be burned smokelessly . Cudworth was one of these ; he designed a firebox which was able to burn coal with little smoke , patenting it in 1857 . The main feature of this firebox was a longitudinal water-filled vertical partition ( known as a mid-feather ) , which required two firedoors to be provided , one on either side of the mid-feather ; the grate was also longer and steeper than normal . The idea was that when one side had burnt down , it could be stoked whilst the other side was at peak temperature and consuming its smoke . The mid-feather terminated towards the front of the firebox , so that the gases from the fresh coal in the cooler side of the firebox could be completely burned by the heat given off by the hotter side . It worked well , and when independently tested ( by D . K . Clark ) against the designs of Joseph Beattie and James McConnell , was more efficient , burning less coal than the other two types for the same amount of work done . Unfortunately it was expensive both to construct and to maintain , which was to prove its downfall . When other engineers later produced cheaper solutions , Cudworth preferred to stick with his own design rather than change . Few other railways adopted this firebox ; but the South Easterns close neighbour , the London , Chatham & Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , used it between 1861 and 1869 for 68 of their engines , whilst it was also used by their other neighbour , the London , Brighton & South Coast Railway . The LCDR also found the firebox expensive : some locomotives ordered in July 1860 were costed at £150 extra ( equivalent to £ in ) for the Cudworth firebox with grate ; and when a revised order was prepared in February 1861 , with a grate , the firebox was costed at £20 less ( equivalent to £ in ) than the 1860 order . In February 1868 , the LCDRs Locomotive Superintendent , William Martley , replaced the Cudworth firebox of one locomotive with a different design of coal-burning firebox ( one with a brick arch and deflector plate , which had been developed by the Midland Railway ) , which had fewer complicated joints . In April 1869 he reported that the Cudworth type cost £23-2-3d per year ( equivalent to £ in ) in maintenance , whilst the type with a brick arch cost £4-18-6d ( equivalent to £ in ) , and as a result , he gave instructions for the replacement of all Cudworth fireboxes when the locomotives next became due for heavy repairs . Between 1869 and 1876 , all LCDR locomotives which had been fitted with the Cudworth firebox had these replaced by the brick-arch type , which was not only cheaper to maintain but had lower first cost . Locomotive classes . The class letters were allotted by James Stirling in September 1879 . Classes without such a letter were either extinct , or in the process of withdrawal at that date . Personal life . James Cudworth married Priscilla Poulter on 15 May 1848 , at the Friends Meeting House , Dover , Kent but they had no children . After Cudworths retirement , the couple moved to Reigate , Surrey in about 1879 , where he died on 22 October 1899 . Cudworth Road in South Willesborough , a suburb of Ashford , Kent was named after him . |
[
"Great North of England Railway"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer James Cudworth work for from 1840 to 1845? | /wiki/James_Cudworth#P108#1 | James Cudworth James IAnson Cudworth ( 12 January 1817 – 22 October 1899 ) was an English railway engineer , and was Locomotive Superintendent of the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) . He served in this capacity from 1845 to 1876 . He is notable for designing a successful method for burning coal in steam locomotives without significant emission of smoke , and for introducing the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to English railways . Early life . Cudworth was born in Darlington , County Durham on 12 January 1817 , the second of three children born to William Cudworth and Mary IAnson ( born 18 November 1785 , Darlington ) . His parents were Quakers , and had married in 1810 ; William Cudworth was a grocer and druggist , whilst Mary IAnsons family name was of Scandinavian origin . James Cudworths elder brother William was a civil engineer , and worked for the Stockton & Darlington Railway ; Williams son William John , also a civil engineer , worked for the North Eastern Railway . Career . Cudworth was apprenticed to Robert Stephenson & Co Ltd from March 1831 . After completing his apprenticeship , he became a chargehand at Stephensons , before being appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great North of England Railway in February 1840 . On 22 May 1845 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the South Eastern Railway , which was in the process of leaving the Brighton , Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ; this committee ( and its predecessor the Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ) had handled all SER locomotive affairs since March 1842 , as well as those of the London & Croydon Railway , and , since March 1844 , the London & Brighton Railway . The committee had shared maintenance facilities for the three railways , but on its dissolution , it was necessary for the SER to provide its own workshops . Cudworth was given the task of establishing suitable facilities , his salary being increased from £350 to £500 per annum . Repair shops were built near the terminus at Bricklayers Arms , but the site was cramped . In February 1846 , of land were bought at Ashford , Kent , and in October 1847 , Ashford railway works began repairing locomotives . In 1845 , he built the 2-2-2 locomotive White Horse of Kent , which was constructed on the uniflow principle . Cudworths early locomotives were on the Stephenson long-boilered principle . White Horse of Kent was not a success , being described by Daniel Gooch as unsafe . It was later converted to a 2-4-0 . In 1850 , Ashford Works completed a small locomotive which had been part-assembled at Bricklayers Arms , but the first engines entirely constructed at Ashford Works were 2-4-0s for the Hastings Line , which were placed in service during 1853–4 . These engines were known as the 59 class . In 1847 , the SER purchased a number of 4-2-0 Cramptons from Tulk & Ley , Whitehaven , Cumberland . In 1849 , Cudworth converted four long-boilered 4-2-0s to Cramptons in an effort to improve their riding . By 1855 , Cudworth started to introduce more conventional steam locomotives . Fifty three 0-6-0 goods engines were constructed at Ashford Works between 1855 and 1876 . The engines were double framed , with 16 x 24 cylinders . A number of these engines were rebuilt twice , firstly by Cudworth and later by Stirling . The engines gave over 40 years service on the South Eastern Main Line . In 1857 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-4-0s . Forty eight were built by contractors , and 68 were built at Ashford Works between 1857 and 1875 . Many of them were rebuilt by Stirling . These engines also gave many years service on the SER . In 1861 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-2-2 express passenger locomotives with diameter driving wheels . These engines gave over 20 years service on the boat trains serving Folkestone and Dover , finally being replaced in 1884 by Stirlings F class 4-4-0s . Cudworth was also responsible for the introduction of the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement for steam locomotives to English railways , with his 235 class of 1866 . Cudworth had three main achievements on the SER : he planned the layout of Ashford Works and brought it to such a standard that the company was able to begin production of its own locomotives in 1853 ; with two of his classes ( the Standard Goods 0-6-0 of 1855 and the 118 class 2-4-0 of 1859 ) , practised locomotive standardisation on a scale unheard of on other contemporary railways ; and , at a time when coke ( a smokeless fuel , but expensive ) was normal for railways , designed a successful coal-burning firebox . In 1874 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Engineer of the SER , with Alfred Watkin , son of SER chairman Sir Edward Watkin appointed Locomotive Superintendent at a salary of £500 . Cudworth was not one who was disposed to toe Watkins line , which put a strain on their relationship . In 1876 , Watkin persuaded John Ramsbottom of the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) to design a number of 2-4-0 passenger engines for the SER , unbeknown to Cudworth . Orders were placed with Sharp , Stewart of Manchester and Avonside of Bristol for ten engines each . The locomotives were very similar to the LNWRs Precedent Class locomotives . Known as the Ironclads , they replaced the Singles on the boat trains for a short time , but were quickly relegated to less prestige duties and the Singles resumed their former role . When Cudworth found out about the engines , he was furious and resigned . It was considered by many on the Board of the SER that Cudworth had been sacked . Coal-burning firebox . Since the Rainhill Trials in 1829 , it had been appreciated that the smoke emitted by burning coal was a nuisance . Railway companies accepted the need to burn coke ( a smokeless fuel ) in their locomotives , but this was much more expensive than coal , and several locomotive engineers sought an effective method by which coal could be burned smokelessly . Cudworth was one of these ; he designed a firebox which was able to burn coal with little smoke , patenting it in 1857 . The main feature of this firebox was a longitudinal water-filled vertical partition ( known as a mid-feather ) , which required two firedoors to be provided , one on either side of the mid-feather ; the grate was also longer and steeper than normal . The idea was that when one side had burnt down , it could be stoked whilst the other side was at peak temperature and consuming its smoke . The mid-feather terminated towards the front of the firebox , so that the gases from the fresh coal in the cooler side of the firebox could be completely burned by the heat given off by the hotter side . It worked well , and when independently tested ( by D . K . Clark ) against the designs of Joseph Beattie and James McConnell , was more efficient , burning less coal than the other two types for the same amount of work done . Unfortunately it was expensive both to construct and to maintain , which was to prove its downfall . When other engineers later produced cheaper solutions , Cudworth preferred to stick with his own design rather than change . Few other railways adopted this firebox ; but the South Easterns close neighbour , the London , Chatham & Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , used it between 1861 and 1869 for 68 of their engines , whilst it was also used by their other neighbour , the London , Brighton & South Coast Railway . The LCDR also found the firebox expensive : some locomotives ordered in July 1860 were costed at £150 extra ( equivalent to £ in ) for the Cudworth firebox with grate ; and when a revised order was prepared in February 1861 , with a grate , the firebox was costed at £20 less ( equivalent to £ in ) than the 1860 order . In February 1868 , the LCDRs Locomotive Superintendent , William Martley , replaced the Cudworth firebox of one locomotive with a different design of coal-burning firebox ( one with a brick arch and deflector plate , which had been developed by the Midland Railway ) , which had fewer complicated joints . In April 1869 he reported that the Cudworth type cost £23-2-3d per year ( equivalent to £ in ) in maintenance , whilst the type with a brick arch cost £4-18-6d ( equivalent to £ in ) , and as a result , he gave instructions for the replacement of all Cudworth fireboxes when the locomotives next became due for heavy repairs . Between 1869 and 1876 , all LCDR locomotives which had been fitted with the Cudworth firebox had these replaced by the brick-arch type , which was not only cheaper to maintain but had lower first cost . Locomotive classes . The class letters were allotted by James Stirling in September 1879 . Classes without such a letter were either extinct , or in the process of withdrawal at that date . Personal life . James Cudworth married Priscilla Poulter on 15 May 1848 , at the Friends Meeting House , Dover , Kent but they had no children . After Cudworths retirement , the couple moved to Reigate , Surrey in about 1879 , where he died on 22 October 1899 . Cudworth Road in South Willesborough , a suburb of Ashford , Kent was named after him . |
[
"South Eastern Railway"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer James Cudworth work for from 1845 to 1877? | /wiki/James_Cudworth#P108#2 | James Cudworth James IAnson Cudworth ( 12 January 1817 – 22 October 1899 ) was an English railway engineer , and was Locomotive Superintendent of the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) . He served in this capacity from 1845 to 1876 . He is notable for designing a successful method for burning coal in steam locomotives without significant emission of smoke , and for introducing the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to English railways . Early life . Cudworth was born in Darlington , County Durham on 12 January 1817 , the second of three children born to William Cudworth and Mary IAnson ( born 18 November 1785 , Darlington ) . His parents were Quakers , and had married in 1810 ; William Cudworth was a grocer and druggist , whilst Mary IAnsons family name was of Scandinavian origin . James Cudworths elder brother William was a civil engineer , and worked for the Stockton & Darlington Railway ; Williams son William John , also a civil engineer , worked for the North Eastern Railway . Career . Cudworth was apprenticed to Robert Stephenson & Co Ltd from March 1831 . After completing his apprenticeship , he became a chargehand at Stephensons , before being appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great North of England Railway in February 1840 . On 22 May 1845 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the South Eastern Railway , which was in the process of leaving the Brighton , Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ; this committee ( and its predecessor the Croydon and Dover Joint Committee ) had handled all SER locomotive affairs since March 1842 , as well as those of the London & Croydon Railway , and , since March 1844 , the London & Brighton Railway . The committee had shared maintenance facilities for the three railways , but on its dissolution , it was necessary for the SER to provide its own workshops . Cudworth was given the task of establishing suitable facilities , his salary being increased from £350 to £500 per annum . Repair shops were built near the terminus at Bricklayers Arms , but the site was cramped . In February 1846 , of land were bought at Ashford , Kent , and in October 1847 , Ashford railway works began repairing locomotives . In 1845 , he built the 2-2-2 locomotive White Horse of Kent , which was constructed on the uniflow principle . Cudworths early locomotives were on the Stephenson long-boilered principle . White Horse of Kent was not a success , being described by Daniel Gooch as unsafe . It was later converted to a 2-4-0 . In 1850 , Ashford Works completed a small locomotive which had been part-assembled at Bricklayers Arms , but the first engines entirely constructed at Ashford Works were 2-4-0s for the Hastings Line , which were placed in service during 1853–4 . These engines were known as the 59 class . In 1847 , the SER purchased a number of 4-2-0 Cramptons from Tulk & Ley , Whitehaven , Cumberland . In 1849 , Cudworth converted four long-boilered 4-2-0s to Cramptons in an effort to improve their riding . By 1855 , Cudworth started to introduce more conventional steam locomotives . Fifty three 0-6-0 goods engines were constructed at Ashford Works between 1855 and 1876 . The engines were double framed , with 16 x 24 cylinders . A number of these engines were rebuilt twice , firstly by Cudworth and later by Stirling . The engines gave over 40 years service on the South Eastern Main Line . In 1857 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-4-0s . Forty eight were built by contractors , and 68 were built at Ashford Works between 1857 and 1875 . Many of them were rebuilt by Stirling . These engines also gave many years service on the SER . In 1861 , Cudworth introduced a class of 2-2-2 express passenger locomotives with diameter driving wheels . These engines gave over 20 years service on the boat trains serving Folkestone and Dover , finally being replaced in 1884 by Stirlings F class 4-4-0s . Cudworth was also responsible for the introduction of the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement for steam locomotives to English railways , with his 235 class of 1866 . Cudworth had three main achievements on the SER : he planned the layout of Ashford Works and brought it to such a standard that the company was able to begin production of its own locomotives in 1853 ; with two of his classes ( the Standard Goods 0-6-0 of 1855 and the 118 class 2-4-0 of 1859 ) , practised locomotive standardisation on a scale unheard of on other contemporary railways ; and , at a time when coke ( a smokeless fuel , but expensive ) was normal for railways , designed a successful coal-burning firebox . In 1874 , Cudworth was appointed Locomotive Engineer of the SER , with Alfred Watkin , son of SER chairman Sir Edward Watkin appointed Locomotive Superintendent at a salary of £500 . Cudworth was not one who was disposed to toe Watkins line , which put a strain on their relationship . In 1876 , Watkin persuaded John Ramsbottom of the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) to design a number of 2-4-0 passenger engines for the SER , unbeknown to Cudworth . Orders were placed with Sharp , Stewart of Manchester and Avonside of Bristol for ten engines each . The locomotives were very similar to the LNWRs Precedent Class locomotives . Known as the Ironclads , they replaced the Singles on the boat trains for a short time , but were quickly relegated to less prestige duties and the Singles resumed their former role . When Cudworth found out about the engines , he was furious and resigned . It was considered by many on the Board of the SER that Cudworth had been sacked . Coal-burning firebox . Since the Rainhill Trials in 1829 , it had been appreciated that the smoke emitted by burning coal was a nuisance . Railway companies accepted the need to burn coke ( a smokeless fuel ) in their locomotives , but this was much more expensive than coal , and several locomotive engineers sought an effective method by which coal could be burned smokelessly . Cudworth was one of these ; he designed a firebox which was able to burn coal with little smoke , patenting it in 1857 . The main feature of this firebox was a longitudinal water-filled vertical partition ( known as a mid-feather ) , which required two firedoors to be provided , one on either side of the mid-feather ; the grate was also longer and steeper than normal . The idea was that when one side had burnt down , it could be stoked whilst the other side was at peak temperature and consuming its smoke . The mid-feather terminated towards the front of the firebox , so that the gases from the fresh coal in the cooler side of the firebox could be completely burned by the heat given off by the hotter side . It worked well , and when independently tested ( by D . K . Clark ) against the designs of Joseph Beattie and James McConnell , was more efficient , burning less coal than the other two types for the same amount of work done . Unfortunately it was expensive both to construct and to maintain , which was to prove its downfall . When other engineers later produced cheaper solutions , Cudworth preferred to stick with his own design rather than change . Few other railways adopted this firebox ; but the South Easterns close neighbour , the London , Chatham & Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , used it between 1861 and 1869 for 68 of their engines , whilst it was also used by their other neighbour , the London , Brighton & South Coast Railway . The LCDR also found the firebox expensive : some locomotives ordered in July 1860 were costed at £150 extra ( equivalent to £ in ) for the Cudworth firebox with grate ; and when a revised order was prepared in February 1861 , with a grate , the firebox was costed at £20 less ( equivalent to £ in ) than the 1860 order . In February 1868 , the LCDRs Locomotive Superintendent , William Martley , replaced the Cudworth firebox of one locomotive with a different design of coal-burning firebox ( one with a brick arch and deflector plate , which had been developed by the Midland Railway ) , which had fewer complicated joints . In April 1869 he reported that the Cudworth type cost £23-2-3d per year ( equivalent to £ in ) in maintenance , whilst the type with a brick arch cost £4-18-6d ( equivalent to £ in ) , and as a result , he gave instructions for the replacement of all Cudworth fireboxes when the locomotives next became due for heavy repairs . Between 1869 and 1876 , all LCDR locomotives which had been fitted with the Cudworth firebox had these replaced by the brick-arch type , which was not only cheaper to maintain but had lower first cost . Locomotive classes . The class letters were allotted by James Stirling in September 1879 . Classes without such a letter were either extinct , or in the process of withdrawal at that date . Personal life . James Cudworth married Priscilla Poulter on 15 May 1848 , at the Friends Meeting House , Dover , Kent but they had no children . After Cudworths retirement , the couple moved to Reigate , Surrey in about 1879 , where he died on 22 October 1899 . Cudworth Road in South Willesborough , a suburb of Ashford , Kent was named after him . |
[
"American Museum of Natural History"
] | easy | Where was Tingmissartoq exhibited from 1954 to 1955? | /wiki/Tingmissartoq#P608#0 | Tingmissartoq Tingmissartoq was the name given to a Lockheed Model 8 Sirius flown by Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh in the 1930s . Tingmissartoq means one who flies like a big bird ; the plane was thus christened by an Inuit boy in Godthaab ( Nuuk ) , Greenland , who painted the word on its side . First flight . Lockheed had introduced its Sirius model in 1929 ; this particular craft appears to have been built to specifications sometime between then and 1931 , when the Lindberghs planned to fly to the Orient via the Great Circle Route . A low-wing monoplane , Tingmissartoq was outfitted with Edo floats , as much of the planned route was over water . The trip was described solely as a vacation flight , with no start or finish , no diplomatic or commercial significance , and no records to be sought . It began in North Haven , Maine , from which point the couple flew to Ottawa . From there they flew to various other sites in Canada , including Moose Factory , Churchill , Baker Lake , and Aklavik , before heading to Point Barrow , Alaska . They continued on to Shismaref and Nome , after which they crossed the Pacific Ocean to Petropavlosk . From here they continued over the Kuril Islands to Tokyo , where they were enthusiastically welcomed . The trip continued on to China , with its final stop on Lotus Lake near Nanking made on September 19 . Anne Morrow Lindbergh described the trip , and her impressions and experiences , in her book North to the Orient . Accident at Hankow . While at Hankow , the plane , with the Lindberghs aboard , was being lowered into the Yangtze River from the British aircraft carrier when it capsized accidentally . One wing hit a ships cable and was damaged , necessitating the crafts return to the United States for repairs . Second journey . Tingmissartoq was to see action again in 1933 as a result of international interest in the development of commercial air transport . Pan American Airways , Imperial Airways , Deutsche Luft Hansa , KLM , and Air France collaborated on a study of international air routes . The assigned areas were Newfoundland to Europe via Greenland ; Newfoundland via the great circle route to Ireland ; Newfoundland southeast to the Azores and Lisbon ; Miami , Bermuda , the Azores , and Lisbon ; and across the South Atlantic from Brazil , to Cape Verde . Pan American was given the responsibility for the first of these , and sent Lindbergh , as the companys technical advisor , to survey the route . Accompanied once more by Anne , he took off from New York City on July 9 in the rebuilt craft . The purpose of the trip was to gain as much data as possible on the area to be covered . The plane had been fitted with a Sperry artificial horizon and a directional gyro since its previous flight . The engine , too , was new , a Wright Cyclone SR1820-F2 of 710 hp . All possible spaces were used , including the wings and floats ; these contained the gasoline tanks . There was also plenty of emergency equipment for use in the event of a forced landing . To maintain radio contact with the couple , Pan American hired a Danish ship , the Jellinge , to stay within range in the area of Labrador , Greenland , and Iceland . It also delivered advance supplies for them to Halifax , St . Johns , Cartwright , Greenland , and Iceland . Tingmissartoq flew first from New York to Hopedale , Labrador , hugging the eastern Canada–US border along the way . From here the Lindberghs made the first major hop over water , flying 650 miles to Godthaab . The couple then crisscrossed Greenland to Baffin Island and back , and then flew to Iceland . They continued the trip by flying around the world ; visiting first the major cities of Europe , they continued to Moscow , then down Africas west coast , and across the South Atlantic to South America . Here , they flew down the Amazon River , and then turned north through Trinidad and Barbados before returning to the United States . They returned to New York on December 19 , having traveled 30,000 miles and visited four continents and twenty-one countries . The information they provided proved invaluable in planning transatlantic air transport routes . Tingmissartoq was on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City until 1955 , when it was acquired by the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton , Ohio . It was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in 1959 , and is currently on display in the Pioneers of Flight gallery of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , DC . References . - History at NASM website |
[
"National Museum of the United States Air Force"
] | easy | Where was Tingmissartoq exhibited from 1955 to 1959? | /wiki/Tingmissartoq#P608#1 | Tingmissartoq Tingmissartoq was the name given to a Lockheed Model 8 Sirius flown by Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh in the 1930s . Tingmissartoq means one who flies like a big bird ; the plane was thus christened by an Inuit boy in Godthaab ( Nuuk ) , Greenland , who painted the word on its side . First flight . Lockheed had introduced its Sirius model in 1929 ; this particular craft appears to have been built to specifications sometime between then and 1931 , when the Lindberghs planned to fly to the Orient via the Great Circle Route . A low-wing monoplane , Tingmissartoq was outfitted with Edo floats , as much of the planned route was over water . The trip was described solely as a vacation flight , with no start or finish , no diplomatic or commercial significance , and no records to be sought . It began in North Haven , Maine , from which point the couple flew to Ottawa . From there they flew to various other sites in Canada , including Moose Factory , Churchill , Baker Lake , and Aklavik , before heading to Point Barrow , Alaska . They continued on to Shismaref and Nome , after which they crossed the Pacific Ocean to Petropavlosk . From here they continued over the Kuril Islands to Tokyo , where they were enthusiastically welcomed . The trip continued on to China , with its final stop on Lotus Lake near Nanking made on September 19 . Anne Morrow Lindbergh described the trip , and her impressions and experiences , in her book North to the Orient . Accident at Hankow . While at Hankow , the plane , with the Lindberghs aboard , was being lowered into the Yangtze River from the British aircraft carrier when it capsized accidentally . One wing hit a ships cable and was damaged , necessitating the crafts return to the United States for repairs . Second journey . Tingmissartoq was to see action again in 1933 as a result of international interest in the development of commercial air transport . Pan American Airways , Imperial Airways , Deutsche Luft Hansa , KLM , and Air France collaborated on a study of international air routes . The assigned areas were Newfoundland to Europe via Greenland ; Newfoundland via the great circle route to Ireland ; Newfoundland southeast to the Azores and Lisbon ; Miami , Bermuda , the Azores , and Lisbon ; and across the South Atlantic from Brazil , to Cape Verde . Pan American was given the responsibility for the first of these , and sent Lindbergh , as the companys technical advisor , to survey the route . Accompanied once more by Anne , he took off from New York City on July 9 in the rebuilt craft . The purpose of the trip was to gain as much data as possible on the area to be covered . The plane had been fitted with a Sperry artificial horizon and a directional gyro since its previous flight . The engine , too , was new , a Wright Cyclone SR1820-F2 of 710 hp . All possible spaces were used , including the wings and floats ; these contained the gasoline tanks . There was also plenty of emergency equipment for use in the event of a forced landing . To maintain radio contact with the couple , Pan American hired a Danish ship , the Jellinge , to stay within range in the area of Labrador , Greenland , and Iceland . It also delivered advance supplies for them to Halifax , St . Johns , Cartwright , Greenland , and Iceland . Tingmissartoq flew first from New York to Hopedale , Labrador , hugging the eastern Canada–US border along the way . From here the Lindberghs made the first major hop over water , flying 650 miles to Godthaab . The couple then crisscrossed Greenland to Baffin Island and back , and then flew to Iceland . They continued the trip by flying around the world ; visiting first the major cities of Europe , they continued to Moscow , then down Africas west coast , and across the South Atlantic to South America . Here , they flew down the Amazon River , and then turned north through Trinidad and Barbados before returning to the United States . They returned to New York on December 19 , having traveled 30,000 miles and visited four continents and twenty-one countries . The information they provided proved invaluable in planning transatlantic air transport routes . Tingmissartoq was on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City until 1955 , when it was acquired by the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton , Ohio . It was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in 1959 , and is currently on display in the Pioneers of Flight gallery of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , DC . References . - History at NASM website |
[
"Smithsonian Institution"
] | easy | Where was Tingmissartoq exhibited from 1959 to 1960? | /wiki/Tingmissartoq#P608#2 | Tingmissartoq Tingmissartoq was the name given to a Lockheed Model 8 Sirius flown by Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh in the 1930s . Tingmissartoq means one who flies like a big bird ; the plane was thus christened by an Inuit boy in Godthaab ( Nuuk ) , Greenland , who painted the word on its side . First flight . Lockheed had introduced its Sirius model in 1929 ; this particular craft appears to have been built to specifications sometime between then and 1931 , when the Lindberghs planned to fly to the Orient via the Great Circle Route . A low-wing monoplane , Tingmissartoq was outfitted with Edo floats , as much of the planned route was over water . The trip was described solely as a vacation flight , with no start or finish , no diplomatic or commercial significance , and no records to be sought . It began in North Haven , Maine , from which point the couple flew to Ottawa . From there they flew to various other sites in Canada , including Moose Factory , Churchill , Baker Lake , and Aklavik , before heading to Point Barrow , Alaska . They continued on to Shismaref and Nome , after which they crossed the Pacific Ocean to Petropavlosk . From here they continued over the Kuril Islands to Tokyo , where they were enthusiastically welcomed . The trip continued on to China , with its final stop on Lotus Lake near Nanking made on September 19 . Anne Morrow Lindbergh described the trip , and her impressions and experiences , in her book North to the Orient . Accident at Hankow . While at Hankow , the plane , with the Lindberghs aboard , was being lowered into the Yangtze River from the British aircraft carrier when it capsized accidentally . One wing hit a ships cable and was damaged , necessitating the crafts return to the United States for repairs . Second journey . Tingmissartoq was to see action again in 1933 as a result of international interest in the development of commercial air transport . Pan American Airways , Imperial Airways , Deutsche Luft Hansa , KLM , and Air France collaborated on a study of international air routes . The assigned areas were Newfoundland to Europe via Greenland ; Newfoundland via the great circle route to Ireland ; Newfoundland southeast to the Azores and Lisbon ; Miami , Bermuda , the Azores , and Lisbon ; and across the South Atlantic from Brazil , to Cape Verde . Pan American was given the responsibility for the first of these , and sent Lindbergh , as the companys technical advisor , to survey the route . Accompanied once more by Anne , he took off from New York City on July 9 in the rebuilt craft . The purpose of the trip was to gain as much data as possible on the area to be covered . The plane had been fitted with a Sperry artificial horizon and a directional gyro since its previous flight . The engine , too , was new , a Wright Cyclone SR1820-F2 of 710 hp . All possible spaces were used , including the wings and floats ; these contained the gasoline tanks . There was also plenty of emergency equipment for use in the event of a forced landing . To maintain radio contact with the couple , Pan American hired a Danish ship , the Jellinge , to stay within range in the area of Labrador , Greenland , and Iceland . It also delivered advance supplies for them to Halifax , St . Johns , Cartwright , Greenland , and Iceland . Tingmissartoq flew first from New York to Hopedale , Labrador , hugging the eastern Canada–US border along the way . From here the Lindberghs made the first major hop over water , flying 650 miles to Godthaab . The couple then crisscrossed Greenland to Baffin Island and back , and then flew to Iceland . They continued the trip by flying around the world ; visiting first the major cities of Europe , they continued to Moscow , then down Africas west coast , and across the South Atlantic to South America . Here , they flew down the Amazon River , and then turned north through Trinidad and Barbados before returning to the United States . They returned to New York on December 19 , having traveled 30,000 miles and visited four continents and twenty-one countries . The information they provided proved invaluable in planning transatlantic air transport routes . Tingmissartoq was on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City until 1955 , when it was acquired by the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton , Ohio . It was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in 1959 , and is currently on display in the Pioneers of Flight gallery of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , DC . References . - History at NASM website |
[
"Atlético de Rafaela"
] | easy | Which team did David Depetris play for from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/David_Depetris#P54#0 | David Depetris David Alberto Depetris ( born 11 November 1988 ) is an Argentine-born Slovak footballer who plays as a forward for U . S . Savoia in the Serie D . He started his European career in Slovak Superliga club Trenčín . He has Argentinian , Italian and Slovak citizenship . He received Italian citizenship before his arrival in Europe , being of Italian descent . He spent five years in Slovakia , thereby qualifying to receive citizenship . Depetris received Slovak citizenship on 21 March 2013 and since then has been eligible to represent the Slovakia national football team . Club career . Early years . Born in San Jorge , Argentina , Depetris began his career with hometown club C.D . San Jorge . In 2005 , he joined Atlético de Rafaela and three years later he moved to Europe , to Slovak club AS Trenčín . He scored 21 goals in 30 matches in his first season in the Slovak second league . AS Trenčín . Depetris joined AS Trenčín in January 2008 . He was the top goalscorer in two Slovak 1 . liga seasons ; in the 2008–09 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 21 goals , and in the 2010–11 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 31 goals in 30 matches . Çaykur Rizespor . After scoring a record 16 goals in the first half of the 2012-13 season at Trenčín , Depetris signed a three and half-year contract in the winter transfer window of 2013 , with the TFF First League club Çaykur Rizespor . He made his debut on 27 January 2013 against Adana Demirspor , when he substituted Cumali Bişi . Çaykur Rizespor lost 1–2 . David Depetris scored his first and second goals in the TFF First League against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 3 February 2013 . Monarcas Morelia . Depetris was loaned by Çaykur Rizespor to Monarcas Morelia which currently plays in the Liga MX . Prior to arrival to Mexico , David Depetris played for SK Sigma Olomouc in the Czech First League . International career . Depetris received an invitation to the Slovak national football team from coaching duo Stanislav Griga and Michal Hipp . After he obtained Slovak citizenship in March 2013 , Depetris could have debuted for the national team in the 2014 match against Liechtenstein ; however he ended up missing the match due to a muscle injury which flared up during training . He made his national team debut on 14 August against Romania . Personal life . Depetris is married to Slovak fitness trainer Erika Depetris ( née Kačincová ) . His brother , Rodrigo , is also a footballer . Honours . Club . Spartak Trnava - Slovak Cup : 2018–19 Individual . - Slovak Super Liga top scorer : 2012–13 ( 16 goals ) - Slovak Second League top scorer : 2008–09 ( 21 goals ) , 2010–11 ( 31 goals ) |
[
"AS Trenčín"
] | easy | Which team did David Depetris play for from 2008 to 2012? | /wiki/David_Depetris#P54#1 | David Depetris David Alberto Depetris ( born 11 November 1988 ) is an Argentine-born Slovak footballer who plays as a forward for U . S . Savoia in the Serie D . He started his European career in Slovak Superliga club Trenčín . He has Argentinian , Italian and Slovak citizenship . He received Italian citizenship before his arrival in Europe , being of Italian descent . He spent five years in Slovakia , thereby qualifying to receive citizenship . Depetris received Slovak citizenship on 21 March 2013 and since then has been eligible to represent the Slovakia national football team . Club career . Early years . Born in San Jorge , Argentina , Depetris began his career with hometown club C.D . San Jorge . In 2005 , he joined Atlético de Rafaela and three years later he moved to Europe , to Slovak club AS Trenčín . He scored 21 goals in 30 matches in his first season in the Slovak second league . AS Trenčín . Depetris joined AS Trenčín in January 2008 . He was the top goalscorer in two Slovak 1 . liga seasons ; in the 2008–09 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 21 goals , and in the 2010–11 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 31 goals in 30 matches . Çaykur Rizespor . After scoring a record 16 goals in the first half of the 2012-13 season at Trenčín , Depetris signed a three and half-year contract in the winter transfer window of 2013 , with the TFF First League club Çaykur Rizespor . He made his debut on 27 January 2013 against Adana Demirspor , when he substituted Cumali Bişi . Çaykur Rizespor lost 1–2 . David Depetris scored his first and second goals in the TFF First League against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 3 February 2013 . Monarcas Morelia . Depetris was loaned by Çaykur Rizespor to Monarcas Morelia which currently plays in the Liga MX . Prior to arrival to Mexico , David Depetris played for SK Sigma Olomouc in the Czech First League . International career . Depetris received an invitation to the Slovak national football team from coaching duo Stanislav Griga and Michal Hipp . After he obtained Slovak citizenship in March 2013 , Depetris could have debuted for the national team in the 2014 match against Liechtenstein ; however he ended up missing the match due to a muscle injury which flared up during training . He made his national team debut on 14 August against Romania . Personal life . Depetris is married to Slovak fitness trainer Erika Depetris ( née Kačincová ) . His brother , Rodrigo , is also a footballer . Honours . Club . Spartak Trnava - Slovak Cup : 2018–19 Individual . - Slovak Super Liga top scorer : 2012–13 ( 16 goals ) - Slovak Second League top scorer : 2008–09 ( 21 goals ) , 2010–11 ( 31 goals ) |
[
"Çaykur Rizespor"
] | easy | Which team did David Depetris play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/David_Depetris#P54#2 | David Depetris David Alberto Depetris ( born 11 November 1988 ) is an Argentine-born Slovak footballer who plays as a forward for U . S . Savoia in the Serie D . He started his European career in Slovak Superliga club Trenčín . He has Argentinian , Italian and Slovak citizenship . He received Italian citizenship before his arrival in Europe , being of Italian descent . He spent five years in Slovakia , thereby qualifying to receive citizenship . Depetris received Slovak citizenship on 21 March 2013 and since then has been eligible to represent the Slovakia national football team . Club career . Early years . Born in San Jorge , Argentina , Depetris began his career with hometown club C.D . San Jorge . In 2005 , he joined Atlético de Rafaela and three years later he moved to Europe , to Slovak club AS Trenčín . He scored 21 goals in 30 matches in his first season in the Slovak second league . AS Trenčín . Depetris joined AS Trenčín in January 2008 . He was the top goalscorer in two Slovak 1 . liga seasons ; in the 2008–09 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 21 goals , and in the 2010–11 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 31 goals in 30 matches . Çaykur Rizespor . After scoring a record 16 goals in the first half of the 2012-13 season at Trenčín , Depetris signed a three and half-year contract in the winter transfer window of 2013 , with the TFF First League club Çaykur Rizespor . He made his debut on 27 January 2013 against Adana Demirspor , when he substituted Cumali Bişi . Çaykur Rizespor lost 1–2 . David Depetris scored his first and second goals in the TFF First League against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 3 February 2013 . Monarcas Morelia . Depetris was loaned by Çaykur Rizespor to Monarcas Morelia which currently plays in the Liga MX . Prior to arrival to Mexico , David Depetris played for SK Sigma Olomouc in the Czech First League . International career . Depetris received an invitation to the Slovak national football team from coaching duo Stanislav Griga and Michal Hipp . After he obtained Slovak citizenship in March 2013 , Depetris could have debuted for the national team in the 2014 match against Liechtenstein ; however he ended up missing the match due to a muscle injury which flared up during training . He made his national team debut on 14 August against Romania . Personal life . Depetris is married to Slovak fitness trainer Erika Depetris ( née Kačincová ) . His brother , Rodrigo , is also a footballer . Honours . Club . Spartak Trnava - Slovak Cup : 2018–19 Individual . - Slovak Super Liga top scorer : 2012–13 ( 16 goals ) - Slovak Second League top scorer : 2008–09 ( 21 goals ) , 2010–11 ( 31 goals ) |
[
"Monarcas Morelia"
