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[
"CPAC"
] | easy | Who did Patrick Chêne work for from 2010 to 2015? | /wiki/Patrick_Chêne#P108#3 | Patrick Chêne Patrick Chêne ( born 26 April 1956 in Lyon ) is a French journalist who worked mainly on France TV , where he commented the Tour de France between 1989 and 2000 . Biography . Youth . Educated at the Lyons High School of , and then becoming a law graduate , Patrick Chêne began his journalistic career in 1977 as a freelancer at the Progrès de Lyon . He then worked the letters department , then the sports section of the newspaper . TV career . In 1982 he joined the newspaper LÉquipe , then in 1985 he worked on television at Antenne 2 as a journalist for Stade 2 . He commented on the Tour de France from 1989 to 2000 in the company of Robert Chapatte , then Bernard Thevenet . Patrick Chêne was appointed sports director of Antenne 2 and presented Stade 2 between March 1992 – July 1995 before moving to newscast the newsshow on France 2 from 1995 to 1998 . He was then director of the sports department of France Télévisions from 1998 to 2000 , succeeding . From 1997 to 1999 he co-hosted Telethon with Sophie Davant . He also co-hosted Les Trésors du monde with Nathalie Simon in 1994 . Founder-director of Sporever . After leaving France Télévisions in 2000 , he founded and directed the group which specializes in publishing and content production . He was also host of the Histoires de Sport on Orange sport . Back to TV . In September 2010 Patrick Chêne had taken over for – Also a former presenter of Stade 2 – on The Parliamentary Channel and presented Politique Matin , the little political lunch of the TV channel . He was also executive producer of the show . In September 2012 Patrick Chêne created a TV channel dedicated to sports news , where he hosted the show Incognito . In July 2015 Patrick Chêne announced he was leaving and CPAC but that the shows will continue . Arts and entertainment . In 2009 he wrote a play , Cest pas gagné ( It is not won ) . The main performers are his daughter and his son-in-law . Given the success of the performances , a tour was organized until 2011 . He wrote four TV movies about a policeman in the series Les Cinq Dernières Minutes : Un mort sur les pavés . The action takes place during the Paris-Roubaix and Patrick Chêne appears as himself . Private life . Patrick Chêne is the father of five children . One of his daughters , , Is an actress , best known for the role of Juliet in the soap opera Plus belle la vie . His niece , , Is also an actress , and best known for her role in . Radio career . Patrick Chêne has been a radio executive . Indeed , on 1 August 2002 , the Sport OFM radio station , which later became , was put into receivership . Different recovery projects were proposed and it was the tender of Patrick Chênes Sporever group with FM Sport which was chosen . Patrick Chêne , however , resold quickly to Sport FM at the in August 2003 . Books . - A mon tour , éditions Robert Laffont , 1998 ( ) Awards . Patrick Chêne received four Sept dor : - Sept dor for best sports journalist ( 1993 ) |
[
"Socialist Labour Party"
] | easy | Which party was J. T. Murphy a member of from 1916 to 1920? | /wiki/J._T._Murphy#P102#0 | J . T . Murphy John Thomas Jack Murphy ( 9 December 1888 – 13 May 1965 ) , best known as J . T . Murphy , was a British trade union organiser and Communist functionary . Murphy is best remembered as a top leader of the communist labour movement in the United Kingdom from the middle 1920s until his resignation from the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1932 . Biography . Early years . J.T . Murphy , known to his peers as Jack , was born in 9 December 1888 in the Gorton district of Greater Manchester , England . His father , a Roman Catholic , worked as a blacksmith , while his Protestant mother worked as a baker of bread and cakes . Murphy helped with the family finances from the age of 7 , initially selling his mothers baked goods before taking a job working as an assistant on a milk delivery route . Murphy began working at an engineering works in an entry-level capacity in 1901 , soon moving into a formal engineering apprenticeship , in which he remained until 1908 . Thereafter Murphy worked as an engineer in his own right , remaining as a worker at the bench until 1918 . He became active in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and was active in the Sheffield wing of the Shops Stewards Movement , which emerged in engineering factories during the First World War . Communist functionary . Murphy joined the Socialist Labour Party ( SLP ) in 1916 and stood as a candidate in the 1918 General Election for the Gorton constituency in Manchester . He was elected to the governing Executive Committee of the SLP , in which capacity he participated in unity discussions between the various revolutionary socialist groups which had emerged in the country . The SLP split at this juncture , with Murphy and others leaving the old organisation to join the Communist Party of Great Britain at its formation in 1920 . In January 1920 Murphy traveled illegally to Soviet Russia , where he attended with John S . Clarke , Helen Crawfurd , Williie Gallacher , Wlliam McLaine , Sylvia Pankhurst , Marjory Newbold , Tom Quelch , Dave Ramsay and Jack Tanner at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern as delegate for the Shop Stewards Movement . Murphy also was a delegate to the First World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions ( RILU ) in July 1921 , which elected him a member of the organisations Executive Committee . Murphy was also elected as a delegate of the CPGB to the Third and Fourth World Congresses of the Communist International , held in Moscow in 1921 and 1922 , respectively . In 1925 Murphy was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny under the 1797 Incitement to Mutiny Act . In the trial which followed , Murphy was sentenced to a term of six months in prison , gaining release in 1926 . Murphy was active in the National Minority Movement , the British section of RILU , from the time of its formation in 1924 . He was also a member of the Executive Committee of CPGB from its formation in 1920 until Murphys resignation from the party in 1932 . Post-communist years . Murphy resigned from the CPGB in 1932 . After leaving the communist movement , Murphy joined the Labour Party and was elected to the executive of their branch in Islington . Then in April 1933 he joined the Socialist League , becoming general secretary of that organisation later in the year . He would retain that position until his resignation from the Socialist League in 1936 , opposing its call for the CPGB to be permitted to affiliate to the Labour Party . He became a founder of and full-time organiser for the Peoples Front Propaganda Committee , which aimed to unite members of all parties against fascism and the British governments indifference to or appeasement of it . He spoke in favour of this policy at Labours 1939 conference , but was heavily defeated , and the committee soon dissolved . The Second World War broke out shortly afterwards , and Murphy returned to work as a turner , also becoming a shop steward again for the AEU . He argued in favour of the Hitler–Stalin pact on the grounds that , he believed , Stalin had no choice in order to buy time . Later in the war , he lectured to troops on political matters , and wrote three books supporting Stalin and the Soviet Union . After the war , Murphy stopped all formal political activity , spending much of his time writing company histories , including one of Marks and Spencer and one of Sainsburys . Following Stalins death , he renounced Marxism and , later , wrote an article detailing his thoughts on the subject for the New Reasoner . Death and legacy . J . T . Murphy died on 13 May 1965 aged 76 . His son , Edward , was a first-class cricketer and doctor . Works . - The Workers Committee : An Outline of Its Principles and Structure . ( 1917 ) - First Year of the Lenin School ( 1927 ) - The Labour Government : An Examination of Its Record . ( 1930 ) - Preparing for Power : A Critical Study of the History of the British Working Class Movement . ( 1934 ) - New Horizons . ( 1941 ) - Stalin , 1879-1944 . ( 1945 ) - Labours Big Three : A Biographical Study of Clement Attlee , Herbert Morrison and Ernest Bevin . ( 1948 ) External links . - J . T . Murphy Archive , Marxists Internet Archive . |
[
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
] | easy | Which political party did J. T. Murphy belong to from 1920 to 1932? | /wiki/J._T._Murphy#P102#1 | J . T . Murphy John Thomas Jack Murphy ( 9 December 1888 – 13 May 1965 ) , best known as J . T . Murphy , was a British trade union organiser and Communist functionary . Murphy is best remembered as a top leader of the communist labour movement in the United Kingdom from the middle 1920s until his resignation from the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1932 . Biography . Early years . J.T . Murphy , known to his peers as Jack , was born in 9 December 1888 in the Gorton district of Greater Manchester , England . His father , a Roman Catholic , worked as a blacksmith , while his Protestant mother worked as a baker of bread and cakes . Murphy helped with the family finances from the age of 7 , initially selling his mothers baked goods before taking a job working as an assistant on a milk delivery route . Murphy began working at an engineering works in an entry-level capacity in 1901 , soon moving into a formal engineering apprenticeship , in which he remained until 1908 . Thereafter Murphy worked as an engineer in his own right , remaining as a worker at the bench until 1918 . He became active in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and was active in the Sheffield wing of the Shops Stewards Movement , which emerged in engineering factories during the First World War . Communist functionary . Murphy joined the Socialist Labour Party ( SLP ) in 1916 and stood as a candidate in the 1918 General Election for the Gorton constituency in Manchester . He was elected to the governing Executive Committee of the SLP , in which capacity he participated in unity discussions between the various revolutionary socialist groups which had emerged in the country . The SLP split at this juncture , with Murphy and others leaving the old organisation to join the Communist Party of Great Britain at its formation in 1920 . In January 1920 Murphy traveled illegally to Soviet Russia , where he attended with John S . Clarke , Helen Crawfurd , Williie Gallacher , Wlliam McLaine , Sylvia Pankhurst , Marjory Newbold , Tom Quelch , Dave Ramsay and Jack Tanner at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern as delegate for the Shop Stewards Movement . Murphy also was a delegate to the First World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions ( RILU ) in July 1921 , which elected him a member of the organisations Executive Committee . Murphy was also elected as a delegate of the CPGB to the Third and Fourth World Congresses of the Communist International , held in Moscow in 1921 and 1922 , respectively . In 1925 Murphy was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny under the 1797 Incitement to Mutiny Act . In the trial which followed , Murphy was sentenced to a term of six months in prison , gaining release in 1926 . Murphy was active in the National Minority Movement , the British section of RILU , from the time of its formation in 1924 . He was also a member of the Executive Committee of CPGB from its formation in 1920 until Murphys resignation from the party in 1932 . Post-communist years . Murphy resigned from the CPGB in 1932 . After leaving the communist movement , Murphy joined the Labour Party and was elected to the executive of their branch in Islington . Then in April 1933 he joined the Socialist League , becoming general secretary of that organisation later in the year . He would retain that position until his resignation from the Socialist League in 1936 , opposing its call for the CPGB to be permitted to affiliate to the Labour Party . He became a founder of and full-time organiser for the Peoples Front Propaganda Committee , which aimed to unite members of all parties against fascism and the British governments indifference to or appeasement of it . He spoke in favour of this policy at Labours 1939 conference , but was heavily defeated , and the committee soon dissolved . The Second World War broke out shortly afterwards , and Murphy returned to work as a turner , also becoming a shop steward again for the AEU . He argued in favour of the Hitler–Stalin pact on the grounds that , he believed , Stalin had no choice in order to buy time . Later in the war , he lectured to troops on political matters , and wrote three books supporting Stalin and the Soviet Union . After the war , Murphy stopped all formal political activity , spending much of his time writing company histories , including one of Marks and Spencer and one of Sainsburys . Following Stalins death , he renounced Marxism and , later , wrote an article detailing his thoughts on the subject for the New Reasoner . Death and legacy . J . T . Murphy died on 13 May 1965 aged 76 . His son , Edward , was a first-class cricketer and doctor . Works . - The Workers Committee : An Outline of Its Principles and Structure . ( 1917 ) - First Year of the Lenin School ( 1927 ) - The Labour Government : An Examination of Its Record . ( 1930 ) - Preparing for Power : A Critical Study of the History of the British Working Class Movement . ( 1934 ) - New Horizons . ( 1941 ) - Stalin , 1879-1944 . ( 1945 ) - Labours Big Three : A Biographical Study of Clement Attlee , Herbert Morrison and Ernest Bevin . ( 1948 ) External links . - J . T . Murphy Archive , Marxists Internet Archive . |
[
"Socialist League"
] | easy | Which political party did J. T. Murphy belong to from 1933 to 1936? | /wiki/J._T._Murphy#P102#2 | J . T . Murphy John Thomas Jack Murphy ( 9 December 1888 – 13 May 1965 ) , best known as J . T . Murphy , was a British trade union organiser and Communist functionary . Murphy is best remembered as a top leader of the communist labour movement in the United Kingdom from the middle 1920s until his resignation from the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1932 . Biography . Early years . J.T . Murphy , known to his peers as Jack , was born in 9 December 1888 in the Gorton district of Greater Manchester , England . His father , a Roman Catholic , worked as a blacksmith , while his Protestant mother worked as a baker of bread and cakes . Murphy helped with the family finances from the age of 7 , initially selling his mothers baked goods before taking a job working as an assistant on a milk delivery route . Murphy began working at an engineering works in an entry-level capacity in 1901 , soon moving into a formal engineering apprenticeship , in which he remained until 1908 . Thereafter Murphy worked as an engineer in his own right , remaining as a worker at the bench until 1918 . He became active in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and was active in the Sheffield wing of the Shops Stewards Movement , which emerged in engineering factories during the First World War . Communist functionary . Murphy joined the Socialist Labour Party ( SLP ) in 1916 and stood as a candidate in the 1918 General Election for the Gorton constituency in Manchester . He was elected to the governing Executive Committee of the SLP , in which capacity he participated in unity discussions between the various revolutionary socialist groups which had emerged in the country . The SLP split at this juncture , with Murphy and others leaving the old organisation to join the Communist Party of Great Britain at its formation in 1920 . In January 1920 Murphy traveled illegally to Soviet Russia , where he attended with John S . Clarke , Helen Crawfurd , Williie Gallacher , Wlliam McLaine , Sylvia Pankhurst , Marjory Newbold , Tom Quelch , Dave Ramsay and Jack Tanner at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern as delegate for the Shop Stewards Movement . Murphy also was a delegate to the First World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions ( RILU ) in July 1921 , which elected him a member of the organisations Executive Committee . Murphy was also elected as a delegate of the CPGB to the Third and Fourth World Congresses of the Communist International , held in Moscow in 1921 and 1922 , respectively . In 1925 Murphy was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny under the 1797 Incitement to Mutiny Act . In the trial which followed , Murphy was sentenced to a term of six months in prison , gaining release in 1926 . Murphy was active in the National Minority Movement , the British section of RILU , from the time of its formation in 1924 . He was also a member of the Executive Committee of CPGB from its formation in 1920 until Murphys resignation from the party in 1932 . Post-communist years . Murphy resigned from the CPGB in 1932 . After leaving the communist movement , Murphy joined the Labour Party and was elected to the executive of their branch in Islington . Then in April 1933 he joined the Socialist League , becoming general secretary of that organisation later in the year . He would retain that position until his resignation from the Socialist League in 1936 , opposing its call for the CPGB to be permitted to affiliate to the Labour Party . He became a founder of and full-time organiser for the Peoples Front Propaganda Committee , which aimed to unite members of all parties against fascism and the British governments indifference to or appeasement of it . He spoke in favour of this policy at Labours 1939 conference , but was heavily defeated , and the committee soon dissolved . The Second World War broke out shortly afterwards , and Murphy returned to work as a turner , also becoming a shop steward again for the AEU . He argued in favour of the Hitler–Stalin pact on the grounds that , he believed , Stalin had no choice in order to buy time . Later in the war , he lectured to troops on political matters , and wrote three books supporting Stalin and the Soviet Union . After the war , Murphy stopped all formal political activity , spending much of his time writing company histories , including one of Marks and Spencer and one of Sainsburys . Following Stalins death , he renounced Marxism and , later , wrote an article detailing his thoughts on the subject for the New Reasoner . Death and legacy . J . T . Murphy died on 13 May 1965 aged 76 . His son , Edward , was a first-class cricketer and doctor . Works . - The Workers Committee : An Outline of Its Principles and Structure . ( 1917 ) - First Year of the Lenin School ( 1927 ) - The Labour Government : An Examination of Its Record . ( 1930 ) - Preparing for Power : A Critical Study of the History of the British Working Class Movement . ( 1934 ) - New Horizons . ( 1941 ) - Stalin , 1879-1944 . ( 1945 ) - Labours Big Three : A Biographical Study of Clement Attlee , Herbert Morrison and Ernest Bevin . ( 1948 ) External links . - J . T . Murphy Archive , Marxists Internet Archive . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Ahad Sheykhlari belong to from 1979 to 1981? | /wiki/Ahad_Sheykhlari#P54#0 | Ahad Sheykhlari Ahad Sheykhlari ( , born 18 April 1960 in Tabriz , Iran ) is an Iranian professional football player who was forced to leave the green field unexpectedly due to pressure from his team mates and club’s official whom believed his success foreshadowed his teammates’s popularity ; he is currently a professional football manager . He started his football career as an amateur player in Tabriz dirt fields and neighborhood clubs . The very first football club he joined was Charandab’s neighborhood club Peykan . He played his professional career for Machine Sazi , Montakhabeh Tabriz , Idem F.C. , Tractor and Esteghlal Rasht F.C. . He had scored 115 goals during his playing career for Tractor as an Striker . At the end of his playing career Vasile Godja manager of Tractor used him as a Defender and he shined well as a successful Sweeper . He also represented Iran at national level , playing for Irans under-20 football team and the Iran national football team and has 20 national caps with five goals . Tractors fans named him as Tabrizs Maradona due to his aggressive technique , speed and scoring , and he kicks the specific skills . After being forced to leave his playing career unexpectedly , he became a football manager , although he had been a player-manager during his player career in Idem F.C. , he started his first sole managerial career in Shahrdari Shot F.C . in 1996-1997 , then he became U20 Shahrdari Tabriz F.C.’s manager and lead the team to Iran’s U20 champions league and earned the 1st place and the cup , later he became Tractor’s manager at difficult times when a few matches had already passed half season and the team suffered terribly from continuous losses , dead draws and no goals , for a brief period of about six months in 2002 , he revived Tractor from what was known to Tractor‘s fans most darkest days , but all the heroic effort of Sheykhlari and the players went in vain due to lost intuitive the club had suffered under Mahmoud Yavari’s management , many fans today still believe that if he was the manager Tractor before season start Tractor never would have fallen to 2nd Division and might have even been one of the three tops . He later became manager of Shahid Ghandi and led the club to promotion to the Iran Pro League for the first time . He later managed other Tabriz based clubs , Machine Sazi which was in the verge of demotion to the 2nd division , and managed to save the club by 9 matches and an average of 2.3 points per game , and Shahrdari Tabriz . In July 2007 , he returned to Tractor as a manager but due to the heavy fringe made by a band of disobedient players whom managed to provoke hooligans against the club the team failed from promotion to the first division , though he left the club at first rank in the table . He was also the manager of Mes Soongoun for four years which he took from the 3rd Division to the Azadegan League . He became the first Iranian manager to promote a team from 3rd Division to the 1st in succession every year . Honours . As a player . - Tractor - Hazfi Cup Runner-up ( 1 ) : 1993–94 - 2nd Division Runner-up ( 1 ) : 1995–96 As a manager . - Shahid Ghandi - Azadegan League ( 1 ) : 2004–05 - Mes Soongoun - 3rd Division ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - 2nd Division ( 1 ) : 2012–13 External links . - Official website of Ahad Sheykhlari |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Ahad Sheykhlari play for from 1984 to 1992? | /wiki/Ahad_Sheykhlari#P54#1 | Ahad Sheykhlari Ahad Sheykhlari ( , born 18 April 1960 in Tabriz , Iran ) is an Iranian professional football player who was forced to leave the green field unexpectedly due to pressure from his team mates and club’s official whom believed his success foreshadowed his teammates’s popularity ; he is currently a professional football manager . He started his football career as an amateur player in Tabriz dirt fields and neighborhood clubs . The very first football club he joined was Charandab’s neighborhood club Peykan . He played his professional career for Machine Sazi , Montakhabeh Tabriz , Idem F.C. , Tractor and Esteghlal Rasht F.C. . He had scored 115 goals during his playing career for Tractor as an Striker . At the end of his playing career Vasile Godja manager of Tractor used him as a Defender and he shined well as a successful Sweeper . He also represented Iran at national level , playing for Irans under-20 football team and the Iran national football team and has 20 national caps with five goals . Tractors fans named him as Tabrizs Maradona due to his aggressive technique , speed and scoring , and he kicks the specific skills . After being forced to leave his playing career unexpectedly , he became a football manager , although he had been a player-manager during his player career in Idem F.C. , he started his first sole managerial career in Shahrdari Shot F.C . in 1996-1997 , then he became U20 Shahrdari Tabriz F.C.’s manager and lead the team to Iran’s U20 champions league and earned the 1st place and the cup , later he became Tractor’s manager at difficult times when a few matches had already passed half season and the team suffered terribly from continuous losses , dead draws and no goals , for a brief period of about six months in 2002 , he revived Tractor from what was known to Tractor‘s fans most darkest days , but all the heroic effort of Sheykhlari and the players went in vain due to lost intuitive the club had suffered under Mahmoud Yavari’s management , many fans today still believe that if he was the manager Tractor before season start Tractor never would have fallen to 2nd Division and might have even been one of the three tops . He later became manager of Shahid Ghandi and led the club to promotion to the Iran Pro League for the first time . He later managed other Tabriz based clubs , Machine Sazi which was in the verge of demotion to the 2nd division , and managed to save the club by 9 matches and an average of 2.3 points per game , and Shahrdari Tabriz . In July 2007 , he returned to Tractor as a manager but due to the heavy fringe made by a band of disobedient players whom managed to provoke hooligans against the club the team failed from promotion to the first division , though he left the club at first rank in the table . He was also the manager of Mes Soongoun for four years which he took from the 3rd Division to the Azadegan League . He became the first Iranian manager to promote a team from 3rd Division to the 1st in succession every year . Honours . As a player . - Tractor - Hazfi Cup Runner-up ( 1 ) : 1993–94 - 2nd Division Runner-up ( 1 ) : 1995–96 As a manager . - Shahid Ghandi - Azadegan League ( 1 ) : 2004–05 - Mes Soongoun - 3rd Division ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - 2nd Division ( 1 ) : 2012–13 External links . - Official website of Ahad Sheykhlari |
[
"Dragasakis"
] | easy | What was the position of Yannis Dragasakis from Nov 2003 to Nov 2007? | /wiki/Yannis_Dragasakis#P39#0 | Yannis Dragasakis Yannis Dragasakis ( ; born 1 January 1947 ) is a Greek politician and the former Deputy Prime Minister of Greece , serving twice from 27 January to 28 August 2015 and 23 September 2015 to 8 July 2019 . He is a member of the Greek Parliament for the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) for the Athens B constituency . Early life and education . Dragasakis was born in the village of Anatoli , Lasithi , Crete . He studied political science and economics at London School of Economics and has worked as a researcher and adviser in different companies in Europe . He was a member of the mission of the Greek Parliament in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . Political career . He was a prominent member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece until 1991 when he resigned to join Synaspismos , and became one of their founding members . He later became a member of Syriza . Dragasakis was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) in 1989 for the Coalition of the Left of Movements and Ecology , in the constituency of Chania . He was re-elected in 1996 for Athens B . At all subsequent elections , he has been re-elected , but since 2004 , he has stood for Syriza . On 13 November 1989 , he was appointed Alternate Minister of National Economy in the Ecumenical Cabinet of Xenophon Zolotas , and served in this role until 13 February 1990 , when he was removed in a cabinet reshuffle . On 7 October 2008 , he was elected as Deputy Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , the first Deputy Speaker from Syrizas parliamentary group . He served for a one-year period , but was elected again in 2012 , serving the whole legislative period until December 2014 . Dragasakis is one of the economic quartet of Syriza , the four main economists responsible for their economic policy , alongside Euclid Tsakalotos , Giorgos Stathakis and John Milios . Deputy Prime Minister . Following the January 2015 legislative election , Syriza formed a coalition government with ANEL . Alexis Tsipras , the leader of Syriza , became Prime Minister , and in turn appointed Dragasakis as Deputy Prime Minister . In March 2015 , Dragasakis co-authored an article in the Financial Times with Yanis Varoufakis and Euclid Tsakalotos that asked Greeces creditors to give them a chance . After Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , resigned on 6 July , Dragasakis was named as a potential successor . Varoufakis was later succeeded by Euclid Tsakalotos . Personal life . Dragasakis speaks English as well as Greek . He has two daughters , Marianna and Rinio . Friends have described him as rigid and inflexible in terms of socialist perspective , but also tactical as he the realism of everyday life . He has also been described as grounded in reality . According to Stathis Kouvelakis , former Syriza spokesperson , Dragasakis is widely considered to have strong personal relationships with the Greek bankers , going back to his early career . |
[
"Deputy Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament"
] | easy | What position did Yannis Dragasakis take from Oct 2012 to Apr 2015? | /wiki/Yannis_Dragasakis#P39#1 | Yannis Dragasakis Yannis Dragasakis ( ; born 1 January 1947 ) is a Greek politician and the former Deputy Prime Minister of Greece , serving twice from 27 January to 28 August 2015 and 23 September 2015 to 8 July 2019 . He is a member of the Greek Parliament for the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) for the Athens B constituency . Early life and education . Dragasakis was born in the village of Anatoli , Lasithi , Crete . He studied political science and economics at London School of Economics and has worked as a researcher and adviser in different companies in Europe . He was a member of the mission of the Greek Parliament in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . Political career . He was a prominent member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece until 1991 when he resigned to join Synaspismos , and became one of their founding members . He later became a member of Syriza . Dragasakis was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) in 1989 for the Coalition of the Left of Movements and Ecology , in the constituency of Chania . He was re-elected in 1996 for Athens B . At all subsequent elections , he has been re-elected , but since 2004 , he has stood for Syriza . On 13 November 1989 , he was appointed Alternate Minister of National Economy in the Ecumenical Cabinet of Xenophon Zolotas , and served in this role until 13 February 1990 , when he was removed in a cabinet reshuffle . On 7 October 2008 , he was elected as Deputy Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , the first Deputy Speaker from Syrizas parliamentary group . He served for a one-year period , but was elected again in 2012 , serving the whole legislative period until December 2014 . Dragasakis is one of the economic quartet of Syriza , the four main economists responsible for their economic policy , alongside Euclid Tsakalotos , Giorgos Stathakis and John Milios . Deputy Prime Minister . Following the January 2015 legislative election , Syriza formed a coalition government with ANEL . Alexis Tsipras , the leader of Syriza , became Prime Minister , and in turn appointed Dragasakis as Deputy Prime Minister . In March 2015 , Dragasakis co-authored an article in the Financial Times with Yanis Varoufakis and Euclid Tsakalotos that asked Greeces creditors to give them a chance . After Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , resigned on 6 July , Dragasakis was named as a potential successor . Varoufakis was later succeeded by Euclid Tsakalotos . Personal life . Dragasakis speaks English as well as Greek . He has two daughters , Marianna and Rinio . Friends have described him as rigid and inflexible in terms of socialist perspective , but also tactical as he the realism of everyday life . He has also been described as grounded in reality . According to Stathis Kouvelakis , former Syriza spokesperson , Dragasakis is widely considered to have strong personal relationships with the Greek bankers , going back to his early career . |
[
"Prime Minister"
] | easy | What was the position of Yannis Dragasakis in Sep 2015? | /wiki/Yannis_Dragasakis#P39#2 | Yannis Dragasakis Yannis Dragasakis ( ; born 1 January 1947 ) is a Greek politician and the former Deputy Prime Minister of Greece , serving twice from 27 January to 28 August 2015 and 23 September 2015 to 8 July 2019 . He is a member of the Greek Parliament for the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) for the Athens B constituency . Early life and education . Dragasakis was born in the village of Anatoli , Lasithi , Crete . He studied political science and economics at London School of Economics and has worked as a researcher and adviser in different companies in Europe . He was a member of the mission of the Greek Parliament in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . Political career . He was a prominent member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece until 1991 when he resigned to join Synaspismos , and became one of their founding members . He later became a member of Syriza . Dragasakis was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) in 1989 for the Coalition of the Left of Movements and Ecology , in the constituency of Chania . He was re-elected in 1996 for Athens B . At all subsequent elections , he has been re-elected , but since 2004 , he has stood for Syriza . On 13 November 1989 , he was appointed Alternate Minister of National Economy in the Ecumenical Cabinet of Xenophon Zolotas , and served in this role until 13 February 1990 , when he was removed in a cabinet reshuffle . On 7 October 2008 , he was elected as Deputy Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , the first Deputy Speaker from Syrizas parliamentary group . He served for a one-year period , but was elected again in 2012 , serving the whole legislative period until December 2014 . Dragasakis is one of the economic quartet of Syriza , the four main economists responsible for their economic policy , alongside Euclid Tsakalotos , Giorgos Stathakis and John Milios . Deputy Prime Minister . Following the January 2015 legislative election , Syriza formed a coalition government with ANEL . Alexis Tsipras , the leader of Syriza , became Prime Minister , and in turn appointed Dragasakis as Deputy Prime Minister . In March 2015 , Dragasakis co-authored an article in the Financial Times with Yanis Varoufakis and Euclid Tsakalotos that asked Greeces creditors to give them a chance . After Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , resigned on 6 July , Dragasakis was named as a potential successor . Varoufakis was later succeeded by Euclid Tsakalotos . Personal life . Dragasakis speaks English as well as Greek . He has two daughters , Marianna and Rinio . Friends have described him as rigid and inflexible in terms of socialist perspective , but also tactical as he the realism of everyday life . He has also been described as grounded in reality . According to Stathis Kouvelakis , former Syriza spokesperson , Dragasakis is widely considered to have strong personal relationships with the Greek bankers , going back to his early career . |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did Yannis Dragasakis hold from Oct 2015 to Oct 2016? | /wiki/Yannis_Dragasakis#P39#3 | Yannis Dragasakis Yannis Dragasakis ( ; born 1 January 1947 ) is a Greek politician and the former Deputy Prime Minister of Greece , serving twice from 27 January to 28 August 2015 and 23 September 2015 to 8 July 2019 . He is a member of the Greek Parliament for the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) for the Athens B constituency . Early life and education . Dragasakis was born in the village of Anatoli , Lasithi , Crete . He studied political science and economics at London School of Economics and has worked as a researcher and adviser in different companies in Europe . He was a member of the mission of the Greek Parliament in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . Political career . He was a prominent member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece until 1991 when he resigned to join Synaspismos , and became one of their founding members . He later became a member of Syriza . Dragasakis was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) in 1989 for the Coalition of the Left of Movements and Ecology , in the constituency of Chania . He was re-elected in 1996 for Athens B . At all subsequent elections , he has been re-elected , but since 2004 , he has stood for Syriza . On 13 November 1989 , he was appointed Alternate Minister of National Economy in the Ecumenical Cabinet of Xenophon Zolotas , and served in this role until 13 February 1990 , when he was removed in a cabinet reshuffle . On 7 October 2008 , he was elected as Deputy Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , the first Deputy Speaker from Syrizas parliamentary group . He served for a one-year period , but was elected again in 2012 , serving the whole legislative period until December 2014 . Dragasakis is one of the economic quartet of Syriza , the four main economists responsible for their economic policy , alongside Euclid Tsakalotos , Giorgos Stathakis and John Milios . Deputy Prime Minister . Following the January 2015 legislative election , Syriza formed a coalition government with ANEL . Alexis Tsipras , the leader of Syriza , became Prime Minister , and in turn appointed Dragasakis as Deputy Prime Minister . In March 2015 , Dragasakis co-authored an article in the Financial Times with Yanis Varoufakis and Euclid Tsakalotos that asked Greeces creditors to give them a chance . After Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , resigned on 6 July , Dragasakis was named as a potential successor . Varoufakis was later succeeded by Euclid Tsakalotos . Personal life . Dragasakis speaks English as well as Greek . He has two daughters , Marianna and Rinio . Friends have described him as rigid and inflexible in terms of socialist perspective , but also tactical as he the realism of everyday life . He has also been described as grounded in reality . According to Stathis Kouvelakis , former Syriza spokesperson , Dragasakis is widely considered to have strong personal relationships with the Greek bankers , going back to his early career . |
[
"DePauw University"
] | easy | Lee H. Hamilton went to which school from 1951 to 1952? | /wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton#P69#0 | Lee H . Hamilton Lee Herbert Hamilton ( born April 20 , 1931 ) is an American politician and lawyer from Indiana . He is a former member of the United States House of Representatives and a former member of the U.S . Homeland Security Advisory Council . A member of the Democratic Party , Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana from 1965 to 1999 . Following his departure from Congress , he has served on a number of governmental advisory boards , most notably as the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission . Early life and education . Born in Daytona Beach , Florida , Hamilton was raised in Evansville , Indiana , attending the public schools and graduating from Evansville Central High School in 1948 . An outstanding basketball player , he led the Central Bears to the state title game in March 1948 ; he then continued his playing career at DePauw University , where he played for Coach Jay McCreary before graduating in 1952 and then from the Indiana Univ . School of Law in 1956 . He worked as a lawyer in private practice for the next ten years in Columbus , Indiana . Congress . Hamilton was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat as part of the national Democratic landslide of 1964 . He chaired many committees during his tenure in office , including the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , the U.S . House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , the Joint Committee on Printing , and others . As chairman of the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran ( 1987 ) , Hamilton chose not to investigate President Ronald Reagan or President George H . W . Bush , stating that he did not think it would be good for the country to put the public through another impeachment trial . Hamilton was later chair of the House October Surprise Task Force ( 1992 ) . He remained in Congress until 1999 ; at the time he was one of two surviving members of the large Democratic freshman class of 1965 ( the other being John Conyers ) . He was viewed as a potential Democratic vice-presidential running mate in 1984 , 1988 , and 1992 , due to his foreign policy credentials and Indianas potential to turn into what would later be described as a blue state due to economic concerns . Life after Congress . In November 2002 , George W . Bush nominated Hamilton as the Vice-Chairman of the 9/11 Commission , officially titled The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States . On March 15 , 2006 , Congress announced the formation of the Iraq Study Group , organized by the United States Institute of Peace , of which Hamilton is the Democratic co-chairman , along with the former Secretary of State ( under President George H.W . Bush ) James A . Baker III . Hamilton , like Baker , is considered a master negotiator . Since leaving Congress , Mr . Hamilton has served as a member of the Hart-Rudman Commission , and was co-chairman of the Commission to Investigate Certain Security Issues at Los Alamos . He sits on many advisory boards , including those to the CIA , the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council , and the United States Army . Hamilton is an Advisory Board member and Co-Chair for the Partnership for a Secure America , a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy . He is previously the president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , and was appointed to serve as the vice chair of the 9/11 Commission . In 2000-2001 , he served as the American member of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty , which prepared the U.N policy of Responsibility to Protect , adopted in 2005 . He is also a member of the Board of Advisors of Albright Stonebridge Group . He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas Nuclear Future from 2010–2012 alongside Brent Scowcroft . He is also a member of Washington D.C . based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . Hamilton serves as a co-chair of the National Security Preparedness Group ( NSPG ) at the Bipartisan Policy Center . Hamilton is a co-chair with Sandra Day OConnor of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools . He also serves as an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and for America Abroad Media . On February 25 , 2011 , Hamilton wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to commute Jonathan Pollards sentence to time served . Pollard was serving a life sentence for providing Israel with classified information , without the intent to harm the United States , a crime which normally carries a sentence of two to four years . In his letter , he stated , I do believe that he has served a disproportionately severe sentence . He also stated , I have been acquainted for many years with members of his family , especially his parents , and I know how much pain and anguish they have suffered because of their sons incarceration . He concluded that , commuting his sentence is a matter of basic compassion and justice . Pollard was granted parole on July 7 , 2015 , and released on November 20 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2012 , Hamiltons wife Nancy died in an auto-related accident ; no one else was injured . Prior to her death , Mrs . Hamilton was an accomplished artist . In 1981 her oil paintings and watercolors were featured in an exhibit at The Commons and in 1984 she had a one-woman show at a Seymour art gallery . Mrs . Hamilton also contributed thousands of hours at the INOVA Alexandria Virginia Hospital . Hamilton endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election . Hamilton is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . World Justice Project . Lee H . Hamilton serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project . The World Justice Project works to lead a global , multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity . Honors and awards . A nine-mile stretch of I-265 and Indiana 265 in Floyd and Clark counties , part of Hamiltons former House district , was designated the Lee H . Hamilton Highway shortly after his retirement from the House in 1999 . The moniker is largely symbolic , as locals generally do not refer to the road by that name , although the name is used frequently by the traffic reporter for the areas largest radio station , WHAS 840-AM in nearby Louisville , Kentucky . In 1982 , Hamilton was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame , in honor of his outstanding prep basketball career ; he led the Evansville Central Bears to three deep runs in the IHSAA tournament . In 1946 , the Bears made the State Semi-finals , in 1947 , they made the State Quarter-finals ; as a Senior , he led them to the Championship game . He was selected All-State his senior season and was awarded the Trestor Award for mental attitude . He later starred for the DePauw Tigers . In 2001 Lee H . Hamilton was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association . In 2005 , Hamilton received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . In 2011 , Hamilton received the Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site Advancing American Democracy Award . In 2018 , Indiana University Bloomington announced that the School of Global and International Studies will be renamed the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies in honor of Hamilton and former U.S . Senator Richard Lugar , describing both as two immensely accomplished Indiana statesmen and two of the nations most distinguished and influential voices in foreign policy . Presidential Medal of Freedom . In November 2015 , Hamilton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in a ceremony at the White House . Bibliography . - A Creative Tension : The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and the Congress , with Jordan Tama , Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press , 2003 . - How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Without Precedent , the Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission , with T . H . Kean , New York : Vintage Books , Random House , Inc. , 2007 . - Strengthening Congress . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - The 9/11 Commission Report : Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . New York : W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 . External links . - Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award . - Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars wilsoncenter.org - Lee Hamilton Biography and Resources wilsoncenter.org - Iraq Study Group usip.org - Voting record maintained by the Washington Post washingtonpost.com - Stonewalled by the C.I.A . Op-Ed piece co-authored with Thomas Kean in the edition of January 2 , 2008 of the New York Times ( accessed January 2 , 2008 ) - Hamilton , Lee H . How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Hamilton , Lee H . Strengthening Congress . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Hamilton , January 8 , 2006 - A Legacy of Honor:The Congressional Papers of Lee H . Hamilton . Lilly Library , Bloomington , IN |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Lee H. Hamilton educated from 1952 to 1953? | /wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton#P69#1 | Lee H . Hamilton Lee Herbert Hamilton ( born April 20 , 1931 ) is an American politician and lawyer from Indiana . He is a former member of the United States House of Representatives and a former member of the U.S . Homeland Security Advisory Council . A member of the Democratic Party , Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana from 1965 to 1999 . Following his departure from Congress , he has served on a number of governmental advisory boards , most notably as the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission . Early life and education . Born in Daytona Beach , Florida , Hamilton was raised in Evansville , Indiana , attending the public schools and graduating from Evansville Central High School in 1948 . An outstanding basketball player , he led the Central Bears to the state title game in March 1948 ; he then continued his playing career at DePauw University , where he played for Coach Jay McCreary before graduating in 1952 and then from the Indiana Univ . School of Law in 1956 . He worked as a lawyer in private practice for the next ten years in Columbus , Indiana . Congress . Hamilton was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat as part of the national Democratic landslide of 1964 . He chaired many committees during his tenure in office , including the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , the U.S . House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , the Joint Committee on Printing , and others . As chairman of the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran ( 1987 ) , Hamilton chose not to investigate President Ronald Reagan or President George H . W . Bush , stating that he did not think it would be good for the country to put the public through another impeachment trial . Hamilton was later chair of the House October Surprise Task Force ( 1992 ) . He remained in Congress until 1999 ; at the time he was one of two surviving members of the large Democratic freshman class of 1965 ( the other being John Conyers ) . He was viewed as a potential Democratic vice-presidential running mate in 1984 , 1988 , and 1992 , due to his foreign policy credentials and Indianas potential to turn into what would later be described as a blue state due to economic concerns . Life after Congress . In November 2002 , George W . Bush nominated Hamilton as the Vice-Chairman of the 9/11 Commission , officially titled The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States . On March 15 , 2006 , Congress announced the formation of the Iraq Study Group , organized by the United States Institute of Peace , of which Hamilton is the Democratic co-chairman , along with the former Secretary of State ( under President George H.W . Bush ) James A . Baker III . Hamilton , like Baker , is considered a master negotiator . Since leaving Congress , Mr . Hamilton has served as a member of the Hart-Rudman Commission , and was co-chairman of the Commission to Investigate Certain Security Issues at Los Alamos . He sits on many advisory boards , including those to the CIA , the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council , and the United States Army . Hamilton is an Advisory Board member and Co-Chair for the Partnership for a Secure America , a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy . He is previously the president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , and was appointed to serve as the vice chair of the 9/11 Commission . In 2000-2001 , he served as the American member of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty , which prepared the U.N policy of Responsibility to Protect , adopted in 2005 . He is also a member of the Board of Advisors of Albright Stonebridge Group . He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas Nuclear Future from 2010–2012 alongside Brent Scowcroft . He is also a member of Washington D.C . based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . Hamilton serves as a co-chair of the National Security Preparedness Group ( NSPG ) at the Bipartisan Policy Center . Hamilton is a co-chair with Sandra Day OConnor of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools . He also serves as an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and for America Abroad Media . On February 25 , 2011 , Hamilton wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to commute Jonathan Pollards sentence to time served . Pollard was serving a life sentence for providing Israel with classified information , without the intent to harm the United States , a crime which normally carries a sentence of two to four years . In his letter , he stated , I do believe that he has served a disproportionately severe sentence . He also stated , I have been acquainted for many years with members of his family , especially his parents , and I know how much pain and anguish they have suffered because of their sons incarceration . He concluded that , commuting his sentence is a matter of basic compassion and justice . Pollard was granted parole on July 7 , 2015 , and released on November 20 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2012 , Hamiltons wife Nancy died in an auto-related accident ; no one else was injured . Prior to her death , Mrs . Hamilton was an accomplished artist . In 1981 her oil paintings and watercolors were featured in an exhibit at The Commons and in 1984 she had a one-woman show at a Seymour art gallery . Mrs . Hamilton also contributed thousands of hours at the INOVA Alexandria Virginia Hospital . Hamilton endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election . Hamilton is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . World Justice Project . Lee H . Hamilton serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project . The World Justice Project works to lead a global , multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity . Honors and awards . A nine-mile stretch of I-265 and Indiana 265 in Floyd and Clark counties , part of Hamiltons former House district , was designated the Lee H . Hamilton Highway shortly after his retirement from the House in 1999 . The moniker is largely symbolic , as locals generally do not refer to the road by that name , although the name is used frequently by the traffic reporter for the areas largest radio station , WHAS 840-AM in nearby Louisville , Kentucky . In 1982 , Hamilton was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame , in honor of his outstanding prep basketball career ; he led the Evansville Central Bears to three deep runs in the IHSAA tournament . In 1946 , the Bears made the State Semi-finals , in 1947 , they made the State Quarter-finals ; as a Senior , he led them to the Championship game . He was selected All-State his senior season and was awarded the Trestor Award for mental attitude . He later starred for the DePauw Tigers . In 2001 Lee H . Hamilton was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association . In 2005 , Hamilton received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . In 2011 , Hamilton received the Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site Advancing American Democracy Award . In 2018 , Indiana University Bloomington announced that the School of Global and International Studies will be renamed the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies in honor of Hamilton and former U.S . Senator Richard Lugar , describing both as two immensely accomplished Indiana statesmen and two of the nations most distinguished and influential voices in foreign policy . Presidential Medal of Freedom . In November 2015 , Hamilton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in a ceremony at the White House . Bibliography . - A Creative Tension : The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and the Congress , with Jordan Tama , Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press , 2003 . - How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Without Precedent , the Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission , with T . H . Kean , New York : Vintage Books , Random House , Inc. , 2007 . - Strengthening Congress . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - The 9/11 Commission Report : Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . New York : W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 . External links . - Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award . - Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars wilsoncenter.org - Lee Hamilton Biography and Resources wilsoncenter.org - Iraq Study Group usip.org - Voting record maintained by the Washington Post washingtonpost.com - Stonewalled by the C.I.A . Op-Ed piece co-authored with Thomas Kean in the edition of January 2 , 2008 of the New York Times ( accessed January 2 , 2008 ) - Hamilton , Lee H . How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Hamilton , Lee H . Strengthening Congress . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Hamilton , January 8 , 2006 - A Legacy of Honor:The Congressional Papers of Lee H . Hamilton . Lilly Library , Bloomington , IN |
[
"Indiana Univ . School of Law"
] | easy | Lee H. Hamilton went to which school from 1953 to 1956? | /wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton#P69#2 | Lee H . Hamilton Lee Herbert Hamilton ( born April 20 , 1931 ) is an American politician and lawyer from Indiana . He is a former member of the United States House of Representatives and a former member of the U.S . Homeland Security Advisory Council . A member of the Democratic Party , Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana from 1965 to 1999 . Following his departure from Congress , he has served on a number of governmental advisory boards , most notably as the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission . Early life and education . Born in Daytona Beach , Florida , Hamilton was raised in Evansville , Indiana , attending the public schools and graduating from Evansville Central High School in 1948 . An outstanding basketball player , he led the Central Bears to the state title game in March 1948 ; he then continued his playing career at DePauw University , where he played for Coach Jay McCreary before graduating in 1952 and then from the Indiana Univ . School of Law in 1956 . He worked as a lawyer in private practice for the next ten years in Columbus , Indiana . Congress . Hamilton was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat as part of the national Democratic landslide of 1964 . He chaired many committees during his tenure in office , including the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , the U.S . House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , the Joint Committee on Printing , and others . As chairman of the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran ( 1987 ) , Hamilton chose not to investigate President Ronald Reagan or President George H . W . Bush , stating that he did not think it would be good for the country to put the public through another impeachment trial . Hamilton was later chair of the House October Surprise Task Force ( 1992 ) . He remained in Congress until 1999 ; at the time he was one of two surviving members of the large Democratic freshman class of 1965 ( the other being John Conyers ) . He was viewed as a potential Democratic vice-presidential running mate in 1984 , 1988 , and 1992 , due to his foreign policy credentials and Indianas potential to turn into what would later be described as a blue state due to economic concerns . Life after Congress . In November 2002 , George W . Bush nominated Hamilton as the Vice-Chairman of the 9/11 Commission , officially titled The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States . On March 15 , 2006 , Congress announced the formation of the Iraq Study Group , organized by the United States Institute of Peace , of which Hamilton is the Democratic co-chairman , along with the former Secretary of State ( under President George H.W . Bush ) James A . Baker III . Hamilton , like Baker , is considered a master negotiator . Since leaving Congress , Mr . Hamilton has served as a member of the Hart-Rudman Commission , and was co-chairman of the Commission to Investigate Certain Security Issues at Los Alamos . He sits on many advisory boards , including those to the CIA , the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council , and the United States Army . Hamilton is an Advisory Board member and Co-Chair for the Partnership for a Secure America , a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy . He is previously the president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , and was appointed to serve as the vice chair of the 9/11 Commission . In 2000-2001 , he served as the American member of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty , which prepared the U.N policy of Responsibility to Protect , adopted in 2005 . He is also a member of the Board of Advisors of Albright Stonebridge Group . He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas Nuclear Future from 2010–2012 alongside Brent Scowcroft . He is also a member of Washington D.C . based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . Hamilton serves as a co-chair of the National Security Preparedness Group ( NSPG ) at the Bipartisan Policy Center . Hamilton is a co-chair with Sandra Day OConnor of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools . He also serves as an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and for America Abroad Media . On February 25 , 2011 , Hamilton wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to commute Jonathan Pollards sentence to time served . Pollard was serving a life sentence for providing Israel with classified information , without the intent to harm the United States , a crime which normally carries a sentence of two to four years . In his letter , he stated , I do believe that he has served a disproportionately severe sentence . He also stated , I have been acquainted for many years with members of his family , especially his parents , and I know how much pain and anguish they have suffered because of their sons incarceration . He concluded that , commuting his sentence is a matter of basic compassion and justice . Pollard was granted parole on July 7 , 2015 , and released on November 20 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2012 , Hamiltons wife Nancy died in an auto-related accident ; no one else was injured . Prior to her death , Mrs . Hamilton was an accomplished artist . In 1981 her oil paintings and watercolors were featured in an exhibit at The Commons and in 1984 she had a one-woman show at a Seymour art gallery . Mrs . Hamilton also contributed thousands of hours at the INOVA Alexandria Virginia Hospital . Hamilton endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election . Hamilton is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . World Justice Project . Lee H . Hamilton serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project . The World Justice Project works to lead a global , multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity . Honors and awards . A nine-mile stretch of I-265 and Indiana 265 in Floyd and Clark counties , part of Hamiltons former House district , was designated the Lee H . Hamilton Highway shortly after his retirement from the House in 1999 . The moniker is largely symbolic , as locals generally do not refer to the road by that name , although the name is used frequently by the traffic reporter for the areas largest radio station , WHAS 840-AM in nearby Louisville , Kentucky . In 1982 , Hamilton was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame , in honor of his outstanding prep basketball career ; he led the Evansville Central Bears to three deep runs in the IHSAA tournament . In 1946 , the Bears made the State Semi-finals , in 1947 , they made the State Quarter-finals ; as a Senior , he led them to the Championship game . He was selected All-State his senior season and was awarded the Trestor Award for mental attitude . He later starred for the DePauw Tigers . In 2001 Lee H . Hamilton was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association . In 2005 , Hamilton received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . In 2011 , Hamilton received the Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site Advancing American Democracy Award . In 2018 , Indiana University Bloomington announced that the School of Global and International Studies will be renamed the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies in honor of Hamilton and former U.S . Senator Richard Lugar , describing both as two immensely accomplished Indiana statesmen and two of the nations most distinguished and influential voices in foreign policy . Presidential Medal of Freedom . In November 2015 , Hamilton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in a ceremony at the White House . Bibliography . - A Creative Tension : The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and the Congress , with Jordan Tama , Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press , 2003 . - How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Without Precedent , the Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission , with T . H . Kean , New York : Vintage Books , Random House , Inc. , 2007 . - Strengthening Congress . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - The 9/11 Commission Report : Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . New York : W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 . External links . - Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award . - Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars wilsoncenter.org - Lee Hamilton Biography and Resources wilsoncenter.org - Iraq Study Group usip.org - Voting record maintained by the Washington Post washingtonpost.com - Stonewalled by the C.I.A . Op-Ed piece co-authored with Thomas Kean in the edition of January 2 , 2008 of the New York Times ( accessed January 2 , 2008 ) - Hamilton , Lee H . How Congress Works and Why You Should Care . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2004 . - Hamilton , Lee H . Strengthening Congress . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2009 . - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Hamilton , January 8 , 2006 - A Legacy of Honor:The Congressional Papers of Lee H . Hamilton . Lilly Library , Bloomington , IN |
[
"Michigan National Guard"