] | easy | Which team did David Depetris play for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/David_Depetris#P54#3 | David Depetris David Alberto Depetris ( born 11 November 1988 ) is an Argentine-born Slovak footballer who plays as a forward for U . S . Savoia in the Serie D . He started his European career in Slovak Superliga club Trenčín . He has Argentinian , Italian and Slovak citizenship . He received Italian citizenship before his arrival in Europe , being of Italian descent . He spent five years in Slovakia , thereby qualifying to receive citizenship . Depetris received Slovak citizenship on 21 March 2013 and since then has been eligible to represent the Slovakia national football team . Club career . Early years . Born in San Jorge , Argentina , Depetris began his career with hometown club C.D . San Jorge . In 2005 , he joined Atlético de Rafaela and three years later he moved to Europe , to Slovak club AS Trenčín . He scored 21 goals in 30 matches in his first season in the Slovak second league . AS Trenčín . Depetris joined AS Trenčín in January 2008 . He was the top goalscorer in two Slovak 1 . liga seasons ; in the 2008–09 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 21 goals , and in the 2010–11 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 31 goals in 30 matches . Çaykur Rizespor . After scoring a record 16 goals in the first half of the 2012-13 season at Trenčín , Depetris signed a three and half-year contract in the winter transfer window of 2013 , with the TFF First League club Çaykur Rizespor . He made his debut on 27 January 2013 against Adana Demirspor , when he substituted Cumali Bişi . Çaykur Rizespor lost 1–2 . David Depetris scored his first and second goals in the TFF First League against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 3 February 2013 . Monarcas Morelia . Depetris was loaned by Çaykur Rizespor to Monarcas Morelia which currently plays in the Liga MX . Prior to arrival to Mexico , David Depetris played for SK Sigma Olomouc in the Czech First League . International career . Depetris received an invitation to the Slovak national football team from coaching duo Stanislav Griga and Michal Hipp . After he obtained Slovak citizenship in March 2013 , Depetris could have debuted for the national team in the 2014 match against Liechtenstein ; however he ended up missing the match due to a muscle injury which flared up during training . He made his national team debut on 14 August against Romania . Personal life . Depetris is married to Slovak fitness trainer Erika Depetris ( née Kačincová ) . His brother , Rodrigo , is also a footballer . Honours . Club . Spartak Trnava - Slovak Cup : 2018–19 Individual . - Slovak Super Liga top scorer : 2012–13 ( 16 goals ) - Slovak Second League top scorer : 2008–09 ( 21 goals ) , 2010–11 ( 31 goals ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player David Depetris belong to from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/David_Depetris#P54#4 | David Depetris David Alberto Depetris ( born 11 November 1988 ) is an Argentine-born Slovak footballer who plays as a forward for U . S . Savoia in the Serie D . He started his European career in Slovak Superliga club Trenčín . He has Argentinian , Italian and Slovak citizenship . He received Italian citizenship before his arrival in Europe , being of Italian descent . He spent five years in Slovakia , thereby qualifying to receive citizenship . Depetris received Slovak citizenship on 21 March 2013 and since then has been eligible to represent the Slovakia national football team . Club career . Early years . Born in San Jorge , Argentina , Depetris began his career with hometown club C.D . San Jorge . In 2005 , he joined Atlético de Rafaela and three years later he moved to Europe , to Slovak club AS Trenčín . He scored 21 goals in 30 matches in his first season in the Slovak second league . AS Trenčín . Depetris joined AS Trenčín in January 2008 . He was the top goalscorer in two Slovak 1 . liga seasons ; in the 2008–09 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 21 goals , and in the 2010–11 Slovak 1 . liga season , scoring 31 goals in 30 matches . Çaykur Rizespor . After scoring a record 16 goals in the first half of the 2012-13 season at Trenčín , Depetris signed a three and half-year contract in the winter transfer window of 2013 , with the TFF First League club Çaykur Rizespor . He made his debut on 27 January 2013 against Adana Demirspor , when he substituted Cumali Bişi . Çaykur Rizespor lost 1–2 . David Depetris scored his first and second goals in the TFF First League against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 3 February 2013 . Monarcas Morelia . Depetris was loaned by Çaykur Rizespor to Monarcas Morelia which currently plays in the Liga MX . Prior to arrival to Mexico , David Depetris played for SK Sigma Olomouc in the Czech First League . International career . Depetris received an invitation to the Slovak national football team from coaching duo Stanislav Griga and Michal Hipp . After he obtained Slovak citizenship in March 2013 , Depetris could have debuted for the national team in the 2014 match against Liechtenstein ; however he ended up missing the match due to a muscle injury which flared up during training . He made his national team debut on 14 August against Romania . Personal life . Depetris is married to Slovak fitness trainer Erika Depetris ( née Kačincová ) . His brother , Rodrigo , is also a footballer . Honours . Club . Spartak Trnava - Slovak Cup : 2018–19 Individual . - Slovak Super Liga top scorer : 2012–13 ( 16 goals ) - Slovak Second League top scorer : 2008–09 ( 21 goals ) , 2010–11 ( 31 goals ) |
[
"Gray Herbarium"
] | easy | Jesse More Greenman was an employee for whom from 1894 to 1905? | /wiki/Jesse_More_Greenman#P108#0 | Jesse More Greenman Jesse More Greenman ( December 27 , 1867 – January 20 , 1951 ) was an American botanist . He specialized in tropical flora , with emphasis on plants from Mexico and Central America . He was an authority on the genus Senecio and noted for his work at the Missouri Botanical Garden . Life and career . Greenman was born in North East , Pennsylvania . Greenman earned his baccalaureate from the University of Pennsylvania 1893 , then became an instructor for a year . In 1894 he went to Harvard University studying and working in the Gray Herbarium until 1899 when he earned his masters degree . There he began a long association with Benjamin Lincoln Robinson . In 1901 he earned his Ph.D . from the University of Berlin . He then taught at Harvard from 1902–1905 . In 1902 he married Anne Turner , who was born in 1875 and died in 1936 . Subsequently , he worked as an assistant to the curator of the Department of Botany of the Natural History Museum in Chicago and as an Assistant Professor of Botany at the University of Chicago . He began working at the Missouri Botanical Garden as curator in 1913 , remaining there until his retirement in 1943 . While he was curator , the collection of flora there grew from 600,000 to about 1,500,000 . He was also a professor of botany at Washington University . He suffered a severe stroke in 1945 . Greenman and his wife had two sons , Jesse Greenman , Jr . and Milton T . Greenman . Milton accompanied him on his trip to Central America in 1922 . Honors . Beginning in 1968 , the Jesse M . Greenman Award is awarded by the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium in his honor for an academic paper ...judged best in vascular plant or bryophyte systematics based on a doctoral dissertation that was published during the previous year . The genera Greenmania P . Hieronymus and Greenmaniella W.M . Sharp were both named after him . Senecio multivenius Benth. , S . cooperi Greenm. , and S . megaphyllus Greenm . were reclassified in the new genus Jessea H . Robinson and J . Cuatrecases in Greenmans honor . Publications . - 1938 . Studies of South American Senecios . 28 pp . - 1929 . A New Variety of Senecio aureus L . 2 pp . - 1929 . New Agaves from Southwestern United States - 1918 . A New Selaginella from Mexico - 1917 . Two exotic Compositae in North America . 4 pp . - 1916 . A New Senecio from Jamaica . 2 pp . - 1915 . The Yareta Or Vegetable Sheep of Peru - 1914 . Descriptions of North American Senecioneae - 1912 . I . New species of Cuban Senecioneae . II . Diagnoses of new species and notes on other spermatophytes , chiefly from Mexico and Central America . Fieldiana . Botany series v . 2 , Nº 8 Art . - 1911 . Some Canadian Senecios . 5 pp . - 1908 . The Generic Name Goldmania - 1908 . Notes on the Genus Senecio . 69 pp . - 1907 . New Or Noteworthy Spermatophytes From Mexico , Central America , And The West Indies . Kessinger Publishing , LLC , . - 1906 . Studies in the Genus Citharexylum . 190 pp . Field Columbian Museum Publication 117 , Bot.series , Vol . 2 Nº 4 . - 1906 . Two New Species from Northwestern America - 1905 . A New Krynitzkia - 1905 . Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States , Mexico , and Central America . Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ 31 . Editor Acad . 36 pp . - 1904 . Notes on Southwestern and Mexican Plants - 1904 . Diagnoses and Synonymy of Mexican and Central American Spermatophytes . Proc . of the Am . Academy of Arts and Sci . 40 . Editor Acad . 25 pp . - 1903 . New and otherwise noteworthy Angiosperms from Mexico and Central America . Contrib . from the Gray Herbarium , Harvard Univ . 25 . Editor Gray Herb . of Harvard Univ . 120 pp . - 1901 . The Genus Senecio in New England . 5 pp . - 1900 . New Species and Varieties of Mexican Plants . 315 pp . - 1899 . Northwestern Plants , Chiefly from Oregon . 6 pp . |
[
"Department of Botany of the Natural History Museum in Chicago"
] | easy | Which employer did Jesse More Greenman work for from 1905 to 1913? | /wiki/Jesse_More_Greenman#P108#1 | Jesse More Greenman Jesse More Greenman ( December 27 , 1867 – January 20 , 1951 ) was an American botanist . He specialized in tropical flora , with emphasis on plants from Mexico and Central America . He was an authority on the genus Senecio and noted for his work at the Missouri Botanical Garden . Life and career . Greenman was born in North East , Pennsylvania . Greenman earned his baccalaureate from the University of Pennsylvania 1893 , then became an instructor for a year . In 1894 he went to Harvard University studying and working in the Gray Herbarium until 1899 when he earned his masters degree . There he began a long association with Benjamin Lincoln Robinson . In 1901 he earned his Ph.D . from the University of Berlin . He then taught at Harvard from 1902–1905 . In 1902 he married Anne Turner , who was born in 1875 and died in 1936 . Subsequently , he worked as an assistant to the curator of the Department of Botany of the Natural History Museum in Chicago and as an Assistant Professor of Botany at the University of Chicago . He began working at the Missouri Botanical Garden as curator in 1913 , remaining there until his retirement in 1943 . While he was curator , the collection of flora there grew from 600,000 to about 1,500,000 . He was also a professor of botany at Washington University . He suffered a severe stroke in 1945 . Greenman and his wife had two sons , Jesse Greenman , Jr . and Milton T . Greenman . Milton accompanied him on his trip to Central America in 1922 . Honors . Beginning in 1968 , the Jesse M . Greenman Award is awarded by the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium in his honor for an academic paper ...judged best in vascular plant or bryophyte systematics based on a doctoral dissertation that was published during the previous year . The genera Greenmania P . Hieronymus and Greenmaniella W.M . Sharp were both named after him . Senecio multivenius Benth. , S . cooperi Greenm. , and S . megaphyllus Greenm . were reclassified in the new genus Jessea H . Robinson and J . Cuatrecases in Greenmans honor . Publications . - 1938 . Studies of South American Senecios . 28 pp . - 1929 . A New Variety of Senecio aureus L . 2 pp . - 1929 . New Agaves from Southwestern United States - 1918 . A New Selaginella from Mexico - 1917 . Two exotic Compositae in North America . 4 pp . - 1916 . A New Senecio from Jamaica . 2 pp . - 1915 . The Yareta Or Vegetable Sheep of Peru - 1914 . Descriptions of North American Senecioneae - 1912 . I . New species of Cuban Senecioneae . II . Diagnoses of new species and notes on other spermatophytes , chiefly from Mexico and Central America . Fieldiana . Botany series v . 2 , Nº 8 Art . - 1911 . Some Canadian Senecios . 5 pp . - 1908 . The Generic Name Goldmania - 1908 . Notes on the Genus Senecio . 69 pp . - 1907 . New Or Noteworthy Spermatophytes From Mexico , Central America , And The West Indies . Kessinger Publishing , LLC , . - 1906 . Studies in the Genus Citharexylum . 190 pp . Field Columbian Museum Publication 117 , Bot.series , Vol . 2 Nº 4 . - 1906 . Two New Species from Northwestern America - 1905 . A New Krynitzkia - 1905 . Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States , Mexico , and Central America . Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ 31 . Editor Acad . 36 pp . - 1904 . Notes on Southwestern and Mexican Plants - 1904 . Diagnoses and Synonymy of Mexican and Central American Spermatophytes . Proc . of the Am . Academy of Arts and Sci . 40 . Editor Acad . 25 pp . - 1903 . New and otherwise noteworthy Angiosperms from Mexico and Central America . Contrib . from the Gray Herbarium , Harvard Univ . 25 . Editor Gray Herb . of Harvard Univ . 120 pp . - 1901 . The Genus Senecio in New England . 5 pp . - 1900 . New Species and Varieties of Mexican Plants . 315 pp . - 1899 . Northwestern Plants , Chiefly from Oregon . 6 pp . |
[
"Missouri Botanical Garden"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Jesse More Greenman work for from 1913 to 1951? | /wiki/Jesse_More_Greenman#P108#2 | Jesse More Greenman Jesse More Greenman ( December 27 , 1867 – January 20 , 1951 ) was an American botanist . He specialized in tropical flora , with emphasis on plants from Mexico and Central America . He was an authority on the genus Senecio and noted for his work at the Missouri Botanical Garden . Life and career . Greenman was born in North East , Pennsylvania . Greenman earned his baccalaureate from the University of Pennsylvania 1893 , then became an instructor for a year . In 1894 he went to Harvard University studying and working in the Gray Herbarium until 1899 when he earned his masters degree . There he began a long association with Benjamin Lincoln Robinson . In 1901 he earned his Ph.D . from the University of Berlin . He then taught at Harvard from 1902–1905 . In 1902 he married Anne Turner , who was born in 1875 and died in 1936 . Subsequently , he worked as an assistant to the curator of the Department of Botany of the Natural History Museum in Chicago and as an Assistant Professor of Botany at the University of Chicago . He began working at the Missouri Botanical Garden as curator in 1913 , remaining there until his retirement in 1943 . While he was curator , the collection of flora there grew from 600,000 to about 1,500,000 . He was also a professor of botany at Washington University . He suffered a severe stroke in 1945 . Greenman and his wife had two sons , Jesse Greenman , Jr . and Milton T . Greenman . Milton accompanied him on his trip to Central America in 1922 . Honors . Beginning in 1968 , the Jesse M . Greenman Award is awarded by the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium in his honor for an academic paper ...judged best in vascular plant or bryophyte systematics based on a doctoral dissertation that was published during the previous year . The genera Greenmania P . Hieronymus and Greenmaniella W.M . Sharp were both named after him . Senecio multivenius Benth. , S . cooperi Greenm. , and S . megaphyllus Greenm . were reclassified in the new genus Jessea H . Robinson and J . Cuatrecases in Greenmans honor . Publications . - 1938 . Studies of South American Senecios . 28 pp . - 1929 . A New Variety of Senecio aureus L . 2 pp . - 1929 . New Agaves from Southwestern United States - 1918 . A New Selaginella from Mexico - 1917 . Two exotic Compositae in North America . 4 pp . - 1916 . A New Senecio from Jamaica . 2 pp . - 1915 . The Yareta Or Vegetable Sheep of Peru - 1914 . Descriptions of North American Senecioneae - 1912 . I . New species of Cuban Senecioneae . II . Diagnoses of new species and notes on other spermatophytes , chiefly from Mexico and Central America . Fieldiana . Botany series v . 2 , Nº 8 Art . - 1911 . Some Canadian Senecios . 5 pp . - 1908 . The Generic Name Goldmania - 1908 . Notes on the Genus Senecio . 69 pp . - 1907 . New Or Noteworthy Spermatophytes From Mexico , Central America , And The West Indies . Kessinger Publishing , LLC , . - 1906 . Studies in the Genus Citharexylum . 190 pp . Field Columbian Museum Publication 117 , Bot.series , Vol . 2 Nº 4 . - 1906 . Two New Species from Northwestern America - 1905 . A New Krynitzkia - 1905 . Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States , Mexico , and Central America . Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ 31 . Editor Acad . 36 pp . - 1904 . Notes on Southwestern and Mexican Plants - 1904 . Diagnoses and Synonymy of Mexican and Central American Spermatophytes . Proc . of the Am . Academy of Arts and Sci . 40 . Editor Acad . 25 pp . - 1903 . New and otherwise noteworthy Angiosperms from Mexico and Central America . Contrib . from the Gray Herbarium , Harvard Univ . 25 . Editor Gray Herb . of Harvard Univ . 120 pp . - 1901 . The Genus Senecio in New England . 5 pp . - 1900 . New Species and Varieties of Mexican Plants . 315 pp . - 1899 . Northwestern Plants , Chiefly from Oregon . 6 pp . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of Sir Harry Verney, 2nd Baronet from Dec 1832 to Dec 1834? | /wiki/Sir_Harry_Verney,_2nd_Baronet#P39#0 | Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet PC , DL , JP ( 8 September 1801 – 12 February 1894 ) was an English soldier and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1832 and 1885 . Background and education . Born Harry Calvert , he was the oldest son of Sir Harry Calvert , 1st Baronet and his wife Caroline Hammersley , second daughter of Thomas Hammersley . He was first educated at Harrow School , and then , aged fifteen , went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as one of its first cadets . In 1826 , he succeeded his father as baronet and in the following year , he changed his surname by Royal Licence to Verney to inherit the Verney family estates of his cousin Mary Verney , 1st Baroness Fermanagh . From 1829 , he studied at Downing College , Cambridge as a fellow-commoner , befriending Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell . Career . Verney joined the British Army for the 31st ( Huntingdonshire ) Regiment of Foot in 1819 and was sent to the countrys legation in the German states Württemberg and Baden , learning during this time German , French and Italian . He returned to England in the following year and was allocated to the 7th ( Royal Fusiliers ) Regiment of Foot . From 1824 , he served with the Grenadier Guards and from 1826 was private secretary in the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces . Verney was meant to accompany Lord William Bentinck on his appointment as Governor-General of India , however during the journey was left ill in Rio de Janeiro , where he recovered , later hunting with natives in the Pampas and the Andes . His voyage home led him around Cape Horn on board a ship commanded by Sir Michael Seymour , and in 1829 he arrived in England again . Verney was promoted to major in 1831 and was transferred to the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia ( Kings Own ) in 1844 , retiring two years later . Verney entered the British House of Commons in 1832 , sitting as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Buckingham until 1841 . After a six-year break , he was successful for Bedford and represented it until 1852 . Verney was again returned for Buckingham in 1857 until the 1874 general election . In 1880 , he was reelected for the constituency for the following five years . In 1885 , in his final year in the House , Verney was sworn a Privy Counsellor . Verney was nominated a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and a Justice of the Peace for the same county . He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society . Verney acted as chairman of the Buckinghamshire Railway Company and deputy chairman of the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Company . Family . On 30 June 1835 , he married firstly Eliza Hope , daughter of Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope , and had by her four sons and three daughters . After her death in 1857 , Verney married Frances Parthenope Nightingale , daughter of William Edward Nightingale and sister of Florence Nightingale , on 24 June 1858 . He died , aged 92 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Edmund . His youngest son Frederick was a diplomat and politician and father of Sir Ralph Verney , 1st Baronet . Legacy . Verney was unusual in the sense that he gave his name to two railway stations in England , namely Calvert and Verney Junction stations in Buckinghamshire . Mount Verney , Sir Harry Peak and Sir Harry Range in British Columbia were also named after him . To this day , one of the campuses of the University of Buckingham ( housing the Law School ) is named Verney Park . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Sir Harry Verney, 2nd Baronet took which position from 1835 to Jun 1841? | /wiki/Sir_Harry_Verney,_2nd_Baronet#P39#1 | Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet PC , DL , JP ( 8 September 1801 – 12 February 1894 ) was an English soldier and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1832 and 1885 . Background and education . Born Harry Calvert , he was the oldest son of Sir Harry Calvert , 1st Baronet and his wife Caroline Hammersley , second daughter of Thomas Hammersley . He was first educated at Harrow School , and then , aged fifteen , went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as one of its first cadets . In 1826 , he succeeded his father as baronet and in the following year , he changed his surname by Royal Licence to Verney to inherit the Verney family estates of his cousin Mary Verney , 1st Baroness Fermanagh . From 1829 , he studied at Downing College , Cambridge as a fellow-commoner , befriending Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell . Career . Verney joined the British Army for the 31st ( Huntingdonshire ) Regiment of Foot in 1819 and was sent to the countrys legation in the German states Württemberg and Baden , learning during this time German , French and Italian . He returned to England in the following year and was allocated to the 7th ( Royal Fusiliers ) Regiment of Foot . From 1824 , he served with the Grenadier Guards and from 1826 was private secretary in the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces . Verney was meant to accompany Lord William Bentinck on his appointment as Governor-General of India , however during the journey was left ill in Rio de Janeiro , where he recovered , later hunting with natives in the Pampas and the Andes . His voyage home led him around Cape Horn on board a ship commanded by Sir Michael Seymour , and in 1829 he arrived in England again . Verney was promoted to major in 1831 and was transferred to the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia ( Kings Own ) in 1844 , retiring two years later . Verney entered the British House of Commons in 1832 , sitting as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Buckingham until 1841 . After a six-year break , he was successful for Bedford and represented it until 1852 . Verney was again returned for Buckingham in 1857 until the 1874 general election . In 1880 , he was reelected for the constituency for the following five years . In 1885 , in his final year in the House , Verney was sworn a Privy Counsellor . Verney was nominated a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and a Justice of the Peace for the same county . He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society . Verney acted as chairman of the Buckinghamshire Railway Company and deputy chairman of the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Company . Family . On 30 June 1835 , he married firstly Eliza Hope , daughter of Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope , and had by her four sons and three daughters . After her death in 1857 , Verney married Frances Parthenope Nightingale , daughter of William Edward Nightingale and sister of Florence Nightingale , on 24 June 1858 . He died , aged 92 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Edmund . His youngest son Frederick was a diplomat and politician and father of Sir Ralph Verney , 1st Baronet . Legacy . Verney was unusual in the sense that he gave his name to two railway stations in England , namely Calvert and Verney Junction stations in Buckinghamshire . Mount Verney , Sir Harry Peak and Sir Harry Range in British Columbia were also named after him . To this day , one of the campuses of the University of Buckingham ( housing the Law School ) is named Verney Park . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Sir Harry Verney, 2nd Baronet took which position from Jul 1847 to Jul 1852? | /wiki/Sir_Harry_Verney,_2nd_Baronet#P39#2 | Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet PC , DL , JP ( 8 September 1801 – 12 February 1894 ) was an English soldier and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1832 and 1885 . Background and education . Born Harry Calvert , he was the oldest son of Sir Harry Calvert , 1st Baronet and his wife Caroline Hammersley , second daughter of Thomas Hammersley . He was first educated at Harrow School , and then , aged fifteen , went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as one of its first cadets . In 1826 , he succeeded his father as baronet and in the following year , he changed his surname by Royal Licence to Verney to inherit the Verney family estates of his cousin Mary Verney , 1st Baroness Fermanagh . From 1829 , he studied at Downing College , Cambridge as a fellow-commoner , befriending Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell . Career . Verney joined the British Army for the 31st ( Huntingdonshire ) Regiment of Foot in 1819 and was sent to the countrys legation in the German states Württemberg and Baden , learning during this time German , French and Italian . He returned to England in the following year and was allocated to the 7th ( Royal Fusiliers ) Regiment of Foot . From 1824 , he served with the Grenadier Guards and from 1826 was private secretary in the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces . Verney was meant to accompany Lord William Bentinck on his appointment as Governor-General of India , however during the journey was left ill in Rio de Janeiro , where he recovered , later hunting with natives in the Pampas and the Andes . His voyage home led him around Cape Horn on board a ship commanded by Sir Michael Seymour , and in 1829 he arrived in England again . Verney was promoted to major in 1831 and was transferred to the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia ( Kings Own ) in 1844 , retiring two years later . Verney entered the British House of Commons in 1832 , sitting as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Buckingham until 1841 . After a six-year break , he was successful for Bedford and represented it until 1852 . Verney was again returned for Buckingham in 1857 until the 1874 general election . In 1880 , he was reelected for the constituency for the following five years . In 1885 , in his final year in the House , Verney was sworn a Privy Counsellor . Verney was nominated a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and a Justice of the Peace for the same county . He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society . Verney acted as chairman of the Buckinghamshire Railway Company and deputy chairman of the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Company . Family . On 30 June 1835 , he married firstly Eliza Hope , daughter of Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope , and had by her four sons and three daughters . After her death in 1857 , Verney married Frances Parthenope Nightingale , daughter of William Edward Nightingale and sister of Florence Nightingale , on 24 June 1858 . He died , aged 92 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Edmund . His youngest son Frederick was a diplomat and politician and father of Sir Ralph Verney , 1st Baronet . Legacy . Verney was unusual in the sense that he gave his name to two railway stations in England , namely Calvert and Verney Junction stations in Buckinghamshire . Mount Verney , Sir Harry Peak and Sir Harry Range in British Columbia were also named after him . To this day , one of the campuses of the University of Buckingham ( housing the Law School ) is named Verney Park . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Sir Harry Verney, 2nd Baronet hold from Mar 1857 to 1874? | /wiki/Sir_Harry_Verney,_2nd_Baronet#P39#3 | Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet Sir Harry Verney , 2nd Baronet PC , DL , JP ( 8 September 1801 – 12 February 1894 ) was an English soldier and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1832 and 1885 . Background and education . Born Harry Calvert , he was the oldest son of Sir Harry Calvert , 1st Baronet and his wife Caroline Hammersley , second daughter of Thomas Hammersley . He was first educated at Harrow School , and then , aged fifteen , went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as one of its first cadets . In 1826 , he succeeded his father as baronet and in the following year , he changed his surname by Royal Licence to Verney to inherit the Verney family estates of his cousin Mary Verney , 1st Baroness Fermanagh . From 1829 , he studied at Downing College , Cambridge as a fellow-commoner , befriending Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell . Career . Verney joined the British Army for the 31st ( Huntingdonshire ) Regiment of Foot in 1819 and was sent to the countrys legation in the German states Württemberg and Baden , learning during this time German , French and Italian . He returned to England in the following year and was allocated to the 7th ( Royal Fusiliers ) Regiment of Foot . From 1824 , he served with the Grenadier Guards and from 1826 was private secretary in the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces . Verney was meant to accompany Lord William Bentinck on his appointment as Governor-General of India , however during the journey was left ill in Rio de Janeiro , where he recovered , later hunting with natives in the Pampas and the Andes . His voyage home led him around Cape Horn on board a ship commanded by Sir Michael Seymour , and in 1829 he arrived in England again . Verney was promoted to major in 1831 and was transferred to the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia ( Kings Own ) in 1844 , retiring two years later . Verney entered the British House of Commons in 1832 , sitting as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Buckingham until 1841 . After a six-year break , he was successful for Bedford and represented it until 1852 . Verney was again returned for Buckingham in 1857 until the 1874 general election . In 1880 , he was reelected for the constituency for the following five years . In 1885 , in his final year in the House , Verney was sworn a Privy Counsellor . Verney was nominated a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and a Justice of the Peace for the same county . He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society . Verney acted as chairman of the Buckinghamshire Railway Company and deputy chairman of the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Company . Family . On 30 June 1835 , he married firstly Eliza Hope , daughter of Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope , and had by her four sons and three daughters . After her death in 1857 , Verney married Frances Parthenope Nightingale , daughter of William Edward Nightingale and sister of Florence Nightingale , on 24 June 1858 . He died , aged 92 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Edmund . His youngest son Frederick was a diplomat and politician and father of Sir Ralph Verney , 1st Baronet . Legacy . Verney was unusual in the sense that he gave his name to two railway stations in England , namely Calvert and Verney Junction stations in Buckinghamshire . Mount Verney , Sir Harry Peak and Sir Harry Range in British Columbia were also named after him . To this day , one of the campuses of the University of Buckingham ( housing the Law School ) is named Verney Park . |
[
"Governor of Fujian"
] | easy | Which position did He Guoqiang hold from 1996 to 1999? | /wiki/He_Guoqiang#P39#0 | He Guoqiang He Guoqiang ( ; born October 1943 ) is a retired senior leader of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Between 2007 and 2012 , He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) , Chinas highest ruling council , and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the partys anti-corruption agency . Earlier in his career , He served as the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party , the Governor of Fujian , and the Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing . Career . He Guoqiang was born in Xiangxiang , Hunan in 1943 . He joined the Communist Party of China in January 1966 and joined the work force in September 1966 . He graduated from the Inorganic Chemistry Department at the Beijing Institute of Chemical Engineering where he had majored in inorganics . With his university education , he held the title of Senior Engineer . He was first assigned to work as a technician at the synthesis division of the Lunan Chemical Fertilizer Plant in Shandong . During his eleven years there he eventually made his way up to party branch secretary ( de facto head of the plant ) . Eventually He became an official at the chemical industry department of the Shandong provincial government . After that , he began taking on increasingly senior administrative roles , ascending through the ranks to become Party Committee Secretary in Jinan , the capital of Shandong , in 1987 , and a member of the Shandong provincial Party Standing Committee . In 1991 , he became deputy minister of Chemical Industry . In October 1996 , He was transferred to Fujian to become deputy governor , then acting governor . He assumed the post of the Governor of Fujian between 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , he was named the party secretary of Chongqing , only the second person to take on the job after the city gained direct-controlled municipality status . He remained in Chongqing until 2002 . He moved to national prominence that year , becoming the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China , overseeing party personnel . He was named to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in November 2007 , heading up the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , in charge of stamping out corruption with party officials , replacing Wu Guanzheng . He was ordered by General Secretary Hu Jintao to go into earthquake areas in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . He Guoqiang was said to be a moderating force on the PSC , with no apparent loyalties to any particular factions or patrons . Family . He Guoqiangs eldest son , ( ; born June 7 , 1971 ) , is a former soldier who eventually went into business . He Jintao founded the private equity firm Nepoch Capital . He Jintao worked with Morgan Stanley and China Resources on various investment projects . Several media sources have linked He Jintao with the corruption case involving Song Lin , former chief executive of China Resources . He Guoqiangs second son , He Jinlei ( ) , was a vice president at the investment arm of China Development Bank , CDB Capital , a state-owned company which invested heavily in Alibabas initial public offering in 2014 . The wives and children of both of He Guoqiangs sons are said to be living in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . In May 2014 , U.S.-based Chinese-language website Duowei reported that Hes successor as central discipline secretary Wang Qishan scheduled a meeting with him to discuss ongoing investigation into the business activities of his sons , and He Jintao specifically . The same article mentioned that the likelihood of He Guoqiangs personal involvement in corruption was low , and that He urged his sons to cooperate with the investigation . |
[
"party secretary of Chongqing"
] | easy | He Guoqiang took which position from 1999 to 2002? | /wiki/He_Guoqiang#P39#1 | He Guoqiang He Guoqiang ( ; born October 1943 ) is a retired senior leader of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Between 2007 and 2012 , He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) , Chinas highest ruling council , and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the partys anti-corruption agency . Earlier in his career , He served as the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party , the Governor of Fujian , and the Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing . Career . He Guoqiang was born in Xiangxiang , Hunan in 1943 . He joined the Communist Party of China in January 1966 and joined the work force in September 1966 . He graduated from the Inorganic Chemistry Department at the Beijing Institute of Chemical Engineering where he had majored in inorganics . With his university education , he held the title of Senior Engineer . He was first assigned to work as a technician at the synthesis division of the Lunan Chemical Fertilizer Plant in Shandong . During his eleven years there he eventually made his way up to party branch secretary ( de facto head of the plant ) . Eventually He became an official at the chemical industry department of the Shandong provincial government . After that , he began taking on increasingly senior administrative roles , ascending through the ranks to become Party Committee Secretary in Jinan , the capital of Shandong , in 1987 , and a member of the Shandong provincial Party Standing Committee . In 1991 , he became deputy minister of Chemical Industry . In October 1996 , He was transferred to Fujian to become deputy governor , then acting governor . He assumed the post of the Governor of Fujian between 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , he was named the party secretary of Chongqing , only the second person to take on the job after the city gained direct-controlled municipality status . He remained in Chongqing until 2002 . He moved to national prominence that year , becoming the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China , overseeing party personnel . He was named to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in November 2007 , heading up the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , in charge of stamping out corruption with party officials , replacing Wu Guanzheng . He was ordered by General Secretary Hu Jintao to go into earthquake areas in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . He Guoqiang was said to be a moderating force on the PSC , with no apparent loyalties to any particular factions or patrons . Family . He Guoqiangs eldest son , ( ; born June 7 , 1971 ) , is a former soldier who eventually went into business . He Jintao founded the private equity firm Nepoch Capital . He Jintao worked with Morgan Stanley and China Resources on various investment projects . Several media sources have linked He Jintao with the corruption case involving Song Lin , former chief executive of China Resources . He Guoqiangs second son , He Jinlei ( ) , was a vice president at the investment arm of China Development Bank , CDB Capital , a state-owned company which invested heavily in Alibabas initial public offering in 2014 . The wives and children of both of He Guoqiangs sons are said to be living in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . In May 2014 , U.S.-based Chinese-language website Duowei reported that Hes successor as central discipline secretary Wang Qishan scheduled a meeting with him to discuss ongoing investigation into the business activities of his sons , and He Jintao specifically . The same article mentioned that the likelihood of He Guoqiangs personal involvement in corruption was low , and that He urged his sons to cooperate with the investigation . |
[
"head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China"
] | easy | What was the position of He Guoqiang from 2002 to 2007? | /wiki/He_Guoqiang#P39#2 | He Guoqiang He Guoqiang ( ; born October 1943 ) is a retired senior leader of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Between 2007 and 2012 , He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) , Chinas highest ruling council , and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the partys anti-corruption agency . Earlier in his career , He served as the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party , the Governor of Fujian , and the Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing . Career . He Guoqiang was born in Xiangxiang , Hunan in 1943 . He joined the Communist Party of China in January 1966 and joined the work force in September 1966 . He graduated from the Inorganic Chemistry Department at the Beijing Institute of Chemical Engineering where he had majored in inorganics . With his university education , he held the title of Senior Engineer . He was first assigned to work as a technician at the synthesis division of the Lunan Chemical Fertilizer Plant in Shandong . During his eleven years there he eventually made his way up to party branch secretary ( de facto head of the plant ) . Eventually He became an official at the chemical industry department of the Shandong provincial government . After that , he began taking on increasingly senior administrative roles , ascending through the ranks to become Party Committee Secretary in Jinan , the capital of Shandong , in 1987 , and a member of the Shandong provincial Party Standing Committee . In 1991 , he became deputy minister of Chemical Industry . In October 1996 , He was transferred to Fujian to become deputy governor , then acting governor . He assumed the post of the Governor of Fujian between 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , he was named the party secretary of Chongqing , only the second person to take on the job after the city gained direct-controlled municipality status . He remained in Chongqing until 2002 . He moved to national prominence that year , becoming the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China , overseeing party personnel . He was named to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in November 2007 , heading up the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , in charge of stamping out corruption with party officials , replacing Wu Guanzheng . He was ordered by General Secretary Hu Jintao to go into earthquake areas in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . He Guoqiang was said to be a moderating force on the PSC , with no apparent loyalties to any particular factions or patrons . Family . He Guoqiangs eldest son , ( ; born June 7 , 1971 ) , is a former soldier who eventually went into business . He Jintao founded the private equity firm Nepoch Capital . He Jintao worked with Morgan Stanley and China Resources on various investment projects . Several media sources have linked He Jintao with the corruption case involving Song Lin , former chief executive of China Resources . He Guoqiangs second son , He Jinlei ( ) , was a vice president at the investment arm of China Development Bank , CDB Capital , a state-owned company which invested heavily in Alibabas initial public offering in 2014 . The wives and children of both of He Guoqiangs sons are said to be living in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . In May 2014 , U.S.-based Chinese-language website Duowei reported that Hes successor as central discipline secretary Wang Qishan scheduled a meeting with him to discuss ongoing investigation into the business activities of his sons , and He Jintao specifically . The same article mentioned that the likelihood of He Guoqiangs personal involvement in corruption was low , and that He urged his sons to cooperate with the investigation . |
[
"Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"
] | easy | He Guoqiang took which position from 2007 to 2012? | /wiki/He_Guoqiang#P39#3 | He Guoqiang He Guoqiang ( ; born October 1943 ) is a retired senior leader of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Between 2007 and 2012 , He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) , Chinas highest ruling council , and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the partys anti-corruption agency . Earlier in his career , He served as the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party , the Governor of Fujian , and the Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing . Career . He Guoqiang was born in Xiangxiang , Hunan in 1943 . He joined the Communist Party of China in January 1966 and joined the work force in September 1966 . He graduated from the Inorganic Chemistry Department at the Beijing Institute of Chemical Engineering where he had majored in inorganics . With his university education , he held the title of Senior Engineer . He was first assigned to work as a technician at the synthesis division of the Lunan Chemical Fertilizer Plant in Shandong . During his eleven years there he eventually made his way up to party branch secretary ( de facto head of the plant ) . Eventually He became an official at the chemical industry department of the Shandong provincial government . After that , he began taking on increasingly senior administrative roles , ascending through the ranks to become Party Committee Secretary in Jinan , the capital of Shandong , in 1987 , and a member of the Shandong provincial Party Standing Committee . In 1991 , he became deputy minister of Chemical Industry . In October 1996 , He was transferred to Fujian to become deputy governor , then acting governor . He assumed the post of the Governor of Fujian between 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , he was named the party secretary of Chongqing , only the second person to take on the job after the city gained direct-controlled municipality status . He remained in Chongqing until 2002 . He moved to national prominence that year , becoming the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China , overseeing party personnel . He was named to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in November 2007 , heading up the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , in charge of stamping out corruption with party officials , replacing Wu Guanzheng . He was ordered by General Secretary Hu Jintao to go into earthquake areas in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . He Guoqiang was said to be a moderating force on the PSC , with no apparent loyalties to any particular factions or patrons . Family . He Guoqiangs eldest son , ( ; born June 7 , 1971 ) , is a former soldier who eventually went into business . He Jintao founded the private equity firm Nepoch Capital . He Jintao worked with Morgan Stanley and China Resources on various investment projects . Several media sources have linked He Jintao with the corruption case involving Song Lin , former chief executive of China Resources . He Guoqiangs second son , He Jinlei ( ) , was a vice president at the investment arm of China Development Bank , CDB Capital , a state-owned company which invested heavily in Alibabas initial public offering in 2014 . The wives and children of both of He Guoqiangs sons are said to be living in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . In May 2014 , U.S.-based Chinese-language website Duowei reported that Hes successor as central discipline secretary Wang Qishan scheduled a meeting with him to discuss ongoing investigation into the business activities of his sons , and He Jintao specifically . The same article mentioned that the likelihood of He Guoqiangs personal involvement in corruption was low , and that He urged his sons to cooperate with the investigation . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) belong to from 1999 to 2005? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#0 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"Leicester City"
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) belong to from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#1 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"Motherwell"
] | easy | Which team did Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) play for from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#2 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"Norwich City"
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) belong to from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#3 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"Motherwell"
] | easy | Which team did the player Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#4 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"Aberdeen"
] | easy | Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) played for which team from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#5 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"East Fife"
] | easy | Which team did Stephen Hughes (footballer, born 1982) play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Stephen_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1982)#P54#6 | Stephen Hughes ( footballer , born 1982 ) Stephen David Hughes ( born 14 November 1982 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer . Hughes played for Rangers , Leicester City , Motherwell , Norwich City , Milton Keynes Dons , Aberdeen , Dundee and East Fife . Hughes made one appearance for Scotland , playing in the last 20 minutes of a friendly match against Japan in 2009 . Club career . Rangers . Hughes started his career with Scottish Premier League club Rangers at the age of 16 . He went on to make 90 appearances for the Ibrox club and scored seven goals in the process . Leicester City . Hughes joined Leicester City in January 2005 for £100,000 and signed a three-and-a-half-year deal . In January 2006 , he scored a memorable goal which helped knock Tottenham Hotspur out of the FA Cup in a cup upset . Motherwell . On 4 June 2007 , Hughes was placed on the transfer list by then Leicester manager Martin Allen , with Hearts and Motherwell reportedly offering £50,000 for the player . On 17 August , Hearts had successfully negotiated terms with Hughes . The transfer , however , was delayed , and on 31 August , Hughes joined Motherwell for an undisclosed fee . Hughes played for Motherwell in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons . Norwich City . Scottish newspapers on 22 July 2009 suggested that Hughes had joined Norwich City as a free agent on a three-year contract . This was confirmed later the same day . He played his first match for the Canaries in their final pre-season friendly against Wigan on 1 August 2009 playing for 59 minutes before being substituted . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool on 29 August 2009 . Hughes impressed fans with his performances in his first season with the club . However , Hughes sustained an knee injury , which required an operation on 21 October and ruled him out for two months . Hughes returned to Norwich after a loan spell at MK Dons to gain fitness after his operation . He left Norwich by mutual consent in August 2011 . Return to Motherwell . After leaving Norwich , Hughes became a free agent , but failed to find a club in the first few months . On 16 November 2011 , Hughes re-joined Motherwell until 3 January 2012 after a successful trial . Hughes started the match against Hibernian on 2 December 2011 , but this match was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire , and was therefore a void match , so his second debut for the club came as a substitute in a 3–0 win away to St Johnstone the following week . Hughes left the club at the end of his deal , after the club decided not to offer him an extension . He made 4 appearances in his second spell at Fir Park . Aberdeen . After a short trial , Hughes signed for Aberdeen on 27 January 2012 . He was released from his contract on 7 June 2013 . East Fife . On 10 October 2013 , Hughes signed for Scottish League One side East Fife . Hughes made 9 league appearances for East Fife , scoring one goal . Dundee . Having completed a short-term contract with East Fife , Hughes signed for Scottish Championship club Dundee in January 2014 . His Dundee career was short lived where he played only the first 45 minutes away to Falkirk where after a poor performance was substituted at half time . He never played for Dundee again . East Fife ( loan ) . After making only one appearance for Dundee , Hughes rejoined East Fife on loan after being told he wasnt part of Paul Hartleys plans as new manager . International career . Hughes was called up to the Scotland squad to play Japan in October 2009 . Hughes came on as a second-half substitute , replacing Charlie Adam in the 67th minute . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2004–05 |
[
"SER"
] | easy | What operated SECR C class from 1900 to Dec 1922? | /wiki/SECR_C_class#P137#0 | SECR C class The South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) C Class is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive , designed by Harry Wainwright and built between 1900 and 1908 . They were designed for freight duties , although occasionally used for passenger trains . They operated over the lines of the railway in London and south-east England until the early 1960s . One example was rebuilt as an S Class saddle tank . History . The SECR held trials in November 1898 to decide on a standard freight locomotive design . Two existing 0-6-0 locomotives were tested : former London , Chatham and Dover Railway B2 class No . 194 designed by William Kirtley ; and former South Eastern Railway O class No . 436 designed by James Stirling . The Kirtley design proved superior and a new order for 40 locomotives based on it was placed . These new locomotives were designed by Harry Wainwright , the new Chief Mechanical Engineer of the railway , and formed the first of the C class . The first fifteen locomotives were constructed by Neilson , Reid and Company and delivered in June 1900 , followed by a further fifteen from Sharp , Stewart and Company . The remainder were built by the SECR workshops at Ashford ( 70 examples 1900–1908 ) and Longhedge Works ( 9 examples 1903–4 ) . Operational use . The locomotives were used on freight services and occasional passenger excursion trains ( such as hop-picking specials ) , throughout the SER between Reading railway station and the Kent Coast . The last twelve locomotives were fitted with steam carriage heating equipment to enable them to be used to haul and prepare empty stock for express trains . The remainder of the class were also so equipped by the Southern Railway after 1923 . Accidents . - In March 1904 , a passenger train hauled by No . 294 derailed at , Surrey . - At 03:40 hrs on 5 May 1919 , a goods train from Bricklayers Arms to Margate Sands , Kent overran signals and ran into the back of another goods train just to the west of station , Kent . The Margate train was hauled by C class No . 721 . It consisted of 50 goods vehicles including three brake vans . The other train was hauled by C class No . 61 . The fireman of this train was killed in the accident . Although the main cause of the accident was the driver of the Margate train failing to obey signals , the signalman at East signal box was also censured for failure to give the driver adequate warning that although the train had been accepted by the signalman at Paddock Wood , the line was not clear . The signalman at Paddock Wood had accepted the train under Regulation No 5 - Section clear but station or junction blocked . - On 18 February 1948 , locomotive 1225 was wrongly routed into the north sidings at Goudhurst , Kent and derailed . - On 4 July 1958 , an electric multiple unit overran signals and collided with an empty stock train hauled by locomotive No . 31461 at , London . Forty-five people were injured . S class conversion . In 1917 one example , no . 685 was converted into an S class 0-6-0ST for use as a heavy-duty shunter at Richborough port which was then being used to ship locomotives and armoured equipment to the Western Front . After the War it was used as a shunter at Bricklayers Arms until 1951 . Withdrawal . In common with other freight locomotives in Southern England , the class was very heavily used during the Second World War and repairs and maintenance deferred . As a result , one locomotive had to be withdrawn in December 1947 , but the remaining 107 examples entered service with British Railways in 1948 . Withdrawals of the remainder of the class began in 1953 , but accelerated after the Kent Coast electrification in 1959–1960 . However , three examples ( 31271 , 31280 , 31592 ) remained in Departmental stock as shunters at Ashford Works until 1966 . Preservation . One , No . 592 ( Southern Railway 1592 , BR 31592 ) , has been preserved on the Bluebell Railway . In 2016 , the locomotive was featured in the film , Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Models . Bachmann Branchlines produce several versions of the C class in OO gauge with the initial release in 2013 , they include the preserved example , as well as liveries from the Southern Railway and British Railways . Bachmann announced on 8 January 2017 that an N Gauge C Class would form part of their 2017 Graham Farish catalogue range . This is to be produced as SE&CR No . 271 in SE&CR plain green , as well as No . 1294 in Southern Railway Black and No . 31227 in British Railways Black with early British Railways emblem . External links . - Wainwright C class 0-6-0 Southern E-Group - Class C details Railuk - South Eastern & Chatham Railway C-class No.592 Bluebell Railway |
[
""
] | easy | What operated SECR C class from 1923 to Dec 1947? | /wiki/SECR_C_class#P137#1 | SECR C class The South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) C Class is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive , designed by Harry Wainwright and built between 1900 and 1908 . They were designed for freight duties , although occasionally used for passenger trains . They operated over the lines of the railway in London and south-east England until the early 1960s . One example was rebuilt as an S Class saddle tank . History . The SECR held trials in November 1898 to decide on a standard freight locomotive design . Two existing 0-6-0 locomotives were tested : former London , Chatham and Dover Railway B2 class No . 194 designed by William Kirtley ; and former South Eastern Railway O class No . 436 designed by James Stirling . The Kirtley design proved superior and a new order for 40 locomotives based on it was placed . These new locomotives were designed by Harry Wainwright , the new Chief Mechanical Engineer of the railway , and formed the first of the C class . The first fifteen locomotives were constructed by Neilson , Reid and Company and delivered in June 1900 , followed by a further fifteen from Sharp , Stewart and Company . The remainder were built by the SECR workshops at Ashford ( 70 examples 1900–1908 ) and Longhedge Works ( 9 examples 1903–4 ) . Operational use . The locomotives were used on freight services and occasional passenger excursion trains ( such as hop-picking specials ) , throughout the SER between Reading railway station and the Kent Coast . The last twelve locomotives were fitted with steam carriage heating equipment to enable them to be used to haul and prepare empty stock for express trains . The remainder of the class were also so equipped by the Southern Railway after 1923 . Accidents . - In March 1904 , a passenger train hauled by No . 294 derailed at , Surrey . - At 03:40 hrs on 5 May 1919 , a goods train from Bricklayers Arms to Margate Sands , Kent overran signals and ran into the back of another goods train just to the west of station , Kent . The Margate train was hauled by C class No . 721 . It consisted of 50 goods vehicles including three brake vans . The other train was hauled by C class No . 61 . The fireman of this train was killed in the accident . Although the main cause of the accident was the driver of the Margate train failing to obey signals , the signalman at East signal box was also censured for failure to give the driver adequate warning that although the train had been accepted by the signalman at Paddock Wood , the line was not clear . The signalman at Paddock Wood had accepted the train under Regulation No 5 - Section clear but station or junction blocked . - On 18 February 1948 , locomotive 1225 was wrongly routed into the north sidings at Goudhurst , Kent and derailed . - On 4 July 1958 , an electric multiple unit overran signals and collided with an empty stock train hauled by locomotive No . 31461 at , London . Forty-five people were injured . S class conversion . In 1917 one example , no . 685 was converted into an S class 0-6-0ST for use as a heavy-duty shunter at Richborough port which was then being used to ship locomotives and armoured equipment to the Western Front . After the War it was used as a shunter at Bricklayers Arms until 1951 . Withdrawal . In common with other freight locomotives in Southern England , the class was very heavily used during the Second World War and repairs and maintenance deferred . As a result , one locomotive had to be withdrawn in December 1947 , but the remaining 107 examples entered service with British Railways in 1948 . Withdrawals of the remainder of the class began in 1953 , but accelerated after the Kent Coast electrification in 1959–1960 . However , three examples ( 31271 , 31280 , 31592 ) remained in Departmental stock as shunters at Ashford Works until 1966 . Preservation . One , No . 592 ( Southern Railway 1592 , BR 31592 ) , has been preserved on the Bluebell Railway . In 2016 , the locomotive was featured in the film , Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Models . Bachmann Branchlines produce several versions of the C class in OO gauge with the initial release in 2013 , they include the preserved example , as well as liveries from the Southern Railway and British Railways . Bachmann announced on 8 January 2017 that an N Gauge C Class would form part of their 2017 Graham Farish catalogue range . This is to be produced as SE&CR No . 271 in SE&CR plain green , as well as No . 1294 in Southern Railway Black and No . 31227 in British Railways Black with early British Railways emblem . External links . - Wainwright C class 0-6-0 Southern E-Group - Class C details Railuk - South Eastern & Chatham Railway C-class No.592 Bluebell Railway |
[
"British Railways"
] | easy | What was the operator of SECR C class from 1948 to 1962? | /wiki/SECR_C_class#P137#2 | SECR C class The South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) C Class is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive , designed by Harry Wainwright and built between 1900 and 1908 . They were designed for freight duties , although occasionally used for passenger trains . They operated over the lines of the railway in London and south-east England until the early 1960s . One example was rebuilt as an S Class saddle tank . History . The SECR held trials in November 1898 to decide on a standard freight locomotive design . Two existing 0-6-0 locomotives were tested : former London , Chatham and Dover Railway B2 class No . 194 designed by William Kirtley ; and former South Eastern Railway O class No . 436 designed by James Stirling . The Kirtley design proved superior and a new order for 40 locomotives based on it was placed . These new locomotives were designed by Harry Wainwright , the new Chief Mechanical Engineer of the railway , and formed the first of the C class . The first fifteen locomotives were constructed by Neilson , Reid and Company and delivered in June 1900 , followed by a further fifteen from Sharp , Stewart and Company . The remainder were built by the SECR workshops at Ashford ( 70 examples 1900–1908 ) and Longhedge Works ( 9 examples 1903–4 ) . Operational use . The locomotives were used on freight services and occasional passenger excursion trains ( such as hop-picking specials ) , throughout the SER between Reading railway station and the Kent Coast . The last twelve locomotives were fitted with steam carriage heating equipment to enable them to be used to haul and prepare empty stock for express trains . The remainder of the class were also so equipped by the Southern Railway after 1923 . Accidents . - In March 1904 , a passenger train hauled by No . 294 derailed at , Surrey . - At 03:40 hrs on 5 May 1919 , a goods train from Bricklayers Arms to Margate Sands , Kent overran signals and ran into the back of another goods train just to the west of station , Kent . The Margate train was hauled by C class No . 721 . It consisted of 50 goods vehicles including three brake vans . The other train was hauled by C class No . 61 . The fireman of this train was killed in the accident . Although the main cause of the accident was the driver of the Margate train failing to obey signals , the signalman at East signal box was also censured for failure to give the driver adequate warning that although the train had been accepted by the signalman at Paddock Wood , the line was not clear . The signalman at Paddock Wood had accepted the train under Regulation No 5 - Section clear but station or junction blocked . - On 18 February 1948 , locomotive 1225 was wrongly routed into the north sidings at Goudhurst , Kent and derailed . - On 4 July 1958 , an electric multiple unit overran signals and collided with an empty stock train hauled by locomotive No . 31461 at , London . Forty-five people were injured . S class conversion . In 1917 one example , no . 685 was converted into an S class 0-6-0ST for use as a heavy-duty shunter at Richborough port which was then being used to ship locomotives and armoured equipment to the Western Front . After the War it was used as a shunter at Bricklayers Arms until 1951 . Withdrawal . In common with other freight locomotives in Southern England , the class was very heavily used during the Second World War and repairs and maintenance deferred . As a result , one locomotive had to be withdrawn in December 1947 , but the remaining 107 examples entered service with British Railways in 1948 . Withdrawals of the remainder of the class began in 1953 , but accelerated after the Kent Coast electrification in 1959–1960 . However , three examples ( 31271 , 31280 , 31592 ) remained in Departmental stock as shunters at Ashford Works until 1966 . Preservation . One , No . 592 ( Southern Railway 1592 , BR 31592 ) , has been preserved on the Bluebell Railway . In 2016 , the locomotive was featured in the film , Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Models . Bachmann Branchlines produce several versions of the C class in OO gauge with the initial release in 2013 , they include the preserved example , as well as liveries from the Southern Railway and British Railways . Bachmann announced on 8 January 2017 that an N Gauge C Class would form part of their 2017 Graham Farish catalogue range . This is to be produced as SE&CR No . 271 in SE&CR plain green , as well as No . 1294 in Southern Railway Black and No . 31227 in British Railways Black with early British Railways emblem . External links . - Wainwright C class 0-6-0 Southern E-Group - Class C details Railuk - South Eastern & Chatham Railway C-class No.592 Bluebell Railway |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974? | /wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree#P39#0 | Tony Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree Antony Harold Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree , OBE , PC , DL ( 29 August 1937 – 25 March 2012 ) was a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member . He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974 to 1997 , and was later a member of the House of Lords . Early life . Newton was born in Harwich , Essex . He was educated at Friends School Saffron Walden and Trinity College , Oxford , where he was President of Oxford University Conservative Association and the Union . He unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Brightside in the 1970 General Election . In the 1972 Birthday Honours , Newton was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer ( OBE ) . Member of Parliament . Newton was first elected for the new constituency of Braintree in February 1974 with a majority of 2,001 , and successfully retained the seat in the October 1974 general election with a reduced majority of 1,090 . The Conservative victory at the 1979 general election boosted his majority dramatically to 12,518 , and it increased at every subsequent election to a high of 17,494 at the 1992 general election before his defeat in the Labour landslide at the 1997 general election by 1,451 votes . In government . Newton was appointed a government whip when the Conservatives came to power in 1979 . In 1982 he moved to a junior ministerial position at the Department of Health and Social Security , where he remained until 1988 , becoming Minister for Social Security and Disabled People in 1984 , and Minister for Health in 1986 . In the 1988 New Year Honours , Newton was sworn of the Privy Council . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a minister at the DTI for a year , before being promoted to Secretary of State for Social Security from 1989 to 1992 , and then taking up the positions of Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons until 1997 . From 1992 to 1995 , he answered to Prime Minister’s Questions when Prime Minister Major was not present . His discretion about Majors four-year affair with Edwina Currie is credited with enabling Major to become prime minister . Peerage . In the 1997 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours , after Newton lost his seat , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newton of Braintree , of Coggeshall in the County of Essex on 31 October 1997 . He attempted to be selected for the 1999 European Parliament Election , but was unsuccessful . In 1998 he was appointed a professional standards director of the Institute of Directors . A position he held until 2004 . Newton chaired the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny which ran from 1999 to 2001 . The Commission concluded that Parliament was being left behind by changes in the constitution , government and society and set out reforms for improving its function . On 1 November 2007 he was appointed the first chairman of the new Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council . He became a chairman of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region , serving between 1998 and 2001 , the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 between 2002 and 2004 , the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee between 2007 2007 and 2010 ) , the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust between 1997 and 2001 , the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust between 2001 and 2009 , East Anglias Childrens Hospices between 1998 and 2002 and Help the Hospices between 2002 and 2010 . He became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 Personal life . Newton was married to Janet Huxley from 25 August 1962 until they divorced in 1986 . He married Patricia Gilthorpe née Thomson on 26 September 1986 . Her first husband had died . Among the many tasks he took on were the chairmanships of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region ( 1998–2001 ) ; the Council on Tribunals , later the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council ( 1999–2009 ) ; the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 ( 2002–4 ) ; the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee ( 2007–10 ) ; the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse ( 1997–2001 ) ; the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust ( 1997–2001 ) ; the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust ( 2001–8 ) ; the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny ( 1999–2001 ) ; East Anglias Childrens Hospices ( 1998–2002 ) ; and Help the Hospices ( 2002–10 ) . He was the professional standards director of the Institute of Directors ( 1998–2004 ) and became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 . Newton was a heavy smoker from an early age . He died at Colchester Hospital of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 25 March 2012 . He was survived by his two daughters from his first marriage . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree took which position from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979? | /wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree#P39#1 | Tony Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree Antony Harold Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree , OBE , PC , DL ( 29 August 1937 – 25 March 2012 ) was a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member . He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974 to 1997 , and was later a member of the House of Lords . Early life . Newton was born in Harwich , Essex . He was educated at Friends School Saffron Walden and Trinity College , Oxford , where he was President of Oxford University Conservative Association and the Union . He unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Brightside in the 1970 General Election . In the 1972 Birthday Honours , Newton was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer ( OBE ) . Member of Parliament . Newton was first elected for the new constituency of Braintree in February 1974 with a majority of 2,001 , and successfully retained the seat in the October 1974 general election with a reduced majority of 1,090 . The Conservative victory at the 1979 general election boosted his majority dramatically to 12,518 , and it increased at every subsequent election to a high of 17,494 at the 1992 general election before his defeat in the Labour landslide at the 1997 general election by 1,451 votes . In government . Newton was appointed a government whip when the Conservatives came to power in 1979 . In 1982 he moved to a junior ministerial position at the Department of Health and Social Security , where he remained until 1988 , becoming Minister for Social Security and Disabled People in 1984 , and Minister for Health in 1986 . In the 1988 New Year Honours , Newton was sworn of the Privy Council . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a minister at the DTI for a year , before being promoted to Secretary of State for Social Security from 1989 to 1992 , and then taking up the positions of Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons until 1997 . From 1992 to 1995 , he answered to Prime Minister’s Questions when Prime Minister Major was not present . His discretion about Majors four-year affair with Edwina Currie is credited with enabling Major to become prime minister . Peerage . In the 1997 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours , after Newton lost his seat , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newton of Braintree , of Coggeshall in the County of Essex on 31 October 1997 . He attempted to be selected for the 1999 European Parliament Election , but was unsuccessful . In 1998 he was appointed a professional standards director of the Institute of Directors . A position he held until 2004 . Newton chaired the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny which ran from 1999 to 2001 . The Commission concluded that Parliament was being left behind by changes in the constitution , government and society and set out reforms for improving its function . On 1 November 2007 he was appointed the first chairman of the new Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council . He became a chairman of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region , serving between 1998 and 2001 , the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 between 2002 and 2004 , the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee between 2007 2007 and 2010 ) , the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust between 1997 and 2001 , the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust between 2001 and 2009 , East Anglias Childrens Hospices between 1998 and 2002 and Help the Hospices between 2002 and 2010 . He became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 Personal life . Newton was married to Janet Huxley from 25 August 1962 until they divorced in 1986 . He married Patricia Gilthorpe née Thomson on 26 September 1986 . Her first husband had died . Among the many tasks he took on were the chairmanships of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region ( 1998–2001 ) ; the Council on Tribunals , later the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council ( 1999–2009 ) ; the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 ( 2002–4 ) ; the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee ( 2007–10 ) ; the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse ( 1997–2001 ) ; the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust ( 1997–2001 ) ; the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust ( 2001–8 ) ; the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny ( 1999–2001 ) ; East Anglias Childrens Hospices ( 1998–2002 ) ; and Help the Hospices ( 2002–10 ) . He was the professional standards director of the Institute of Directors ( 1998–2004 ) and became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 . Newton was a heavy smoker from an early age . He died at Colchester Hospital of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 25 March 2012 . He was survived by his two daughters from his first marriage . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree from May 1979 to May 1983? | /wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree#P39#2 | Tony Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree Antony Harold Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree , OBE , PC , DL ( 29 August 1937 – 25 March 2012 ) was a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member . He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974 to 1997 , and was later a member of the House of Lords . Early life . Newton was born in Harwich , Essex . He was educated at Friends School Saffron Walden and Trinity College , Oxford , where he was President of Oxford University Conservative Association and the Union . He unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Brightside in the 1970 General Election . In the 1972 Birthday Honours , Newton was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer ( OBE ) . Member of Parliament . Newton was first elected for the new constituency of Braintree in February 1974 with a majority of 2,001 , and successfully retained the seat in the October 1974 general election with a reduced majority of 1,090 . The Conservative victory at the 1979 general election boosted his majority dramatically to 12,518 , and it increased at every subsequent election to a high of 17,494 at the 1992 general election before his defeat in the Labour landslide at the 1997 general election by 1,451 votes . In government . Newton was appointed a government whip when the Conservatives came to power in 1979 . In 1982 he moved to a junior ministerial position at the Department of Health and Social Security , where he remained until 1988 , becoming Minister for Social Security and Disabled People in 1984 , and Minister for Health in 1986 . In the 1988 New Year Honours , Newton was sworn of the Privy Council . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a minister at the DTI for a year , before being promoted to Secretary of State for Social Security from 1989 to 1992 , and then taking up the positions of Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons until 1997 . From 1992 to 1995 , he answered to Prime Minister’s Questions when Prime Minister Major was not present . His discretion about Majors four-year affair with Edwina Currie is credited with enabling Major to become prime minister . Peerage . In the 1997 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours , after Newton lost his seat , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newton of Braintree , of Coggeshall in the County of Essex on 31 October 1997 . He attempted to be selected for the 1999 European Parliament Election , but was unsuccessful . In 1998 he was appointed a professional standards director of the Institute of Directors . A position he held until 2004 . Newton chaired the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny which ran from 1999 to 2001 . The Commission concluded that Parliament was being left behind by changes in the constitution , government and society and set out reforms for improving its function . On 1 November 2007 he was appointed the first chairman of the new Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council . He became a chairman of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region , serving between 1998 and 2001 , the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 between 2002 and 2004 , the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee between 2007 2007 and 2010 ) , the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust between 1997 and 2001 , the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust between 2001 and 2009 , East Anglias Childrens Hospices between 1998 and 2002 and Help the Hospices between 2002 and 2010 . He became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 Personal life . Newton was married to Janet Huxley from 25 August 1962 until they divorced in 1986 . He married Patricia Gilthorpe née Thomson on 26 September 1986 . Her first husband had died . Among the many tasks he took on were the chairmanships of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region ( 1998–2001 ) ; the Council on Tribunals , later the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council ( 1999–2009 ) ; the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 ( 2002–4 ) ; the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee ( 2007–10 ) ; the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse ( 1997–2001 ) ; the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust ( 1997–2001 ) ; the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust ( 2001–8 ) ; the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny ( 1999–2001 ) ; East Anglias Childrens Hospices ( 1998–2002 ) ; and Help the Hospices ( 2002–10 ) . He was the professional standards director of the Institute of Directors ( 1998–2004 ) and became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 . Newton was a heavy smoker from an early age . He died at Colchester Hospital of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 25 March 2012 . He was survived by his two daughters from his first marriage . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree took which position from Jun 1983 to May 1987? | /wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree#P39#3 | Tony Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree Antony Harold Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree , OBE , PC , DL ( 29 August 1937 – 25 March 2012 ) was a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member . He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974 to 1997 , and was later a member of the House of Lords . Early life . Newton was born in Harwich , Essex . He was educated at Friends School Saffron Walden and Trinity College , Oxford , where he was President of Oxford University Conservative Association and the Union . He unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Brightside in the 1970 General Election . In the 1972 Birthday Honours , Newton was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer ( OBE ) . Member of Parliament . Newton was first elected for the new constituency of Braintree in February 1974 with a majority of 2,001 , and successfully retained the seat in the October 1974 general election with a reduced majority of 1,090 . The Conservative victory at the 1979 general election boosted his majority dramatically to 12,518 , and it increased at every subsequent election to a high of 17,494 at the 1992 general election before his defeat in the Labour landslide at the 1997 general election by 1,451 votes . In government . Newton was appointed a government whip when the Conservatives came to power in 1979 . In 1982 he moved to a junior ministerial position at the Department of Health and Social Security , where he remained until 1988 , becoming Minister for Social Security and Disabled People in 1984 , and Minister for Health in 1986 . In the 1988 New Year Honours , Newton was sworn of the Privy Council . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a minister at the DTI for a year , before being promoted to Secretary of State for Social Security from 1989 to 1992 , and then taking up the positions of Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons until 1997 . From 1992 to 1995 , he answered to Prime Minister’s Questions when Prime Minister Major was not present . His discretion about Majors four-year affair with Edwina Currie is credited with enabling Major to become prime minister . Peerage . In the 1997 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours , after Newton lost his seat , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newton of Braintree , of Coggeshall in the County of Essex on 31 October 1997 . He attempted to be selected for the 1999 European Parliament Election , but was unsuccessful . In 1998 he was appointed a professional standards director of the Institute of Directors . A position he held until 2004 . Newton chaired the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny which ran from 1999 to 2001 . The Commission concluded that Parliament was being left behind by changes in the constitution , government and society and set out reforms for improving its function . On 1 November 2007 he was appointed the first chairman of the new Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council . He became a chairman of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region , serving between 1998 and 2001 , the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 between 2002 and 2004 , the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee between 2007 2007 and 2010 ) , the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust between 1997 and 2001 , the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust between 2001 and 2009 , East Anglias Childrens Hospices between 1998 and 2002 and Help the Hospices between 2002 and 2010 . He became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 Personal life . Newton was married to Janet Huxley from 25 August 1962 until they divorced in 1986 . He married Patricia Gilthorpe née Thomson on 26 September 1986 . Her first husband had died . Among the many tasks he took on were the chairmanships of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region ( 1998–2001 ) ; the Council on Tribunals , later the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council ( 1999–2009 ) ; the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 ( 2002–4 ) ; the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee ( 2007–10 ) ; the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse ( 1997–2001 ) ; the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust ( 1997–2001 ) ; the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust ( 2001–8 ) ; the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny ( 1999–2001 ) ; East Anglias Childrens Hospices ( 1998–2002 ) ; and Help the Hospices ( 2002–10 ) . He was the professional standards director of the Institute of Directors ( 1998–2004 ) and became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 . Newton was a heavy smoker from an early age . He died at Colchester Hospital of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 25 March 2012 . He was survived by his two daughters from his first marriage . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree hold from Jun 1987 to Jul 1989? | /wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree#P39#4 | Tony Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree Antony Harold Newton , Baron Newton of Braintree , OBE , PC , DL ( 29 August 1937 – 25 March 2012 ) was a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member . He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974 to 1997 , and was later a member of the House of Lords . Early life . Newton was born in Harwich , Essex . He was educated at Friends School Saffron Walden and Trinity College , Oxford , where he was President of Oxford University Conservative Association and the Union . He unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Brightside in the 1970 General Election . In the 1972 Birthday Honours , Newton was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer ( OBE ) . Member of Parliament . Newton was first elected for the new constituency of Braintree in February 1974 with a majority of 2,001 , and successfully retained the seat in the October 1974 general election with a reduced majority of 1,090 . The Conservative victory at the 1979 general election boosted his majority dramatically to 12,518 , and it increased at every subsequent election to a high of 17,494 at the 1992 general election before his defeat in the Labour landslide at the 1997 general election by 1,451 votes . In government . Newton was appointed a government whip when the Conservatives came to power in 1979 . In 1982 he moved to a junior ministerial position at the Department of Health and Social Security , where he remained until 1988 , becoming Minister for Social Security and Disabled People in 1984 , and Minister for Health in 1986 . In the 1988 New Year Honours , Newton was sworn of the Privy Council . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a minister at the DTI for a year , before being promoted to Secretary of State for Social Security from 1989 to 1992 , and then taking up the positions of Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons until 1997 . From 1992 to 1995 , he answered to Prime Minister’s Questions when Prime Minister Major was not present . His discretion about Majors four-year affair with Edwina Currie is credited with enabling Major to become prime minister . Peerage . In the 1997 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours , after Newton lost his seat , he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newton of Braintree , of Coggeshall in the County of Essex on 31 October 1997 . He attempted to be selected for the 1999 European Parliament Election , but was unsuccessful . In 1998 he was appointed a professional standards director of the Institute of Directors . A position he held until 2004 . Newton chaired the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny which ran from 1999 to 2001 . The Commission concluded that Parliament was being left behind by changes in the constitution , government and society and set out reforms for improving its function . On 1 November 2007 he was appointed the first chairman of the new Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council . He became a chairman of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region , serving between 1998 and 2001 , the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 between 2002 and 2004 , the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee between 2007 2007 and 2010 ) , the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust between 1997 and 2001 , the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust between 2001 and 2009 , East Anglias Childrens Hospices between 1998 and 2002 and Help the Hospices between 2002 and 2010 . He became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 Personal life . Newton was married to Janet Huxley from 25 August 1962 until they divorced in 1986 . He married Patricia Gilthorpe née Thomson on 26 September 1986 . Her first husband had died . Among the many tasks he took on were the chairmanships of the Further Education Funding Council for East Region ( 1998–2001 ) ; the Council on Tribunals , later the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council ( 1999–2009 ) ; the privy councillors committee on the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 ( 2002–4 ) ; the Tax Law Rewrite Steering Committee ( 2007–10 ) ; the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse ( 1997–2001 ) ; the North East Essex Mental Health NHS Trust ( 1997–2001 ) ; the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust ( 2001–8 ) ; the Hansard Society Commission on Parliamentary Scrutiny ( 1999–2001 ) ; East Anglias Childrens Hospices ( 1998–2002 ) ; and Help the Hospices ( 2002–10 ) . He was the professional standards director of the Institute of Directors ( 1998–2004 ) and became a deputy lieutenant of Essex in 2002 . Newton was a heavy smoker from an early age . He died at Colchester Hospital of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 25 March 2012 . He was survived by his two daughters from his first marriage . |
[