] | easy | What was the military branch of John Conyers from 1948 to 1950? | /wiki/John_Conyers#P241#0 | John Conyers John James Conyers Jr . ( May 16 , 1929October 27 , 2019 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S . Representative for Michigan from 1965 to 2017 . The districts he represented always included part of western Detroit . During his final three terms , his district included many of Detroits western suburbs , as well as a large portion of the Downriver area . Conyers served more than fifty years in Congress , becoming the sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S . history ; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress . Conyers was the Dean of the House of Representatives . By the end of his last term , he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the presidency of Lyndon B . Johnson . After serving in the Korean War , Conyers became active in the civil rights movement . He also served as an aide to Congressman John Dingell before winning election to the House in 1964 . He co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most liberal members of Congress . Conyers joined the Congressional Progressive Caucus after it was founded in 1991 . Conyers supported creation of a single-payer healthcare system and sponsored the United States National Health Care Act . He also sponsored a bill to establish Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a federal holiday . Conyers ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1989 and 1993 , but he was defeated in the primary each time . Conyers served as the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on the Judiciary from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017 . He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as Chairman of the House Oversight Committee from 1989 to 1995 . In the wake of allegations that he had sexually harassed female staff members and secretly used taxpayer money to settle a harassment claim , Conyers announced his resignation from Congress on December 5 , 2017 . Early life , education , and early career . Conyers was born and raised in Detroit , the son of Lucille Janice ( Simpson ) and John James Conyers , a labor leader . Among his siblings was younger brother William Conyers . After graduating from Northwestern High School , Conyers served in the Michigan National Guard from 1948 to 1950 ; the U.S . Army from 1950 to 1954 ; and the U.S . Army Reserves from 1954 to 1957 . Conyers served for a year in Korea during the Korean War as an officer in the U.S . Army Corps of Engineers and was awarded combat and merit citations . After his active military service , Conyers pursued a college education . He earned both his BA ( 1957 ) and LL.B . ( 1958 ) degrees from Wayne State University . After he was admitted to the bar , he worked on the staff of Congressman John Dingell . He also served as counsel to several Detroit-area labor union locals . From 1961 to 1963 , he was a referee for Michigans workmens compensation department . Conyers became one of the leaders of the civil rights movement . He was present in Selma , Alabama , on October 7 , 1963 , for the voter registration drive known as Freedom Day . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1964 , Conyers ran for an open seat in what was then the 1st District , and defeated Republican Robert Blackwell with 84% of the vote . He was reelected 13 times with even larger margins . After the 1990 United States Census , Michigan lost a congressional district , and there was redistricting . Conyerss district was renumbered as the 14th district . In 1992 , Conyers won re-election to his 15th term in his new district , which included western suburbs of Detroit , with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon . He won re-election another nine times after that . His worst re-election performance was in 2010 , when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee Don Ukrainec . In 2013 , his district was renamed as the 13th district . In total , Conyers won re-election twenty-five times and was serving in his twenty-sixth term . He was the dean of the House as longest-serving current member , the third longest-serving member of the House in history , and the sixth longest-serving member of Congress in history . He was the second-longest serving member of either house of Congress in Michigans history , trailing only his former boss , Dingell . He was also the last member of the large Democratic freshman class of 1964 who was still serving in the House . In May 2014 , Wayne County Clerk Cathy Garrett determined that Conyers had not submitted enough valid nominating petition signatures to appear on the August 2014 Primary Election ballot . Two of his workers circulating petitions were not themselves registered voters at the time , which was required under Michigan law . But on May 23 , Federal District Judge Matthew Leitman issued an injunction placing Conyers back on the ballot , ruling that the requirement that circulators be registered voters was similar to an Ohio law which had been found unconstitutional in 2008 by a Federal appeals court . The Michigan Secretary of States office subsequently announced they would not appeal the ruling . Tenure . Conyers was one of the 13 founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus ( CBC ) and was considered the Dean of that group . Formed in 1969 , the CBC was founded to strengthen African-American lawmakers ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens . He served longer in Congress than any other African American . In 1971 , he was one of the original members of Nixons Enemies List . In 1965 , Conyers won a seat as a freshman on the influential Judiciary Committee , which was then chaired by Democratic Congressman Emanuel Celler of New York . The assignment was considered an elite one , as Judiciary ranked behind only Ways and Means and Appropriations in terms of the number of Members who sought assignment there . According to the National Journal , Conyers has been considered , with Pete Stark , John Lewis , Jim McDermott , and Barbara Lee , to be one of the most liberal members of Congress for many years . Rosa Parks , known for her prominent role in the Montgomery , Alabama bus boycott , moved to Detroit and served on Conyerss staff between 1965 and 1988 . Conyers was known to have opposed regulation of online gambling . He opposed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 . After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . in 1968 , Conyers introduced the first bill in Congress to make Kings birthday a federal holiday . He continued to propose legislation to establish the federal holiday in every session of Congress from 1968 to 1983 , when Martin Luther King Jr . Day was finally signed into law by President Ronald Reagan . In 1983 he joined with 7 other Congressional Representatives to sponsor a resolution to impeach Ronald Reagan over his sudden and unexpected invasion of Grenada . Conyers introduced the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act ( ) in January 1989 . He re-introduced this bill each congressional term . It calls for establishing a commission to research the history of slavery in the United States and its effects on current society , which is to recommend ways to remedy this injustice against African Americans . The current version was introduced and referred to committee on January 3 , 2013 . Conyers first introduced the proposed resolution in 1989 , and has stated his intention to annually propose this act until it is approved and passed . Since 1997 , the bill has been designated H.R . 40 , most recently , , alluding to the promise of forty acres and a mule . If passed , the commission would explore the longstanding effects of slavery on todays society , politics , and economy . Nixon and Watergate . Conyers was critical of President Richard Nixon during his tenure . He was listed as number 13 on President Nixons enemies list during the presidents 1969–74 presidential tenure . The presidents Chief Counsel described him as coming on fast , and said he was emerging as a black anti-Nixon spokesman . Conyers , who voted to impeach Nixon in July 1974 , wrote at the time , National Health Care Act . Conyers submitted the United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) ( H.R . 676 ) ; as of 2015 , it had 49 cosponsors . He introduced it with 25 cosponsors , in 2003 , and reintroduced it each session since then . The act calls for the creation of a universal single-payer health care system in the United States , in which the government would provide every resident health care free of charge . To eliminate disparate treatment between richer and poorer Americans , the Act would prohibit private insurers from covering any treatment or procedure already covered by the Act . Downing Street memo . On May 5 , 2005 , Conyers and 88 other members of Congress wrote an open letter to the White House inquiring about the Downing Street memo . This was a leaked memorandum that revealed an apparent secret agreement between the U.S . and British governments to invade Iraq in 2002 . The Times , among the first to publish news of the leak , wrote that the discovered documented revealed the intentions of Bush and Blair to invade Iraq , along with revealing that the two had discussed creating pretextual justifications for doing so . The memo story broke in the United Kingdom , but did not receive much coverage in the United States . Conyers said : This should not be allowed to fall down the memory hole during wall-to-wall coverage of the Michael Jackson trial and a runaway bride . Conyers and others reportedly considered sending a congressional investigation delegation to London . What Went Wrong in Ohio . In May 2005 , Conyers released What Went Wrong in Ohio : The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election . This dealt with the voting irregularities in the state of Ohio during the 2004 U.S . Presidential Election . The evidence offered consists of statistical abnormalities in the differences between exit poll results and actual votes registered at those locations . The book also discusses reports of faulty electronic voting machines and the lack of credibility of those machines used to tally votes . Conyers was one of 31 members of the House who voted not to count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election . The state was won by Republican President George Bush by 118,457 votes . Constitution in Crisis . On August 4 , 2006 , Conyers released his report , The Constitution in Crisis : The Downing Street Minutes and Deception , Manipulation , Torture , Retributions and Cover-ups in the Iraq War , an edited collection of information intended to serve as evidence that the Bush Administration altered intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The Constitution in Crisis examines much of the evidence presented by the Bush Administration prior to the invasion and questions the credibility of their sources of intelligence . In addition , the document investigates conditions that led to the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq , as well as further evidence of torture having been committed but not made known to the public . Finally , the document reports on a series of smear tactics purportedly used by the administration in dealing with its political adversaries . The document calls for the censure of President George W . Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney . Conyers refused to back impeachment proceedings , however . On anti-Muslim intolerance . Conyers proposed House Resolution 288 , which condemns religious intolerance and emphasizes Islam as needing special protection from acts of violence and intolerance . It states that it should never be official policy of the United States Government to disparage the Quran , Islam , or any religion in any way , shape , or form , and calls upon local , State , and Federal authorities to work to prevent bias-motivated crimes and acts against all individuals , including those of the Islamic faith . The bill was referred to the House subcommittee on the Constitution in June 2005 . In 2005 , Conyers introduced House Resolution 160 , a house resolution that would have condemned the conduct of Narendra Modi , then the chief minister of the State of Gujarat in India . The resolution was cosponsored by Republican Representative Joseph R . Pitts ( Republican of Pennsylvania ) . The resolutions title was : Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India . The resolution cited a 2004 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom report on Modi stating that he was widely accused of being reluctant to bring the perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus to justice . ( See 2002 Gujarat riots. ) The resolution was not adopted . Conyers v . Bush . In April 2006 Conyers , together with ten other senior congressmen , filed an action in the U.S . District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan , Southern Division , challenging the constitutionality of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 . The complaint alleged the bill was not afforded due consideration by the United States Congress before being signed by the President . The action was subsequently dismissed on grounds of lack of standing . Ethics controversy . In April 2006 , the FBI and the U.S . Attorneys office sent independent letters to the House Ethics Committee , saying two former aides of Conyers had alleged that Conyers used his staff to work on several local and state campaigns of other politiciansincluding his wifefor the Detroit City Council . ( She won a seat in 2005. ) He also forced them to baby-sit and chauffeur his children . In late December 2006 , Conyers accepted responsibility for violating House rules . A statement issued December 29 , 2006 , by the House Ethics Committee chairman Doc Hastings and Ranking Minority Member Howard Berman , said Conyers acknowledged what he characterized as a lack of clarity in his communications with staff members regarding their official duties and responsibilities , and accepted responsibility for his actions . In deciding to drop the matter , Hastings and Berman said : Copyright bill . Conyers repeatedly introduced the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act , a bill that would overturn the NIH Public Access Policy , an open-access mandate of the National Institutes of Health . Conyerss bill would forbid the government from mandating that federally funded research be made freely available to the public . The legislation was supported by the publishing industry , and opposed by groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation . Writers Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen accused Conyers of being influenced by publishing houses , who have contributed significant money to his campaigns . House Report on George W . Bush presidency and proposed inquiry . On January 13 , 2009 , the House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Conyers , released Reining in the Imperial Presidency : Lessons and Recommendations Relating to the Presidency of George W . Bush , a 486-page report detailing alleged abuses of power that occurred during the Bush administration , and a comprehensive set of recommendations to prevent recurrence . Conyers introduced a bill to set up a truth commission panel to investigate alleged policy abuses of the Bush administration . Bill reading controversy . In late July 2009 , Conyers , commenting on the healthcare debate in the House , stated : I love these members , they get up and say , Read the bill.. . What good is reading the bill if its a thousand pages and you dont have two days and two lawyers to find out what it means after you read the bill ? His remark brought criticism from government transparency advocates such as the Sunlight Foundation , which referred to readthebill.org in response . Bribery conviction of wife . On June 16 , 2009 , the United States Attorneys Office said two Synagro Technologies representatives had named Monica Conyers as the recipient of bribes from the company totaling more than $6,000 , paid to influence passage of a contract with the City of Detroit . The information was gathered during an FBI investigation into political corruption in the city . She was given a pre-indictment letter , and offered a plea bargain deal in the case . On June 26 , 2009 , she was charged with conspiring to commit bribery . She pleaded guilty . On March 10 , 2010 , she was sentenced to 37 months in prison , and also received two years of supervised probation . She served slightly more than 27 months at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp . After supervised release , she was fully released from federal custody officially on May 16 , 2013 . Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies . In October , Conyers responded to allegations from four Republican Congress Members , in the wake of the launch of the book Muslim Mafia , that the Council on American-Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) sought to plant Muslim spies in Capitol Hill . He strongly opposed the accusations , saying : WikiLeaks . At a December 16 , 2010 , hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on the subject of the Espionage Act and the Legal and Constitutional Issues Raised by WikiLeaks , Conyers argue [ d ] strongly against prosecuting WikiLeaks in hasteor at all . He strongly defended the whistleblowing organization , saying : Conyerss statement was in marked contrast to the repeated calls from other members of Congress and Obama administration officials to prosecute WikiLeaks head Julian Assange immediately . Criticism of American foreign policy . Conyers and his Republican colleague Ted Yoho offered bipartisan amendments to block the U.S . military training of Ukraines Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard . Some members of the battalion are openly white supremacists . Conyers stated , If theres one simple lesson we can take away from U.S . involvement in conflicts overseas , its this : Beware of unintended consequences . As was made vividly clear with U.S . involvement in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion decades ago , overzealous military assistance or the hyper-weaponization of conflicts can have destabilizing consequences and ultimately undercut our own national interests . Conyers has also voiced concerns about sending anti-aircraft missiles to Syrian rebels . Sexual harassment allegations and resignation . In 2015 , a former employee of Conyers alleged that he had sexually harassed her and dismissed her . She filed an affidavit with the Congressional Office of Compliance . She said she was paid a settlement of $27,000 from public funds . BuzzFeed reported on this settlement on November 20 , 2017 , based on documents from Mike Cernovich , a conspiracy theorist and provocateur . BuzzFeed reported accounts of other ethical concerns associated with Conyerss office , such as sexual harassment of other female staffers , and staffers allegedly often finding him undressed inside his office . In November 2017 , Melanie Sloan , founder of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) , publicly accused Conyers of having harassed and verbally abused her during her tenure working for the House Judiciary Committee . On one occasion , she was summoned to his office and found him sitting in his underwear , and she quickly left . Conyers responded to these reports , saying , In our country , we strive to honor this fundamental principle that all are entitled to due process . In this case , I expressly and vehemently denied the allegations made against me , and continue to do so . My office resolved the allegationswith an express denial of liabilityin order to save all involved from the rigors of protracted litigation . On November 21 , 2017 , the House Ethics Committee launched an investigation into multiple sexual harassment allegations against Conyers . Later in November 2017 there were reports that a second woman accused Conyers of sexual harassment . House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , who had initially stated that Conyers was an icon and had done a great deal to protect women , called upon Conyers to resign . She said the allegations against him were very credible . On December 5 , 2017 , Conyers resigned his House seat because of his mounting sexual scandals . The announcement came the day after another former staffer released an affidavit accusing Conyers of sexual harassment . The same day , an article by The Washington Post published allegations by Courtney Morse that Conyers had threatened her with a similar fate to that of Chandra Levy , a staffer found murdered in a park in Washington , DC . She said that after she rejected his advances , he said he had insider information on the case . I dont know if he meant it to be threatening , but I took it that way . At a time when the #MeToo movement was pushing for action against men who harassed women , some media and supporters in Detroit believed Conyers had been unfairly treated . He was reported as the first sitting politician to be ousted from office in the wake of the #MeToo movement . One supporter said he had been railroaded out of office . Caucus memberships . - Founding Member and Dean of the Congressional Black Caucus - American Sikh Congressional Caucus - Congressional Progressive Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Out of Afghanistan Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Full Employment Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus Political positions . According to The New Republic , Conyers was a member of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1983 . Conyers supported legislation aimed at strengthening the U.S . civil justice system . In March 2016 , Rep . Conyers and Representative Hank Johnson introduced legislation to protect consumers access to civil courts , titled the Restoring Statutory Rights Act . This legislation would ensure that the state , federal , and constitutional rights of Americans are enforceable and consumers arent forced into secretive private arbitration hearings . Detroit mayoral campaigns . While serving in the U.S . House , Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for mayor of Detroit : one in 1989 against incumbent Coleman Young and again in 1993 . 1989 . Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a fifth term , despite growing unpopularity and the declining economy of Detroit . In the September primary , Young won with 51% of the vote . Accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run-off by having 24% , and Conyers received 18% of the vote . Despite the difficulties of the city , Young defeated Barrow in the run-off with 56% of the vote . 1993 . In June 1993 , incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to retire instead of seeking a sixth term , citing his age and health . Many observers believed he had decided not to test his growing unpopularity . In a Detroit News poll in February , 81% said Young should retire . Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access . Dennis Archer was the front runner in the mayoral campaign from the beginning . The 51-year-old former State Supreme Court Justice raised over $1.6million to finance his campaign . He won the September primary with 54% of the vote . Conyers came in fourth place . Archer won the November election . Personal life and death . Conyers married Monica Esters , a teacher in Detroit , in 1990 . She was 25 and he was 61 ; they had two sons together , John James III and Carl Edward Conyers . She later served as a vice administrator of the public schools , and in 2005 was elected to the Detroit City Council . In September 2015 , Monica Conyers filed for divorce , citing a breakdown of the marriage . However , they reconciled in late 2016 . Conyerss grandnephew , Ian Conyers , was elected to the Michigan Senate in 2016 . He generated controversy by telling of Conyerss planned retirement in interviews before the Congressman announced it himself , and claiming his great-uncles endorsement . While Ian Conyers announced he would run in the special election for the Congressmans seat , John Conyers endorsed his son . John Conyers III chose not to run . Ian Conyers was defeated in the Democratic primary by Rashida Tlaib . Conyers died on October 27 , 2019 , at his home in Detroit . He was 90 years old . His funeral was held on November4 at Detroits Greater Grace Temple . Representation in other media . - Conyers frequently posted at Daily Kos and Democratic Underground . Beginning May 2005 , he had been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post and on his own blog . - John Conyers appeared in Michael Moores documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 , discussing the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . He said many members of Congress dont read most of the bills , as they are very lengthy . They rely on staff to study them in detail . Honors and awards . In 2007 , he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP . |
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"U.S . Army"
] | easy | What was the military branch of John Conyers from 1950 to 1954? | /wiki/John_Conyers#P241#1 | John Conyers John James Conyers Jr . ( May 16 , 1929October 27 , 2019 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S . Representative for Michigan from 1965 to 2017 . The districts he represented always included part of western Detroit . During his final three terms , his district included many of Detroits western suburbs , as well as a large portion of the Downriver area . Conyers served more than fifty years in Congress , becoming the sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S . history ; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress . Conyers was the Dean of the House of Representatives . By the end of his last term , he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the presidency of Lyndon B . Johnson . After serving in the Korean War , Conyers became active in the civil rights movement . He also served as an aide to Congressman John Dingell before winning election to the House in 1964 . He co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most liberal members of Congress . Conyers joined the Congressional Progressive Caucus after it was founded in 1991 . Conyers supported creation of a single-payer healthcare system and sponsored the United States National Health Care Act . He also sponsored a bill to establish Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a federal holiday . Conyers ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1989 and 1993 , but he was defeated in the primary each time . Conyers served as the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on the Judiciary from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017 . He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as Chairman of the House Oversight Committee from 1989 to 1995 . In the wake of allegations that he had sexually harassed female staff members and secretly used taxpayer money to settle a harassment claim , Conyers announced his resignation from Congress on December 5 , 2017 . Early life , education , and early career . Conyers was born and raised in Detroit , the son of Lucille Janice ( Simpson ) and John James Conyers , a labor leader . Among his siblings was younger brother William Conyers . After graduating from Northwestern High School , Conyers served in the Michigan National Guard from 1948 to 1950 ; the U.S . Army from 1950 to 1954 ; and the U.S . Army Reserves from 1954 to 1957 . Conyers served for a year in Korea during the Korean War as an officer in the U.S . Army Corps of Engineers and was awarded combat and merit citations . After his active military service , Conyers pursued a college education . He earned both his BA ( 1957 ) and LL.B . ( 1958 ) degrees from Wayne State University . After he was admitted to the bar , he worked on the staff of Congressman John Dingell . He also served as counsel to several Detroit-area labor union locals . From 1961 to 1963 , he was a referee for Michigans workmens compensation department . Conyers became one of the leaders of the civil rights movement . He was present in Selma , Alabama , on October 7 , 1963 , for the voter registration drive known as Freedom Day . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1964 , Conyers ran for an open seat in what was then the 1st District , and defeated Republican Robert Blackwell with 84% of the vote . He was reelected 13 times with even larger margins . After the 1990 United States Census , Michigan lost a congressional district , and there was redistricting . Conyerss district was renumbered as the 14th district . In 1992 , Conyers won re-election to his 15th term in his new district , which included western suburbs of Detroit , with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon . He won re-election another nine times after that . His worst re-election performance was in 2010 , when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee Don Ukrainec . In 2013 , his district was renamed as the 13th district . In total , Conyers won re-election twenty-five times and was serving in his twenty-sixth term . He was the dean of the House as longest-serving current member , the third longest-serving member of the House in history , and the sixth longest-serving member of Congress in history . He was the second-longest serving member of either house of Congress in Michigans history , trailing only his former boss , Dingell . He was also the last member of the large Democratic freshman class of 1964 who was still serving in the House . In May 2014 , Wayne County Clerk Cathy Garrett determined that Conyers had not submitted enough valid nominating petition signatures to appear on the August 2014 Primary Election ballot . Two of his workers circulating petitions were not themselves registered voters at the time , which was required under Michigan law . But on May 23 , Federal District Judge Matthew Leitman issued an injunction placing Conyers back on the ballot , ruling that the requirement that circulators be registered voters was similar to an Ohio law which had been found unconstitutional in 2008 by a Federal appeals court . The Michigan Secretary of States office subsequently announced they would not appeal the ruling . Tenure . Conyers was one of the 13 founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus ( CBC ) and was considered the Dean of that group . Formed in 1969 , the CBC was founded to strengthen African-American lawmakers ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens . He served longer in Congress than any other African American . In 1971 , he was one of the original members of Nixons Enemies List . In 1965 , Conyers won a seat as a freshman on the influential Judiciary Committee , which was then chaired by Democratic Congressman Emanuel Celler of New York . The assignment was considered an elite one , as Judiciary ranked behind only Ways and Means and Appropriations in terms of the number of Members who sought assignment there . According to the National Journal , Conyers has been considered , with Pete Stark , John Lewis , Jim McDermott , and Barbara Lee , to be one of the most liberal members of Congress for many years . Rosa Parks , known for her prominent role in the Montgomery , Alabama bus boycott , moved to Detroit and served on Conyerss staff between 1965 and 1988 . Conyers was known to have opposed regulation of online gambling . He opposed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 . After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . in 1968 , Conyers introduced the first bill in Congress to make Kings birthday a federal holiday . He continued to propose legislation to establish the federal holiday in every session of Congress from 1968 to 1983 , when Martin Luther King Jr . Day was finally signed into law by President Ronald Reagan . In 1983 he joined with 7 other Congressional Representatives to sponsor a resolution to impeach Ronald Reagan over his sudden and unexpected invasion of Grenada . Conyers introduced the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act ( ) in January 1989 . He re-introduced this bill each congressional term . It calls for establishing a commission to research the history of slavery in the United States and its effects on current society , which is to recommend ways to remedy this injustice against African Americans . The current version was introduced and referred to committee on January 3 , 2013 . Conyers first introduced the proposed resolution in 1989 , and has stated his intention to annually propose this act until it is approved and passed . Since 1997 , the bill has been designated H.R . 40 , most recently , , alluding to the promise of forty acres and a mule . If passed , the commission would explore the longstanding effects of slavery on todays society , politics , and economy . Nixon and Watergate . Conyers was critical of President Richard Nixon during his tenure . He was listed as number 13 on President Nixons enemies list during the presidents 1969–74 presidential tenure . The presidents Chief Counsel described him as coming on fast , and said he was emerging as a black anti-Nixon spokesman . Conyers , who voted to impeach Nixon in July 1974 , wrote at the time , National Health Care Act . Conyers submitted the United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) ( H.R . 676 ) ; as of 2015 , it had 49 cosponsors . He introduced it with 25 cosponsors , in 2003 , and reintroduced it each session since then . The act calls for the creation of a universal single-payer health care system in the United States , in which the government would provide every resident health care free of charge . To eliminate disparate treatment between richer and poorer Americans , the Act would prohibit private insurers from covering any treatment or procedure already covered by the Act . Downing Street memo . On May 5 , 2005 , Conyers and 88 other members of Congress wrote an open letter to the White House inquiring about the Downing Street memo . This was a leaked memorandum that revealed an apparent secret agreement between the U.S . and British governments to invade Iraq in 2002 . The Times , among the first to publish news of the leak , wrote that the discovered documented revealed the intentions of Bush and Blair to invade Iraq , along with revealing that the two had discussed creating pretextual justifications for doing so . The memo story broke in the United Kingdom , but did not receive much coverage in the United States . Conyers said : This should not be allowed to fall down the memory hole during wall-to-wall coverage of the Michael Jackson trial and a runaway bride . Conyers and others reportedly considered sending a congressional investigation delegation to London . What Went Wrong in Ohio . In May 2005 , Conyers released What Went Wrong in Ohio : The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election . This dealt with the voting irregularities in the state of Ohio during the 2004 U.S . Presidential Election . The evidence offered consists of statistical abnormalities in the differences between exit poll results and actual votes registered at those locations . The book also discusses reports of faulty electronic voting machines and the lack of credibility of those machines used to tally votes . Conyers was one of 31 members of the House who voted not to count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election . The state was won by Republican President George Bush by 118,457 votes . Constitution in Crisis . On August 4 , 2006 , Conyers released his report , The Constitution in Crisis : The Downing Street Minutes and Deception , Manipulation , Torture , Retributions and Cover-ups in the Iraq War , an edited collection of information intended to serve as evidence that the Bush Administration altered intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The Constitution in Crisis examines much of the evidence presented by the Bush Administration prior to the invasion and questions the credibility of their sources of intelligence . In addition , the document investigates conditions that led to the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq , as well as further evidence of torture having been committed but not made known to the public . Finally , the document reports on a series of smear tactics purportedly used by the administration in dealing with its political adversaries . The document calls for the censure of President George W . Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney . Conyers refused to back impeachment proceedings , however . On anti-Muslim intolerance . Conyers proposed House Resolution 288 , which condemns religious intolerance and emphasizes Islam as needing special protection from acts of violence and intolerance . It states that it should never be official policy of the United States Government to disparage the Quran , Islam , or any religion in any way , shape , or form , and calls upon local , State , and Federal authorities to work to prevent bias-motivated crimes and acts against all individuals , including those of the Islamic faith . The bill was referred to the House subcommittee on the Constitution in June 2005 . In 2005 , Conyers introduced House Resolution 160 , a house resolution that would have condemned the conduct of Narendra Modi , then the chief minister of the State of Gujarat in India . The resolution was cosponsored by Republican Representative Joseph R . Pitts ( Republican of Pennsylvania ) . The resolutions title was : Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India . The resolution cited a 2004 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom report on Modi stating that he was widely accused of being reluctant to bring the perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus to justice . ( See 2002 Gujarat riots. ) The resolution was not adopted . Conyers v . Bush . In April 2006 Conyers , together with ten other senior congressmen , filed an action in the U.S . District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan , Southern Division , challenging the constitutionality of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 . The complaint alleged the bill was not afforded due consideration by the United States Congress before being signed by the President . The action was subsequently dismissed on grounds of lack of standing . Ethics controversy . In April 2006 , the FBI and the U.S . Attorneys office sent independent letters to the House Ethics Committee , saying two former aides of Conyers had alleged that Conyers used his staff to work on several local and state campaigns of other politiciansincluding his wifefor the Detroit City Council . ( She won a seat in 2005. ) He also forced them to baby-sit and chauffeur his children . In late December 2006 , Conyers accepted responsibility for violating House rules . A statement issued December 29 , 2006 , by the House Ethics Committee chairman Doc Hastings and Ranking Minority Member Howard Berman , said Conyers acknowledged what he characterized as a lack of clarity in his communications with staff members regarding their official duties and responsibilities , and accepted responsibility for his actions . In deciding to drop the matter , Hastings and Berman said : Copyright bill . Conyers repeatedly introduced the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act , a bill that would overturn the NIH Public Access Policy , an open-access mandate of the National Institutes of Health . Conyerss bill would forbid the government from mandating that federally funded research be made freely available to the public . The legislation was supported by the publishing industry , and opposed by groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation . Writers Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen accused Conyers of being influenced by publishing houses , who have contributed significant money to his campaigns . House Report on George W . Bush presidency and proposed inquiry . On January 13 , 2009 , the House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Conyers , released Reining in the Imperial Presidency : Lessons and Recommendations Relating to the Presidency of George W . Bush , a 486-page report detailing alleged abuses of power that occurred during the Bush administration , and a comprehensive set of recommendations to prevent recurrence . Conyers introduced a bill to set up a truth commission panel to investigate alleged policy abuses of the Bush administration . Bill reading controversy . In late July 2009 , Conyers , commenting on the healthcare debate in the House , stated : I love these members , they get up and say , Read the bill.. . What good is reading the bill if its a thousand pages and you dont have two days and two lawyers to find out what it means after you read the bill ? His remark brought criticism from government transparency advocates such as the Sunlight Foundation , which referred to readthebill.org in response . Bribery conviction of wife . On June 16 , 2009 , the United States Attorneys Office said two Synagro Technologies representatives had named Monica Conyers as the recipient of bribes from the company totaling more than $6,000 , paid to influence passage of a contract with the City of Detroit . The information was gathered during an FBI investigation into political corruption in the city . She was given a pre-indictment letter , and offered a plea bargain deal in the case . On June 26 , 2009 , she was charged with conspiring to commit bribery . She pleaded guilty . On March 10 , 2010 , she was sentenced to 37 months in prison , and also received two years of supervised probation . She served slightly more than 27 months at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp . After supervised release , she was fully released from federal custody officially on May 16 , 2013 . Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies . In October , Conyers responded to allegations from four Republican Congress Members , in the wake of the launch of the book Muslim Mafia , that the Council on American-Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) sought to plant Muslim spies in Capitol Hill . He strongly opposed the accusations , saying : WikiLeaks . At a December 16 , 2010 , hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on the subject of the Espionage Act and the Legal and Constitutional Issues Raised by WikiLeaks , Conyers argue [ d ] strongly against prosecuting WikiLeaks in hasteor at all . He strongly defended the whistleblowing organization , saying : Conyerss statement was in marked contrast to the repeated calls from other members of Congress and Obama administration officials to prosecute WikiLeaks head Julian Assange immediately . Criticism of American foreign policy . Conyers and his Republican colleague Ted Yoho offered bipartisan amendments to block the U.S . military training of Ukraines Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard . Some members of the battalion are openly white supremacists . Conyers stated , If theres one simple lesson we can take away from U.S . involvement in conflicts overseas , its this : Beware of unintended consequences . As was made vividly clear with U.S . involvement in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion decades ago , overzealous military assistance or the hyper-weaponization of conflicts can have destabilizing consequences and ultimately undercut our own national interests . Conyers has also voiced concerns about sending anti-aircraft missiles to Syrian rebels . Sexual harassment allegations and resignation . In 2015 , a former employee of Conyers alleged that he had sexually harassed her and dismissed her . She filed an affidavit with the Congressional Office of Compliance . She said she was paid a settlement of $27,000 from public funds . BuzzFeed reported on this settlement on November 20 , 2017 , based on documents from Mike Cernovich , a conspiracy theorist and provocateur . BuzzFeed reported accounts of other ethical concerns associated with Conyerss office , such as sexual harassment of other female staffers , and staffers allegedly often finding him undressed inside his office . In November 2017 , Melanie Sloan , founder of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) , publicly accused Conyers of having harassed and verbally abused her during her tenure working for the House Judiciary Committee . On one occasion , she was summoned to his office and found him sitting in his underwear , and she quickly left . Conyers responded to these reports , saying , In our country , we strive to honor this fundamental principle that all are entitled to due process . In this case , I expressly and vehemently denied the allegations made against me , and continue to do so . My office resolved the allegationswith an express denial of liabilityin order to save all involved from the rigors of protracted litigation . On November 21 , 2017 , the House Ethics Committee launched an investigation into multiple sexual harassment allegations against Conyers . Later in November 2017 there were reports that a second woman accused Conyers of sexual harassment . House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , who had initially stated that Conyers was an icon and had done a great deal to protect women , called upon Conyers to resign . She said the allegations against him were very credible . On December 5 , 2017 , Conyers resigned his House seat because of his mounting sexual scandals . The announcement came the day after another former staffer released an affidavit accusing Conyers of sexual harassment . The same day , an article by The Washington Post published allegations by Courtney Morse that Conyers had threatened her with a similar fate to that of Chandra Levy , a staffer found murdered in a park in Washington , DC . She said that after she rejected his advances , he said he had insider information on the case . I dont know if he meant it to be threatening , but I took it that way . At a time when the #MeToo movement was pushing for action against men who harassed women , some media and supporters in Detroit believed Conyers had been unfairly treated . He was reported as the first sitting politician to be ousted from office in the wake of the #MeToo movement . One supporter said he had been railroaded out of office . Caucus memberships . - Founding Member and Dean of the Congressional Black Caucus - American Sikh Congressional Caucus - Congressional Progressive Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Out of Afghanistan Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Full Employment Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus Political positions . According to The New Republic , Conyers was a member of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1983 . Conyers supported legislation aimed at strengthening the U.S . civil justice system . In March 2016 , Rep . Conyers and Representative Hank Johnson introduced legislation to protect consumers access to civil courts , titled the Restoring Statutory Rights Act . This legislation would ensure that the state , federal , and constitutional rights of Americans are enforceable and consumers arent forced into secretive private arbitration hearings . Detroit mayoral campaigns . While serving in the U.S . House , Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for mayor of Detroit : one in 1989 against incumbent Coleman Young and again in 1993 . 1989 . Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a fifth term , despite growing unpopularity and the declining economy of Detroit . In the September primary , Young won with 51% of the vote . Accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run-off by having 24% , and Conyers received 18% of the vote . Despite the difficulties of the city , Young defeated Barrow in the run-off with 56% of the vote . 1993 . In June 1993 , incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to retire instead of seeking a sixth term , citing his age and health . Many observers believed he had decided not to test his growing unpopularity . In a Detroit News poll in February , 81% said Young should retire . Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access . Dennis Archer was the front runner in the mayoral campaign from the beginning . The 51-year-old former State Supreme Court Justice raised over $1.6million to finance his campaign . He won the September primary with 54% of the vote . Conyers came in fourth place . Archer won the November election . Personal life and death . Conyers married Monica Esters , a teacher in Detroit , in 1990 . She was 25 and he was 61 ; they had two sons together , John James III and Carl Edward Conyers . She later served as a vice administrator of the public schools , and in 2005 was elected to the Detroit City Council . In September 2015 , Monica Conyers filed for divorce , citing a breakdown of the marriage . However , they reconciled in late 2016 . Conyerss grandnephew , Ian Conyers , was elected to the Michigan Senate in 2016 . He generated controversy by telling of Conyerss planned retirement in interviews before the Congressman announced it himself , and claiming his great-uncles endorsement . While Ian Conyers announced he would run in the special election for the Congressmans seat , John Conyers endorsed his son . John Conyers III chose not to run . Ian Conyers was defeated in the Democratic primary by Rashida Tlaib . Conyers died on October 27 , 2019 , at his home in Detroit . He was 90 years old . His funeral was held on November4 at Detroits Greater Grace Temple . Representation in other media . - Conyers frequently posted at Daily Kos and Democratic Underground . Beginning May 2005 , he had been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post and on his own blog . - John Conyers appeared in Michael Moores documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 , discussing the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . He said many members of Congress dont read most of the bills , as they are very lengthy . They rely on staff to study them in detail . Honors and awards . In 2007 , he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP . |
[
"U.S . Army Reserves"
] | easy | Which military brach did John Conyers belong to from 1954 to 1957? | /wiki/John_Conyers#P241#2 | John Conyers John James Conyers Jr . ( May 16 , 1929October 27 , 2019 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S . Representative for Michigan from 1965 to 2017 . The districts he represented always included part of western Detroit . During his final three terms , his district included many of Detroits western suburbs , as well as a large portion of the Downriver area . Conyers served more than fifty years in Congress , becoming the sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S . history ; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress . Conyers was the Dean of the House of Representatives . By the end of his last term , he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the presidency of Lyndon B . Johnson . After serving in the Korean War , Conyers became active in the civil rights movement . He also served as an aide to Congressman John Dingell before winning election to the House in 1964 . He co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most liberal members of Congress . Conyers joined the Congressional Progressive Caucus after it was founded in 1991 . Conyers supported creation of a single-payer healthcare system and sponsored the United States National Health Care Act . He also sponsored a bill to establish Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a federal holiday . Conyers ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1989 and 1993 , but he was defeated in the primary each time . Conyers served as the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on the Judiciary from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017 . He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as Chairman of the House Oversight Committee from 1989 to 1995 . In the wake of allegations that he had sexually harassed female staff members and secretly used taxpayer money to settle a harassment claim , Conyers announced his resignation from Congress on December 5 , 2017 . Early life , education , and early career . Conyers was born and raised in Detroit , the son of Lucille Janice ( Simpson ) and John James Conyers , a labor leader . Among his siblings was younger brother William Conyers . After graduating from Northwestern High School , Conyers served in the Michigan National Guard from 1948 to 1950 ; the U.S . Army from 1950 to 1954 ; and the U.S . Army Reserves from 1954 to 1957 . Conyers served for a year in Korea during the Korean War as an officer in the U.S . Army Corps of Engineers and was awarded combat and merit citations . After his active military service , Conyers pursued a college education . He earned both his BA ( 1957 ) and LL.B . ( 1958 ) degrees from Wayne State University . After he was admitted to the bar , he worked on the staff of Congressman John Dingell . He also served as counsel to several Detroit-area labor union locals . From 1961 to 1963 , he was a referee for Michigans workmens compensation department . Conyers became one of the leaders of the civil rights movement . He was present in Selma , Alabama , on October 7 , 1963 , for the voter registration drive known as Freedom Day . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1964 , Conyers ran for an open seat in what was then the 1st District , and defeated Republican Robert Blackwell with 84% of the vote . He was reelected 13 times with even larger margins . After the 1990 United States Census , Michigan lost a congressional district , and there was redistricting . Conyerss district was renumbered as the 14th district . In 1992 , Conyers won re-election to his 15th term in his new district , which included western suburbs of Detroit , with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon . He won re-election another nine times after that . His worst re-election performance was in 2010 , when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee Don Ukrainec . In 2013 , his district was renamed as the 13th district . In total , Conyers won re-election twenty-five times and was serving in his twenty-sixth term . He was the dean of the House as longest-serving current member , the third longest-serving member of the House in history , and the sixth longest-serving member of Congress in history . He was the second-longest serving member of either house of Congress in Michigans history , trailing only his former boss , Dingell . He was also the last member of the large Democratic freshman class of 1964 who was still serving in the House . In May 2014 , Wayne County Clerk Cathy Garrett determined that Conyers had not submitted enough valid nominating petition signatures to appear on the August 2014 Primary Election ballot . Two of his workers circulating petitions were not themselves registered voters at the time , which was required under Michigan law . But on May 23 , Federal District Judge Matthew Leitman issued an injunction placing Conyers back on the ballot , ruling that the requirement that circulators be registered voters was similar to an Ohio law which had been found unconstitutional in 2008 by a Federal appeals court . The Michigan Secretary of States office subsequently announced they would not appeal the ruling . Tenure . Conyers was one of the 13 founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus ( CBC ) and was considered the Dean of that group . Formed in 1969 , the CBC was founded to strengthen African-American lawmakers ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens . He served longer in Congress than any other African American . In 1971 , he was one of the original members of Nixons Enemies List . In 1965 , Conyers won a seat as a freshman on the influential Judiciary Committee , which was then chaired by Democratic Congressman Emanuel Celler of New York . The assignment was considered an elite one , as Judiciary ranked behind only Ways and Means and Appropriations in terms of the number of Members who sought assignment there . According to the National Journal , Conyers has been considered , with Pete Stark , John Lewis , Jim McDermott , and Barbara Lee , to be one of the most liberal members of Congress for many years . Rosa Parks , known for her prominent role in the Montgomery , Alabama bus boycott , moved to Detroit and served on Conyerss staff between 1965 and 1988 . Conyers was known to have opposed regulation of online gambling . He opposed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 . After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . in 1968 , Conyers introduced the first bill in Congress to make Kings birthday a federal holiday . He continued to propose legislation to establish the federal holiday in every session of Congress from 1968 to 1983 , when Martin Luther King Jr . Day was finally signed into law by President Ronald Reagan . In 1983 he joined with 7 other Congressional Representatives to sponsor a resolution to impeach Ronald Reagan over his sudden and unexpected invasion of Grenada . Conyers introduced the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act ( ) in January 1989 . He re-introduced this bill each congressional term . It calls for establishing a commission to research the history of slavery in the United States and its effects on current society , which is to recommend ways to remedy this injustice against African Americans . The current version was introduced and referred to committee on January 3 , 2013 . Conyers first introduced the proposed resolution in 1989 , and has stated his intention to annually propose this act until it is approved and passed . Since 1997 , the bill has been designated H.R . 40 , most recently , , alluding to the promise of forty acres and a mule . If passed , the commission would explore the longstanding effects of slavery on todays society , politics , and economy . Nixon and Watergate . Conyers was critical of President Richard Nixon during his tenure . He was listed as number 13 on President Nixons enemies list during the presidents 1969–74 presidential tenure . The presidents Chief Counsel described him as coming on fast , and said he was emerging as a black anti-Nixon spokesman . Conyers , who voted to impeach Nixon in July 1974 , wrote at the time , National Health Care Act . Conyers submitted the United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) ( H.R . 676 ) ; as of 2015 , it had 49 cosponsors . He introduced it with 25 cosponsors , in 2003 , and reintroduced it each session since then . The act calls for the creation of a universal single-payer health care system in the United States , in which the government would provide every resident health care free of charge . To eliminate disparate treatment between richer and poorer Americans , the Act would prohibit private insurers from covering any treatment or procedure already covered by the Act . Downing Street memo . On May 5 , 2005 , Conyers and 88 other members of Congress wrote an open letter to the White House inquiring about the Downing Street memo . This was a leaked memorandum that revealed an apparent secret agreement between the U.S . and British governments to invade Iraq in 2002 . The Times , among the first to publish news of the leak , wrote that the discovered documented revealed the intentions of Bush and Blair to invade Iraq , along with revealing that the two had discussed creating pretextual justifications for doing so . The memo story broke in the United Kingdom , but did not receive much coverage in the United States . Conyers said : This should not be allowed to fall down the memory hole during wall-to-wall coverage of the Michael Jackson trial and a runaway bride . Conyers and others reportedly considered sending a congressional investigation delegation to London . What Went Wrong in Ohio . In May 2005 , Conyers released What Went Wrong in Ohio : The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election . This dealt with the voting irregularities in the state of Ohio during the 2004 U.S . Presidential Election . The evidence offered consists of statistical abnormalities in the differences between exit poll results and actual votes registered at those locations . The book also discusses reports of faulty electronic voting machines and the lack of credibility of those machines used to tally votes . Conyers was one of 31 members of the House who voted not to count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election . The state was won by Republican President George Bush by 118,457 votes . Constitution in Crisis . On August 4 , 2006 , Conyers released his report , The Constitution in Crisis : The Downing Street Minutes and Deception , Manipulation , Torture , Retributions and Cover-ups in the Iraq War , an edited collection of information intended to serve as evidence that the Bush Administration altered intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The Constitution in Crisis examines much of the evidence presented by the Bush Administration prior to the invasion and questions the credibility of their sources of intelligence . In addition , the document investigates conditions that led to the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq , as well as further evidence of torture having been committed but not made known to the public . Finally , the document reports on a series of smear tactics purportedly used by the administration in dealing with its political adversaries . The document calls for the censure of President George W . Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney . Conyers refused to back impeachment proceedings , however . On anti-Muslim intolerance . Conyers proposed House Resolution 288 , which condemns religious intolerance and emphasizes Islam as needing special protection from acts of violence and intolerance . It states that it should never be official policy of the United States Government to disparage the Quran , Islam , or any religion in any way , shape , or form , and calls upon local , State , and Federal authorities to work to prevent bias-motivated crimes and acts against all individuals , including those of the Islamic faith . The bill was referred to the House subcommittee on the Constitution in June 2005 . In 2005 , Conyers introduced House Resolution 160 , a house resolution that would have condemned the conduct of Narendra Modi , then the chief minister of the State of Gujarat in India . The resolution was cosponsored by Republican Representative Joseph R . Pitts ( Republican of Pennsylvania ) . The resolutions title was : Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India . The resolution cited a 2004 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom report on Modi stating that he was widely accused of being reluctant to bring the perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus to justice . ( See 2002 Gujarat riots. ) The resolution was not adopted . Conyers v . Bush . In April 2006 Conyers , together with ten other senior congressmen , filed an action in the U.S . District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan , Southern Division , challenging the constitutionality of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 . The complaint alleged the bill was not afforded due consideration by the United States Congress before being signed by the President . The action was subsequently dismissed on grounds of lack of standing . Ethics controversy . In April 2006 , the FBI and the U.S . Attorneys office sent independent letters to the House Ethics Committee , saying two former aides of Conyers had alleged that Conyers used his staff to work on several local and state campaigns of other politiciansincluding his wifefor the Detroit City Council . ( She won a seat in 2005. ) He also forced them to baby-sit and chauffeur his children . In late December 2006 , Conyers accepted responsibility for violating House rules . A statement issued December 29 , 2006 , by the House Ethics Committee chairman Doc Hastings and Ranking Minority Member Howard Berman , said Conyers acknowledged what he characterized as a lack of clarity in his communications with staff members regarding their official duties and responsibilities , and accepted responsibility for his actions . In deciding to drop the matter , Hastings and Berman said : Copyright bill . Conyers repeatedly introduced the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act , a bill that would overturn the NIH Public Access Policy , an open-access mandate of the National Institutes of Health . Conyerss bill would forbid the government from mandating that federally funded research be made freely available to the public . The legislation was supported by the publishing industry , and opposed by groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation . Writers Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen accused Conyers of being influenced by publishing houses , who have contributed significant money to his campaigns . House Report on George W . Bush presidency and proposed inquiry . On January 13 , 2009 , the House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Conyers , released Reining in the Imperial Presidency : Lessons and Recommendations Relating to the Presidency of George W . Bush , a 486-page report detailing alleged abuses of power that occurred during the Bush administration , and a comprehensive set of recommendations to prevent recurrence . Conyers introduced a bill to set up a truth commission panel to investigate alleged policy abuses of the Bush administration . Bill reading controversy . In late July 2009 , Conyers , commenting on the healthcare debate in the House , stated : I love these members , they get up and say , Read the bill.. . What good is reading the bill if its a thousand pages and you dont have two days and two lawyers to find out what it means after you read the bill ? His remark brought criticism from government transparency advocates such as the Sunlight Foundation , which referred to readthebill.org in response . Bribery conviction of wife . On June 16 , 2009 , the United States Attorneys Office said two Synagro Technologies representatives had named Monica Conyers as the recipient of bribes from the company totaling more than $6,000 , paid to influence passage of a contract with the City of Detroit . The information was gathered during an FBI investigation into political corruption in the city . She was given a pre-indictment letter , and offered a plea bargain deal in the case . On June 26 , 2009 , she was charged with conspiring to commit bribery . She pleaded guilty . On March 10 , 2010 , she was sentenced to 37 months in prison , and also received two years of supervised probation . She served slightly more than 27 months at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp . After supervised release , she was fully released from federal custody officially on May 16 , 2013 . Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies . In October , Conyers responded to allegations from four Republican Congress Members , in the wake of the launch of the book Muslim Mafia , that the Council on American-Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) sought to plant Muslim spies in Capitol Hill . He strongly opposed the accusations , saying : WikiLeaks . At a December 16 , 2010 , hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on the subject of the Espionage Act and the Legal and Constitutional Issues Raised by WikiLeaks , Conyers argue [ d ] strongly against prosecuting WikiLeaks in hasteor at all . He strongly defended the whistleblowing organization , saying : Conyerss statement was in marked contrast to the repeated calls from other members of Congress and Obama administration officials to prosecute WikiLeaks head Julian Assange immediately . Criticism of American foreign policy . Conyers and his Republican colleague Ted Yoho offered bipartisan amendments to block the U.S . military training of Ukraines Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard . Some members of the battalion are openly white supremacists . Conyers stated , If theres one simple lesson we can take away from U.S . involvement in conflicts overseas , its this : Beware of unintended consequences . As was made vividly clear with U.S . involvement in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion decades ago , overzealous military assistance or the hyper-weaponization of conflicts can have destabilizing consequences and ultimately undercut our own national interests . Conyers has also voiced concerns about sending anti-aircraft missiles to Syrian rebels . Sexual harassment allegations and resignation . In 2015 , a former employee of Conyers alleged that he had sexually harassed her and dismissed her . She filed an affidavit with the Congressional Office of Compliance . She said she was paid a settlement of $27,000 from public funds . BuzzFeed reported on this settlement on November 20 , 2017 , based on documents from Mike Cernovich , a conspiracy theorist and provocateur . BuzzFeed reported accounts of other ethical concerns associated with Conyerss office , such as sexual harassment of other female staffers , and staffers allegedly often finding him undressed inside his office . In November 2017 , Melanie Sloan , founder of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) , publicly accused Conyers of having harassed and verbally abused her during her tenure working for the House Judiciary Committee . On one occasion , she was summoned to his office and found him sitting in his underwear , and she quickly left . Conyers responded to these reports , saying , In our country , we strive to honor this fundamental principle that all are entitled to due process . In this case , I expressly and vehemently denied the allegations made against me , and continue to do so . My office resolved the allegationswith an express denial of liabilityin order to save all involved from the rigors of protracted litigation . On November 21 , 2017 , the House Ethics Committee launched an investigation into multiple sexual harassment allegations against Conyers . Later in November 2017 there were reports that a second woman accused Conyers of sexual harassment . House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , who had initially stated that Conyers was an icon and had done a great deal to protect women , called upon Conyers to resign . She said the allegations against him were very credible . On December 5 , 2017 , Conyers resigned his House seat because of his mounting sexual scandals . The announcement came the day after another former staffer released an affidavit accusing Conyers of sexual harassment . The same day , an article by The Washington Post published allegations by Courtney Morse that Conyers had threatened her with a similar fate to that of Chandra Levy , a staffer found murdered in a park in Washington , DC . She said that after she rejected his advances , he said he had insider information on the case . I dont know if he meant it to be threatening , but I took it that way . At a time when the #MeToo movement was pushing for action against men who harassed women , some media and supporters in Detroit believed Conyers had been unfairly treated . He was reported as the first sitting politician to be ousted from office in the wake of the #MeToo movement . One supporter said he had been railroaded out of office . Caucus memberships . - Founding Member and Dean of the Congressional Black Caucus - American Sikh Congressional Caucus - Congressional Progressive Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Out of Afghanistan Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Full Employment Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus Political positions . According to The New Republic , Conyers was a member of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1983 . Conyers supported legislation aimed at strengthening the U.S . civil justice system . In March 2016 , Rep . Conyers and Representative Hank Johnson introduced legislation to protect consumers access to civil courts , titled the Restoring Statutory Rights Act . This legislation would ensure that the state , federal , and constitutional rights of Americans are enforceable and consumers arent forced into secretive private arbitration hearings . Detroit mayoral campaigns . While serving in the U.S . House , Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for mayor of Detroit : one in 1989 against incumbent Coleman Young and again in 1993 . 1989 . Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a fifth term , despite growing unpopularity and the declining economy of Detroit . In the September primary , Young won with 51% of the vote . Accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run-off by having 24% , and Conyers received 18% of the vote . Despite the difficulties of the city , Young defeated Barrow in the run-off with 56% of the vote . 1993 . In June 1993 , incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to retire instead of seeking a sixth term , citing his age and health . Many observers believed he had decided not to test his growing unpopularity . In a Detroit News poll in February , 81% said Young should retire . Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access . Dennis Archer was the front runner in the mayoral campaign from the beginning . The 51-year-old former State Supreme Court Justice raised over $1.6million to finance his campaign . He won the September primary with 54% of the vote . Conyers came in fourth place . Archer won the November election . Personal life and death . Conyers married Monica Esters , a teacher in Detroit , in 1990 . She was 25 and he was 61 ; they had two sons together , John James III and Carl Edward Conyers . She later served as a vice administrator of the public schools , and in 2005 was elected to the Detroit City Council . In September 2015 , Monica Conyers filed for divorce , citing a breakdown of the marriage . However , they reconciled in late 2016 . Conyerss grandnephew , Ian Conyers , was elected to the Michigan Senate in 2016 . He generated controversy by telling of Conyerss planned retirement in interviews before the Congressman announced it himself , and claiming his great-uncles endorsement . While Ian Conyers announced he would run in the special election for the Congressmans seat , John Conyers endorsed his son . John Conyers III chose not to run . Ian Conyers was defeated in the Democratic primary by Rashida Tlaib . Conyers died on October 27 , 2019 , at his home in Detroit . He was 90 years old . His funeral was held on November4 at Detroits Greater Grace Temple . Representation in other media . - Conyers frequently posted at Daily Kos and Democratic Underground . Beginning May 2005 , he had been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post and on his own blog . - John Conyers appeared in Michael Moores documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 , discussing the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . He said many members of Congress dont read most of the bills , as they are very lengthy . They rely on staff to study them in detail . Honors and awards . In 2007 , he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP . |
[
"American Mathematical Society"
] | easy | What organization did Andrea Bertozzi join in 2012? | /wiki/Andrea_Bertozzi#P463#0 | Andrea Bertozzi Andrea Louise Bertozzi ( born 1965 ) is an American mathematician . Her research interests are in non-linear partial differential equations and applied mathematics . Education and career . She earned her bachelors and masters degrees from Princeton University , followed by her PhD from Princeton in 1991 ; her dissertation was titled Existence , Uniqueness , and a Characterization of Solutions to the Contour Dynamics Equation . Prior to joining UCLA in 2003 , Bertozzi was an L . E . Dickson Instructor at the University of Chicago , and then Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Duke University . She spent one year at Argonne National Laboratory as the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Distinguished Scholar . She is a member of the faculty of the University of California , Los Angeles , as a Professor of Mathematics ( since 2003 ) and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering ( since 2018 ) and Director of Applied Mathematics ( since 2005 ) . She is a member of the California NanoSystems Institute . Contributions . Bertozzi has contributed to many areas of applied mathematics including the theory of swarming behavior , aggregation equations and their solution in general dimension , the theory of particle-laden flows in liquids with free surfaces , data analysis/image analysis at the micro and nano scales , and the mathematics of crime . Her earlier fundamental work in fluids led to novel applications in image processing , most notably image inpainting , swarming models , and data clustering on graphs . Bertozzi coauthored the book Vorticity and Incompressible Flow , which was published in 2000 and remains one of her most cited works . Bertozzi now has over 200 publications on Web of Science , covering a range of topics including fluid dynamics , image processing , social sciences , and cooperative motion . Bertozzis publications include over 100 collaborators in a wide range of disciplines including Mathematics , Applied Mathematics , Statistics , Computer Science , Chemistry , Physics , Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Medicine , Anthropology , Economics , Politics , and Criminology . Between 2010 and 2020 Bertozzi has been granted multiple patents related to her research , which center on image inpainting , data fusion mapping estimation , and most recently on determining fluid reservoir connectivity using nanowire probes . Bertozzi has developed numerous novel mathematical theories throughout her career . While a Dickson Instructor at Univ . of Chicago , she developed the mathematical theory of thin film equations , fourth order degenerate parabolic equations that are used to describe lubrication theory for coating flows . She has also worked with Jeffrey Brantingham and other colleagues to apply mathematics to the patterns of urban crime , research which was the cover feature in the March 2 , 2010 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Bertozzi also spoke about the mathematics of crime at the 2010 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . Since 2017 , Bertozzi has been developing new mathematics related to microfluidic technologies as part of her Simons Math + X investigator program joint with UCLAs Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the California NanoSystems Institute . That work includes the theory of transient growth for linear stability of driven contact lines and the theory of undercompressive shocks in driven films with nonconvex fluxes . In 2020 , she applied these ideas to discover a new class of undercompressive shock solutions in the tears of wine problem . Bertozzi has also published academic works regarding the 2020 pandemic , the most significant of which is an article on the difficulties of forecasting the spread of Covid-19 . She has continued making contributions to the scientific community throughout the pandemic , including a talk on epidemic modeling and a study on the increase in domestic violence reports during stay-at-home restrictions . Personal life . She is the older sister of the chemist Carolyn Bertozzi . Her father , William Bertozzi , was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Recognition . In 1995 Bertozzi received a research fellowship from the Sloan Foundation . In 1996 she received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the U.S . Office of Naval Research . She was also awarded the 2009 Association for Women in Mathematics-Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Sonia Kovalevsky Lecture , and was elected a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Fellow in 2010 . In 2010 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society . In 2013 she was named the Betsy Wood Knapp Chair for Innovation and Creativity at UCLA . In 2014 she won a SIAM Outstanding Paper Prize ( joint with Arjuna Flenner ) . In 2016 she became a Fellow of the American Physical Society . In 2015 and 2016 she was named a Thomson-Reuters/Clarivate Analytics highly cited researcher . In 2017 she became a Simons Investigator . In 2018 she was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences . In 2019 she was awarded SIAMs Kleinman Prize . Cancellation of Noether Lecture . In June 2020 , it was announced that Bertozzi was invited to give the Noether Lecture at the 2021 Joint Mathematics Meetings . Her selection as lecturer came under scrutiny because of her work in the controversial area of predictive policing . The timing of the announcement , during the George Floyd protests against police brutality , was criticized on social media as offensive . Bertozzi came to a mutual decision with the sponsors of the event ( the Association for Women in Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society ) to cancel the lecture . External links . - Andrea Bertozzis website at UCLA |
[
"American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
] | easy | Andrea Bertozzi became a member of what organization or association in 2010? | /wiki/Andrea_Bertozzi#P463#1 | Andrea Bertozzi Andrea Louise Bertozzi ( born 1965 ) is an American mathematician . Her research interests are in non-linear partial differential equations and applied mathematics . Education and career . She earned her bachelors and masters degrees from Princeton University , followed by her PhD from Princeton in 1991 ; her dissertation was titled Existence , Uniqueness , and a Characterization of Solutions to the Contour Dynamics Equation . Prior to joining UCLA in 2003 , Bertozzi was an L . E . Dickson Instructor at the University of Chicago , and then Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Duke University . She spent one year at Argonne National Laboratory as the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Distinguished Scholar . She is a member of the faculty of the University of California , Los Angeles , as a Professor of Mathematics ( since 2003 ) and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering ( since 2018 ) and Director of Applied Mathematics ( since 2005 ) . She is a member of the California NanoSystems Institute . Contributions . Bertozzi has contributed to many areas of applied mathematics including the theory of swarming behavior , aggregation equations and their solution in general dimension , the theory of particle-laden flows in liquids with free surfaces , data analysis/image analysis at the micro and nano scales , and the mathematics of crime . Her earlier fundamental work in fluids led to novel applications in image processing , most notably image inpainting , swarming models , and data clustering on graphs . Bertozzi coauthored the book Vorticity and Incompressible Flow , which was published in 2000 and remains one of her most cited works . Bertozzi now has over 200 publications on Web of Science , covering a range of topics including fluid dynamics , image processing , social sciences , and cooperative motion . Bertozzis publications include over 100 collaborators in a wide range of disciplines including Mathematics , Applied Mathematics , Statistics , Computer Science , Chemistry , Physics , Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Medicine , Anthropology , Economics , Politics , and Criminology . Between 2010 and 2020 Bertozzi has been granted multiple patents related to her research , which center on image inpainting , data fusion mapping estimation , and most recently on determining fluid reservoir connectivity using nanowire probes . Bertozzi has developed numerous novel mathematical theories throughout her career . While a Dickson Instructor at Univ . of Chicago , she developed the mathematical theory of thin film equations , fourth order degenerate parabolic equations that are used to describe lubrication theory for coating flows . She has also worked with Jeffrey Brantingham and other colleagues to apply mathematics to the patterns of urban crime , research which was the cover feature in the March 2 , 2010 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Bertozzi also spoke about the mathematics of crime at the 2010 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . Since 2017 , Bertozzi has been developing new mathematics related to microfluidic technologies as part of her Simons Math + X investigator program joint with UCLAs Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the California NanoSystems Institute . That work includes the theory of transient growth for linear stability of driven contact lines and the theory of undercompressive shocks in driven films with nonconvex fluxes . In 2020 , she applied these ideas to discover a new class of undercompressive shock solutions in the tears of wine problem . Bertozzi has also published academic works regarding the 2020 pandemic , the most significant of which is an article on the difficulties of forecasting the spread of Covid-19 . She has continued making contributions to the scientific community throughout the pandemic , including a talk on epidemic modeling and a study on the increase in domestic violence reports during stay-at-home restrictions . Personal life . She is the older sister of the chemist Carolyn Bertozzi . Her father , William Bertozzi , was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Recognition . In 1995 Bertozzi received a research fellowship from the Sloan Foundation . In 1996 she received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the U.S . Office of Naval Research . She was also awarded the 2009 Association for Women in Mathematics-Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Sonia Kovalevsky Lecture , and was elected a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Fellow in 2010 . In 2010 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society . In 2013 she was named the Betsy Wood Knapp Chair for Innovation and Creativity at UCLA . In 2014 she won a SIAM Outstanding Paper Prize ( joint with Arjuna Flenner ) . In 2016 she became a Fellow of the American Physical Society . In 2015 and 2016 she was named a Thomson-Reuters/Clarivate Analytics highly cited researcher . In 2017 she became a Simons Investigator . In 2018 she was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences . In 2019 she was awarded SIAMs Kleinman Prize . Cancellation of Noether Lecture . In June 2020 , it was announced that Bertozzi was invited to give the Noether Lecture at the 2021 Joint Mathematics Meetings . Her selection as lecturer came under scrutiny because of her work in the controversial area of predictive policing . The timing of the announcement , during the George Floyd protests against police brutality , was criticized on social media as offensive . Bertozzi came to a mutual decision with the sponsors of the event ( the Association for Women in Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society ) to cancel the lecture . External links . - Andrea Bertozzis website at UCLA |