"Washington Post"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Daniel S. Greenberg work for from 1957 to 1961? | /wiki/Daniel_S._Greenberg#P108#0 | Daniel S . Greenberg Daniel Sheldon Greenberg ( May 5 , 1931 – March 9 , 2020 ) was an American journalist , editor , and author . Education and early career . Greenberg was born in Brooklyn in 1931 . He graduated from Columbia University ( AB ) in 1953 and served in the US Navy ( LT JG ) 1953-55 . He was a reporter on the Wilmington , Delaware , Journal-Every Evening , 1955–57 , and on the Washington Post , 1957-61 . In 1961 he was awarded a Congressional Fellowship by the American Political Science Association , after which he joined the News and Comment section of Science , journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , where he was the first news editor and also was European correspondent , based in London , 1968-70 . In 1971 Greenberg founded Science & Government Report , a newsletter which he edited and published until 1997 when it was acquired by John Wiley & Sons . Journalism career . At Science and at Science & Government Report Greenberg gained recognition for bringing a new style of reporting to the coverage of science , viewing it as among many claimants for government support , rather than as a politically detached enterprise : While at Science , Greenberg created the mythical character Dr . Grant Swinger , Director of the Center for the Absorption of Federal Funds . Q&As with Dr . Swinger and policy papers attributed to him continued to be published in Science & Government Report and other periodicals for which Greenberg wrote , and was later published in a collection titled The Grant Swinger Papers ( out of print , now in preparation for a new edition ) . Upon Greenbergs resignation from the Science News and Comment staff in 1970 , [ The Washington Post ] ] observed that Greenberg .. . more than any other man on Science has helped to build its circulation to an all-time high of 160,000 . In his nine years on the magazine , he wrote and directed numerous exclusives on the science beat ( The Washington Post , November 29 , 1970 , Scientists Split by Seaborg Candidacy ) . Books . Greenbergs The Politics of Pure Science published in 1968 evoked strong reactions , pro and con , in the popular and scientific press . In The New York Times Book Review , Robert K . Merton described the work as a book of consequence about science as one of the more consequential social institutions in the modern world . It is one that could be understood and should be read by the President , legislators , scientists and the rest of us ordinary folks . He described the author as an informed and reflective newsman of the first rank , capable of combining lively journalism with careful scholarship . Contrary reviews of The Politics of Pure Science were plentiful . Frank T . McClure , Director of the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University , wrote in Science that the book might best be described as a historical novel , written in the reportorial style , with titillating tidbits liberally dispersed among important facts [ ... ] The author , McClure added , uses the term machinations repeatedly to describe the successful advocacy of presumably worthy causes.. . The overall effect is to demean , and few men or institutions went into this book but came out poorer . Following its publication in the U.S. , The Politics of Pure Science was published in the UK in a Penguin edition in 1969 under the title The Politics of American Science , under the original title ; and in an edition published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999 , with introductions by John Maddox and Steven Shapin . Describing the book as a model of lucidity , Maddox stated that Greenbergs contributions to Science throughout the 1960s had an electrifying effect on rival publications , which followed Greenberg as best as they could . Shapin described The Politics of Pure Science as a document of unique importance [ that ] reminds us how consequential science journalism of this kind and quality can be . In 2001 , Greenberg published an indictment of the way that the United States government spent money on science in Science , Money , and Politics , which received broad notice . Greenbergs later books included : Science for Sale : The perils , rewards , and delusions of campus capitalism ( 2007 ) and a satirical novel , Tech Transfer : Science , money , love , and the ivory tower ( 2010 ) . Other publications . Throughout his science-writing career , Greenberg was a prolific contributor to popular and professional publications . From 1972 to 2003 , he wrote a syndicated column that appeared in The Washington Post and many other newspapers . He was also a frequent contributor to the British New Scientist , The Saturday Review , and MIT Technology Review . From 1974 to 1980 , he wrote a Washington column for the New England Journal of Medicine , and from 1993 to 2002 a column for the British journal The Lancet . Honors and awards . - 1970 Columbia University Medal for Excellence - 1988 National Press Foundation Award for Investigative Journalism by Newsletters - 2005 Investigator Award in Health Policy Research from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for Appointments . - Research Fellow , Department of History of Science and Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , 1965 . - Regents Lecturer , University of California , Santa Barbara , 1971 . - Chairman , Fund for Investigative Journalism , 1986 . - Visiting Scholar , Department of History of Science , Medicine , and Technology , Johns Hopkins University , 1999 . - Guest Scholar , The Brookings Institution , 2005 . |
[
""
] | easy | Daniel S. Greenberg was an employee for whom from 1961 to 1970? | /wiki/Daniel_S._Greenberg#P108#1 | Daniel S . Greenberg Daniel Sheldon Greenberg ( May 5 , 1931 – March 9 , 2020 ) was an American journalist , editor , and author . Education and early career . Greenberg was born in Brooklyn in 1931 . He graduated from Columbia University ( AB ) in 1953 and served in the US Navy ( LT JG ) 1953-55 . He was a reporter on the Wilmington , Delaware , Journal-Every Evening , 1955–57 , and on the Washington Post , 1957-61 . In 1961 he was awarded a Congressional Fellowship by the American Political Science Association , after which he joined the News and Comment section of Science , journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , where he was the first news editor and also was European correspondent , based in London , 1968-70 . In 1971 Greenberg founded Science & Government Report , a newsletter which he edited and published until 1997 when it was acquired by John Wiley & Sons . Journalism career . At Science and at Science & Government Report Greenberg gained recognition for bringing a new style of reporting to the coverage of science , viewing it as among many claimants for government support , rather than as a politically detached enterprise : While at Science , Greenberg created the mythical character Dr . Grant Swinger , Director of the Center for the Absorption of Federal Funds . Q&As with Dr . Swinger and policy papers attributed to him continued to be published in Science & Government Report and other periodicals for which Greenberg wrote , and was later published in a collection titled The Grant Swinger Papers ( out of print , now in preparation for a new edition ) . Upon Greenbergs resignation from the Science News and Comment staff in 1970 , [ The Washington Post ] ] observed that Greenberg .. . more than any other man on Science has helped to build its circulation to an all-time high of 160,000 . In his nine years on the magazine , he wrote and directed numerous exclusives on the science beat ( The Washington Post , November 29 , 1970 , Scientists Split by Seaborg Candidacy ) . Books . Greenbergs The Politics of Pure Science published in 1968 evoked strong reactions , pro and con , in the popular and scientific press . In The New York Times Book Review , Robert K . Merton described the work as a book of consequence about science as one of the more consequential social institutions in the modern world . It is one that could be understood and should be read by the President , legislators , scientists and the rest of us ordinary folks . He described the author as an informed and reflective newsman of the first rank , capable of combining lively journalism with careful scholarship . Contrary reviews of The Politics of Pure Science were plentiful . Frank T . McClure , Director of the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University , wrote in Science that the book might best be described as a historical novel , written in the reportorial style , with titillating tidbits liberally dispersed among important facts [ ... ] The author , McClure added , uses the term machinations repeatedly to describe the successful advocacy of presumably worthy causes.. . The overall effect is to demean , and few men or institutions went into this book but came out poorer . Following its publication in the U.S. , The Politics of Pure Science was published in the UK in a Penguin edition in 1969 under the title The Politics of American Science , under the original title ; and in an edition published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999 , with introductions by John Maddox and Steven Shapin . Describing the book as a model of lucidity , Maddox stated that Greenbergs contributions to Science throughout the 1960s had an electrifying effect on rival publications , which followed Greenberg as best as they could . Shapin described The Politics of Pure Science as a document of unique importance [ that ] reminds us how consequential science journalism of this kind and quality can be . In 2001 , Greenberg published an indictment of the way that the United States government spent money on science in Science , Money , and Politics , which received broad notice . Greenbergs later books included : Science for Sale : The perils , rewards , and delusions of campus capitalism ( 2007 ) and a satirical novel , Tech Transfer : Science , money , love , and the ivory tower ( 2010 ) . Other publications . Throughout his science-writing career , Greenberg was a prolific contributor to popular and professional publications . From 1972 to 2003 , he wrote a syndicated column that appeared in The Washington Post and many other newspapers . He was also a frequent contributor to the British New Scientist , The Saturday Review , and MIT Technology Review . From 1974 to 1980 , he wrote a Washington column for the New England Journal of Medicine , and from 1993 to 2002 a column for the British journal The Lancet . Honors and awards . - 1970 Columbia University Medal for Excellence - 1988 National Press Foundation Award for Investigative Journalism by Newsletters - 2005 Investigator Award in Health Policy Research from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for Appointments . - Research Fellow , Department of History of Science and Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , 1965 . - Regents Lecturer , University of California , Santa Barbara , 1971 . - Chairman , Fund for Investigative Journalism , 1986 . - Visiting Scholar , Department of History of Science , Medicine , and Technology , Johns Hopkins University , 1999 . - Guest Scholar , The Brookings Institution , 2005 . |
[
"Science & Government Report"
] | easy | Daniel S. Greenberg was an employee for whom from 1971 to 1997? | /wiki/Daniel_S._Greenberg#P108#2 | Daniel S . Greenberg Daniel Sheldon Greenberg ( May 5 , 1931 – March 9 , 2020 ) was an American journalist , editor , and author . Education and early career . Greenberg was born in Brooklyn in 1931 . He graduated from Columbia University ( AB ) in 1953 and served in the US Navy ( LT JG ) 1953-55 . He was a reporter on the Wilmington , Delaware , Journal-Every Evening , 1955–57 , and on the Washington Post , 1957-61 . In 1961 he was awarded a Congressional Fellowship by the American Political Science Association , after which he joined the News and Comment section of Science , journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , where he was the first news editor and also was European correspondent , based in London , 1968-70 . In 1971 Greenberg founded Science & Government Report , a newsletter which he edited and published until 1997 when it was acquired by John Wiley & Sons . Journalism career . At Science and at Science & Government Report Greenberg gained recognition for bringing a new style of reporting to the coverage of science , viewing it as among many claimants for government support , rather than as a politically detached enterprise : While at Science , Greenberg created the mythical character Dr . Grant Swinger , Director of the Center for the Absorption of Federal Funds . Q&As with Dr . Swinger and policy papers attributed to him continued to be published in Science & Government Report and other periodicals for which Greenberg wrote , and was later published in a collection titled The Grant Swinger Papers ( out of print , now in preparation for a new edition ) . Upon Greenbergs resignation from the Science News and Comment staff in 1970 , [ The Washington Post ] ] observed that Greenberg .. . more than any other man on Science has helped to build its circulation to an all-time high of 160,000 . In his nine years on the magazine , he wrote and directed numerous exclusives on the science beat ( The Washington Post , November 29 , 1970 , Scientists Split by Seaborg Candidacy ) . Books . Greenbergs The Politics of Pure Science published in 1968 evoked strong reactions , pro and con , in the popular and scientific press . In The New York Times Book Review , Robert K . Merton described the work as a book of consequence about science as one of the more consequential social institutions in the modern world . It is one that could be understood and should be read by the President , legislators , scientists and the rest of us ordinary folks . He described the author as an informed and reflective newsman of the first rank , capable of combining lively journalism with careful scholarship . Contrary reviews of The Politics of Pure Science were plentiful . Frank T . McClure , Director of the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University , wrote in Science that the book might best be described as a historical novel , written in the reportorial style , with titillating tidbits liberally dispersed among important facts [ ... ] The author , McClure added , uses the term machinations repeatedly to describe the successful advocacy of presumably worthy causes.. . The overall effect is to demean , and few men or institutions went into this book but came out poorer . Following its publication in the U.S. , The Politics of Pure Science was published in the UK in a Penguin edition in 1969 under the title The Politics of American Science , under the original title ; and in an edition published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999 , with introductions by John Maddox and Steven Shapin . Describing the book as a model of lucidity , Maddox stated that Greenbergs contributions to Science throughout the 1960s had an electrifying effect on rival publications , which followed Greenberg as best as they could . Shapin described The Politics of Pure Science as a document of unique importance [ that ] reminds us how consequential science journalism of this kind and quality can be . In 2001 , Greenberg published an indictment of the way that the United States government spent money on science in Science , Money , and Politics , which received broad notice . Greenbergs later books included : Science for Sale : The perils , rewards , and delusions of campus capitalism ( 2007 ) and a satirical novel , Tech Transfer : Science , money , love , and the ivory tower ( 2010 ) . Other publications . Throughout his science-writing career , Greenberg was a prolific contributor to popular and professional publications . From 1972 to 2003 , he wrote a syndicated column that appeared in The Washington Post and many other newspapers . He was also a frequent contributor to the British New Scientist , The Saturday Review , and MIT Technology Review . From 1974 to 1980 , he wrote a Washington column for the New England Journal of Medicine , and from 1993 to 2002 a column for the British journal The Lancet . Honors and awards . - 1970 Columbia University Medal for Excellence - 1988 National Press Foundation Award for Investigative Journalism by Newsletters - 2005 Investigator Award in Health Policy Research from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for Appointments . - Research Fellow , Department of History of Science and Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , 1965 . - Regents Lecturer , University of California , Santa Barbara , 1971 . - Chairman , Fund for Investigative Journalism , 1986 . - Visiting Scholar , Department of History of Science , Medicine , and Technology , Johns Hopkins University , 1999 . - Guest Scholar , The Brookings Institution , 2005 . |
[
"Givenchy"
] | easy | John Galliano was an employee for whom from 1995 to 1996? | /wiki/John_Galliano#P108#0 | John Galliano John Charles Galliano ( born 28 November 1960 ) is a British fashion designer who was the head designer of French fashion companies Givenchy ( July 1995 to October 1996 ) , Christian Dior ( October 1996 to March 2011 ) , and his own label John Galliano ( 1988 to 2011 ) . At present , Galliano is the creative director of Paris-based fashion house Maison Margiela . Galliano has been named British Designer of the Year four times . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , he was named the fifth most influential person in British culture . Family . He was born in Gibraltar to a Gibraltarian father , Juan Galliano , and a Spanish mother , Anita Guillén , and has two sisters . Gallianos father was a plumber . His family moved to England in pursuit of work when Galliano was six , and settled in Streatham , South London , before moving to Dulwich and later to Brockley . He was raised in a strict Roman Catholic family . Early career . After attending St . Anthonys School and Wilsons Grammar School in London , Galliano went on to study at Saint Martins School of Art , from which he graduated in 1984 with a first class honours degree in Fashion Design . His first collection was inspired by the French Revolution and entitled Les Incroyables . The collection received positive reviews and was bought in its entirety for resale in the London fashion boutique Browns . Galliano then started his own fashion label alongside long-term collaborators Amanda Harlech , at that time stylist with Harpers and Queen , and Stephen Jones , a milliner . On the back of this success , Galliano rented studio space in London , but his talent was not matched by a head for business . Initially , financial backing came from Johan Brun , and when this agreement came to an end , Danish entrepreneur Ole Peder Bertelsen , owner of firm Aguecheek , who were also backing Katharine Hamnett at the time , took over . This agreement ended in 1988 and by 1990 , he was bankrupt and , after his own London-based label failed to re-ignite his fortunes , he moved to Paris in search of financial backing and a strong client base . Galliano secured the backing of Paris-based Moroccan designer Faycal Amor ( owner and creative director of fashion label Plein Sud ) who invited him to set up his base in Paris at the Plein Sud headquarters . His first show was in 1989 as part of Paris Fashion Week . Media fashion celebrity Susannah Constantine has worked for Galliano , and he has also aided the future success of other designers including shoe designer Patrick Cox . In 1991 , he collaborated with Kylie Minogue , designing the costumes for her Lets Get to It Tour . Paris . In 1993 , Gallianos financial agreement with Amor ended and he did not have a showing in October , missing the season . With the help of American Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour and André Leon Talley , then European correspondent at Vanity Fair , Galliano was introduced to Portuguese socialite and fashion patron São Schlumberger and financial backers of venture firm Arbela Inc , John and Mark Rice . It was through this partnership that Galliano received the financial backing and high society stamp needed to give him credibility in Paris . This collection was important in the development of Galliano as a fashion house , and is regarded as a fashion moment in high fashion circles . Givenchy . In July 1995 , he was appointed as the designer of Givenchy by Bernard Arnault , owner of luxury goods conglomerate LVMH . On 21 January 1996 , Galliano presented his first couture show at the helm of Givenchy at the Stade de France . The collection received high praise within the fashion media . Some of Gallianos designs for Givenchy were licensed to Vogue Patterns . He was later replaced by Alexander McQueen . Dior . In October 1996 , LVMH moved Galliano to Christian Dior , replacing Italian designer Gianfranco Ferré . At Dior , Galliano received critical acclaim for his Haute Couture and ready-to-wear collections . Galliano designed the chinoiserie chartreuse gown worn by Nicole Kidman at the 69th Academy Awards in 1997 . In 2010 , Galliano identified his love of theatre and femininity as central to his creations ; he said my role is to seduce , and credited Standard Oil heiress Millicent Rogers as an influence . Anti-semitic outbursts . On 25 February 2011 , Dior announced they had suspended Galliano following his arrest over an alleged anti semitic tirade in a Paris bar . The same day , Paris-based citizen journalism site Citizenside received video of Galliano on a similar rant in the same bar the previous December . In the video a drunken Galliano , seated at a café table , insults a group of Italian women and declares I love Hitler.. . People like you would be dead . Your mothers , your forefathers would all be fucking gassed . This incident happened just before the Paris Fashion Week for Autumn/Winter 2011–12 . The show-business industry expressed mixed feelings towards the designers anti-semitic speech . Natalie Portman , who had an endorsement contract with Dior , said she was deeply shocked by Gallianos comments and that these still-existing prejudices.. . are the opposite of all that is beautiful . On the other hand , another model for Dior , French actress Eva Green , said of the incident : Sometimes , you can make mistakes . I dont think hes anti-semitic . Im Jewish . I dont think he has anything against the Jews . I think its more that he was probably a bit drunk . Galliano denied the allegations through his lawyer , and launched a defamation lawsuit against the couple accusing him of antisemitism . On 1 March 2011 , Dior announced that it had begun procedures of dismissal for Galliano , with Diors chief executive Sidney Toledano stating , I very firmly condemn what was said by John Galliano . Dior announced it will continue to support the Galliano brand financially due to licence despite the scandal , and Bill Gaytten would replace John Galliano as creative director at the helm of Dior and the Galliano brand . In France , expressing anti-semitic ideas is illegal . It was reported on 2 March 2011 that Galliano was to face trial in Paris for allegedly making racist comments to customers in a café . The trial commenced on 22 June 2011 . Gallianos lawyer argued that the series of public outbursts during which he uttered racist and anti-Semitic insults in a Paris café were the result of work-related stress and multiple addictions . On 8 September 2011 , Galliano was found guilty of making anti-semitic remarks and sentenced to pay a total of €6,000 in suspended fines after a French court found him guilty of voicing public insults on account of race . Subsequent legal action . A Paris commercial court , in March 2011 , rejected a claim for damages by Gallianos company , Cheyenne Freedom , following the termination of its consultancy agreements with Christian Dior Couture SA . The court ordered Cheyenne Freedom to pay Dior €1.17 million for hurting the company’s image and reputation . On 21 November 2013 , the Paris Court of Appeals rejected an appeal by Christian Dior Couture SA , which was seeking to move the case to a commercial court from the Conseil de prud’hommes ( Labour Court ) and ordered Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA each to pay the Galliano €2,500 and court costs . Galliano is seeking compensation in the range of 6 million euros . Jean Néret of Jeantet Associés is representing Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA . Chantal Giraud-van Gaver of Coblence & Associés represents John Galliano . Comeback . In early 2013 , Galliano accepted an invitation from Oscar de la Renta , brokered by Anna Wintour , for a temporary residency at de la Rentas design studio to help prepare for a showing of his Fall 2013 ready-to-wear collection during February New York Fashion Week . Galliano also received a measure of absolution from the Anti-Defamation League , which lauded his efforts to atone for his misdeeds and wished him well . The ADL again came to his defence after the New York Post ran a photo of him on his way to the de la Renta show dressed in what it claimed was Hasidic-like garb . Galliano remained backstage at the show , which received favourable reviews amid speculation about his future , including as a possible successor to Mr . de la Renta and that Galliano might take up a teaching post at Parsons The New School for Design . On 12 June 2013 , John Gallianos first filmed interview since his dismissal from Christian Dior was broadcast on United States television . He closed this conversation by stating , I am able to create . I am ready to create.. . [ and ] I hope through my atonement Ill be given a second chance . On 6 October 2014 , the OTB Group announced that John Galliano had joined Maison Margiela to take the responsibility of the creative direction of the house , marking the designers return to a leading role in designing luxury fashion . Just a few weeks later , on the occasion of the annual British Fashion Awards , Galliano presented the Outstanding Achievement Award to Anna Wintour who wore Gallianos first creation for Maison Martin Margiela , an unambiguous fashion blessing from the Editor in Chief of American Vogue according to Vanessa Friedman , Fashion Director of the New York Times . Galliano exhibited his first couture collection for Margiela during London Collections : Men , on 12 January 2015 . He told French Elle in 2018 that he would stop using fur in his collections , citing as inspiration from a meeting with Penélope Cruz and PETAs Dan Matthews . On 26 September 2018 , Galliano made a statement in Paris at his Maison Margiela show , when he unveiled Mutiny , his first perfume for the fashion house . The perfume is a reflection of his vision of the Maison Margiela women . Honours . - British Designer of the Year ( 1987 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ) . In 1997 , he shared the award with Alexander McQueen , his successor at Givenchy . - Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 Birthday Honours List for his services to the Fashion Industry as a Fashion Designer . He received his CBE on 27 November 2001 at Buckingham Palace in London , England . - RDI for his contribution to the fashion industry ( 2002 ) . - Appearance on The Independent on Sundays 2007 pink list for being one of the most influential gay people in Britain . - French Legion of Honour ( 2009 ) . The medal was withdrawn by decree of the president of the Republic , François Hollande , published in the official journal on 20 August 2012 . Personal life . In interviews , Galliano has given his full name as Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano-Guillén . He had a relationship with fellow Central St Martins student and fashion designer John Flett ( 1963–1991 ) , whom he described as his soulmate . Galliano currently shares his Paris home with his long-term partner Alexis Roche , a style consultant . He is vegetarian for health reasons , telling French Elle that The energy that I get from having fewer toxins in my body is extraordinary . External links . - Official website of John Galliano S.A. , a company that no longer employs Mr . Galliano |
[
"Christian Dior"
] | easy | Which employer did John Galliano work for from 1996 to 2011? | /wiki/John_Galliano#P108#1 | John Galliano John Charles Galliano ( born 28 November 1960 ) is a British fashion designer who was the head designer of French fashion companies Givenchy ( July 1995 to October 1996 ) , Christian Dior ( October 1996 to March 2011 ) , and his own label John Galliano ( 1988 to 2011 ) . At present , Galliano is the creative director of Paris-based fashion house Maison Margiela . Galliano has been named British Designer of the Year four times . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , he was named the fifth most influential person in British culture . Family . He was born in Gibraltar to a Gibraltarian father , Juan Galliano , and a Spanish mother , Anita Guillén , and has two sisters . Gallianos father was a plumber . His family moved to England in pursuit of work when Galliano was six , and settled in Streatham , South London , before moving to Dulwich and later to Brockley . He was raised in a strict Roman Catholic family . Early career . After attending St . Anthonys School and Wilsons Grammar School in London , Galliano went on to study at Saint Martins School of Art , from which he graduated in 1984 with a first class honours degree in Fashion Design . His first collection was inspired by the French Revolution and entitled Les Incroyables . The collection received positive reviews and was bought in its entirety for resale in the London fashion boutique Browns . Galliano then started his own fashion label alongside long-term collaborators Amanda Harlech , at that time stylist with Harpers and Queen , and Stephen Jones , a milliner . On the back of this success , Galliano rented studio space in London , but his talent was not matched by a head for business . Initially , financial backing came from Johan Brun , and when this agreement came to an end , Danish entrepreneur Ole Peder Bertelsen , owner of firm Aguecheek , who were also backing Katharine Hamnett at the time , took over . This agreement ended in 1988 and by 1990 , he was bankrupt and , after his own London-based label failed to re-ignite his fortunes , he moved to Paris in search of financial backing and a strong client base . Galliano secured the backing of Paris-based Moroccan designer Faycal Amor ( owner and creative director of fashion label Plein Sud ) who invited him to set up his base in Paris at the Plein Sud headquarters . His first show was in 1989 as part of Paris Fashion Week . Media fashion celebrity Susannah Constantine has worked for Galliano , and he has also aided the future success of other designers including shoe designer Patrick Cox . In 1991 , he collaborated with Kylie Minogue , designing the costumes for her Lets Get to It Tour . Paris . In 1993 , Gallianos financial agreement with Amor ended and he did not have a showing in October , missing the season . With the help of American Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour and André Leon Talley , then European correspondent at Vanity Fair , Galliano was introduced to Portuguese socialite and fashion patron São Schlumberger and financial backers of venture firm Arbela Inc , John and Mark Rice . It was through this partnership that Galliano received the financial backing and high society stamp needed to give him credibility in Paris . This collection was important in the development of Galliano as a fashion house , and is regarded as a fashion moment in high fashion circles . Givenchy . In July 1995 , he was appointed as the designer of Givenchy by Bernard Arnault , owner of luxury goods conglomerate LVMH . On 21 January 1996 , Galliano presented his first couture show at the helm of Givenchy at the Stade de France . The collection received high praise within the fashion media . Some of Gallianos designs for Givenchy were licensed to Vogue Patterns . He was later replaced by Alexander McQueen . Dior . In October 1996 , LVMH moved Galliano to Christian Dior , replacing Italian designer Gianfranco Ferré . At Dior , Galliano received critical acclaim for his Haute Couture and ready-to-wear collections . Galliano designed the chinoiserie chartreuse gown worn by Nicole Kidman at the 69th Academy Awards in 1997 . In 2010 , Galliano identified his love of theatre and femininity as central to his creations ; he said my role is to seduce , and credited Standard Oil heiress Millicent Rogers as an influence . Anti-semitic outbursts . On 25 February 2011 , Dior announced they had suspended Galliano following his arrest over an alleged anti semitic tirade in a Paris bar . The same day , Paris-based citizen journalism site Citizenside received video of Galliano on a similar rant in the same bar the previous December . In the video a drunken Galliano , seated at a café table , insults a group of Italian women and declares I love Hitler.. . People like you would be dead . Your mothers , your forefathers would all be fucking gassed . This incident happened just before the Paris Fashion Week for Autumn/Winter 2011–12 . The show-business industry expressed mixed feelings towards the designers anti-semitic speech . Natalie Portman , who had an endorsement contract with Dior , said she was deeply shocked by Gallianos comments and that these still-existing prejudices.. . are the opposite of all that is beautiful . On the other hand , another model for Dior , French actress Eva Green , said of the incident : Sometimes , you can make mistakes . I dont think hes anti-semitic . Im Jewish . I dont think he has anything against the Jews . I think its more that he was probably a bit drunk . Galliano denied the allegations through his lawyer , and launched a defamation lawsuit against the couple accusing him of antisemitism . On 1 March 2011 , Dior announced that it had begun procedures of dismissal for Galliano , with Diors chief executive Sidney Toledano stating , I very firmly condemn what was said by John Galliano . Dior announced it will continue to support the Galliano brand financially due to licence despite the scandal , and Bill Gaytten would replace John Galliano as creative director at the helm of Dior and the Galliano brand . In France , expressing anti-semitic ideas is illegal . It was reported on 2 March 2011 that Galliano was to face trial in Paris for allegedly making racist comments to customers in a café . The trial commenced on 22 June 2011 . Gallianos lawyer argued that the series of public outbursts during which he uttered racist and anti-Semitic insults in a Paris café were the result of work-related stress and multiple addictions . On 8 September 2011 , Galliano was found guilty of making anti-semitic remarks and sentenced to pay a total of €6,000 in suspended fines after a French court found him guilty of voicing public insults on account of race . Subsequent legal action . A Paris commercial court , in March 2011 , rejected a claim for damages by Gallianos company , Cheyenne Freedom , following the termination of its consultancy agreements with Christian Dior Couture SA . The court ordered Cheyenne Freedom to pay Dior €1.17 million for hurting the company’s image and reputation . On 21 November 2013 , the Paris Court of Appeals rejected an appeal by Christian Dior Couture SA , which was seeking to move the case to a commercial court from the Conseil de prud’hommes ( Labour Court ) and ordered Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA each to pay the Galliano €2,500 and court costs . Galliano is seeking compensation in the range of 6 million euros . Jean Néret of Jeantet Associés is representing Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA . Chantal Giraud-van Gaver of Coblence & Associés represents John Galliano . Comeback . In early 2013 , Galliano accepted an invitation from Oscar de la Renta , brokered by Anna Wintour , for a temporary residency at de la Rentas design studio to help prepare for a showing of his Fall 2013 ready-to-wear collection during February New York Fashion Week . Galliano also received a measure of absolution from the Anti-Defamation League , which lauded his efforts to atone for his misdeeds and wished him well . The ADL again came to his defence after the New York Post ran a photo of him on his way to the de la Renta show dressed in what it claimed was Hasidic-like garb . Galliano remained backstage at the show , which received favourable reviews amid speculation about his future , including as a possible successor to Mr . de la Renta and that Galliano might take up a teaching post at Parsons The New School for Design . On 12 June 2013 , John Gallianos first filmed interview since his dismissal from Christian Dior was broadcast on United States television . He closed this conversation by stating , I am able to create . I am ready to create.. . [ and ] I hope through my atonement Ill be given a second chance . On 6 October 2014 , the OTB Group announced that John Galliano had joined Maison Margiela to take the responsibility of the creative direction of the house , marking the designers return to a leading role in designing luxury fashion . Just a few weeks later , on the occasion of the annual British Fashion Awards , Galliano presented the Outstanding Achievement Award to Anna Wintour who wore Gallianos first creation for Maison Martin Margiela , an unambiguous fashion blessing from the Editor in Chief of American Vogue according to Vanessa Friedman , Fashion Director of the New York Times . Galliano exhibited his first couture collection for Margiela during London Collections : Men , on 12 January 2015 . He told French Elle in 2018 that he would stop using fur in his collections , citing as inspiration from a meeting with Penélope Cruz and PETAs Dan Matthews . On 26 September 2018 , Galliano made a statement in Paris at his Maison Margiela show , when he unveiled Mutiny , his first perfume for the fashion house . The perfume is a reflection of his vision of the Maison Margiela women . Honours . - British Designer of the Year ( 1987 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ) . In 1997 , he shared the award with Alexander McQueen , his successor at Givenchy . - Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 Birthday Honours List for his services to the Fashion Industry as a Fashion Designer . He received his CBE on 27 November 2001 at Buckingham Palace in London , England . - RDI for his contribution to the fashion industry ( 2002 ) . - Appearance on The Independent on Sundays 2007 pink list for being one of the most influential gay people in Britain . - French Legion of Honour ( 2009 ) . The medal was withdrawn by decree of the president of the Republic , François Hollande , published in the official journal on 20 August 2012 . Personal life . In interviews , Galliano has given his full name as Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano-Guillén . He had a relationship with fellow Central St Martins student and fashion designer John Flett ( 1963–1991 ) , whom he described as his soulmate . Galliano currently shares his Paris home with his long-term partner Alexis Roche , a style consultant . He is vegetarian for health reasons , telling French Elle that The energy that I get from having fewer toxins in my body is extraordinary . External links . - Official website of John Galliano S.A. , a company that no longer employs Mr . Galliano |
[
"Maison Margiela"
] | easy | John Galliano was an employee for whom from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/John_Galliano#P108#2 | John Galliano John Charles Galliano ( born 28 November 1960 ) is a British fashion designer who was the head designer of French fashion companies Givenchy ( July 1995 to October 1996 ) , Christian Dior ( October 1996 to March 2011 ) , and his own label John Galliano ( 1988 to 2011 ) . At present , Galliano is the creative director of Paris-based fashion house Maison Margiela . Galliano has been named British Designer of the Year four times . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , he was named the fifth most influential person in British culture . Family . He was born in Gibraltar to a Gibraltarian father , Juan Galliano , and a Spanish mother , Anita Guillén , and has two sisters . Gallianos father was a plumber . His family moved to England in pursuit of work when Galliano was six , and settled in Streatham , South London , before moving to Dulwich and later to Brockley . He was raised in a strict Roman Catholic family . Early career . After attending St . Anthonys School and Wilsons Grammar School in London , Galliano went on to study at Saint Martins School of Art , from which he graduated in 1984 with a first class honours degree in Fashion Design . His first collection was inspired by the French Revolution and entitled Les Incroyables . The collection received positive reviews and was bought in its entirety for resale in the London fashion boutique Browns . Galliano then started his own fashion label alongside long-term collaborators Amanda Harlech , at that time stylist with Harpers and Queen , and Stephen Jones , a milliner . On the back of this success , Galliano rented studio space in London , but his talent was not matched by a head for business . Initially , financial backing came from Johan Brun , and when this agreement came to an end , Danish entrepreneur Ole Peder Bertelsen , owner of firm Aguecheek , who were also backing Katharine Hamnett at the time , took over . This agreement ended in 1988 and by 1990 , he was bankrupt and , after his own London-based label failed to re-ignite his fortunes , he moved to Paris in search of financial backing and a strong client base . Galliano secured the backing of Paris-based Moroccan designer Faycal Amor ( owner and creative director of fashion label Plein Sud ) who invited him to set up his base in Paris at the Plein Sud headquarters . His first show was in 1989 as part of Paris Fashion Week . Media fashion celebrity Susannah Constantine has worked for Galliano , and he has also aided the future success of other designers including shoe designer Patrick Cox . In 1991 , he collaborated with Kylie Minogue , designing the costumes for her Lets Get to It Tour . Paris . In 1993 , Gallianos financial agreement with Amor ended and he did not have a showing in October , missing the season . With the help of American Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour and André Leon Talley , then European correspondent at Vanity Fair , Galliano was introduced to Portuguese socialite and fashion patron São Schlumberger and financial backers of venture firm Arbela Inc , John and Mark Rice . It was through this partnership that Galliano received the financial backing and high society stamp needed to give him credibility in Paris . This collection was important in the development of Galliano as a fashion house , and is regarded as a fashion moment in high fashion circles . Givenchy . In July 1995 , he was appointed as the designer of Givenchy by Bernard Arnault , owner of luxury goods conglomerate LVMH . On 21 January 1996 , Galliano presented his first couture show at the helm of Givenchy at the Stade de France . The collection received high praise within the fashion media . Some of Gallianos designs for Givenchy were licensed to Vogue Patterns . He was later replaced by Alexander McQueen . Dior . In October 1996 , LVMH moved Galliano to Christian Dior , replacing Italian designer Gianfranco Ferré . At Dior , Galliano received critical acclaim for his Haute Couture and ready-to-wear collections . Galliano designed the chinoiserie chartreuse gown worn by Nicole Kidman at the 69th Academy Awards in 1997 . In 2010 , Galliano identified his love of theatre and femininity as central to his creations ; he said my role is to seduce , and credited Standard Oil heiress Millicent Rogers as an influence . Anti-semitic outbursts . On 25 February 2011 , Dior announced they had suspended Galliano following his arrest over an alleged anti semitic tirade in a Paris bar . The same day , Paris-based citizen journalism site Citizenside received video of Galliano on a similar rant in the same bar the previous December . In the video a drunken Galliano , seated at a café table , insults a group of Italian women and declares I love Hitler.. . People like you would be dead . Your mothers , your forefathers would all be fucking gassed . This incident happened just before the Paris Fashion Week for Autumn/Winter 2011–12 . The show-business industry expressed mixed feelings towards the designers anti-semitic speech . Natalie Portman , who had an endorsement contract with Dior , said she was deeply shocked by Gallianos comments and that these still-existing prejudices.. . are the opposite of all that is beautiful . On the other hand , another model for Dior , French actress Eva Green , said of the incident : Sometimes , you can make mistakes . I dont think hes anti-semitic . Im Jewish . I dont think he has anything against the Jews . I think its more that he was probably a bit drunk . Galliano denied the allegations through his lawyer , and launched a defamation lawsuit against the couple accusing him of antisemitism . On 1 March 2011 , Dior announced that it had begun procedures of dismissal for Galliano , with Diors chief executive Sidney Toledano stating , I very firmly condemn what was said by John Galliano . Dior announced it will continue to support the Galliano brand financially due to licence despite the scandal , and Bill Gaytten would replace John Galliano as creative director at the helm of Dior and the Galliano brand . In France , expressing anti-semitic ideas is illegal . It was reported on 2 March 2011 that Galliano was to face trial in Paris for allegedly making racist comments to customers in a café . The trial commenced on 22 June 2011 . Gallianos lawyer argued that the series of public outbursts during which he uttered racist and anti-Semitic insults in a Paris café were the result of work-related stress and multiple addictions . On 8 September 2011 , Galliano was found guilty of making anti-semitic remarks and sentenced to pay a total of €6,000 in suspended fines after a French court found him guilty of voicing public insults on account of race . Subsequent legal action . A Paris commercial court , in March 2011 , rejected a claim for damages by Gallianos company , Cheyenne Freedom , following the termination of its consultancy agreements with Christian Dior Couture SA . The court ordered Cheyenne Freedom to pay Dior €1.17 million for hurting the company’s image and reputation . On 21 November 2013 , the Paris Court of Appeals rejected an appeal by Christian Dior Couture SA , which was seeking to move the case to a commercial court from the Conseil de prud’hommes ( Labour Court ) and ordered Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA each to pay the Galliano €2,500 and court costs . Galliano is seeking compensation in the range of 6 million euros . Jean Néret of Jeantet Associés is representing Christian Dior Couture SA and John Galliano SA . Chantal Giraud-van Gaver of Coblence & Associés represents John Galliano . Comeback . In early 2013 , Galliano accepted an invitation from Oscar de la Renta , brokered by Anna Wintour , for a temporary residency at de la Rentas design studio to help prepare for a showing of his Fall 2013 ready-to-wear collection during February New York Fashion Week . Galliano also received a measure of absolution from the Anti-Defamation League , which lauded his efforts to atone for his misdeeds and wished him well . The ADL again came to his defence after the New York Post ran a photo of him on his way to the de la Renta show dressed in what it claimed was Hasidic-like garb . Galliano remained backstage at the show , which received favourable reviews amid speculation about his future , including as a possible successor to Mr . de la Renta and that Galliano might take up a teaching post at Parsons The New School for Design . On 12 June 2013 , John Gallianos first filmed interview since his dismissal from Christian Dior was broadcast on United States television . He closed this conversation by stating , I am able to create . I am ready to create.. . [ and ] I hope through my atonement Ill be given a second chance . On 6 October 2014 , the OTB Group announced that John Galliano had joined Maison Margiela to take the responsibility of the creative direction of the house , marking the designers return to a leading role in designing luxury fashion . Just a few weeks later , on the occasion of the annual British Fashion Awards , Galliano presented the Outstanding Achievement Award to Anna Wintour who wore Gallianos first creation for Maison Martin Margiela , an unambiguous fashion blessing from the Editor in Chief of American Vogue according to Vanessa Friedman , Fashion Director of the New York Times . Galliano exhibited his first couture collection for Margiela during London Collections : Men , on 12 January 2015 . He told French Elle in 2018 that he would stop using fur in his collections , citing as inspiration from a meeting with Penélope Cruz and PETAs Dan Matthews . On 26 September 2018 , Galliano made a statement in Paris at his Maison Margiela show , when he unveiled Mutiny , his first perfume for the fashion house . The perfume is a reflection of his vision of the Maison Margiela women . Honours . - British Designer of the Year ( 1987 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ) . In 1997 , he shared the award with Alexander McQueen , his successor at Givenchy . - Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 Birthday Honours List for his services to the Fashion Industry as a Fashion Designer . He received his CBE on 27 November 2001 at Buckingham Palace in London , England . - RDI for his contribution to the fashion industry ( 2002 ) . - Appearance on The Independent on Sundays 2007 pink list for being one of the most influential gay people in Britain . - French Legion of Honour ( 2009 ) . The medal was withdrawn by decree of the president of the Republic , François Hollande , published in the official journal on 20 August 2012 . Personal life . In interviews , Galliano has given his full name as Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano-Guillén . He had a relationship with fellow Central St Martins student and fashion designer John Flett ( 1963–1991 ) , whom he described as his soulmate . Galliano currently shares his Paris home with his long-term partner Alexis Roche , a style consultant . He is vegetarian for health reasons , telling French Elle that The energy that I get from having fewer toxins in my body is extraordinary . External links . - Official website of John Galliano S.A. , a company that no longer employs Mr . Galliano |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Trey McKinney-Jones go to from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Trey_McKinney-Jones#P69#0 | Trey McKinney-Jones Trey McKinney-Jones ( born August 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . He played college basketball for the UMKC Kangaroos ( now known as the Kansas City Roos ) and the Miami Hurricanes . College career . McKinney-Jones played two seasons at UMKC , averaging 10.9 points and 3.8 rebounds in 28.5 minutes per game as a sophomore . In his sophomore year , his high flying dunk against Centenary was selected as the ESPN SportsCenter number one play of the day . He transferred to Miami and sat out the 2010–11 season as a redshirt . As a junior at Miami , he averaged 7.0 points , 3.5 rebounds , 1.4 assists and 0.7 steals in 24.1 minutes per game . In his senior year , McKinney-Jones posted averages of 9.2 points and 3.4 rebounds in 30.3 minutes per game . In the ACC tournament versus North Carolina , he broke the school record for most three-pointers in a tournament game with six . Professional career . Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2013–2014 ) . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , McKinney-Jones signed with the Milwaukee Bucks for training camp on September 30 , 2013 . He was later waived by the Bucks on October 26 after appearing in two preseason games . The following month , he was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . As a rookie playing for the Mad Ants in 2013–14 , McKinney-Jones averaged 14.8 points , 4.5 rebounds , 2.1 assists and 1.1 steals in 53 games , while helping the team win their maiden championship . Gravelines ( 2014 ) . In July 2014 , McKinney-Jones joined the Miami Heat for the Orlando Summer League and the San Antonio Spurs for the Las Vegas Summer League . On August 16 , 2014 , he signed with BCM Gravelines of France for the 2014–15 season . However , in late December , he parted ways with the Gravelines after appearing in 14 games . Second Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2015 ) . On February 20 , 2015 , he was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants . He played out the season with the Mad Ants , and in 22 games , he averaged 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds and 2.0 assists per game . Maccabi Kiryat Gat ( 2015 ) . In July 2015 , McKinney-Jones joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2015 NBA Summer League . The following month , he signed with Maccabi Kiryat Gat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League . Körmend ( 2016 ) . In January 2016 , McKinney-Jones joined Hungarian club Egis Körmend . He was a guard on the 2015-2016 team which made it to the semifinals , falling 87-76 to Team 23 . McKinney-Jones won the 2016 Hungarian Cup during his tenure with Körmend . Third Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2016–2018 ) . On October 31 , 2016 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . On September 7 , 2017 , McKinney-Jones signed with the Indiana Pacers of the NBA , on a training camp deal . He was waived on October 14 as one of the teams final preseason roster cuts . Indiana Pacers ( 2018 ) . On February 21 , 2018 , the Indiana Pacers signed McKinney-Jones to a 10-day contract . Two days later , he made his NBA debut for the Pacers in a 116-93 blowout win over the Atlanta Hawks . Fourth Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2018 ) . On March 3 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League , after his 10-day contract with the Indiana Pacers expired . Chiba Jets Funabashi ( 2018–2019 ) . On September 5 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reported to have signed with Chiba Jets Funabashi of the B.League . Telekom Baskets Bonn ( 2019–2020 ) . On August 15 , 2019 , he has signed with Telekom Baskets Bonn of the Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) . Gunma Crane Thunders ( 2020–present ) . On July 18 , 2020 , he has signed with Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . International career . United States Senior Men’s Basketball Team 2018 . On June 25 McKinney-Jones was one of 12 players selected to compete in the last round of World Cup Qualifying . Personal life . The son of Dwight Jones and Luann McKinney , Trey McKinney-Jones has three siblings : Laine , Mariel and Dwight . He graduated from the University of Miami in 2012 with a degree in marketing . His uncle , Mark Jones , played basketball professionally with the Orlando Magic . His aunt , Esther Jones , is a track star who won an Olympic gold medal in Barcelona 1992 as a member of the 4 x 100 metres relay . Honors . - Fort Wayne Mad Ants - NBA Development League : 2013–14 - Egis Körmend - Magyar Kupa : 2016 External links . - FIBA.com profile |
[
"UMKC"
] | easy | Which school did Trey McKinney-Jones go to from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Trey_McKinney-Jones#P69#1 | Trey McKinney-Jones Trey McKinney-Jones ( born August 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . He played college basketball for the UMKC Kangaroos ( now known as the Kansas City Roos ) and the Miami Hurricanes . College career . McKinney-Jones played two seasons at UMKC , averaging 10.9 points and 3.8 rebounds in 28.5 minutes per game as a sophomore . In his sophomore year , his high flying dunk against Centenary was selected as the ESPN SportsCenter number one play of the day . He transferred to Miami and sat out the 2010–11 season as a redshirt . As a junior at Miami , he averaged 7.0 points , 3.5 rebounds , 1.4 assists and 0.7 steals in 24.1 minutes per game . In his senior year , McKinney-Jones posted averages of 9.2 points and 3.4 rebounds in 30.3 minutes per game . In the ACC tournament versus North Carolina , he broke the school record for most three-pointers in a tournament game with six . Professional career . Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2013–2014 ) . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , McKinney-Jones signed with the Milwaukee Bucks for training camp on September 30 , 2013 . He was later waived by the Bucks on October 26 after appearing in two preseason games . The following month , he was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . As a rookie playing for the Mad Ants in 2013–14 , McKinney-Jones averaged 14.8 points , 4.5 rebounds , 2.1 assists and 1.1 steals in 53 games , while helping the team win their maiden championship . Gravelines ( 2014 ) . In July 2014 , McKinney-Jones joined the Miami Heat for the Orlando Summer League and the San Antonio Spurs for the Las Vegas Summer League . On August 16 , 2014 , he signed with BCM Gravelines of France for the 2014–15 season . However , in late December , he parted ways with the Gravelines after appearing in 14 games . Second Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2015 ) . On February 20 , 2015 , he was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants . He played out the season with the Mad Ants , and in 22 games , he averaged 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds and 2.0 assists per game . Maccabi Kiryat Gat ( 2015 ) . In July 2015 , McKinney-Jones joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2015 NBA Summer League . The following month , he signed with Maccabi Kiryat Gat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League . Körmend ( 2016 ) . In January 2016 , McKinney-Jones joined Hungarian club Egis Körmend . He was a guard on the 2015-2016 team which made it to the semifinals , falling 87-76 to Team 23 . McKinney-Jones won the 2016 Hungarian Cup during his tenure with Körmend . Third Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2016–2018 ) . On October 31 , 2016 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . On September 7 , 2017 , McKinney-Jones signed with the Indiana Pacers of the NBA , on a training camp deal . He was waived on October 14 as one of the teams final preseason roster cuts . Indiana Pacers ( 2018 ) . On February 21 , 2018 , the Indiana Pacers signed McKinney-Jones to a 10-day contract . Two days later , he made his NBA debut for the Pacers in a 116-93 blowout win over the Atlanta Hawks . Fourth Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2018 ) . On March 3 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League , after his 10-day contract with the Indiana Pacers expired . Chiba Jets Funabashi ( 2018–2019 ) . On September 5 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reported to have signed with Chiba Jets Funabashi of the B.League . Telekom Baskets Bonn ( 2019–2020 ) . On August 15 , 2019 , he has signed with Telekom Baskets Bonn of the Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) . Gunma Crane Thunders ( 2020–present ) . On July 18 , 2020 , he has signed with Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . International career . United States Senior Men’s Basketball Team 2018 . On June 25 McKinney-Jones was one of 12 players selected to compete in the last round of World Cup Qualifying . Personal life . The son of Dwight Jones and Luann McKinney , Trey McKinney-Jones has three siblings : Laine , Mariel and Dwight . He graduated from the University of Miami in 2012 with a degree in marketing . His uncle , Mark Jones , played basketball professionally with the Orlando Magic . His aunt , Esther Jones , is a track star who won an Olympic gold medal in Barcelona 1992 as a member of the 4 x 100 metres relay . Honors . - Fort Wayne Mad Ants - NBA Development League : 2013–14 - Egis Körmend - Magyar Kupa : 2016 External links . - FIBA.com profile |
[
"Miami"
] | easy | Where was Trey McKinney-Jones educated from 2010 to 2013? | /wiki/Trey_McKinney-Jones#P69#2 | Trey McKinney-Jones Trey McKinney-Jones ( born August 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . He played college basketball for the UMKC Kangaroos ( now known as the Kansas City Roos ) and the Miami Hurricanes . College career . McKinney-Jones played two seasons at UMKC , averaging 10.9 points and 3.8 rebounds in 28.5 minutes per game as a sophomore . In his sophomore year , his high flying dunk against Centenary was selected as the ESPN SportsCenter number one play of the day . He transferred to Miami and sat out the 2010–11 season as a redshirt . As a junior at Miami , he averaged 7.0 points , 3.5 rebounds , 1.4 assists and 0.7 steals in 24.1 minutes per game . In his senior year , McKinney-Jones posted averages of 9.2 points and 3.4 rebounds in 30.3 minutes per game . In the ACC tournament versus North Carolina , he broke the school record for most three-pointers in a tournament game with six . Professional career . Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2013–2014 ) . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , McKinney-Jones signed with the Milwaukee Bucks for training camp on September 30 , 2013 . He was later waived by the Bucks on October 26 after appearing in two preseason games . The following month , he was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . As a rookie playing for the Mad Ants in 2013–14 , McKinney-Jones averaged 14.8 points , 4.5 rebounds , 2.1 assists and 1.1 steals in 53 games , while helping the team win their maiden championship . Gravelines ( 2014 ) . In July 2014 , McKinney-Jones joined the Miami Heat for the Orlando Summer League and the San Antonio Spurs for the Las Vegas Summer League . On August 16 , 2014 , he signed with BCM Gravelines of France for the 2014–15 season . However , in late December , he parted ways with the Gravelines after appearing in 14 games . Second Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2015 ) . On February 20 , 2015 , he was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants . He played out the season with the Mad Ants , and in 22 games , he averaged 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds and 2.0 assists per game . Maccabi Kiryat Gat ( 2015 ) . In July 2015 , McKinney-Jones joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2015 NBA Summer League . The following month , he signed with Maccabi Kiryat Gat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League . Körmend ( 2016 ) . In January 2016 , McKinney-Jones joined Hungarian club Egis Körmend . He was a guard on the 2015-2016 team which made it to the semifinals , falling 87-76 to Team 23 . McKinney-Jones won the 2016 Hungarian Cup during his tenure with Körmend . Third Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2016–2018 ) . On October 31 , 2016 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . On September 7 , 2017 , McKinney-Jones signed with the Indiana Pacers of the NBA , on a training camp deal . He was waived on October 14 as one of the teams final preseason roster cuts . Indiana Pacers ( 2018 ) . On February 21 , 2018 , the Indiana Pacers signed McKinney-Jones to a 10-day contract . Two days later , he made his NBA debut for the Pacers in a 116-93 blowout win over the Atlanta Hawks . Fourth Stint with Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( 2018 ) . On March 3 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League , after his 10-day contract with the Indiana Pacers expired . Chiba Jets Funabashi ( 2018–2019 ) . On September 5 , 2018 , McKinney-Jones was reported to have signed with Chiba Jets Funabashi of the B.League . Telekom Baskets Bonn ( 2019–2020 ) . On August 15 , 2019 , he has signed with Telekom Baskets Bonn of the Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) . Gunma Crane Thunders ( 2020–present ) . On July 18 , 2020 , he has signed with Gunma Crane Thunders of the B.League . International career . United States Senior Men’s Basketball Team 2018 . On June 25 McKinney-Jones was one of 12 players selected to compete in the last round of World Cup Qualifying . Personal life . The son of Dwight Jones and Luann McKinney , Trey McKinney-Jones has three siblings : Laine , Mariel and Dwight . He graduated from the University of Miami in 2012 with a degree in marketing . His uncle , Mark Jones , played basketball professionally with the Orlando Magic . His aunt , Esther Jones , is a track star who won an Olympic gold medal in Barcelona 1992 as a member of the 4 x 100 metres relay . Honors . - Fort Wayne Mad Ants - NBA Development League : 2013–14 - Egis Körmend - Magyar Kupa : 2016 External links . - FIBA.com profile |
[
"Parliamentary Private Secretary",
"Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work and Pensions",
"McVey Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work and Pensions"
] | easy | Esther McVey took which position from May 2010 to Mar 2015? | /wiki/Esther_McVey#P39#0 | Esther McVey Esther Louise McVey ( born 24 October 1967 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tatton since 2017 . She previously served in the Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2019 to 2020 , Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2018 and Minister of State for Employment from 2014 to 2015 . Born in Liverpool , McVey was raised in foster care for the first two years of her life and was then raised by her biological family . She was privately educated at The Belvedere School before going on to study at Queen Mary University of London and City , University of London . After working at her familys construction business , she became a television presenter ; co-presenting GMTV with Eamonn Holmes . McVey first entered the House of Commons as MP for Wirral West at the 2010 general election . She served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2012 to 2013 , prior to serving as Minister of State for Employment from 2013 to 2015 . She was sworn into the Privy Council in 2014 and attended Cabinet after that years reshuffle . In the 2015 general election , she lost her seat and spent eighteen months serving as Chair of the British Transport Police Authority before returning to parliament in the 2017 general election , succeeding former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in Tatton . McVey served in the second May ministry as Deputy Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018 . She was appointed Work and Pensions Secretary in January 2018 . In July , she misled the House of Commons over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming a National Audit Office report showed it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded the roll-out should be paused . Amid calls for her resignation , she apologised to the House . She resigned in November 2018 in opposition to Brexit negotiations and Theresa Mays draft Brexit withdrawal agreement . She stood in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election but was eliminated in the first round after finishing in last place with nine votes . After the contest , she attended Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning until Boris Johnsons first Cabinet reshuffle . Early life and career . McVey , of Irish Catholic descent , was born in Liverpool . She spent the first two years of her life in foster care as a Barnardos child . She was educated at the ( at that time fee-paying , independent ) Belvedere School , before reading law at Queen Mary University of London ( LLB ) and radio journalism at City , University of London ( MA ) . In July 2009 , McVey graduated from Liverpool John Moores University with the degree of Master of Science in corporate governance . From 2000 to 2006 , McVey was a director of her familys Liverpool-based construction business J . G . McVey & Co . ( run by her father ) which specialised in demolition and site clearance , land reclamation and regeneration . In 2003 , the firm received two immediate prohibition safety notices with which it complied . Her father has since said that she was only there in name . Media career . McVey returned to the family business after university , while undertaking a postgraduate course in radio journalism at City University , before embarking on a career in the media , both as a presenter and producer . McVey was a co-presenter of the summer holiday Childrens BBC strand But First This in 1991 , and subsequently presented and produced a wide range of programmes , co-hosting GMTV , BBC1s science entertainment series How Do They Do That? , 5s Company , The Heaven and Earth Show , Shopping City , BBC2s youth current affairs programme Reportage , and Channel 4s legal series Nothing But The Truth with Ann Widdecombe . She took part in Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues at the Empire Theatre , Liverpool . McVey returned to Liverpool and set up her own business , Making It ( UK ) Ltd , which provides training for small and medium enterprises , as well as providing office space for new startup businesses which led to her founding Winning Women , supported by funding from the North West Regional Development Agency . Political career . A supporter of Conservative Way Forward , a Thatcherite organisation , McVey was selected to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in the 2005 general election for the Wirral West constituency , but lost to the sitting Labour MP Stephen Hesford by 1,097 votes . Member of Parliament for Wirral West ( 2010–2015 ) . In the 2010 general election , McVey gained Wirral West defeating the Labour candidate , Phil Davies , by a 2,436 majority ( 16,726 votes cast , 42.5% vote share ) . In 2010 , McVey was Parliamentary Private Secretary to then-Employment Minister Chris Grayling . From 2012 to 2013 , she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work and Pensions , working under Iain Duncan Smith . In December 2013 , she was formally reprimanded for using House of Commons notepaper and postage to electioneer for the Conservative Party ; she apologised and repaid the £300 costs . David Cameron appointed McVey Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work and Pensions in an October 2013 reshuffle . McVey was later sworn into the Privy Council on 27 February 2014 . Shortly after being made Minister for Employment , McVey had the responsibility for the Health and Safety Executive taken away after it was reported that a demolition company had been found to be in violation of health and safety laws while she was director . In April 2014 McVey apologised for a tweet criticising the Wirral Labour Party that was issued during the Hillsborough memorial service . Social media posts at the time claimed the timing of the tweet showed a lack of respect . In November 2014 , then-backbench Labour MP John McDonnell discussed a Sack Esther McVey Day among Labour activists and politicians , saying that a whole group in the audience argued Why are we sacking her ? Why arent we lynching the bastard ? The Conservative Party chairman Grant Shapps called for Labour to withdraw the whip from McDonnell . The official Labour Party Twitter feed said McDonnells comments dont represent the views of the Labour Party . He speaks for himself . In 2015 , speaking to Robert Peston of ITV , McDonnell defended his comments by saying that he was simply report [ ing ] what was shouted out at a public meeting . On the same day as his lynch remarks , in a debate in the House of Commons , McDonnell criticised McVey for playing the victim and proceeded to call her a stain of inhumanity . Out of parliament ( 2015–2017 ) . In the 2015 general election , McVey was defeated by the Labour candidate Margaret Greenwood who gained the Wirral West seat by 417 votes . After losing her seat , McVey took up the post of chair of the British Transport Police Authority from November 2015 , on a four-year contract . However , ten days after it was announced that a 2017 general election would take place , McVey resigned the post . Between the elections she also had part-time jobs as a special adviser to Irish lobbying firm Hume Brophy and an investment firm and a fellowship at the University of Hull . Member of Parliament for Tatton ( 2017–present ) . In April 2017 , McVey was selected to succeed George Osborne as the Conservative candidate for the June 2017 general election in his safe seat of Tatton . She was elected , with around the same vote share as Osborne gained in 2015 ( 58.6% ) ( and with a larger number of votes than Osborne gained in any of the four times he stood in an election at Tatton ) , but with a decreased majority . In a reshuffle prompted by Sir Michael Fallons resignation as Secretary of State for Defence in the wake of sexual assault allegations , and in which former Chief Whip Gavin Williamson replaced Fallon and his deputy Julian Smith replaced Williamson , McVey was appointed Deputy Chief Government Whip . Secretary of State for Work and Pensions ( 2018 ) . On 8 January 2018 , McVey was appointed as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post she held until 15 November 2018 when she resigned over the Brexit deal . Labour MP Dan Carden said McVeys appointment will put fear in the hearts of the vulnerable and disabled . The last time McVey was at DWP she was ejected from parliament by the voters of Wirral West . In July 2018 it was reported by the head of the National Audit Office ( NAO ) that McVey had misled parliament over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming that the NAO report showed that it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded that the roll-out should be paused . She apologised to the House of Commons on 4 July 2018 amid calls for her resignation . Margaret Greenwood said in parliament , The secretary of state should be ashamed that she has been forced to come to this house again . If she misread this report so badly this brings in to question her competence and her judgment . If she did read the report and chose to misrepresent its findings , she has clearly broken the ministerial code . Either way , she should resign . McVey said that there were problems with Universal Credit . The Guardian wrote , Tens of thousands of ESA claimants will receive back-payments of £5,000–£20,000 as a result of what MPs have called a series of avoidable mistakes . The DWP was warned of the error as early as 2014 , but failed to take action until 2017 . Polly Toynbee wrote , Its no surprise that a minister who misleads parliament and thumbs her nose at the NAO is even more indifferent to the people who really matter – the millions suffering her departments infliction of extreme hardship as they are transferred to UC . On 15 November 2018 , McVey announced her ministerial resignation over Brexit following Mays publication of the draft proposed deal . She was replaced by former Home Secretary Amber Rudd . It was reported on 27 June 2019 that McVey had received £17,000 for her resignation in severance pay . She was criticised by Labour MP Neil Coyle for taking the payment when she had earlier admitted universal credit had failings . Out of Cabinet ( 2018–2019 ) . In March 2019 , she was criticised after tweeting a widely discredited claim made in a 2014 newspaper opinion column about the UK , along with other EU states , being forced to join the Euro from 2020 , before later deleting it . Conservative Party leadership campaign ( 2019 ) . In May 2019 , McVey announced her intention to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party when Theresa May resigns , claiming that she already had enough support to stand . Later that month , McVey launched Blue Collar Conservatives , as part of her leadership campaign , with MPs such as Scott Mann , Iain Duncan Smith and her partner Philip Davies in attendance . McVey finished in last place , after the first ballot of the Conservative Party leadership candidates , and was eliminated . Minister of State for Housing and Planning ( 2019–2020 ) . Following Boris Johnson winning the leadership contest and becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 , McVey returned to the cabinet when he made her Minister of State for Housing and Planning . In September 2019 , during an event on housing at the Conservative Party conference , she received widespread ridicule after she referred to 3D architects doing it with it on a computer and suggested that this was a new technology . She was dismissed in Johnsons post-Brexit reshuffle . Return to the backbenches . Since returning to the backbenches , McVey has been a critic of her partys lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and has repeatedly broken the whip to vote against further restrictions . Personal life . McVey lives in West Kirby , Wirral . She was previously in relationships with BBC producer Mal Young and former Conservative frontbencher Ed Vaizey . When in London , she shared a flat in Pimlico with Conservative colleague Philip Davies MP , with whom she has had a long time on-and-off romantic interest . They were reported to be partners in July 2018 . The house-sharing arrangement ended when McVey lost her seat at the 2015 general election . In May 2019 the BBCs Politics Live programme reported that she and Davies were engaged . On 19 September 2020 , McVey married Davies in a private ceremony . External links . - www.conservatives.com - Esther McVey MP official blog |
[
"Member of Parliament for Tatton",
"Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"second May ministry as Deputy Chief Whip"
] | easy | What was the position of Esther McVey from Jun 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Esther_McVey#P39#1 | Esther McVey Esther Louise McVey ( born 24 October 1967 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tatton since 2017 . She previously served in the Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2019 to 2020 , Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2018 and Minister of State for Employment from 2014 to 2015 . Born in Liverpool , McVey was raised in foster care for the first two years of her life and was then raised by her biological family . She was privately educated at The Belvedere School before going on to study at Queen Mary University of London and City , University of London . After working at her familys construction business , she became a television presenter ; co-presenting GMTV with Eamonn Holmes . McVey first entered the House of Commons as MP for Wirral West at the 2010 general election . She served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2012 to 2013 , prior to serving as Minister of State for Employment from 2013 to 2015 . She was sworn into the Privy Council in 2014 and attended Cabinet after that years reshuffle . In the 2015 general election , she lost her seat and spent eighteen months serving as Chair of the British Transport Police Authority before returning to parliament in the 2017 general election , succeeding former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in Tatton . McVey served in the second May ministry as Deputy Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018 . She was appointed Work and Pensions Secretary in January 2018 . In July , she misled the House of Commons over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming a National Audit Office report showed it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded the roll-out should be paused . Amid calls for her resignation , she apologised to the House . She resigned in November 2018 in opposition to Brexit negotiations and Theresa Mays draft Brexit withdrawal agreement . She stood in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election but was eliminated in the first round after finishing in last place with nine votes . After the contest , she attended Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning until Boris Johnsons first Cabinet reshuffle . Early life and career . McVey , of Irish Catholic descent , was born in Liverpool . She spent the first two years of her life in foster care as a Barnardos child . She was educated at the ( at that time fee-paying , independent ) Belvedere School , before reading law at Queen Mary University of London ( LLB ) and radio journalism at City , University of London ( MA ) . In July 2009 , McVey graduated from Liverpool John Moores University with the degree of Master of Science in corporate governance . From 2000 to 2006 , McVey was a director of her familys Liverpool-based construction business J . G . McVey & Co . ( run by her father ) which specialised in demolition and site clearance , land reclamation and regeneration . In 2003 , the firm received two immediate prohibition safety notices with which it complied . Her father has since said that she was only there in name . Media career . McVey returned to the family business after university , while undertaking a postgraduate course in radio journalism at City University , before embarking on a career in the media , both as a presenter and producer . McVey was a co-presenter of the summer holiday Childrens BBC strand But First This in 1991 , and subsequently presented and produced a wide range of programmes , co-hosting GMTV , BBC1s science entertainment series How Do They Do That? , 5s Company , The Heaven and Earth Show , Shopping City , BBC2s youth current affairs programme Reportage , and Channel 4s legal series Nothing But The Truth with Ann Widdecombe . She took part in Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues at the Empire Theatre , Liverpool . McVey returned to Liverpool and set up her own business , Making It ( UK ) Ltd , which provides training for small and medium enterprises , as well as providing office space for new startup businesses which led to her founding Winning Women , supported by funding from the North West Regional Development Agency . Political career . A supporter of Conservative Way Forward , a Thatcherite organisation , McVey was selected to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in the 2005 general election for the Wirral West constituency , but lost to the sitting Labour MP Stephen Hesford by 1,097 votes . Member of Parliament for Wirral West ( 2010–2015 ) . In the 2010 general election , McVey gained Wirral West defeating the Labour candidate , Phil Davies , by a 2,436 majority ( 16,726 votes cast , 42.5% vote share ) . In 2010 , McVey was Parliamentary Private Secretary to then-Employment Minister Chris Grayling . From 2012 to 2013 , she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work and Pensions , working under Iain Duncan Smith . In December 2013 , she was formally reprimanded for using House of Commons notepaper and postage to electioneer for the Conservative Party ; she apologised and repaid the £300 costs . David Cameron appointed McVey Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work and Pensions in an October 2013 reshuffle . McVey was later sworn into the Privy Council on 27 February 2014 . Shortly after being made Minister for Employment , McVey had the responsibility for the Health and Safety Executive taken away after it was reported that a demolition company had been found to be in violation of health and safety laws while she was director . In April 2014 McVey apologised for a tweet criticising the Wirral Labour Party that was issued during the Hillsborough memorial service . Social media posts at the time claimed the timing of the tweet showed a lack of respect . In November 2014 , then-backbench Labour MP John McDonnell discussed a Sack Esther McVey Day among Labour activists and politicians , saying that a whole group in the audience argued Why are we sacking her ? Why arent we lynching the bastard ? The Conservative Party chairman Grant Shapps called for Labour to withdraw the whip from McDonnell . The official Labour Party Twitter feed said McDonnells comments dont represent the views of the Labour Party . He speaks for himself . In 2015 , speaking to Robert Peston of ITV , McDonnell defended his comments by saying that he was simply report [ ing ] what was shouted out at a public meeting . On the same day as his lynch remarks , in a debate in the House of Commons , McDonnell criticised McVey for playing the victim and proceeded to call her a stain of inhumanity . Out of parliament ( 2015–2017 ) . In the 2015 general election , McVey was defeated by the Labour candidate Margaret Greenwood who gained the Wirral West seat by 417 votes . After losing her seat , McVey took up the post of chair of the British Transport Police Authority from November 2015 , on a four-year contract . However , ten days after it was announced that a 2017 general election would take place , McVey resigned the post . Between the elections she also had part-time jobs as a special adviser to Irish lobbying firm Hume Brophy and an investment firm and a fellowship at the University of Hull . Member of Parliament for Tatton ( 2017–present ) . In April 2017 , McVey was selected to succeed George Osborne as the Conservative candidate for the June 2017 general election in his safe seat of Tatton . She was elected , with around the same vote share as Osborne gained in 2015 ( 58.6% ) ( and with a larger number of votes than Osborne gained in any of the four times he stood in an election at Tatton ) , but with a decreased majority . In a reshuffle prompted by Sir Michael Fallons resignation as Secretary of State for Defence in the wake of sexual assault allegations , and in which former Chief Whip Gavin Williamson replaced Fallon and his deputy Julian Smith replaced Williamson , McVey was appointed Deputy Chief Government Whip . Secretary of State for Work and Pensions ( 2018 ) . On 8 January 2018 , McVey was appointed as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post she held until 15 November 2018 when she resigned over the Brexit deal . Labour MP Dan Carden said McVeys appointment will put fear in the hearts of the vulnerable and disabled . The last time McVey was at DWP she was ejected from parliament by the voters of Wirral West . In July 2018 it was reported by the head of the National Audit Office ( NAO ) that McVey had misled parliament over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming that the NAO report showed that it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded that the roll-out should be paused . She apologised to the House of Commons on 4 July 2018 amid calls for her resignation . Margaret Greenwood said in parliament , The secretary of state should be ashamed that she has been forced to come to this house again . If she misread this report so badly this brings in to question her competence and her judgment . If she did read the report and chose to misrepresent its findings , she has clearly broken the ministerial code . Either way , she should resign . McVey said that there were problems with Universal Credit . The Guardian wrote , Tens of thousands of ESA claimants will receive back-payments of £5,000–£20,000 as a result of what MPs have called a series of avoidable mistakes . The DWP was warned of the error as early as 2014 , but failed to take action until 2017 . Polly Toynbee wrote , Its no surprise that a minister who misleads parliament and thumbs her nose at the NAO is even more indifferent to the people who really matter – the millions suffering her departments infliction of extreme hardship as they are transferred to UC . On 15 November 2018 , McVey announced her ministerial resignation over Brexit following Mays publication of the draft proposed deal . She was replaced by former Home Secretary Amber Rudd . It was reported on 27 June 2019 that McVey had received £17,000 for her resignation in severance pay . She was criticised by Labour MP Neil Coyle for taking the payment when she had earlier admitted universal credit had failings . Out of Cabinet ( 2018–2019 ) . In March 2019 , she was criticised after tweeting a widely discredited claim made in a 2014 newspaper opinion column about the UK , along with other EU states , being forced to join the Euro from 2020 , before later deleting it . Conservative Party leadership campaign ( 2019 ) . In May 2019 , McVey announced her intention to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party when Theresa May resigns , claiming that she already had enough support to stand . Later that month , McVey launched Blue Collar Conservatives , as part of her leadership campaign , with MPs such as Scott Mann , Iain Duncan Smith and her partner Philip Davies in attendance . McVey finished in last place , after the first ballot of the Conservative Party leadership candidates , and was eliminated . Minister of State for Housing and Planning ( 2019–2020 ) . Following Boris Johnson winning the leadership contest and becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 , McVey returned to the cabinet when he made her Minister of State for Housing and Planning . In September 2019 , during an event on housing at the Conservative Party conference , she received widespread ridicule after she referred to 3D architects doing it with it on a computer and suggested that this was a new technology . She was dismissed in Johnsons post-Brexit reshuffle . Return to the backbenches . Since returning to the backbenches , McVey has been a critic of her partys lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and has repeatedly broken the whip to vote against further restrictions . Personal life . McVey lives in West Kirby , Wirral . She was previously in relationships with BBC producer Mal Young and former Conservative frontbencher Ed Vaizey . When in London , she shared a flat in Pimlico with Conservative colleague Philip Davies MP , with whom she has had a long time on-and-off romantic interest . They were reported to be partners in July 2018 . The house-sharing arrangement ended when McVey lost her seat at the 2015 general election . In May 2019 the BBCs Politics Live programme reported that she and Davies were engaged . On 19 September 2020 , McVey married Davies in a private ceremony . External links . - www.conservatives.com - Esther McVey MP official blog |