[
"US National Academy of Sciences"
] | easy | Andrea Bertozzi became a member of what organization or association in 2018? | /wiki/Andrea_Bertozzi#P463#2 | Andrea Bertozzi Andrea Louise Bertozzi ( born 1965 ) is an American mathematician . Her research interests are in non-linear partial differential equations and applied mathematics . Education and career . She earned her bachelors and masters degrees from Princeton University , followed by her PhD from Princeton in 1991 ; her dissertation was titled Existence , Uniqueness , and a Characterization of Solutions to the Contour Dynamics Equation . Prior to joining UCLA in 2003 , Bertozzi was an L . E . Dickson Instructor at the University of Chicago , and then Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Duke University . She spent one year at Argonne National Laboratory as the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Distinguished Scholar . She is a member of the faculty of the University of California , Los Angeles , as a Professor of Mathematics ( since 2003 ) and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering ( since 2018 ) and Director of Applied Mathematics ( since 2005 ) . She is a member of the California NanoSystems Institute . Contributions . Bertozzi has contributed to many areas of applied mathematics including the theory of swarming behavior , aggregation equations and their solution in general dimension , the theory of particle-laden flows in liquids with free surfaces , data analysis/image analysis at the micro and nano scales , and the mathematics of crime . Her earlier fundamental work in fluids led to novel applications in image processing , most notably image inpainting , swarming models , and data clustering on graphs . Bertozzi coauthored the book Vorticity and Incompressible Flow , which was published in 2000 and remains one of her most cited works . Bertozzi now has over 200 publications on Web of Science , covering a range of topics including fluid dynamics , image processing , social sciences , and cooperative motion . Bertozzis publications include over 100 collaborators in a wide range of disciplines including Mathematics , Applied Mathematics , Statistics , Computer Science , Chemistry , Physics , Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Medicine , Anthropology , Economics , Politics , and Criminology . Between 2010 and 2020 Bertozzi has been granted multiple patents related to her research , which center on image inpainting , data fusion mapping estimation , and most recently on determining fluid reservoir connectivity using nanowire probes . Bertozzi has developed numerous novel mathematical theories throughout her career . While a Dickson Instructor at Univ . of Chicago , she developed the mathematical theory of thin film equations , fourth order degenerate parabolic equations that are used to describe lubrication theory for coating flows . She has also worked with Jeffrey Brantingham and other colleagues to apply mathematics to the patterns of urban crime , research which was the cover feature in the March 2 , 2010 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Bertozzi also spoke about the mathematics of crime at the 2010 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . Since 2017 , Bertozzi has been developing new mathematics related to microfluidic technologies as part of her Simons Math + X investigator program joint with UCLAs Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the California NanoSystems Institute . That work includes the theory of transient growth for linear stability of driven contact lines and the theory of undercompressive shocks in driven films with nonconvex fluxes . In 2020 , she applied these ideas to discover a new class of undercompressive shock solutions in the tears of wine problem . Bertozzi has also published academic works regarding the 2020 pandemic , the most significant of which is an article on the difficulties of forecasting the spread of Covid-19 . She has continued making contributions to the scientific community throughout the pandemic , including a talk on epidemic modeling and a study on the increase in domestic violence reports during stay-at-home restrictions . Personal life . She is the older sister of the chemist Carolyn Bertozzi . Her father , William Bertozzi , was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Recognition . In 1995 Bertozzi received a research fellowship from the Sloan Foundation . In 1996 she received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the U.S . Office of Naval Research . She was also awarded the 2009 Association for Women in Mathematics-Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Sonia Kovalevsky Lecture , and was elected a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Fellow in 2010 . In 2010 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society . In 2013 she was named the Betsy Wood Knapp Chair for Innovation and Creativity at UCLA . In 2014 she won a SIAM Outstanding Paper Prize ( joint with Arjuna Flenner ) . In 2016 she became a Fellow of the American Physical Society . In 2015 and 2016 she was named a Thomson-Reuters/Clarivate Analytics highly cited researcher . In 2017 she became a Simons Investigator . In 2018 she was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences . In 2019 she was awarded SIAMs Kleinman Prize . Cancellation of Noether Lecture . In June 2020 , it was announced that Bertozzi was invited to give the Noether Lecture at the 2021 Joint Mathematics Meetings . Her selection as lecturer came under scrutiny because of her work in the controversial area of predictive policing . The timing of the announcement , during the George Floyd protests against police brutality , was criticized on social media as offensive . Bertozzi came to a mutual decision with the sponsors of the event ( the Association for Women in Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society ) to cancel the lecture . External links . - Andrea Bertozzis website at UCLA |
[
"Harvard School of Public Health"
] | easy | Which employer did Kaumudi Joshipura work for from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Kaumudi_Joshipura#P108#0 | Kaumudi Joshipura Kaumudi Jinraj Joshipura is an Indian American Epidemiologist , Biostatistician , Dentist & Scientist . She is Adjunct Full Professor at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health ( HSPH ) at Harvard University and NIH Endowed Chair and Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion and a Full Professor at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . Her research work has been covered by global media including CNN , ABC , NBC , NHS , Newsweek , Nature , Telegraph , Japanese Journals and Japanese TV etc . Early life , education , and career . Joshipura was born in Mumbai , India and educated in India and in the United States . She has also lived in Tanzania and Nigeria . Her father is a medical doctor who taught at Universities in India and other countries . She earned a Bachelor of Dental Surgery ( BDS ) from University of Mumbai in 1982 . She completed a residency in Periodontology from 1982 to 1983 at Nair Hospital Dental College . Joshipura worked as a dental surgeon from 1983 to 1984 in Mumbai . She was a dental surgeon at St . Beatrice Hospital in Nigeria from 1985 to 1988 . Joshipura went to the United States in 1988 . Joshipura earned an M.S . in Biostatistics from Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health in 1989 . She worked as a staff associate in Biostatistics at The Forsyth Institute from 1989 to 1992 . Joshipura was a clinical instructor in Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology at Harvard School of Dental Medicine ( HSDM ) from 1992 to 1993 . As a postdoctoral dentist scientist , she completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology ( OHPE ) at HSDM from 1993 to 1995 during which time she completed a certificate in Dental Public Health at HSDM and a Sc.D . in Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health . Her dissertation titled Oral Health , Nutrition , and Coronary Heart Disease was completed under Dr . Walter Willett in 2 academic semesters including qualifying exam and Doctoral Thesis . Career . From 1996 to 2002 , Joshipura was an Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . She was an Associate Professor in HSDM from 2002 to 2005 and has continued as an Adjunct Full Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . In 2005 , she joined the faculty at University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine , as Professor and Director of Division of Dental Public Health . Since 2007 , she serves as the NIH Endowed Chair , Professor , and the Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . She has also taught Software Engineering Courses to Advance Engineering Department at Northeastern University and at companies . She has also served as Advisor to AAP and Consultant to WHO , NIH , CDC , Unilever , AADR , Medopad etc . She focuses on identifying and promoting no cost , low cost or cost saving ways to improve health and wellness . She launched a free global movement to help people overcome inhibitions and barriers to move more throughout the day . Research . Joshipura researches lifestyle and other risk factors for cardio-metabolic conditions , and the interrelationships of microbial , dietary , and inflammatory mediators . She researched the relationship between periodontitis and coronary heart disease , ischemic stroke , and peripheral artery disease . Joshipura has been awarded several NIH grants as the Principal Investigator . Recent grants include SOALS : San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study , PEARLS : Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study , PREPARE : Preparedness to Reduce Exposures and diseases Post-hurricanes & Augment Resilience and Oral Microbiome , Nitric oxide Metabolism , and Oral and Cardiometabolic Health . Awards and honors . Year Name of Award/Honor 1993-1995 Dentist Scientist Award , National Institute of Dental Research 1993-1995 Dunning Fellowship , Harvard School of Dental Medicine 1994 Clinical Research Award in Periodontology from the American Academy of Periodontology 1995 James M . Dunning Award for Excellence in Health Care Delivery and Research 1997 International Association of Dental Research Award for “Research in Prevention” for abstract titled Factors associated with incident or a precancerous lesions : A preliminary analysis . 2000- Consultant , Council on Scientific Affairs , American Dental Association 2000- Faculty advisor for project ( Validation of Periodontal Disease Measure ) that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . 2005 Advisor , World Health Organization ( WHO ) 2005 Inducted to Omicron Kappa Upsilon National Honors Society , Harvard Gamma Gamma Chapter 2005-2008 Advisory Board , Harvard Minority Training Grant , Harvard School of Public Health 2006 Faculty advisor for project that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . Title “Racial/Ethnic Variations in Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Tooth Loss” . 2008 Honored in the first issue of AADR “Strides in Science” 2009 Invited participant at the United Nations ( UN ) meeting on “Philanthropy and Public Health” 2011- Steering Committee Member , Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms ( LIFE-Moms ) 2012- Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Biospecimen Committee ( initial phase ) 2013 Premio Padre Rufio , Academia Científica de Cultura Iberoamericana Award for recognition to a Professor for his/her significant contribution to the humanities in the fields of research and education . 2013-2014 Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Breast milk Committee 2015 TEDx Talk Let’s move together and feel alright 2016 Selected as Fellow in the inaugural year of the American Association for Dental Research Fellows Program . 2018 “Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium ( PRCTRC ) Investigator Achievement 2019 Appointed by NICHD to Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for a consortium . 2020 Member of the inaugural advisory board convened for APHA Center for Climate , Health and Equity |
[
"University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine",
"Harvard School of Public Health"
] | easy | Which employer did Kaumudi Joshipura work for from 2006 to 2010? | /wiki/Kaumudi_Joshipura#P108#1 | Kaumudi Joshipura Kaumudi Jinraj Joshipura is an Indian American Epidemiologist , Biostatistician , Dentist & Scientist . She is Adjunct Full Professor at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health ( HSPH ) at Harvard University and NIH Endowed Chair and Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion and a Full Professor at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . Her research work has been covered by global media including CNN , ABC , NBC , NHS , Newsweek , Nature , Telegraph , Japanese Journals and Japanese TV etc . Early life , education , and career . Joshipura was born in Mumbai , India and educated in India and in the United States . She has also lived in Tanzania and Nigeria . Her father is a medical doctor who taught at Universities in India and other countries . She earned a Bachelor of Dental Surgery ( BDS ) from University of Mumbai in 1982 . She completed a residency in Periodontology from 1982 to 1983 at Nair Hospital Dental College . Joshipura worked as a dental surgeon from 1983 to 1984 in Mumbai . She was a dental surgeon at St . Beatrice Hospital in Nigeria from 1985 to 1988 . Joshipura went to the United States in 1988 . Joshipura earned an M.S . in Biostatistics from Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health in 1989 . She worked as a staff associate in Biostatistics at The Forsyth Institute from 1989 to 1992 . Joshipura was a clinical instructor in Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology at Harvard School of Dental Medicine ( HSDM ) from 1992 to 1993 . As a postdoctoral dentist scientist , she completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology ( OHPE ) at HSDM from 1993 to 1995 during which time she completed a certificate in Dental Public Health at HSDM and a Sc.D . in Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health . Her dissertation titled Oral Health , Nutrition , and Coronary Heart Disease was completed under Dr . Walter Willett in 2 academic semesters including qualifying exam and Doctoral Thesis . Career . From 1996 to 2002 , Joshipura was an Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . She was an Associate Professor in HSDM from 2002 to 2005 and has continued as an Adjunct Full Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . In 2005 , she joined the faculty at University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine , as Professor and Director of Division of Dental Public Health . Since 2007 , she serves as the NIH Endowed Chair , Professor , and the Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . She has also taught Software Engineering Courses to Advance Engineering Department at Northeastern University and at companies . She has also served as Advisor to AAP and Consultant to WHO , NIH , CDC , Unilever , AADR , Medopad etc . She focuses on identifying and promoting no cost , low cost or cost saving ways to improve health and wellness . She launched a free global movement to help people overcome inhibitions and barriers to move more throughout the day . Research . Joshipura researches lifestyle and other risk factors for cardio-metabolic conditions , and the interrelationships of microbial , dietary , and inflammatory mediators . She researched the relationship between periodontitis and coronary heart disease , ischemic stroke , and peripheral artery disease . Joshipura has been awarded several NIH grants as the Principal Investigator . Recent grants include SOALS : San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study , PEARLS : Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study , PREPARE : Preparedness to Reduce Exposures and diseases Post-hurricanes & Augment Resilience and Oral Microbiome , Nitric oxide Metabolism , and Oral and Cardiometabolic Health . Awards and honors . Year Name of Award/Honor 1993-1995 Dentist Scientist Award , National Institute of Dental Research 1993-1995 Dunning Fellowship , Harvard School of Dental Medicine 1994 Clinical Research Award in Periodontology from the American Academy of Periodontology 1995 James M . Dunning Award for Excellence in Health Care Delivery and Research 1997 International Association of Dental Research Award for “Research in Prevention” for abstract titled Factors associated with incident or a precancerous lesions : A preliminary analysis . 2000- Consultant , Council on Scientific Affairs , American Dental Association 2000- Faculty advisor for project ( Validation of Periodontal Disease Measure ) that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . 2005 Advisor , World Health Organization ( WHO ) 2005 Inducted to Omicron Kappa Upsilon National Honors Society , Harvard Gamma Gamma Chapter 2005-2008 Advisory Board , Harvard Minority Training Grant , Harvard School of Public Health 2006 Faculty advisor for project that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . Title “Racial/Ethnic Variations in Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Tooth Loss” . 2008 Honored in the first issue of AADR “Strides in Science” 2009 Invited participant at the United Nations ( UN ) meeting on “Philanthropy and Public Health” 2011- Steering Committee Member , Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms ( LIFE-Moms ) 2012- Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Biospecimen Committee ( initial phase ) 2013 Premio Padre Rufio , Academia Científica de Cultura Iberoamericana Award for recognition to a Professor for his/her significant contribution to the humanities in the fields of research and education . 2013-2014 Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Breast milk Committee 2015 TEDx Talk Let’s move together and feel alright 2016 Selected as Fellow in the inaugural year of the American Association for Dental Research Fellows Program . 2018 “Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium ( PRCTRC ) Investigator Achievement 2019 Appointed by NICHD to Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for a consortium . 2020 Member of the inaugural advisory board convened for APHA Center for Climate , Health and Equity |
[
"Harvard School of Public Health",
"University of Puerto Rico"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Kaumudi Joshipura work for in 2010? | /wiki/Kaumudi_Joshipura#P108#2 | Kaumudi Joshipura Kaumudi Jinraj Joshipura is an Indian American Epidemiologist , Biostatistician , Dentist & Scientist . She is Adjunct Full Professor at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health ( HSPH ) at Harvard University and NIH Endowed Chair and Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion and a Full Professor at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . Her research work has been covered by global media including CNN , ABC , NBC , NHS , Newsweek , Nature , Telegraph , Japanese Journals and Japanese TV etc . Early life , education , and career . Joshipura was born in Mumbai , India and educated in India and in the United States . She has also lived in Tanzania and Nigeria . Her father is a medical doctor who taught at Universities in India and other countries . She earned a Bachelor of Dental Surgery ( BDS ) from University of Mumbai in 1982 . She completed a residency in Periodontology from 1982 to 1983 at Nair Hospital Dental College . Joshipura worked as a dental surgeon from 1983 to 1984 in Mumbai . She was a dental surgeon at St . Beatrice Hospital in Nigeria from 1985 to 1988 . Joshipura went to the United States in 1988 . Joshipura earned an M.S . in Biostatistics from Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health in 1989 . She worked as a staff associate in Biostatistics at The Forsyth Institute from 1989 to 1992 . Joshipura was a clinical instructor in Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology at Harvard School of Dental Medicine ( HSDM ) from 1992 to 1993 . As a postdoctoral dentist scientist , she completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology ( OHPE ) at HSDM from 1993 to 1995 during which time she completed a certificate in Dental Public Health at HSDM and a Sc.D . in Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health . Her dissertation titled Oral Health , Nutrition , and Coronary Heart Disease was completed under Dr . Walter Willett in 2 academic semesters including qualifying exam and Doctoral Thesis . Career . From 1996 to 2002 , Joshipura was an Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . She was an Associate Professor in HSDM from 2002 to 2005 and has continued as an Adjunct Full Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health . In 2005 , she joined the faculty at University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine , as Professor and Director of Division of Dental Public Health . Since 2007 , she serves as the NIH Endowed Chair , Professor , and the Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion at the University of Puerto Rico , Medical Sciences Campus . She has also taught Software Engineering Courses to Advance Engineering Department at Northeastern University and at companies . She has also served as Advisor to AAP and Consultant to WHO , NIH , CDC , Unilever , AADR , Medopad etc . She focuses on identifying and promoting no cost , low cost or cost saving ways to improve health and wellness . She launched a free global movement to help people overcome inhibitions and barriers to move more throughout the day . Research . Joshipura researches lifestyle and other risk factors for cardio-metabolic conditions , and the interrelationships of microbial , dietary , and inflammatory mediators . She researched the relationship between periodontitis and coronary heart disease , ischemic stroke , and peripheral artery disease . Joshipura has been awarded several NIH grants as the Principal Investigator . Recent grants include SOALS : San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study , PEARLS : Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study , PREPARE : Preparedness to Reduce Exposures and diseases Post-hurricanes & Augment Resilience and Oral Microbiome , Nitric oxide Metabolism , and Oral and Cardiometabolic Health . Awards and honors . Year Name of Award/Honor 1993-1995 Dentist Scientist Award , National Institute of Dental Research 1993-1995 Dunning Fellowship , Harvard School of Dental Medicine 1994 Clinical Research Award in Periodontology from the American Academy of Periodontology 1995 James M . Dunning Award for Excellence in Health Care Delivery and Research 1997 International Association of Dental Research Award for “Research in Prevention” for abstract titled Factors associated with incident or a precancerous lesions : A preliminary analysis . 2000- Consultant , Council on Scientific Affairs , American Dental Association 2000- Faculty advisor for project ( Validation of Periodontal Disease Measure ) that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . 2005 Advisor , World Health Organization ( WHO ) 2005 Inducted to Omicron Kappa Upsilon National Honors Society , Harvard Gamma Gamma Chapter 2005-2008 Advisory Board , Harvard Minority Training Grant , Harvard School of Public Health 2006 Faculty advisor for project that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group . Title “Racial/Ethnic Variations in Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Tooth Loss” . 2008 Honored in the first issue of AADR “Strides in Science” 2009 Invited participant at the United Nations ( UN ) meeting on “Philanthropy and Public Health” 2011- Steering Committee Member , Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms ( LIFE-Moms ) 2012- Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Biospecimen Committee ( initial phase ) 2013 Premio Padre Rufio , Academia Científica de Cultura Iberoamericana Award for recognition to a Professor for his/her significant contribution to the humanities in the fields of research and education . 2013-2014 Committee Chair , LIFE-Moms Breast milk Committee 2015 TEDx Talk Let’s move together and feel alright 2016 Selected as Fellow in the inaugural year of the American Association for Dental Research Fellows Program . 2018 “Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium ( PRCTRC ) Investigator Achievement 2019 Appointed by NICHD to Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for a consortium . 2020 Member of the inaugural advisory board convened for APHA Center for Climate , Health and Equity |
[
"Royal Society of London"
] | easy | Raoul Bott became a member of what organization or association in 2005? | /wiki/Raoul_Bott#P463#0 | Raoul Bott Raoul Bott ( September 24 , 1923 – December 20 , 2005 ) was a Hungarian-American mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense . He is best known for his Bott periodicity theorem , the Morse–Bott functions which he used in this context , and the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem . Early life . Bott was born in Budapest , Hungary , the son of Margit Kovács and Rudolph Bott . His father was of Austrian descent , and his mother was of Hungarian Jewish descent ; Bott was raised a Catholic by his mother and stepfather . Bott grew up in Czechoslovakia and spent his working life in the United States . His family emigrated to Canada in 1938 , and subsequently he served in the Canadian Army in Europe during World War II . Career . Bott later went to college at McGill University in Montreal , where he studied electrical engineering . He then earned a Ph.D . in mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh in 1949 . His thesis , titled Electrical Network Theory , was written under the direction of Richard Duffin . Afterward , he began teaching at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor . Bott continued his study at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton . He was a professor at Harvard University from 1959 to 1999 . In 2005 Bott died of cancer in San Diego . With Richard Duffin at Carnegie Mellon , Bott studied existence of electronic filters corresponding to given positive-real functions . In 1949 they proved a fundamental theorem of filter synthesis . Duffin and Bott extended earlier work by Otto Brune that requisite functions of complex frequency s could be realized by a passive network of inductors and capacitors . The proof , relying on induction on the sum of the degrees of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator of the rational function , was published in Journal of Applied Physics , volume 20 , page 816 . In his 2000 interview with Allyn Jackson of the American Mathematical Society , he explained that he sees networks as discrete versions of harmonic theory , so his experience with network synthesis and electronic filter topology introduced him to algebraic topology . Bott met Arnold S . Shapiro at the IAS and they worked together . He studied the homotopy theory of Lie groups , using methods from Morse theory , leading to the Bott periodicity theorem ( 1957 ) . In the course of this work , he introduced Morse–Bott functions , an important generalization of Morse functions . This led to his role as collaborator over many years with Michael Atiyah , initially via the part played by periodicity in K-theory . Bott made important contributions towards the index theorem , especially in formulating related fixed-point theorems , in particular the so-called Woods Hole fixed-point theorem , a combination of the Riemann–Roch theorem and Lefschetz fixed-point theorem ( it is named after Woods Hole , Massachusetts , the site of a conference at which collective discussion formulated it ) . The major Atiyah–Bott papers on what is now the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem were written in the years up to 1968 ; they collaborated further in recovering in contemporary language Ivan Petrovsky on Petrovsky lacunas of hyperbolic partial differential equations , prompted by Lars Gårding . In the 1980s , Atiyah and Bott investigated gauge theory , using the Yang–Mills equations on a Riemann surface to obtain topological information about the moduli spaces of stable bundles on Riemann surfaces . In 1983 he spoke to the Canadian Mathematical Society in a talk he called A topologist marvels at Physics . He is also well known in connection with the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem on representation theory of Lie groups via holomorphic sheaves and their cohomology groups ; and for work on foliations . With Chern he worked on Nevanlinna theory , studied holomorphic vector bundles over complex analytic manifolds and introduced the Bott-Chern classes , useful in the theory of Arakelov geometry and also to algebraic number theory . He introduced Bott–Samelson varieties and the Bott residue formula for complex manifolds and the Bott cannibalistic class . Awards . In 1964 , he was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry by the American Mathematical Society . In 1983 , he was awarded the Jeffery–Williams Prize by the Canadian Mathematical Society . In 1987 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . In 2000 , he received the Wolf Prize . In 2005 , he was elected an Overseas Fellow of the Royal Society of London . Students . Bott had 35 Ph.D . students , including Stephen Smale , Lawrence Conlon , Daniel Quillen , Peter Landweber , Robert MacPherson , Robert W . Brooks , Robin Forman , Rama Kocherlakota , András Szenes , Kevin Corlette , and Eric Weinstein . Smale and Quillen won Fields Medals in 1966 and 1978 respectively . Publications . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 4 . Mathematics Related to Physics . Edited by Robert MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser Boston , xx+485 pp . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 3 . Foliations . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxii+610 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 2 . Differential Operators . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxiv+802 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 1 . Topology and Lie Groups . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xii+584 pp . - 1982 : ( with Loring W . Tu ) Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology . Graduate Texts in Mathematics #82 . Springer-Verlag , New York-Berlin . xiv+331 pp . - 1969 : Lectures on K ( X ) . Mathematics Lecture Note Series W . A . Benjamin , New York-Amsterdam x+203 pp . External links . - Commemorative website at Harvard Math Department - The Life and Works of Raoul Bott , by Loring Tu . - Raoul Bott , an Innovator in Mathematics , Dies at 82 , The New York Times , January 8 , 2006 . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Raoul Bott join in 1995? | /wiki/Raoul_Bott#P463#1 | Raoul Bott Raoul Bott ( September 24 , 1923 – December 20 , 2005 ) was a Hungarian-American mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense . He is best known for his Bott periodicity theorem , the Morse–Bott functions which he used in this context , and the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem . Early life . Bott was born in Budapest , Hungary , the son of Margit Kovács and Rudolph Bott . His father was of Austrian descent , and his mother was of Hungarian Jewish descent ; Bott was raised a Catholic by his mother and stepfather . Bott grew up in Czechoslovakia and spent his working life in the United States . His family emigrated to Canada in 1938 , and subsequently he served in the Canadian Army in Europe during World War II . Career . Bott later went to college at McGill University in Montreal , where he studied electrical engineering . He then earned a Ph.D . in mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh in 1949 . His thesis , titled Electrical Network Theory , was written under the direction of Richard Duffin . Afterward , he began teaching at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor . Bott continued his study at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton . He was a professor at Harvard University from 1959 to 1999 . In 2005 Bott died of cancer in San Diego . With Richard Duffin at Carnegie Mellon , Bott studied existence of electronic filters corresponding to given positive-real functions . In 1949 they proved a fundamental theorem of filter synthesis . Duffin and Bott extended earlier work by Otto Brune that requisite functions of complex frequency s could be realized by a passive network of inductors and capacitors . The proof , relying on induction on the sum of the degrees of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator of the rational function , was published in Journal of Applied Physics , volume 20 , page 816 . In his 2000 interview with Allyn Jackson of the American Mathematical Society , he explained that he sees networks as discrete versions of harmonic theory , so his experience with network synthesis and electronic filter topology introduced him to algebraic topology . Bott met Arnold S . Shapiro at the IAS and they worked together . He studied the homotopy theory of Lie groups , using methods from Morse theory , leading to the Bott periodicity theorem ( 1957 ) . In the course of this work , he introduced Morse–Bott functions , an important generalization of Morse functions . This led to his role as collaborator over many years with Michael Atiyah , initially via the part played by periodicity in K-theory . Bott made important contributions towards the index theorem , especially in formulating related fixed-point theorems , in particular the so-called Woods Hole fixed-point theorem , a combination of the Riemann–Roch theorem and Lefschetz fixed-point theorem ( it is named after Woods Hole , Massachusetts , the site of a conference at which collective discussion formulated it ) . The major Atiyah–Bott papers on what is now the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem were written in the years up to 1968 ; they collaborated further in recovering in contemporary language Ivan Petrovsky on Petrovsky lacunas of hyperbolic partial differential equations , prompted by Lars Gårding . In the 1980s , Atiyah and Bott investigated gauge theory , using the Yang–Mills equations on a Riemann surface to obtain topological information about the moduli spaces of stable bundles on Riemann surfaces . In 1983 he spoke to the Canadian Mathematical Society in a talk he called A topologist marvels at Physics . He is also well known in connection with the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem on representation theory of Lie groups via holomorphic sheaves and their cohomology groups ; and for work on foliations . With Chern he worked on Nevanlinna theory , studied holomorphic vector bundles over complex analytic manifolds and introduced the Bott-Chern classes , useful in the theory of Arakelov geometry and also to algebraic number theory . He introduced Bott–Samelson varieties and the Bott residue formula for complex manifolds and the Bott cannibalistic class . Awards . In 1964 , he was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry by the American Mathematical Society . In 1983 , he was awarded the Jeffery–Williams Prize by the Canadian Mathematical Society . In 1987 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . In 2000 , he received the Wolf Prize . In 2005 , he was elected an Overseas Fellow of the Royal Society of London . Students . Bott had 35 Ph.D . students , including Stephen Smale , Lawrence Conlon , Daniel Quillen , Peter Landweber , Robert MacPherson , Robert W . Brooks , Robin Forman , Rama Kocherlakota , András Szenes , Kevin Corlette , and Eric Weinstein . Smale and Quillen won Fields Medals in 1966 and 1978 respectively . Publications . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 4 . Mathematics Related to Physics . Edited by Robert MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser Boston , xx+485 pp . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 3 . Foliations . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxii+610 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 2 . Differential Operators . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxiv+802 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 1 . Topology and Lie Groups . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xii+584 pp . - 1982 : ( with Loring W . Tu ) Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology . Graduate Texts in Mathematics #82 . Springer-Verlag , New York-Berlin . xiv+331 pp . - 1969 : Lectures on K ( X ) . Mathematics Lecture Note Series W . A . Benjamin , New York-Amsterdam x+203 pp . External links . - Commemorative website at Harvard Math Department - The Life and Works of Raoul Bott , by Loring Tu . - Raoul Bott , an Innovator in Mathematics , Dies at 82 , The New York Times , January 8 , 2006 . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Raoul Bott join in 1964? | /wiki/Raoul_Bott#P463#2 | Raoul Bott Raoul Bott ( September 24 , 1923 – December 20 , 2005 ) was a Hungarian-American mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense . He is best known for his Bott periodicity theorem , the Morse–Bott functions which he used in this context , and the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem . Early life . Bott was born in Budapest , Hungary , the son of Margit Kovács and Rudolph Bott . His father was of Austrian descent , and his mother was of Hungarian Jewish descent ; Bott was raised a Catholic by his mother and stepfather . Bott grew up in Czechoslovakia and spent his working life in the United States . His family emigrated to Canada in 1938 , and subsequently he served in the Canadian Army in Europe during World War II . Career . Bott later went to college at McGill University in Montreal , where he studied electrical engineering . He then earned a Ph.D . in mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh in 1949 . His thesis , titled Electrical Network Theory , was written under the direction of Richard Duffin . Afterward , he began teaching at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor . Bott continued his study at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton . He was a professor at Harvard University from 1959 to 1999 . In 2005 Bott died of cancer in San Diego . With Richard Duffin at Carnegie Mellon , Bott studied existence of electronic filters corresponding to given positive-real functions . In 1949 they proved a fundamental theorem of filter synthesis . Duffin and Bott extended earlier work by Otto Brune that requisite functions of complex frequency s could be realized by a passive network of inductors and capacitors . The proof , relying on induction on the sum of the degrees of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator of the rational function , was published in Journal of Applied Physics , volume 20 , page 816 . In his 2000 interview with Allyn Jackson of the American Mathematical Society , he explained that he sees networks as discrete versions of harmonic theory , so his experience with network synthesis and electronic filter topology introduced him to algebraic topology . Bott met Arnold S . Shapiro at the IAS and they worked together . He studied the homotopy theory of Lie groups , using methods from Morse theory , leading to the Bott periodicity theorem ( 1957 ) . In the course of this work , he introduced Morse–Bott functions , an important generalization of Morse functions . This led to his role as collaborator over many years with Michael Atiyah , initially via the part played by periodicity in K-theory . Bott made important contributions towards the index theorem , especially in formulating related fixed-point theorems , in particular the so-called Woods Hole fixed-point theorem , a combination of the Riemann–Roch theorem and Lefschetz fixed-point theorem ( it is named after Woods Hole , Massachusetts , the site of a conference at which collective discussion formulated it ) . The major Atiyah–Bott papers on what is now the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem were written in the years up to 1968 ; they collaborated further in recovering in contemporary language Ivan Petrovsky on Petrovsky lacunas of hyperbolic partial differential equations , prompted by Lars Gårding . In the 1980s , Atiyah and Bott investigated gauge theory , using the Yang–Mills equations on a Riemann surface to obtain topological information about the moduli spaces of stable bundles on Riemann surfaces . In 1983 he spoke to the Canadian Mathematical Society in a talk he called A topologist marvels at Physics . He is also well known in connection with the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem on representation theory of Lie groups via holomorphic sheaves and their cohomology groups ; and for work on foliations . With Chern he worked on Nevanlinna theory , studied holomorphic vector bundles over complex analytic manifolds and introduced the Bott-Chern classes , useful in the theory of Arakelov geometry and also to algebraic number theory . He introduced Bott–Samelson varieties and the Bott residue formula for complex manifolds and the Bott cannibalistic class . Awards . In 1964 , he was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry by the American Mathematical Society . In 1983 , he was awarded the Jeffery–Williams Prize by the Canadian Mathematical Society . In 1987 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . In 2000 , he received the Wolf Prize . In 2005 , he was elected an Overseas Fellow of the Royal Society of London . Students . Bott had 35 Ph.D . students , including Stephen Smale , Lawrence Conlon , Daniel Quillen , Peter Landweber , Robert MacPherson , Robert W . Brooks , Robin Forman , Rama Kocherlakota , András Szenes , Kevin Corlette , and Eric Weinstein . Smale and Quillen won Fields Medals in 1966 and 1978 respectively . Publications . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 4 . Mathematics Related to Physics . Edited by Robert MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser Boston , xx+485 pp . - 1995 : Collected Papers . Vol . 3 . Foliations . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxii+610 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 2 . Differential Operators . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xxxiv+802 pp . - 1994 : Collected Papers . Vol . 1 . Topology and Lie Groups . Edited by Robert D . MacPherson . Contemporary Mathematicians . Birkhäuser , xii+584 pp . - 1982 : ( with Loring W . Tu ) Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology . Graduate Texts in Mathematics #82 . Springer-Verlag , New York-Berlin . xiv+331 pp . - 1969 : Lectures on K ( X ) . Mathematics Lecture Note Series W . A . Benjamin , New York-Amsterdam x+203 pp . External links . - Commemorative website at Harvard Math Department - The Life and Works of Raoul Bott , by Loring Tu . - Raoul Bott , an Innovator in Mathematics , Dies at 82 , The New York Times , January 8 , 2006 . |
[
"Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 1966 to 1986? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#0 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 1986 to 1998? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#1 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"Pabellón Raimundo Saporta"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 1999 to 2004? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#2 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"Palacio Vistalegre"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 2004 to 2010? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#3 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"Caja Mágica"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#4 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"WiZink Center"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Real Madrid Baloncesto from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto#P115#5 | Real Madrid Baloncesto Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic associations football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the clubs star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Sergio Rodriguez , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B . History . History of great success : 1950s to 1980s . For at least half a century , Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball , accumulating a record ten continental titles , based on its dominance in the 1960s . Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 35 national domestic league and 28 national cup trophies . And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europes top-tier level competition , it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups , a Korać Cup , and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time . Players like Emiliano Rodríguez , Clifford Luyk , Wayne Brabender , Walter Szczerbiak , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Dražen Petrović , Mirza Delibašić , Arvydas Sabonis , and Dejan Bodiroga have turned Real Madrid into one of the biggest basketball clubs in the world . Madrid won as many as 7 EuroLeague titles between 1964 and 1980 , becoming a European basketball club legend , and even when it took the club 15 years to win it again , it found success in other European competitions , too . Madrid downed Olimpia Milano in the 1984 Cup Winners Cup , on free throws made by Brian Jackson , then Petrović had 62 points in the 1989 Cup Winners Cup final , against Snaidero Caserta . Madrid added a 1988 Korać Cup title , against Cibona Zagreb . 1990–2010 . Real Madrid won the 1992 Saporta Cup trophy against PAOK , on a buzzer-beating jumper by Rickey Brown . It was not until Sabonis arrived in Madrid , when Real won its last EuroLeague title in 1995 , by beating Olympiacos in the final . Madrid next won the 1997 Saporta Cup title against Verona , but no more European-wide trophies came for the club in the next decade . Madrid still found success at home , winning Spanish League titles in 2000 and 2005 . It all changed in 2007 , when Joan Plaza was promoted to the clubs head coach position . With the help of players like Louis Bullock , Felipe Reyes , and Álex Mumbrú , Madrid added a new trophy to its roll of honours , the ULEB Cup , as it won 12 of its last 13 games , and downed Lietuvos Rytas , by a score of 75–87 , in the 2007 ULEB Cup Final . Moreover , Madrid finished in 2nd place in the 2006–07 Spanish League regular season , and stayed strong in its play in Palacio Vistalegre , during the Spanish league playoffs ; to lift its 30th national league trophy , by besting their arch-rivals , Winterthur FC Barcelona , 3–1 in the Spanish League title series in 2007 . 2011–present : Pablo Laso era . In Pablo Lasos era , Real Madrid Baloncesto managed to find consistent success . Spanish top-tier level players of the time , like Sergio Rodríguez and Rudy Fernández , were acquired by the club . Also , ACB Rising Star winner Nikola Mirotić was a part of the teams mix , along with Sergio Llull and Felipe Reyes , to give Real Madrid a strong home grown core of players . This group of players gave Real Madrid Baloncesto 6 Copa del Reys ( Spanish Cup ) titles , 6 Spanish Super Cup titles , 5 Liga ACB ( Spanish League ) titles , 2 EuroLeague championship , and an FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship . On May 17 , 2015 , after waiting 20 years to win another EuroLeague championship , Real Madrid won the 2015 EuroLeague championship against Olympiacos . Madrids Andrés Nocioni was named the Final Four MVP . This title was called La Novena . Following the EuroLeague title , the 2014–15 ACB seasons championship was also won by Real . Because Real also won the national Spanish Cup and the national Spanish Supercup that season , the club won its first Quadruble crown . On September 27 , 2015 , 34 years after their last FIBA Intercontinental Cup title , Real Madrid won their fifth FIBA Intercontinental Cup trophy , after defeating the Brazilian League club Bauru . Sergio Llull was named the MVP of the tournament . Real Madrid thus made it a record five FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles won , and with the Intercontinental Cup title . On 20 May 2018 , Real Madrid conquered again the EuroLeague , achieving their tenth title ever . The considered major leader of the team that season would be a Slovenian guard/forward named Luka Dončić , who became the designated MVP of the EuroLeague on all accounts at 19 years old . Sponsorship naming . - Real Madrid Otaysa 1990–1991 - Real Madrid Asegurator 1991–1992 - Real Madrid Teka 1992–2001 Home arenas . - Estadio Chamartín ( 1931–1936 ) , outdoor basketball court under the stands of Real Madrid football stadium . - Frontón Recoletos ( 1939–1952 ) , first indoor court , an adapted basque pelota fronton located in Salamanca district . - Frontón Jai Alai ( 1952–1965 ) , first big court and official headquarters of the club , also a converted fronton located in Los Jerónimos neighborhood . - Colegio Maravillas ( 1965 ) , used during the construction of the new pavilion . - Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid ( 1966–1986 ) , first pavilion owned by the club , located in its training complex north of the city . - Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid ( 1986–1998 ) . - Pabellón Parque Corredor ( 1998–1999 ) , in the city of Torrejón de Ardoz , used during the renovation of the club pavilion . - Pabellón Raimundo Saporta ( 1999–2004 ) , the renovated and renamed Pabellón de la Ciudad Deportiva . - Palacio Vistalegre ( 2004–2010 ) . - Caja Mágica ( 2010–2011 ) . - Palacio de Deportes - WiZink Center ( 2011–present ) . Players . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers . The following former Real Madrid players are inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : - Dražen Dalipagić , G , 1982–1983 , Inducted 2004 - Antonio Díaz-Miguel , F , 1958–1961 , Inducted 1997 - Pedro Ferrándiz , coach , 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 , Inducted 2007 - Dražen Petrović , G , 1988–1989 , Inducted 2002 - Arvydas Sabonis , C , 1992–1995 , Inducted 2011 Head coaches . - Ángel Cabrera : 1930-33 - Juan Castellví : 1931-34 - Máximo Arnáiz : 1934-35 - Segundo Braña : 1935-36 - Cholo Méndez : 1939-43 - Anselmo López : 1943-45,1946–47 - José Borrero : 1947-48 - Felipe Kaimo Calderón : 1948-49 - Freddy Borrás : 1949–1954 - Ignacio Pinedo : 1954–1958 , 1990–1991 - Jacinto Ardevínez : 1958–1959 - Pedro Ferrándiz : 1959–1962 , 1964–1965 , 1966–1975 - Joaquín Hernández : 1962–1964 - Robert Busnel : 1965–1966 - Lolo Sainz : 1975–1989 - George Karl : 1989–1990 , 1991–1992 - Wayne Brabender : 1990 - Ángel González Jareño : 1991 . - Clifford Luyk : 1992–1994 , 1998–1999 - Zeljko Obradovic : 1994–1997 - Miguel Ángel Martín : 1997 - Tirso Lorente : 1998 - Sergio Scariolo : 1999–2002 - Javier Imbroda : 2002–2003 - Julio Lamas : 2003–2004 - Bozidar Maljkovic : 2004–2006 - Joan Plaza : 2006–2009 - Ettore Messina : 2009–2011 - Emanuele Molin : 2011 - Pablo Laso : 2011–present Honours . Domestic competitions . - Spanish League - Spanish Cup - Spanish Super Cup European competitions . - EuroLeague - FIBA Saporta Cup - FIBA Korać Cup - EuroCup - Latin Cup - European Basketball Club Super Cup Unofficial awards . - Triple Crown Worldwide competitions . - FIBA Intercontinental Cup - McDonalds Championship Regional competitions . - Torneo Comunidad de Madrid Friendly competitions . - FIBA International Christmas Tournament - 5 Trofeo Costa de Sol : 2012 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 . - 3 Trofeo Gol : 1941/42 , 1942/43 , 1943/44 . - 3 Trofeo Teresa Herrera : 1987 , 1989 , 1991 . - 3 Trofeo Ciudat de Zaragoza : 2005 , 2011 , 2014 . - 2 Trofeo Montbrisson : 1959 , 1960 . - 2 Trofeos Open de París : 1961/62 , 1962/63 . - 2 Torneo de Navidad de Bruselas : 1948 , 1950 . - 2 Trofeo Diputación Valladolid : 1997 , 2009 . - 2 Torneo Ciudad de Córdoba : 2013 , 2015 . - 2 Trofeo de Torneig de Bàsquet Junior Ciutat de LHospitalet : 2015 , 2016 . - 1 Copa Chapultepec : 1931 . - 1 Torneo Primavera de Madrid : 1934 . - 1 Trofeo Cupones Cork : 1946 . - 1 Torneo Inauguración ( Madrid ) : 1951 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Real Madrid : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Oro del Club : 1952 . - 1 Trofeo Homenaje a Luis Moreno Melilla : 1952 . - 1 Torneo Bodas de Plata de la Sección : 1955 . - 1 Torneo Internacional de Portugal : 1955 . - 1 Torneo de Vigo : 1956 . - 1 Torneo Triangular : 1956 . - 1 Torneo de Gijón : 1956 . - 1 Trofeo XII Juegos del Sudeste ( Alicante ) : 1960 . - 1 Torneo de Casablanca : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Open de París : 1962 . - 1 Trofeo Bodas de Plata del Canoe : 1965 . - 1 Trofeo Breogán : 1967 . - 1 Galardón As de Oro : 1977/78 . - 1 Trofeo Nuevo Banco ( Madrid ) : 1978 . - 1 Torneo de la Pollinica ( Málaga ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Gasca ( San Sebastián ) : 1985/86 . - 1 Torneo de San Julián ( Cuenca ) : 1986/87 . - 1 Trofeo 50 Aniversario Diario Sur : 1988 . - 1 Trofeo Canal + : 1991 . - 1 Trofeo Ciutat de Palma : 2007 - 1 Torneo de Diada de Mallorca : 2008 . - 1 San Sebastian , Spain Invitational Game : 2009 . - 1 La Nucia , Alicante , Spain Invitational Game : 2010 . - 1 Torneo Sportquarters de Guadalajara : 2012 . - 1 Torneo Spa Porta Maris & Suites del Mar : 2012 . - 1 Trofeo Grupo Dalmau Vaquer : 2014 . - 1 Copa EuroAmericana : 2014 . - 1 Arganda del Rey , Spain Invitational Game : 2017 . - 1 Burgos , Spain Invitational Game : 2018 . - 1 Torneo San Mateo : 2019 . - 1 Trofeo Memorial Jose Luis Abos : 2019 . Individual awards . ACB Most Valuable Player - Arvydas Sabonis – 1994 , 1995 - Dejan Bodiroga – 1998 - Tanoka Beard – 1999 - Felipe Reyes – 2009 , 2015 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić – 2018 ACB Finals MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1993 , 1994 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2005 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2015 , 2016 - Rudy Fernández – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 All-ACB First Team - Elmer Bennett – 2004 - Felipe Reyes – 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 - Ante Tomić – 2011 - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2015 , 2017 - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 , 2014 , 2016 - Luka Dončić – 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 - Edy Tavares – 2019 All-ACB Second Team - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 - Anthony Randolph – 2017 - Facundo Campazzo – 2018 - Edy Tavares – 2020 ACB Three Point Shootout Champion - Alberto Herreros – 1998 , 1999 - Alberto Angulo – 2000 - Louis Bullock – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Jaycee Carroll – 2015 , 2016 ACB Slam Dunk Champion - Mickaël Gelabale – 2004 , 2005 ACB Most Spectacular Player of the Year - Rudy Fernández – 2013 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 Spanish Cup MVP - Sergio Llull – 2012 , 2017 - Nikola Mirotić – 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayon – 2016 - Facundo Campazzo – 2020 Spanish Supercup MVP - Rudy Fernández – 2012 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2013 - Sergio Llull – 2014 , 2018 - Facundo Campazzo – 2019 , 2020 EuroLeague MVP - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 EuroLeague Final Four MVP - Arvydas Sabonis – 1995 - Andrés Nocioni – 2015 - Luka Dončić - 2018 FIBA Intercontinental Cup MVP - Walter Szczerbiak – 1977 - Sergio Llull – 2015 All-EuroLeague First Team - Rudy Fernández – 2013 , 2014 - Sergio Rodríguez – 2014 - Felipe Reyes – 2015 - Sergio Llull – 2017 - Luka Dončić - 2018 All-EuroLeague Second Team - Sergio Llull – 2011 - Nikola Mirotić – 2013 , 2014 - Rudy Fernández – 2015 - Gustavo Ayón – 2016 , 2017 - Edy Tavares – 2019 EuroLeague Rising Star - Nikola Mirotić – 2011 , 2012 - Luka Dončić – 2017 , 2018 EuroLeague Best Defender - Edy Tavares – 2019 Notable players . Players who are currently on the team are in boldface . Players who are still active , but in other team , are in italics . - Santi Abad - Pablo Aguilar - Juan Aísa - Alberto Angulo - Lucio Angulo - José Miguel Antúnez - Alberto Aspe - José Biriukov - Wayne Brabender - Antonio Bueno - Miguel Ángel Cabral - Marcos Carbonell - Pep Cargol - Juan Antonio Corbalán - Alfonso del Corral - Rudy Fernández - Martín Ferrer - Alberto Férriz - Víctor Férriz - José Luis Galilea - Carlos García - Héctor García - Javier García Coll - Óscar González - Tomás González - Juan Antonio Hernández - Raúl Hernández - Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca - Alberto Herreros - Serge Ibaka - Iker Iturbe - José Lasa - José Luis Llorente - Toño Llorente - Sergio Llull - Daniel López - Juanjo López - Raúl López - Juan Manuel López Iturriaga - Clifford Luyk - Antonio Martín - Fernando Martín - Jan Martín - Fernando Mateo - Nikola Mirotić - Juan Antonio Morales - Álex Mumbrú - Roberto Núñez - Juan Antonio Orenga - Felipe Reyes - Carlos Rodríguez - Emiliano Rodríguez - Marcos Rodríguez - Sergio Rodríguez - Johnny Rogers - Fernando Romay - Nacho Romero - Quique Ruiz Paz - Rafael Rullán - Lolo Sainz - Ismael Santos - Lorenzo Sanz - Carlos Sevillano - José María Silva - Mike Smith - Enrique Suárez - Francisco Velasco - Enrique Villalobos - Facundo Campazzo - Pablo Prigioni - Andrés Nocioni - Lucas Victoriano - Jaycee Carroll - Axel Hervelle - Éric Struelens - Mirza Delibašić - Damir Mulaomerović - Bojan Bogdanović - Dontaye Draper - Dražen Petrović - Mario Stojić - Žan Tabak - Marko Tomas - Ante Tomić - Alain Digbeu - Mickaël Gelabale - Moustapha Sonko - Andrew Betts - Ioannis Bourousis - Antonios Fotsis - Pat Burke - Jay Larrañaga - Kaspars Kambala - Arvydas Sabonis - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Darjuš Lavrinovič - Rimantas Kaukėnas - Martynas Pocius - Jonas Mačiulis - Gustavo Ayón - Blagota Sekulić - Nedžad Sinanović - Rolf Van Rijn - Maciej Lampe - Johnny Báez - Freddy Borrás - José Ortiz - Guillermo Galíndez - Rafael Deliz - Toñín Casillas - William Brindle - Mikhail Mikhailov - Dejan Bodiroga - Dražen Dalipagić - Aleksandar Đorđević - Nikola Lončar - Igor Rakočević - Zoran Savić - Dragan Tarlać - Dušan Vukčević - Luka Dončić - Anthony Randolph - Salah Mejri - Kerem Tunçeri - Miles Aiken - Derrick Alston - Michael Anderson - Joe Arlauckas - Tanoka Beard - Elmer Bennett - Louis Bullock - Josh Fisher - Brian Jackson - Charles Smith - Larry Spriggs - Walter Szczerbiak - Juan Castellvi |
[
"Palestine"
] | easy | Which country did Sarta belong to from 1517 to 1917? | /wiki/Sarta#P17#0 | Sarta Sarta ( ) is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank , 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , it had a population of approximately 3,382 in 2017 . Location . Sarta is bordered by Haris to the east , Bruqin to the south , Biddya to the west , and Qarawat Bani Hassan to the north . History . Sarta is situated on an ancient site , where cisterns and columbariums carved into rock have been found . Sherds from Iron Age II and Persian eras have been found , but were possibly washed down from a nearby higher Tell . Sherds from Byzantine/Early Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid occupations can be suggested according to the finds of sherds at Sarta , and according to finds at the site of the nearby sheikh tomb . Yakut mentions Suratah , as being in a village in Jabal Nabulus . It has been suggested that this was Sarta . Ottoman era . The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine , and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 6 households , all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , goats and beehives ; a total of 1,500 akçe . In 1838 it was noted as a village Serata , part of the Jurat Merda district , south of Nablus . French explorer Victor Guérin travelled through the village in 1870 , and found it to have around 40 houses , some better built than in the average village . The stones of the houses were alternately red and white . Several ancient cisterns dug into the rock provided water for the residents . In 1882 , the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Serta as a small stone village . British Mandate era . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarta had a population of 275 Muslims and 1 Jew , increasing in the 1931 census to 317 , all Muslim , in a total of 76 houses . In the 1945 statistics the population was 420 , all Muslims , while the total land area was 5,584 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Of this , 1,858 were used for plantations and irrigable land , 766 for cereals , while 23 dunams were classified as built-up areas . Jordanian era . In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements , Sarta came under Jordanian rule . In 1961 , the population was 740 . Post-1967 . Since the Six-Day War in 1967 , Sarta has been under Israeli occupation . After the 1995 accords , 16.8 % of the village land is defined as Area B , while the remainder 83.2 % is Area C . Israel has confiscated 353 dunams of village land for the establishment of the Israeli settlement of Barkan . External links . - Welcome To Sarta - Survey of Western Palestine , Map 14 : IAA , Wikimedia commons - Sarta Village ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) ( Fact Sheet ) Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem ( ARIJ ) - Sarta Village Profile ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) , ARIJ - Sarta aerial photo , ARIJ - Development Priorities and Needs in Sarta , ARIJ - Sarta Village Profile - Land Confiscation , Tree Burning and Uprooting Campaigns against the Village of Sarta , 23 September , 2004 , POICA - Israeli Occupation Forces Embark on the Expansion of Burkan Industrial Compound , 3 September 2008 , POICA - Palestinian land bulldozed for colonial expansion in Sarta village 08 , July , 2009 , POICA - Extension of Take Over lands in Bruqin , Sarta , and Haris villages 02 , January , 2012 , POICA - A new Israeli military order to grant more security for the settlement of Barqan , 25 February , 2012 , POICA - Barkan colony map |
[
"British Mandate authorities"
] | easy | Which country did Sarta belong to from 1917 to 1948? | /wiki/Sarta#P17#1 | Sarta Sarta ( ) is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank , 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , it had a population of approximately 3,382 in 2017 . Location . Sarta is bordered by Haris to the east , Bruqin to the south , Biddya to the west , and Qarawat Bani Hassan to the north . History . Sarta is situated on an ancient site , where cisterns and columbariums carved into rock have been found . Sherds from Iron Age II and Persian eras have been found , but were possibly washed down from a nearby higher Tell . Sherds from Byzantine/Early Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid occupations can be suggested according to the finds of sherds at Sarta , and according to finds at the site of the nearby sheikh tomb . Yakut mentions Suratah , as being in a village in Jabal Nabulus . It has been suggested that this was Sarta . Ottoman era . The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine , and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 6 households , all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , goats and beehives ; a total of 1,500 akçe . In 1838 it was noted as a village Serata , part of the Jurat Merda district , south of Nablus . French explorer Victor Guérin travelled through the village in 1870 , and found it to have around 40 houses , some better built than in the average village . The stones of the houses were alternately red and white . Several ancient cisterns dug into the rock provided water for the residents . In 1882 , the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Serta as a small stone village . British Mandate era . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarta had a population of 275 Muslims and 1 Jew , increasing in the 1931 census to 317 , all Muslim , in a total of 76 houses . In the 1945 statistics the population was 420 , all Muslims , while the total land area was 5,584 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Of this , 1,858 were used for plantations and irrigable land , 766 for cereals , while 23 dunams were classified as built-up areas . Jordanian era . In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements , Sarta came under Jordanian rule . In 1961 , the population was 740 . Post-1967 . Since the Six-Day War in 1967 , Sarta has been under Israeli occupation . After the 1995 accords , 16.8 % of the village land is defined as Area B , while the remainder 83.2 % is Area C . Israel has confiscated 353 dunams of village land for the establishment of the Israeli settlement of Barkan . External links . - Welcome To Sarta - Survey of Western Palestine , Map 14 : IAA , Wikimedia commons - Sarta Village ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) ( Fact Sheet ) Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem ( ARIJ ) - Sarta Village Profile ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) , ARIJ - Sarta aerial photo , ARIJ - Development Priorities and Needs in Sarta , ARIJ - Sarta Village Profile - Land Confiscation , Tree Burning and Uprooting Campaigns against the Village of Sarta , 23 September , 2004 , POICA - Israeli Occupation Forces Embark on the Expansion of Burkan Industrial Compound , 3 September 2008 , POICA - Palestinian land bulldozed for colonial expansion in Sarta village 08 , July , 2009 , POICA - Extension of Take Over lands in Bruqin , Sarta , and Haris villages 02 , January , 2012 , POICA - A new Israeli military order to grant more security for the settlement of Barqan , 25 February , 2012 , POICA - Barkan colony map |
[
"Jordanian"
] | easy | Which country did Sarta belong to from 1948 to 1967? | /wiki/Sarta#P17#2 | Sarta Sarta ( ) is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank , 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , it had a population of approximately 3,382 in 2017 . Location . Sarta is bordered by Haris to the east , Bruqin to the south , Biddya to the west , and Qarawat Bani Hassan to the north . History . Sarta is situated on an ancient site , where cisterns and columbariums carved into rock have been found . Sherds from Iron Age II and Persian eras have been found , but were possibly washed down from a nearby higher Tell . Sherds from Byzantine/Early Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid occupations can be suggested according to the finds of sherds at Sarta , and according to finds at the site of the nearby sheikh tomb . Yakut mentions Suratah , as being in a village in Jabal Nabulus . It has been suggested that this was Sarta . Ottoman era . The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine , and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 6 households , all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , goats and beehives ; a total of 1,500 akçe . In 1838 it was noted as a village Serata , part of the Jurat Merda district , south of Nablus . French explorer Victor Guérin travelled through the village in 1870 , and found it to have around 40 houses , some better built than in the average village . The stones of the houses were alternately red and white . Several ancient cisterns dug into the rock provided water for the residents . In 1882 , the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Serta as a small stone village . British Mandate era . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarta had a population of 275 Muslims and 1 Jew , increasing in the 1931 census to 317 , all Muslim , in a total of 76 houses . In the 1945 statistics the population was 420 , all Muslims , while the total land area was 5,584 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Of this , 1,858 were used for plantations and irrigable land , 766 for cereals , while 23 dunams were classified as built-up areas . Jordanian era . In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements , Sarta came under Jordanian rule . In 1961 , the population was 740 . Post-1967 . Since the Six-Day War in 1967 , Sarta has been under Israeli occupation . After the 1995 accords , 16.8 % of the village land is defined as Area B , while the remainder 83.2 % is Area C . Israel has confiscated 353 dunams of village land for the establishment of the Israeli settlement of Barkan . External links . - Welcome To Sarta - Survey of Western Palestine , Map 14 : IAA , Wikimedia commons - Sarta Village ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) ( Fact Sheet ) Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem ( ARIJ ) - Sarta Village Profile ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) , ARIJ - Sarta aerial photo , ARIJ - Development Priorities and Needs in Sarta , ARIJ - Sarta Village Profile - Land Confiscation , Tree Burning and Uprooting Campaigns against the Village of Sarta , 23 September , 2004 , POICA - Israeli Occupation Forces Embark on the Expansion of Burkan Industrial Compound , 3 September 2008 , POICA - Palestinian land bulldozed for colonial expansion in Sarta village 08 , July , 2009 , POICA - Extension of Take Over lands in Bruqin , Sarta , and Haris villages 02 , January , 2012 , POICA - A new Israeli military order to grant more security for the settlement of Barqan , 25 February , 2012 , POICA - Barkan colony map |
[
"Israeli"
] | easy | Which country did Sarta belong to from 1967 to 1994? | /wiki/Sarta#P17#3 | Sarta Sarta ( ) is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank , 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , it had a population of approximately 3,382 in 2017 . Location . Sarta is bordered by Haris to the east , Bruqin to the south , Biddya to the west , and Qarawat Bani Hassan to the north . History . Sarta is situated on an ancient site , where cisterns and columbariums carved into rock have been found . Sherds from Iron Age II and Persian eras have been found , but were possibly washed down from a nearby higher Tell . Sherds from Byzantine/Early Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid occupations can be suggested according to the finds of sherds at Sarta , and according to finds at the site of the nearby sheikh tomb . Yakut mentions Suratah , as being in a village in Jabal Nabulus . It has been suggested that this was Sarta . Ottoman era . The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine , and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 6 households , all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , goats and beehives ; a total of 1,500 akçe . In 1838 it was noted as a village Serata , part of the Jurat Merda district , south of Nablus . French explorer Victor Guérin travelled through the village in 1870 , and found it to have around 40 houses , some better built than in the average village . The stones of the houses were alternately red and white . Several ancient cisterns dug into the rock provided water for the residents . In 1882 , the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Serta as a small stone village . British Mandate era . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarta had a population of 275 Muslims and 1 Jew , increasing in the 1931 census to 317 , all Muslim , in a total of 76 houses . In the 1945 statistics the population was 420 , all Muslims , while the total land area was 5,584 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Of this , 1,858 were used for plantations and irrigable land , 766 for cereals , while 23 dunams were classified as built-up areas . Jordanian era . In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements , Sarta came under Jordanian rule . In 1961 , the population was 740 . Post-1967 . Since the Six-Day War in 1967 , Sarta has been under Israeli occupation . After the 1995 accords , 16.8 % of the village land is defined as Area B , while the remainder 83.2 % is Area C . Israel has confiscated 353 dunams of village land for the establishment of the Israeli settlement of Barkan . External links . - Welcome To Sarta - Survey of Western Palestine , Map 14 : IAA , Wikimedia commons - Sarta Village ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) ( Fact Sheet ) Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem ( ARIJ ) - Sarta Village Profile ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) , ARIJ - Sarta aerial photo , ARIJ - Development Priorities and Needs in Sarta , ARIJ - Sarta Village Profile - Land Confiscation , Tree Burning and Uprooting Campaigns against the Village of Sarta , 23 September , 2004 , POICA - Israeli Occupation Forces Embark on the Expansion of Burkan Industrial Compound , 3 September 2008 , POICA - Palestinian land bulldozed for colonial expansion in Sarta village 08 , July , 2009 , POICA - Extension of Take Over lands in Bruqin , Sarta , and Haris villages 02 , January , 2012 , POICA - A new Israeli military order to grant more security for the settlement of Barqan , 25 February , 2012 , POICA - Barkan colony map |
[
"Barkan"