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] | easy | What was the position of Esther McVey from 2018 to Nov 2018? | /wiki/Esther_McVey#P39#2 | Esther McVey Esther Louise McVey ( born 24 October 1967 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tatton since 2017 . She previously served in the Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2019 to 2020 , Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2018 and Minister of State for Employment from 2014 to 2015 . Born in Liverpool , McVey was raised in foster care for the first two years of her life and was then raised by her biological family . She was privately educated at The Belvedere School before going on to study at Queen Mary University of London and City , University of London . After working at her familys construction business , she became a television presenter ; co-presenting GMTV with Eamonn Holmes . McVey first entered the House of Commons as MP for Wirral West at the 2010 general election . She served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2012 to 2013 , prior to serving as Minister of State for Employment from 2013 to 2015 . She was sworn into the Privy Council in 2014 and attended Cabinet after that years reshuffle . In the 2015 general election , she lost her seat and spent eighteen months serving as Chair of the British Transport Police Authority before returning to parliament in the 2017 general election , succeeding former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in Tatton . McVey served in the second May ministry as Deputy Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018 . She was appointed Work and Pensions Secretary in January 2018 . In July , she misled the House of Commons over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming a National Audit Office report showed it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded the roll-out should be paused . Amid calls for her resignation , she apologised to the House . She resigned in November 2018 in opposition to Brexit negotiations and Theresa Mays draft Brexit withdrawal agreement . She stood in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election but was eliminated in the first round after finishing in last place with nine votes . After the contest , she attended Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning until Boris Johnsons first Cabinet reshuffle . Early life and career . McVey , of Irish Catholic descent , was born in Liverpool . She spent the first two years of her life in foster care as a Barnardos child . She was educated at the ( at that time fee-paying , independent ) Belvedere School , before reading law at Queen Mary University of London ( LLB ) and radio journalism at City , University of London ( MA ) . In July 2009 , McVey graduated from Liverpool John Moores University with the degree of Master of Science in corporate governance . From 2000 to 2006 , McVey was a director of her familys Liverpool-based construction business J . G . McVey & Co . ( run by her father ) which specialised in demolition and site clearance , land reclamation and regeneration . In 2003 , the firm received two immediate prohibition safety notices with which it complied . Her father has since said that she was only there in name . Media career . McVey returned to the family business after university , while undertaking a postgraduate course in radio journalism at City University , before embarking on a career in the media , both as a presenter and producer . McVey was a co-presenter of the summer holiday Childrens BBC strand But First This in 1991 , and subsequently presented and produced a wide range of programmes , co-hosting GMTV , BBC1s science entertainment series How Do They Do That? , 5s Company , The Heaven and Earth Show , Shopping City , BBC2s youth current affairs programme Reportage , and Channel 4s legal series Nothing But The Truth with Ann Widdecombe . She took part in Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues at the Empire Theatre , Liverpool . McVey returned to Liverpool and set up her own business , Making It ( UK ) Ltd , which provides training for small and medium enterprises , as well as providing office space for new startup businesses which led to her founding Winning Women , supported by funding from the North West Regional Development Agency . Political career . A supporter of Conservative Way Forward , a Thatcherite organisation , McVey was selected to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in the 2005 general election for the Wirral West constituency , but lost to the sitting Labour MP Stephen Hesford by 1,097 votes . Member of Parliament for Wirral West ( 2010–2015 ) . In the 2010 general election , McVey gained Wirral West defeating the Labour candidate , Phil Davies , by a 2,436 majority ( 16,726 votes cast , 42.5% vote share ) . In 2010 , McVey was Parliamentary Private Secretary to then-Employment Minister Chris Grayling . From 2012 to 2013 , she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work and Pensions , working under Iain Duncan Smith . In December 2013 , she was formally reprimanded for using House of Commons notepaper and postage to electioneer for the Conservative Party ; she apologised and repaid the £300 costs . David Cameron appointed McVey Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work and Pensions in an October 2013 reshuffle . McVey was later sworn into the Privy Council on 27 February 2014 . Shortly after being made Minister for Employment , McVey had the responsibility for the Health and Safety Executive taken away after it was reported that a demolition company had been found to be in violation of health and safety laws while she was director . In April 2014 McVey apologised for a tweet criticising the Wirral Labour Party that was issued during the Hillsborough memorial service . Social media posts at the time claimed the timing of the tweet showed a lack of respect . In November 2014 , then-backbench Labour MP John McDonnell discussed a Sack Esther McVey Day among Labour activists and politicians , saying that a whole group in the audience argued Why are we sacking her ? Why arent we lynching the bastard ? The Conservative Party chairman Grant Shapps called for Labour to withdraw the whip from McDonnell . The official Labour Party Twitter feed said McDonnells comments dont represent the views of the Labour Party . He speaks for himself . In 2015 , speaking to Robert Peston of ITV , McDonnell defended his comments by saying that he was simply report [ ing ] what was shouted out at a public meeting . On the same day as his lynch remarks , in a debate in the House of Commons , McDonnell criticised McVey for playing the victim and proceeded to call her a stain of inhumanity . Out of parliament ( 2015–2017 ) . In the 2015 general election , McVey was defeated by the Labour candidate Margaret Greenwood who gained the Wirral West seat by 417 votes . After losing her seat , McVey took up the post of chair of the British Transport Police Authority from November 2015 , on a four-year contract . However , ten days after it was announced that a 2017 general election would take place , McVey resigned the post . Between the elections she also had part-time jobs as a special adviser to Irish lobbying firm Hume Brophy and an investment firm and a fellowship at the University of Hull . Member of Parliament for Tatton ( 2017–present ) . In April 2017 , McVey was selected to succeed George Osborne as the Conservative candidate for the June 2017 general election in his safe seat of Tatton . She was elected , with around the same vote share as Osborne gained in 2015 ( 58.6% ) ( and with a larger number of votes than Osborne gained in any of the four times he stood in an election at Tatton ) , but with a decreased majority . In a reshuffle prompted by Sir Michael Fallons resignation as Secretary of State for Defence in the wake of sexual assault allegations , and in which former Chief Whip Gavin Williamson replaced Fallon and his deputy Julian Smith replaced Williamson , McVey was appointed Deputy Chief Government Whip . Secretary of State for Work and Pensions ( 2018 ) . On 8 January 2018 , McVey was appointed as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post she held until 15 November 2018 when she resigned over the Brexit deal . Labour MP Dan Carden said McVeys appointment will put fear in the hearts of the vulnerable and disabled . The last time McVey was at DWP she was ejected from parliament by the voters of Wirral West . In July 2018 it was reported by the head of the National Audit Office ( NAO ) that McVey had misled parliament over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming that the NAO report showed that it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded that the roll-out should be paused . She apologised to the House of Commons on 4 July 2018 amid calls for her resignation . Margaret Greenwood said in parliament , The secretary of state should be ashamed that she has been forced to come to this house again . If she misread this report so badly this brings in to question her competence and her judgment . If she did read the report and chose to misrepresent its findings , she has clearly broken the ministerial code . Either way , she should resign . McVey said that there were problems with Universal Credit . The Guardian wrote , Tens of thousands of ESA claimants will receive back-payments of £5,000–£20,000 as a result of what MPs have called a series of avoidable mistakes . The DWP was warned of the error as early as 2014 , but failed to take action until 2017 . Polly Toynbee wrote , Its no surprise that a minister who misleads parliament and thumbs her nose at the NAO is even more indifferent to the people who really matter – the millions suffering her departments infliction of extreme hardship as they are transferred to UC . On 15 November 2018 , McVey announced her ministerial resignation over Brexit following Mays publication of the draft proposed deal . She was replaced by former Home Secretary Amber Rudd . It was reported on 27 June 2019 that McVey had received £17,000 for her resignation in severance pay . She was criticised by Labour MP Neil Coyle for taking the payment when she had earlier admitted universal credit had failings . Out of Cabinet ( 2018–2019 ) . In March 2019 , she was criticised after tweeting a widely discredited claim made in a 2014 newspaper opinion column about the UK , along with other EU states , being forced to join the Euro from 2020 , before later deleting it . Conservative Party leadership campaign ( 2019 ) . In May 2019 , McVey announced her intention to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party when Theresa May resigns , claiming that she already had enough support to stand . Later that month , McVey launched Blue Collar Conservatives , as part of her leadership campaign , with MPs such as Scott Mann , Iain Duncan Smith and her partner Philip Davies in attendance . McVey finished in last place , after the first ballot of the Conservative Party leadership candidates , and was eliminated . Minister of State for Housing and Planning ( 2019–2020 ) . Following Boris Johnson winning the leadership contest and becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 , McVey returned to the cabinet when he made her Minister of State for Housing and Planning . In September 2019 , during an event on housing at the Conservative Party conference , she received widespread ridicule after she referred to 3D architects doing it with it on a computer and suggested that this was a new technology . She was dismissed in Johnsons post-Brexit reshuffle . Return to the backbenches . Since returning to the backbenches , McVey has been a critic of her partys lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and has repeatedly broken the whip to vote against further restrictions . Personal life . McVey lives in West Kirby , Wirral . She was previously in relationships with BBC producer Mal Young and former Conservative frontbencher Ed Vaizey . When in London , she shared a flat in Pimlico with Conservative colleague Philip Davies MP , with whom she has had a long time on-and-off romantic interest . They were reported to be partners in July 2018 . The house-sharing arrangement ended when McVey lost her seat at the 2015 general election . In May 2019 the BBCs Politics Live programme reported that she and Davies were engaged . On 19 September 2020 , McVey married Davies in a private ceremony . External links . - www.conservatives.com - Esther McVey MP official blog |
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] | easy | What position did Esther McVey take from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020? | /wiki/Esther_McVey#P39#3 | Esther McVey Esther Louise McVey ( born 24 October 1967 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tatton since 2017 . She previously served in the Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2019 to 2020 , Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2018 and Minister of State for Employment from 2014 to 2015 . Born in Liverpool , McVey was raised in foster care for the first two years of her life and was then raised by her biological family . She was privately educated at The Belvedere School before going on to study at Queen Mary University of London and City , University of London . After working at her familys construction business , she became a television presenter ; co-presenting GMTV with Eamonn Holmes . McVey first entered the House of Commons as MP for Wirral West at the 2010 general election . She served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2012 to 2013 , prior to serving as Minister of State for Employment from 2013 to 2015 . She was sworn into the Privy Council in 2014 and attended Cabinet after that years reshuffle . In the 2015 general election , she lost her seat and spent eighteen months serving as Chair of the British Transport Police Authority before returning to parliament in the 2017 general election , succeeding former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in Tatton . McVey served in the second May ministry as Deputy Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018 . She was appointed Work and Pensions Secretary in January 2018 . In July , she misled the House of Commons over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming a National Audit Office report showed it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded the roll-out should be paused . Amid calls for her resignation , she apologised to the House . She resigned in November 2018 in opposition to Brexit negotiations and Theresa Mays draft Brexit withdrawal agreement . She stood in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election but was eliminated in the first round after finishing in last place with nine votes . After the contest , she attended Cabinet as Minister of State for Housing and Planning until Boris Johnsons first Cabinet reshuffle . Early life and career . McVey , of Irish Catholic descent , was born in Liverpool . She spent the first two years of her life in foster care as a Barnardos child . She was educated at the ( at that time fee-paying , independent ) Belvedere School , before reading law at Queen Mary University of London ( LLB ) and radio journalism at City , University of London ( MA ) . In July 2009 , McVey graduated from Liverpool John Moores University with the degree of Master of Science in corporate governance . From 2000 to 2006 , McVey was a director of her familys Liverpool-based construction business J . G . McVey & Co . ( run by her father ) which specialised in demolition and site clearance , land reclamation and regeneration . In 2003 , the firm received two immediate prohibition safety notices with which it complied . Her father has since said that she was only there in name . Media career . McVey returned to the family business after university , while undertaking a postgraduate course in radio journalism at City University , before embarking on a career in the media , both as a presenter and producer . McVey was a co-presenter of the summer holiday Childrens BBC strand But First This in 1991 , and subsequently presented and produced a wide range of programmes , co-hosting GMTV , BBC1s science entertainment series How Do They Do That? , 5s Company , The Heaven and Earth Show , Shopping City , BBC2s youth current affairs programme Reportage , and Channel 4s legal series Nothing But The Truth with Ann Widdecombe . She took part in Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues at the Empire Theatre , Liverpool . McVey returned to Liverpool and set up her own business , Making It ( UK ) Ltd , which provides training for small and medium enterprises , as well as providing office space for new startup businesses which led to her founding Winning Women , supported by funding from the North West Regional Development Agency . Political career . A supporter of Conservative Way Forward , a Thatcherite organisation , McVey was selected to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in the 2005 general election for the Wirral West constituency , but lost to the sitting Labour MP Stephen Hesford by 1,097 votes . Member of Parliament for Wirral West ( 2010–2015 ) . In the 2010 general election , McVey gained Wirral West defeating the Labour candidate , Phil Davies , by a 2,436 majority ( 16,726 votes cast , 42.5% vote share ) . In 2010 , McVey was Parliamentary Private Secretary to then-Employment Minister Chris Grayling . From 2012 to 2013 , she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work and Pensions , working under Iain Duncan Smith . In December 2013 , she was formally reprimanded for using House of Commons notepaper and postage to electioneer for the Conservative Party ; she apologised and repaid the £300 costs . David Cameron appointed McVey Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work and Pensions in an October 2013 reshuffle . McVey was later sworn into the Privy Council on 27 February 2014 . Shortly after being made Minister for Employment , McVey had the responsibility for the Health and Safety Executive taken away after it was reported that a demolition company had been found to be in violation of health and safety laws while she was director . In April 2014 McVey apologised for a tweet criticising the Wirral Labour Party that was issued during the Hillsborough memorial service . Social media posts at the time claimed the timing of the tweet showed a lack of respect . In November 2014 , then-backbench Labour MP John McDonnell discussed a Sack Esther McVey Day among Labour activists and politicians , saying that a whole group in the audience argued Why are we sacking her ? Why arent we lynching the bastard ? The Conservative Party chairman Grant Shapps called for Labour to withdraw the whip from McDonnell . The official Labour Party Twitter feed said McDonnells comments dont represent the views of the Labour Party . He speaks for himself . In 2015 , speaking to Robert Peston of ITV , McDonnell defended his comments by saying that he was simply report [ ing ] what was shouted out at a public meeting . On the same day as his lynch remarks , in a debate in the House of Commons , McDonnell criticised McVey for playing the victim and proceeded to call her a stain of inhumanity . Out of parliament ( 2015–2017 ) . In the 2015 general election , McVey was defeated by the Labour candidate Margaret Greenwood who gained the Wirral West seat by 417 votes . After losing her seat , McVey took up the post of chair of the British Transport Police Authority from November 2015 , on a four-year contract . However , ten days after it was announced that a 2017 general election would take place , McVey resigned the post . Between the elections she also had part-time jobs as a special adviser to Irish lobbying firm Hume Brophy and an investment firm and a fellowship at the University of Hull . Member of Parliament for Tatton ( 2017–present ) . In April 2017 , McVey was selected to succeed George Osborne as the Conservative candidate for the June 2017 general election in his safe seat of Tatton . She was elected , with around the same vote share as Osborne gained in 2015 ( 58.6% ) ( and with a larger number of votes than Osborne gained in any of the four times he stood in an election at Tatton ) , but with a decreased majority . In a reshuffle prompted by Sir Michael Fallons resignation as Secretary of State for Defence in the wake of sexual assault allegations , and in which former Chief Whip Gavin Williamson replaced Fallon and his deputy Julian Smith replaced Williamson , McVey was appointed Deputy Chief Government Whip . Secretary of State for Work and Pensions ( 2018 ) . On 8 January 2018 , McVey was appointed as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post she held until 15 November 2018 when she resigned over the Brexit deal . Labour MP Dan Carden said McVeys appointment will put fear in the hearts of the vulnerable and disabled . The last time McVey was at DWP she was ejected from parliament by the voters of Wirral West . In July 2018 it was reported by the head of the National Audit Office ( NAO ) that McVey had misled parliament over the new Universal Credit scheme by claiming that the NAO report showed that it should be rolled out faster when in fact the report concluded that the roll-out should be paused . She apologised to the House of Commons on 4 July 2018 amid calls for her resignation . Margaret Greenwood said in parliament , The secretary of state should be ashamed that she has been forced to come to this house again . If she misread this report so badly this brings in to question her competence and her judgment . If she did read the report and chose to misrepresent its findings , she has clearly broken the ministerial code . Either way , she should resign . McVey said that there were problems with Universal Credit . The Guardian wrote , Tens of thousands of ESA claimants will receive back-payments of £5,000–£20,000 as a result of what MPs have called a series of avoidable mistakes . The DWP was warned of the error as early as 2014 , but failed to take action until 2017 . Polly Toynbee wrote , Its no surprise that a minister who misleads parliament and thumbs her nose at the NAO is even more indifferent to the people who really matter – the millions suffering her departments infliction of extreme hardship as they are transferred to UC . On 15 November 2018 , McVey announced her ministerial resignation over Brexit following Mays publication of the draft proposed deal . She was replaced by former Home Secretary Amber Rudd . It was reported on 27 June 2019 that McVey had received £17,000 for her resignation in severance pay . She was criticised by Labour MP Neil Coyle for taking the payment when she had earlier admitted universal credit had failings . Out of Cabinet ( 2018–2019 ) . In March 2019 , she was criticised after tweeting a widely discredited claim made in a 2014 newspaper opinion column about the UK , along with other EU states , being forced to join the Euro from 2020 , before later deleting it . Conservative Party leadership campaign ( 2019 ) . In May 2019 , McVey announced her intention to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party when Theresa May resigns , claiming that she already had enough support to stand . Later that month , McVey launched Blue Collar Conservatives , as part of her leadership campaign , with MPs such as Scott Mann , Iain Duncan Smith and her partner Philip Davies in attendance . McVey finished in last place , after the first ballot of the Conservative Party leadership candidates , and was eliminated . Minister of State for Housing and Planning ( 2019–2020 ) . Following Boris Johnson winning the leadership contest and becoming Prime Minister in July 2019 , McVey returned to the cabinet when he made her Minister of State for Housing and Planning . In September 2019 , during an event on housing at the Conservative Party conference , she received widespread ridicule after she referred to 3D architects doing it with it on a computer and suggested that this was a new technology . She was dismissed in Johnsons post-Brexit reshuffle . Return to the backbenches . Since returning to the backbenches , McVey has been a critic of her partys lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and has repeatedly broken the whip to vote against further restrictions . Personal life . McVey lives in West Kirby , Wirral . She was previously in relationships with BBC producer Mal Young and former Conservative frontbencher Ed Vaizey . When in London , she shared a flat in Pimlico with Conservative colleague Philip Davies MP , with whom she has had a long time on-and-off romantic interest . They were reported to be partners in July 2018 . The house-sharing arrangement ended when McVey lost her seat at the 2015 general election . In May 2019 the BBCs Politics Live programme reported that she and Davies were engaged . On 19 September 2020 , McVey married Davies in a private ceremony . External links . - www.conservatives.com - Esther McVey MP official blog |
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] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Exchange and Provost from Oct 1960 to Nov 1973? | /wiki/Exchange_and_Provost#P1435#0 | Exchange and Provost The Old Exchange & Provost Dungeon , also known as the Custom House , and The Exchange , is a historic building at East Bay and Broad Streets in Charleston , South Carolina , USA . Built in 1767–1771 , it has served a variety of civic institutional functions , including notably as a prisoner of war facility operated by British forces during the American Revolutionary War . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 . It is now a museum operated by the Daughters of the American Revolution . Description . The Old Exchange is located on the east side of Charlestons historic downtown area , at the northeast corner of East Bay and Broad Streets . It is a two-story masonry building , capped by a hipped roof with cupola and set on a high brick basement . The main facade faces west , and has a projecting three-bay gabled section at its center with entrances recessed in three round-arch openings on the first floor , and sash windows set in bays articulated by Ionic pilasters on the second . The flanking walls each have a Palladian window set on a brick base with balustrade . History . The Exchange was built from 1767–1771 by South Carolinas provincial government , and was used during the 18th century for a variety of civic functions , including as a custom house , public market , public meeting place , and jail . During the American Revolution , confiscated tea was stored here in 1774 , and it is where South Carolinas revolutionary leadership councils were held . After the British captured the city in 1780 , it was used as a barracks , and its basement was used as a military prison . In 2012 , a study was completed of the buildings use as a British prison during the Revolutionary War . Soon after taking control of Charleston in 1780 , the British started housing prisoners in the Exchange , but not exclusively in the dungeon . The investigation was able to document at least 120 prisoners held in the Exchange , but there were many more whose identities could not be discovered . The facility was not exclusively used for Colonial prisoners , and at least some British soldiers were held there too . The building housed the South Carolina convention to ratify the United States Constitution in 1788 , and was the site of many of the events in George Washingtons week-long stay in Charleston . He was greeted by a crowd on the balcony . The building continued as an Exchange until the 19th century , when it also became a post office . During the 19th century , the postmaster defended the Exchanges shipment of abolitionist pamphlets from angry Charlestonian rioters . In the American Civil War , the building remained a Confederate post office , but was hit by several shells during the war , and thus abandoned . In 1913 , the building was granted to the Daughters of the American Revolution , who have preserved it ever since . In World War I , the building served as the army headquarters of General Leonard Wood and the United States Lighthouse Service—the latter having been in the building since the late 1800s . In World War II , the building not only served as a USO facility and canteen for troops , but served as the Coastal Picket Station for the Sixth Naval District of the United States Coast Guard . In 1965 , the Half-Moon Battery , a 1698 fortification , was discovered underneath the building . The buildings first cupola was damaged by a hurricane in the early 1800s . The second deteriorated before the great earthquake of 1886 , and the third was not placed until 1981 when the building opened as a museum . The building is owned by the South Carolina Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution , who operate guided costumed tours that include all three floors of the building . The Provost Dungeon once had animatronic figures that tell stories of pirates and colonial days , but these animatronics have been supplanted by personal dungeon tours by docents . |
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Exchange and Provost from Nov 1973 to Nov 1974? | /wiki/Exchange_and_Provost#P1435#1 | Exchange and Provost The Old Exchange & Provost Dungeon , also known as the Custom House , and The Exchange , is a historic building at East Bay and Broad Streets in Charleston , South Carolina , USA . Built in 1767–1771 , it has served a variety of civic institutional functions , including notably as a prisoner of war facility operated by British forces during the American Revolutionary War . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 . It is now a museum operated by the Daughters of the American Revolution . Description . The Old Exchange is located on the east side of Charlestons historic downtown area , at the northeast corner of East Bay and Broad Streets . It is a two-story masonry building , capped by a hipped roof with cupola and set on a high brick basement . The main facade faces west , and has a projecting three-bay gabled section at its center with entrances recessed in three round-arch openings on the first floor , and sash windows set in bays articulated by Ionic pilasters on the second . The flanking walls each have a Palladian window set on a brick base with balustrade . History . The Exchange was built from 1767–1771 by South Carolinas provincial government , and was used during the 18th century for a variety of civic functions , including as a custom house , public market , public meeting place , and jail . During the American Revolution , confiscated tea was stored here in 1774 , and it is where South Carolinas revolutionary leadership councils were held . After the British captured the city in 1780 , it was used as a barracks , and its basement was used as a military prison . In 2012 , a study was completed of the buildings use as a British prison during the Revolutionary War . Soon after taking control of Charleston in 1780 , the British started housing prisoners in the Exchange , but not exclusively in the dungeon . The investigation was able to document at least 120 prisoners held in the Exchange , but there were many more whose identities could not be discovered . The facility was not exclusively used for Colonial prisoners , and at least some British soldiers were held there too . The building housed the South Carolina convention to ratify the United States Constitution in 1788 , and was the site of many of the events in George Washingtons week-long stay in Charleston . He was greeted by a crowd on the balcony . The building continued as an Exchange until the 19th century , when it also became a post office . During the 19th century , the postmaster defended the Exchanges shipment of abolitionist pamphlets from angry Charlestonian rioters . In the American Civil War , the building remained a Confederate post office , but was hit by several shells during the war , and thus abandoned . In 1913 , the building was granted to the Daughters of the American Revolution , who have preserved it ever since . In World War I , the building served as the army headquarters of General Leonard Wood and the United States Lighthouse Service—the latter having been in the building since the late 1800s . In World War II , the building not only served as a USO facility and canteen for troops , but served as the Coastal Picket Station for the Sixth Naval District of the United States Coast Guard . In 1965 , the Half-Moon Battery , a 1698 fortification , was discovered underneath the building . The buildings first cupola was damaged by a hurricane in the early 1800s . The second deteriorated before the great earthquake of 1886 , and the third was not placed until 1981 when the building opened as a museum . The building is owned by the South Carolina Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution , who operate guided costumed tours that include all three floors of the building . The Provost Dungeon once had animatronic figures that tell stories of pirates and colonial days , but these animatronics have been supplanted by personal dungeon tours by docents . |
[
"Tralee and Dingle Light Railway"
] | easy | What operated TDLR 5 from 1892 to 1925? | /wiki/TDLR_5#P137#0 | TDLR 5 Tralee and Dingle Light Railway 5 is a locomotive manufactured by the Hunslet Engine Company in 1892 for the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway . It is difficult to understand why the Tralee and Dingle acquired this particular locomotive . Perhaps they were looking for a locomotive more suited to passenger work , the pony truck should give a better ride for the crews over lightly laid track , perhaps the extra truck was needed to keep the axle-weight down as No . 5 was some 9 tons heavier than the other , earlier Hunslets or , as it was fitted for oil-burning from new it could be that Hunslets , in looking for a narrow gauge railway on which to demonstrate their product , gave a good deal on the price , and railways were always looking for a good deal to help their finances . Regardless of which No . 5 arrived in 1892 and on the 1925 amalgamation became the sole representative of GSR Class 5T or Class PN2 . History . Tralee and Dingle locomotive No . 5 was delivered from its builders , The Hunslet Engine Company , of Leeds as their works number 555 in 1892 , ready fitted for oil-burning . It is believed that this was a prototype and Hunslet were looking for a railway to demonstrate its product , one of the first for narrow gauge . The T&D also purchased two oil-burning units for fitting to its other locomotives but they were never used . No.5 was converted to burn coal after only a short career as an oil-burner . Like the earlier Hunslet products No . 5 was delivered ready for “tramway” operation , fitted with “skirts” to cover the motion , a boiler mounted bell and headlights . As with the other locomotives the “skirts” had a short life and were removed to facilitate easy access to the motion oiling points etc . A new boiler was fitted in 1906 and , being a favourite of the engine crews , it saw many miles under its belt before being stopped in 1948 and taken to Inchicore Works . It was outshopped in 1949 and , with no work on its home line , sent to the Cavan and Leitrim Railway where it served until final withdrawal from service in 1959 . It was always said that this locomotive covered the most miles of all the T&D fleet it was so well liked by the crews , however this was put beyond doubt when it crossed the Atlantic in 1959 to return in 1988 to run again on its home metals . Livery . Tralee and Dingle locomotive livery was a dark green lined out red between two cream lines . Buffer beams were red . Following the 1925 amalgamation the livery followed that of the GSR in that locomotives were painted plain grey with red buffer beams . It carried this livery , in common with other TDLR locos , on into CIÉ days , retaining it ( though in filthy condition! ) to the end . Preservation . Locomotive No.5 was withdrawn from service in 1959 and bought by American millionaire F . Nelson Blount and was sent to the Steamtown Museum in Bellows Falls , Vermont , where it was cosmetically restored to TDLR condition and placed on static display . In 1988 , like the prodigal son ( or as locomotives are considered female , daughter ) , No . 5 returned to Tralee where , after 5 years , it was restored to working order for duties on the 1½ miles reopened section of the TDLR between Tralee and Blennerville . The locomotive is out of service after failing a boiler certificate and the whole project has ground to a halt as a result . A decision on her future depends on funding . She now lies dismantled in her home shed . External links . - Tralee & Dingle Light Railway news |
[
""
] | easy | What operated TDLR 5 from 1925 to Dec 1944? | /wiki/TDLR_5#P137#1 | TDLR 5 Tralee and Dingle Light Railway 5 is a locomotive manufactured by the Hunslet Engine Company in 1892 for the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway . It is difficult to understand why the Tralee and Dingle acquired this particular locomotive . Perhaps they were looking for a locomotive more suited to passenger work , the pony truck should give a better ride for the crews over lightly laid track , perhaps the extra truck was needed to keep the axle-weight down as No . 5 was some 9 tons heavier than the other , earlier Hunslets or , as it was fitted for oil-burning from new it could be that Hunslets , in looking for a narrow gauge railway on which to demonstrate their product , gave a good deal on the price , and railways were always looking for a good deal to help their finances . Regardless of which No . 5 arrived in 1892 and on the 1925 amalgamation became the sole representative of GSR Class 5T or Class PN2 . History . Tralee and Dingle locomotive No . 5 was delivered from its builders , The Hunslet Engine Company , of Leeds as their works number 555 in 1892 , ready fitted for oil-burning . It is believed that this was a prototype and Hunslet were looking for a railway to demonstrate its product , one of the first for narrow gauge . The T&D also purchased two oil-burning units for fitting to its other locomotives but they were never used . No.5 was converted to burn coal after only a short career as an oil-burner . Like the earlier Hunslet products No . 5 was delivered ready for “tramway” operation , fitted with “skirts” to cover the motion , a boiler mounted bell and headlights . As with the other locomotives the “skirts” had a short life and were removed to facilitate easy access to the motion oiling points etc . A new boiler was fitted in 1906 and , being a favourite of the engine crews , it saw many miles under its belt before being stopped in 1948 and taken to Inchicore Works . It was outshopped in 1949 and , with no work on its home line , sent to the Cavan and Leitrim Railway where it served until final withdrawal from service in 1959 . It was always said that this locomotive covered the most miles of all the T&D fleet it was so well liked by the crews , however this was put beyond doubt when it crossed the Atlantic in 1959 to return in 1988 to run again on its home metals . Livery . Tralee and Dingle locomotive livery was a dark green lined out red between two cream lines . Buffer beams were red . Following the 1925 amalgamation the livery followed that of the GSR in that locomotives were painted plain grey with red buffer beams . It carried this livery , in common with other TDLR locos , on into CIÉ days , retaining it ( though in filthy condition! ) to the end . Preservation . Locomotive No.5 was withdrawn from service in 1959 and bought by American millionaire F . Nelson Blount and was sent to the Steamtown Museum in Bellows Falls , Vermont , where it was cosmetically restored to TDLR condition and placed on static display . In 1988 , like the prodigal son ( or as locomotives are considered female , daughter ) , No . 5 returned to Tralee where , after 5 years , it was restored to working order for duties on the 1½ miles reopened section of the TDLR between Tralee and Blennerville . The locomotive is out of service after failing a boiler certificate and the whole project has ground to a halt as a result . A decision on her future depends on funding . She now lies dismantled in her home shed . External links . - Tralee & Dingle Light Railway news |
[
"CIÉ"
] | easy | What operated TDLR 5 from 1945 to 1959? | /wiki/TDLR_5#P137#2 | TDLR 5 Tralee and Dingle Light Railway 5 is a locomotive manufactured by the Hunslet Engine Company in 1892 for the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway . It is difficult to understand why the Tralee and Dingle acquired this particular locomotive . Perhaps they were looking for a locomotive more suited to passenger work , the pony truck should give a better ride for the crews over lightly laid track , perhaps the extra truck was needed to keep the axle-weight down as No . 5 was some 9 tons heavier than the other , earlier Hunslets or , as it was fitted for oil-burning from new it could be that Hunslets , in looking for a narrow gauge railway on which to demonstrate their product , gave a good deal on the price , and railways were always looking for a good deal to help their finances . Regardless of which No . 5 arrived in 1892 and on the 1925 amalgamation became the sole representative of GSR Class 5T or Class PN2 . History . Tralee and Dingle locomotive No . 5 was delivered from its builders , The Hunslet Engine Company , of Leeds as their works number 555 in 1892 , ready fitted for oil-burning . It is believed that this was a prototype and Hunslet were looking for a railway to demonstrate its product , one of the first for narrow gauge . The T&D also purchased two oil-burning units for fitting to its other locomotives but they were never used . No.5 was converted to burn coal after only a short career as an oil-burner . Like the earlier Hunslet products No . 5 was delivered ready for “tramway” operation , fitted with “skirts” to cover the motion , a boiler mounted bell and headlights . As with the other locomotives the “skirts” had a short life and were removed to facilitate easy access to the motion oiling points etc . A new boiler was fitted in 1906 and , being a favourite of the engine crews , it saw many miles under its belt before being stopped in 1948 and taken to Inchicore Works . It was outshopped in 1949 and , with no work on its home line , sent to the Cavan and Leitrim Railway where it served until final withdrawal from service in 1959 . It was always said that this locomotive covered the most miles of all the T&D fleet it was so well liked by the crews , however this was put beyond doubt when it crossed the Atlantic in 1959 to return in 1988 to run again on its home metals . Livery . Tralee and Dingle locomotive livery was a dark green lined out red between two cream lines . Buffer beams were red . Following the 1925 amalgamation the livery followed that of the GSR in that locomotives were painted plain grey with red buffer beams . It carried this livery , in common with other TDLR locos , on into CIÉ days , retaining it ( though in filthy condition! ) to the end . Preservation . Locomotive No.5 was withdrawn from service in 1959 and bought by American millionaire F . Nelson Blount and was sent to the Steamtown Museum in Bellows Falls , Vermont , where it was cosmetically restored to TDLR condition and placed on static display . In 1988 , like the prodigal son ( or as locomotives are considered female , daughter ) , No . 5 returned to Tralee where , after 5 years , it was restored to working order for duties on the 1½ miles reopened section of the TDLR between Tralee and Blennerville . The locomotive is out of service after failing a boiler certificate and the whole project has ground to a halt as a result . A decision on her future depends on funding . She now lies dismantled in her home shed . External links . - Tralee & Dingle Light Railway news |
[
"Woman Grandmaster"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Marina Brunello in 2016? | /wiki/Marina_Brunello#P2962#0 | Marina Brunello Marina Brunello ( born 16 June 1994 ) is an Italian chess player . She holds the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster . Chess career . In 2008 , in Bratto , Brunello won the Italian womens chess championship , becoming the youngest ever to do so at the age of 14 years , 2 months and 15 days . In 2011 she finished third in the womens round-robin tournament ( won by Sopiko Guramishvili ) held alongside the Torneo di Capodanno ( New Year’s Tournament ) in Reggio Emilia . Brunello won the Italian womens championship for the second time in 2018 , after beating Olga Zimina in a playoff . Marina Brunello played for Italy in the Womens Chess Olympiad : - In 2006 , at first reserve board ( Italy 2 ) in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +1 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 2008 , at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +3 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2010 , at third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =6 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +6 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2014 , at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +5 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2016 , at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +6 , =4 , -1 ) . She won the individual gold medal on board four at the Womens Olympiad of 2018 in Batumi . Brunello played for Italy in the European Team Chess Championship : - In 2009 , at third board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Novi Sad ( +2 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 2011 , at third board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2013 , at third board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2015 , at third board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Reykjavik and won individual bronze medal ( +5 , =3 , -1 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the title of Woman International Master ( WIM ) by FIDE and received that of FIDE Master ( FM ) four years later . In 2016 , Brunello was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , which was followed by that of International Master ( IM ) three years later . Personal life . Her brother Sabino Brunello is also a chess player . External links . - Marina Brunello chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"FIDE Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Marina Brunello in 2014? | /wiki/Marina_Brunello#P2962#1 | Marina Brunello Marina Brunello ( born 16 June 1994 ) is an Italian chess player . She holds the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster . Chess career . In 2008 , in Bratto , Brunello won the Italian womens chess championship , becoming the youngest ever to do so at the age of 14 years , 2 months and 15 days . In 2011 she finished third in the womens round-robin tournament ( won by Sopiko Guramishvili ) held alongside the Torneo di Capodanno ( New Year’s Tournament ) in Reggio Emilia . Brunello won the Italian womens championship for the second time in 2018 , after beating Olga Zimina in a playoff . Marina Brunello played for Italy in the Womens Chess Olympiad : - In 2006 , at first reserve board ( Italy 2 ) in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +1 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 2008 , at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +3 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2010 , at third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =6 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +6 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2014 , at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +5 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2016 , at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +6 , =4 , -1 ) . She won the individual gold medal on board four at the Womens Olympiad of 2018 in Batumi . Brunello played for Italy in the European Team Chess Championship : - In 2009 , at third board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Novi Sad ( +2 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 2011 , at third board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2013 , at third board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2015 , at third board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Reykjavik and won individual bronze medal ( +5 , =3 , -1 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the title of Woman International Master ( WIM ) by FIDE and received that of FIDE Master ( FM ) four years later . In 2016 , Brunello was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , which was followed by that of International Master ( IM ) three years later . Personal life . Her brother Sabino Brunello is also a chess player . External links . - Marina Brunello chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"Woman International Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Marina Brunello in 2010? | /wiki/Marina_Brunello#P2962#2 | Marina Brunello Marina Brunello ( born 16 June 1994 ) is an Italian chess player . She holds the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster . Chess career . In 2008 , in Bratto , Brunello won the Italian womens chess championship , becoming the youngest ever to do so at the age of 14 years , 2 months and 15 days . In 2011 she finished third in the womens round-robin tournament ( won by Sopiko Guramishvili ) held alongside the Torneo di Capodanno ( New Year’s Tournament ) in Reggio Emilia . Brunello won the Italian womens championship for the second time in 2018 , after beating Olga Zimina in a playoff . Marina Brunello played for Italy in the Womens Chess Olympiad : - In 2006 , at first reserve board ( Italy 2 ) in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +1 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 2008 , at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +3 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2010 , at third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =6 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +6 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2014 , at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +5 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2016 , at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +6 , =4 , -1 ) . She won the individual gold medal on board four at the Womens Olympiad of 2018 in Batumi . Brunello played for Italy in the European Team Chess Championship : - In 2009 , at third board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Novi Sad ( +2 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 2011 , at third board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2013 , at third board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2015 , at third board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Reykjavik and won individual bronze medal ( +5 , =3 , -1 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the title of Woman International Master ( WIM ) by FIDE and received that of FIDE Master ( FM ) four years later . In 2016 , Brunello was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , which was followed by that of International Master ( IM ) three years later . Personal life . Her brother Sabino Brunello is also a chess player . External links . - Marina Brunello chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
""