] | easy | Which country did Sarta belong to from 1994 to 1995? | /wiki/Sarta#P17#4 | Sarta Sarta ( ) is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank , 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , it had a population of approximately 3,382 in 2017 . Location . Sarta is bordered by Haris to the east , Bruqin to the south , Biddya to the west , and Qarawat Bani Hassan to the north . History . Sarta is situated on an ancient site , where cisterns and columbariums carved into rock have been found . Sherds from Iron Age II and Persian eras have been found , but were possibly washed down from a nearby higher Tell . Sherds from Byzantine/Early Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid occupations can be suggested according to the finds of sherds at Sarta , and according to finds at the site of the nearby sheikh tomb . Yakut mentions Suratah , as being in a village in Jabal Nabulus . It has been suggested that this was Sarta . Ottoman era . The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine , and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 6 households , all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , goats and beehives ; a total of 1,500 akçe . In 1838 it was noted as a village Serata , part of the Jurat Merda district , south of Nablus . French explorer Victor Guérin travelled through the village in 1870 , and found it to have around 40 houses , some better built than in the average village . The stones of the houses were alternately red and white . Several ancient cisterns dug into the rock provided water for the residents . In 1882 , the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Serta as a small stone village . British Mandate era . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarta had a population of 275 Muslims and 1 Jew , increasing in the 1931 census to 317 , all Muslim , in a total of 76 houses . In the 1945 statistics the population was 420 , all Muslims , while the total land area was 5,584 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Of this , 1,858 were used for plantations and irrigable land , 766 for cereals , while 23 dunams were classified as built-up areas . Jordanian era . In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements , Sarta came under Jordanian rule . In 1961 , the population was 740 . Post-1967 . Since the Six-Day War in 1967 , Sarta has been under Israeli occupation . After the 1995 accords , 16.8 % of the village land is defined as Area B , while the remainder 83.2 % is Area C . Israel has confiscated 353 dunams of village land for the establishment of the Israeli settlement of Barkan . External links . - Welcome To Sarta - Survey of Western Palestine , Map 14 : IAA , Wikimedia commons - Sarta Village ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) ( Fact Sheet ) Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem ( ARIJ ) - Sarta Village Profile ( including ‘Izbat Abu Adam Locality ) , ARIJ - Sarta aerial photo , ARIJ - Development Priorities and Needs in Sarta , ARIJ - Sarta Village Profile - Land Confiscation , Tree Burning and Uprooting Campaigns against the Village of Sarta , 23 September , 2004 , POICA - Israeli Occupation Forces Embark on the Expansion of Burkan Industrial Compound , 3 September 2008 , POICA - Palestinian land bulldozed for colonial expansion in Sarta village 08 , July , 2009 , POICA - Extension of Take Over lands in Bruqin , Sarta , and Haris villages 02 , January , 2012 , POICA - A new Israeli military order to grant more security for the settlement of Barqan , 25 February , 2012 , POICA - Barkan colony map |
[
"Illinois House of Representatives"
] | easy | George Ryan took which position from 1981 to 1983? | /wiki/George_Ryan#P39#0 | George Ryan George Homer Ryan ( born February 24 , 1934 ) is an American former politician who was the Republican 39th Governor of Illinois from 1999 until 2003 . Ryan received national attention for his 1999 moratorium on executions in Illinois and for commuting more than 160 death sentences to life sentences in 2003 . He was later convicted of federal corruption charges and spent more than five years in federal prison and seven months of home confinement . He was released from federal prison on July 3 , 2013 . Early life . George Homer Ryan was born in Maquoketa , Iowa to Jeannette ( née Bowman ) and Thomas Ryan , a pharmacist . Ryan grew up in Kankakee County , Illinois . After serving in the U.S . Army in Korea , he worked for his fathers two drugstores . He attended Ferris State College of Pharmacy ( now Ferris State University ) in Big Rapids , Michigan . Eventually , he built his fathers pair of pharmacies into a successful family-run chain ( profiting from lucrative government-contract business selling prescription drugs to nursing homes ) which he sold in 1990 . Ryan was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1954 . He served a 13-month tour in Korea , working in a base pharmacy . On June 10 , 1956 , Ryan married his high school sweetheart , Lura Lynn Lowe ( July 5 , 1934 – June 27 , 2011 ) , whom he had met in a high school English class . She grew up in Aroma Park , where her family ( originally from Germany ) had lived since 1834 . Her father owned one of the first hybrid seed companies in the United States . The couple had five daughters ( including a set of triplets ) ; Julie , Joanne , Jeanette , Lynda and Nancy ; and one son , George Homer Ryan , Jr . Lura Lowe died of lung cancer at Riverside Hospital in Kankakee on June 27 , 2011 . Ryans brother , Tom , was a prominent political figure in Kankakee County . In addition , Ryans sister Kathleen Deans former son-in-law , Bruce Clark , is the Kankakee County , Illinois Clerk . Political career . Ryan began his political career by serving on the Kankakee County Board from 1968 to 1973 ( his brother Tom J . Ryan was Mayor of Kankakee for 20 years from 1965 to 1985 ) . He was then elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , where he served from 1973 to 1983 , including two terms as Minority Leader and one term as Speaker . He then spent 20 years in statewide office , as Lieutenant Governor under Governor James R . Thompson ( 1983–91 ) , Secretary of State from 1991 to 1999 , and as governor from 1999 to 2003 . During his first term as Secretary of State , then–State Treasurer Pat Quinn was publicly critical of Ryan . Specifically , he drew attention to special vanity license plates that Ryans office provided for clout-heavy motorists . This rivalry led Quinn in a failed bid to challenge Ryan in the 1994 general election for Secretary of State . Term as governor . Ryan was elected Governor in 1998 , defeating his opponent , Glenn Poshard , by a 51–47% margin . Ryans running mate was first-term state representative Corinne Wood . Ryan outspent Poshard by a 4-to-1 margin . Poshard , a firm believer in campaign finance reform , placed limits on individual donations and refused to accept donations from corporate or special interests . One of Ryans pet projects as governor was an extensive repair of the Illinois Highway System called Illinois FIRST . FIRST was an acronym for Fund for Infrastructure , Roads , Schools , and Transit . Signed into law in May 1999 , the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects . With various matching funds programs , Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools , $4.1 billion for public transportation , another $4.1 billion for roads , and $1.6 billion for other projects . He also improved Illinoiss technology infrastructure , creating one of the first cabinet-level Offices of Technology in the country and bringing up Illinoiss technology ranking in a national magazine from 48th out of the 50 states when he took office to 1st just two years later . Ryan committed record funding to education , including 51% of all new state revenues during his time in office , in addition to the billions spent through Illinois FIRST that built and improved schools and education infrastructure . In 1999 , Ryan sparked controversy by becoming the first sitting U.S . Governor to meet with Cuban President Fidel Castro . Ryans visit led to a $1 million donation of humanitarian aid , but drew criticism from anti-Castro groups . In 2000 , Ryan served as a chair of the Midwestern Governors Association . Capital punishment . Ryan helped to renew the national debate on capital punishment when , as governor , he declared a moratorium on his states death penalty in 2000 . This decision was heavily influenced by lawsuits filed by exonerated prisoners who made false confessions as a result of police torture under the direction of a police commander named Jon Burge . We have now freed more people than we have put to death under our system , he said . There is a flaw in the system , without question , and it needs to be studied . At the time , Illinois had executed 12 people since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1977 , with one execution , that of Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis , occurring early during Ryans term . Ryan refused to meet with religious leaders and others regarding a stay of execution in light of the impending moratorium and other facts relative to the flawed capital punishment system in Illinois ; in fact , under Ryans governorship , 13 people were released from jail after appealing their convictions based on new evidence . Ryan called for a commission to study the issue , while noting , I still believe the death penalty is a proper response to heinous crimes .. . But I believe that it has to be where we dont put innocent people to death . The issue had garnered the attention of the public when a death row inmate , Anthony Porter , who had spent 15 years on death row , was within two days of being executed when his lawyers won a stay on the grounds that he may have been mentally disabled . He was ultimately exonerated with the help of a group of student journalists at Northwestern University who had uncovered evidence that was used to prove his innocence . In 1999 , Porter was released , charges were subsequently dropped , and another person , Alstory Simon , confessed and pleaded guilty to the crime of which Porter had been erroneously convicted . Simon himself was later released after serving fifteen years for the crime , after it was proven that he , too , was wrongfully accused . On January 11 , 2003 , just two days before leaving office , Ryan commuted ( to life terms ) the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to Illinois death row — a total of 167 convicts — due to his belief that the death penalty could not be administered fairly . He also pardoned four inmates , Aaron Patterson , Madison Hobley and Leroy Orange ( all of whom were interrogated by Burge and released ) , and Stanley Howard . However , Patterson is currently serving 30 years in prison after being arrested for drug trafficking he committed after his release from death row . Howard remains in prison for armed robbery . Ryan declared in his pardon speech that he would have freed Howard if only his attorney had filed a clemency petition ; Ryan then strongly urged investigators to examine Howards alleged robbery case , because it appeared to be as tainted as his murder conviction . These were four of ten death row inmates known as the Death Row 10 , due to widely reported claims that the confessions that they had given in their respective cases had been coerced through torture . Ryan is not the first state governor to have granted blanket commutations to death row inmates during his final days in office . Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller also commuted the sentence of every death row inmate in that state as he left office after losing his 1970 bid for a third two-year term , as did New Mexico Governor Toney Anaya before he left office in 1986 and Ohio Governor Dick Celeste before he left office in 1990 . Ryan won praise from death penalty opponents : as early as 2001 , he received the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award from Death Penalty Focus , in 2003 the Rose Elizabeth Bird Commitment to Justice Award from the same organization , and in 2005 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . On the other side of the Atlantic , Robert Badinter , who had successfully introduced the bill abolishing the death penalty in France in 1981 praised Ryans decision . Many conservatives , though , were opposed to the commutations , some questioning his motives , which came as a federal corruption investigation closed in on the governor and his closest political allies ( see below ) . Conservative columnist Pat Buchanan called Ryan pathetic , and suggested the governor was attempting to save his public image in hopes of avoiding prison himself . Buchanan noted Ryan announced his decision to a wildly cheering crowd at the Northwestern University Law School . Families of the victims of the soon-to-be-reprieved killers were not invited . Scandals , trial , and conviction . Ryans political career was marred by a scandal called Operation Safe Road , which involved the illegal sale of government licenses , contracts and leases by state employees during his prior service as Secretary of State . In the wake of numerous convictions of his former aides , he chose not to run for reelection in 2002 . Seventy-nine former state officials , lobbyists , and others were charged in the investigation , and at least 76 were convicted . The corruption scandal leading to Ryans downfall began more than a decade earlier during a federal investigation into a deadly crash in Wisconsin . Six children from the Willis family of Chicago , Illinois , were killed ; their parents , Rev . Duane and Janet Willis , were severely burned . The investigation revealed a scheme inside Ryans Secretary of States office in which unqualified truck drivers obtained licenses through bribes . In March 2003 , Scott Fawell , Ryans former chief of staff and campaign manager , was convicted on federal charges of racketeering and fraud . He was sentenced to six years and six months . Former deputy campaign manager Richard Juliano pleaded guilty to related charges and testified against Fawell at trial . Roger Stanley , a former Republican state representative who was hired by Ryan and testified against Fawell , pleaded guilty to wide-ranging corruption , admitting he paid kickbacks to win state contracts and campaign business , secretly mailed out vicious false attacks on political opponents and helped obtain ghost-payrolling jobs . Indictment . The investigation finally reached the former governor , and in December 2003 , Ryan and lobbyist Lawrence Warner were named in a 22-count federal indictment . The charges included racketeering , bribery , extortion , money laundering and tax fraud . The indictment alleged that Ryan steered several state contracts to Warner and other friends ; disbursed campaign funds to relatives and to pay personal expenses ; and obstructed justice by attempting to end the state investigation of the license-for-bribes scandal . He was charged with lying to investigators and accepting cash , gifts and loans in return for his official actions as governor . On September 19 , 2005 , the case went to trial . Fawell , under pressure from prosecutors , became a key witness against Ryan and Warner . He agreed to a plea deal that cut the prison time for himself and his fiancée , Andrea Coutretsis . Fawell was a controversial witness , not hiding his disdain for prosecutors from the witness stand . According to CBS Chicago political editor Mike Flannery , insiders claimed that Fawell had been much like a son to Ryan throughout their careers . At Ryans trial , Fawell acknowledged that the prosecution had his head in a vise , and that he found his cooperation with the government against Ryan the most distasteful thing Ive ever done . Nonetheless , he spent several days on the witness stand testifying against Ryan and Warner . Once a tough-talking political strategist , Fawell wept on the witness stand as he acknowledged that his motivation for testifying was to spare Coutretsis a long prison sentence for her role in the conspiracy . The jury was twice sent out of the courtroom so that he could wipe tears from his eyes and regain his composure . Ryans daughters and a son-in-law , Michael Fairman , were implicated by testimony during the trial . Stipulations agreed upon by the defense and prosecution and submitted to the court included admissions that all five of Ryans daughters received illegal payments from the Ryan campaign . In addition to Lynda Fairman , who received funds beyond those her husband Michael testified he had received , the stipulations included admissions from the rest of Ryans daughters that they did little or no work in return for the payments . In addition , Fawell testified that Ryans mothers housekeeper was illegally paid from campaign funds , and that Ryans adopted sister , Nancy Ferguson , received campaign funds without performing campaign work . The prosecution took nearly four months to present their case , as a parade of other witnesses ( including Juliano ) followed Fawell . On April 17 , 2006 , the jury found Ryan and Warner guilty on all counts . However , when ruling on post-trial motions , the judge dismissed two counts against Ryan for lack of proof . Ryan said that he would appeal the verdict , largely due to the issues with the jury . Patrick Fitzgerald , the federal prosecutor , noted , Mr . Ryan steered contracts worth millions of dollars to friends and took payments and vacations in return . When he was a sitting governor , he lied to the FBI about this conduct and then he went out and did it again . He charged that one of the most egregious aspects of the corruption was Ryans action after learning that bribes were being paid for licenses . Instead of ending the practice he tried to end the investigation that had uncovered it , Fitzgerald said , calling the moment a low-water mark for public service . On September 6 , 2006 , Ryan was sentenced to six and a half years in prison . He was ordered to go to prison on January 4 , 2007 , but the appellate court granted an appeal bond , allowing him to remain free pending the outcome of the appeal . His conviction was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit on August 21 , 2007 , and review by the entire Seventh Circuit was denied on October 25 , 2007 . The Seventh Circuit then rejected Ryans bid to remain free while he asked the U.S . Supreme Court to hear his case ; the opinion called the evidence of Ryans guilt overwhelming . The Supreme Court rejected an extension of his bail , and Ryan reported to the Federal Prison Camp in Oxford , Wisconsin , on November 7 , 2007 . He was transferred on February 29 , 2008 , to a medium security facility in Terre Haute , Indiana , after Oxford changed its level of medical care and stopped housing inmates over 70 years old . He was listed as Federal Inmate Number 16627-424 and was released on July 3 , 2013 . Defense and appeal . Ryans defense was provided pro bono by Winston & Strawn , a law firm managed by former governor Jim Thompson . The defense cost the firm $10 million through mid-November 2005 . Estimates of the cost to the firm as of September 2006 ranged as high as $20 million . Ryan served as Thompsons lieutenant governor from 1983 to 1991 . After the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Ryans appeal , Thompson indicated that he would ask then President George W . Bush to commute Ryans sentence to time served . United States Senator Dick Durbin wrote a letter to Bush dated December 1 , 2008 , asking him to commute Ryans sentence , citing Ryans age and his wifes frail health , saying , This action would not pardon him of his crimes or remove the record of his conviction , but it would allow him to return to his wife and family for their remaining years . Bush did not commute Ryans sentence . After his conviction Ryans annual $197,037 state pension was suspended under state law . Ryans attorneys litigated the pension matter all the way to the Illinois Supreme Court , which ruled on February 19 , 2010 , that state law plainly mandates that none of the benefits provided for under the system shall be paid to Ryan . Ryan was paid $635,000 in pension benefits during the three years between his retirement and his political corruption conviction , plus a refund of the $235,500 in personal contributions he made during his 30 years in public office . Sentencing . In 2010 , Ryan requested early release , partly because his wife had terminal cancer and was given only six months to live , and partly on the grounds that some of his convictions should be vacated in light of a Supreme Court ruling that was alleged to have affected their legitimacy . On December 21 , 2010 , U.S . District Court Judge Rebecca Pallmeyer denied Ryans request . On January 5 , 2011 , Ryan was taken from his prison cell in Terre Haute , Indiana , to a hospital in Kankakee to visit his dying wife . He was present when she died five months after that visit . Ryan entered a Salvation Army halfway house in Chicago on January 30 , 2013 . Less than three hours later , he was released back to his home in Kankakee where he remained on home confinement until July 3 , 2013 . Electoral history . - 1998 – Illinois Governor - George Ryan ( R ) 51% - Glenn Poshard ( D ) 47.5% - Lawrence Redmond ( Reform ) 1.5% - 1994 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 61.5% - Patrick Quinn ( D ) 38.5% - 1990 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 53.5% - Jerome Cosentino ( D ) 46.5% References . - NBC News External links . - CNN.com : Blanket commutation empties Illinois death row , January 11 , 2003 . - Biography from site supporting his nomination for a Nobel Peace Prize - Chicago Sun-Times archive on The George Ryan Trial - Strange Hero : George Ryan and the death penalty |
[
"Lieutenant Governor"
] | easy | What was the position of George Ryan from 1983 to 1991? | /wiki/George_Ryan#P39#1 | George Ryan George Homer Ryan ( born February 24 , 1934 ) is an American former politician who was the Republican 39th Governor of Illinois from 1999 until 2003 . Ryan received national attention for his 1999 moratorium on executions in Illinois and for commuting more than 160 death sentences to life sentences in 2003 . He was later convicted of federal corruption charges and spent more than five years in federal prison and seven months of home confinement . He was released from federal prison on July 3 , 2013 . Early life . George Homer Ryan was born in Maquoketa , Iowa to Jeannette ( née Bowman ) and Thomas Ryan , a pharmacist . Ryan grew up in Kankakee County , Illinois . After serving in the U.S . Army in Korea , he worked for his fathers two drugstores . He attended Ferris State College of Pharmacy ( now Ferris State University ) in Big Rapids , Michigan . Eventually , he built his fathers pair of pharmacies into a successful family-run chain ( profiting from lucrative government-contract business selling prescription drugs to nursing homes ) which he sold in 1990 . Ryan was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1954 . He served a 13-month tour in Korea , working in a base pharmacy . On June 10 , 1956 , Ryan married his high school sweetheart , Lura Lynn Lowe ( July 5 , 1934 – June 27 , 2011 ) , whom he had met in a high school English class . She grew up in Aroma Park , where her family ( originally from Germany ) had lived since 1834 . Her father owned one of the first hybrid seed companies in the United States . The couple had five daughters ( including a set of triplets ) ; Julie , Joanne , Jeanette , Lynda and Nancy ; and one son , George Homer Ryan , Jr . Lura Lowe died of lung cancer at Riverside Hospital in Kankakee on June 27 , 2011 . Ryans brother , Tom , was a prominent political figure in Kankakee County . In addition , Ryans sister Kathleen Deans former son-in-law , Bruce Clark , is the Kankakee County , Illinois Clerk . Political career . Ryan began his political career by serving on the Kankakee County Board from 1968 to 1973 ( his brother Tom J . Ryan was Mayor of Kankakee for 20 years from 1965 to 1985 ) . He was then elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , where he served from 1973 to 1983 , including two terms as Minority Leader and one term as Speaker . He then spent 20 years in statewide office , as Lieutenant Governor under Governor James R . Thompson ( 1983–91 ) , Secretary of State from 1991 to 1999 , and as governor from 1999 to 2003 . During his first term as Secretary of State , then–State Treasurer Pat Quinn was publicly critical of Ryan . Specifically , he drew attention to special vanity license plates that Ryans office provided for clout-heavy motorists . This rivalry led Quinn in a failed bid to challenge Ryan in the 1994 general election for Secretary of State . Term as governor . Ryan was elected Governor in 1998 , defeating his opponent , Glenn Poshard , by a 51–47% margin . Ryans running mate was first-term state representative Corinne Wood . Ryan outspent Poshard by a 4-to-1 margin . Poshard , a firm believer in campaign finance reform , placed limits on individual donations and refused to accept donations from corporate or special interests . One of Ryans pet projects as governor was an extensive repair of the Illinois Highway System called Illinois FIRST . FIRST was an acronym for Fund for Infrastructure , Roads , Schools , and Transit . Signed into law in May 1999 , the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects . With various matching funds programs , Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools , $4.1 billion for public transportation , another $4.1 billion for roads , and $1.6 billion for other projects . He also improved Illinoiss technology infrastructure , creating one of the first cabinet-level Offices of Technology in the country and bringing up Illinoiss technology ranking in a national magazine from 48th out of the 50 states when he took office to 1st just two years later . Ryan committed record funding to education , including 51% of all new state revenues during his time in office , in addition to the billions spent through Illinois FIRST that built and improved schools and education infrastructure . In 1999 , Ryan sparked controversy by becoming the first sitting U.S . Governor to meet with Cuban President Fidel Castro . Ryans visit led to a $1 million donation of humanitarian aid , but drew criticism from anti-Castro groups . In 2000 , Ryan served as a chair of the Midwestern Governors Association . Capital punishment . Ryan helped to renew the national debate on capital punishment when , as governor , he declared a moratorium on his states death penalty in 2000 . This decision was heavily influenced by lawsuits filed by exonerated prisoners who made false confessions as a result of police torture under the direction of a police commander named Jon Burge . We have now freed more people than we have put to death under our system , he said . There is a flaw in the system , without question , and it needs to be studied . At the time , Illinois had executed 12 people since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1977 , with one execution , that of Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis , occurring early during Ryans term . Ryan refused to meet with religious leaders and others regarding a stay of execution in light of the impending moratorium and other facts relative to the flawed capital punishment system in Illinois ; in fact , under Ryans governorship , 13 people were released from jail after appealing their convictions based on new evidence . Ryan called for a commission to study the issue , while noting , I still believe the death penalty is a proper response to heinous crimes .. . But I believe that it has to be where we dont put innocent people to death . The issue had garnered the attention of the public when a death row inmate , Anthony Porter , who had spent 15 years on death row , was within two days of being executed when his lawyers won a stay on the grounds that he may have been mentally disabled . He was ultimately exonerated with the help of a group of student journalists at Northwestern University who had uncovered evidence that was used to prove his innocence . In 1999 , Porter was released , charges were subsequently dropped , and another person , Alstory Simon , confessed and pleaded guilty to the crime of which Porter had been erroneously convicted . Simon himself was later released after serving fifteen years for the crime , after it was proven that he , too , was wrongfully accused . On January 11 , 2003 , just two days before leaving office , Ryan commuted ( to life terms ) the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to Illinois death row — a total of 167 convicts — due to his belief that the death penalty could not be administered fairly . He also pardoned four inmates , Aaron Patterson , Madison Hobley and Leroy Orange ( all of whom were interrogated by Burge and released ) , and Stanley Howard . However , Patterson is currently serving 30 years in prison after being arrested for drug trafficking he committed after his release from death row . Howard remains in prison for armed robbery . Ryan declared in his pardon speech that he would have freed Howard if only his attorney had filed a clemency petition ; Ryan then strongly urged investigators to examine Howards alleged robbery case , because it appeared to be as tainted as his murder conviction . These were four of ten death row inmates known as the Death Row 10 , due to widely reported claims that the confessions that they had given in their respective cases had been coerced through torture . Ryan is not the first state governor to have granted blanket commutations to death row inmates during his final days in office . Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller also commuted the sentence of every death row inmate in that state as he left office after losing his 1970 bid for a third two-year term , as did New Mexico Governor Toney Anaya before he left office in 1986 and Ohio Governor Dick Celeste before he left office in 1990 . Ryan won praise from death penalty opponents : as early as 2001 , he received the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award from Death Penalty Focus , in 2003 the Rose Elizabeth Bird Commitment to Justice Award from the same organization , and in 2005 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . On the other side of the Atlantic , Robert Badinter , who had successfully introduced the bill abolishing the death penalty in France in 1981 praised Ryans decision . Many conservatives , though , were opposed to the commutations , some questioning his motives , which came as a federal corruption investigation closed in on the governor and his closest political allies ( see below ) . Conservative columnist Pat Buchanan called Ryan pathetic , and suggested the governor was attempting to save his public image in hopes of avoiding prison himself . Buchanan noted Ryan announced his decision to a wildly cheering crowd at the Northwestern University Law School . Families of the victims of the soon-to-be-reprieved killers were not invited . Scandals , trial , and conviction . Ryans political career was marred by a scandal called Operation Safe Road , which involved the illegal sale of government licenses , contracts and leases by state employees during his prior service as Secretary of State . In the wake of numerous convictions of his former aides , he chose not to run for reelection in 2002 . Seventy-nine former state officials , lobbyists , and others were charged in the investigation , and at least 76 were convicted . The corruption scandal leading to Ryans downfall began more than a decade earlier during a federal investigation into a deadly crash in Wisconsin . Six children from the Willis family of Chicago , Illinois , were killed ; their parents , Rev . Duane and Janet Willis , were severely burned . The investigation revealed a scheme inside Ryans Secretary of States office in which unqualified truck drivers obtained licenses through bribes . In March 2003 , Scott Fawell , Ryans former chief of staff and campaign manager , was convicted on federal charges of racketeering and fraud . He was sentenced to six years and six months . Former deputy campaign manager Richard Juliano pleaded guilty to related charges and testified against Fawell at trial . Roger Stanley , a former Republican state representative who was hired by Ryan and testified against Fawell , pleaded guilty to wide-ranging corruption , admitting he paid kickbacks to win state contracts and campaign business , secretly mailed out vicious false attacks on political opponents and helped obtain ghost-payrolling jobs . Indictment . The investigation finally reached the former governor , and in December 2003 , Ryan and lobbyist Lawrence Warner were named in a 22-count federal indictment . The charges included racketeering , bribery , extortion , money laundering and tax fraud . The indictment alleged that Ryan steered several state contracts to Warner and other friends ; disbursed campaign funds to relatives and to pay personal expenses ; and obstructed justice by attempting to end the state investigation of the license-for-bribes scandal . He was charged with lying to investigators and accepting cash , gifts and loans in return for his official actions as governor . On September 19 , 2005 , the case went to trial . Fawell , under pressure from prosecutors , became a key witness against Ryan and Warner . He agreed to a plea deal that cut the prison time for himself and his fiancée , Andrea Coutretsis . Fawell was a controversial witness , not hiding his disdain for prosecutors from the witness stand . According to CBS Chicago political editor Mike Flannery , insiders claimed that Fawell had been much like a son to Ryan throughout their careers . At Ryans trial , Fawell acknowledged that the prosecution had his head in a vise , and that he found his cooperation with the government against Ryan the most distasteful thing Ive ever done . Nonetheless , he spent several days on the witness stand testifying against Ryan and Warner . Once a tough-talking political strategist , Fawell wept on the witness stand as he acknowledged that his motivation for testifying was to spare Coutretsis a long prison sentence for her role in the conspiracy . The jury was twice sent out of the courtroom so that he could wipe tears from his eyes and regain his composure . Ryans daughters and a son-in-law , Michael Fairman , were implicated by testimony during the trial . Stipulations agreed upon by the defense and prosecution and submitted to the court included admissions that all five of Ryans daughters received illegal payments from the Ryan campaign . In addition to Lynda Fairman , who received funds beyond those her husband Michael testified he had received , the stipulations included admissions from the rest of Ryans daughters that they did little or no work in return for the payments . In addition , Fawell testified that Ryans mothers housekeeper was illegally paid from campaign funds , and that Ryans adopted sister , Nancy Ferguson , received campaign funds without performing campaign work . The prosecution took nearly four months to present their case , as a parade of other witnesses ( including Juliano ) followed Fawell . On April 17 , 2006 , the jury found Ryan and Warner guilty on all counts . However , when ruling on post-trial motions , the judge dismissed two counts against Ryan for lack of proof . Ryan said that he would appeal the verdict , largely due to the issues with the jury . Patrick Fitzgerald , the federal prosecutor , noted , Mr . Ryan steered contracts worth millions of dollars to friends and took payments and vacations in return . When he was a sitting governor , he lied to the FBI about this conduct and then he went out and did it again . He charged that one of the most egregious aspects of the corruption was Ryans action after learning that bribes were being paid for licenses . Instead of ending the practice he tried to end the investigation that had uncovered it , Fitzgerald said , calling the moment a low-water mark for public service . On September 6 , 2006 , Ryan was sentenced to six and a half years in prison . He was ordered to go to prison on January 4 , 2007 , but the appellate court granted an appeal bond , allowing him to remain free pending the outcome of the appeal . His conviction was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit on August 21 , 2007 , and review by the entire Seventh Circuit was denied on October 25 , 2007 . The Seventh Circuit then rejected Ryans bid to remain free while he asked the U.S . Supreme Court to hear his case ; the opinion called the evidence of Ryans guilt overwhelming . The Supreme Court rejected an extension of his bail , and Ryan reported to the Federal Prison Camp in Oxford , Wisconsin , on November 7 , 2007 . He was transferred on February 29 , 2008 , to a medium security facility in Terre Haute , Indiana , after Oxford changed its level of medical care and stopped housing inmates over 70 years old . He was listed as Federal Inmate Number 16627-424 and was released on July 3 , 2013 . Defense and appeal . Ryans defense was provided pro bono by Winston & Strawn , a law firm managed by former governor Jim Thompson . The defense cost the firm $10 million through mid-November 2005 . Estimates of the cost to the firm as of September 2006 ranged as high as $20 million . Ryan served as Thompsons lieutenant governor from 1983 to 1991 . After the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Ryans appeal , Thompson indicated that he would ask then President George W . Bush to commute Ryans sentence to time served . United States Senator Dick Durbin wrote a letter to Bush dated December 1 , 2008 , asking him to commute Ryans sentence , citing Ryans age and his wifes frail health , saying , This action would not pardon him of his crimes or remove the record of his conviction , but it would allow him to return to his wife and family for their remaining years . Bush did not commute Ryans sentence . After his conviction Ryans annual $197,037 state pension was suspended under state law . Ryans attorneys litigated the pension matter all the way to the Illinois Supreme Court , which ruled on February 19 , 2010 , that state law plainly mandates that none of the benefits provided for under the system shall be paid to Ryan . Ryan was paid $635,000 in pension benefits during the three years between his retirement and his political corruption conviction , plus a refund of the $235,500 in personal contributions he made during his 30 years in public office . Sentencing . In 2010 , Ryan requested early release , partly because his wife had terminal cancer and was given only six months to live , and partly on the grounds that some of his convictions should be vacated in light of a Supreme Court ruling that was alleged to have affected their legitimacy . On December 21 , 2010 , U.S . District Court Judge Rebecca Pallmeyer denied Ryans request . On January 5 , 2011 , Ryan was taken from his prison cell in Terre Haute , Indiana , to a hospital in Kankakee to visit his dying wife . He was present when she died five months after that visit . Ryan entered a Salvation Army halfway house in Chicago on January 30 , 2013 . Less than three hours later , he was released back to his home in Kankakee where he remained on home confinement until July 3 , 2013 . Electoral history . - 1998 – Illinois Governor - George Ryan ( R ) 51% - Glenn Poshard ( D ) 47.5% - Lawrence Redmond ( Reform ) 1.5% - 1994 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 61.5% - Patrick Quinn ( D ) 38.5% - 1990 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 53.5% - Jerome Cosentino ( D ) 46.5% References . - NBC News External links . - CNN.com : Blanket commutation empties Illinois death row , January 11 , 2003 . - Biography from site supporting his nomination for a Nobel Peace Prize - Chicago Sun-Times archive on The George Ryan Trial - Strange Hero : George Ryan and the death penalty |
[
"Secretary of State"
] | easy | What was the position of George Ryan from 1991 to 1999? | /wiki/George_Ryan#P39#2 | George Ryan George Homer Ryan ( born February 24 , 1934 ) is an American former politician who was the Republican 39th Governor of Illinois from 1999 until 2003 . Ryan received national attention for his 1999 moratorium on executions in Illinois and for commuting more than 160 death sentences to life sentences in 2003 . He was later convicted of federal corruption charges and spent more than five years in federal prison and seven months of home confinement . He was released from federal prison on July 3 , 2013 . Early life . George Homer Ryan was born in Maquoketa , Iowa to Jeannette ( née Bowman ) and Thomas Ryan , a pharmacist . Ryan grew up in Kankakee County , Illinois . After serving in the U.S . Army in Korea , he worked for his fathers two drugstores . He attended Ferris State College of Pharmacy ( now Ferris State University ) in Big Rapids , Michigan . Eventually , he built his fathers pair of pharmacies into a successful family-run chain ( profiting from lucrative government-contract business selling prescription drugs to nursing homes ) which he sold in 1990 . Ryan was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1954 . He served a 13-month tour in Korea , working in a base pharmacy . On June 10 , 1956 , Ryan married his high school sweetheart , Lura Lynn Lowe ( July 5 , 1934 – June 27 , 2011 ) , whom he had met in a high school English class . She grew up in Aroma Park , where her family ( originally from Germany ) had lived since 1834 . Her father owned one of the first hybrid seed companies in the United States . The couple had five daughters ( including a set of triplets ) ; Julie , Joanne , Jeanette , Lynda and Nancy ; and one son , George Homer Ryan , Jr . Lura Lowe died of lung cancer at Riverside Hospital in Kankakee on June 27 , 2011 . Ryans brother , Tom , was a prominent political figure in Kankakee County . In addition , Ryans sister Kathleen Deans former son-in-law , Bruce Clark , is the Kankakee County , Illinois Clerk . Political career . Ryan began his political career by serving on the Kankakee County Board from 1968 to 1973 ( his brother Tom J . Ryan was Mayor of Kankakee for 20 years from 1965 to 1985 ) . He was then elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , where he served from 1973 to 1983 , including two terms as Minority Leader and one term as Speaker . He then spent 20 years in statewide office , as Lieutenant Governor under Governor James R . Thompson ( 1983–91 ) , Secretary of State from 1991 to 1999 , and as governor from 1999 to 2003 . During his first term as Secretary of State , then–State Treasurer Pat Quinn was publicly critical of Ryan . Specifically , he drew attention to special vanity license plates that Ryans office provided for clout-heavy motorists . This rivalry led Quinn in a failed bid to challenge Ryan in the 1994 general election for Secretary of State . Term as governor . Ryan was elected Governor in 1998 , defeating his opponent , Glenn Poshard , by a 51–47% margin . Ryans running mate was first-term state representative Corinne Wood . Ryan outspent Poshard by a 4-to-1 margin . Poshard , a firm believer in campaign finance reform , placed limits on individual donations and refused to accept donations from corporate or special interests . One of Ryans pet projects as governor was an extensive repair of the Illinois Highway System called Illinois FIRST . FIRST was an acronym for Fund for Infrastructure , Roads , Schools , and Transit . Signed into law in May 1999 , the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects . With various matching funds programs , Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools , $4.1 billion for public transportation , another $4.1 billion for roads , and $1.6 billion for other projects . He also improved Illinoiss technology infrastructure , creating one of the first cabinet-level Offices of Technology in the country and bringing up Illinoiss technology ranking in a national magazine from 48th out of the 50 states when he took office to 1st just two years later . Ryan committed record funding to education , including 51% of all new state revenues during his time in office , in addition to the billions spent through Illinois FIRST that built and improved schools and education infrastructure . In 1999 , Ryan sparked controversy by becoming the first sitting U.S . Governor to meet with Cuban President Fidel Castro . Ryans visit led to a $1 million donation of humanitarian aid , but drew criticism from anti-Castro groups . In 2000 , Ryan served as a chair of the Midwestern Governors Association . Capital punishment . Ryan helped to renew the national debate on capital punishment when , as governor , he declared a moratorium on his states death penalty in 2000 . This decision was heavily influenced by lawsuits filed by exonerated prisoners who made false confessions as a result of police torture under the direction of a police commander named Jon Burge . We have now freed more people than we have put to death under our system , he said . There is a flaw in the system , without question , and it needs to be studied . At the time , Illinois had executed 12 people since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1977 , with one execution , that of Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis , occurring early during Ryans term . Ryan refused to meet with religious leaders and others regarding a stay of execution in light of the impending moratorium and other facts relative to the flawed capital punishment system in Illinois ; in fact , under Ryans governorship , 13 people were released from jail after appealing their convictions based on new evidence . Ryan called for a commission to study the issue , while noting , I still believe the death penalty is a proper response to heinous crimes .. . But I believe that it has to be where we dont put innocent people to death . The issue had garnered the attention of the public when a death row inmate , Anthony Porter , who had spent 15 years on death row , was within two days of being executed when his lawyers won a stay on the grounds that he may have been mentally disabled . He was ultimately exonerated with the help of a group of student journalists at Northwestern University who had uncovered evidence that was used to prove his innocence . In 1999 , Porter was released , charges were subsequently dropped , and another person , Alstory Simon , confessed and pleaded guilty to the crime of which Porter had been erroneously convicted . Simon himself was later released after serving fifteen years for the crime , after it was proven that he , too , was wrongfully accused . On January 11 , 2003 , just two days before leaving office , Ryan commuted ( to life terms ) the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to Illinois death row — a total of 167 convicts — due to his belief that the death penalty could not be administered fairly . He also pardoned four inmates , Aaron Patterson , Madison Hobley and Leroy Orange ( all of whom were interrogated by Burge and released ) , and Stanley Howard . However , Patterson is currently serving 30 years in prison after being arrested for drug trafficking he committed after his release from death row . Howard remains in prison for armed robbery . Ryan declared in his pardon speech that he would have freed Howard if only his attorney had filed a clemency petition ; Ryan then strongly urged investigators to examine Howards alleged robbery case , because it appeared to be as tainted as his murder conviction . These were four of ten death row inmates known as the Death Row 10 , due to widely reported claims that the confessions that they had given in their respective cases had been coerced through torture . Ryan is not the first state governor to have granted blanket commutations to death row inmates during his final days in office . Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller also commuted the sentence of every death row inmate in that state as he left office after losing his 1970 bid for a third two-year term , as did New Mexico Governor Toney Anaya before he left office in 1986 and Ohio Governor Dick Celeste before he left office in 1990 . Ryan won praise from death penalty opponents : as early as 2001 , he received the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award from Death Penalty Focus , in 2003 the Rose Elizabeth Bird Commitment to Justice Award from the same organization , and in 2005 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . On the other side of the Atlantic , Robert Badinter , who had successfully introduced the bill abolishing the death penalty in France in 1981 praised Ryans decision . Many conservatives , though , were opposed to the commutations , some questioning his motives , which came as a federal corruption investigation closed in on the governor and his closest political allies ( see below ) . Conservative columnist Pat Buchanan called Ryan pathetic , and suggested the governor was attempting to save his public image in hopes of avoiding prison himself . Buchanan noted Ryan announced his decision to a wildly cheering crowd at the Northwestern University Law School . Families of the victims of the soon-to-be-reprieved killers were not invited . Scandals , trial , and conviction . Ryans political career was marred by a scandal called Operation Safe Road , which involved the illegal sale of government licenses , contracts and leases by state employees during his prior service as Secretary of State . In the wake of numerous convictions of his former aides , he chose not to run for reelection in 2002 . Seventy-nine former state officials , lobbyists , and others were charged in the investigation , and at least 76 were convicted . The corruption scandal leading to Ryans downfall began more than a decade earlier during a federal investigation into a deadly crash in Wisconsin . Six children from the Willis family of Chicago , Illinois , were killed ; their parents , Rev . Duane and Janet Willis , were severely burned . The investigation revealed a scheme inside Ryans Secretary of States office in which unqualified truck drivers obtained licenses through bribes . In March 2003 , Scott Fawell , Ryans former chief of staff and campaign manager , was convicted on federal charges of racketeering and fraud . He was sentenced to six years and six months . Former deputy campaign manager Richard Juliano pleaded guilty to related charges and testified against Fawell at trial . Roger Stanley , a former Republican state representative who was hired by Ryan and testified against Fawell , pleaded guilty to wide-ranging corruption , admitting he paid kickbacks to win state contracts and campaign business , secretly mailed out vicious false attacks on political opponents and helped obtain ghost-payrolling jobs . Indictment . The investigation finally reached the former governor , and in December 2003 , Ryan and lobbyist Lawrence Warner were named in a 22-count federal indictment . The charges included racketeering , bribery , extortion , money laundering and tax fraud . The indictment alleged that Ryan steered several state contracts to Warner and other friends ; disbursed campaign funds to relatives and to pay personal expenses ; and obstructed justice by attempting to end the state investigation of the license-for-bribes scandal . He was charged with lying to investigators and accepting cash , gifts and loans in return for his official actions as governor . On September 19 , 2005 , the case went to trial . Fawell , under pressure from prosecutors , became a key witness against Ryan and Warner . He agreed to a plea deal that cut the prison time for himself and his fiancée , Andrea Coutretsis . Fawell was a controversial witness , not hiding his disdain for prosecutors from the witness stand . According to CBS Chicago political editor Mike Flannery , insiders claimed that Fawell had been much like a son to Ryan throughout their careers . At Ryans trial , Fawell acknowledged that the prosecution had his head in a vise , and that he found his cooperation with the government against Ryan the most distasteful thing Ive ever done . Nonetheless , he spent several days on the witness stand testifying against Ryan and Warner . Once a tough-talking political strategist , Fawell wept on the witness stand as he acknowledged that his motivation for testifying was to spare Coutretsis a long prison sentence for her role in the conspiracy . The jury was twice sent out of the courtroom so that he could wipe tears from his eyes and regain his composure . Ryans daughters and a son-in-law , Michael Fairman , were implicated by testimony during the trial . Stipulations agreed upon by the defense and prosecution and submitted to the court included admissions that all five of Ryans daughters received illegal payments from the Ryan campaign . In addition to Lynda Fairman , who received funds beyond those her husband Michael testified he had received , the stipulations included admissions from the rest of Ryans daughters that they did little or no work in return for the payments . In addition , Fawell testified that Ryans mothers housekeeper was illegally paid from campaign funds , and that Ryans adopted sister , Nancy Ferguson , received campaign funds without performing campaign work . The prosecution took nearly four months to present their case , as a parade of other witnesses ( including Juliano ) followed Fawell . On April 17 , 2006 , the jury found Ryan and Warner guilty on all counts . However , when ruling on post-trial motions , the judge dismissed two counts against Ryan for lack of proof . Ryan said that he would appeal the verdict , largely due to the issues with the jury . Patrick Fitzgerald , the federal prosecutor , noted , Mr . Ryan steered contracts worth millions of dollars to friends and took payments and vacations in return . When he was a sitting governor , he lied to the FBI about this conduct and then he went out and did it again . He charged that one of the most egregious aspects of the corruption was Ryans action after learning that bribes were being paid for licenses . Instead of ending the practice he tried to end the investigation that had uncovered it , Fitzgerald said , calling the moment a low-water mark for public service . On September 6 , 2006 , Ryan was sentenced to six and a half years in prison . He was ordered to go to prison on January 4 , 2007 , but the appellate court granted an appeal bond , allowing him to remain free pending the outcome of the appeal . His conviction was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit on August 21 , 2007 , and review by the entire Seventh Circuit was denied on October 25 , 2007 . The Seventh Circuit then rejected Ryans bid to remain free while he asked the U.S . Supreme Court to hear his case ; the opinion called the evidence of Ryans guilt overwhelming . The Supreme Court rejected an extension of his bail , and Ryan reported to the Federal Prison Camp in Oxford , Wisconsin , on November 7 , 2007 . He was transferred on February 29 , 2008 , to a medium security facility in Terre Haute , Indiana , after Oxford changed its level of medical care and stopped housing inmates over 70 years old . He was listed as Federal Inmate Number 16627-424 and was released on July 3 , 2013 . Defense and appeal . Ryans defense was provided pro bono by Winston & Strawn , a law firm managed by former governor Jim Thompson . The defense cost the firm $10 million through mid-November 2005 . Estimates of the cost to the firm as of September 2006 ranged as high as $20 million . Ryan served as Thompsons lieutenant governor from 1983 to 1991 . After the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Ryans appeal , Thompson indicated that he would ask then President George W . Bush to commute Ryans sentence to time served . United States Senator Dick Durbin wrote a letter to Bush dated December 1 , 2008 , asking him to commute Ryans sentence , citing Ryans age and his wifes frail health , saying , This action would not pardon him of his crimes or remove the record of his conviction , but it would allow him to return to his wife and family for their remaining years . Bush did not commute Ryans sentence . After his conviction Ryans annual $197,037 state pension was suspended under state law . Ryans attorneys litigated the pension matter all the way to the Illinois Supreme Court , which ruled on February 19 , 2010 , that state law plainly mandates that none of the benefits provided for under the system shall be paid to Ryan . Ryan was paid $635,000 in pension benefits during the three years between his retirement and his political corruption conviction , plus a refund of the $235,500 in personal contributions he made during his 30 years in public office . Sentencing . In 2010 , Ryan requested early release , partly because his wife had terminal cancer and was given only six months to live , and partly on the grounds that some of his convictions should be vacated in light of a Supreme Court ruling that was alleged to have affected their legitimacy . On December 21 , 2010 , U.S . District Court Judge Rebecca Pallmeyer denied Ryans request . On January 5 , 2011 , Ryan was taken from his prison cell in Terre Haute , Indiana , to a hospital in Kankakee to visit his dying wife . He was present when she died five months after that visit . Ryan entered a Salvation Army halfway house in Chicago on January 30 , 2013 . Less than three hours later , he was released back to his home in Kankakee where he remained on home confinement until July 3 , 2013 . Electoral history . - 1998 – Illinois Governor - George Ryan ( R ) 51% - Glenn Poshard ( D ) 47.5% - Lawrence Redmond ( Reform ) 1.5% - 1994 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 61.5% - Patrick Quinn ( D ) 38.5% - 1990 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 53.5% - Jerome Cosentino ( D ) 46.5% References . - NBC News External links . - CNN.com : Blanket commutation empties Illinois death row , January 11 , 2003 . - Biography from site supporting his nomination for a Nobel Peace Prize - Chicago Sun-Times archive on The George Ryan Trial - Strange Hero : George Ryan and the death penalty |
[
"Governor"
] | easy | What position did George Ryan take from 1999 to 2003? | /wiki/George_Ryan#P39#3 | George Ryan George Homer Ryan ( born February 24 , 1934 ) is an American former politician who was the Republican 39th Governor of Illinois from 1999 until 2003 . Ryan received national attention for his 1999 moratorium on executions in Illinois and for commuting more than 160 death sentences to life sentences in 2003 . He was later convicted of federal corruption charges and spent more than five years in federal prison and seven months of home confinement . He was released from federal prison on July 3 , 2013 . Early life . George Homer Ryan was born in Maquoketa , Iowa to Jeannette ( née Bowman ) and Thomas Ryan , a pharmacist . Ryan grew up in Kankakee County , Illinois . After serving in the U.S . Army in Korea , he worked for his fathers two drugstores . He attended Ferris State College of Pharmacy ( now Ferris State University ) in Big Rapids , Michigan . Eventually , he built his fathers pair of pharmacies into a successful family-run chain ( profiting from lucrative government-contract business selling prescription drugs to nursing homes ) which he sold in 1990 . Ryan was drafted into the U.S . Army in 1954 . He served a 13-month tour in Korea , working in a base pharmacy . On June 10 , 1956 , Ryan married his high school sweetheart , Lura Lynn Lowe ( July 5 , 1934 – June 27 , 2011 ) , whom he had met in a high school English class . She grew up in Aroma Park , where her family ( originally from Germany ) had lived since 1834 . Her father owned one of the first hybrid seed companies in the United States . The couple had five daughters ( including a set of triplets ) ; Julie , Joanne , Jeanette , Lynda and Nancy ; and one son , George Homer Ryan , Jr . Lura Lowe died of lung cancer at Riverside Hospital in Kankakee on June 27 , 2011 . Ryans brother , Tom , was a prominent political figure in Kankakee County . In addition , Ryans sister Kathleen Deans former son-in-law , Bruce Clark , is the Kankakee County , Illinois Clerk . Political career . Ryan began his political career by serving on the Kankakee County Board from 1968 to 1973 ( his brother Tom J . Ryan was Mayor of Kankakee for 20 years from 1965 to 1985 ) . He was then elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , where he served from 1973 to 1983 , including two terms as Minority Leader and one term as Speaker . He then spent 20 years in statewide office , as Lieutenant Governor under Governor James R . Thompson ( 1983–91 ) , Secretary of State from 1991 to 1999 , and as governor from 1999 to 2003 . During his first term as Secretary of State , then–State Treasurer Pat Quinn was publicly critical of Ryan . Specifically , he drew attention to special vanity license plates that Ryans office provided for clout-heavy motorists . This rivalry led Quinn in a failed bid to challenge Ryan in the 1994 general election for Secretary of State . Term as governor . Ryan was elected Governor in 1998 , defeating his opponent , Glenn Poshard , by a 51–47% margin . Ryans running mate was first-term state representative Corinne Wood . Ryan outspent Poshard by a 4-to-1 margin . Poshard , a firm believer in campaign finance reform , placed limits on individual donations and refused to accept donations from corporate or special interests . One of Ryans pet projects as governor was an extensive repair of the Illinois Highway System called Illinois FIRST . FIRST was an acronym for Fund for Infrastructure , Roads , Schools , and Transit . Signed into law in May 1999 , the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects . With various matching funds programs , Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools , $4.1 billion for public transportation , another $4.1 billion for roads , and $1.6 billion for other projects . He also improved Illinoiss technology infrastructure , creating one of the first cabinet-level Offices of Technology in the country and bringing up Illinoiss technology ranking in a national magazine from 48th out of the 50 states when he took office to 1st just two years later . Ryan committed record funding to education , including 51% of all new state revenues during his time in office , in addition to the billions spent through Illinois FIRST that built and improved schools and education infrastructure . In 1999 , Ryan sparked controversy by becoming the first sitting U.S . Governor to meet with Cuban President Fidel Castro . Ryans visit led to a $1 million donation of humanitarian aid , but drew criticism from anti-Castro groups . In 2000 , Ryan served as a chair of the Midwestern Governors Association . Capital punishment . Ryan helped to renew the national debate on capital punishment when , as governor , he declared a moratorium on his states death penalty in 2000 . This decision was heavily influenced by lawsuits filed by exonerated prisoners who made false confessions as a result of police torture under the direction of a police commander named Jon Burge . We have now freed more people than we have put to death under our system , he said . There is a flaw in the system , without question , and it needs to be studied . At the time , Illinois had executed 12 people since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1977 , with one execution , that of Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis , occurring early during Ryans term . Ryan refused to meet with religious leaders and others regarding a stay of execution in light of the impending moratorium and other facts relative to the flawed capital punishment system in Illinois ; in fact , under Ryans governorship , 13 people were released from jail after appealing their convictions based on new evidence . Ryan called for a commission to study the issue , while noting , I still believe the death penalty is a proper response to heinous crimes .. . But I believe that it has to be where we dont put innocent people to death . The issue had garnered the attention of the public when a death row inmate , Anthony Porter , who had spent 15 years on death row , was within two days of being executed when his lawyers won a stay on the grounds that he may have been mentally disabled . He was ultimately exonerated with the help of a group of student journalists at Northwestern University who had uncovered evidence that was used to prove his innocence . In 1999 , Porter was released , charges were subsequently dropped , and another person , Alstory Simon , confessed and pleaded guilty to the crime of which Porter had been erroneously convicted . Simon himself was later released after serving fifteen years for the crime , after it was proven that he , too , was wrongfully accused . On January 11 , 2003 , just two days before leaving office , Ryan commuted ( to life terms ) the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to Illinois death row — a total of 167 convicts — due to his belief that the death penalty could not be administered fairly . He also pardoned four inmates , Aaron Patterson , Madison Hobley and Leroy Orange ( all of whom were interrogated by Burge and released ) , and Stanley Howard . However , Patterson is currently serving 30 years in prison after being arrested for drug trafficking he committed after his release from death row . Howard remains in prison for armed robbery . Ryan declared in his pardon speech that he would have freed Howard if only his attorney had filed a clemency petition ; Ryan then strongly urged investigators to examine Howards alleged robbery case , because it appeared to be as tainted as his murder conviction . These were four of ten death row inmates known as the Death Row 10 , due to widely reported claims that the confessions that they had given in their respective cases had been coerced through torture . Ryan is not the first state governor to have granted blanket commutations to death row inmates during his final days in office . Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller also commuted the sentence of every death row inmate in that state as he left office after losing his 1970 bid for a third two-year term , as did New Mexico Governor Toney Anaya before he left office in 1986 and Ohio Governor Dick Celeste before he left office in 1990 . Ryan won praise from death penalty opponents : as early as 2001 , he received the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award from Death Penalty Focus , in 2003 the Rose Elizabeth Bird Commitment to Justice Award from the same organization , and in 2005 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . On the other side of the Atlantic , Robert Badinter , who had successfully introduced the bill abolishing the death penalty in France in 1981 praised Ryans decision . Many conservatives , though , were opposed to the commutations , some questioning his motives , which came as a federal corruption investigation closed in on the governor and his closest political allies ( see below ) . Conservative columnist Pat Buchanan called Ryan pathetic , and suggested the governor was attempting to save his public image in hopes of avoiding prison himself . Buchanan noted Ryan announced his decision to a wildly cheering crowd at the Northwestern University Law School . Families of the victims of the soon-to-be-reprieved killers were not invited . Scandals , trial , and conviction . Ryans political career was marred by a scandal called Operation Safe Road , which involved the illegal sale of government licenses , contracts and leases by state employees during his prior service as Secretary of State . In the wake of numerous convictions of his former aides , he chose not to run for reelection in 2002 . Seventy-nine former state officials , lobbyists , and others were charged in the investigation , and at least 76 were convicted . The corruption scandal leading to Ryans downfall began more than a decade earlier during a federal investigation into a deadly crash in Wisconsin . Six children from the Willis family of Chicago , Illinois , were killed ; their parents , Rev . Duane and Janet Willis , were severely burned . The investigation revealed a scheme inside Ryans Secretary of States office in which unqualified truck drivers obtained licenses through bribes . In March 2003 , Scott Fawell , Ryans former chief of staff and campaign manager , was convicted on federal charges of racketeering and fraud . He was sentenced to six years and six months . Former deputy campaign manager Richard Juliano pleaded guilty to related charges and testified against Fawell at trial . Roger Stanley , a former Republican state representative who was hired by Ryan and testified against Fawell , pleaded guilty to wide-ranging corruption , admitting he paid kickbacks to win state contracts and campaign business , secretly mailed out vicious false attacks on political opponents and helped obtain ghost-payrolling jobs . Indictment . The investigation finally reached the former governor , and in December 2003 , Ryan and lobbyist Lawrence Warner were named in a 22-count federal indictment . The charges included racketeering , bribery , extortion , money laundering and tax fraud . The indictment alleged that Ryan steered several state contracts to Warner and other friends ; disbursed campaign funds to relatives and to pay personal expenses ; and obstructed justice by attempting to end the state investigation of the license-for-bribes scandal . He was charged with lying to investigators and accepting cash , gifts and loans in return for his official actions as governor . On September 19 , 2005 , the case went to trial . Fawell , under pressure from prosecutors , became a key witness against Ryan and Warner . He agreed to a plea deal that cut the prison time for himself and his fiancée , Andrea Coutretsis . Fawell was a controversial witness , not hiding his disdain for prosecutors from the witness stand . According to CBS Chicago political editor Mike Flannery , insiders claimed that Fawell had been much like a son to Ryan throughout their careers . At Ryans trial , Fawell acknowledged that the prosecution had his head in a vise , and that he found his cooperation with the government against Ryan the most distasteful thing Ive ever done . Nonetheless , he spent several days on the witness stand testifying against Ryan and Warner . Once a tough-talking political strategist , Fawell wept on the witness stand as he acknowledged that his motivation for testifying was to spare Coutretsis a long prison sentence for her role in the conspiracy . The jury was twice sent out of the courtroom so that he could wipe tears from his eyes and regain his composure . Ryans daughters and a son-in-law , Michael Fairman , were implicated by testimony during the trial . Stipulations agreed upon by the defense and prosecution and submitted to the court included admissions that all five of Ryans daughters received illegal payments from the Ryan campaign . In addition to Lynda Fairman , who received funds beyond those her husband Michael testified he had received , the stipulations included admissions from the rest of Ryans daughters that they did little or no work in return for the payments . In addition , Fawell testified that Ryans mothers housekeeper was illegally paid from campaign funds , and that Ryans adopted sister , Nancy Ferguson , received campaign funds without performing campaign work . The prosecution took nearly four months to present their case , as a parade of other witnesses ( including Juliano ) followed Fawell . On April 17 , 2006 , the jury found Ryan and Warner guilty on all counts . However , when ruling on post-trial motions , the judge dismissed two counts against Ryan for lack of proof . Ryan said that he would appeal the verdict , largely due to the issues with the jury . Patrick Fitzgerald , the federal prosecutor , noted , Mr . Ryan steered contracts worth millions of dollars to friends and took payments and vacations in return . When he was a sitting governor , he lied to the FBI about this conduct and then he went out and did it again . He charged that one of the most egregious aspects of the corruption was Ryans action after learning that bribes were being paid for licenses . Instead of ending the practice he tried to end the investigation that had uncovered it , Fitzgerald said , calling the moment a low-water mark for public service . On September 6 , 2006 , Ryan was sentenced to six and a half years in prison . He was ordered to go to prison on January 4 , 2007 , but the appellate court granted an appeal bond , allowing him to remain free pending the outcome of the appeal . His conviction was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit on August 21 , 2007 , and review by the entire Seventh Circuit was denied on October 25 , 2007 . The Seventh Circuit then rejected Ryans bid to remain free while he asked the U.S . Supreme Court to hear his case ; the opinion called the evidence of Ryans guilt overwhelming . The Supreme Court rejected an extension of his bail , and Ryan reported to the Federal Prison Camp in Oxford , Wisconsin , on November 7 , 2007 . He was transferred on February 29 , 2008 , to a medium security facility in Terre Haute , Indiana , after Oxford changed its level of medical care and stopped housing inmates over 70 years old . He was listed as Federal Inmate Number 16627-424 and was released on July 3 , 2013 . Defense and appeal . Ryans defense was provided pro bono by Winston & Strawn , a law firm managed by former governor Jim Thompson . The defense cost the firm $10 million through mid-November 2005 . Estimates of the cost to the firm as of September 2006 ranged as high as $20 million . Ryan served as Thompsons lieutenant governor from 1983 to 1991 . After the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Ryans appeal , Thompson indicated that he would ask then President George W . Bush to commute Ryans sentence to time served . United States Senator Dick Durbin wrote a letter to Bush dated December 1 , 2008 , asking him to commute Ryans sentence , citing Ryans age and his wifes frail health , saying , This action would not pardon him of his crimes or remove the record of his conviction , but it would allow him to return to his wife and family for their remaining years . Bush did not commute Ryans sentence . After his conviction Ryans annual $197,037 state pension was suspended under state law . Ryans attorneys litigated the pension matter all the way to the Illinois Supreme Court , which ruled on February 19 , 2010 , that state law plainly mandates that none of the benefits provided for under the system shall be paid to Ryan . Ryan was paid $635,000 in pension benefits during the three years between his retirement and his political corruption conviction , plus a refund of the $235,500 in personal contributions he made during his 30 years in public office . Sentencing . In 2010 , Ryan requested early release , partly because his wife had terminal cancer and was given only six months to live , and partly on the grounds that some of his convictions should be vacated in light of a Supreme Court ruling that was alleged to have affected their legitimacy . On December 21 , 2010 , U.S . District Court Judge Rebecca Pallmeyer denied Ryans request . On January 5 , 2011 , Ryan was taken from his prison cell in Terre Haute , Indiana , to a hospital in Kankakee to visit his dying wife . He was present when she died five months after that visit . Ryan entered a Salvation Army halfway house in Chicago on January 30 , 2013 . Less than three hours later , he was released back to his home in Kankakee where he remained on home confinement until July 3 , 2013 . Electoral history . - 1998 – Illinois Governor - George Ryan ( R ) 51% - Glenn Poshard ( D ) 47.5% - Lawrence Redmond ( Reform ) 1.5% - 1994 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 61.5% - Patrick Quinn ( D ) 38.5% - 1990 – Illinois Secretary of State - George Ryan ( R ) 53.5% - Jerome Cosentino ( D ) 46.5% References . - NBC News External links . - CNN.com : Blanket commutation empties Illinois death row , January 11 , 2003 . - Biography from site supporting his nomination for a Nobel Peace Prize - Chicago Sun-Times archive on The George Ryan Trial - Strange Hero : George Ryan and the death penalty |
[
"Aston Villa"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Ward belong to from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Jamie_Ward#P54#0 | Jamie Ward Jamie John Ward ( born 12 May 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Solihull Moors and the Northern Ireland national team . Born in Birmingham he began his career with his home-town club Aston Villa but failed to break into the first team and following a spell on loan at Stockport County he joined Torquay United . From there Ward had signed first for Chesterfield and then Sheffield United before joining Derby County in 2011 and later Nottingham Forest in 2015 . Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . Club career . Aston Villa . Ward began his career as a trainee with Aston Villa and played in their 2004 FA Youth Cup Final defeat against Middlesbrough . He turned professional in July 2005 after recovering from injuries received in a car crash in 2004 . Although Ward captained Aston Villas reserve team , he did not make a first team appearance and in March 2006 he joined Stockport County on loan until the end of the season , making his league debut in a 1–0 victory away to Bury on 7 March . He made nine appearances , scoring once in a 3–1 home victory against Shrewsbury Town . Torquay United . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Ward was released by Aston Villa and on 6 July 2006 he signed a three-year contract with Ian Atkins Torquay United , despite interest from Stockport County and Wrexham . However , with a change of ownership and manager at Torquay , Ward asked for a transfer in December 2006 . Chesterfield . Ward joined Chesterfield , managed by former Torquay manager Roy McFarland , on 31 January 2007 on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee . He started the 2007–08 season brightly , but in only his second game , against Sheffield United , he again pulled his hamstring . He fought back to match fitness and scored twelve goals for the Spireites that season . He began the 2008–09 season as a first choice , with his form attracting attention from higher-level clubs such as Derby County and Sheffield United . He rejected the offer of a new contract with Chesterfield in December 2008 , with his existing contract set to expire at the end of the season . In January 2009 , Championship side Barnsley made a bid for Ward for £400,000 which had been accepted . However , the move was called off after he failed to agree personal terms with the club . Sheffield United . Having rejected Barnsley , Ward finally agreed a three and a half-year deal with Sheffield United in January 2009 with the clubs agreeing a fee of around £330,000 . Ward scored his first goal for the Blades in only his second appearance , a 2–1 win at Southampton in February of the same year . The Blades had conceded an injury time equaliser before Ward regained the lead in the 93rd minute . He then played regularly for the remainder of the season , scoring a further goal in the process . His season finished on a low note however as he was sent off for two handballs in the 2009 play-off final against Burnley at Wembley . Having been suspended for the first two games of the following season Ward returned in fine form , scoring four goals in seven games , including the opener in the Bramall Lane leg of that seasons Steel City derby against the Owls . Unfortunately he was stretchered off the field later in that game following a suspected hamstring tear . On returning to the team in November Ward played regularly without ever really regaining his early form before again succumbing to an injury in April which sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Returning to fitness Ward started the 2010–2011 campaign as a regular first team player once more but an early suspension following a red card in the local derby against Leeds United coupled with further injury problems and a loss of form meant that he could not hold down a regular spot in the first team . Derby County . 2010–11 season . As the Blades struggled , and with new manager Micky Adams seeking to re-build the team , Ward was loaned to fellow relegation-threatened Championship team Derby County in mid-February for three months , with a view to a permanent deal . Ward made his debut on 19 February , starting in a 0–0 draw with Scunthorpe United . He also started the next game , a 1–0 defeat to Hull City , but missed the third , a 1–0 win at his parent club Sheffield United , as he was ineligible under the terms of his loan . He started all of the next 10 games , helping the relegation-threatened side to two wins and four draws . His first goal for the club was a penalty in a 2–1 defeat against Middlesbrough on 8 March . He scored again on 19 March , a stunning 35-yard strike in a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace . For his efforts , he was named in the Championships Team of the Week . He then won 2 penalties in 2 games , the first for a late consolation in a 4–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 2 April , and the second for Derbys equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Coventry City on 9 April . He scored again in the following game , a 2–1 win against fierce rivals Leeds United on 12 April . His fourth goal for the club was a 20-yard strike in the 30th minute against Burnley on 23 April to put The Rams 2–1 up . In the 61st minute , he conceded a penalty and was shown a straight red card for fouling former Derby defender Tyrone Mears in the 18-yard box . Burnley went on to win the match 4–2 . Ward was suspended for the next 2 games and returned for the final match of the season , against Reading on 7 May . He equalised with a stunning 25-yard goal but Derby went on to lose the match 2–1 . Derby successfully avoided relegation to League One , something his parent club failed to manage . With his loan spell adjudged a success , two days after the end of Derbys season , Ward signed a permanent 2-year contract with the option of a year extension , for an undisclosed fee . 2011–12 season . On 17 September 2011 , Ward scored his first goal as a full Derby player with the equaliser against rivals Nottingham Forest , as Derby recorded a 2–1 win . The goal won the clubs Goal of the Season award . Ward started all of Derbys ( 32 games , four goals ) league games ( bar the League Cup game against Shrewsbury Town when he was on international duty ) . Wards run of starts ended after the game against Leicester City when Ward picked up a thigh injury whilst on international duty on 29 February . Ward was out of action for five weeks , before making his first team return in a goalless draw against Ipswich Town on 7 April 2012 . In the game against Cardiff City on 17 April 2012 , Ward was substituted early in the second half after picking up a dead leg . Ward was fit enough to start the following game at Portsmouth . Despite his contract still having a year to run , Derby coach John Metgod stated that the club were in contract talks with Ward during April 2012 . Ward signed a new two-year contract on 19 April 2012 , with an option for a further year which will extend his stay at Derby until at least the summer of 2014 . Derby manager Nigel Clough stated in a July 2012 interview that Ward could feature more as a striker in the 2012–13 season . 2012–13 season . Ward went on to start the first four league games of the season as a striker , providing an assist in the 2–2 home draw against Sheffield Wednesday and providing two assists and scoring Derbys fifth goal in the 5–1 home win against Watford . Ward scored his first brace for the club in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic , a 25-yard volley and a penalty . and scored again four days later opening the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Burnley . In October 2012 , Ward picked up a Grade One tear of his hamstring during the East Midlands derby game at Nottingham Forest . Two months later , on 6 December , Clough stated he was unsure when Ward would return to the squad and stated his frustration at the injury . However , a day before Derbys game at Charlton Athletic on 29 December , Clough said that Ward was set to return to the matchday squad as a substitute after a three-month absence . Ward featured as a 68th-minute substitute and scored the equalising penalty in the 72nd minute in the 1–1 draw against Charlton . However , he picked up an injury in the match and was replaced in the 83rd minute . Ward missed the following game due to the injury . Ward scored six times in January and February 2013 , which took his tally to eleven goals , overtaking previous top scorer Theo Robinson on nine . However , Ward picked up a new hamstring injury on 1 March , during Derbys 1–0 loss to Crystal Palace . He was absent from the team until 16 March , when he played 63 minutes in Derbys 2–1 win at home to Leicester City . On 29 March he scored his 12th goal of the season in Derbys 3–0 over Bristol City . Ward also missed a penalty after 3 minutes of the match . He missed the next game , a 2–1 win against Leeds United , but played the final five games of the season , missing another penalty against Ipswich Town . Ward finished third in the voting for Derby Countys player of the season despite missing significant portions of the season through injury and was also named the 87th best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ward played in all of Derbys first 16 league games , starting 14 of them . He scored his first goal of the season on 1 October in a 4–4 draw against Ipswich Town at Pride Park . He scored a brace against Watford in a 3–2 away win on 19 October and another in the following game , a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 October . He scored the only goal of the game on 23 November as Derby beat Bournemouth 1–0 , powering home a Craig Forsyth cross past former Derby goalkeeper Lee Camp . He was substituted in the 79th minute after injuring his knee and after precautionary scans , he was ruled out for a fortnight . However , he only missed one match and returned ahead of schedule , in the clubs 2–1 win against Middlesbrough on 4 December . He scored his sixth goal of the season , a 25-yard free kick , in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic on 14 December . Nottingham Forest . On 2 July 2015 , Ward signed for Derbys arch-rivals Nottingham Forest on a four-year deal , after his contract with Derby had expired at the end of the season . This was a somewhat unexpected transfer , given that Ward had often played a controversial and provocative role in recent games between the two sides . Ward acknowledged this in an interview with BBC East Midlands Today , but stressed that his focus was now on Forest : I think quite a few people will be surprised but I am delighted to be here and Nottingham Forest is the only thing that counts now.. . [ the controversy ] was to spice up the local rivalry and it got me a bit more stick than I wanted . I enjoyed it at the time but hopefully the fans can see past that and get behind me . Ward scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers on 9 January 2016 . This was followed up a week later by his first league goal , and two assists , in a man-of-the-match performance against Bolton Wanderers . His good form continued with Ward scoring to secure Nottingham Forest an away victory against Middlesbrough , who were at the top of the table prior to this fixture . Loan to Burton Albion . On 31 August 2016 , Ward was loaned to Championship rivals Burton Albion until the end of the 2016–17 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 27 September 2016 . On 20 January 2017 Wards loan to Burton was terminated , and he returned to Nottingham Forest . Loan to Cardiff City . On 31 January 2018 , Ward joined Cardiff City on loan for the remainder of the 2017–18 season in a swap deal involving Lee Tomlin moving to Forest on loan . His debut came on 13 February against Bolton Wanderers , however , he suffered an injury 13 minutes into the game , resulting in his substitution . Loan to Charlton Athletic . On 31 August 2018 , Ward joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan until 1 January 2019 . Scunthorpe United . On 25 September 2019 , Ward joined League Two club Scunthorpe United on a deal until January 2020 . Solihull Moors . On 2 October 2020 , Ward joined National League side Solihull Moors on a one-year deal . International career . Born in Birmingham in the West Midlands , Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . He made two appearances for the Northern Ireland under-18 team and a further seven for the under-21 team . After a promising start to his career at Sheffield United , Ward was called into the senior team in March 2009 ahead of two World Cup qualifiers against Poland and Slovenia . Ward was an unused substitute for the two games in which Northern Ireland won back-to-back games and possibly enhanced their chance of reaching the World Cup in South Africa . Ward won his first full cap for Northern Ireland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against the Faroe Islands on 10 August 2011 , with his first start coming in a 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their first 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . On 6 September 2013 , Ward scored his first goal in a 2–4 home defeat against Portugal . On 28 May 2016 , Jamie Ward was named in Michael ONeills squad for Euro 2016 . External links . - Jamie Ward profile at Derby County F.C . - NIFG profile |
[
"Torquay United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Ward belong to from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Jamie_Ward#P54#1 | Jamie Ward Jamie John Ward ( born 12 May 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Solihull Moors and the Northern Ireland national team . Born in Birmingham he began his career with his home-town club Aston Villa but failed to break into the first team and following a spell on loan at Stockport County he joined Torquay United . From there Ward had signed first for Chesterfield and then Sheffield United before joining Derby County in 2011 and later Nottingham Forest in 2015 . Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . Club career . Aston Villa . Ward began his career as a trainee with Aston Villa and played in their 2004 FA Youth Cup Final defeat against Middlesbrough . He turned professional in July 2005 after recovering from injuries received in a car crash in 2004 . Although Ward captained Aston Villas reserve team , he did not make a first team appearance and in March 2006 he joined Stockport County on loan until the end of the season , making his league debut in a 1–0 victory away to Bury on 7 March . He made nine appearances , scoring once in a 3–1 home victory against Shrewsbury Town . Torquay United . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Ward was released by Aston Villa and on 6 July 2006 he signed a three-year contract with Ian Atkins Torquay United , despite interest from Stockport County and Wrexham . However , with a change of ownership and manager at Torquay , Ward asked for a transfer in December 2006 . Chesterfield . Ward joined Chesterfield , managed by former Torquay manager Roy McFarland , on 31 January 2007 on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee . He started the 2007–08 season brightly , but in only his second game , against Sheffield United , he again pulled his hamstring . He fought back to match fitness and scored twelve goals for the Spireites that season . He began the 2008–09 season as a first choice , with his form attracting attention from higher-level clubs such as Derby County and Sheffield United . He rejected the offer of a new contract with Chesterfield in December 2008 , with his existing contract set to expire at the end of the season . In January 2009 , Championship side Barnsley made a bid for Ward for £400,000 which had been accepted . However , the move was called off after he failed to agree personal terms with the club . Sheffield United . Having rejected Barnsley , Ward finally agreed a three and a half-year deal with Sheffield United in January 2009 with the clubs agreeing a fee of around £330,000 . Ward scored his first goal for the Blades in only his second appearance , a 2–1 win at Southampton in February of the same year . The Blades had conceded an injury time equaliser before Ward regained the lead in the 93rd minute . He then played regularly for the remainder of the season , scoring a further goal in the process . His season finished on a low note however as he was sent off for two handballs in the 2009 play-off final against Burnley at Wembley . Having been suspended for the first two games of the following season Ward returned in fine form , scoring four goals in seven games , including the opener in the Bramall Lane leg of that seasons Steel City derby against the Owls . Unfortunately he was stretchered off the field later in that game following a suspected hamstring tear . On returning to the team in November Ward played regularly without ever really regaining his early form before again succumbing to an injury in April which sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Returning to fitness Ward started the 2010–2011 campaign as a regular first team player once more but an early suspension following a red card in the local derby against Leeds United coupled with further injury problems and a loss of form meant that he could not hold down a regular spot in the first team . Derby County . 2010–11 season . As the Blades struggled , and with new manager Micky Adams seeking to re-build the team , Ward was loaned to fellow relegation-threatened Championship team Derby County in mid-February for three months , with a view to a permanent deal . Ward made his debut on 19 February , starting in a 0–0 draw with Scunthorpe United . He also started the next game , a 1–0 defeat to Hull City , but missed the third , a 1–0 win at his parent club Sheffield United , as he was ineligible under the terms of his loan . He started all of the next 10 games , helping the relegation-threatened side to two wins and four draws . His first goal for the club was a penalty in a 2–1 defeat against Middlesbrough on 8 March . He scored again on 19 March , a stunning 35-yard strike in a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace . For his efforts , he was named in the Championships Team of the Week . He then won 2 penalties in 2 games , the first for a late consolation in a 4–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 2 April , and the second for Derbys equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Coventry City on 9 April . He scored again in the following game , a 2–1 win against fierce rivals Leeds United on 12 April . His fourth goal for the club was a 20-yard strike in the 30th minute against Burnley on 23 April to put The Rams 2–1 up . In the 61st minute , he conceded a penalty and was shown a straight red card for fouling former Derby defender Tyrone Mears in the 18-yard box . Burnley went on to win the match 4–2 . Ward was suspended for the next 2 games and returned for the final match of the season , against Reading on 7 May . He equalised with a stunning 25-yard goal but Derby went on to lose the match 2–1 . Derby successfully avoided relegation to League One , something his parent club failed to manage . With his loan spell adjudged a success , two days after the end of Derbys season , Ward signed a permanent 2-year contract with the option of a year extension , for an undisclosed fee . 2011–12 season . On 17 September 2011 , Ward scored his first goal as a full Derby player with the equaliser against rivals Nottingham Forest , as Derby recorded a 2–1 win . The goal won the clubs Goal of the Season award . Ward started all of Derbys ( 32 games , four goals ) league games ( bar the League Cup game against Shrewsbury Town when he was on international duty ) . Wards run of starts ended after the game against Leicester City when Ward picked up a thigh injury whilst on international duty on 29 February . Ward was out of action for five weeks , before making his first team return in a goalless draw against Ipswich Town on 7 April 2012 . In the game against Cardiff City on 17 April 2012 , Ward was substituted early in the second half after picking up a dead leg . Ward was fit enough to start the following game at Portsmouth . Despite his contract still having a year to run , Derby coach John Metgod stated that the club were in contract talks with Ward during April 2012 . Ward signed a new two-year contract on 19 April 2012 , with an option for a further year which will extend his stay at Derby until at least the summer of 2014 . Derby manager Nigel Clough stated in a July 2012 interview that Ward could feature more as a striker in the 2012–13 season . 2012–13 season . Ward went on to start the first four league games of the season as a striker , providing an assist in the 2–2 home draw against Sheffield Wednesday and providing two assists and scoring Derbys fifth goal in the 5–1 home win against Watford . Ward scored his first brace for the club in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic , a 25-yard volley and a penalty . and scored again four days later opening the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Burnley . In October 2012 , Ward picked up a Grade One tear of his hamstring during the East Midlands derby game at Nottingham Forest . Two months later , on 6 December , Clough stated he was unsure when Ward would return to the squad and stated his frustration at the injury . However , a day before Derbys game at Charlton Athletic on 29 December , Clough said that Ward was set to return to the matchday squad as a substitute after a three-month absence . Ward featured as a 68th-minute substitute and scored the equalising penalty in the 72nd minute in the 1–1 draw against Charlton . However , he picked up an injury in the match and was replaced in the 83rd minute . Ward missed the following game due to the injury . Ward scored six times in January and February 2013 , which took his tally to eleven goals , overtaking previous top scorer Theo Robinson on nine . However , Ward picked up a new hamstring injury on 1 March , during Derbys 1–0 loss to Crystal Palace . He was absent from the team until 16 March , when he played 63 minutes in Derbys 2–1 win at home to Leicester City . On 29 March he scored his 12th goal of the season in Derbys 3–0 over Bristol City . Ward also missed a penalty after 3 minutes of the match . He missed the next game , a 2–1 win against Leeds United , but played the final five games of the season , missing another penalty against Ipswich Town . Ward finished third in the voting for Derby Countys player of the season despite missing significant portions of the season through injury and was also named the 87th best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ward played in all of Derbys first 16 league games , starting 14 of them . He scored his first goal of the season on 1 October in a 4–4 draw against Ipswich Town at Pride Park . He scored a brace against Watford in a 3–2 away win on 19 October and another in the following game , a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 October . He scored the only goal of the game on 23 November as Derby beat Bournemouth 1–0 , powering home a Craig Forsyth cross past former Derby goalkeeper Lee Camp . He was substituted in the 79th minute after injuring his knee and after precautionary scans , he was ruled out for a fortnight . However , he only missed one match and returned ahead of schedule , in the clubs 2–1 win against Middlesbrough on 4 December . He scored his sixth goal of the season , a 25-yard free kick , in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic on 14 December . Nottingham Forest . On 2 July 2015 , Ward signed for Derbys arch-rivals Nottingham Forest on a four-year deal , after his contract with Derby had expired at the end of the season . This was a somewhat unexpected transfer , given that Ward had often played a controversial and provocative role in recent games between the two sides . Ward acknowledged this in an interview with BBC East Midlands Today , but stressed that his focus was now on Forest : I think quite a few people will be surprised but I am delighted to be here and Nottingham Forest is the only thing that counts now.. . [ the controversy ] was to spice up the local rivalry and it got me a bit more stick than I wanted . I enjoyed it at the time but hopefully the fans can see past that and get behind me . Ward scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers on 9 January 2016 . This was followed up a week later by his first league goal , and two assists , in a man-of-the-match performance against Bolton Wanderers . His good form continued with Ward scoring to secure Nottingham Forest an away victory against Middlesbrough , who were at the top of the table prior to this fixture . Loan to Burton Albion . On 31 August 2016 , Ward was loaned to Championship rivals Burton Albion until the end of the 2016–17 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 27 September 2016 . On 20 January 2017 Wards loan to Burton was terminated , and he returned to Nottingham Forest . Loan to Cardiff City . On 31 January 2018 , Ward joined Cardiff City on loan for the remainder of the 2017–18 season in a swap deal involving Lee Tomlin moving to Forest on loan . His debut came on 13 February against Bolton Wanderers , however , he suffered an injury 13 minutes into the game , resulting in his substitution . Loan to Charlton Athletic . On 31 August 2018 , Ward joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan until 1 January 2019 . Scunthorpe United . On 25 September 2019 , Ward joined League Two club Scunthorpe United on a deal until January 2020 . Solihull Moors . On 2 October 2020 , Ward joined National League side Solihull Moors on a one-year deal . International career . Born in Birmingham in the West Midlands , Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . He made two appearances for the Northern Ireland under-18 team and a further seven for the under-21 team . After a promising start to his career at Sheffield United , Ward was called into the senior team in March 2009 ahead of two World Cup qualifiers against Poland and Slovenia . Ward was an unused substitute for the two games in which Northern Ireland won back-to-back games and possibly enhanced their chance of reaching the World Cup in South Africa . Ward won his first full cap for Northern Ireland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against the Faroe Islands on 10 August 2011 , with his first start coming in a 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their first 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . On 6 September 2013 , Ward scored his first goal in a 2–4 home defeat against Portugal . On 28 May 2016 , Jamie Ward was named in Michael ONeills squad for Euro 2016 . External links . - Jamie Ward profile at Derby County F.C . - NIFG profile |
[
"Chesterfield"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Ward belong to from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Jamie_Ward#P54#2 | Jamie Ward Jamie John Ward ( born 12 May 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Solihull Moors and the Northern Ireland national team . Born in Birmingham he began his career with his home-town club Aston Villa but failed to break into the first team and following a spell on loan at Stockport County he joined Torquay United . From there Ward had signed first for Chesterfield and then Sheffield United before joining Derby County in 2011 and later Nottingham Forest in 2015 . Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . Club career . Aston Villa . Ward began his career as a trainee with Aston Villa and played in their 2004 FA Youth Cup Final defeat against Middlesbrough . He turned professional in July 2005 after recovering from injuries received in a car crash in 2004 . Although Ward captained Aston Villas reserve team , he did not make a first team appearance and in March 2006 he joined Stockport County on loan until the end of the season , making his league debut in a 1–0 victory away to Bury on 7 March . He made nine appearances , scoring once in a 3–1 home victory against Shrewsbury Town . Torquay United . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Ward was released by Aston Villa and on 6 July 2006 he signed a three-year contract with Ian Atkins Torquay United , despite interest from Stockport County and Wrexham . However , with a change of ownership and manager at Torquay , Ward asked for a transfer in December 2006 . Chesterfield . Ward joined Chesterfield , managed by former Torquay manager Roy McFarland , on 31 January 2007 on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee . He started the 2007–08 season brightly , but in only his second game , against Sheffield United , he again pulled his hamstring . He fought back to match fitness and scored twelve goals for the Spireites that season . He began the 2008–09 season as a first choice , with his form attracting attention from higher-level clubs such as Derby County and Sheffield United . He rejected the offer of a new contract with Chesterfield in December 2008 , with his existing contract set to expire at the end of the season . In January 2009 , Championship side Barnsley made a bid for Ward for £400,000 which had been accepted . However , the move was called off after he failed to agree personal terms with the club . Sheffield United . Having rejected Barnsley , Ward finally agreed a three and a half-year deal with Sheffield United in January 2009 with the clubs agreeing a fee of around £330,000 . Ward scored his first goal for the Blades in only his second appearance , a 2–1 win at Southampton in February of the same year . The Blades had conceded an injury time equaliser before Ward regained the lead in the 93rd minute . He then played regularly for the remainder of the season , scoring a further goal in the process . His season finished on a low note however as he was sent off for two handballs in the 2009 play-off final against Burnley at Wembley . Having been suspended for the first two games of the following season Ward returned in fine form , scoring four goals in seven games , including the opener in the Bramall Lane leg of that seasons Steel City derby against the Owls . Unfortunately he was stretchered off the field later in that game following a suspected hamstring tear . On returning to the team in November Ward played regularly without ever really regaining his early form before again succumbing to an injury in April which sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Returning to fitness Ward started the 2010–2011 campaign as a regular first team player once more but an early suspension following a red card in the local derby against Leeds United coupled with further injury problems and a loss of form meant that he could not hold down a regular spot in the first team . Derby County . 2010–11 season . As the Blades struggled , and with new manager Micky Adams seeking to re-build the team , Ward was loaned to fellow relegation-threatened Championship team Derby County in mid-February for three months , with a view to a permanent deal . Ward made his debut on 19 February , starting in a 0–0 draw with Scunthorpe United . He also started the next game , a 1–0 defeat to Hull City , but missed the third , a 1–0 win at his parent club Sheffield United , as he was ineligible under the terms of his loan . He started all of the next 10 games , helping the relegation-threatened side to two wins and four draws . His first goal for the club was a penalty in a 2–1 defeat against Middlesbrough on 8 March . He scored again on 19 March , a stunning 35-yard strike in a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace . For his efforts , he was named in the Championships Team of the Week . He then won 2 penalties in 2 games , the first for a late consolation in a 4–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 2 April , and the second for Derbys equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Coventry City on 9 April . He scored again in the following game , a 2–1 win against fierce rivals Leeds United on 12 April . His fourth goal for the club was a 20-yard strike in the 30th minute against Burnley on 23 April to put The Rams 2–1 up . In the 61st minute , he conceded a penalty and was shown a straight red card for fouling former Derby defender Tyrone Mears in the 18-yard box . Burnley went on to win the match 4–2 . Ward was suspended for the next 2 games and returned for the final match of the season , against Reading on 7 May . He equalised with a stunning 25-yard goal but Derby went on to lose the match 2–1 . Derby successfully avoided relegation to League One , something his parent club failed to manage . With his loan spell adjudged a success , two days after the end of Derbys season , Ward signed a permanent 2-year contract with the option of a year extension , for an undisclosed fee . 2011–12 season . On 17 September 2011 , Ward scored his first goal as a full Derby player with the equaliser against rivals Nottingham Forest , as Derby recorded a 2–1 win . The goal won the clubs Goal of the Season award . Ward started all of Derbys ( 32 games , four goals ) league games ( bar the League Cup game against Shrewsbury Town when he was on international duty ) . Wards run of starts ended after the game against Leicester City when Ward picked up a thigh injury whilst on international duty on 29 February . Ward was out of action for five weeks , before making his first team return in a goalless draw against Ipswich Town on 7 April 2012 . In the game against Cardiff City on 17 April 2012 , Ward was substituted early in the second half after picking up a dead leg . Ward was fit enough to start the following game at Portsmouth . Despite his contract still having a year to run , Derby coach John Metgod stated that the club were in contract talks with Ward during April 2012 . Ward signed a new two-year contract on 19 April 2012 , with an option for a further year which will extend his stay at Derby until at least the summer of 2014 . Derby manager Nigel Clough stated in a July 2012 interview that Ward could feature more as a striker in the 2012–13 season . 2012–13 season . Ward went on to start the first four league games of the season as a striker , providing an assist in the 2–2 home draw against Sheffield Wednesday and providing two assists and scoring Derbys fifth goal in the 5–1 home win against Watford . Ward scored his first brace for the club in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic , a 25-yard volley and a penalty . and scored again four days later opening the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Burnley . In October 2012 , Ward picked up a Grade One tear of his hamstring during the East Midlands derby game at Nottingham Forest . Two months later , on 6 December , Clough stated he was unsure when Ward would return to the squad and stated his frustration at the injury . However , a day before Derbys game at Charlton Athletic on 29 December , Clough said that Ward was set to return to the matchday squad as a substitute after a three-month absence . Ward featured as a 68th-minute substitute and scored the equalising penalty in the 72nd minute in the 1–1 draw against Charlton . However , he picked up an injury in the match and was replaced in the 83rd minute . Ward missed the following game due to the injury . Ward scored six times in January and February 2013 , which took his tally to eleven goals , overtaking previous top scorer Theo Robinson on nine . However , Ward picked up a new hamstring injury on 1 March , during Derbys 1–0 loss to Crystal Palace . He was absent from the team until 16 March , when he played 63 minutes in Derbys 2–1 win at home to Leicester City . On 29 March he scored his 12th goal of the season in Derbys 3–0 over Bristol City . Ward also missed a penalty after 3 minutes of the match . He missed the next game , a 2–1 win against Leeds United , but played the final five games of the season , missing another penalty against Ipswich Town . Ward finished third in the voting for Derby Countys player of the season despite missing significant portions of the season through injury and was also named the 87th best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ward played in all of Derbys first 16 league games , starting 14 of them . He scored his first goal of the season on 1 October in a 4–4 draw against Ipswich Town at Pride Park . He scored a brace against Watford in a 3–2 away win on 19 October and another in the following game , a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 October . He scored the only goal of the game on 23 November as Derby beat Bournemouth 1–0 , powering home a Craig Forsyth cross past former Derby goalkeeper Lee Camp . He was substituted in the 79th minute after injuring his knee and after precautionary scans , he was ruled out for a fortnight . However , he only missed one match and returned ahead of schedule , in the clubs 2–1 win against Middlesbrough on 4 December . He scored his sixth goal of the season , a 25-yard free kick , in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic on 14 December . Nottingham Forest . On 2 July 2015 , Ward signed for Derbys arch-rivals Nottingham Forest on a four-year deal , after his contract with Derby had expired at the end of the season . This was a somewhat unexpected transfer , given that Ward had often played a controversial and provocative role in recent games between the two sides . Ward acknowledged this in an interview with BBC East Midlands Today , but stressed that his focus was now on Forest : I think quite a few people will be surprised but I am delighted to be here and Nottingham Forest is the only thing that counts now.. . [ the controversy ] was to spice up the local rivalry and it got me a bit more stick than I wanted . I enjoyed it at the time but hopefully the fans can see past that and get behind me . Ward scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers on 9 January 2016 . This was followed up a week later by his first league goal , and two assists , in a man-of-the-match performance against Bolton Wanderers . His good form continued with Ward scoring to secure Nottingham Forest an away victory against Middlesbrough , who were at the top of the table prior to this fixture . Loan to Burton Albion . On 31 August 2016 , Ward was loaned to Championship rivals Burton Albion until the end of the 2016–17 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 27 September 2016 . On 20 January 2017 Wards loan to Burton was terminated , and he returned to Nottingham Forest . Loan to Cardiff City . On 31 January 2018 , Ward joined Cardiff City on loan for the remainder of the 2017–18 season in a swap deal involving Lee Tomlin moving to Forest on loan . His debut came on 13 February against Bolton Wanderers , however , he suffered an injury 13 minutes into the game , resulting in his substitution . Loan to Charlton Athletic . On 31 August 2018 , Ward joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan until 1 January 2019 . Scunthorpe United . On 25 September 2019 , Ward joined League Two club Scunthorpe United on a deal until January 2020 . Solihull Moors . On 2 October 2020 , Ward joined National League side Solihull Moors on a one-year deal . International career . Born in Birmingham in the West Midlands , Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . He made two appearances for the Northern Ireland under-18 team and a further seven for the under-21 team . After a promising start to his career at Sheffield United , Ward was called into the senior team in March 2009 ahead of two World Cup qualifiers against Poland and Slovenia . Ward was an unused substitute for the two games in which Northern Ireland won back-to-back games and possibly enhanced their chance of reaching the World Cup in South Africa . Ward won his first full cap for Northern Ireland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against the Faroe Islands on 10 August 2011 , with his first start coming in a 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their first 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . On 6 September 2013 , Ward scored his first goal in a 2–4 home defeat against Portugal . On 28 May 2016 , Jamie Ward was named in Michael ONeills squad for Euro 2016 . External links . - Jamie Ward profile at Derby County F.C . - NIFG profile |
[
"Sheffield United"
] | easy | Which team did Jamie Ward play for from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Jamie_Ward#P54#3 | Jamie Ward Jamie John Ward ( born 12 May 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Solihull Moors and the Northern Ireland national team . Born in Birmingham he began his career with his home-town club Aston Villa but failed to break into the first team and following a spell on loan at Stockport County he joined Torquay United . From there Ward had signed first for Chesterfield and then Sheffield United before joining Derby County in 2011 and later Nottingham Forest in 2015 . Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . Club career . Aston Villa . Ward began his career as a trainee with Aston Villa and played in their 2004 FA Youth Cup Final defeat against Middlesbrough . He turned professional in July 2005 after recovering from injuries received in a car crash in 2004 . Although Ward captained Aston Villas reserve team , he did not make a first team appearance and in March 2006 he joined Stockport County on loan until the end of the season , making his league debut in a 1–0 victory away to Bury on 7 March . He made nine appearances , scoring once in a 3–1 home victory against Shrewsbury Town . Torquay United . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Ward was released by Aston Villa and on 6 July 2006 he signed a three-year contract with Ian Atkins Torquay United , despite interest from Stockport County and Wrexham . However , with a change of ownership and manager at Torquay , Ward asked for a transfer in December 2006 . Chesterfield . Ward joined Chesterfield , managed by former Torquay manager Roy McFarland , on 31 January 2007 on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee . He started the 2007–08 season brightly , but in only his second game , against Sheffield United , he again pulled his hamstring . He fought back to match fitness and scored twelve goals for the Spireites that season . He began the 2008–09 season as a first choice , with his form attracting attention from higher-level clubs such as Derby County and Sheffield United . He rejected the offer of a new contract with Chesterfield in December 2008 , with his existing contract set to expire at the end of the season . In January 2009 , Championship side Barnsley made a bid for Ward for £400,000 which had been accepted . However , the move was called off after he failed to agree personal terms with the club . Sheffield United . Having rejected Barnsley , Ward finally agreed a three and a half-year deal with Sheffield United in January 2009 with the clubs agreeing a fee of around £330,000 . Ward scored his first goal for the Blades in only his second appearance , a 2–1 win at Southampton in February of the same year . The Blades had conceded an injury time equaliser before Ward regained the lead in the 93rd minute . He then played regularly for the remainder of the season , scoring a further goal in the process . His season finished on a low note however as he was sent off for two handballs in the 2009 play-off final against Burnley at Wembley . Having been suspended for the first two games of the following season Ward returned in fine form , scoring four goals in seven games , including the opener in the Bramall Lane leg of that seasons Steel City derby against the Owls . Unfortunately he was stretchered off the field later in that game following a suspected hamstring tear . On returning to the team in November Ward played regularly without ever really regaining his early form before again succumbing to an injury in April which sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Returning to fitness Ward started the 2010–2011 campaign as a regular first team player once more but an early suspension following a red card in the local derby against Leeds United coupled with further injury problems and a loss of form meant that he could not hold down a regular spot in the first team . Derby County . 2010–11 season . As the Blades struggled , and with new manager Micky Adams seeking to re-build the team , Ward was loaned to fellow relegation-threatened Championship team Derby County in mid-February for three months , with a view to a permanent deal . Ward made his debut on 19 February , starting in a 0–0 draw with Scunthorpe United . He also started the next game , a 1–0 defeat to Hull City , but missed the third , a 1–0 win at his parent club Sheffield United , as he was ineligible under the terms of his loan . He started all of the next 10 games , helping the relegation-threatened side to two wins and four draws . His first goal for the club was a penalty in a 2–1 defeat against Middlesbrough on 8 March . He scored again on 19 March , a stunning 35-yard strike in a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace . For his efforts , he was named in the Championships Team of the Week . He then won 2 penalties in 2 games , the first for a late consolation in a 4–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 2 April , and the second for Derbys equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Coventry City on 9 April . He scored again in the following game , a 2–1 win against fierce rivals Leeds United on 12 April . His fourth goal for the club was a 20-yard strike in the 30th minute against Burnley on 23 April to put The Rams 2–1 up . In the 61st minute , he conceded a penalty and was shown a straight red card for fouling former Derby defender Tyrone Mears in the 18-yard box . Burnley went on to win the match 4–2 . Ward was suspended for the next 2 games and returned for the final match of the season , against Reading on 7 May . He equalised with a stunning 25-yard goal but Derby went on to lose the match 2–1 . Derby successfully avoided relegation to League One , something his parent club failed to manage . With his loan spell adjudged a success , two days after the end of Derbys season , Ward signed a permanent 2-year contract with the option of a year extension , for an undisclosed fee . 2011–12 season . On 17 September 2011 , Ward scored his first goal as a full Derby player with the equaliser against rivals Nottingham Forest , as Derby recorded a 2–1 win . The goal won the clubs Goal of the Season award . Ward started all of Derbys ( 32 games , four goals ) league games ( bar the League Cup game against Shrewsbury Town when he was on international duty ) . Wards run of starts ended after the game against Leicester City when Ward picked up a thigh injury whilst on international duty on 29 February . Ward was out of action for five weeks , before making his first team return in a goalless draw against Ipswich Town on 7 April 2012 . In the game against Cardiff City on 17 April 2012 , Ward was substituted early in the second half after picking up a dead leg . Ward was fit enough to start the following game at Portsmouth . Despite his contract still having a year to run , Derby coach John Metgod stated that the club were in contract talks with Ward during April 2012 . Ward signed a new two-year contract on 19 April 2012 , with an option for a further year which will extend his stay at Derby until at least the summer of 2014 . Derby manager Nigel Clough stated in a July 2012 interview that Ward could feature more as a striker in the 2012–13 season . 2012–13 season . Ward went on to start the first four league games of the season as a striker , providing an assist in the 2–2 home draw against Sheffield Wednesday and providing two assists and scoring Derbys fifth goal in the 5–1 home win against Watford . Ward scored his first brace for the club in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic , a 25-yard volley and a penalty . and scored again four days later opening the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Burnley . In October 2012 , Ward picked up a Grade One tear of his hamstring during the East Midlands derby game at Nottingham Forest . Two months later , on 6 December , Clough stated he was unsure when Ward would return to the squad and stated his frustration at the injury . However , a day before Derbys game at Charlton Athletic on 29 December , Clough said that Ward was set to return to the matchday squad as a substitute after a three-month absence . Ward featured as a 68th-minute substitute and scored the equalising penalty in the 72nd minute in the 1–1 draw against Charlton . However , he picked up an injury in the match and was replaced in the 83rd minute . Ward missed the following game due to the injury . Ward scored six times in January and February 2013 , which took his tally to eleven goals , overtaking previous top scorer Theo Robinson on nine . However , Ward picked up a new hamstring injury on 1 March , during Derbys 1–0 loss to Crystal Palace . He was absent from the team until 16 March , when he played 63 minutes in Derbys 2–1 win at home to Leicester City . On 29 March he scored his 12th goal of the season in Derbys 3–0 over Bristol City . Ward also missed a penalty after 3 minutes of the match . He missed the next game , a 2–1 win against Leeds United , but played the final five games of the season , missing another penalty against Ipswich Town . Ward finished third in the voting for Derby Countys player of the season despite missing significant portions of the season through injury and was also named the 87th best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ward played in all of Derbys first 16 league games , starting 14 of them . He scored his first goal of the season on 1 October in a 4–4 draw against Ipswich Town at Pride Park . He scored a brace against Watford in a 3–2 away win on 19 October and another in the following game , a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 October . He scored the only goal of the game on 23 November as Derby beat Bournemouth 1–0 , powering home a Craig Forsyth cross past former Derby goalkeeper Lee Camp . He was substituted in the 79th minute after injuring his knee and after precautionary scans , he was ruled out for a fortnight . However , he only missed one match and returned ahead of schedule , in the clubs 2–1 win against Middlesbrough on 4 December . He scored his sixth goal of the season , a 25-yard free kick , in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic on 14 December . Nottingham Forest . On 2 July 2015 , Ward signed for Derbys arch-rivals Nottingham Forest on a four-year deal , after his contract with Derby had expired at the end of the season . This was a somewhat unexpected transfer , given that Ward had often played a controversial and provocative role in recent games between the two sides . Ward acknowledged this in an interview with BBC East Midlands Today , but stressed that his focus was now on Forest : I think quite a few people will be surprised but I am delighted to be here and Nottingham Forest is the only thing that counts now.. . [ the controversy ] was to spice up the local rivalry and it got me a bit more stick than I wanted . I enjoyed it at the time but hopefully the fans can see past that and get behind me . Ward scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers on 9 January 2016 . This was followed up a week later by his first league goal , and two assists , in a man-of-the-match performance against Bolton Wanderers . His good form continued with Ward scoring to secure Nottingham Forest an away victory against Middlesbrough , who were at the top of the table prior to this fixture . Loan to Burton Albion . On 31 August 2016 , Ward was loaned to Championship rivals Burton Albion until the end of the 2016–17 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 27 September 2016 . On 20 January 2017 Wards loan to Burton was terminated , and he returned to Nottingham Forest . Loan to Cardiff City . On 31 January 2018 , Ward joined Cardiff City on loan for the remainder of the 2017–18 season in a swap deal involving Lee Tomlin moving to Forest on loan . His debut came on 13 February against Bolton Wanderers , however , he suffered an injury 13 minutes into the game , resulting in his substitution . Loan to Charlton Athletic . On 31 August 2018 , Ward joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan until 1 January 2019 . Scunthorpe United . On 25 September 2019 , Ward joined League Two club Scunthorpe United on a deal until January 2020 . Solihull Moors . On 2 October 2020 , Ward joined National League side Solihull Moors on a one-year deal . International career . Born in Birmingham in the West Midlands , Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . He made two appearances for the Northern Ireland under-18 team and a further seven for the under-21 team . After a promising start to his career at Sheffield United , Ward was called into the senior team in March 2009 ahead of two World Cup qualifiers against Poland and Slovenia . Ward was an unused substitute for the two games in which Northern Ireland won back-to-back games and possibly enhanced their chance of reaching the World Cup in South Africa . Ward won his first full cap for Northern Ireland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against the Faroe Islands on 10 August 2011 , with his first start coming in a 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their first 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . On 6 September 2013 , Ward scored his first goal in a 2–4 home defeat against Portugal . On 28 May 2016 , Jamie Ward was named in Michael ONeills squad for Euro 2016 . External links . - Jamie Ward profile at Derby County F.C . - NIFG profile |
[
"Derby County"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jamie Ward belong to from 2011 to 2015? | /wiki/Jamie_Ward#P54#4 | Jamie Ward Jamie John Ward ( born 12 May 1986 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Solihull Moors and the Northern Ireland national team . Born in Birmingham he began his career with his home-town club Aston Villa but failed to break into the first team and following a spell on loan at Stockport County he joined Torquay United . From there Ward had signed first for Chesterfield and then Sheffield United before joining Derby County in 2011 and later Nottingham Forest in 2015 . Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . Club career . Aston Villa . Ward began his career as a trainee with Aston Villa and played in their 2004 FA Youth Cup Final defeat against Middlesbrough . He turned professional in July 2005 after recovering from injuries received in a car crash in 2004 . Although Ward captained Aston Villas reserve team , he did not make a first team appearance and in March 2006 he joined Stockport County on loan until the end of the season , making his league debut in a 1–0 victory away to Bury on 7 March . He made nine appearances , scoring once in a 3–1 home victory against Shrewsbury Town . Torquay United . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Ward was released by Aston Villa and on 6 July 2006 he signed a three-year contract with Ian Atkins Torquay United , despite interest from Stockport County and Wrexham . However , with a change of ownership and manager at Torquay , Ward asked for a transfer in December 2006 . Chesterfield . Ward joined Chesterfield , managed by former Torquay manager Roy McFarland , on 31 January 2007 on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee . He started the 2007–08 season brightly , but in only his second game , against Sheffield United , he again pulled his hamstring . He fought back to match fitness and scored twelve goals for the Spireites that season . He began the 2008–09 season as a first choice , with his form attracting attention from higher-level clubs such as Derby County and Sheffield United . He rejected the offer of a new contract with Chesterfield in December 2008 , with his existing contract set to expire at the end of the season . In January 2009 , Championship side Barnsley made a bid for Ward for £400,000 which had been accepted . However , the move was called off after he failed to agree personal terms with the club . Sheffield United . Having rejected Barnsley , Ward finally agreed a three and a half-year deal with Sheffield United in January 2009 with the clubs agreeing a fee of around £330,000 . Ward scored his first goal for the Blades in only his second appearance , a 2–1 win at Southampton in February of the same year . The Blades had conceded an injury time equaliser before Ward regained the lead in the 93rd minute . He then played regularly for the remainder of the season , scoring a further goal in the process . His season finished on a low note however as he was sent off for two handballs in the 2009 play-off final against Burnley at Wembley . Having been suspended for the first two games of the following season Ward returned in fine form , scoring four goals in seven games , including the opener in the Bramall Lane leg of that seasons Steel City derby against the Owls . Unfortunately he was stretchered off the field later in that game following a suspected hamstring tear . On returning to the team in November Ward played regularly without ever really regaining his early form before again succumbing to an injury in April which sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Returning to fitness Ward started the 2010–2011 campaign as a regular first team player once more but an early suspension following a red card in the local derby against Leeds United coupled with further injury problems and a loss of form meant that he could not hold down a regular spot in the first team . Derby County . 2010–11 season . As the Blades struggled , and with new manager Micky Adams seeking to re-build the team , Ward was loaned to fellow relegation-threatened Championship team Derby County in mid-February for three months , with a view to a permanent deal . Ward made his debut on 19 February , starting in a 0–0 draw with Scunthorpe United . He also started the next game , a 1–0 defeat to Hull City , but missed the third , a 1–0 win at his parent club Sheffield United , as he was ineligible under the terms of his loan . He started all of the next 10 games , helping the relegation-threatened side to two wins and four draws . His first goal for the club was a penalty in a 2–1 defeat against Middlesbrough on 8 March . He scored again on 19 March , a stunning 35-yard strike in a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace . For his efforts , he was named in the Championships Team of the Week . He then won 2 penalties in 2 games , the first for a late consolation in a 4–1 defeat to Cardiff City on 2 April , and the second for Derbys equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Coventry City on 9 April . He scored again in the following game , a 2–1 win against fierce rivals Leeds United on 12 April . His fourth goal for the club was a 20-yard strike in the 30th minute against Burnley on 23 April to put The Rams 2–1 up . In the 61st minute , he conceded a penalty and was shown a straight red card for fouling former Derby defender Tyrone Mears in the 18-yard box . Burnley went on to win the match 4–2 . Ward was suspended for the next 2 games and returned for the final match of the season , against Reading on 7 May . He equalised with a stunning 25-yard goal but Derby went on to lose the match 2–1 . Derby successfully avoided relegation to League One , something his parent club failed to manage . With his loan spell adjudged a success , two days after the end of Derbys season , Ward signed a permanent 2-year contract with the option of a year extension , for an undisclosed fee . 2011–12 season . On 17 September 2011 , Ward scored his first goal as a full Derby player with the equaliser against rivals Nottingham Forest , as Derby recorded a 2–1 win . The goal won the clubs Goal of the Season award . Ward started all of Derbys ( 32 games , four goals ) league games ( bar the League Cup game against Shrewsbury Town when he was on international duty ) . Wards run of starts ended after the game against Leicester City when Ward picked up a thigh injury whilst on international duty on 29 February . Ward was out of action for five weeks , before making his first team return in a goalless draw against Ipswich Town on 7 April 2012 . In the game against Cardiff City on 17 April 2012 , Ward was substituted early in the second half after picking up a dead leg . Ward was fit enough to start the following game at Portsmouth . Despite his contract still having a year to run , Derby coach John Metgod stated that the club were in contract talks with Ward during April 2012 . Ward signed a new two-year contract on 19 April 2012 , with an option for a further year which will extend his stay at Derby until at least the summer of 2014 . Derby manager Nigel Clough stated in a July 2012 interview that Ward could feature more as a striker in the 2012–13 season . 2012–13 season . Ward went on to start the first four league games of the season as a striker , providing an assist in the 2–2 home draw against Sheffield Wednesday and providing two assists and scoring Derbys fifth goal in the 5–1 home win against Watford . Ward scored his first brace for the club in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic , a 25-yard volley and a penalty . and scored again four days later opening the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Burnley . In October 2012 , Ward picked up a Grade One tear of his hamstring during the East Midlands derby game at Nottingham Forest . Two months later , on 6 December , Clough stated he was unsure when Ward would return to the squad and stated his frustration at the injury . However , a day before Derbys game at Charlton Athletic on 29 December , Clough said that Ward was set to return to the matchday squad as a substitute after a three-month absence . Ward featured as a 68th-minute substitute and scored the equalising penalty in the 72nd minute in the 1–1 draw against Charlton . However , he picked up an injury in the match and was replaced in the 83rd minute . Ward missed the following game due to the injury . Ward scored six times in January and February 2013 , which took his tally to eleven goals , overtaking previous top scorer Theo Robinson on nine . However , Ward picked up a new hamstring injury on 1 March , during Derbys 1–0 loss to Crystal Palace . He was absent from the team until 16 March , when he played 63 minutes in Derbys 2–1 win at home to Leicester City . On 29 March he scored his 12th goal of the season in Derbys 3–0 over Bristol City . Ward also missed a penalty after 3 minutes of the match . He missed the next game , a 2–1 win against Leeds United , but played the final five games of the season , missing another penalty against Ipswich Town . Ward finished third in the voting for Derby Countys player of the season despite missing significant portions of the season through injury and was also named the 87th best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ward played in all of Derbys first 16 league games , starting 14 of them . He scored his first goal of the season on 1 October in a 4–4 draw against Ipswich Town at Pride Park . He scored a brace against Watford in a 3–2 away win on 19 October and another in the following game , a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 October . He scored the only goal of the game on 23 November as Derby beat Bournemouth 1–0 , powering home a Craig Forsyth cross past former Derby goalkeeper Lee Camp . He was substituted in the 79th minute after injuring his knee and after precautionary scans , he was ruled out for a fortnight . However , he only missed one match and returned ahead of schedule , in the clubs 2–1 win against Middlesbrough on 4 December . He scored his sixth goal of the season , a 25-yard free kick , in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic on 14 December . Nottingham Forest . On 2 July 2015 , Ward signed for Derbys arch-rivals Nottingham Forest on a four-year deal , after his contract with Derby had expired at the end of the season . This was a somewhat unexpected transfer , given that Ward had often played a controversial and provocative role in recent games between the two sides . Ward acknowledged this in an interview with BBC East Midlands Today , but stressed that his focus was now on Forest : I think quite a few people will be surprised but I am delighted to be here and Nottingham Forest is the only thing that counts now.. . [ the controversy ] was to spice up the local rivalry and it got me a bit more stick than I wanted . I enjoyed it at the time but hopefully the fans can see past that and get behind me . Ward scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers on 9 January 2016 . This was followed up a week later by his first league goal , and two assists , in a man-of-the-match performance against Bolton Wanderers . His good form continued with Ward scoring to secure Nottingham Forest an away victory against Middlesbrough , who were at the top of the table prior to this fixture . Loan to Burton Albion . On 31 August 2016 , Ward was loaned to Championship rivals Burton Albion until the end of the 2016–17 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 27 September 2016 . On 20 January 2017 Wards loan to Burton was terminated , and he returned to Nottingham Forest . Loan to Cardiff City . On 31 January 2018 , Ward joined Cardiff City on loan for the remainder of the 2017–18 season in a swap deal involving Lee Tomlin moving to Forest on loan . His debut came on 13 February against Bolton Wanderers , however , he suffered an injury 13 minutes into the game , resulting in his substitution . Loan to Charlton Athletic . On 31 August 2018 , Ward joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan until 1 January 2019 . Scunthorpe United . On 25 September 2019 , Ward joined League Two club Scunthorpe United on a deal until January 2020 . Solihull Moors . On 2 October 2020 , Ward joined National League side Solihull Moors on a one-year deal . International career . Born in Birmingham in the West Midlands , Ward qualifies for Northern Ireland through his grandfather . He made two appearances for the Northern Ireland under-18 team and a further seven for the under-21 team . After a promising start to his career at Sheffield United , Ward was called into the senior team in March 2009 ahead of two World Cup qualifiers against Poland and Slovenia . Ward was an unused substitute for the two games in which Northern Ireland won back-to-back games and possibly enhanced their chance of reaching the World Cup in South Africa . Ward won his first full cap for Northern Ireland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against the Faroe Islands on 10 August 2011 , with his first start coming in a 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their first 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . On 6 September 2013 , Ward scored his first goal in a 2–4 home defeat against Portugal . On 28 May 2016 , Jamie Ward was named in Michael ONeills squad for Euro 2016 . External links . - Jamie Ward profile at Derby County F.C . - NIFG profile |
[
"S.C . Olhanense"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Sérgio Conceição from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#0 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"Académica de Coimbra"
] | easy | Sérgio Conceição was the coach of which team from Apr 2013 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#1 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"S.C . Braga"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Sérgio Conceição from Jul 2014 to Jun 2015? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#2 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"Vitória de Guimarães"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Sérgio Conceição from Sep 2015 to Jun 2016? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#3 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"FC Nantes"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Sérgio Conceição from Dec 2016 to Jun 2017? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#4 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"Porto"
] | easy | Sérgio Conceição was the coach of which team from Jul 2017 to Jul 2018? | /wiki/Sérgio_Conceição#P6087#5 | Sérgio Conceição Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who mostly played as a right winger . He is the current manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager , winning two league titles for Porto and the double in 2019–20 . Playing career . Club . Born in Coimbra , Conceição began his career playing for the youth teams of hometowns Associação Académica . He started professionally in the second division , consecutively for F.C . Penafiel , Leça F.C . and F.C . Felgueiras , before moving to FC Porto in 1996 ; two highly successful years with the latter saw his runs down the right flank , combined with a good goalscoring record , help it to back-to-back Primeira Liga championships and a Taça de Portugal triumph . Conceição joined S.S . Lazio and played a significant part in their 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup success , while also scoring five goals in 33 games in his first season in Serie A . He also helped the team to a Scudetto , a Coppa Italia ( in a 1999–2000 conquest of the double ) and the 1999 UEFA Super Cup . In July 2000 , Conceição transferred to Parma A.C . as a makeweight in Hernán Crespos transfer , along with Matías Almeyda . The following campaign , he was used in the same fashion in the transfer of Sébastien Frey , which saw him go to Inter Milan while Frey went in the other direction . After two seasons and a good number of starts , he would eventually leave Inter by mutual agreement and re-joined Lazio , leaving for former club Porto towards the end of 2003–04 , again by mutual agreement , and adding his third Portuguese national championship . In summer 2004 , Conceição signed for Belgiums Standard Liège on a one-year deal . He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for best player of the year in his first season . However , in March 2006 , he was banned for three years – the first 4.5 months of the ban taking effect immediately and the rest suspended– depending on good behaviour , for spitting on an opposing player and assaulting a referee . After the 2006–07 season , Conceição failed to win any silverware with Standard , finishing runner-up in 2005–06s league and losing the 2007 final of the Belgian Cup . He decided to move to Kuwait and Qadsia SC on an annual salary of €1.1 million but , quickly unsettled , left . In January 2008 , after failed deals in Portugal , Conceição agreed to join PAOK FC in Greece , signing an 18-month contract . His unlikely signing was largely attributed to club director of football Zisis Vryzas , and the presence of Portuguese manager Fernando Santos on the bench ; though he initially struggled even to return to proper fitness levels , he was instantly given the number No . 7 shirt , once worn by legendary former player ( and also chairman ) Theodoros Zagorakis . In 2008–09 , Conceição was promoted to team captain . Along with compatriot Vieirinha , he was a regular on the teams wings and gradually became a fan favourite for his leadership and his devotion to the club ; at the beginning of the following campaign , however , he was regularly troubled by knee injuries for the most part of October , managing only a few appearances . International . Conceição played 56 times with the Portugal national team and scored 12 goals , his debut being on 9 November 1996 in a 1–0 home win against Ukraine for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In his last international game he was on the losing end of a 0–3 friendly defeat at the hands of Spain , on 6 September 2003 . Early in his international career , Conceição was not known for his scoring prowess but , at UEFA Euro 2000 , Portugal reached the semi-finals with a major contribution from him : in the third and final match of the group stage , against defending champions Germany in Rotterdam , he netted a hat-trick for all of the games goals ; the national side had guaranteed first place in the first two rounds , so it played mostly with substitutes , but he cemented his place in the starting XI for the rest of the tournament and subsequent call-ups . In qualifying for the 2002 World Cup , Conceição scored four goals as Portugal finished atop a group that also featured the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands ( netting against both ) . He was not recalled after 2003 . Coaching career . Beginnings . On 13 October 2009 , Conceição announced his decision to retire as a professional footballer , and to continue working at PAOK as technical director , accepting Vryzas proposal for the seat left vacant when he assumed presidency early on . On 30 May 2010 , a few weeks after Santos resignation as manager , he left the Thessaloniki club and rejoined another former team , as part of Standard Lièges coaching staff led by Dominique DOnofrio . Conceição began his managerial career on 1 January 2012 , replacing Daúto Faquirá at the helm of S.C . Olhanense in Primeira Liga . He left the Algarve side on 9 August , following disputes with the board . On 8 April 2013 , Conceição was hired as manager of his hometown team Académica de Coimbra , less than 24 hours after the club dismissed Pedro Emanuel from the job . They stood at 13th place when he joined , and his main goal was to avoid relegation . He left at the end of the season , after leading the side to an eighth place finish . Conceição signed a two-year contract with S.C . Braga on 26 May 2014 ; the team had just finished the campaign one place below Académica with the same number of points , resulting in the first time in ten years that Braga was out of European competitions . He led them to a fourth place finish and to the final of the domestic cup . After the semi-final victory at Rio Ave FCs ground , he made the 24-mile journey home from Vila do Conde on foot as part of a bet made with his players . Braga lost the final in a penalty shootout to Sporting CP despite leading 2–0 at half time . Following this defeat , president António Salvador released an official statement that angered the manager , resulting in a violent discussion between the two and leading to the clubs decision of sacking the latter . On 22 September 2015 , Conceição resurfaced with his fourth management position in the Portuguese top-flight , at Vitória de Guimarães . On 17 January 2016 , he led the side to their first home win against FC Porto ( 1–0 ) in 14 years . He left at the end of the campaign , by mutual consent with the club , after a 10th place in the championship left them out of European competitions . Nantes . Conceição was named manager of Ligue 1 club FC Nantes on 8 December 2016 , replacing the dismissed René Girard at a side second from bottom . The following February , he was linked to the vacant managerial position at struggling Premier League title holders Leicester City , but Nantes chairman Waldemar Kita insisted he would see out his two-year contract . On 6 June 2017 , it was announced that Conceição had quit his position and accepted a proposal from Porto . The manager cited personal reasons , including the possibility to live close to his family in Portugal , as to why he accepted the Portuguese clubs proposal . Porto . In June 2017 , after cutting ties with the French club , Conceição replaced former teammate Nuno Espírito Santo at the helm of former side Porto . He was officially presented on the 8th , signing a two-year deal . In his first season , he led the club to the national championship after a five-year wait , and his contract was extended by another year . They reached the quarter-finals in the subsequent UEFA Champions League , where they were ousted by eventual winners Liverpool . On 1 March 2019 , Conceição signed another deal to stay at Porto until 2021 . They regained their title in 2019–20 with two games to spare , after S.L . Benficas form worsened at the end of the campaign . Two weeks later , his team beat that opponent in the cup final to secure the double . The side again reached the last-eight in the Champions League , being defeated 2–1 on aggregate by Chelsea . Style of play . A talented player , Conceição was mainly known for his speed , strength , and ability to cover the flank and get forward , also possessing good dribbling skills , crossing ability , and a fairly accurate shot . A versatile and hard-working midfielder , although he was usually deployed as a right winger , he was also capable of playing in a holding role . Personal life . Coimbras municipal government named a local 2,500-seater stadium after him – the Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição . He fathered five sons : Sérgio , Rodrigo , Moisés , Francisco and José . Conceição helped ten families who were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic , with the intent of providing a grocery store in every home . During an interview to RTP1 in December 2020 , he stated that his idol was God and he was a devout Catholic . Honours . Player . Leça - Segunda Liga : 1994–95 Porto - Primeira Liga : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - Taça de Portugal : 1997–98 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 1996 Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 Portugal - UEFA European Championship third place : 2000 - UEFA European Under-18 Championship runner-up : 1992 Individual - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2005 Manager . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Taça de Portugal : 2019–20 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2018 , 2020 Individual - Primeira Liga Best Coach : 2017–18 , 2019–20 External links . - National team data |