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Marina Brunello in 2008? | /wiki/Marina_Brunello#P2962#3 | Marina Brunello Marina Brunello ( born 16 June 1994 ) is an Italian chess player . She holds the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster . Chess career . In 2008 , in Bratto , Brunello won the Italian womens chess championship , becoming the youngest ever to do so at the age of 14 years , 2 months and 15 days . In 2011 she finished third in the womens round-robin tournament ( won by Sopiko Guramishvili ) held alongside the Torneo di Capodanno ( New Year’s Tournament ) in Reggio Emilia . Brunello won the Italian womens championship for the second time in 2018 , after beating Olga Zimina in a playoff . Marina Brunello played for Italy in the Womens Chess Olympiad : - In 2006 , at first reserve board ( Italy 2 ) in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +1 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 2008 , at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +3 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2010 , at third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =6 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +6 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2014 , at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +5 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2016 , at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +6 , =4 , -1 ) . She won the individual gold medal on board four at the Womens Olympiad of 2018 in Batumi . Brunello played for Italy in the European Team Chess Championship : - In 2009 , at third board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Novi Sad ( +2 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 2011 , at third board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2013 , at third board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2015 , at third board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Reykjavik and won individual bronze medal ( +5 , =3 , -1 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the title of Woman International Master ( WIM ) by FIDE and received that of FIDE Master ( FM ) four years later . In 2016 , Brunello was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , which was followed by that of International Master ( IM ) three years later . Personal life . Her brother Sabino Brunello is also a chess player . External links . - Marina Brunello chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"International Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Marina Brunello in 2019? | /wiki/Marina_Brunello#P2962#4 | Marina Brunello Marina Brunello ( born 16 June 1994 ) is an Italian chess player . She holds the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster . Chess career . In 2008 , in Bratto , Brunello won the Italian womens chess championship , becoming the youngest ever to do so at the age of 14 years , 2 months and 15 days . In 2011 she finished third in the womens round-robin tournament ( won by Sopiko Guramishvili ) held alongside the Torneo di Capodanno ( New Year’s Tournament ) in Reggio Emilia . Brunello won the Italian womens championship for the second time in 2018 , after beating Olga Zimina in a playoff . Marina Brunello played for Italy in the Womens Chess Olympiad : - In 2006 , at first reserve board ( Italy 2 ) in the 37th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Turin ( +1 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 2008 , at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Dresden ( +3 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2010 , at third board in the 39th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Khanty-Mansiysk ( +2 , =6 , -3 ) , - In 2012 , at third board in the 40th Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Istanbul ( +6 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2014 , at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Tromsø ( +5 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2016 , at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad ( women ) in Baku ( +6 , =4 , -1 ) . She won the individual gold medal on board four at the Womens Olympiad of 2018 in Batumi . Brunello played for Italy in the European Team Chess Championship : - In 2009 , at third board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Novi Sad ( +2 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 2011 , at third board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Porto Carras ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2013 , at third board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Warsaw ( +5 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 2015 , at third board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship ( women ) in Reykjavik and won individual bronze medal ( +5 , =3 , -1 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the title of Woman International Master ( WIM ) by FIDE and received that of FIDE Master ( FM ) four years later . In 2016 , Brunello was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , which was followed by that of International Master ( IM ) three years later . Personal life . Her brother Sabino Brunello is also a chess player . External links . - Marina Brunello chess games at 365Chess.com |
[
"the Royal Society"
] | easy | What organization did Dorothy Hodgkin join in 1947? | /wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin#P463#0 | Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ( née Crowfoot ; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules , which became an essential tool in structural biology . Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously surmised by Edward Abraham and Ernst Boris Chain ; and the structure of vitamin B , for which in 1964 she became the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Hodgkin also elucidated the structure of insulin in 1969 after 35 years of work . Hodgkin used the name Dorothy Crowfoot until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin , when she began using Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society ( when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship ) , and by Somerville College . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin . Early life . Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo , Egypt , the eldest of the four daughters of John Winter Crowfoot ( 1873–1959 ) , then working for the countrys Ministry of Education , and his wife Grace Mary ( née Hood ) ( 1877–1957 ) , known to friends and family as Molly . The family lived in Cairo during the winter months , returning to England each year to avoid the hotter part of the season in Egypt . In 1914 , Hodgkins mother left Hodgkin ( age 4 ) and her two younger sisters Joan ( age 2 ) and Elisabeth ( age 7 months ) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing , and returned to her husband in Egypt . Hodgkins parents then moved south to Sudan where , until 1926 , her father was in charge of education and archaeology . Her mothers four brothers were killed in World War I and as a result she became an ardent supporter of the new League of Nations . In 1921 Hodgkins father entered her in the Sir John Leman Grammar School in Beccles , England , where she was one of two girls allowed to study chemistry . Only once , when she was 13 , did she make an extended visit to her parents , then living in Khartoum , the capital of Sudan , where her father was Principal of Gordon College . When she was 14 , her distant cousin , the chemist Charles Harington ( later Sir Charles ) , recommended D . S . Parsons Fundamentals of Biochemistry . Resuming the pre-war pattern , her parents lived and worked abroad for part of the year , returning to England and their children for several months every summer . In 1926 , on his retirement from the Sudan Civil Service , her father took the post of Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem , where he and her mother remained until 1935 . In 1928 , Hodgkin joined her parents at the archaeological site of Jerash , in present-day Jordan , where she documented the patterns of mosaics from multiple Byzantine-era Churches dated to the 5th-6th centuries . She finished the drawings as she started her studies in Oxford , while also conducting chemical analyses of glass tesserae from the same site . Her attention to detail through the creation of precise scale drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in chemistry . Hodgkin developed a passion for chemistry from a young age , and her mother , a proficient botanist , fostered her interest in the sciences . On her 16th birthday her mother gave her a book on X-ray crystallography which helped her decide her future . She was further encouraged by the chemist A.F . Joseph , a family friend who also worked in Sudan . Her state school education did not include Latin , then required for entrance to Oxbridge . Her Leman School headmaster gave her personal tuition in the subject , enabling her to pass the University of Oxford entrance examination . When Hodgkin was asked in later life to name her childhood heroes , she named three women : first and foremost , her mother , Molly ; the medical missionary Mary Slessor ; and the Principal of Somerville College Margery Fry . Higher education . In 1928 at age 18 she entered Somerville College , Oxford , where she studied chemistry . She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours degree , the third woman at this institution to achieve this distinction . In the autumn of that year , she began studying for a PhD at Newnham College , Cambridge , under the supervision of John Desmond Bernal . It was then that she became aware of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of proteins . She was working with Bernal on the techniques first application to the analysis of a biological substance , pepsin . The pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin , however she always made it clear that it was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave her additional key insights . Her PhD was awarded in 1937 for research on X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols . Career and discoveries . In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College , and in 1934 , she moved back to Oxford . The College appointed her its first fellow and tutor in chemistry in 1936 , a post which she held until 1977 . In the 1940s , one of her students was Margaret Roberts ( later Margaret Thatcher ) who , while Prime Minister , hung a portrait of Hodgkin in her office at Downing Street out of respect for her former teacher . Hodgkin was , however a life-long Labour Party supporter . In April 1953 , together with Sydney Brenner , Jack Dunitz , Leslie Orgel , and Beryl M . Oughton , Hodgkin was one of the first people to travel from Oxford to Cambridge to see the model of the double helix structure of DNA , constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson , which was based on data and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin . According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton ( married name , Rimmer ) , they drove to Cambridge in two cars after Hodgkin announced that they were off to see the model of the structure of DNA . Hodgkin became a Reader at Oxford in 1957 and she was given a fully modern laboratory the following year . In 1960 , Hodgkin was appointed the Royal Societys Wolfson Research Professor , a position she held until 1970 . This provided her salary , research expenses and research assistance to continue her work at the University of Oxford . She was a Fellow of Wolfson College , Oxford from 1977 to 1983 . Steroid structure . Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures . In 1945 , working with C.H . ( Harry ) Carlisle , she published the first such structure of a steroid , cholesteryl iodide ( having worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies ) . Penicillin structure . In 1945 , Hodgkin and her colleagues , including biochemist Barbara Low , solved the structure of penicillin , demonstrating , contrary to scientific opinion at the time , that it contains a β-lactam ring . The work was not published until 1949 . Vitamin B structure . In 1948 , Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B , and created new crystals . Vitamin B had first been discovered at Merck earlier that year . It had a structure at the time that was almost completely unknown , and when Hodgkin discovered it contained cobalt , she realized the structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis . The large size of the molecule , and the fact that the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a challenge in structure analysis that had not been previously explored . From these crystals , she deduced the presence of a ring structure because the crystals were pleochroic , a finding which she later confirmed using X-ray crystallography . The B study published by Hodgkin was described by Lawrence Bragg as being as significant as breaking the sound barrier . Scientists from Merck had previously crystallised B , but had published only refractive indices of the substance . The final structure of B , for which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Prize , was published in 1955 . Insulin structure . Insulin was one of Hodgkins most extraordinary research projects . It began in 1934 when she was offered a small sample of crystalline insulin by Robert Robinson . The hormone captured her imagination because of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body . However , at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed far enough to cope with the complexity of the insulin molecule . She and others spent many years improving the technique . It took 35 years after taking her first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography and computing techniques to be able to tackle larger and more complex molecules like insulin . Hodgkins dream of unlocking the structure of insulin was put on hold until 1969 when she was finally able to work with her team of young , international scientists to uncover the structure for the first time . Hodgkins work with insulin was instrumental in paving the way for insulin to be mass produced and used on a large scale for treatment of both type one and type two diabetes . She went on to cooperate with other laboratories active in insulin research , giving advice , and traveling the world giving talks about insulin and its importance for the future of diabetes . Solving the structure of insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes , both making mass production of insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure of insulin to create even better drug options for patients going forward . Personal life . Mentor . Hodgkins mentor Professor John Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life : scientifically , politically , and personally . Bernal was a key scientific adviser to the UK government during the Second World War . He was also an open and vocal member of the Communist Party and a faithful supporter of the Soviet regime until its invasion of Hungary in 1956 . Hodgkin always referred to him as Sage ; they were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin . The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the standards of the present and of those days . Health . In 1934 , at the age of 24 , Dorothy began experiencing pain in her hands:a visit to a doctor led to a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis which would become progressively worse and crippling over time , with deformities in both her hands and feet . In her last years , Hodgkin spent a great deal of time in a wheelchair and remained scientifically active . Marriage and family . In 1937 , Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin . He had not long returned from Palestine where he had resigned from the Colonial Office and was working in adult education . He was an intermittent member of the Communist Party and later wrote several major works on African politics and history , becoming a well-known lecturer at Balliol College in Oxford . The couple had three children : Luke ( b . 1938 ) , Elizabeth ( b . 1941 ) and Toby ( b . 1946 ) . Pseudonyms . Hodgkin published as Dorothy Crowfoot until 1949 , when she was persuaded by Hans Clarkes secretary to use her married name on a chapter she contributed to The Chemistry of Penicillin . By then she had been married for 12 years , given birth to three children and been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) . Thereafter she would publish as Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin , and this was the name used by the Nobel Foundation in its award to her and the biography it included among other Nobel Prize recipients ; it is also what the Science History Institute calls her . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society , when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship , and by Somerville College , after it inaugurated the annual lectures in her honour . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she worked or lived , e.g . 94 Woodstock Road , Oxford , she is Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . Contacts with scientists abroad . Between the 1950s and the 1970s Hodgkin established and maintained lasting contacts with scientists in her field abroad—at the Institute of Crystallography in Moscow ; in India ; and with the Chinese group working in Beijing and Shanghai on the structure of insulin . Her first visit to China was in 1959 . Over the next quarter century she travelled there seven more times , the last visit a year before her death . Particularly memorable was the visit in 1971 after the Chinese group themselves independently solved the structure of insulin , later than Hodgkins team but to a higher resolution . During the subsequent three years , 1972–1975 , when she was President of the International Union of Crystallography she was unable to persuade the Chinese authorities , however , to permit the countrys scientists to become members of the Union and attend its meetings . Her relations with a supposed scientist in another Peoples Democracy had less happy results . At the age of 73 , Hodgkin wrote a foreword to the English edition of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene , published by Robert Maxwell as the work of Elena Ceausescu , wife of Romanias communist dictator . Hodgkin wrote of the authors outstanding achievements and impressive career . Following the overthrow of Ceausescu during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , it was revealed that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary school nor attended university . Her scientific credentials were a hoax , and the publication in question was written for her by a team of scientists to obtain a fraudulent doctorate . Political views and activities . Because of Hodgkins political activities , and her husbands association with the Communist Party , she was banned from entering the US in 1953 and subsequently not allowed to visit the country except by CIA waiver . In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah , President of Ghana , a country he visited for extended periods before Nkrumahs ouster in 1966 . Hodgkin was in Ghana with her husband when they received the news that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize . Dorothy Hodgkin was never a communist . She acquired from her mother , Molly , a concern about social inequalities and a determination to do what she could to prevent armed conflict . Dorothy became particularly concerned about the threat of nuclear war . In 1976 , she became president of the Pugwash Conference and served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her in this post . She stepped down in 1988 , the year after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty imposed a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems , as well as an intrusive verification regime . She accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government in 1987 in recognition of her work for peace and disarmament . Disability and death . Due to distance , Hodgkin decided not to attend the 1987 Congress of the International Union of Crystallography in Australia . However , despite increasing frailty , she astounded close friends and family by going to Beijing for the 1993 Congress , where she was welcomed by all . She died in July 1994 after a stroke , at her husbands home in the village of Ilmington , near Shipston-on-Stour , Warwickshire . Portraits . The National Portrait Gallery , London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin including an oil painting of her at her desk by Maggi Hambling and a photograph portrait by David Montgomery . Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for a portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978 . One sketch is in the collection of the Science History Institute and another at the Royal Society in London . The portrait was never finished . A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Organ was commissioned by private subscription to become part of the collection of the Royal Society . Accepted by the president of the society on 25 March 1982 , it was the first portrait of a woman Fellow to be included in the Societys collection . Honours and awards . Living . - Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , and is the only British woman scientist to have been awarded a Nobel Prize in any of the three sciences it recognises . - In 1965 she was appointed to the Order of Merit . - She was the first and only woman to receive the prestigious Copley Medal . - In 1947 , she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1947 and EMBO Membership in 1970. , Hodgkin was Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1970 to 1988 . - In 1958 , she was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . - In 1966 , she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution . - She became a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1970s . - In 1982 she received the Lomonosov Medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences . - In 1987 she accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the government of Mikhail Gorbachev . - The communist government of Bulgaria awarded her its Dimitrov Prize . - An asteroid ( 5422 ) discovered on 23 December 1982 by L.G . Karachkina ( at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory , M.P.C . 22509 , in the USSR ) in 1993 was named Hodgkin in her honour . - In 1983 , Hodgkin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art . Legacy . - British commemorative stamps - Hodgkin was one of five Women of Achievement selected for a set issued in August 1996 . The others were Marea Hartman ( sports administrator ) , Margot Fonteyn ( ballerina/choreographer ) , Elisabeth Frink ( sculptor ) & Daphne du Maurier ( writer ) . All except Hodgkin were Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBEs ) . In 2010 , during the 350th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Society , Hodgkin was the only woman in a set of stamps celebrating ten of the Societys most illustrious members , taking her place alongside Isaac Newton , Edward Jenner , Joseph Lister , Benjamin Franklin , Charles Babbage , Robert Boyle , Ernest Rutherford , Nicholas Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace . - The Royal Society awards the Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship ( named in her honour ) for outstanding scientists at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances , such as parenting or caring responsibilities or health-related reasons . - The Council offices in the London Borough of Hackney and buildings at University of York , Bristol University and Keele University are named after her , as is the science block at Sir John Leman High School , her former school . - In 2012 , Hodgkin was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . In this series a panel of seven academics , journalists and historians named her among the group of people in the UK whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character . - In 2015 Hodgkins 1949 paper The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin was honoured by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the University of Oxford ( England ) . This research is notable for its groundbreaking use of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of complex natural products , in this instance , of penicillin . - Since 1999 , the Oxford International Womens Festival has presented the annual Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture , usually in March , in honour of Hodgkins work . The Lecture is a collaboration between Oxford AWiSE ( Association for Women in Science & Engineering ) , Somerville College and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . |
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"Pugwash Conference"
] | easy | What organization did Dorothy Hodgkin join in 1976? | /wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin#P463#1 | Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ( née Crowfoot ; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules , which became an essential tool in structural biology . Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously surmised by Edward Abraham and Ernst Boris Chain ; and the structure of vitamin B , for which in 1964 she became the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Hodgkin also elucidated the structure of insulin in 1969 after 35 years of work . Hodgkin used the name Dorothy Crowfoot until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin , when she began using Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society ( when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship ) , and by Somerville College . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin . Early life . Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo , Egypt , the eldest of the four daughters of John Winter Crowfoot ( 1873–1959 ) , then working for the countrys Ministry of Education , and his wife Grace Mary ( née Hood ) ( 1877–1957 ) , known to friends and family as Molly . The family lived in Cairo during the winter months , returning to England each year to avoid the hotter part of the season in Egypt . In 1914 , Hodgkins mother left Hodgkin ( age 4 ) and her two younger sisters Joan ( age 2 ) and Elisabeth ( age 7 months ) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing , and returned to her husband in Egypt . Hodgkins parents then moved south to Sudan where , until 1926 , her father was in charge of education and archaeology . Her mothers four brothers were killed in World War I and as a result she became an ardent supporter of the new League of Nations . In 1921 Hodgkins father entered her in the Sir John Leman Grammar School in Beccles , England , where she was one of two girls allowed to study chemistry . Only once , when she was 13 , did she make an extended visit to her parents , then living in Khartoum , the capital of Sudan , where her father was Principal of Gordon College . When she was 14 , her distant cousin , the chemist Charles Harington ( later Sir Charles ) , recommended D . S . Parsons Fundamentals of Biochemistry . Resuming the pre-war pattern , her parents lived and worked abroad for part of the year , returning to England and their children for several months every summer . In 1926 , on his retirement from the Sudan Civil Service , her father took the post of Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem , where he and her mother remained until 1935 . In 1928 , Hodgkin joined her parents at the archaeological site of Jerash , in present-day Jordan , where she documented the patterns of mosaics from multiple Byzantine-era Churches dated to the 5th-6th centuries . She finished the drawings as she started her studies in Oxford , while also conducting chemical analyses of glass tesserae from the same site . Her attention to detail through the creation of precise scale drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in chemistry . Hodgkin developed a passion for chemistry from a young age , and her mother , a proficient botanist , fostered her interest in the sciences . On her 16th birthday her mother gave her a book on X-ray crystallography which helped her decide her future . She was further encouraged by the chemist A.F . Joseph , a family friend who also worked in Sudan . Her state school education did not include Latin , then required for entrance to Oxbridge . Her Leman School headmaster gave her personal tuition in the subject , enabling her to pass the University of Oxford entrance examination . When Hodgkin was asked in later life to name her childhood heroes , she named three women : first and foremost , her mother , Molly ; the medical missionary Mary Slessor ; and the Principal of Somerville College Margery Fry . Higher education . In 1928 at age 18 she entered Somerville College , Oxford , where she studied chemistry . She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours degree , the third woman at this institution to achieve this distinction . In the autumn of that year , she began studying for a PhD at Newnham College , Cambridge , under the supervision of John Desmond Bernal . It was then that she became aware of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of proteins . She was working with Bernal on the techniques first application to the analysis of a biological substance , pepsin . The pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin , however she always made it clear that it was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave her additional key insights . Her PhD was awarded in 1937 for research on X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols . Career and discoveries . In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College , and in 1934 , she moved back to Oxford . The College appointed her its first fellow and tutor in chemistry in 1936 , a post which she held until 1977 . In the 1940s , one of her students was Margaret Roberts ( later Margaret Thatcher ) who , while Prime Minister , hung a portrait of Hodgkin in her office at Downing Street out of respect for her former teacher . Hodgkin was , however a life-long Labour Party supporter . In April 1953 , together with Sydney Brenner , Jack Dunitz , Leslie Orgel , and Beryl M . Oughton , Hodgkin was one of the first people to travel from Oxford to Cambridge to see the model of the double helix structure of DNA , constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson , which was based on data and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin . According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton ( married name , Rimmer ) , they drove to Cambridge in two cars after Hodgkin announced that they were off to see the model of the structure of DNA . Hodgkin became a Reader at Oxford in 1957 and she was given a fully modern laboratory the following year . In 1960 , Hodgkin was appointed the Royal Societys Wolfson Research Professor , a position she held until 1970 . This provided her salary , research expenses and research assistance to continue her work at the University of Oxford . She was a Fellow of Wolfson College , Oxford from 1977 to 1983 . Steroid structure . Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures . In 1945 , working with C.H . ( Harry ) Carlisle , she published the first such structure of a steroid , cholesteryl iodide ( having worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies ) . Penicillin structure . In 1945 , Hodgkin and her colleagues , including biochemist Barbara Low , solved the structure of penicillin , demonstrating , contrary to scientific opinion at the time , that it contains a β-lactam ring . The work was not published until 1949 . Vitamin B structure . In 1948 , Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B , and created new crystals . Vitamin B had first been discovered at Merck earlier that year . It had a structure at the time that was almost completely unknown , and when Hodgkin discovered it contained cobalt , she realized the structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis . The large size of the molecule , and the fact that the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a challenge in structure analysis that had not been previously explored . From these crystals , she deduced the presence of a ring structure because the crystals were pleochroic , a finding which she later confirmed using X-ray crystallography . The B study published by Hodgkin was described by Lawrence Bragg as being as significant as breaking the sound barrier . Scientists from Merck had previously crystallised B , but had published only refractive indices of the substance . The final structure of B , for which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Prize , was published in 1955 . Insulin structure . Insulin was one of Hodgkins most extraordinary research projects . It began in 1934 when she was offered a small sample of crystalline insulin by Robert Robinson . The hormone captured her imagination because of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body . However , at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed far enough to cope with the complexity of the insulin molecule . She and others spent many years improving the technique . It took 35 years after taking her first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography and computing techniques to be able to tackle larger and more complex molecules like insulin . Hodgkins dream of unlocking the structure of insulin was put on hold until 1969 when she was finally able to work with her team of young , international scientists to uncover the structure for the first time . Hodgkins work with insulin was instrumental in paving the way for insulin to be mass produced and used on a large scale for treatment of both type one and type two diabetes . She went on to cooperate with other laboratories active in insulin research , giving advice , and traveling the world giving talks about insulin and its importance for the future of diabetes . Solving the structure of insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes , both making mass production of insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure of insulin to create even better drug options for patients going forward . Personal life . Mentor . Hodgkins mentor Professor John Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life : scientifically , politically , and personally . Bernal was a key scientific adviser to the UK government during the Second World War . He was also an open and vocal member of the Communist Party and a faithful supporter of the Soviet regime until its invasion of Hungary in 1956 . Hodgkin always referred to him as Sage ; they were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin . The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the standards of the present and of those days . Health . In 1934 , at the age of 24 , Dorothy began experiencing pain in her hands:a visit to a doctor led to a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis which would become progressively worse and crippling over time , with deformities in both her hands and feet . In her last years , Hodgkin spent a great deal of time in a wheelchair and remained scientifically active . Marriage and family . In 1937 , Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin . He had not long returned from Palestine where he had resigned from the Colonial Office and was working in adult education . He was an intermittent member of the Communist Party and later wrote several major works on African politics and history , becoming a well-known lecturer at Balliol College in Oxford . The couple had three children : Luke ( b . 1938 ) , Elizabeth ( b . 1941 ) and Toby ( b . 1946 ) . Pseudonyms . Hodgkin published as Dorothy Crowfoot until 1949 , when she was persuaded by Hans Clarkes secretary to use her married name on a chapter she contributed to The Chemistry of Penicillin . By then she had been married for 12 years , given birth to three children and been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) . Thereafter she would publish as Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin , and this was the name used by the Nobel Foundation in its award to her and the biography it included among other Nobel Prize recipients ; it is also what the Science History Institute calls her . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society , when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship , and by Somerville College , after it inaugurated the annual lectures in her honour . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she worked or lived , e.g . 94 Woodstock Road , Oxford , she is Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . Contacts with scientists abroad . Between the 1950s and the 1970s Hodgkin established and maintained lasting contacts with scientists in her field abroad—at the Institute of Crystallography in Moscow ; in India ; and with the Chinese group working in Beijing and Shanghai on the structure of insulin . Her first visit to China was in 1959 . Over the next quarter century she travelled there seven more times , the last visit a year before her death . Particularly memorable was the visit in 1971 after the Chinese group themselves independently solved the structure of insulin , later than Hodgkins team but to a higher resolution . During the subsequent three years , 1972–1975 , when she was President of the International Union of Crystallography she was unable to persuade the Chinese authorities , however , to permit the countrys scientists to become members of the Union and attend its meetings . Her relations with a supposed scientist in another Peoples Democracy had less happy results . At the age of 73 , Hodgkin wrote a foreword to the English edition of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene , published by Robert Maxwell as the work of Elena Ceausescu , wife of Romanias communist dictator . Hodgkin wrote of the authors outstanding achievements and impressive career . Following the overthrow of Ceausescu during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , it was revealed that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary school nor attended university . Her scientific credentials were a hoax , and the publication in question was written for her by a team of scientists to obtain a fraudulent doctorate . Political views and activities . Because of Hodgkins political activities , and her husbands association with the Communist Party , she was banned from entering the US in 1953 and subsequently not allowed to visit the country except by CIA waiver . In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah , President of Ghana , a country he visited for extended periods before Nkrumahs ouster in 1966 . Hodgkin was in Ghana with her husband when they received the news that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize . Dorothy Hodgkin was never a communist . She acquired from her mother , Molly , a concern about social inequalities and a determination to do what she could to prevent armed conflict . Dorothy became particularly concerned about the threat of nuclear war . In 1976 , she became president of the Pugwash Conference and served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her in this post . She stepped down in 1988 , the year after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty imposed a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems , as well as an intrusive verification regime . She accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government in 1987 in recognition of her work for peace and disarmament . Disability and death . Due to distance , Hodgkin decided not to attend the 1987 Congress of the International Union of Crystallography in Australia . However , despite increasing frailty , she astounded close friends and family by going to Beijing for the 1993 Congress , where she was welcomed by all . She died in July 1994 after a stroke , at her husbands home in the village of Ilmington , near Shipston-on-Stour , Warwickshire . Portraits . The National Portrait Gallery , London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin including an oil painting of her at her desk by Maggi Hambling and a photograph portrait by David Montgomery . Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for a portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978 . One sketch is in the collection of the Science History Institute and another at the Royal Society in London . The portrait was never finished . A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Organ was commissioned by private subscription to become part of the collection of the Royal Society . Accepted by the president of the society on 25 March 1982 , it was the first portrait of a woman Fellow to be included in the Societys collection . Honours and awards . Living . - Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , and is the only British woman scientist to have been awarded a Nobel Prize in any of the three sciences it recognises . - In 1965 she was appointed to the Order of Merit . - She was the first and only woman to receive the prestigious Copley Medal . - In 1947 , she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1947 and EMBO Membership in 1970. , Hodgkin was Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1970 to 1988 . - In 1958 , she was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . - In 1966 , she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution . - She became a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1970s . - In 1982 she received the Lomonosov Medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences . - In 1987 she accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the government of Mikhail Gorbachev . - The communist government of Bulgaria awarded her its Dimitrov Prize . - An asteroid ( 5422 ) discovered on 23 December 1982 by L.G . Karachkina ( at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory , M.P.C . 22509 , in the USSR ) in 1993 was named Hodgkin in her honour . - In 1983 , Hodgkin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art . Legacy . - British commemorative stamps - Hodgkin was one of five Women of Achievement selected for a set issued in August 1996 . The others were Marea Hartman ( sports administrator ) , Margot Fonteyn ( ballerina/choreographer ) , Elisabeth Frink ( sculptor ) & Daphne du Maurier ( writer ) . All except Hodgkin were Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBEs ) . In 2010 , during the 350th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Society , Hodgkin was the only woman in a set of stamps celebrating ten of the Societys most illustrious members , taking her place alongside Isaac Newton , Edward Jenner , Joseph Lister , Benjamin Franklin , Charles Babbage , Robert Boyle , Ernest Rutherford , Nicholas Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace . - The Royal Society awards the Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship ( named in her honour ) for outstanding scientists at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances , such as parenting or caring responsibilities or health-related reasons . - The Council offices in the London Borough of Hackney and buildings at University of York , Bristol University and Keele University are named after her , as is the science block at Sir John Leman High School , her former school . - In 2012 , Hodgkin was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . In this series a panel of seven academics , journalists and historians named her among the group of people in the UK whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character . - In 2015 Hodgkins 1949 paper The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin was honoured by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the University of Oxford ( England ) . This research is notable for its groundbreaking use of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of complex natural products , in this instance , of penicillin . - Since 1999 , the Oxford International Womens Festival has presented the annual Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture , usually in March , in honour of Hodgkins work . The Lecture is a collaboration between Oxford AWiSE ( Association for Women in Science & Engineering ) , Somerville College and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . |
[
""