[
"member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly"
] | easy | Clover Moore took which position from Mar 1988 to Mar 2004? | /wiki/Clover_Moore#P39#0 | Clover Moore Clover Margaret Moore ( née Collins , born 22 October 1945 ) is an Australian politician . She has been the Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney since 2004 and is currently the longest serving Lord Mayor of Sydney since the creation of the City of Sydney in 1842 . She was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1988 to 2012 , representing the electorates of Bligh ( 1988–2007 ) and Sydney ( 2007–2012 ) . Her recurrent motif is described as making Sydney more liveable for individuals and families . Moore is the first popularly elected female Lord Mayor of Sydney . Early life and background . Clover Margaret Collins was born in 1945 and grew up in the suburb of Gordon , on Sydneys North Shore , one of three daughters of Kathleen and Francis Collins . She attended Loreto Kirribilli at Kirribilli and Elm Court Dominican Convent , Moss Vale . Moore matriculated to the University of Sydney , and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Diploma of Education from the Sydney Teachers College , while residing at Sancta Sophia College . After graduation she began work as an English and History teacher at St Ives High School and Fort Street High School , before moving to London to teach for several years . Moore married Peter Moore , an architect , in 1972 and they had two children , Sophie and Tom . They returned to Australia five years later and settled in the inner-city suburb of Redfern . As a young mother in the Labor Party-dominated South Sydney Municipal Council , Moore became involved in a local resident action group and decided to run for Council in 1980 when she and other members of the group met , after three years of attempts , with the Mayor , Bill Hartup , regarding a local park which Hartup had demanded to have its grass replaced with asphalt ( to aid street-sweepers in seeing broken glass ) , surrounded by barbed wire ( to keep out the drunks at night ) , and to have its lone tree removed ( a nuisance ) . Moore was elected as an Independent Alderman for the Redfern Ward of the South Sydney Municipal Council at the 20 September 1980 election . Moore was one of three independents elected to the Council that formed a de facto opposition to the 9-member Labor caucus and Mayor Hartup who controlled the council and generally made most decisions in closed caucus meetings prior to Council meetings . However , in December 1981 , the New South Wales Government amalgamated the South Sydney Council with the City of Sydney , and Moore became a Redfern Ward Alderman of the newly formed Sydney City Council from 1 January 1982 . Moore developed a visible profile in the community , campaigning on a variety of issues both in her position as alderman and in the broader community , particularly in her home suburb of Redfern . Moore was interested in the environment , conservation , and heritage preservation , being involved in the unsuccessful campaign to save the 1936 Rural Bank Building in Martin Place and describing the ALP Lord Mayor , Doug Sutherland , as the Judas of Martin Place for his role in approving its demolition in 1982 . Moore ran again for re-election to the three-member Redfern Ward in the 14 April 1984 Council Election , and was highly successful , taking first position , outpolling Bill Hartup with a 21% swing against the ALP , and enabling the election of the second candidate on her independent ticket , Sue Willis , ahead of the sitting Labor Alderman Stan Champley . In May 1984 , Moore ran for the position of Deputy Lord Mayor after the election , but was defeated by the main right-wing Labor candidate , Stan Ashmore-Smith , when the two Independent Communist Aldermen ( Jack Mundey and Brian McGahen ) sided with the Labor caucus in the vote . Moore proved a high profile campaigner on heritage preservation and environment conservation , gaining the ire of the Miscellaneous Workers Union when she confronted a Council worker who was undertaking unsympathetic pruning to trees on a street in Redfern exclaiming its hard enough for trees to survive city pollution without their being massacred by untrained workmen sent to prune them , and denouncing the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust as architectural barbarians , insensitive to the traditions of the ground for approving the demolition of the historic 1909 Sheridan Stand of the Sydney Cricket Ground , which was nonetheless razed in 1986 . In late 1986 , Moore started her campaign to become the citys first female Lord Mayor and defeat incumbent Doug Sutherland , declaring I think everyone would agree it is time for a breath of fresh air and a Lord Mayor committed enough to stay in Sydney to do the job in a criticism of Sutherlands frequent international trips . However , in March 1987 the state government abruptly sacked the Sydney City Council and appointed a board of commissioners to run it until new elections could be held . Having been unceremoniously dismissed from her elected office , Moore , along with five other fellow former independent aldermen Frank Sartor , Bill Hunt , Brian McGahen , Sue Willis and Jack Mundey , formed Independent Watch , an informal grouping with the purpose of scrutinising the decisions of the appointed commissioners and pressing for elections for a new council . Member of Parliament . Instead of standing again for council , Moore decided to run for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as an independent at the 1988 election , like her previous rival for the Lord Mayor position and fellow former independent alderman , Frank Sartor , who had decided to run as an independent in the inner Sydney seat of McKell . Despite not having the backing of a party , she won the seat of Bligh , narrowly defeating Liberal member Michael Yabsley . In 1991 she co-authored the New South Wales Charter of Reform of Government . In the same year , she was re-elected for a second term with a massive swing in her favour , increasing her share from 26.7 per cent to 43 per cent . Her power also increased dramatically when , along with fellow independents Peter Macdonald and Tony Windsor , she gained the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly . Moore was to again take the spotlight when the Independent Commission Against Corruption handed down a finding that was sharply critical of Liberal Premier Nick Greiner on 1 June 1992 . While the findings were still pending a ruling in the NSW Court of Appeals , Moore and two other Independent MPs made a symbolic march to the NSW Parliament with a threat to withdraw their support of the coalitions minority-government . Hence before the Court ruling was handed down , Greiners hand was forced , and he resigned on 24 June 1992 . She went on to hold her seat with a largely safe margin at the 1995 and 1999 elections . The LGBT community thanked her for her support by featuring likenesses of her in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade that year . She was re-elected again in 2003 . Prior to the 2007 election , the Electoral Commission redistributed electoral boundaries , renaming Bligh to Sydney , and moving the seat north and west to encompass the Sydney CBD . Moore was elected to the new seat of Sydney with an increased margin . Although she sat as an independent in parliament , Moore often worked with other minor parties and independents , particularly with the Australian Democrats , who sponsored some of her bills in the upper house and Moore encouraged voters at the 2011 state election to vote for the Democrats in the upper house , along with South Coast Independent MP , John Hatton . Moore resigned as a state MP as a result of new state laws ( labelled in the media as the Get Clover laws ) preventing dual membership of state parliament and local councils . Following her re-election as mayor in the 2012 elections , she was forced to resign the state seat she held for 24 years before the first meeting of the new council . This resulted in a 2012 Sydney by-election on 27 October in which she endorsed independent candidate Alex Greenwich of the Australian Marriage Equality advocacy group who won in a landslide victory . On her departure , former city councillor Elizabeth Farrelly opined : In her 20 years as MP , with more successful private members bills than anyone in a century , Moore has done more to keep the bastards honest than Don Chipp ever did . And in her eight years as lord mayor , she has proved repeatedly that its more confluence than conflict . Lord Mayor of Sydney . In early 2004 , the Labor Party government under Bob Carr sacked and re-amalgamated the City of Sydney and South Sydney Councils . The move came largely as a surprise , with then-Lord Mayor Lucy Turnbull being notified by a fax posted under her door . The decision to amalgamate the two councils was widely interpreted by the media as an attempt to get the Labor candidate , former federal minister Michael Lee , elected as Lord Mayor , as it would bring a large area of largely Labor-voting suburbs into the City of Sydney . However , several of these suburbs also made up Moores state electorate of Bligh . When Turnbull announced soon after that she would not seek re-election , Lee appeared to have the position won . Then , on 24 February , Moore entered the race , labelling the councils sacking a cynical grab for power . Despite her ideological differences with Turnbull , she also sharply denounced the sacking of a democratically elected mayor . By the following day , The Sydney Morning Herald was already predicting that she would present a serious challenge to Lee . Despite a spirited challenge from Lee , Moore won the election , finishing with more than double the vote of Less as her nearest rival , and ABC election analyst Antony Green announced that she would romp through to win , only 90 minutes after counting began . Though she had made a point of not directing voting preferences in her four election campaigns in the Legislative Assembly , Moore decided to support a team of independents for the council race . This turned out to be quite successful , with four of her team of six – John McInerney , Robyn Kemmis , Marcelle Hoff and Phillip Black – being elected to council . In 2008 NSW local government elections Moore was re-elected as Lord Mayor of Sydney . She was returned on a reduced majority in 2012 , winning 51.1% of the Mayoral vote . In the 2016 NSW local government elections she was comfortably returned to office , improving her vote 8.0% to win 59.1% of the popular vote . After introducing bike lanes through many parts of inner Sydney , Moore broke an ankle on Ride to Work Day in October 2010 , while dismounting from her bike , necessitating that she attend some events in a wheelchair . Energy efficiency . Under Moores leadership , the city of Sydney is aiming to reduce carbon emissions 70 per cent by 2030 . It has installed bicycle lanes ; upgraded its car fleet to hybrids ; planted 10,000 trees ; provided 600 on-street car-share spaces ; installed Sydneys largest building-based solar photovoltaic system ; installed water harvesting in 11 major parks and voted to install two new trigeneration plants . Moore stated in an article on Impakter.com in September 2018 that emissions in Sydney have been reduced by 52% and the use of water by 36% since the year 2006 and that the city aims to become carbon neutral . Building and infrastructure . Since becoming Mayor , Moore has been able to bring to completion the construction of several buildings and pieces of infrastructure . - Ian Thorpe Aquatic Centre ( formerly Ultimo Aquatic Centre ) by Harry Seidler - Surry Hills City of Sydney Library by FJMT ( Francis-Jones Morehen Thorpe ) - Paddington Reservoir Gardens by TZG ( Tonkin Zulaikha Greer ) - Redfern Park by BVN ( Bligh Voller Nield ) - Reg Bartley Oval grandstand and kiosk , Rushcutters Bay , by Lacoste+Stevenson - Pirrama Park in Pyrmont by Aspect Studios Landscape Architecture , Hill Thalis Architecture + Urban Projects and CAB Consulting . - Prince Alfred Park makeover near Central railway station by Rachel Neeson and Nick Murcutt . - Burton Street Tabernacle ( to become the new Tabernacle Theatre ) There are also : - Parks throughout Glebe , Pyrmont , Surry Hills , Rosebery , Elizabeth Bay and St Peters - The introduction of a system of cycleways for Sydney , an idea at first criticised and then embraced . The state government tore up one cycleway , subsequently reinstated , and is co-funding another down Oxford Street , noting that cycling increased with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic . Controversies . On 27 October 2007 Moore proposed a Private Members Bill that would ban the sale of dogs , cats and other mammals in NSW pet stores , and effectively ban the breeding of crossbred dogs . The Pet Industry Association responded with a petition opposing the legislation . The RSPCA Australia has given its support to the measure , although it was rejected by NSW purebred dog breeders . Bike lanes constructed through Sydney angered many local residents for reducing parking and critics attacked the cost while other groups , including local headmasters and school groups , applauded them . The Bourke Street Cycleway won a Sydney Design Award in 2012 . The City of Sydney Amendment ( Elections ) Bill became law in September 2014 , replacing one optional vote per business with two compulsory votes and it has been alleged that this is one of two statutes designed to bar her from public life . Between 2014 and 2017 Cloud Arch , a steel sculpture intended to be installed over George Street in Sydney , had its budget rise from to 11.3 million dollars . It has been criticised for both the rise in cost , after a re-design , and for not being suited to the citys aesthetic . External links . - Official site |
[
"Lord Mayor of Sydney"
] | easy | What was the position of Clover Moore from Mar 2004 to Mar 2007? | /wiki/Clover_Moore#P39#1 | Clover Moore Clover Margaret Moore ( née Collins , born 22 October 1945 ) is an Australian politician . She has been the Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney since 2004 and is currently the longest serving Lord Mayor of Sydney since the creation of the City of Sydney in 1842 . She was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1988 to 2012 , representing the electorates of Bligh ( 1988–2007 ) and Sydney ( 2007–2012 ) . Her recurrent motif is described as making Sydney more liveable for individuals and families . Moore is the first popularly elected female Lord Mayor of Sydney . Early life and background . Clover Margaret Collins was born in 1945 and grew up in the suburb of Gordon , on Sydneys North Shore , one of three daughters of Kathleen and Francis Collins . She attended Loreto Kirribilli at Kirribilli and Elm Court Dominican Convent , Moss Vale . Moore matriculated to the University of Sydney , and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Diploma of Education from the Sydney Teachers College , while residing at Sancta Sophia College . After graduation she began work as an English and History teacher at St Ives High School and Fort Street High School , before moving to London to teach for several years . Moore married Peter Moore , an architect , in 1972 and they had two children , Sophie and Tom . They returned to Australia five years later and settled in the inner-city suburb of Redfern . As a young mother in the Labor Party-dominated South Sydney Municipal Council , Moore became involved in a local resident action group and decided to run for Council in 1980 when she and other members of the group met , after three years of attempts , with the Mayor , Bill Hartup , regarding a local park which Hartup had demanded to have its grass replaced with asphalt ( to aid street-sweepers in seeing broken glass ) , surrounded by barbed wire ( to keep out the drunks at night ) , and to have its lone tree removed ( a nuisance ) . Moore was elected as an Independent Alderman for the Redfern Ward of the South Sydney Municipal Council at the 20 September 1980 election . Moore was one of three independents elected to the Council that formed a de facto opposition to the 9-member Labor caucus and Mayor Hartup who controlled the council and generally made most decisions in closed caucus meetings prior to Council meetings . However , in December 1981 , the New South Wales Government amalgamated the South Sydney Council with the City of Sydney , and Moore became a Redfern Ward Alderman of the newly formed Sydney City Council from 1 January 1982 . Moore developed a visible profile in the community , campaigning on a variety of issues both in her position as alderman and in the broader community , particularly in her home suburb of Redfern . Moore was interested in the environment , conservation , and heritage preservation , being involved in the unsuccessful campaign to save the 1936 Rural Bank Building in Martin Place and describing the ALP Lord Mayor , Doug Sutherland , as the Judas of Martin Place for his role in approving its demolition in 1982 . Moore ran again for re-election to the three-member Redfern Ward in the 14 April 1984 Council Election , and was highly successful , taking first position , outpolling Bill Hartup with a 21% swing against the ALP , and enabling the election of the second candidate on her independent ticket , Sue Willis , ahead of the sitting Labor Alderman Stan Champley . In May 1984 , Moore ran for the position of Deputy Lord Mayor after the election , but was defeated by the main right-wing Labor candidate , Stan Ashmore-Smith , when the two Independent Communist Aldermen ( Jack Mundey and Brian McGahen ) sided with the Labor caucus in the vote . Moore proved a high profile campaigner on heritage preservation and environment conservation , gaining the ire of the Miscellaneous Workers Union when she confronted a Council worker who was undertaking unsympathetic pruning to trees on a street in Redfern exclaiming its hard enough for trees to survive city pollution without their being massacred by untrained workmen sent to prune them , and denouncing the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust as architectural barbarians , insensitive to the traditions of the ground for approving the demolition of the historic 1909 Sheridan Stand of the Sydney Cricket Ground , which was nonetheless razed in 1986 . In late 1986 , Moore started her campaign to become the citys first female Lord Mayor and defeat incumbent Doug Sutherland , declaring I think everyone would agree it is time for a breath of fresh air and a Lord Mayor committed enough to stay in Sydney to do the job in a criticism of Sutherlands frequent international trips . However , in March 1987 the state government abruptly sacked the Sydney City Council and appointed a board of commissioners to run it until new elections could be held . Having been unceremoniously dismissed from her elected office , Moore , along with five other fellow former independent aldermen Frank Sartor , Bill Hunt , Brian McGahen , Sue Willis and Jack Mundey , formed Independent Watch , an informal grouping with the purpose of scrutinising the decisions of the appointed commissioners and pressing for elections for a new council . Member of Parliament . Instead of standing again for council , Moore decided to run for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as an independent at the 1988 election , like her previous rival for the Lord Mayor position and fellow former independent alderman , Frank Sartor , who had decided to run as an independent in the inner Sydney seat of McKell . Despite not having the backing of a party , she won the seat of Bligh , narrowly defeating Liberal member Michael Yabsley . In 1991 she co-authored the New South Wales Charter of Reform of Government . In the same year , she was re-elected for a second term with a massive swing in her favour , increasing her share from 26.7 per cent to 43 per cent . Her power also increased dramatically when , along with fellow independents Peter Macdonald and Tony Windsor , she gained the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly . Moore was to again take the spotlight when the Independent Commission Against Corruption handed down a finding that was sharply critical of Liberal Premier Nick Greiner on 1 June 1992 . While the findings were still pending a ruling in the NSW Court of Appeals , Moore and two other Independent MPs made a symbolic march to the NSW Parliament with a threat to withdraw their support of the coalitions minority-government . Hence before the Court ruling was handed down , Greiners hand was forced , and he resigned on 24 June 1992 . She went on to hold her seat with a largely safe margin at the 1995 and 1999 elections . The LGBT community thanked her for her support by featuring likenesses of her in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade that year . She was re-elected again in 2003 . Prior to the 2007 election , the Electoral Commission redistributed electoral boundaries , renaming Bligh to Sydney , and moving the seat north and west to encompass the Sydney CBD . Moore was elected to the new seat of Sydney with an increased margin . Although she sat as an independent in parliament , Moore often worked with other minor parties and independents , particularly with the Australian Democrats , who sponsored some of her bills in the upper house and Moore encouraged voters at the 2011 state election to vote for the Democrats in the upper house , along with South Coast Independent MP , John Hatton . Moore resigned as a state MP as a result of new state laws ( labelled in the media as the Get Clover laws ) preventing dual membership of state parliament and local councils . Following her re-election as mayor in the 2012 elections , she was forced to resign the state seat she held for 24 years before the first meeting of the new council . This resulted in a 2012 Sydney by-election on 27 October in which she endorsed independent candidate Alex Greenwich of the Australian Marriage Equality advocacy group who won in a landslide victory . On her departure , former city councillor Elizabeth Farrelly opined : In her 20 years as MP , with more successful private members bills than anyone in a century , Moore has done more to keep the bastards honest than Don Chipp ever did . And in her eight years as lord mayor , she has proved repeatedly that its more confluence than conflict . Lord Mayor of Sydney . In early 2004 , the Labor Party government under Bob Carr sacked and re-amalgamated the City of Sydney and South Sydney Councils . The move came largely as a surprise , with then-Lord Mayor Lucy Turnbull being notified by a fax posted under her door . The decision to amalgamate the two councils was widely interpreted by the media as an attempt to get the Labor candidate , former federal minister Michael Lee , elected as Lord Mayor , as it would bring a large area of largely Labor-voting suburbs into the City of Sydney . However , several of these suburbs also made up Moores state electorate of Bligh . When Turnbull announced soon after that she would not seek re-election , Lee appeared to have the position won . Then , on 24 February , Moore entered the race , labelling the councils sacking a cynical grab for power . Despite her ideological differences with Turnbull , she also sharply denounced the sacking of a democratically elected mayor . By the following day , The Sydney Morning Herald was already predicting that she would present a serious challenge to Lee . Despite a spirited challenge from Lee , Moore won the election , finishing with more than double the vote of Less as her nearest rival , and ABC election analyst Antony Green announced that she would romp through to win , only 90 minutes after counting began . Though she had made a point of not directing voting preferences in her four election campaigns in the Legislative Assembly , Moore decided to support a team of independents for the council race . This turned out to be quite successful , with four of her team of six – John McInerney , Robyn Kemmis , Marcelle Hoff and Phillip Black – being elected to council . In 2008 NSW local government elections Moore was re-elected as Lord Mayor of Sydney . She was returned on a reduced majority in 2012 , winning 51.1% of the Mayoral vote . In the 2016 NSW local government elections she was comfortably returned to office , improving her vote 8.0% to win 59.1% of the popular vote . After introducing bike lanes through many parts of inner Sydney , Moore broke an ankle on Ride to Work Day in October 2010 , while dismounting from her bike , necessitating that she attend some events in a wheelchair . Energy efficiency . Under Moores leadership , the city of Sydney is aiming to reduce carbon emissions 70 per cent by 2030 . It has installed bicycle lanes ; upgraded its car fleet to hybrids ; planted 10,000 trees ; provided 600 on-street car-share spaces ; installed Sydneys largest building-based solar photovoltaic system ; installed water harvesting in 11 major parks and voted to install two new trigeneration plants . Moore stated in an article on Impakter.com in September 2018 that emissions in Sydney have been reduced by 52% and the use of water by 36% since the year 2006 and that the city aims to become carbon neutral . Building and infrastructure . Since becoming Mayor , Moore has been able to bring to completion the construction of several buildings and pieces of infrastructure . - Ian Thorpe Aquatic Centre ( formerly Ultimo Aquatic Centre ) by Harry Seidler - Surry Hills City of Sydney Library by FJMT ( Francis-Jones Morehen Thorpe ) - Paddington Reservoir Gardens by TZG ( Tonkin Zulaikha Greer ) - Redfern Park by BVN ( Bligh Voller Nield ) - Reg Bartley Oval grandstand and kiosk , Rushcutters Bay , by Lacoste+Stevenson - Pirrama Park in Pyrmont by Aspect Studios Landscape Architecture , Hill Thalis Architecture + Urban Projects and CAB Consulting . - Prince Alfred Park makeover near Central railway station by Rachel Neeson and Nick Murcutt . - Burton Street Tabernacle ( to become the new Tabernacle Theatre ) There are also : - Parks throughout Glebe , Pyrmont , Surry Hills , Rosebery , Elizabeth Bay and St Peters - The introduction of a system of cycleways for Sydney , an idea at first criticised and then embraced . The state government tore up one cycleway , subsequently reinstated , and is co-funding another down Oxford Street , noting that cycling increased with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic . Controversies . On 27 October 2007 Moore proposed a Private Members Bill that would ban the sale of dogs , cats and other mammals in NSW pet stores , and effectively ban the breeding of crossbred dogs . The Pet Industry Association responded with a petition opposing the legislation . The RSPCA Australia has given its support to the measure , although it was rejected by NSW purebred dog breeders . Bike lanes constructed through Sydney angered many local residents for reducing parking and critics attacked the cost while other groups , including local headmasters and school groups , applauded them . The Bourke Street Cycleway won a Sydney Design Award in 2012 . The City of Sydney Amendment ( Elections ) Bill became law in September 2014 , replacing one optional vote per business with two compulsory votes and it has been alleged that this is one of two statutes designed to bar her from public life . Between 2014 and 2017 Cloud Arch , a steel sculpture intended to be installed over George Street in Sydney , had its budget rise from to 11.3 million dollars . It has been criticised for both the rise in cost , after a re-design , and for not being suited to the citys aesthetic . External links . - Official site |
[
"member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly",
"Lord Mayor of Sydney"
] | easy | What position did Clover Moore take from Mar 2007 to Sep 2012? | /wiki/Clover_Moore#P39#2 | Clover Moore Clover Margaret Moore ( née Collins , born 22 October 1945 ) is an Australian politician . She has been the Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney since 2004 and is currently the longest serving Lord Mayor of Sydney since the creation of the City of Sydney in 1842 . She was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1988 to 2012 , representing the electorates of Bligh ( 1988–2007 ) and Sydney ( 2007–2012 ) . Her recurrent motif is described as making Sydney more liveable for individuals and families . Moore is the first popularly elected female Lord Mayor of Sydney . Early life and background . Clover Margaret Collins was born in 1945 and grew up in the suburb of Gordon , on Sydneys North Shore , one of three daughters of Kathleen and Francis Collins . She attended Loreto Kirribilli at Kirribilli and Elm Court Dominican Convent , Moss Vale . Moore matriculated to the University of Sydney , and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Diploma of Education from the Sydney Teachers College , while residing at Sancta Sophia College . After graduation she began work as an English and History teacher at St Ives High School and Fort Street High School , before moving to London to teach for several years . Moore married Peter Moore , an architect , in 1972 and they had two children , Sophie and Tom . They returned to Australia five years later and settled in the inner-city suburb of Redfern . As a young mother in the Labor Party-dominated South Sydney Municipal Council , Moore became involved in a local resident action group and decided to run for Council in 1980 when she and other members of the group met , after three years of attempts , with the Mayor , Bill Hartup , regarding a local park which Hartup had demanded to have its grass replaced with asphalt ( to aid street-sweepers in seeing broken glass ) , surrounded by barbed wire ( to keep out the drunks at night ) , and to have its lone tree removed ( a nuisance ) . Moore was elected as an Independent Alderman for the Redfern Ward of the South Sydney Municipal Council at the 20 September 1980 election . Moore was one of three independents elected to the Council that formed a de facto opposition to the 9-member Labor caucus and Mayor Hartup who controlled the council and generally made most decisions in closed caucus meetings prior to Council meetings . However , in December 1981 , the New South Wales Government amalgamated the South Sydney Council with the City of Sydney , and Moore became a Redfern Ward Alderman of the newly formed Sydney City Council from 1 January 1982 . Moore developed a visible profile in the community , campaigning on a variety of issues both in her position as alderman and in the broader community , particularly in her home suburb of Redfern . Moore was interested in the environment , conservation , and heritage preservation , being involved in the unsuccessful campaign to save the 1936 Rural Bank Building in Martin Place and describing the ALP Lord Mayor , Doug Sutherland , as the Judas of Martin Place for his role in approving its demolition in 1982 . Moore ran again for re-election to the three-member Redfern Ward in the 14 April 1984 Council Election , and was highly successful , taking first position , outpolling Bill Hartup with a 21% swing against the ALP , and enabling the election of the second candidate on her independent ticket , Sue Willis , ahead of the sitting Labor Alderman Stan Champley . In May 1984 , Moore ran for the position of Deputy Lord Mayor after the election , but was defeated by the main right-wing Labor candidate , Stan Ashmore-Smith , when the two Independent Communist Aldermen ( Jack Mundey and Brian McGahen ) sided with the Labor caucus in the vote . Moore proved a high profile campaigner on heritage preservation and environment conservation , gaining the ire of the Miscellaneous Workers Union when she confronted a Council worker who was undertaking unsympathetic pruning to trees on a street in Redfern exclaiming its hard enough for trees to survive city pollution without their being massacred by untrained workmen sent to prune them , and denouncing the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust as architectural barbarians , insensitive to the traditions of the ground for approving the demolition of the historic 1909 Sheridan Stand of the Sydney Cricket Ground , which was nonetheless razed in 1986 . In late 1986 , Moore started her campaign to become the citys first female Lord Mayor and defeat incumbent Doug Sutherland , declaring I think everyone would agree it is time for a breath of fresh air and a Lord Mayor committed enough to stay in Sydney to do the job in a criticism of Sutherlands frequent international trips . However , in March 1987 the state government abruptly sacked the Sydney City Council and appointed a board of commissioners to run it until new elections could be held . Having been unceremoniously dismissed from her elected office , Moore , along with five other fellow former independent aldermen Frank Sartor , Bill Hunt , Brian McGahen , Sue Willis and Jack Mundey , formed Independent Watch , an informal grouping with the purpose of scrutinising the decisions of the appointed commissioners and pressing for elections for a new council . Member of Parliament . Instead of standing again for council , Moore decided to run for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as an independent at the 1988 election , like her previous rival for the Lord Mayor position and fellow former independent alderman , Frank Sartor , who had decided to run as an independent in the inner Sydney seat of McKell . Despite not having the backing of a party , she won the seat of Bligh , narrowly defeating Liberal member Michael Yabsley . In 1991 she co-authored the New South Wales Charter of Reform of Government . In the same year , she was re-elected for a second term with a massive swing in her favour , increasing her share from 26.7 per cent to 43 per cent . Her power also increased dramatically when , along with fellow independents Peter Macdonald and Tony Windsor , she gained the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly . Moore was to again take the spotlight when the Independent Commission Against Corruption handed down a finding that was sharply critical of Liberal Premier Nick Greiner on 1 June 1992 . While the findings were still pending a ruling in the NSW Court of Appeals , Moore and two other Independent MPs made a symbolic march to the NSW Parliament with a threat to withdraw their support of the coalitions minority-government . Hence before the Court ruling was handed down , Greiners hand was forced , and he resigned on 24 June 1992 . She went on to hold her seat with a largely safe margin at the 1995 and 1999 elections . The LGBT community thanked her for her support by featuring likenesses of her in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade that year . She was re-elected again in 2003 . Prior to the 2007 election , the Electoral Commission redistributed electoral boundaries , renaming Bligh to Sydney , and moving the seat north and west to encompass the Sydney CBD . Moore was elected to the new seat of Sydney with an increased margin . Although she sat as an independent in parliament , Moore often worked with other minor parties and independents , particularly with the Australian Democrats , who sponsored some of her bills in the upper house and Moore encouraged voters at the 2011 state election to vote for the Democrats in the upper house , along with South Coast Independent MP , John Hatton . Moore resigned as a state MP as a result of new state laws ( labelled in the media as the Get Clover laws ) preventing dual membership of state parliament and local councils . Following her re-election as mayor in the 2012 elections , she was forced to resign the state seat she held for 24 years before the first meeting of the new council . This resulted in a 2012 Sydney by-election on 27 October in which she endorsed independent candidate Alex Greenwich of the Australian Marriage Equality advocacy group who won in a landslide victory . On her departure , former city councillor Elizabeth Farrelly opined : In her 20 years as MP , with more successful private members bills than anyone in a century , Moore has done more to keep the bastards honest than Don Chipp ever did . And in her eight years as lord mayor , she has proved repeatedly that its more confluence than conflict . Lord Mayor of Sydney . In early 2004 , the Labor Party government under Bob Carr sacked and re-amalgamated the City of Sydney and South Sydney Councils . The move came largely as a surprise , with then-Lord Mayor Lucy Turnbull being notified by a fax posted under her door . The decision to amalgamate the two councils was widely interpreted by the media as an attempt to get the Labor candidate , former federal minister Michael Lee , elected as Lord Mayor , as it would bring a large area of largely Labor-voting suburbs into the City of Sydney . However , several of these suburbs also made up Moores state electorate of Bligh . When Turnbull announced soon after that she would not seek re-election , Lee appeared to have the position won . Then , on 24 February , Moore entered the race , labelling the councils sacking a cynical grab for power . Despite her ideological differences with Turnbull , she also sharply denounced the sacking of a democratically elected mayor . By the following day , The Sydney Morning Herald was already predicting that she would present a serious challenge to Lee . Despite a spirited challenge from Lee , Moore won the election , finishing with more than double the vote of Less as her nearest rival , and ABC election analyst Antony Green announced that she would romp through to win , only 90 minutes after counting began . Though she had made a point of not directing voting preferences in her four election campaigns in the Legislative Assembly , Moore decided to support a team of independents for the council race . This turned out to be quite successful , with four of her team of six – John McInerney , Robyn Kemmis , Marcelle Hoff and Phillip Black – being elected to council . In 2008 NSW local government elections Moore was re-elected as Lord Mayor of Sydney . She was returned on a reduced majority in 2012 , winning 51.1% of the Mayoral vote . In the 2016 NSW local government elections she was comfortably returned to office , improving her vote 8.0% to win 59.1% of the popular vote . After introducing bike lanes through many parts of inner Sydney , Moore broke an ankle on Ride to Work Day in October 2010 , while dismounting from her bike , necessitating that she attend some events in a wheelchair . Energy efficiency . Under Moores leadership , the city of Sydney is aiming to reduce carbon emissions 70 per cent by 2030 . It has installed bicycle lanes ; upgraded its car fleet to hybrids ; planted 10,000 trees ; provided 600 on-street car-share spaces ; installed Sydneys largest building-based solar photovoltaic system ; installed water harvesting in 11 major parks and voted to install two new trigeneration plants . Moore stated in an article on Impakter.com in September 2018 that emissions in Sydney have been reduced by 52% and the use of water by 36% since the year 2006 and that the city aims to become carbon neutral . Building and infrastructure . Since becoming Mayor , Moore has been able to bring to completion the construction of several buildings and pieces of infrastructure . - Ian Thorpe Aquatic Centre ( formerly Ultimo Aquatic Centre ) by Harry Seidler - Surry Hills City of Sydney Library by FJMT ( Francis-Jones Morehen Thorpe ) - Paddington Reservoir Gardens by TZG ( Tonkin Zulaikha Greer ) - Redfern Park by BVN ( Bligh Voller Nield ) - Reg Bartley Oval grandstand and kiosk , Rushcutters Bay , by Lacoste+Stevenson - Pirrama Park in Pyrmont by Aspect Studios Landscape Architecture , Hill Thalis Architecture + Urban Projects and CAB Consulting . - Prince Alfred Park makeover near Central railway station by Rachel Neeson and Nick Murcutt . - Burton Street Tabernacle ( to become the new Tabernacle Theatre ) There are also : - Parks throughout Glebe , Pyrmont , Surry Hills , Rosebery , Elizabeth Bay and St Peters - The introduction of a system of cycleways for Sydney , an idea at first criticised and then embraced . The state government tore up one cycleway , subsequently reinstated , and is co-funding another down Oxford Street , noting that cycling increased with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic . Controversies . On 27 October 2007 Moore proposed a Private Members Bill that would ban the sale of dogs , cats and other mammals in NSW pet stores , and effectively ban the breeding of crossbred dogs . The Pet Industry Association responded with a petition opposing the legislation . The RSPCA Australia has given its support to the measure , although it was rejected by NSW purebred dog breeders . Bike lanes constructed through Sydney angered many local residents for reducing parking and critics attacked the cost while other groups , including local headmasters and school groups , applauded them . The Bourke Street Cycleway won a Sydney Design Award in 2012 . The City of Sydney Amendment ( Elections ) Bill became law in September 2014 , replacing one optional vote per business with two compulsory votes and it has been alleged that this is one of two statutes designed to bar her from public life . Between 2014 and 2017 Cloud Arch , a steel sculpture intended to be installed over George Street in Sydney , had its budget rise from to 11.3 million dollars . It has been criticised for both the rise in cost , after a re-design , and for not being suited to the citys aesthetic . External links . - Official site |
[
"Lord Mayor of Sydney"
] | easy | Clover Moore took which position from Sep 2012 to Sep 2013? | /wiki/Clover_Moore#P39#3 | Clover Moore Clover Margaret Moore ( née Collins , born 22 October 1945 ) is an Australian politician . She has been the Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney since 2004 and is currently the longest serving Lord Mayor of Sydney since the creation of the City of Sydney in 1842 . She was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1988 to 2012 , representing the electorates of Bligh ( 1988–2007 ) and Sydney ( 2007–2012 ) . Her recurrent motif is described as making Sydney more liveable for individuals and families . Moore is the first popularly elected female Lord Mayor of Sydney . Early life and background . Clover Margaret Collins was born in 1945 and grew up in the suburb of Gordon , on Sydneys North Shore , one of three daughters of Kathleen and Francis Collins . She attended Loreto Kirribilli at Kirribilli and Elm Court Dominican Convent , Moss Vale . Moore matriculated to the University of Sydney , and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Diploma of Education from the Sydney Teachers College , while residing at Sancta Sophia College . After graduation she began work as an English and History teacher at St Ives High School and Fort Street High School , before moving to London to teach for several years . Moore married Peter Moore , an architect , in 1972 and they had two children , Sophie and Tom . They returned to Australia five years later and settled in the inner-city suburb of Redfern . As a young mother in the Labor Party-dominated South Sydney Municipal Council , Moore became involved in a local resident action group and decided to run for Council in 1980 when she and other members of the group met , after three years of attempts , with the Mayor , Bill Hartup , regarding a local park which Hartup had demanded to have its grass replaced with asphalt ( to aid street-sweepers in seeing broken glass ) , surrounded by barbed wire ( to keep out the drunks at night ) , and to have its lone tree removed ( a nuisance ) . Moore was elected as an Independent Alderman for the Redfern Ward of the South Sydney Municipal Council at the 20 September 1980 election . Moore was one of three independents elected to the Council that formed a de facto opposition to the 9-member Labor caucus and Mayor Hartup who controlled the council and generally made most decisions in closed caucus meetings prior to Council meetings . However , in December 1981 , the New South Wales Government amalgamated the South Sydney Council with the City of Sydney , and Moore became a Redfern Ward Alderman of the newly formed Sydney City Council from 1 January 1982 . Moore developed a visible profile in the community , campaigning on a variety of issues both in her position as alderman and in the broader community , particularly in her home suburb of Redfern . Moore was interested in the environment , conservation , and heritage preservation , being involved in the unsuccessful campaign to save the 1936 Rural Bank Building in Martin Place and describing the ALP Lord Mayor , Doug Sutherland , as the Judas of Martin Place for his role in approving its demolition in 1982 . Moore ran again for re-election to the three-member Redfern Ward in the 14 April 1984 Council Election , and was highly successful , taking first position , outpolling Bill Hartup with a 21% swing against the ALP , and enabling the election of the second candidate on her independent ticket , Sue Willis , ahead of the sitting Labor Alderman Stan Champley . In May 1984 , Moore ran for the position of Deputy Lord Mayor after the election , but was defeated by the main right-wing Labor candidate , Stan Ashmore-Smith , when the two Independent Communist Aldermen ( Jack Mundey and Brian McGahen ) sided with the Labor caucus in the vote . Moore proved a high profile campaigner on heritage preservation and environment conservation , gaining the ire of the Miscellaneous Workers Union when she confronted a Council worker who was undertaking unsympathetic pruning to trees on a street in Redfern exclaiming its hard enough for trees to survive city pollution without their being massacred by untrained workmen sent to prune them , and denouncing the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust as architectural barbarians , insensitive to the traditions of the ground for approving the demolition of the historic 1909 Sheridan Stand of the Sydney Cricket Ground , which was nonetheless razed in 1986 . In late 1986 , Moore started her campaign to become the citys first female Lord Mayor and defeat incumbent Doug Sutherland , declaring I think everyone would agree it is time for a breath of fresh air and a Lord Mayor committed enough to stay in Sydney to do the job in a criticism of Sutherlands frequent international trips . However , in March 1987 the state government abruptly sacked the Sydney City Council and appointed a board of commissioners to run it until new elections could be held . Having been unceremoniously dismissed from her elected office , Moore , along with five other fellow former independent aldermen Frank Sartor , Bill Hunt , Brian McGahen , Sue Willis and Jack Mundey , formed Independent Watch , an informal grouping with the purpose of scrutinising the decisions of the appointed commissioners and pressing for elections for a new council . Member of Parliament . Instead of standing again for council , Moore decided to run for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as an independent at the 1988 election , like her previous rival for the Lord Mayor position and fellow former independent alderman , Frank Sartor , who had decided to run as an independent in the inner Sydney seat of McKell . Despite not having the backing of a party , she won the seat of Bligh , narrowly defeating Liberal member Michael Yabsley . In 1991 she co-authored the New South Wales Charter of Reform of Government . In the same year , she was re-elected for a second term with a massive swing in her favour , increasing her share from 26.7 per cent to 43 per cent . Her power also increased dramatically when , along with fellow independents Peter Macdonald and Tony Windsor , she gained the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly . Moore was to again take the spotlight when the Independent Commission Against Corruption handed down a finding that was sharply critical of Liberal Premier Nick Greiner on 1 June 1992 . While the findings were still pending a ruling in the NSW Court of Appeals , Moore and two other Independent MPs made a symbolic march to the NSW Parliament with a threat to withdraw their support of the coalitions minority-government . Hence before the Court ruling was handed down , Greiners hand was forced , and he resigned on 24 June 1992 . She went on to hold her seat with a largely safe margin at the 1995 and 1999 elections . The LGBT community thanked her for her support by featuring likenesses of her in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade that year . She was re-elected again in 2003 . Prior to the 2007 election , the Electoral Commission redistributed electoral boundaries , renaming Bligh to Sydney , and moving the seat north and west to encompass the Sydney CBD . Moore was elected to the new seat of Sydney with an increased margin . Although she sat as an independent in parliament , Moore often worked with other minor parties and independents , particularly with the Australian Democrats , who sponsored some of her bills in the upper house and Moore encouraged voters at the 2011 state election to vote for the Democrats in the upper house , along with South Coast Independent MP , John Hatton . Moore resigned as a state MP as a result of new state laws ( labelled in the media as the Get Clover laws ) preventing dual membership of state parliament and local councils . Following her re-election as mayor in the 2012 elections , she was forced to resign the state seat she held for 24 years before the first meeting of the new council . This resulted in a 2012 Sydney by-election on 27 October in which she endorsed independent candidate Alex Greenwich of the Australian Marriage Equality advocacy group who won in a landslide victory . On her departure , former city councillor Elizabeth Farrelly opined : In her 20 years as MP , with more successful private members bills than anyone in a century , Moore has done more to keep the bastards honest than Don Chipp ever did . And in her eight years as lord mayor , she has proved repeatedly that its more confluence than conflict . Lord Mayor of Sydney . In early 2004 , the Labor Party government under Bob Carr sacked and re-amalgamated the City of Sydney and South Sydney Councils . The move came largely as a surprise , with then-Lord Mayor Lucy Turnbull being notified by a fax posted under her door . The decision to amalgamate the two councils was widely interpreted by the media as an attempt to get the Labor candidate , former federal minister Michael Lee , elected as Lord Mayor , as it would bring a large area of largely Labor-voting suburbs into the City of Sydney . However , several of these suburbs also made up Moores state electorate of Bligh . When Turnbull announced soon after that she would not seek re-election , Lee appeared to have the position won . Then , on 24 February , Moore entered the race , labelling the councils sacking a cynical grab for power . Despite her ideological differences with Turnbull , she also sharply denounced the sacking of a democratically elected mayor . By the following day , The Sydney Morning Herald was already predicting that she would present a serious challenge to Lee . Despite a spirited challenge from Lee , Moore won the election , finishing with more than double the vote of Less as her nearest rival , and ABC election analyst Antony Green announced that she would romp through to win , only 90 minutes after counting began . Though she had made a point of not directing voting preferences in her four election campaigns in the Legislative Assembly , Moore decided to support a team of independents for the council race . This turned out to be quite successful , with four of her team of six – John McInerney , Robyn Kemmis , Marcelle Hoff and Phillip Black – being elected to council . In 2008 NSW local government elections Moore was re-elected as Lord Mayor of Sydney . She was returned on a reduced majority in 2012 , winning 51.1% of the Mayoral vote . In the 2016 NSW local government elections she was comfortably returned to office , improving her vote 8.0% to win 59.1% of the popular vote . After introducing bike lanes through many parts of inner Sydney , Moore broke an ankle on Ride to Work Day in October 2010 , while dismounting from her bike , necessitating that she attend some events in a wheelchair . Energy efficiency . Under Moores leadership , the city of Sydney is aiming to reduce carbon emissions 70 per cent by 2030 . It has installed bicycle lanes ; upgraded its car fleet to hybrids ; planted 10,000 trees ; provided 600 on-street car-share spaces ; installed Sydneys largest building-based solar photovoltaic system ; installed water harvesting in 11 major parks and voted to install two new trigeneration plants . Moore stated in an article on Impakter.com in September 2018 that emissions in Sydney have been reduced by 52% and the use of water by 36% since the year 2006 and that the city aims to become carbon neutral . Building and infrastructure . Since becoming Mayor , Moore has been able to bring to completion the construction of several buildings and pieces of infrastructure . - Ian Thorpe Aquatic Centre ( formerly Ultimo Aquatic Centre ) by Harry Seidler - Surry Hills City of Sydney Library by FJMT ( Francis-Jones Morehen Thorpe ) - Paddington Reservoir Gardens by TZG ( Tonkin Zulaikha Greer ) - Redfern Park by BVN ( Bligh Voller Nield ) - Reg Bartley Oval grandstand and kiosk , Rushcutters Bay , by Lacoste+Stevenson - Pirrama Park in Pyrmont by Aspect Studios Landscape Architecture , Hill Thalis Architecture + Urban Projects and CAB Consulting . - Prince Alfred Park makeover near Central railway station by Rachel Neeson and Nick Murcutt . - Burton Street Tabernacle ( to become the new Tabernacle Theatre ) There are also : - Parks throughout Glebe , Pyrmont , Surry Hills , Rosebery , Elizabeth Bay and St Peters - The introduction of a system of cycleways for Sydney , an idea at first criticised and then embraced . The state government tore up one cycleway , subsequently reinstated , and is co-funding another down Oxford Street , noting that cycling increased with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic . Controversies . On 27 October 2007 Moore proposed a Private Members Bill that would ban the sale of dogs , cats and other mammals in NSW pet stores , and effectively ban the breeding of crossbred dogs . The Pet Industry Association responded with a petition opposing the legislation . The RSPCA Australia has given its support to the measure , although it was rejected by NSW purebred dog breeders . Bike lanes constructed through Sydney angered many local residents for reducing parking and critics attacked the cost while other groups , including local headmasters and school groups , applauded them . The Bourke Street Cycleway won a Sydney Design Award in 2012 . The City of Sydney Amendment ( Elections ) Bill became law in September 2014 , replacing one optional vote per business with two compulsory votes and it has been alleged that this is one of two statutes designed to bar her from public life . Between 2014 and 2017 Cloud Arch , a steel sculpture intended to be installed over George Street in Sydney , had its budget rise from to 11.3 million dollars . It has been criticised for both the rise in cost , after a re-design , and for not being suited to the citys aesthetic . External links . - Official site |
[
"London"
] | easy | Where did Jemima Luke live from 1852 to 1853? | /wiki/Jemima_Luke#P551#0 | Jemima Luke Jemima Luke ( 1813–1906 ) was an English writer of hymns , religious studies and biographies during the Victorian era . She is best known for her childrens hymn I think when I read that sweet story of old . Early life and education . Jemima Luke was born Jemima Thompson on 19 August 1813 in Colebrook Terrace , Islington , London to the philanthropist Thomas Thompson ( 1785–1865 ) , and his wife Elizabeth Pinckney ( d . 1837 ) . Her father , who had the same birthday as Jemima , made a fortune on the London Stock Exchange , and retired while still a young man . He was an early prominent member of the London Missionary Society , the British and Foreign Bible Society , and one of the founders in 1818 of the British and Foreign Sailors Society ( originally the Port of London Society ) , and in 1819 of the Home Missionary Society . Jemima was educated at home and began her literary career at the age of thirteen when she wrote some verses that were published anonymously in the Juvenile Friend magazine . She then studied under the well-known Christian writer Caroline Fry , who was editor of The Assistant of Education ( periodical ) . Career . Inspired by her fathers work with various missionary societies , Jemima decided after the 1837 death her mother to do missionary work in India , and managed to convince her reluctant father to sponsor her , but when she became ill just before embarking on the adventure , her father withdrew his support . Remaining at her fathers home in Taunton , Somerset , Jemima was teaching hymns to school children in nearby Blagdon , when one summer morning in 1841 while riding the stage from Taunton to Wellington , she composed some verses on the back of an envelope for a hymn that she named The Childs Desire . When her hymn proved to be very popular with the children she was working with , her father published it in the Sunday School Teachers Magazine ( 1841 ) , which led to her becoming editor from 1841 to 1845 of The Missionary Repository , a new missionary magazine for children . Her hymn next appeared untitled and anonymously in 1853 as hymn no . 874 ( in 3 stanzas of 8 lines ) in the widely read The Leeds Hymn-book , which led to subsequent publication in a number of Victorian hymnals . Because it appeared without a title in the Leeds book , it came to be known by the opening verse of I think when I read that sweet story of old, , or simply either The Old Sweet Story or The Story of Old . Although her fame generally rests on this one hymn , she went one to write several books , including , The Female Jesuit ( 1851 ) , The Broad Road and the Narrow Way , a Memoir of Eliza Ann Harris of Clifton ( 1859 ) , Winter Work ( 1864 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson ( 1868 ) , which is a biography of her father , and her autobiography , The Early Years of my Life ( 1900 ) . Later years and death . Jemima married on 10 May 1843 in London the Reverend Samuel Luke ( 1809–1868 ) , a Congregationalist minister who became pastor in 1847 of the Orange Street Church near Trafalgar Square in London . They had two children – Jemima Elizabeth Luke ( 1844–1876 ) and Samuel Arnold Luke ( 1850–1903 ) – before moving in 1853 to Bristol City , when Jemimas husband became minister of the Hope Chapel at the Clifton Down Congregational Church . She remained in Bristol until her husbands 1868 death , after which she moved to Newport in the Isle of Wight , where she became known as a passionate nonconformist . She acquired a reputation in her later years as being one of the oldest passive resisters in England , generally protesting various issues regarding childrens education . She died at the age of 92 on 2 February 1906 at Newport . References . Bibliography . - Free , Richard William ( 1888 ) , Lux benigna , being the history of Orange Street Chapel : otherwise called Leicester Fields Chapel , etc. , W . B . Whittingham , London , 196 p . - Hadden , J.C . ( 2004 ) , Luke , Jemima ( 1813–1906 ) , in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edition . accessed 28 April 2013 - Julian , John ( 1907 ) , Jemima Luke in A Dictionary of Hymnology ( revised edition ) , J . Murray , London . Online transcription available at www.hymnary.org . accessed 28 April 2013 . - Luke , Jemima ( 1868 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson , Jane Nisbet & Co. , London , 259 p . - Luke , Jemima ( 1900 ) , The Early Years of My Life , Hodder & Stoughton , London , 162 p . - Parr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , English Hymn Writers : Jemima Luke in This England ( magazine ) , Autumn , 1995 . Online transcriptions available at www.ensignmessage.com and www.bluegrassmessengers.com . accessed 28 April 2013 External links . - Jemima Luke by Lynne Parr - Jemima Luke on Hymnary.org |
[
"Bristol City"
] | easy | Where did Jemima Luke live from 1853 to 1868? | /wiki/Jemima_Luke#P551#1 | Jemima Luke Jemima Luke ( 1813–1906 ) was an English writer of hymns , religious studies and biographies during the Victorian era . She is best known for her childrens hymn I think when I read that sweet story of old . Early life and education . Jemima Luke was born Jemima Thompson on 19 August 1813 in Colebrook Terrace , Islington , London to the philanthropist Thomas Thompson ( 1785–1865 ) , and his wife Elizabeth Pinckney ( d . 1837 ) . Her father , who had the same birthday as Jemima , made a fortune on the London Stock Exchange , and retired while still a young man . He was an early prominent member of the London Missionary Society , the British and Foreign Bible Society , and one of the founders in 1818 of the British and Foreign Sailors Society ( originally the Port of London Society ) , and in 1819 of the Home Missionary Society . Jemima was educated at home and began her literary career at the age of thirteen when she wrote some verses that were published anonymously in the Juvenile Friend magazine . She then studied under the well-known Christian writer Caroline Fry , who was editor of The Assistant of Education ( periodical ) . Career . Inspired by her fathers work with various missionary societies , Jemima decided after the 1837 death her mother to do missionary work in India , and managed to convince her reluctant father to sponsor her , but when she became ill just before embarking on the adventure , her father withdrew his support . Remaining at her fathers home in Taunton , Somerset , Jemima was teaching hymns to school children in nearby Blagdon , when one summer morning in 1841 while riding the stage from Taunton to Wellington , she composed some verses on the back of an envelope for a hymn that she named The Childs Desire . When her hymn proved to be very popular with the children she was working with , her father published it in the Sunday School Teachers Magazine ( 1841 ) , which led to her becoming editor from 1841 to 1845 of The Missionary Repository , a new missionary magazine for children . Her hymn next appeared untitled and anonymously in 1853 as hymn no . 874 ( in 3 stanzas of 8 lines ) in the widely read The Leeds Hymn-book , which led to subsequent publication in a number of Victorian hymnals . Because it appeared without a title in the Leeds book , it came to be known by the opening verse of I think when I read that sweet story of old, , or simply either The Old Sweet Story or The Story of Old . Although her fame generally rests on this one hymn , she went one to write several books , including , The Female Jesuit ( 1851 ) , The Broad Road and the Narrow Way , a Memoir of Eliza Ann Harris of Clifton ( 1859 ) , Winter Work ( 1864 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson ( 1868 ) , which is a biography of her father , and her autobiography , The Early Years of my Life ( 1900 ) . Later years and death . Jemima married on 10 May 1843 in London the Reverend Samuel Luke ( 1809–1868 ) , a Congregationalist minister who became pastor in 1847 of the Orange Street Church near Trafalgar Square in London . They had two children – Jemima Elizabeth Luke ( 1844–1876 ) and Samuel Arnold Luke ( 1850–1903 ) – before moving in 1853 to Bristol City , when Jemimas husband became minister of the Hope Chapel at the Clifton Down Congregational Church . She remained in Bristol until her husbands 1868 death , after which she moved to Newport in the Isle of Wight , where she became known as a passionate nonconformist . She acquired a reputation in her later years as being one of the oldest passive resisters in England , generally protesting various issues regarding childrens education . She died at the age of 92 on 2 February 1906 at Newport . References . Bibliography . - Free , Richard William ( 1888 ) , Lux benigna , being the history of Orange Street Chapel : otherwise called Leicester Fields Chapel , etc. , W . B . Whittingham , London , 196 p . - Hadden , J.C . ( 2004 ) , Luke , Jemima ( 1813–1906 ) , in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edition . accessed 28 April 2013 - Julian , John ( 1907 ) , Jemima Luke in A Dictionary of Hymnology ( revised edition ) , J . Murray , London . Online transcription available at www.hymnary.org . accessed 28 April 2013 . - Luke , Jemima ( 1868 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson , Jane Nisbet & Co. , London , 259 p . - Luke , Jemima ( 1900 ) , The Early Years of My Life , Hodder & Stoughton , London , 162 p . - Parr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , English Hymn Writers : Jemima Luke in This England ( magazine ) , Autumn , 1995 . Online transcriptions available at www.ensignmessage.com and www.bluegrassmessengers.com . accessed 28 April 2013 External links . - Jemima Luke by Lynne Parr - Jemima Luke on Hymnary.org |
[
"Newport in the Isle of Wight"
] | easy | What was the residence of Jemima Luke from 1868 to 1869? | /wiki/Jemima_Luke#P551#2 | Jemima Luke Jemima Luke ( 1813–1906 ) was an English writer of hymns , religious studies and biographies during the Victorian era . She is best known for her childrens hymn I think when I read that sweet story of old . Early life and education . Jemima Luke was born Jemima Thompson on 19 August 1813 in Colebrook Terrace , Islington , London to the philanthropist Thomas Thompson ( 1785–1865 ) , and his wife Elizabeth Pinckney ( d . 1837 ) . Her father , who had the same birthday as Jemima , made a fortune on the London Stock Exchange , and retired while still a young man . He was an early prominent member of the London Missionary Society , the British and Foreign Bible Society , and one of the founders in 1818 of the British and Foreign Sailors Society ( originally the Port of London Society ) , and in 1819 of the Home Missionary Society . Jemima was educated at home and began her literary career at the age of thirteen when she wrote some verses that were published anonymously in the Juvenile Friend magazine . She then studied under the well-known Christian writer Caroline Fry , who was editor of The Assistant of Education ( periodical ) . Career . Inspired by her fathers work with various missionary societies , Jemima decided after the 1837 death her mother to do missionary work in India , and managed to convince her reluctant father to sponsor her , but when she became ill just before embarking on the adventure , her father withdrew his support . Remaining at her fathers home in Taunton , Somerset , Jemima was teaching hymns to school children in nearby Blagdon , when one summer morning in 1841 while riding the stage from Taunton to Wellington , she composed some verses on the back of an envelope for a hymn that she named The Childs Desire . When her hymn proved to be very popular with the children she was working with , her father published it in the Sunday School Teachers Magazine ( 1841 ) , which led to her becoming editor from 1841 to 1845 of The Missionary Repository , a new missionary magazine for children . Her hymn next appeared untitled and anonymously in 1853 as hymn no . 874 ( in 3 stanzas of 8 lines ) in the widely read The Leeds Hymn-book , which led to subsequent publication in a number of Victorian hymnals . Because it appeared without a title in the Leeds book , it came to be known by the opening verse of I think when I read that sweet story of old, , or simply either The Old Sweet Story or The Story of Old . Although her fame generally rests on this one hymn , she went one to write several books , including , The Female Jesuit ( 1851 ) , The Broad Road and the Narrow Way , a Memoir of Eliza Ann Harris of Clifton ( 1859 ) , Winter Work ( 1864 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson ( 1868 ) , which is a biography of her father , and her autobiography , The Early Years of my Life ( 1900 ) . Later years and death . Jemima married on 10 May 1843 in London the Reverend Samuel Luke ( 1809–1868 ) , a Congregationalist minister who became pastor in 1847 of the Orange Street Church near Trafalgar Square in London . They had two children – Jemima Elizabeth Luke ( 1844–1876 ) and Samuel Arnold Luke ( 1850–1903 ) – before moving in 1853 to Bristol City , when Jemimas husband became minister of the Hope Chapel at the Clifton Down Congregational Church . She remained in Bristol until her husbands 1868 death , after which she moved to Newport in the Isle of Wight , where she became known as a passionate nonconformist . She acquired a reputation in her later years as being one of the oldest passive resisters in England , generally protesting various issues regarding childrens education . She died at the age of 92 on 2 February 1906 at Newport . References . Bibliography . - Free , Richard William ( 1888 ) , Lux benigna , being the history of Orange Street Chapel : otherwise called Leicester Fields Chapel , etc. , W . B . Whittingham , London , 196 p . - Hadden , J.C . ( 2004 ) , Luke , Jemima ( 1813–1906 ) , in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edition . accessed 28 April 2013 - Julian , John ( 1907 ) , Jemima Luke in A Dictionary of Hymnology ( revised edition ) , J . Murray , London . Online transcription available at www.hymnary.org . accessed 28 April 2013 . - Luke , Jemima ( 1868 ) , Sketches of the life and character of Thomas Thompson , Jane Nisbet & Co. , London , 259 p . - Luke , Jemima ( 1900 ) , The Early Years of My Life , Hodder & Stoughton , London , 162 p . - Parr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , English Hymn Writers : Jemima Luke in This England ( magazine ) , Autumn , 1995 . Online transcriptions available at www.ensignmessage.com and www.bluegrassmessengers.com . accessed 28 April 2013 External links . - Jemima Luke by Lynne Parr - Jemima Luke on Hymnary.org |