] | easy | Dorothy Hodgkin became a member of what organization or association in 1971? | /wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin#P463#2 | Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ( née Crowfoot ; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules , which became an essential tool in structural biology . Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously surmised by Edward Abraham and Ernst Boris Chain ; and the structure of vitamin B , for which in 1964 she became the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Hodgkin also elucidated the structure of insulin in 1969 after 35 years of work . Hodgkin used the name Dorothy Crowfoot until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin , when she began using Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society ( when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship ) , and by Somerville College . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin . Early life . Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo , Egypt , the eldest of the four daughters of John Winter Crowfoot ( 1873–1959 ) , then working for the countrys Ministry of Education , and his wife Grace Mary ( née Hood ) ( 1877–1957 ) , known to friends and family as Molly . The family lived in Cairo during the winter months , returning to England each year to avoid the hotter part of the season in Egypt . In 1914 , Hodgkins mother left Hodgkin ( age 4 ) and her two younger sisters Joan ( age 2 ) and Elisabeth ( age 7 months ) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing , and returned to her husband in Egypt . Hodgkins parents then moved south to Sudan where , until 1926 , her father was in charge of education and archaeology . Her mothers four brothers were killed in World War I and as a result she became an ardent supporter of the new League of Nations . In 1921 Hodgkins father entered her in the Sir John Leman Grammar School in Beccles , England , where she was one of two girls allowed to study chemistry . Only once , when she was 13 , did she make an extended visit to her parents , then living in Khartoum , the capital of Sudan , where her father was Principal of Gordon College . When she was 14 , her distant cousin , the chemist Charles Harington ( later Sir Charles ) , recommended D . S . Parsons Fundamentals of Biochemistry . Resuming the pre-war pattern , her parents lived and worked abroad for part of the year , returning to England and their children for several months every summer . In 1926 , on his retirement from the Sudan Civil Service , her father took the post of Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem , where he and her mother remained until 1935 . In 1928 , Hodgkin joined her parents at the archaeological site of Jerash , in present-day Jordan , where she documented the patterns of mosaics from multiple Byzantine-era Churches dated to the 5th-6th centuries . She finished the drawings as she started her studies in Oxford , while also conducting chemical analyses of glass tesserae from the same site . Her attention to detail through the creation of precise scale drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in chemistry . Hodgkin developed a passion for chemistry from a young age , and her mother , a proficient botanist , fostered her interest in the sciences . On her 16th birthday her mother gave her a book on X-ray crystallography which helped her decide her future . She was further encouraged by the chemist A.F . Joseph , a family friend who also worked in Sudan . Her state school education did not include Latin , then required for entrance to Oxbridge . Her Leman School headmaster gave her personal tuition in the subject , enabling her to pass the University of Oxford entrance examination . When Hodgkin was asked in later life to name her childhood heroes , she named three women : first and foremost , her mother , Molly ; the medical missionary Mary Slessor ; and the Principal of Somerville College Margery Fry . Higher education . In 1928 at age 18 she entered Somerville College , Oxford , where she studied chemistry . She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours degree , the third woman at this institution to achieve this distinction . In the autumn of that year , she began studying for a PhD at Newnham College , Cambridge , under the supervision of John Desmond Bernal . It was then that she became aware of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of proteins . She was working with Bernal on the techniques first application to the analysis of a biological substance , pepsin . The pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin , however she always made it clear that it was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave her additional key insights . Her PhD was awarded in 1937 for research on X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols . Career and discoveries . In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College , and in 1934 , she moved back to Oxford . The College appointed her its first fellow and tutor in chemistry in 1936 , a post which she held until 1977 . In the 1940s , one of her students was Margaret Roberts ( later Margaret Thatcher ) who , while Prime Minister , hung a portrait of Hodgkin in her office at Downing Street out of respect for her former teacher . Hodgkin was , however a life-long Labour Party supporter . In April 1953 , together with Sydney Brenner , Jack Dunitz , Leslie Orgel , and Beryl M . Oughton , Hodgkin was one of the first people to travel from Oxford to Cambridge to see the model of the double helix structure of DNA , constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson , which was based on data and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin . According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton ( married name , Rimmer ) , they drove to Cambridge in two cars after Hodgkin announced that they were off to see the model of the structure of DNA . Hodgkin became a Reader at Oxford in 1957 and she was given a fully modern laboratory the following year . In 1960 , Hodgkin was appointed the Royal Societys Wolfson Research Professor , a position she held until 1970 . This provided her salary , research expenses and research assistance to continue her work at the University of Oxford . She was a Fellow of Wolfson College , Oxford from 1977 to 1983 . Steroid structure . Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures . In 1945 , working with C.H . ( Harry ) Carlisle , she published the first such structure of a steroid , cholesteryl iodide ( having worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies ) . Penicillin structure . In 1945 , Hodgkin and her colleagues , including biochemist Barbara Low , solved the structure of penicillin , demonstrating , contrary to scientific opinion at the time , that it contains a β-lactam ring . The work was not published until 1949 . Vitamin B structure . In 1948 , Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B , and created new crystals . Vitamin B had first been discovered at Merck earlier that year . It had a structure at the time that was almost completely unknown , and when Hodgkin discovered it contained cobalt , she realized the structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis . The large size of the molecule , and the fact that the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a challenge in structure analysis that had not been previously explored . From these crystals , she deduced the presence of a ring structure because the crystals were pleochroic , a finding which she later confirmed using X-ray crystallography . The B study published by Hodgkin was described by Lawrence Bragg as being as significant as breaking the sound barrier . Scientists from Merck had previously crystallised B , but had published only refractive indices of the substance . The final structure of B , for which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Prize , was published in 1955 . Insulin structure . Insulin was one of Hodgkins most extraordinary research projects . It began in 1934 when she was offered a small sample of crystalline insulin by Robert Robinson . The hormone captured her imagination because of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body . However , at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed far enough to cope with the complexity of the insulin molecule . She and others spent many years improving the technique . It took 35 years after taking her first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography and computing techniques to be able to tackle larger and more complex molecules like insulin . Hodgkins dream of unlocking the structure of insulin was put on hold until 1969 when she was finally able to work with her team of young , international scientists to uncover the structure for the first time . Hodgkins work with insulin was instrumental in paving the way for insulin to be mass produced and used on a large scale for treatment of both type one and type two diabetes . She went on to cooperate with other laboratories active in insulin research , giving advice , and traveling the world giving talks about insulin and its importance for the future of diabetes . Solving the structure of insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes , both making mass production of insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure of insulin to create even better drug options for patients going forward . Personal life . Mentor . Hodgkins mentor Professor John Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life : scientifically , politically , and personally . Bernal was a key scientific adviser to the UK government during the Second World War . He was also an open and vocal member of the Communist Party and a faithful supporter of the Soviet regime until its invasion of Hungary in 1956 . Hodgkin always referred to him as Sage ; they were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin . The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the standards of the present and of those days . Health . In 1934 , at the age of 24 , Dorothy began experiencing pain in her hands:a visit to a doctor led to a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis which would become progressively worse and crippling over time , with deformities in both her hands and feet . In her last years , Hodgkin spent a great deal of time in a wheelchair and remained scientifically active . Marriage and family . In 1937 , Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin . He had not long returned from Palestine where he had resigned from the Colonial Office and was working in adult education . He was an intermittent member of the Communist Party and later wrote several major works on African politics and history , becoming a well-known lecturer at Balliol College in Oxford . The couple had three children : Luke ( b . 1938 ) , Elizabeth ( b . 1941 ) and Toby ( b . 1946 ) . Pseudonyms . Hodgkin published as Dorothy Crowfoot until 1949 , when she was persuaded by Hans Clarkes secretary to use her married name on a chapter she contributed to The Chemistry of Penicillin . By then she had been married for 12 years , given birth to three children and been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) . Thereafter she would publish as Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin , and this was the name used by the Nobel Foundation in its award to her and the biography it included among other Nobel Prize recipients ; it is also what the Science History Institute calls her . For simplicitys sake , Hodgkin is referred to as Dorothy Hodgkin by the Royal Society , when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship , and by Somerville College , after it inaugurated the annual lectures in her honour . The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin ; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she worked or lived , e.g . 94 Woodstock Road , Oxford , she is Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin . Contacts with scientists abroad . Between the 1950s and the 1970s Hodgkin established and maintained lasting contacts with scientists in her field abroad—at the Institute of Crystallography in Moscow ; in India ; and with the Chinese group working in Beijing and Shanghai on the structure of insulin . Her first visit to China was in 1959 . Over the next quarter century she travelled there seven more times , the last visit a year before her death . Particularly memorable was the visit in 1971 after the Chinese group themselves independently solved the structure of insulin , later than Hodgkins team but to a higher resolution . During the subsequent three years , 1972–1975 , when she was President of the International Union of Crystallography she was unable to persuade the Chinese authorities , however , to permit the countrys scientists to become members of the Union and attend its meetings . Her relations with a supposed scientist in another Peoples Democracy had less happy results . At the age of 73 , Hodgkin wrote a foreword to the English edition of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene , published by Robert Maxwell as the work of Elena Ceausescu , wife of Romanias communist dictator . Hodgkin wrote of the authors outstanding achievements and impressive career . Following the overthrow of Ceausescu during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , it was revealed that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary school nor attended university . Her scientific credentials were a hoax , and the publication in question was written for her by a team of scientists to obtain a fraudulent doctorate . Political views and activities . Because of Hodgkins political activities , and her husbands association with the Communist Party , she was banned from entering the US in 1953 and subsequently not allowed to visit the country except by CIA waiver . In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah , President of Ghana , a country he visited for extended periods before Nkrumahs ouster in 1966 . Hodgkin was in Ghana with her husband when they received the news that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize . Dorothy Hodgkin was never a communist . She acquired from her mother , Molly , a concern about social inequalities and a determination to do what she could to prevent armed conflict . Dorothy became particularly concerned about the threat of nuclear war . In 1976 , she became president of the Pugwash Conference and served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her in this post . She stepped down in 1988 , the year after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty imposed a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems , as well as an intrusive verification regime . She accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government in 1987 in recognition of her work for peace and disarmament . Disability and death . Due to distance , Hodgkin decided not to attend the 1987 Congress of the International Union of Crystallography in Australia . However , despite increasing frailty , she astounded close friends and family by going to Beijing for the 1993 Congress , where she was welcomed by all . She died in July 1994 after a stroke , at her husbands home in the village of Ilmington , near Shipston-on-Stour , Warwickshire . Portraits . The National Portrait Gallery , London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin including an oil painting of her at her desk by Maggi Hambling and a photograph portrait by David Montgomery . Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for a portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978 . One sketch is in the collection of the Science History Institute and another at the Royal Society in London . The portrait was never finished . A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Organ was commissioned by private subscription to become part of the collection of the Royal Society . Accepted by the president of the society on 25 March 1982 , it was the first portrait of a woman Fellow to be included in the Societys collection . Honours and awards . Living . - Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , and is the only British woman scientist to have been awarded a Nobel Prize in any of the three sciences it recognises . - In 1965 she was appointed to the Order of Merit . - She was the first and only woman to receive the prestigious Copley Medal . - In 1947 , she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1947 and EMBO Membership in 1970. , Hodgkin was Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1970 to 1988 . - In 1958 , she was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . - In 1966 , she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution . - She became a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1970s . - In 1982 she received the Lomonosov Medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences . - In 1987 she accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the government of Mikhail Gorbachev . - The communist government of Bulgaria awarded her its Dimitrov Prize . - An asteroid ( 5422 ) discovered on 23 December 1982 by L.G . Karachkina ( at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory , M.P.C . 22509 , in the USSR ) in 1993 was named Hodgkin in her honour . - In 1983 , Hodgkin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art . Legacy . - British commemorative stamps - Hodgkin was one of five Women of Achievement selected for a set issued in August 1996 . The others were Marea Hartman ( sports administrator ) , Margot Fonteyn ( ballerina/choreographer ) , Elisabeth Frink ( sculptor ) & Daphne du Maurier ( writer ) . All except Hodgkin were Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBEs ) . In 2010 , during the 350th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Society , Hodgkin was the only woman in a set of stamps celebrating ten of the Societys most illustrious members , taking her place alongside Isaac Newton , Edward Jenner , Joseph Lister , Benjamin Franklin , Charles Babbage , Robert Boyle , Ernest Rutherford , Nicholas Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace . - The Royal Society awards the Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship ( named in her honour ) for outstanding scientists at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances , such as parenting or caring responsibilities or health-related reasons . - The Council offices in the London Borough of Hackney and buildings at University of York , Bristol University and Keele University are named after her , as is the science block at Sir John Leman High School , her former school . - In 2012 , Hodgkin was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . In this series a panel of seven academics , journalists and historians named her among the group of people in the UK whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character . - In 2015 Hodgkins 1949 paper The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin was honoured by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the University of Oxford ( England ) . This research is notable for its groundbreaking use of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of complex natural products , in this instance , of penicillin . - Since 1999 , the Oxford International Womens Festival has presented the annual Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture , usually in March , in honour of Hodgkins work . The Lecture is a collaboration between Oxford AWiSE ( Association for Women in Science & Engineering ) , Somerville College and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . |
[
"Smith College"
] | easy | Which employer did Donna Riley work for from Jul 2001 to Aug 2014? | /wiki/Donna_Riley#P108#0 | Donna Riley Donna Riley is currently the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University . Riley is known for her work in challenging traditional notions of engineering education . Riley has worked to incorporate a intersectional approach to engineering and uses STS ( science and technology studies ) as a framework for understanding how engineering affects society in a social and political way . Education . Donna Riley attended middle and high school at the Westridge School for Girls from 1982 to 1989 . She started her higher education career by receiving a B.S . in chemical engineering from Princeton University . She then went on to receive a M.S . and Ph.D . in engineering and public policy from Carnegie Mellon University . Early life . Riley grew up in Los Angeles and became interested in environmental and social justice issues after attending different events and workshops on different topics . When deciding on what to study in college her father , a chemical engineer , suggested engineering . Going from an all girls high school to Princeton , Riley was shocked to realize that many of her peers felt that women didn’t belong in engineering . This , along with other experiences of sexist microaggressions led Riley the get involved in the Woman’s center at Princeton . At Princeton Riley also noticed a difference in the way her engineering classes were taught compared to classes in other disciplines . This would end up being a catalyst for her future teaching styles . Career . Princeton University . Riley started her professional career as a clayton postdoctoral fellow in industrial ecology at Princeton University . For 2 years she worked with electronic markets for second-hand goods , and on the industrial ecology of mercury , as well as its cultural and religious uses . Environmental Protection Agency . Riley then worked for a year as an AAAS ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Science and Technology Policy Fellow for the US environmental protection agency where she continued her work with mercury . Smith College . Riley then moved on to be an associate professor at Smith College . In her 13 years at Smith she taught many core engineering classes and conducted research in engineering education with a focus on the intersections of engineering with ethics , gender studies , and science and technology studies . Riley was also a founding faculty member of the Picker Engineering Program . National Science Foundation . After Smith Riley became the program director at the National Science Foundation for 2 and a half years . Here she managed funding for engineering education programs that focused on “informing the creation of a more agile engineering education ecosystem that offers diverse pathways to engineering careers to all members of society and that dynamically and rapidly adapts to meet the changing needs of society and the nations economy.” Virginia Tech . After leaving the NSF in 2015 , Riley moved on to be a professor of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Here she continued her research in engineering education and the ways that it intersects with science and technology studies . From June 2016- June 2017 Riley also served as the interim department head of the department of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Purdue University . In 2017 Riley left Virginia Tech to become the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University where she currently works . Major Publications . Riley has published 2 books ; Engineering and Social Justice ( 2008 ) , and Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st century energy problems ( 2011 ) . Engineering and social justice is a book aimed at introducing engineers to social justice theories and practices , and how engineering intersects with science and technology studies . Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st-century energy problems is meant to serve as a companion book to other thermodynamics textbooks and aims to place thermodynamics and its applications in a broader social context . Other Publications . - Employing liberative pedagogies in engineering education ( 2003 ) - Resisting neoliberalism in global development engineering ( 2007 ) Awards and Recognition . Riley was awarded the NOGLSTP GLBTA Educator of the Year for 2010 . |
[
"National Science Foundation"
] | easy | Who did Donna Riley work for from Aug 2014 to Jun 2017? | /wiki/Donna_Riley#P108#1 | Donna Riley Donna Riley is currently the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University . Riley is known for her work in challenging traditional notions of engineering education . Riley has worked to incorporate a intersectional approach to engineering and uses STS ( science and technology studies ) as a framework for understanding how engineering affects society in a social and political way . Education . Donna Riley attended middle and high school at the Westridge School for Girls from 1982 to 1989 . She started her higher education career by receiving a B.S . in chemical engineering from Princeton University . She then went on to receive a M.S . and Ph.D . in engineering and public policy from Carnegie Mellon University . Early life . Riley grew up in Los Angeles and became interested in environmental and social justice issues after attending different events and workshops on different topics . When deciding on what to study in college her father , a chemical engineer , suggested engineering . Going from an all girls high school to Princeton , Riley was shocked to realize that many of her peers felt that women didn’t belong in engineering . This , along with other experiences of sexist microaggressions led Riley the get involved in the Woman’s center at Princeton . At Princeton Riley also noticed a difference in the way her engineering classes were taught compared to classes in other disciplines . This would end up being a catalyst for her future teaching styles . Career . Princeton University . Riley started her professional career as a clayton postdoctoral fellow in industrial ecology at Princeton University . For 2 years she worked with electronic markets for second-hand goods , and on the industrial ecology of mercury , as well as its cultural and religious uses . Environmental Protection Agency . Riley then worked for a year as an AAAS ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Science and Technology Policy Fellow for the US environmental protection agency where she continued her work with mercury . Smith College . Riley then moved on to be an associate professor at Smith College . In her 13 years at Smith she taught many core engineering classes and conducted research in engineering education with a focus on the intersections of engineering with ethics , gender studies , and science and technology studies . Riley was also a founding faculty member of the Picker Engineering Program . National Science Foundation . After Smith Riley became the program director at the National Science Foundation for 2 and a half years . Here she managed funding for engineering education programs that focused on “informing the creation of a more agile engineering education ecosystem that offers diverse pathways to engineering careers to all members of society and that dynamically and rapidly adapts to meet the changing needs of society and the nations economy.” Virginia Tech . After leaving the NSF in 2015 , Riley moved on to be a professor of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Here she continued her research in engineering education and the ways that it intersects with science and technology studies . From June 2016- June 2017 Riley also served as the interim department head of the department of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Purdue University . In 2017 Riley left Virginia Tech to become the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University where she currently works . Major Publications . Riley has published 2 books ; Engineering and Social Justice ( 2008 ) , and Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st century energy problems ( 2011 ) . Engineering and social justice is a book aimed at introducing engineers to social justice theories and practices , and how engineering intersects with science and technology studies . Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st-century energy problems is meant to serve as a companion book to other thermodynamics textbooks and aims to place thermodynamics and its applications in a broader social context . Other Publications . - Employing liberative pedagogies in engineering education ( 2003 ) - Resisting neoliberalism in global development engineering ( 2007 ) Awards and Recognition . Riley was awarded the NOGLSTP GLBTA Educator of the Year for 2010 . |
[
"Purdue University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Donna Riley work for from Jul 2017 to Jul 2018? | /wiki/Donna_Riley#P108#2 | Donna Riley Donna Riley is currently the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University . Riley is known for her work in challenging traditional notions of engineering education . Riley has worked to incorporate a intersectional approach to engineering and uses STS ( science and technology studies ) as a framework for understanding how engineering affects society in a social and political way . Education . Donna Riley attended middle and high school at the Westridge School for Girls from 1982 to 1989 . She started her higher education career by receiving a B.S . in chemical engineering from Princeton University . She then went on to receive a M.S . and Ph.D . in engineering and public policy from Carnegie Mellon University . Early life . Riley grew up in Los Angeles and became interested in environmental and social justice issues after attending different events and workshops on different topics . When deciding on what to study in college her father , a chemical engineer , suggested engineering . Going from an all girls high school to Princeton , Riley was shocked to realize that many of her peers felt that women didn’t belong in engineering . This , along with other experiences of sexist microaggressions led Riley the get involved in the Woman’s center at Princeton . At Princeton Riley also noticed a difference in the way her engineering classes were taught compared to classes in other disciplines . This would end up being a catalyst for her future teaching styles . Career . Princeton University . Riley started her professional career as a clayton postdoctoral fellow in industrial ecology at Princeton University . For 2 years she worked with electronic markets for second-hand goods , and on the industrial ecology of mercury , as well as its cultural and religious uses . Environmental Protection Agency . Riley then worked for a year as an AAAS ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Science and Technology Policy Fellow for the US environmental protection agency where she continued her work with mercury . Smith College . Riley then moved on to be an associate professor at Smith College . In her 13 years at Smith she taught many core engineering classes and conducted research in engineering education with a focus on the intersections of engineering with ethics , gender studies , and science and technology studies . Riley was also a founding faculty member of the Picker Engineering Program . National Science Foundation . After Smith Riley became the program director at the National Science Foundation for 2 and a half years . Here she managed funding for engineering education programs that focused on “informing the creation of a more agile engineering education ecosystem that offers diverse pathways to engineering careers to all members of society and that dynamically and rapidly adapts to meet the changing needs of society and the nations economy.” Virginia Tech . After leaving the NSF in 2015 , Riley moved on to be a professor of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Here she continued her research in engineering education and the ways that it intersects with science and technology studies . From June 2016- June 2017 Riley also served as the interim department head of the department of engineering education at Virginia Tech . Purdue University . In 2017 Riley left Virginia Tech to become the Kamyar Haghighi Head of the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University where she currently works . Major Publications . Riley has published 2 books ; Engineering and Social Justice ( 2008 ) , and Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st century energy problems ( 2011 ) . Engineering and social justice is a book aimed at introducing engineers to social justice theories and practices , and how engineering intersects with science and technology studies . Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st-century energy problems is meant to serve as a companion book to other thermodynamics textbooks and aims to place thermodynamics and its applications in a broader social context . Other Publications . - Employing liberative pedagogies in engineering education ( 2003 ) - Resisting neoliberalism in global development engineering ( 2007 ) Awards and Recognition . Riley was awarded the NOGLSTP GLBTA Educator of the Year for 2010 . |
[
"ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft"
] | easy | ACES Colombia was operated by what from Dec 1991 to Nov 1997? | /wiki/ACES_Colombia#P121#0 | ACES Colombia ACES ( Spanish acronym : Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia ) was an airline with its headquarters in the Edificio del Cafe in Medellín , Colombia and founded on August 30 , 1971 , by a group of 13 Colombian entrepreneurs , amongst them , most notably Orlando Botero Escobar and German Peñaloza Arias from Manizales and Luis H . Coulson , Jorge Coulson R. , Alberto Jaramillo and Hernán Zuluaga from Medellín . History . Mr . Botero and Mr . Peñaloza , were considered pioneers in the early days of Colombian commercial aviation , had tried several times to establish a commuter service between Manizales and Bogotá . They managed to operate a small commuter airline by the name TARCA ( acronym of Taxi Aéreo de Caldas ) , which was forced to shut down due to financial difficulties . With the support and capital of the new partners from Medellín , they embarked on the successful enterprise that would be ACES . The airline began service in 1972 with Saunders ST-27 aircraft for the routes Medellín-Bogotá and Manizales-Bogotá , and soon became a major player in the Colombian market . By 1976 , the airline had expanded its network to smaller regional destinations , for which it purchased DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft . In 1981 , it acquired its first Boeing 727-100 . In 1986 , an expansion began with the acquisition of more 727-100 and the arrival of Fairchild FH-227 aircraft built under license by Fairchild in the United States and with slight modifications . The 727s had a capacity of 129 passengers and the Fairchilds of 44 . At this time the first international charter flights also began to Havana , Varadero , Nassau , Freeport , Montego Bay , Puerto Plata , Punta Cana , St . Kitts , St . Maarten , Porlamar and Cancun . In 1991 , ACES completely replaced its Fokker F27 Friendship fleet with ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft for its short-haul regional routes , and its Boeing 727-100 with the Boeing 727-200 Advanced variant . In 1992 , ACES expanded its service internationally , operating flights from Medellín and Bogotá to Miami . Soon after , Juan Emilio Posada was appointed CEO and would serve until the airlines demise in 2003 . In the late 1997 , ACES modernized its fleet acquiring brand-new Airbus A320-200 aircraft that replaced its Boeing 727s . It expanded its routes to Fort Lauderdale , Quito , Caracas , Cancún ( served by charters ) , Santo Domingo , Punta Cana and San Juan , Puerto Rico ; as well as additional domestic flights within Colombia . ACES created a corporate culture of service and punctuality that would earn it the recognition and loyalty of its customers , resulting in consistent increases in its market share and revenues in the domestic market , which was dominated for decades by Avianca . It was named the Best airline in Colombia by several industry and consumer publications . On May 20 , 2002 , ACES merged with major competitor Avianca and SAM to form the Alianza Summa , a strategic alliance aimed at joining forces to counteract the adverse circumstances that faced the airline industry in Colombia and the world after the September 11 attacks . ACES operations were halted on August 20 , 2003 , after the boards decision to liquidate the airline . ACES ceased operations on October 24 , 2003 after liquidating . By November 2003 , the Summa Alliance was dissolved and ACES routes taken over by Avianca . Fleet . Final fleet . Since August 2003 , ACES Colombia had only been using these aircraft : Former fleet . ACES Colombia had in the past operated a variety of aircraft , including : Accidents and incidents . - On December 18 , 1981 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2216 ) crashed in the municipality of San Antero , during the approach to the Coveñas Airport . In this incident 13 people perished , including the crew composed of Captain Guillermo Alberto García and co-pilot Andrés Rafael Londoño . - On November 29 , 1982 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2536 ) crashed in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera against Cerro Pan de Azúcar in the township of San Juanito , Meta . The flight came on a regular flight from San José del Guaviare and was heading to Bogotá under the command of Captain Marino Jiménez and co-pilot Ricardo Santacoloma , who along with 20 passengers lost their lives . - On August 1 , 1988 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2445 ) was hijacked and demanded the pilot to land at an abandoned airstrip in Colombia . The passengers were reportedly robbed and the hijackers escaped , which six of them were later captured . - On November 30 , 1996 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter , operating flight 148 , ( registered HK-2602 ) crashed into Cerro El Barcino a few minutes after takeoff from Olaya Herrera Airport . The flight was operating the route between Medellin , Bahía Solano and Quibdó . 14 people died in the impact and subsequent fire , including the crew commanded by Captain Juan Carlos Bermúdez López ; one passenger survived with serious injuries . - On October 11 , 2000 , an ATR 42-500 ( registered VP-BOF ) and a Boeing 727-200 ( registered HK-3998X ) collided on the El Dorado International Airport apron during the towing process . The ATR 42-500 was declared a total loss after the incident . There were no injuries or fatalities in this event . |
[
"Quito , Caracas , Cancún"
] | easy | ACES Colombia was operated by what from Nov 1997 to Feb 2000? | /wiki/ACES_Colombia#P121#1 | ACES Colombia ACES ( Spanish acronym : Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia ) was an airline with its headquarters in the Edificio del Cafe in Medellín , Colombia and founded on August 30 , 1971 , by a group of 13 Colombian entrepreneurs , amongst them , most notably Orlando Botero Escobar and German Peñaloza Arias from Manizales and Luis H . Coulson , Jorge Coulson R. , Alberto Jaramillo and Hernán Zuluaga from Medellín . History . Mr . Botero and Mr . Peñaloza , were considered pioneers in the early days of Colombian commercial aviation , had tried several times to establish a commuter service between Manizales and Bogotá . They managed to operate a small commuter airline by the name TARCA ( acronym of Taxi Aéreo de Caldas ) , which was forced to shut down due to financial difficulties . With the support and capital of the new partners from Medellín , they embarked on the successful enterprise that would be ACES . The airline began service in 1972 with Saunders ST-27 aircraft for the routes Medellín-Bogotá and Manizales-Bogotá , and soon became a major player in the Colombian market . By 1976 , the airline had expanded its network to smaller regional destinations , for which it purchased DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft . In 1981 , it acquired its first Boeing 727-100 . In 1986 , an expansion began with the acquisition of more 727-100 and the arrival of Fairchild FH-227 aircraft built under license by Fairchild in the United States and with slight modifications . The 727s had a capacity of 129 passengers and the Fairchilds of 44 . At this time the first international charter flights also began to Havana , Varadero , Nassau , Freeport , Montego Bay , Puerto Plata , Punta Cana , St . Kitts , St . Maarten , Porlamar and Cancun . In 1991 , ACES completely replaced its Fokker F27 Friendship fleet with ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft for its short-haul regional routes , and its Boeing 727-100 with the Boeing 727-200 Advanced variant . In 1992 , ACES expanded its service internationally , operating flights from Medellín and Bogotá to Miami . Soon after , Juan Emilio Posada was appointed CEO and would serve until the airlines demise in 2003 . In the late 1997 , ACES modernized its fleet acquiring brand-new Airbus A320-200 aircraft that replaced its Boeing 727s . It expanded its routes to Fort Lauderdale , Quito , Caracas , Cancún ( served by charters ) , Santo Domingo , Punta Cana and San Juan , Puerto Rico ; as well as additional domestic flights within Colombia . ACES created a corporate culture of service and punctuality that would earn it the recognition and loyalty of its customers , resulting in consistent increases in its market share and revenues in the domestic market , which was dominated for decades by Avianca . It was named the Best airline in Colombia by several industry and consumer publications . On May 20 , 2002 , ACES merged with major competitor Avianca and SAM to form the Alianza Summa , a strategic alliance aimed at joining forces to counteract the adverse circumstances that faced the airline industry in Colombia and the world after the September 11 attacks . ACES operations were halted on August 20 , 2003 , after the boards decision to liquidate the airline . ACES ceased operations on October 24 , 2003 after liquidating . By November 2003 , the Summa Alliance was dissolved and ACES routes taken over by Avianca . Fleet . Final fleet . Since August 2003 , ACES Colombia had only been using these aircraft : Former fleet . ACES Colombia had in the past operated a variety of aircraft , including : Accidents and incidents . - On December 18 , 1981 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2216 ) crashed in the municipality of San Antero , during the approach to the Coveñas Airport . In this incident 13 people perished , including the crew composed of Captain Guillermo Alberto García and co-pilot Andrés Rafael Londoño . - On November 29 , 1982 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2536 ) crashed in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera against Cerro Pan de Azúcar in the township of San Juanito , Meta . The flight came on a regular flight from San José del Guaviare and was heading to Bogotá under the command of Captain Marino Jiménez and co-pilot Ricardo Santacoloma , who along with 20 passengers lost their lives . - On August 1 , 1988 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2445 ) was hijacked and demanded the pilot to land at an abandoned airstrip in Colombia . The passengers were reportedly robbed and the hijackers escaped , which six of them were later captured . - On November 30 , 1996 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter , operating flight 148 , ( registered HK-2602 ) crashed into Cerro El Barcino a few minutes after takeoff from Olaya Herrera Airport . The flight was operating the route between Medellin , Bahía Solano and Quibdó . 14 people died in the impact and subsequent fire , including the crew commanded by Captain Juan Carlos Bermúdez López ; one passenger survived with serious injuries . - On October 11 , 2000 , an ATR 42-500 ( registered VP-BOF ) and a Boeing 727-200 ( registered HK-3998X ) collided on the El Dorado International Airport apron during the towing process . The ATR 42-500 was declared a total loss after the incident . There were no injuries or fatalities in this event . |
[
"ATR 42-500"
] | easy | ACES Colombia was operated by what from Feb 2000 to Aug 2003? | /wiki/ACES_Colombia#P121#2 | ACES Colombia ACES ( Spanish acronym : Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia ) was an airline with its headquarters in the Edificio del Cafe in Medellín , Colombia and founded on August 30 , 1971 , by a group of 13 Colombian entrepreneurs , amongst them , most notably Orlando Botero Escobar and German Peñaloza Arias from Manizales and Luis H . Coulson , Jorge Coulson R. , Alberto Jaramillo and Hernán Zuluaga from Medellín . History . Mr . Botero and Mr . Peñaloza , were considered pioneers in the early days of Colombian commercial aviation , had tried several times to establish a commuter service between Manizales and Bogotá . They managed to operate a small commuter airline by the name TARCA ( acronym of Taxi Aéreo de Caldas ) , which was forced to shut down due to financial difficulties . With the support and capital of the new partners from Medellín , they embarked on the successful enterprise that would be ACES . The airline began service in 1972 with Saunders ST-27 aircraft for the routes Medellín-Bogotá and Manizales-Bogotá , and soon became a major player in the Colombian market . By 1976 , the airline had expanded its network to smaller regional destinations , for which it purchased DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft . In 1981 , it acquired its first Boeing 727-100 . In 1986 , an expansion began with the acquisition of more 727-100 and the arrival of Fairchild FH-227 aircraft built under license by Fairchild in the United States and with slight modifications . The 727s had a capacity of 129 passengers and the Fairchilds of 44 . At this time the first international charter flights also began to Havana , Varadero , Nassau , Freeport , Montego Bay , Puerto Plata , Punta Cana , St . Kitts , St . Maarten , Porlamar and Cancun . In 1991 , ACES completely replaced its Fokker F27 Friendship fleet with ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft for its short-haul regional routes , and its Boeing 727-100 with the Boeing 727-200 Advanced variant . In 1992 , ACES expanded its service internationally , operating flights from Medellín and Bogotá to Miami . Soon after , Juan Emilio Posada was appointed CEO and would serve until the airlines demise in 2003 . In the late 1997 , ACES modernized its fleet acquiring brand-new Airbus A320-200 aircraft that replaced its Boeing 727s . It expanded its routes to Fort Lauderdale , Quito , Caracas , Cancún ( served by charters ) , Santo Domingo , Punta Cana and San Juan , Puerto Rico ; as well as additional domestic flights within Colombia . ACES created a corporate culture of service and punctuality that would earn it the recognition and loyalty of its customers , resulting in consistent increases in its market share and revenues in the domestic market , which was dominated for decades by Avianca . It was named the Best airline in Colombia by several industry and consumer publications . On May 20 , 2002 , ACES merged with major competitor Avianca and SAM to form the Alianza Summa , a strategic alliance aimed at joining forces to counteract the adverse circumstances that faced the airline industry in Colombia and the world after the September 11 attacks . ACES operations were halted on August 20 , 2003 , after the boards decision to liquidate the airline . ACES ceased operations on October 24 , 2003 after liquidating . By November 2003 , the Summa Alliance was dissolved and ACES routes taken over by Avianca . Fleet . Final fleet . Since August 2003 , ACES Colombia had only been using these aircraft : Former fleet . ACES Colombia had in the past operated a variety of aircraft , including : Accidents and incidents . - On December 18 , 1981 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2216 ) crashed in the municipality of San Antero , during the approach to the Coveñas Airport . In this incident 13 people perished , including the crew composed of Captain Guillermo Alberto García and co-pilot Andrés Rafael Londoño . - On November 29 , 1982 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2536 ) crashed in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera against Cerro Pan de Azúcar in the township of San Juanito , Meta . The flight came on a regular flight from San José del Guaviare and was heading to Bogotá under the command of Captain Marino Jiménez and co-pilot Ricardo Santacoloma , who along with 20 passengers lost their lives . - On August 1 , 1988 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2445 ) was hijacked and demanded the pilot to land at an abandoned airstrip in Colombia . The passengers were reportedly robbed and the hijackers escaped , which six of them were later captured . - On November 30 , 1996 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter , operating flight 148 , ( registered HK-2602 ) crashed into Cerro El Barcino a few minutes after takeoff from Olaya Herrera Airport . The flight was operating the route between Medellin , Bahía Solano and Quibdó . 14 people died in the impact and subsequent fire , including the crew commanded by Captain Juan Carlos Bermúdez López ; one passenger survived with serious injuries . - On October 11 , 2000 , an ATR 42-500 ( registered VP-BOF ) and a Boeing 727-200 ( registered HK-3998X ) collided on the El Dorado International Airport apron during the towing process . The ATR 42-500 was declared a total loss after the incident . There were no injuries or fatalities in this event . |
Subsets and Splits