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] | easy | Which country did Valladolid belong to from 1229 to 1230? | /wiki/Valladolid#P17#0 | Valladolid Valladolid ( , ) is a city in Spain and the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It has a population of 309,714 people ( 2013 est. ) , making it Spains 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spains biggest city . Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities . The city is situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers before they join the Duero , and located within five winegrowing regions : Ribera del Duero , Rueda , Toro , Tierra de León , and Cigales . Valladolid was originally settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people , and later the Romans themselves . It remained a small settlement until being re-established by King Alfonso VI of Castile as a Lordship for the Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072 . It grew to prominence in the Middle Ages as the seat of the Court of Castile and being endowed with fairs and different institutions as a collegiate church , University ( 1241 ) , Royal Court and Chancery and the Royal Mint . The city was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Phillip III between 1601 and 1606 , before returning indefinitely to Madrid . The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century , and with its industrialisation into the 20th century . The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses , palaces , churches , plazas , avenues and parks , and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ) , and the Festival of Theatre and Street Arts ( TAC ) . Etymology . There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid . It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide ( 1092 ) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti ( 1095 ) . One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression , meaning valley of waters , referring to the confluence of rivers in the area . Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( , ) , which means city of al-Walid , referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from , meaning valley of the olives ; however , no olive trees are found in that terrain . Instead , in the south part of the city exist an innumerable amount of pine trees . The gastronomy reflects the importance of the ( pine nut ) as a local product , not olives . In texts from the middle ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning sunny valley , and a person from the town is a ( male ) , or ( female ) . The city is also popularly called , a nickname whose origin is not clear , but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc , known as . Another theory is that comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there , the only city in Spain that sold it . Geography . Location . Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level , at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Douro river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the later river . The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga , a major right-bank tributary of the Douro . Climate . The city of Valladolid experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) . Valladolids climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and an inland location . Fog is very typical in the morning during winter . Winters experience snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts . Valladolids climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude . Valladolid is drier than Spains northern coastal regions , although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is and the average annual relative humidity is 64% . In winter , temperatures very often ( almost every second day ) drop below freezing , often reaching temperatures as low as , and snowfall is common , while the summer months see average high temperatures of . The lowest recorded temperature in Valladolid was and the hottest on 19 July 1995 . History . Precedents . The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city . The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Archaeological proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found . During the time of Muslim rule in Spain , the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no mans land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests . The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century . Repopulation and growth . In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area , Ansúrez led the foundation of the city along his wife . By 1084 the project for the foundation of the city was already underway . Ansúrez built a palace ( now lost ) and La Antigua church . Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás . Both co-founded the church of Santa María . Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries , Valladolid grew rapidly , favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . Early Modern period . In 1469 , Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city ; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506 , Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid still convinced that he had reached the Indies in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him . From 1554 to 1559 , Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid , with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time . She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II , in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took some hold in the city appearing some Protestant circles presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna . Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid . A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city . During a period of 1550-1551 the town hold the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors . See Valladolid debate . Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596 , also becoming a bishopric seat . In the midst of the reign of by Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown . Promoted by Lerma , the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a ( double ) real estate speculative scheme , as Lerma had proceeded to buy housing in Madrid once the capital was moved from the city as the prices had plummeted . After a plague epidemics in Valladolid , Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid , earning a hefty profit when the Royal Court went back to Madrid and the prizes went up again accordingly . The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva . Contemporary history . From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre . This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA ( 1950 ) , FASA ( 1954 ) , TECNAUTO ( 1956 ) and SAVA ( 1957 ) were created . The city was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ( Pole for Industrial Development ) in 1964 . During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants , chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces . The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s . In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León ( completed in 1983 ) , Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital , competing with other cities , most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the from 1983 , Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions ( the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ) . Government and administration . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain . The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration . The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors , who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019 . Since 2015 , Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor . He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election . Education . Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level , both at the university and non-university level . Universities . University of Valladolid . The University of Valladolid ( UVA ) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille . It is one of the oldest universities in the world . It has four campuses around the city ( Huerta del Rey , Centro , Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes ) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ) . Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers , about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011 . It also features the 25 centers , a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz , where the rector , and the Museum of the University of Valladolid ( MUVa ) , The House of Students , featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations , or CTI ( Center for Information Technology ) ,both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII , next to the old Faculty of Science . Miguel de Cervantes European University . The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC ) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students . It is spread over three faculties : Social Sciences , Law and Economics , Health and the Polytechnic School . It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research . It also has a dental clinic and a library . Primary and secondary schools . Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school , is near Valladolid , in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid . Integral and Superior Education . Integrates Kindergarten , Primary School and High School . Architecture . 12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ) . The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo ( featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements ) . The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz ( current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid ) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain , was projected by by 1561–62 , following the great fire of 1561 . The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels . The design of the façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets . The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century ( intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668 . Decades later , in 1730 , finished the work on the main front . The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down . There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it . The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city , dates back to 1787 . Architect left a key imprint in the citys outline , authoring many housing projects in the late 19th to early 20th century , with a good number of his buildings still standing . Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque , the and ( defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s ) and the neobaroque new building for the university . The Francoist dictatorship left an example of Imperial Architecture of neo-herrerian ( or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capitals Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes , the Christopher Columbus House-Museum and the house of José Zorrilla . Population . As of 2019 , the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412 , and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 298.412 . The most important municipalities of the urban area are ( after Valladolid itself ) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south , Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west , Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north , and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east . After the new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades ( one example would be Covaresa ) the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city , so the population has tended to fall in Valladolid but is growing fast in the rest of the urban area ( for example , Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ) Economy . Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain . The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the citys economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles , which would later become Renault España . Four years later , in 1957 , Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles . Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city . Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries , other important industrial sectors are food processing ( with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre ) , metallurgy ( Lingotes Especiales , Saeta die Casting... ) , chemical and printing . In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces , representing 14.0% of total workers . The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector , which employs 111,988 people , representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security . The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007 , representing 10.3% of total workers . Finally , agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people ( 1.5% of the total ) . The predominant crops are wheat , barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were : Renault ( 4 596 ) , Michelin ( 2 670 ) , IVECO ( 1 600 ) , the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol ( 849 ) , cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares ( 204 ) , sugar processing Acor ( 201 ) , service group Grupo Norte ( 174 ) , automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León ( 143 ) , Sada ( 129 ) and Hipereco ( 108 ) . Transportation . Public transport . Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933 . A public urban bus system started in 1928 , managed by different private tenders until 1982 , when the service was taken over by the municipality . Today the public company AUVASA operates the network , with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines . High-speed rail . Valladolid-Campo Grande railway station is integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE . The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007 . The line links both cities , crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama through the namesake tunnel , the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe . Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country . Trainsets used on this line include S-114 ( max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) , S-130 ( Patito , max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) and the S102 ( Pato , max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph ) . This line connects the city with Madrid , which can be reached in 56 minutes . Roads . Several highways connect the city to the rest of the country . Airport . The airport serving the city is not located within the municipal limits , but in Villanubla . The airport has connections to Barcelona , Málaga , and the Canary Islands . Local cuisine . Although an inland province , fish is commonly consumed , some brought from the Cantabrian Sea . Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolids cuisine . The main speciality of Valladolid is , however , lechazo ( suckling baby lamb ) . The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad . Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms . Asparagus , endive and beans can also be found . Some legumes , like white beans and lentils are particularly good . Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities . Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos , the famous pata de mulo ( mules foot ) is usually unripened ( fresh ) , but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain . Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish , like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo , the muffins , the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos , with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce . The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known , specially St . Marys ring-shaped pastries , St . Claires sponge cakes , pine nut balls and cream fritters . Valladolid is also a producer of wines . The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good . White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality . Feasts and festivals . Easter . Holy Week ( Semana Santa in Spanish ) holds one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid . The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture . On this day , in the morning , members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city . The Sermon of the Seven Words is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square . In the afternoon , thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession , comprising 31 pasos ( religious statues ) , most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries . The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias , and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations , with the Salve Popular sung in her honour . Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid . Religious devotion , art , colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ : the processions . Members of the different Easter brotherhoods , dressed in their characteristic robes , parade through the streets carrying religious statues ( pasos ) to the sound of drums and music . Seminci . The city is also host to one of the foremost ( and oldest ) international film festivals , the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid ( Seminci ) , founded in 1956 . Valladolid , through various loopholes in state censorship , was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain . An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant , on numerous occasions , that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Francos regime considered out of line with their ideology . Much the same occurred with distribution on the arts circuit at the end of the 60s : a film could be placed more easily if it had previously done well at Valladolid . Even after the death of Franco in 1975 , Valladolid continued to be the testing ground for films which had been banned . For example , the premiere in Spain of Stanley Kubricks A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark . As one of Europes oldest festivals , Valladolid has always been characterized by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming . It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen , whether it be German , Polish , Chinese , Canadian or otherwise . With a genuine concern for the art of cinema , for film-making and film-makers rather than the more obvious commercial or glamorous aspects of the industry , the festival has built up an identity of its own – equally attractive to enthusiasts , professionals and the media . Sports . Valladolids main association football club is Real Valladolid , nicknamed Pucela , who play in the countrys first league , La Liga . Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro , José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja . Reals stadium , the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla , was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final . CBC Valladolid is the citys new basketball team since the dissolution of CB Valladolid in 2015 . Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played for the latter team . Currently playing in the Liga LEB Oro , the CBC Valladolid matches are held at the Polideportivo Pisuerga . In handball Valladolid is represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL . They have won 2 Kings Cup , 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup . They play their games at the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey . Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid . CR El Salvador , current champions of Spains División de Honor de Rugby compete in the European Challenge Cup . They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo . VRAC , current champions of the Kings Cup , also plays in the same stadium . The Plaza de toros de Valladolid , a bullring , opened on 29 September 1890 , and it has a capacity of 11,000 . International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Valladolid is twinned with : - Florence , Italy ( 2007 ) - Lecce , Italy ( 2009 ) - Lille , France ( 1987 ) - Morelia , Mexico ( 1978 ) - Orlando , United States ( 2006 ) Other partnerships . Valladolid cooperates with : - Ahmedabad , India - Boston , United States - Guadalajara , Mexico - Kenitra , Morocco - Lovech , Bulgaria ( 2004 ) Notable people . - Sancho the Brave ( 1258-1295 ) , King of Castile - Juan de Torquemada ( 1388-1468 ) , Bishop and Cardinal - Henry IV of Castile ( 1425-1474 ) , King of Castile and León and brother of Isabella I of Castile - Philip II of Spain ( 1527–1598 ) , King of Spain and Portugal and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland - Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill ( 1572 – 1602 ) , Irish Gaelic chieftain , was buried here . - Philip IV of Spain ( 1605–1665 ) , King of Spain and Portugal - Francis Ferdinand de Capillas ( 1607-1648 ) , protomartyr saint of China - Anne of Austria ( 1601–1666 ) , Queen of France - José Zorrilla ( 1817-1893 ) , writer - Miguel Delibes ( 1920-2010 ) , writer - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ( born 1960 ) , Spanish Prime Minister - Miriam Blasco ( born 1963 ) , judoka - Jesús Cifuentes ( born 1966 ) , singer and founder of Celtas Cortos - Carlos Soto ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Goyo Yeves ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Alberto García ( born 1970 ) , musician for Celtas Cortos |
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"Castile and León"
] | easy | Which country did Valladolid belong to from 1230 to 1716? | /wiki/Valladolid#P17#1 | Valladolid Valladolid ( , ) is a city in Spain and the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It has a population of 309,714 people ( 2013 est. ) , making it Spains 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spains biggest city . Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities . The city is situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers before they join the Duero , and located within five winegrowing regions : Ribera del Duero , Rueda , Toro , Tierra de León , and Cigales . Valladolid was originally settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people , and later the Romans themselves . It remained a small settlement until being re-established by King Alfonso VI of Castile as a Lordship for the Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072 . It grew to prominence in the Middle Ages as the seat of the Court of Castile and being endowed with fairs and different institutions as a collegiate church , University ( 1241 ) , Royal Court and Chancery and the Royal Mint . The city was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Phillip III between 1601 and 1606 , before returning indefinitely to Madrid . The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century , and with its industrialisation into the 20th century . The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses , palaces , churches , plazas , avenues and parks , and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ) , and the Festival of Theatre and Street Arts ( TAC ) . Etymology . There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid . It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide ( 1092 ) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti ( 1095 ) . One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression , meaning valley of waters , referring to the confluence of rivers in the area . Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( , ) , which means city of al-Walid , referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from , meaning valley of the olives ; however , no olive trees are found in that terrain . Instead , in the south part of the city exist an innumerable amount of pine trees . The gastronomy reflects the importance of the ( pine nut ) as a local product , not olives . In texts from the middle ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning sunny valley , and a person from the town is a ( male ) , or ( female ) . The city is also popularly called , a nickname whose origin is not clear , but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc , known as . Another theory is that comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there , the only city in Spain that sold it . Geography . Location . Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level , at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Douro river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the later river . The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga , a major right-bank tributary of the Douro . Climate . The city of Valladolid experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) . Valladolids climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and an inland location . Fog is very typical in the morning during winter . Winters experience snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts . Valladolids climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude . Valladolid is drier than Spains northern coastal regions , although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is and the average annual relative humidity is 64% . In winter , temperatures very often ( almost every second day ) drop below freezing , often reaching temperatures as low as , and snowfall is common , while the summer months see average high temperatures of . The lowest recorded temperature in Valladolid was and the hottest on 19 July 1995 . History . Precedents . The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city . The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Archaeological proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found . During the time of Muslim rule in Spain , the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no mans land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests . The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century . Repopulation and growth . In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area , Ansúrez led the foundation of the city along his wife . By 1084 the project for the foundation of the city was already underway . Ansúrez built a palace ( now lost ) and La Antigua church . Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás . Both co-founded the church of Santa María . Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries , Valladolid grew rapidly , favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . Early Modern period . In 1469 , Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city ; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506 , Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid still convinced that he had reached the Indies in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him . From 1554 to 1559 , Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid , with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time . She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II , in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took some hold in the city appearing some Protestant circles presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna . Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid . A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city . During a period of 1550-1551 the town hold the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors . See Valladolid debate . Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596 , also becoming a bishopric seat . In the midst of the reign of by Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown . Promoted by Lerma , the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a ( double ) real estate speculative scheme , as Lerma had proceeded to buy housing in Madrid once the capital was moved from the city as the prices had plummeted . After a plague epidemics in Valladolid , Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid , earning a hefty profit when the Royal Court went back to Madrid and the prizes went up again accordingly . The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva . Contemporary history . From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre . This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA ( 1950 ) , FASA ( 1954 ) , TECNAUTO ( 1956 ) and SAVA ( 1957 ) were created . The city was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ( Pole for Industrial Development ) in 1964 . During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants , chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces . The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s . In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León ( completed in 1983 ) , Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital , competing with other cities , most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the from 1983 , Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions ( the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ) . Government and administration . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain . The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration . The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors , who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019 . Since 2015 , Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor . He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election . Education . Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level , both at the university and non-university level . Universities . University of Valladolid . The University of Valladolid ( UVA ) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille . It is one of the oldest universities in the world . It has four campuses around the city ( Huerta del Rey , Centro , Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes ) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ) . Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers , about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011 . It also features the 25 centers , a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz , where the rector , and the Museum of the University of Valladolid ( MUVa ) , The House of Students , featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations , or CTI ( Center for Information Technology ) ,both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII , next to the old Faculty of Science . Miguel de Cervantes European University . The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC ) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students . It is spread over three faculties : Social Sciences , Law and Economics , Health and the Polytechnic School . It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research . It also has a dental clinic and a library . Primary and secondary schools . Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school , is near Valladolid , in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid . Integral and Superior Education . Integrates Kindergarten , Primary School and High School . Architecture . 12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ) . The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo ( featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements ) . The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz ( current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid ) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain , was projected by by 1561–62 , following the great fire of 1561 . The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels . The design of the façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets . The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century ( intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668 . Decades later , in 1730 , finished the work on the main front . The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down . There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it . The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city , dates back to 1787 . Architect left a key imprint in the citys outline , authoring many housing projects in the late 19th to early 20th century , with a good number of his buildings still standing . Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque , the and ( defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s ) and the neobaroque new building for the university . The Francoist dictatorship left an example of Imperial Architecture of neo-herrerian ( or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capitals Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes , the Christopher Columbus House-Museum and the house of José Zorrilla . Population . As of 2019 , the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412 , and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 298.412 . The most important municipalities of the urban area are ( after Valladolid itself ) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south , Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west , Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north , and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east . After the new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades ( one example would be Covaresa ) the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city , so the population has tended to fall in Valladolid but is growing fast in the rest of the urban area ( for example , Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ) Economy . Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain . The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the citys economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles , which would later become Renault España . Four years later , in 1957 , Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles . Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city . Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries , other important industrial sectors are food processing ( with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre ) , metallurgy ( Lingotes Especiales , Saeta die Casting... ) , chemical and printing . In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces , representing 14.0% of total workers . The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector , which employs 111,988 people , representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security . The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007 , representing 10.3% of total workers . Finally , agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people ( 1.5% of the total ) . The predominant crops are wheat , barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were : Renault ( 4 596 ) , Michelin ( 2 670 ) , IVECO ( 1 600 ) , the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol ( 849 ) , cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares ( 204 ) , sugar processing Acor ( 201 ) , service group Grupo Norte ( 174 ) , automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León ( 143 ) , Sada ( 129 ) and Hipereco ( 108 ) . Transportation . Public transport . Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933 . A public urban bus system started in 1928 , managed by different private tenders until 1982 , when the service was taken over by the municipality . Today the public company AUVASA operates the network , with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines . High-speed rail . Valladolid-Campo Grande railway station is integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE . The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007 . The line links both cities , crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama through the namesake tunnel , the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe . Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country . Trainsets used on this line include S-114 ( max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) , S-130 ( Patito , max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) and the S102 ( Pato , max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph ) . This line connects the city with Madrid , which can be reached in 56 minutes . Roads . Several highways connect the city to the rest of the country . Airport . The airport serving the city is not located within the municipal limits , but in Villanubla . The airport has connections to Barcelona , Málaga , and the Canary Islands . Local cuisine . Although an inland province , fish is commonly consumed , some brought from the Cantabrian Sea . Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolids cuisine . The main speciality of Valladolid is , however , lechazo ( suckling baby lamb ) . The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad . Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms . Asparagus , endive and beans can also be found . Some legumes , like white beans and lentils are particularly good . Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities . Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos , the famous pata de mulo ( mules foot ) is usually unripened ( fresh ) , but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain . Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish , like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo , the muffins , the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos , with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce . The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known , specially St . Marys ring-shaped pastries , St . Claires sponge cakes , pine nut balls and cream fritters . Valladolid is also a producer of wines . The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good . White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality . Feasts and festivals . Easter . Holy Week ( Semana Santa in Spanish ) holds one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid . The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture . On this day , in the morning , members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city . The Sermon of the Seven Words is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square . In the afternoon , thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession , comprising 31 pasos ( religious statues ) , most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries . The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias , and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations , with the Salve Popular sung in her honour . Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid . Religious devotion , art , colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ : the processions . Members of the different Easter brotherhoods , dressed in their characteristic robes , parade through the streets carrying religious statues ( pasos ) to the sound of drums and music . Seminci . The city is also host to one of the foremost ( and oldest ) international film festivals , the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid ( Seminci ) , founded in 1956 . Valladolid , through various loopholes in state censorship , was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain . An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant , on numerous occasions , that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Francos regime considered out of line with their ideology . Much the same occurred with distribution on the arts circuit at the end of the 60s : a film could be placed more easily if it had previously done well at Valladolid . Even after the death of Franco in 1975 , Valladolid continued to be the testing ground for films which had been banned . For example , the premiere in Spain of Stanley Kubricks A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark . As one of Europes oldest festivals , Valladolid has always been characterized by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming . It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen , whether it be German , Polish , Chinese , Canadian or otherwise . With a genuine concern for the art of cinema , for film-making and film-makers rather than the more obvious commercial or glamorous aspects of the industry , the festival has built up an identity of its own – equally attractive to enthusiasts , professionals and the media . Sports . Valladolids main association football club is Real Valladolid , nicknamed Pucela , who play in the countrys first league , La Liga . Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro , José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja . Reals stadium , the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla , was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final . CBC Valladolid is the citys new basketball team since the dissolution of CB Valladolid in 2015 . Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played for the latter team . Currently playing in the Liga LEB Oro , the CBC Valladolid matches are held at the Polideportivo Pisuerga . In handball Valladolid is represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL . They have won 2 Kings Cup , 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup . They play their games at the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey . Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid . CR El Salvador , current champions of Spains División de Honor de Rugby compete in the European Challenge Cup . They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo . VRAC , current champions of the Kings Cup , also plays in the same stadium . The Plaza de toros de Valladolid , a bullring , opened on 29 September 1890 , and it has a capacity of 11,000 . International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Valladolid is twinned with : - Florence , Italy ( 2007 ) - Lecce , Italy ( 2009 ) - Lille , France ( 1987 ) - Morelia , Mexico ( 1978 ) - Orlando , United States ( 2006 ) Other partnerships . Valladolid cooperates with : - Ahmedabad , India - Boston , United States - Guadalajara , Mexico - Kenitra , Morocco - Lovech , Bulgaria ( 2004 ) Notable people . - Sancho the Brave ( 1258-1295 ) , King of Castile - Juan de Torquemada ( 1388-1468 ) , Bishop and Cardinal - Henry IV of Castile ( 1425-1474 ) , King of Castile and León and brother of Isabella I of Castile - Philip II of Spain ( 1527–1598 ) , King of Spain and Portugal and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland - Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill ( 1572 – 1602 ) , Irish Gaelic chieftain , was buried here . - Philip IV of Spain ( 1605–1665 ) , King of Spain and Portugal - Francis Ferdinand de Capillas ( 1607-1648 ) , protomartyr saint of China - Anne of Austria ( 1601–1666 ) , Queen of France - José Zorrilla ( 1817-1893 ) , writer - Miguel Delibes ( 1920-2010 ) , writer - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ( born 1960 ) , Spanish Prime Minister - Miriam Blasco ( born 1963 ) , judoka - Jesús Cifuentes ( born 1966 ) , singer and founder of Celtas Cortos - Carlos Soto ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Goyo Yeves ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Alberto García ( born 1970 ) , musician for Celtas Cortos |
[
"Hispanic Monarchy"
] | easy | Which country did Valladolid belong to from 1716 to 1717? | /wiki/Valladolid#P17#2 | Valladolid Valladolid ( , ) is a city in Spain and the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It has a population of 309,714 people ( 2013 est. ) , making it Spains 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spains biggest city . Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities . The city is situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers before they join the Duero , and located within five winegrowing regions : Ribera del Duero , Rueda , Toro , Tierra de León , and Cigales . Valladolid was originally settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people , and later the Romans themselves . It remained a small settlement until being re-established by King Alfonso VI of Castile as a Lordship for the Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072 . It grew to prominence in the Middle Ages as the seat of the Court of Castile and being endowed with fairs and different institutions as a collegiate church , University ( 1241 ) , Royal Court and Chancery and the Royal Mint . The city was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Phillip III between 1601 and 1606 , before returning indefinitely to Madrid . The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century , and with its industrialisation into the 20th century . The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses , palaces , churches , plazas , avenues and parks , and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ) , and the Festival of Theatre and Street Arts ( TAC ) . Etymology . There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid . It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide ( 1092 ) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti ( 1095 ) . One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression , meaning valley of waters , referring to the confluence of rivers in the area . Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( , ) , which means city of al-Walid , referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from , meaning valley of the olives ; however , no olive trees are found in that terrain . Instead , in the south part of the city exist an innumerable amount of pine trees . The gastronomy reflects the importance of the ( pine nut ) as a local product , not olives . In texts from the middle ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning sunny valley , and a person from the town is a ( male ) , or ( female ) . The city is also popularly called , a nickname whose origin is not clear , but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc , known as . Another theory is that comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there , the only city in Spain that sold it . Geography . Location . Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level , at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Douro river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the later river . The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga , a major right-bank tributary of the Douro . Climate . The city of Valladolid experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) . Valladolids climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and an inland location . Fog is very typical in the morning during winter . Winters experience snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts . Valladolids climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude . Valladolid is drier than Spains northern coastal regions , although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is and the average annual relative humidity is 64% . In winter , temperatures very often ( almost every second day ) drop below freezing , often reaching temperatures as low as , and snowfall is common , while the summer months see average high temperatures of . The lowest recorded temperature in Valladolid was and the hottest on 19 July 1995 . History . Precedents . The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city . The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Archaeological proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found . During the time of Muslim rule in Spain , the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no mans land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests . The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century . Repopulation and growth . In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area , Ansúrez led the foundation of the city along his wife . By 1084 the project for the foundation of the city was already underway . Ansúrez built a palace ( now lost ) and La Antigua church . Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás . Both co-founded the church of Santa María . Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries , Valladolid grew rapidly , favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . Early Modern period . In 1469 , Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city ; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506 , Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid still convinced that he had reached the Indies in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him . From 1554 to 1559 , Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid , with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time . She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II , in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took some hold in the city appearing some Protestant circles presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna . Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid . A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city . During a period of 1550-1551 the town hold the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors . See Valladolid debate . Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596 , also becoming a bishopric seat . In the midst of the reign of by Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown . Promoted by Lerma , the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a ( double ) real estate speculative scheme , as Lerma had proceeded to buy housing in Madrid once the capital was moved from the city as the prices had plummeted . After a plague epidemics in Valladolid , Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid , earning a hefty profit when the Royal Court went back to Madrid and the prizes went up again accordingly . The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva . Contemporary history . From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre . This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA ( 1950 ) , FASA ( 1954 ) , TECNAUTO ( 1956 ) and SAVA ( 1957 ) were created . The city was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ( Pole for Industrial Development ) in 1964 . During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants , chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces . The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s . In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León ( completed in 1983 ) , Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital , competing with other cities , most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the from 1983 , Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions ( the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ) . Government and administration . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain . The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration . The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors , who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019 . Since 2015 , Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor . He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election . Education . Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level , both at the university and non-university level . Universities . University of Valladolid . The University of Valladolid ( UVA ) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille . It is one of the oldest universities in the world . It has four campuses around the city ( Huerta del Rey , Centro , Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes ) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ) . Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers , about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011 . It also features the 25 centers , a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz , where the rector , and the Museum of the University of Valladolid ( MUVa ) , The House of Students , featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations , or CTI ( Center for Information Technology ) ,both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII , next to the old Faculty of Science . Miguel de Cervantes European University . The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC ) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students . It is spread over three faculties : Social Sciences , Law and Economics , Health and the Polytechnic School . It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research . It also has a dental clinic and a library . Primary and secondary schools . Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school , is near Valladolid , in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid . Integral and Superior Education . Integrates Kindergarten , Primary School and High School . Architecture . 12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ) . The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo ( featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements ) . The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz ( current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid ) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain , was projected by by 1561–62 , following the great fire of 1561 . The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels . The design of the façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets . The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century ( intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668 . Decades later , in 1730 , finished the work on the main front . The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down . There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it . The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city , dates back to 1787 . Architect left a key imprint in the citys outline , authoring many housing projects in the late 19th to early 20th century , with a good number of his buildings still standing . Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque , the and ( defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s ) and the neobaroque new building for the university . The Francoist dictatorship left an example of Imperial Architecture of neo-herrerian ( or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capitals Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes , the Christopher Columbus House-Museum and the house of José Zorrilla . Population . As of 2019 , the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412 , and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 298.412 . The most important municipalities of the urban area are ( after Valladolid itself ) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south , Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west , Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north , and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east . After the new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades ( one example would be Covaresa ) the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city , so the population has tended to fall in Valladolid but is growing fast in the rest of the urban area ( for example , Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ) Economy . Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain . The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the citys economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles , which would later become Renault España . Four years later , in 1957 , Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles . Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city . Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries , other important industrial sectors are food processing ( with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre ) , metallurgy ( Lingotes Especiales , Saeta die Casting... ) , chemical and printing . In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces , representing 14.0% of total workers . The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector , which employs 111,988 people , representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security . The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007 , representing 10.3% of total workers . Finally , agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people ( 1.5% of the total ) . The predominant crops are wheat , barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were : Renault ( 4 596 ) , Michelin ( 2 670 ) , IVECO ( 1 600 ) , the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol ( 849 ) , cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares ( 204 ) , sugar processing Acor ( 201 ) , service group Grupo Norte ( 174 ) , automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León ( 143 ) , Sada ( 129 ) and Hipereco ( 108 ) . Transportation . Public transport . Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933 . A public urban bus system started in 1928 , managed by different private tenders until 1982 , when the service was taken over by the municipality . Today the public company AUVASA operates the network , with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines . High-speed rail . Valladolid-Campo Grande railway station is integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE . The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007 . The line links both cities , crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama through the namesake tunnel , the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe . Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country . Trainsets used on this line include S-114 ( max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) , S-130 ( Patito , max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) and the S102 ( Pato , max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph ) . This line connects the city with Madrid , which can be reached in 56 minutes . Roads . Several highways connect the city to the rest of the country . Airport . The airport serving the city is not located within the municipal limits , but in Villanubla . The airport has connections to Barcelona , Málaga , and the Canary Islands . Local cuisine . Although an inland province , fish is commonly consumed , some brought from the Cantabrian Sea . Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolids cuisine . The main speciality of Valladolid is , however , lechazo ( suckling baby lamb ) . The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad . Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms . Asparagus , endive and beans can also be found . Some legumes , like white beans and lentils are particularly good . Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities . Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos , the famous pata de mulo ( mules foot ) is usually unripened ( fresh ) , but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain . Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish , like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo , the muffins , the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos , with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce . The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known , specially St . Marys ring-shaped pastries , St . Claires sponge cakes , pine nut balls and cream fritters . Valladolid is also a producer of wines . The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good . White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality . Feasts and festivals . Easter . Holy Week ( Semana Santa in Spanish ) holds one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid . The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture . On this day , in the morning , members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city . The Sermon of the Seven Words is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square . In the afternoon , thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession , comprising 31 pasos ( religious statues ) , most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries . The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias , and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations , with the Salve Popular sung in her honour . Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid . Religious devotion , art , colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ : the processions . Members of the different Easter brotherhoods , dressed in their characteristic robes , parade through the streets carrying religious statues ( pasos ) to the sound of drums and music . Seminci . The city is also host to one of the foremost ( and oldest ) international film festivals , the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid ( Seminci ) , founded in 1956 . Valladolid , through various loopholes in state censorship , was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain . An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant , on numerous occasions , that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Francos regime considered out of line with their ideology . Much the same occurred with distribution on the arts circuit at the end of the 60s : a film could be placed more easily if it had previously done well at Valladolid . Even after the death of Franco in 1975 , Valladolid continued to be the testing ground for films which had been banned . For example , the premiere in Spain of Stanley Kubricks A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark . As one of Europes oldest festivals , Valladolid has always been characterized by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming . It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen , whether it be German , Polish , Chinese , Canadian or otherwise . With a genuine concern for the art of cinema , for film-making and film-makers rather than the more obvious commercial or glamorous aspects of the industry , the festival has built up an identity of its own – equally attractive to enthusiasts , professionals and the media . Sports . Valladolids main association football club is Real Valladolid , nicknamed Pucela , who play in the countrys first league , La Liga . Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro , José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja . Reals stadium , the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla , was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final . CBC Valladolid is the citys new basketball team since the dissolution of CB Valladolid in 2015 . Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played for the latter team . Currently playing in the Liga LEB Oro , the CBC Valladolid matches are held at the Polideportivo Pisuerga . In handball Valladolid is represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL . They have won 2 Kings Cup , 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup . They play their games at the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey . Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid . CR El Salvador , current champions of Spains División de Honor de Rugby compete in the European Challenge Cup . They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo . VRAC , current champions of the Kings Cup , also plays in the same stadium . The Plaza de toros de Valladolid , a bullring , opened on 29 September 1890 , and it has a capacity of 11,000 . International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Valladolid is twinned with : - Florence , Italy ( 2007 ) - Lecce , Italy ( 2009 ) - Lille , France ( 1987 ) - Morelia , Mexico ( 1978 ) - Orlando , United States ( 2006 ) Other partnerships . Valladolid cooperates with : - Ahmedabad , India - Boston , United States - Guadalajara , Mexico - Kenitra , Morocco - Lovech , Bulgaria ( 2004 ) Notable people . - Sancho the Brave ( 1258-1295 ) , King of Castile - Juan de Torquemada ( 1388-1468 ) , Bishop and Cardinal - Henry IV of Castile ( 1425-1474 ) , King of Castile and León and brother of Isabella I of Castile - Philip II of Spain ( 1527–1598 ) , King of Spain and Portugal and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland - Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill ( 1572 – 1602 ) , Irish Gaelic chieftain , was buried here . - Philip IV of Spain ( 1605–1665 ) , King of Spain and Portugal - Francis Ferdinand de Capillas ( 1607-1648 ) , protomartyr saint of China - Anne of Austria ( 1601–1666 ) , Queen of France - José Zorrilla ( 1817-1893 ) , writer - Miguel Delibes ( 1920-2010 ) , writer - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ( born 1960 ) , Spanish Prime Minister - Miriam Blasco ( born 1963 ) , judoka - Jesús Cifuentes ( born 1966 ) , singer and founder of Celtas Cortos - Carlos Soto ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Goyo Yeves ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Alberto García ( born 1970 ) , musician for Celtas Cortos |
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"Prime Minister of Fiji"
] | easy | Which position did Sitiveni Rabuka hold from Jun 1992 to 1999? | /wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka#P39#0 | Sitiveni Rabuka Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka , OBE , MSD , OStJ , ( ; born 13 September 1948 ) is best known as the instigator of two military coups that shook Fiji in 1987 . He was later democratically elected as Prime Minister of Fiji , serving from 1992 to 1999 . He went on to serve as Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs , and later served as Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council from 2001 to 2008 . He was elected to this position on 24 May 2001 and re-elected for another three-year term on 13 April 2005 . On 24 June 2016 , Rabuka was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party , succeeding Leader of the Opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa , who publicly disapproved of Rabukas nomination to replace her . On 26 November 2018 , Rabuka was appointed as the leader of the Opposition to Parliament , following the 2018 election defeat . Rabuka was the only nomination for the position and his nomination was moved by Ro Teimumu Kepa and seconded by Biman Prasad . On 28 November 2020 he was ousted as SODELPA leader by Viliame Gavoka in a leadership contest . On 7 December 2020 Rabuka had resigned from parliament citing that he will no longer be an obstacle to the bipartisan approach to be taken by the leaders of Fiji to create harmony and progress and unity in Fiji . Early life and military career . The son of Kolinio Epeli Vanuacicila Rabuka and Salote Lomaloma Rabuka , he comes from the village of Drekeniwai on Vanua Levu , one of Fijis two major islands . He was educated at Queen Victoria School , where he became the head boy in his final year . He represented Fiji in shot put , hammer throw , discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games . Rabuka was trained initially in New Zealand army schools , from which he graduated in 1973 , and later did postgraduate work at the Indian Defence Services Staff College in 1979 , and at the Australian Joint Services Staff College in 1982 . He was a senior operation plans manager for UNIFIL peacekeeping troops in Lebanon in 1980 and 1981 . On his return home , he was appointed Army Chief of Staff . From 1982 to 1987 , he was an operations and training officer for the Fijian army , except for a two-year absence ( 1983–1985 ) when he commanded the Fijian Battalion as part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai . For his service in Lebanon , Rabuka was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1980 and the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981 . The 1987 coups . Rabuka , by now a colonel , emerged suddenly from obscurity on 14 May 1987 when he staged the first of two military coups to reassert ethnic Fijian supremacy , following the 1987 election , which had brought an Indo-Fijian ( ethnic Indian ) -dominated government to power . Deposing the elected government , he handed power over to the Governor-General , Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau , a high chief whom he expected to implement ethnic Fijian interests . When , however , Ganilau attempted to reinstate the abrogated constitution , Rabuka carried out a second coup on 28 September that year . At first he pledged his allegiance to the Queen , but on 7 October he issued a decree ( Declaration – Republic of Fiji Decree 1987 No . 8 ) proclaiming a republic , abolishing the 113-year link to the British Monarchy . He handed over power on 5 December to an interim administration , headed by Ganilau as President and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as Prime Minister , but remained Commander of the Army and Minister of Home Affairs , the National Youth Service , and the Auxiliary Army Service . Ganilau and Mara did not feel strong enough to dismiss Rabuka , but the public support they enjoyed as high chiefs was such that he did not feel strong enough to depose them . An uneasy truce existed between Ganilau and Mara on the one hand and Rabuka on the other . Rabuka was seen as a hero by the Indigenous members when he overthrew Fijis first Indian government to install an indigenous Fijian ruling class . During the time of the coup , Rabuka was sometimes referred to in the press as Colonel Steve Rambo . In 2006 , Rabuka finally apologised for having executed the coups . Fiji Live reported on 28 March that Rabuka had told Indias Ahmedabad Newsline , while visiting India for medical treatment , that he regretted his role in the coups , which he described as democratically wrong . Prime Minister of Fiji . Following the adoption in 1990 of a new Constitution that guaranteed ethnic Fijian domination of the political system , Rabuka was chosen to lead the newly formed Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei in 1991 . This party won the parliamentary election of 1992 and Rabuka became Prime Minister . His government was weakened from the outset , however , by a leadership challenge by former Finance Minister Josefata Kamikamica . In 1994 , Kamikamica left the party with five of his supporters , depriving Rabuka of a parliamentary majority . A parliamentary election to resolve the impasse was held three years early ; the Fijian Political Party won a plurality but fell two seats short of an absolute majority in the 70-member House of Representatives . Rabuka formed a coalition with the small General Voters Party , a small party supported almost entirely by General electors , who comprised Europeans , Chinese , and other minorities . He also agreed to negotiate with moderate leaders of the Indo-Fijian community to draft a controversial new Constitution , which removed most of the provisions that had biased the political system in favour of indigenous Fijians . The elections of 1999 were the first in many years to see real competition between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians for power . Rabuka lost these elections , and was replaced by Mahendra Chaudhry , the first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister . The 2000 coup and Queen Elizabeth Barracks mutiny . Following his electoral defeat , Rabuka was elected Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs of the Great Council of Chiefs . He was forced to relinquish this post in 2001 , however , in the wake of allegations made against him by former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of complicity in the Fiji coup of 2000 , which deposed both Mara and the Indo-Fijian Prime Minister , Mahendra Chaudhry , on 19 May 2000 . Claiming that the coup leader George Speight – who was then in custody and has since been convicted of treason – was only a front , Mara appeared on Close-Up television program on 30 April 2001 and revealed that on 21 May 2000 , two days after the coup , he had confronted Rabuka and Isikia Savua , the police chief , about their possible involvement in it . I could see it in their faces , Mara declared . Ratu Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speights forcible occupation of the Parliament , Rabuka had telephoned Government House ( the official residence of the President ) to offer to form a government . He further alleged that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup after receiving training on a farm owned by Rabuka . In an interview with Fijis Daily Post on 2 July 2001 , Rabuka angrily denied the allegations , saying that they were the ravings of an angry old man and very unbecoming of a national leader and of a statesman . The charges , however , were repeated on the floor of the Senate on 23 October 2004 by Adi Koila Nailatikau , Maras daughter . Former Attorney-General Sir Vijay Singh published a memoir in 2006 , supporting the allegations against Rabuka . Fiji Village quoted Singh on 18 August 2006 as saying , at the launch of his memoir , Speaking Out , that Rabuka had told him personally that he was one of the ring-leaders and that real target of the coup was not the Chaudhry government , but Ratu Mara , and that Mara had voiced his own suspicions about Rabuka to Singh . On Monday ( following the Friday coup ) I had a telephone conversation with the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara . He had no doubts that it was Mr Sitiveni Rabuka and Mr Isikia Savua , the then Commissioner of Police who had organised the miserable affair at parliamentary complex , Singh said . Rabuka refused to comment on Singhs allegations , citing sub judice . Alleged role in mutiny . Rabuka was also accused of instigating or supporting the mutiny that took place at Suvas Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000 . In an interview with the Fiji Times on 12 November 2000 , the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama charged that while the revolt was in progress , Rabuka had visited the barracks with his army uniform in the car , ready to take over command of the army . He also allegedly started issuing orders to soldiers . Rabukas words to one of my colonels at the height of the shootings raised my suspicions , Bainimarama said . He said the Colonel should listen to his instructions . He also criticised my leadership . Bainimarama accused Rabuka of leading soldiers astray by using confusing and deceiving words . Bainimarama also accused Rabuka of having politicized the Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) unit , which he had founded as a bodyguard in 1987 , to favour both the mutiny and the earlier takeover of parliament in May . Members of the CRW were involved in both the May coup and the November mutiny . Bainimaramas version was supported by Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula , who led the counteroffensive to put down the mutiny . On 13 November 2000 , he said that rebels interrogated by the military had implicated Rabuka . He accused Rabuka of trying to take civilians into the barracks to act as human shields for the mutineers , and stated that Rabukas intention was to claim military leadership and ultimately overthrow the Government of the day . Rabuka , a retired officer , denied supporting the mutiny , but refused to comment on an accusation from Bainimarama that he had called a meeting of senior officers loyal to him to depose Bainimarama . 2006 arrest . Rabukas denials of the allegations against him did not end the controversy . On 14 May 2005 , The New Zealand Heraldreported in its Weekend Herald edition that the Fiji police force was close to making a decision on whether to charge certain unnamed individuals , one of whom the Herald believed to be Rabuka . The report quoted Police Commissioner Andrew Hughes as saying that a major hindrance to their investigation was a cone of silence among the close associates of the suspects . Rabuka was arrested on 11 May 2006 on charges of inciting Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula to commit a military mutiny on 2 November 2000 , in the aftermath of the 2000 coup . He was alleged to have approached Seruvakula back on 4 July that year , with a view to overthrowing the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . He entered no plea , was released on $F 1000 bail , and was required to surrender his passport . He was ordered to report to the Namadi police station between 6 am and 6 pm every Monday and Saturday , and was warned not to try to influence any witnesses , according to a Fiji Live report . It was announced on 17 June that at the request of the Director of Prosecutions , the case had been transferred to the High Court due to the serious nature of the charge . Rabuka appeared in the High Court on 30 June and pleaded not guilty , Fiji Village reported . The trial was set for 20 October , but this was later changed to 6 November . Fiji Village reported on 6 September that Rabuka had been refused permission to travel to Papua New Guinea for a golf tournament . Judge Gerard Winter ruled that the charges against Rabuka were serious and that he must not be allowed to abscond . Permission to leave Fiji would therefore be granted for medical emergencies only ; the golf tournament did not qualify , he declared . On 11 December 2006 , Rabuka was found not guilty on two counts of inciting a mutiny . The judge cast a deciding vote after the panel of assessors was split . Later controversies . In 2004 , the Fijian government announced that Rabuka would be Fijis next Ambassador to the United States Government in Washington D.C . Continuing suspicions about his involvement in the 2000 coup , however , thwarted the appointment , with the American State Department reportedly rejecting him as unsuitable . On 27 May 2005 , the Fijian government finally appointed Jesoni Vitusagavulu , a businessman and former banker , to the post instead . Views on non-Indigenous Fijians as Prime Minister . Rabuka is noted for his propensity to walk both sides of the street politically . On 15 September 2001 , he called on Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to include the Indo-Fijian-dominated Labour Party in the Cabinet , as per the constitution , saying that to exclude it threatened the future of the Indo-Fijian community . It would make them feel marginalised , he said , which could lead to an increase in emigration . In 2004 he called for Chaudhry to be reinstated as Prime Minister , despite his having lost the 2001 election that was held to restore democracy . On 17 March 2005 , however , he declared that no Indo-Fijian should ever expect to lead Fiji , and called on Indo-Fijians to follow the example of Sonia Gandhi , who , despite her assimilation to Indian culture , declined to become Prime Minister of India . He later qualified this statement on 28 March , however ; Fiji Live quoted him as telling Indias Ahmedabad Newsline that Gandhis decision was a good example for Indo-Fijians to follow , but that it should be voluntary , not legislated . The Reconciliation , Tolerance , and Unity Bill . Rabuka took a measured position in relation to the governments proposed Reconciliation and Unity Commission , which will be empowered to recommend amnesty for perpetrators of the 2000 coup and compensation for its victims . This is in contrast to the great majority of politicians , who have taken a hard stand either for it or against it . On 19 May 2005 , Rabuka said that the objective of the commission should not merely be to grant amnesty and compensation but to uncover the truth about who was involved in the coup , directly or indirectly . It should be able to get to all those who were behind the coup and not only us who were widely accused of taking part . It should be able to reveal those who planned it , financed it and executed it , Rabuka said . The prospect of amnesty , he said , might encourage some individuals to come forward who might otherwise be unwilling to talk . Despite his own qualified support for the legislation , Rabuka criticised the Great Council of Chiefs for endorsing it . So many among them were on the side of the coup perpetrators in 2000 , he said , that their decision to support the bill could not be seen to have been made objectively . Rabuka spoke out on 21 October to oppose proposals to establish a separate but parallel indigenous system of justice , saying that such a system would be unable to deal with more serious criminal offences . Views on military unrest . On 12 January 2006 , Rabuka called on the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to get tough with the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . Commenting on recent Military threats to remove the government , Rabuka said that instead of fearing the power of the Army , the government should realise that the Commander was not indispensable and could be replaced . Views on the chiefly system . Rabuka found himself embroiled in controversy in September 2006 , when he called for the abolition of Fijis chiefly system and for the nationalisation of land owned by indigenous Fijians . Fiji Television quoted him on 1 September as saying that the way to solve problems associated with land and resources . The indigenous Fijians will argue that this will leave them with nothing but in the end , its for the good of all . Well all benefit in the end , Fiji Live quoted him as saying . Senior Fijian chiefs strongly criticised Rabuka for his stance . Great Council of Chiefs Chairman Ratu Ovini Bokini was quoted by Fiji Village on 4 September as saying that if Rabuka , a commoner , did not believe in the traditional chiefly system , he should consider resigning his life-membership of the Great Council , which was granted to him . Bokinis predecessor , Ratu Epeli Ganilau , had voiced similar views the previous day , with Fiji Live quoting him as accusing Rabuka of hypocrisy . Rabuka had executed the 1987 coups in the name of upholding the chiefly system , Ganilau claimed . Another high chief , Ratu Epenisa Cakobau , told the Fiji Sun that as a commoner , Rabuka was privileged to be allowed membership of the Great Council of Chiefs , and had no right to attack the system . Rabuka also came under attack from the Methodist Church . General secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue said that it was the chiefs who had accepted and upheld Christianity in Fiji and thought it dangerous to tamper with the system . It is a dangerous call , he said . Nationalization of land would also disempower the people , the Fiji Sun quoted Tugaue as saying . If all assets are given to the Government to control , how can we claim ownership of the land ? In the future , there will not be any hope for us . 2006 parliamentary election . In early 2005 , Rabuka ruled himself out of contesting the 2006 parliamentary election , but on 7 May said he was reconsidering , following appeals from Fijian businessmen and former politicians to be part of a move to unite all ethnically Fijian parties in a joint ticket to contest the next election . I am genuinely interested because I have always been for Fijian unity , he said . He has stressed that he believes that political unity among indigenous Fijians is essential to prevent the election of an Indo-Fijian dominated government in 2006 . He admitted , however , that he was seen as a stumbling block by many , but added , I want to change all that . On 29 May , he said that political unity among the Fijian people should not be looked at half-heartedly as a possibility but wholeheartedly as a need . He accused Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase , who has also called for unity among ethnic Fijians , of hypocrisy , saying that in the 1990s there was only one mainstream Fijian party , but that others had split from it and founded numerous competing groups . Qarase and his Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) were implied to be among those responsible for the disunity . On 21 August , Rabuka said he was of the opinion that Prime Ministers defeated at the polls should not stand again . Former Prime Ministers remaining politically active led to instability , he said , pointing to recent political upheavals in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands as examples . It is healthy for party leaders who become prime ministers after being defeated at general elections to take the responsibility for the defeat and bow out of active politics and just become an adviser or remain as a party supporter but not in the front seat running for another election . On 19 October , Rabuka said that the current parliamentary team representing Cakaudrove enjoyed his full support . He said he would follow the will of the people , however , in deciding whether or not to contest the 2006 elections . Current members of Parliament from Cakaudrove include Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu , the Paramount Chief of the Tovata Confederacy , Manasa Tugia , and Niko Nawaikula . Despite his role in the formation ( 30 July 2005 ) of the Grand Coalition for Fiji , an electoral pact of five political parties supported mostly by indigenous Fijians , to contest the 2006 elections , Rabuka expressed doubts about its workability on 27 December . Public feuding threatened to derail the project , he warned . The recent attack on the 1997 Constitution by Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party leader Iliesa Duvuloco had upset him , he said . At the same time , Rabuka said that another coup would be unlikely and that given the disunity among indigenous Fijians , attitudes towards a non-indigenous Prime Minister would not matter . The multi-party Cabinet provisions of the Constitution could not be implemented if either the SDL or the Fiji Labour Party ( FLP ) won the election , he said ; if the two parties found the provision unworkable , they should have amended the Constitution and had had five years in which to do so . On 7 February 2006 , Rabuka said that he was still considering whether to contest the forthcoming elections . He thought it unwise , without elaborating , to contest seats in his native Cakaudrove , or those held by members of the Grand Coalition , and might contest only if an urban open constituency was available . He considered , however , that given his length of time out of politics , making a comeback would be difficult . He also called for all political parties to be , and be seen to be , representing all ethnic groups . Otherwise , the racial faultline in Fijian politics would not be overcome , he said . In the end , Rabuka decided not to contest the election , and his party fielded only one candidate . Rabuka and the 2006 coup . The Fiji Times reported on 15 December 2006 that Rabuka stated that he saw no possibility that Laisenia Qarase , deposed as Prime Minister in a 2006 Fijian coup détat on 5 December , would return to power . He denied supporting the coup , but said that Qarase , along with deposed President Ratu Josefa Iloilo , were weak leaders who had done nothing to forestall the coup by negotiating with the Military while there was still time . Qarase should have seen the coup coming , Rabuka said . Following the coup , he criticized Bainimaramas refusal to hold elections , saying it was because Bainimarama wanted to [ keep ] away from the role of governing , people and groups he has pre-determined should not govern . Manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team . In October 2008 , it was reported that Rabuka would be the manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team during its tour of Europe . 2014 elections and return to politics . Rabuka mostly kept a low profile after the 2006 coup . In June 2013 however , he came out and said that he would consider running in the proposed 2014 national elections , if they went ahead . He sought the leadership of the newly formed Social Democratic Liberal Party ( SoDelPa ) , the successor party to former Prime Minister Qarases Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) , which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved , but was rebuffed after he said that he had no regrets about the 1987 coups . I had to do what I had to do in 1987 , he told the Fiji Sun on 30 January 2014 . A subsequent bid for the deputy leadership of the party also ran into stiff opposition . He also sought nomination as a parliamentary candidate , but on 24 August , SoDelPa announced that it had decided not to nominate him . Despite this , he is still a member and supporter of the party . Leader of the Opposition and 2018 election . In June 2016 , Teimumu Kepa announced that she was standing down as leader of SODELPA . She was replaced by Sitiveni Rabuka . rbuka led the party into the 2018 elections . On 25 May 2018 , Rabuka was charged by anti-corruption agency Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption in relation to the declaration of his assets and liabilities as required under the Political Parties Registration , Conduct , Funding and Disclosures Act . He was tried during the election campaign and acquitted . An appeal by the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption , which could have resulted in Rabukas disqualification two days from the poll , was dismissed , with FICAC ordered to pay costs . Shortly before the appeal was decided Rabuka was again called in by police on unspecified charges . Rabuka won 77,040 votes in the election , gaining a seat in parliament . In a post-election interview , he said that it was unfortunate that the leaders of the two main parties were coup-leaders and that there needed to be a move away from coup profiled people . On 26 May 2020 , Sodelpa had been suspended for the breach of the Political Parties Act for 60 days effective immediately . All appointees have been declared null and void , and now have 60 days to rectify all issues or face deregistration . Thus , Rabuka can not represent himself as the leader of Sodelpa after the registrar declared the party suspension . On 29 June 2020 , Sodelpa suspension was lifted . 2020 SODELPA leadership contest . On 27 November Rabuka was ousted as SODELPA leader in a leadership contest . There was specualtion that Rabuka would form a new party after his ousting as leader , however he later denied that he would form a new party and would continue to support SODELPA . Gavoka was formally recognized as SODELPA leader on the 28 November during the partys AGM meeting . Prominent lawyer Filimoni Vosarogo was chosen as the new Deputy Leader . 21 members of the SODELPA Management Board voted for Gavoka while 20 members voted for Rabuka . The partys caucus was said to be evenly divided over whether the leadership change was the correct course of action . On December 7th Rabuka resigned from Parliament and his position as Opposition Leader of Parliament . He made the announcement while responding to the opening of the 2020-2021 Parliament Session by President Jioji Konrote . Personal life . Rabuka identifies as a Christian . He married Suluweti Tuiloma at RFMF officers mess in Nabua on 10 April 1975 . In 2000 , he publicly admitted that he had been unfaithful to her , both before and after their marriage , and that he had fathered three children by two different women whilst engaged to Suluweti . External links . - Truth , lies and elections , article by Sitiveni Rabuka in the Fiji Times , 3 October 2008 |
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] | easy | Which position did Sitiveni Rabuka hold from 1999 to May 1999? | /wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka#P39#1 | Sitiveni Rabuka Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka , OBE , MSD , OStJ , ( ; born 13 September 1948 ) is best known as the instigator of two military coups that shook Fiji in 1987 . He was later democratically elected as Prime Minister of Fiji , serving from 1992 to 1999 . He went on to serve as Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs , and later served as Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council from 2001 to 2008 . He was elected to this position on 24 May 2001 and re-elected for another three-year term on 13 April 2005 . On 24 June 2016 , Rabuka was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party , succeeding Leader of the Opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa , who publicly disapproved of Rabukas nomination to replace her . On 26 November 2018 , Rabuka was appointed as the leader of the Opposition to Parliament , following the 2018 election defeat . Rabuka was the only nomination for the position and his nomination was moved by Ro Teimumu Kepa and seconded by Biman Prasad . On 28 November 2020 he was ousted as SODELPA leader by Viliame Gavoka in a leadership contest . On 7 December 2020 Rabuka had resigned from parliament citing that he will no longer be an obstacle to the bipartisan approach to be taken by the leaders of Fiji to create harmony and progress and unity in Fiji . Early life and military career . The son of Kolinio Epeli Vanuacicila Rabuka and Salote Lomaloma Rabuka , he comes from the village of Drekeniwai on Vanua Levu , one of Fijis two major islands . He was educated at Queen Victoria School , where he became the head boy in his final year . He represented Fiji in shot put , hammer throw , discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games . Rabuka was trained initially in New Zealand army schools , from which he graduated in 1973 , and later did postgraduate work at the Indian Defence Services Staff College in 1979 , and at the Australian Joint Services Staff College in 1982 . He was a senior operation plans manager for UNIFIL peacekeeping troops in Lebanon in 1980 and 1981 . On his return home , he was appointed Army Chief of Staff . From 1982 to 1987 , he was an operations and training officer for the Fijian army , except for a two-year absence ( 1983–1985 ) when he commanded the Fijian Battalion as part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai . For his service in Lebanon , Rabuka was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1980 and the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981 . The 1987 coups . Rabuka , by now a colonel , emerged suddenly from obscurity on 14 May 1987 when he staged the first of two military coups to reassert ethnic Fijian supremacy , following the 1987 election , which had brought an Indo-Fijian ( ethnic Indian ) -dominated government to power . Deposing the elected government , he handed power over to the Governor-General , Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau , a high chief whom he expected to implement ethnic Fijian interests . When , however , Ganilau attempted to reinstate the abrogated constitution , Rabuka carried out a second coup on 28 September that year . At first he pledged his allegiance to the Queen , but on 7 October he issued a decree ( Declaration – Republic of Fiji Decree 1987 No . 8 ) proclaiming a republic , abolishing the 113-year link to the British Monarchy . He handed over power on 5 December to an interim administration , headed by Ganilau as President and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as Prime Minister , but remained Commander of the Army and Minister of Home Affairs , the National Youth Service , and the Auxiliary Army Service . Ganilau and Mara did not feel strong enough to dismiss Rabuka , but the public support they enjoyed as high chiefs was such that he did not feel strong enough to depose them . An uneasy truce existed between Ganilau and Mara on the one hand and Rabuka on the other . Rabuka was seen as a hero by the Indigenous members when he overthrew Fijis first Indian government to install an indigenous Fijian ruling class . During the time of the coup , Rabuka was sometimes referred to in the press as Colonel Steve Rambo . In 2006 , Rabuka finally apologised for having executed the coups . Fiji Live reported on 28 March that Rabuka had told Indias Ahmedabad Newsline , while visiting India for medical treatment , that he regretted his role in the coups , which he described as democratically wrong . Prime Minister of Fiji . Following the adoption in 1990 of a new Constitution that guaranteed ethnic Fijian domination of the political system , Rabuka was chosen to lead the newly formed Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei in 1991 . This party won the parliamentary election of 1992 and Rabuka became Prime Minister . His government was weakened from the outset , however , by a leadership challenge by former Finance Minister Josefata Kamikamica . In 1994 , Kamikamica left the party with five of his supporters , depriving Rabuka of a parliamentary majority . A parliamentary election to resolve the impasse was held three years early ; the Fijian Political Party won a plurality but fell two seats short of an absolute majority in the 70-member House of Representatives . Rabuka formed a coalition with the small General Voters Party , a small party supported almost entirely by General electors , who comprised Europeans , Chinese , and other minorities . He also agreed to negotiate with moderate leaders of the Indo-Fijian community to draft a controversial new Constitution , which removed most of the provisions that had biased the political system in favour of indigenous Fijians . The elections of 1999 were the first in many years to see real competition between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians for power . Rabuka lost these elections , and was replaced by Mahendra Chaudhry , the first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister . The 2000 coup and Queen Elizabeth Barracks mutiny . Following his electoral defeat , Rabuka was elected Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs of the Great Council of Chiefs . He was forced to relinquish this post in 2001 , however , in the wake of allegations made against him by former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of complicity in the Fiji coup of 2000 , which deposed both Mara and the Indo-Fijian Prime Minister , Mahendra Chaudhry , on 19 May 2000 . Claiming that the coup leader George Speight – who was then in custody and has since been convicted of treason – was only a front , Mara appeared on Close-Up television program on 30 April 2001 and revealed that on 21 May 2000 , two days after the coup , he had confronted Rabuka and Isikia Savua , the police chief , about their possible involvement in it . I could see it in their faces , Mara declared . Ratu Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speights forcible occupation of the Parliament , Rabuka had telephoned Government House ( the official residence of the President ) to offer to form a government . He further alleged that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup after receiving training on a farm owned by Rabuka . In an interview with Fijis Daily Post on 2 July 2001 , Rabuka angrily denied the allegations , saying that they were the ravings of an angry old man and very unbecoming of a national leader and of a statesman . The charges , however , were repeated on the floor of the Senate on 23 October 2004 by Adi Koila Nailatikau , Maras daughter . Former Attorney-General Sir Vijay Singh published a memoir in 2006 , supporting the allegations against Rabuka . Fiji Village quoted Singh on 18 August 2006 as saying , at the launch of his memoir , Speaking Out , that Rabuka had told him personally that he was one of the ring-leaders and that real target of the coup was not the Chaudhry government , but Ratu Mara , and that Mara had voiced his own suspicions about Rabuka to Singh . On Monday ( following the Friday coup ) I had a telephone conversation with the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara . He had no doubts that it was Mr Sitiveni Rabuka and Mr Isikia Savua , the then Commissioner of Police who had organised the miserable affair at parliamentary complex , Singh said . Rabuka refused to comment on Singhs allegations , citing sub judice . Alleged role in mutiny . Rabuka was also accused of instigating or supporting the mutiny that took place at Suvas Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000 . In an interview with the Fiji Times on 12 November 2000 , the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama charged that while the revolt was in progress , Rabuka had visited the barracks with his army uniform in the car , ready to take over command of the army . He also allegedly started issuing orders to soldiers . Rabukas words to one of my colonels at the height of the shootings raised my suspicions , Bainimarama said . He said the Colonel should listen to his instructions . He also criticised my leadership . Bainimarama accused Rabuka of leading soldiers astray by using confusing and deceiving words . Bainimarama also accused Rabuka of having politicized the Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) unit , which he had founded as a bodyguard in 1987 , to favour both the mutiny and the earlier takeover of parliament in May . Members of the CRW were involved in both the May coup and the November mutiny . Bainimaramas version was supported by Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula , who led the counteroffensive to put down the mutiny . On 13 November 2000 , he said that rebels interrogated by the military had implicated Rabuka . He accused Rabuka of trying to take civilians into the barracks to act as human shields for the mutineers , and stated that Rabukas intention was to claim military leadership and ultimately overthrow the Government of the day . Rabuka , a retired officer , denied supporting the mutiny , but refused to comment on an accusation from Bainimarama that he had called a meeting of senior officers loyal to him to depose Bainimarama . 2006 arrest . Rabukas denials of the allegations against him did not end the controversy . On 14 May 2005 , The New Zealand Heraldreported in its Weekend Herald edition that the Fiji police force was close to making a decision on whether to charge certain unnamed individuals , one of whom the Herald believed to be Rabuka . The report quoted Police Commissioner Andrew Hughes as saying that a major hindrance to their investigation was a cone of silence among the close associates of the suspects . Rabuka was arrested on 11 May 2006 on charges of inciting Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula to commit a military mutiny on 2 November 2000 , in the aftermath of the 2000 coup . He was alleged to have approached Seruvakula back on 4 July that year , with a view to overthrowing the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . He entered no plea , was released on $F 1000 bail , and was required to surrender his passport . He was ordered to report to the Namadi police station between 6 am and 6 pm every Monday and Saturday , and was warned not to try to influence any witnesses , according to a Fiji Live report . It was announced on 17 June that at the request of the Director of Prosecutions , the case had been transferred to the High Court due to the serious nature of the charge . Rabuka appeared in the High Court on 30 June and pleaded not guilty , Fiji Village reported . The trial was set for 20 October , but this was later changed to 6 November . Fiji Village reported on 6 September that Rabuka had been refused permission to travel to Papua New Guinea for a golf tournament . Judge Gerard Winter ruled that the charges against Rabuka were serious and that he must not be allowed to abscond . Permission to leave Fiji would therefore be granted for medical emergencies only ; the golf tournament did not qualify , he declared . On 11 December 2006 , Rabuka was found not guilty on two counts of inciting a mutiny . The judge cast a deciding vote after the panel of assessors was split . Later controversies . In 2004 , the Fijian government announced that Rabuka would be Fijis next Ambassador to the United States Government in Washington D.C . Continuing suspicions about his involvement in the 2000 coup , however , thwarted the appointment , with the American State Department reportedly rejecting him as unsuitable . On 27 May 2005 , the Fijian government finally appointed Jesoni Vitusagavulu , a businessman and former banker , to the post instead . Views on non-Indigenous Fijians as Prime Minister . Rabuka is noted for his propensity to walk both sides of the street politically . On 15 September 2001 , he called on Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to include the Indo-Fijian-dominated Labour Party in the Cabinet , as per the constitution , saying that to exclude it threatened the future of the Indo-Fijian community . It would make them feel marginalised , he said , which could lead to an increase in emigration . In 2004 he called for Chaudhry to be reinstated as Prime Minister , despite his having lost the 2001 election that was held to restore democracy . On 17 March 2005 , however , he declared that no Indo-Fijian should ever expect to lead Fiji , and called on Indo-Fijians to follow the example of Sonia Gandhi , who , despite her assimilation to Indian culture , declined to become Prime Minister of India . He later qualified this statement on 28 March , however ; Fiji Live quoted him as telling Indias Ahmedabad Newsline that Gandhis decision was a good example for Indo-Fijians to follow , but that it should be voluntary , not legislated . The Reconciliation , Tolerance , and Unity Bill . Rabuka took a measured position in relation to the governments proposed Reconciliation and Unity Commission , which will be empowered to recommend amnesty for perpetrators of the 2000 coup and compensation for its victims . This is in contrast to the great majority of politicians , who have taken a hard stand either for it or against it . On 19 May 2005 , Rabuka said that the objective of the commission should not merely be to grant amnesty and compensation but to uncover the truth about who was involved in the coup , directly or indirectly . It should be able to get to all those who were behind the coup and not only us who were widely accused of taking part . It should be able to reveal those who planned it , financed it and executed it , Rabuka said . The prospect of amnesty , he said , might encourage some individuals to come forward who might otherwise be unwilling to talk . Despite his own qualified support for the legislation , Rabuka criticised the Great Council of Chiefs for endorsing it . So many among them were on the side of the coup perpetrators in 2000 , he said , that their decision to support the bill could not be seen to have been made objectively . Rabuka spoke out on 21 October to oppose proposals to establish a separate but parallel indigenous system of justice , saying that such a system would be unable to deal with more serious criminal offences . Views on military unrest . On 12 January 2006 , Rabuka called on the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to get tough with the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . Commenting on recent Military threats to remove the government , Rabuka said that instead of fearing the power of the Army , the government should realise that the Commander was not indispensable and could be replaced . Views on the chiefly system . Rabuka found himself embroiled in controversy in September 2006 , when he called for the abolition of Fijis chiefly system and for the nationalisation of land owned by indigenous Fijians . Fiji Television quoted him on 1 September as saying that the way to solve problems associated with land and resources . The indigenous Fijians will argue that this will leave them with nothing but in the end , its for the good of all . Well all benefit in the end , Fiji Live quoted him as saying . Senior Fijian chiefs strongly criticised Rabuka for his stance . Great Council of Chiefs Chairman Ratu Ovini Bokini was quoted by Fiji Village on 4 September as saying that if Rabuka , a commoner , did not believe in the traditional chiefly system , he should consider resigning his life-membership of the Great Council , which was granted to him . Bokinis predecessor , Ratu Epeli Ganilau , had voiced similar views the previous day , with Fiji Live quoting him as accusing Rabuka of hypocrisy . Rabuka had executed the 1987 coups in the name of upholding the chiefly system , Ganilau claimed . Another high chief , Ratu Epenisa Cakobau , told the Fiji Sun that as a commoner , Rabuka was privileged to be allowed membership of the Great Council of Chiefs , and had no right to attack the system . Rabuka also came under attack from the Methodist Church . General secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue said that it was the chiefs who had accepted and upheld Christianity in Fiji and thought it dangerous to tamper with the system . It is a dangerous call , he said . Nationalization of land would also disempower the people , the Fiji Sun quoted Tugaue as saying . If all assets are given to the Government to control , how can we claim ownership of the land ? In the future , there will not be any hope for us . 2006 parliamentary election . In early 2005 , Rabuka ruled himself out of contesting the 2006 parliamentary election , but on 7 May said he was reconsidering , following appeals from Fijian businessmen and former politicians to be part of a move to unite all ethnically Fijian parties in a joint ticket to contest the next election . I am genuinely interested because I have always been for Fijian unity , he said . He has stressed that he believes that political unity among indigenous Fijians is essential to prevent the election of an Indo-Fijian dominated government in 2006 . He admitted , however , that he was seen as a stumbling block by many , but added , I want to change all that . On 29 May , he said that political unity among the Fijian people should not be looked at half-heartedly as a possibility but wholeheartedly as a need . He accused Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase , who has also called for unity among ethnic Fijians , of hypocrisy , saying that in the 1990s there was only one mainstream Fijian party , but that others had split from it and founded numerous competing groups . Qarase and his Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) were implied to be among those responsible for the disunity . On 21 August , Rabuka said he was of the opinion that Prime Ministers defeated at the polls should not stand again . Former Prime Ministers remaining politically active led to instability , he said , pointing to recent political upheavals in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands as examples . It is healthy for party leaders who become prime ministers after being defeated at general elections to take the responsibility for the defeat and bow out of active politics and just become an adviser or remain as a party supporter but not in the front seat running for another election . On 19 October , Rabuka said that the current parliamentary team representing Cakaudrove enjoyed his full support . He said he would follow the will of the people , however , in deciding whether or not to contest the 2006 elections . Current members of Parliament from Cakaudrove include Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu , the Paramount Chief of the Tovata Confederacy , Manasa Tugia , and Niko Nawaikula . Despite his role in the formation ( 30 July 2005 ) of the Grand Coalition for Fiji , an electoral pact of five political parties supported mostly by indigenous Fijians , to contest the 2006 elections , Rabuka expressed doubts about its workability on 27 December . Public feuding threatened to derail the project , he warned . The recent attack on the 1997 Constitution by Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party leader Iliesa Duvuloco had upset him , he said . At the same time , Rabuka said that another coup would be unlikely and that given the disunity among indigenous Fijians , attitudes towards a non-indigenous Prime Minister would not matter . The multi-party Cabinet provisions of the Constitution could not be implemented if either the SDL or the Fiji Labour Party ( FLP ) won the election , he said ; if the two parties found the provision unworkable , they should have amended the Constitution and had had five years in which to do so . On 7 February 2006 , Rabuka said that he was still considering whether to contest the forthcoming elections . He thought it unwise , without elaborating , to contest seats in his native Cakaudrove , or those held by members of the Grand Coalition , and might contest only if an urban open constituency was available . He considered , however , that given his length of time out of politics , making a comeback would be difficult . He also called for all political parties to be , and be seen to be , representing all ethnic groups . Otherwise , the racial faultline in Fijian politics would not be overcome , he said . In the end , Rabuka decided not to contest the election , and his party fielded only one candidate . Rabuka and the 2006 coup . The Fiji Times reported on 15 December 2006 that Rabuka stated that he saw no possibility that Laisenia Qarase , deposed as Prime Minister in a 2006 Fijian coup détat on 5 December , would return to power . He denied supporting the coup , but said that Qarase , along with deposed President Ratu Josefa Iloilo , were weak leaders who had done nothing to forestall the coup by negotiating with the Military while there was still time . Qarase should have seen the coup coming , Rabuka said . Following the coup , he criticized Bainimaramas refusal to hold elections , saying it was because Bainimarama wanted to [ keep ] away from the role of governing , people and groups he has pre-determined should not govern . Manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team . In October 2008 , it was reported that Rabuka would be the manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team during its tour of Europe . 2014 elections and return to politics . Rabuka mostly kept a low profile after the 2006 coup . In June 2013 however , he came out and said that he would consider running in the proposed 2014 national elections , if they went ahead . He sought the leadership of the newly formed Social Democratic Liberal Party ( SoDelPa ) , the successor party to former Prime Minister Qarases Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) , which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved , but was rebuffed after he said that he had no regrets about the 1987 coups . I had to do what I had to do in 1987 , he told the Fiji Sun on 30 January 2014 . A subsequent bid for the deputy leadership of the party also ran into stiff opposition . He also sought nomination as a parliamentary candidate , but on 24 August , SoDelPa announced that it had decided not to nominate him . Despite this , he is still a member and supporter of the party . Leader of the Opposition and 2018 election . In June 2016 , Teimumu Kepa announced that she was standing down as leader of SODELPA . She was replaced by Sitiveni Rabuka . rbuka led the party into the 2018 elections . On 25 May 2018 , Rabuka was charged by anti-corruption agency Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption in relation to the declaration of his assets and liabilities as required under the Political Parties Registration , Conduct , Funding and Disclosures Act . He was tried during the election campaign and acquitted . An appeal by the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption , which could have resulted in Rabukas disqualification two days from the poll , was dismissed , with FICAC ordered to pay costs . Shortly before the appeal was decided Rabuka was again called in by police on unspecified charges . Rabuka won 77,040 votes in the election , gaining a seat in parliament . In a post-election interview , he said that it was unfortunate that the leaders of the two main parties were coup-leaders and that there needed to be a move away from coup profiled people . On 26 May 2020 , Sodelpa had been suspended for the breach of the Political Parties Act for 60 days effective immediately . All appointees have been declared null and void , and now have 60 days to rectify all issues or face deregistration . Thus , Rabuka can not represent himself as the leader of Sodelpa after the registrar declared the party suspension . On 29 June 2020 , Sodelpa suspension was lifted . 2020 SODELPA leadership contest . On 27 November Rabuka was ousted as SODELPA leader in a leadership contest . There was specualtion that Rabuka would form a new party after his ousting as leader , however he later denied that he would form a new party and would continue to support SODELPA . Gavoka was formally recognized as SODELPA leader on the 28 November during the partys AGM meeting . Prominent lawyer Filimoni Vosarogo was chosen as the new Deputy Leader . 21 members of the SODELPA Management Board voted for Gavoka while 20 members voted for Rabuka . The partys caucus was said to be evenly divided over whether the leadership change was the correct course of action . On December 7th Rabuka resigned from Parliament and his position as Opposition Leader of Parliament . He made the announcement while responding to the opening of the 2020-2021 Parliament Session by President Jioji Konrote . Personal life . Rabuka identifies as a Christian . He married Suluweti Tuiloma at RFMF officers mess in Nabua on 10 April 1975 . In 2000 , he publicly admitted that he had been unfaithful to her , both before and after their marriage , and that he had fathered three children by two different women whilst engaged to Suluweti . External links . - Truth , lies and elections , article by Sitiveni Rabuka in the Fiji Times , 3 October 2008 |
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"Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council"
] | easy | What position did Sitiveni Rabuka take from May 2001 to 2008? | /wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka#P39#2 | Sitiveni Rabuka Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka , OBE , MSD , OStJ , ( ; born 13 September 1948 ) is best known as the instigator of two military coups that shook Fiji in 1987 . He was later democratically elected as Prime Minister of Fiji , serving from 1992 to 1999 . He went on to serve as Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs , and later served as Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council from 2001 to 2008 . He was elected to this position on 24 May 2001 and re-elected for another three-year term on 13 April 2005 . On 24 June 2016 , Rabuka was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party , succeeding Leader of the Opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa , who publicly disapproved of Rabukas nomination to replace her . On 26 November 2018 , Rabuka was appointed as the leader of the Opposition to Parliament , following the 2018 election defeat . Rabuka was the only nomination for the position and his nomination was moved by Ro Teimumu Kepa and seconded by Biman Prasad . On 28 November 2020 he was ousted as SODELPA leader by Viliame Gavoka in a leadership contest . On 7 December 2020 Rabuka had resigned from parliament citing that he will no longer be an obstacle to the bipartisan approach to be taken by the leaders of Fiji to create harmony and progress and unity in Fiji . Early life and military career . The son of Kolinio Epeli Vanuacicila Rabuka and Salote Lomaloma Rabuka , he comes from the village of Drekeniwai on Vanua Levu , one of Fijis two major islands . He was educated at Queen Victoria School , where he became the head boy in his final year . He represented Fiji in shot put , hammer throw , discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games . Rabuka was trained initially in New Zealand army schools , from which he graduated in 1973 , and later did postgraduate work at the Indian Defence Services Staff College in 1979 , and at the Australian Joint Services Staff College in 1982 . He was a senior operation plans manager for UNIFIL peacekeeping troops in Lebanon in 1980 and 1981 . On his return home , he was appointed Army Chief of Staff . From 1982 to 1987 , he was an operations and training officer for the Fijian army , except for a two-year absence ( 1983–1985 ) when he commanded the Fijian Battalion as part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai . For his service in Lebanon , Rabuka was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1980 and the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981 . The 1987 coups . Rabuka , by now a colonel , emerged suddenly from obscurity on 14 May 1987 when he staged the first of two military coups to reassert ethnic Fijian supremacy , following the 1987 election , which had brought an Indo-Fijian ( ethnic Indian ) -dominated government to power . Deposing the elected government , he handed power over to the Governor-General , Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau , a high chief whom he expected to implement ethnic Fijian interests . When , however , Ganilau attempted to reinstate the abrogated constitution , Rabuka carried out a second coup on 28 September that year . At first he pledged his allegiance to the Queen , but on 7 October he issued a decree ( Declaration – Republic of Fiji Decree 1987 No . 8 ) proclaiming a republic , abolishing the 113-year link to the British Monarchy . He handed over power on 5 December to an interim administration , headed by Ganilau as President and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as Prime Minister , but remained Commander of the Army and Minister of Home Affairs , the National Youth Service , and the Auxiliary Army Service . Ganilau and Mara did not feel strong enough to dismiss Rabuka , but the public support they enjoyed as high chiefs was such that he did not feel strong enough to depose them . An uneasy truce existed between Ganilau and Mara on the one hand and Rabuka on the other . Rabuka was seen as a hero by the Indigenous members when he overthrew Fijis first Indian government to install an indigenous Fijian ruling class . During the time of the coup , Rabuka was sometimes referred to in the press as Colonel Steve Rambo . In 2006 , Rabuka finally apologised for having executed the coups . Fiji Live reported on 28 March that Rabuka had told Indias Ahmedabad Newsline , while visiting India for medical treatment , that he regretted his role in the coups , which he described as democratically wrong . Prime Minister of Fiji . Following the adoption in 1990 of a new Constitution that guaranteed ethnic Fijian domination of the political system , Rabuka was chosen to lead the newly formed Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei in 1991 . This party won the parliamentary election of 1992 and Rabuka became Prime Minister . His government was weakened from the outset , however , by a leadership challenge by former Finance Minister Josefata Kamikamica . In 1994 , Kamikamica left the party with five of his supporters , depriving Rabuka of a parliamentary majority . A parliamentary election to resolve the impasse was held three years early ; the Fijian Political Party won a plurality but fell two seats short of an absolute majority in the 70-member House of Representatives . Rabuka formed a coalition with the small General Voters Party , a small party supported almost entirely by General electors , who comprised Europeans , Chinese , and other minorities . He also agreed to negotiate with moderate leaders of the Indo-Fijian community to draft a controversial new Constitution , which removed most of the provisions that had biased the political system in favour of indigenous Fijians . The elections of 1999 were the first in many years to see real competition between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians for power . Rabuka lost these elections , and was replaced by Mahendra Chaudhry , the first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister . The 2000 coup and Queen Elizabeth Barracks mutiny . Following his electoral defeat , Rabuka was elected Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs of the Great Council of Chiefs . He was forced to relinquish this post in 2001 , however , in the wake of allegations made against him by former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of complicity in the Fiji coup of 2000 , which deposed both Mara and the Indo-Fijian Prime Minister , Mahendra Chaudhry , on 19 May 2000 . Claiming that the coup leader George Speight – who was then in custody and has since been convicted of treason – was only a front , Mara appeared on Close-Up television program on 30 April 2001 and revealed that on 21 May 2000 , two days after the coup , he had confronted Rabuka and Isikia Savua , the police chief , about their possible involvement in it . I could see it in their faces , Mara declared . Ratu Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speights forcible occupation of the Parliament , Rabuka had telephoned Government House ( the official residence of the President ) to offer to form a government . He further alleged that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup after receiving training on a farm owned by Rabuka . In an interview with Fijis Daily Post on 2 July 2001 , Rabuka angrily denied the allegations , saying that they were the ravings of an angry old man and very unbecoming of a national leader and of a statesman . The charges , however , were repeated on the floor of the Senate on 23 October 2004 by Adi Koila Nailatikau , Maras daughter . Former Attorney-General Sir Vijay Singh published a memoir in 2006 , supporting the allegations against Rabuka . Fiji Village quoted Singh on 18 August 2006 as saying , at the launch of his memoir , Speaking Out , that Rabuka had told him personally that he was one of the ring-leaders and that real target of the coup was not the Chaudhry government , but Ratu Mara , and that Mara had voiced his own suspicions about Rabuka to Singh . On Monday ( following the Friday coup ) I had a telephone conversation with the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara . He had no doubts that it was Mr Sitiveni Rabuka and Mr Isikia Savua , the then Commissioner of Police who had organised the miserable affair at parliamentary complex , Singh said . Rabuka refused to comment on Singhs allegations , citing sub judice . Alleged role in mutiny . Rabuka was also accused of instigating or supporting the mutiny that took place at Suvas Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000 . In an interview with the Fiji Times on 12 November 2000 , the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama charged that while the revolt was in progress , Rabuka had visited the barracks with his army uniform in the car , ready to take over command of the army . He also allegedly started issuing orders to soldiers . Rabukas words to one of my colonels at the height of the shootings raised my suspicions , Bainimarama said . He said the Colonel should listen to his instructions . He also criticised my leadership . Bainimarama accused Rabuka of leading soldiers astray by using confusing and deceiving words . Bainimarama also accused Rabuka of having politicized the Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) unit , which he had founded as a bodyguard in 1987 , to favour both the mutiny and the earlier takeover of parliament in May . Members of the CRW were involved in both the May coup and the November mutiny . Bainimaramas version was supported by Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula , who led the counteroffensive to put down the mutiny . On 13 November 2000 , he said that rebels interrogated by the military had implicated Rabuka . He accused Rabuka of trying to take civilians into the barracks to act as human shields for the mutineers , and stated that Rabukas intention was to claim military leadership and ultimately overthrow the Government of the day . Rabuka , a retired officer , denied supporting the mutiny , but refused to comment on an accusation from Bainimarama that he had called a meeting of senior officers loyal to him to depose Bainimarama . 2006 arrest . Rabukas denials of the allegations against him did not end the controversy . On 14 May 2005 , The New Zealand Heraldreported in its Weekend Herald edition that the Fiji police force was close to making a decision on whether to charge certain unnamed individuals , one of whom the Herald believed to be Rabuka . The report quoted Police Commissioner Andrew Hughes as saying that a major hindrance to their investigation was a cone of silence among the close associates of the suspects . Rabuka was arrested on 11 May 2006 on charges of inciting Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula to commit a military mutiny on 2 November 2000 , in the aftermath of the 2000 coup . He was alleged to have approached Seruvakula back on 4 July that year , with a view to overthrowing the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . He entered no plea , was released on $F 1000 bail , and was required to surrender his passport . He was ordered to report to the Namadi police station between 6 am and 6 pm every Monday and Saturday , and was warned not to try to influence any witnesses , according to a Fiji Live report . It was announced on 17 June that at the request of the Director of Prosecutions , the case had been transferred to the High Court due to the serious nature of the charge . Rabuka appeared in the High Court on 30 June and pleaded not guilty , Fiji Village reported . The trial was set for 20 October , but this was later changed to 6 November . Fiji Village reported on 6 September that Rabuka had been refused permission to travel to Papua New Guinea for a golf tournament . Judge Gerard Winter ruled that the charges against Rabuka were serious and that he must not be allowed to abscond . Permission to leave Fiji would therefore be granted for medical emergencies only ; the golf tournament did not qualify , he declared . On 11 December 2006 , Rabuka was found not guilty on two counts of inciting a mutiny . The judge cast a deciding vote after the panel of assessors was split . Later controversies . In 2004 , the Fijian government announced that Rabuka would be Fijis next Ambassador to the United States Government in Washington D.C . Continuing suspicions about his involvement in the 2000 coup , however , thwarted the appointment , with the American State Department reportedly rejecting him as unsuitable . On 27 May 2005 , the Fijian government finally appointed Jesoni Vitusagavulu , a businessman and former banker , to the post instead . Views on non-Indigenous Fijians as Prime Minister . Rabuka is noted for his propensity to walk both sides of the street politically . On 15 September 2001 , he called on Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to include the Indo-Fijian-dominated Labour Party in the Cabinet , as per the constitution , saying that to exclude it threatened the future of the Indo-Fijian community . It would make them feel marginalised , he said , which could lead to an increase in emigration . In 2004 he called for Chaudhry to be reinstated as Prime Minister , despite his having lost the 2001 election that was held to restore democracy . On 17 March 2005 , however , he declared that no Indo-Fijian should ever expect to lead Fiji , and called on Indo-Fijians to follow the example of Sonia Gandhi , who , despite her assimilation to Indian culture , declined to become Prime Minister of India . He later qualified this statement on 28 March , however ; Fiji Live quoted him as telling Indias Ahmedabad Newsline that Gandhis decision was a good example for Indo-Fijians to follow , but that it should be voluntary , not legislated . The Reconciliation , Tolerance , and Unity Bill . Rabuka took a measured position in relation to the governments proposed Reconciliation and Unity Commission , which will be empowered to recommend amnesty for perpetrators of the 2000 coup and compensation for its victims . This is in contrast to the great majority of politicians , who have taken a hard stand either for it or against it . On 19 May 2005 , Rabuka said that the objective of the commission should not merely be to grant amnesty and compensation but to uncover the truth about who was involved in the coup , directly or indirectly . It should be able to get to all those who were behind the coup and not only us who were widely accused of taking part . It should be able to reveal those who planned it , financed it and executed it , Rabuka said . The prospect of amnesty , he said , might encourage some individuals to come forward who might otherwise be unwilling to talk . Despite his own qualified support for the legislation , Rabuka criticised the Great Council of Chiefs for endorsing it . So many among them were on the side of the coup perpetrators in 2000 , he said , that their decision to support the bill could not be seen to have been made objectively . Rabuka spoke out on 21 October to oppose proposals to establish a separate but parallel indigenous system of justice , saying that such a system would be unable to deal with more serious criminal offences . Views on military unrest . On 12 January 2006 , Rabuka called on the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to get tough with the Military Commander , Commodore Frank Bainimarama . Commenting on recent Military threats to remove the government , Rabuka said that instead of fearing the power of the Army , the government should realise that the Commander was not indispensable and could be replaced . Views on the chiefly system . Rabuka found himself embroiled in controversy in September 2006 , when he called for the abolition of Fijis chiefly system and for the nationalisation of land owned by indigenous Fijians . Fiji Television quoted him on 1 September as saying that the way to solve problems associated with land and resources . The indigenous Fijians will argue that this will leave them with nothing but in the end , its for the good of all . Well all benefit in the end , Fiji Live quoted him as saying . Senior Fijian chiefs strongly criticised Rabuka for his stance . Great Council of Chiefs Chairman Ratu Ovini Bokini was quoted by Fiji Village on 4 September as saying that if Rabuka , a commoner , did not believe in the traditional chiefly system , he should consider resigning his life-membership of the Great Council , which was granted to him . Bokinis predecessor , Ratu Epeli Ganilau , had voiced similar views the previous day , with Fiji Live quoting him as accusing Rabuka of hypocrisy . Rabuka had executed the 1987 coups in the name of upholding the chiefly system , Ganilau claimed . Another high chief , Ratu Epenisa Cakobau , told the Fiji Sun that as a commoner , Rabuka was privileged to be allowed membership of the Great Council of Chiefs , and had no right to attack the system . Rabuka also came under attack from the Methodist Church . General secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue said that it was the chiefs who had accepted and upheld Christianity in Fiji and thought it dangerous to tamper with the system . It is a dangerous call , he said . Nationalization of land would also disempower the people , the Fiji Sun quoted Tugaue as saying . If all assets are given to the Government to control , how can we claim ownership of the land ? In the future , there will not be any hope for us . 2006 parliamentary election . In early 2005 , Rabuka ruled himself out of contesting the 2006 parliamentary election , but on 7 May said he was reconsidering , following appeals from Fijian businessmen and former politicians to be part of a move to unite all ethnically Fijian parties in a joint ticket to contest the next election . I am genuinely interested because I have always been for Fijian unity , he said . He has stressed that he believes that political unity among indigenous Fijians is essential to prevent the election of an Indo-Fijian dominated government in 2006 . He admitted , however , that he was seen as a stumbling block by many , but added , I want to change all that . On 29 May , he said that political unity among the Fijian people should not be looked at half-heartedly as a possibility but wholeheartedly as a need . He accused Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase , who has also called for unity among ethnic Fijians , of hypocrisy , saying that in the 1990s there was only one mainstream Fijian party , but that others had split from it and founded numerous competing groups . Qarase and his Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) were implied to be among those responsible for the disunity . On 21 August , Rabuka said he was of the opinion that Prime Ministers defeated at the polls should not stand again . Former Prime Ministers remaining politically active led to instability , he said , pointing to recent political upheavals in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands as examples . It is healthy for party leaders who become prime ministers after being defeated at general elections to take the responsibility for the defeat and bow out of active politics and just become an adviser or remain as a party supporter but not in the front seat running for another election . On 19 October , Rabuka said that the current parliamentary team representing Cakaudrove enjoyed his full support . He said he would follow the will of the people , however , in deciding whether or not to contest the 2006 elections . Current members of Parliament from Cakaudrove include Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu , the Paramount Chief of the Tovata Confederacy , Manasa Tugia , and Niko Nawaikula . Despite his role in the formation ( 30 July 2005 ) of the Grand Coalition for Fiji , an electoral pact of five political parties supported mostly by indigenous Fijians , to contest the 2006 elections , Rabuka expressed doubts about its workability on 27 December . Public feuding threatened to derail the project , he warned . The recent attack on the 1997 Constitution by Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party leader Iliesa Duvuloco had upset him , he said . At the same time , Rabuka said that another coup would be unlikely and that given the disunity among indigenous Fijians , attitudes towards a non-indigenous Prime Minister would not matter . The multi-party Cabinet provisions of the Constitution could not be implemented if either the SDL or the Fiji Labour Party ( FLP ) won the election , he said ; if the two parties found the provision unworkable , they should have amended the Constitution and had had five years in which to do so . On 7 February 2006 , Rabuka said that he was still considering whether to contest the forthcoming elections . He thought it unwise , without elaborating , to contest seats in his native Cakaudrove , or those held by members of the Grand Coalition , and might contest only if an urban open constituency was available . He considered , however , that given his length of time out of politics , making a comeback would be difficult . He also called for all political parties to be , and be seen to be , representing all ethnic groups . Otherwise , the racial faultline in Fijian politics would not be overcome , he said . In the end , Rabuka decided not to contest the election , and his party fielded only one candidate . Rabuka and the 2006 coup . The Fiji Times reported on 15 December 2006 that Rabuka stated that he saw no possibility that Laisenia Qarase , deposed as Prime Minister in a 2006 Fijian coup détat on 5 December , would return to power . He denied supporting the coup , but said that Qarase , along with deposed President Ratu Josefa Iloilo , were weak leaders who had done nothing to forestall the coup by negotiating with the Military while there was still time . Qarase should have seen the coup coming , Rabuka said . Following the coup , he criticized Bainimaramas refusal to hold elections , saying it was because Bainimarama wanted to [ keep ] away from the role of governing , people and groups he has pre-determined should not govern . Manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team . In October 2008 , it was reported that Rabuka would be the manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team during its tour of Europe . 2014 elections and return to politics . Rabuka mostly kept a low profile after the 2006 coup . In June 2013 however , he came out and said that he would consider running in the proposed 2014 national elections , if they went ahead . He sought the leadership of the newly formed Social Democratic Liberal Party ( SoDelPa ) , the successor party to former Prime Minister Qarases Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) , which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved , but was rebuffed after he said that he had no regrets about the 1987 coups . I had to do what I had to do in 1987 , he told the Fiji Sun on 30 January 2014 . A subsequent bid for the deputy leadership of the party also ran into stiff opposition . He also sought nomination as a parliamentary candidate , but on 24 August , SoDelPa announced that it had decided not to nominate him . Despite this , he is still a member and supporter of the party . Leader of the Opposition and 2018 election . In June 2016 , Teimumu Kepa announced that she was standing down as leader of SODELPA . She was replaced by Sitiveni Rabuka . rbuka led the party into the 2018 elections . On 25 May 2018 , Rabuka was charged by anti-corruption agency Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption in relation to the declaration of his assets and liabilities as required under the Political Parties Registration , Conduct , Funding and Disclosures Act . He was tried during the election campaign and acquitted . An appeal by the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption , which could have resulted in Rabukas disqualification two days from the poll , was dismissed , with FICAC ordered to pay costs . Shortly before the appeal was decided Rabuka was again called in by police on unspecified charges . Rabuka won 77,040 votes in the election , gaining a seat in parliament . In a post-election interview , he said that it was unfortunate that the leaders of the two main parties were coup-leaders and that there needed to be a move away from coup profiled people . On 26 May 2020 , Sodelpa had been suspended for the breach of the Political Parties Act for 60 days effective immediately . All appointees have been declared null and void , and now have 60 days to rectify all issues or face deregistration . Thus , Rabuka can not represent himself as the leader of Sodelpa after the registrar declared the party suspension . On 29 June 2020 , Sodelpa suspension was lifted . 2020 SODELPA leadership contest . On 27 November Rabuka was ousted as SODELPA leader in a leadership contest . There was specualtion that Rabuka would form a new party after his ousting as leader , however he later denied that he would form a new party and would continue to support SODELPA . Gavoka was formally recognized as SODELPA leader on the 28 November during the partys AGM meeting . Prominent lawyer Filimoni Vosarogo was chosen as the new Deputy Leader . 21 members of the SODELPA Management Board voted for Gavoka while 20 members voted for Rabuka . The partys caucus was said to be evenly divided over whether the leadership change was the correct course of action . On December 7th Rabuka resigned from Parliament and his position as Opposition Leader of Parliament . He made the announcement while responding to the opening of the 2020-2021 Parliament Session by President Jioji Konrote . Personal life . Rabuka identifies as a Christian . He married Suluweti Tuiloma at RFMF officers mess in Nabua on 10 April 1975 . In 2000 , he publicly admitted that he had been unfaithful to her , both before and after their marriage , and that he had fathered three children by two different women whilst engaged to Suluweti . External links . - Truth , lies and elections , article by Sitiveni Rabuka in the Fiji Times , 3 October 2008 |
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"Mossi Kingdoms"
] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from 1500 to Sep 1896? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#0 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
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] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from Sep 1896 to Mar 1919? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#1 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
[
"Upper Volta territory"
] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from Mar 1919 to Sep 1932? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#2 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
[
""
] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from Sep 1932 to Sep 1947? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#3 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
[
"Upper Volta"
] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from Sep 1947 to Dec 1958? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#4 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
[
""
] | easy | Which country did Ouagadougou belong to from Dec 1958 to Aug 1985? | /wiki/Ouagadougou#P17#5 | Ouagadougou Ouagadougou ( , , ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative , communications , cultural , and economic centre of the nation . It is also the countrys largest city , with a population of 2,453,496 in 2019 . The citys name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougous primary industries are food processing and textiles . It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and , for freight only , to Kaya . There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana , and southwest to Ivory Coast . Ouagadougou has one of West Africas largest markets , which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures . Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso , the Moro-Naba Palace ( site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ) , the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets . History . The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area . They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri , a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Fasos history , led his tribe to victory . He then renamed the area from Kumbee-Tenga , as the Ninsi had called it , to Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga , meaning head war chiefs village . Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name . The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors ( Moro-Naba ) in 1681 . The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court . In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory ( basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso ) . In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city . Ouagadougous population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since . On 15 January 2016 , gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel . 28 people were killed , and at least 56 wounded ; after a government counterattack , a total of 176 hostages were released the morning after the initial attack . Three of the perpetrators were also killed . Geography . Ouagadougou , situated on the central plateau ( ) , grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . An administrative centre of colonial rule , it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era . First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso , Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995 . Climate . Ouagadougous climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) . The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area , with annual rainfall of about . The rainy season stretches from May to September , with an average temperature of . The cool season runs from October to February , with a minimum average temperature of . The maximum temperature during the hot season , which runs from March to April , can reach . The harmattan ( a dry wind ) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougous climate . Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator , its hottest months temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the countrys second most populous city . Government . Ouagadougous first municipal elections were held in 1956 . The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term , two senior councillors , and 90 councillors . The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors , which are subdivided into districts . Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin , Kamsaoghin , Koulouba , Moemmin , Niogsin , Paspanga , Peuloghin , Bilbalogho , and Tiendpalogo . Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area , which is about . The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000 , 48% of whom are men and 52% women . The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total , and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre , according to the 2006 census . Ouagadougous communes have invested in huge city-management projects . This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a cultural centre by merit of holding the SIAO ( International Arts and Crafts fair ) and the FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) . Moreover , the villages growing affluence allows for such investment , and the populations rapid growth necessitates it . Education . Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high , there are three universities in the city . The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974 . In 2010 it had around 40,000 students ( 83% of the national population of university students ) . The citys official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools ( French plus one of the local languages ) was established in 1994 . International schools include : - Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou ( French school ) - International School of Ouagadougou Sport . Ouagadougous inhabitants play a wide array of sports , including association football , basketball , and volleyball . There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities . The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the citys main Football team . Health . Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals . The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo ( CHNYO ) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle ( CHNP-CDG ) . Despite that , the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the pharmacopée . Transport . Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds . The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year . Ouagadougous citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . Air transport . Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou ( code OUA ) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ( ) in Ouagadougou . Rail . Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 , Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan . There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016 . Economy . The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce . Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou , which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso . The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories . The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth , as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry . The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label Atelier Augusti . Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre . It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas . With a large consumer base , large amounts of energy sources , raw materials for buildings , agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city . The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production , and workers not necessarily having salaries . Traditional , informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads , as well as in outlets in neighborhoods . There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified , stable labor forces , or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses . The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy . This comprises communications , banking , transport , bars , restaurants , hotels , as well as administrative jobs . Twin towns – sister cities . Ouagadougou is twinned with : - Bordeaux , France - Briton Ferry , Wales , United Kingdom - Grenoble , France - Kumasi , Ghana - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium - Lyon , France - Taipei , Taiwan - Zhengzhou , China Parks . The Bangr-Weoogo urban park ( area : ) , before colonialism , belonged to the Mosse chiefs . Considering it a sacred forest , many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge . The French colonists , disregarding its local significance and history , established it as a park in the 1930s . In 1985 , renovations were done in the park . In January 2001 , the park was renamed Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo , meaning the urban park of the forest of knowledge . Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the LUnité Pédagogique , which shelters animals in a semi-free state . This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over and also serves as a museum for the countrys history . Jardin de lamitié Ouaga-Loudun ( Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship ) , with a green space that was renovated in 1996 , is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France . It is situated in the centre of the city , near the Nation Unies crossroads . Culture . There are a number of cultural and art venues , such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets , in addition to performances of many genres of music , including traditional folk music , modern music , and rap . - National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso . - Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso , Mossi rifles and other cultural items . Located northwest of the city . - Naba Koom : a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water . The high statue faces the railway station , welcoming travellers into Ouaga . The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Fasos history . - Laongo : east of the city , features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors . The exhibit displays works of art from five continents . - La Place du Grand Lyon : a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Fasos capital and Lyon in France . It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion . A zoo called Parc Animalier de Ziniaré : located east of the city in the hometown of the president . Art and crafts . Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality , such as FESPACO ( Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ) , which is Africas largest festival of this type , SIAO ( International Art and Craft Fair ) , FESPAM ( Pan-African Music Festival ) , FITMO ( International Theatre and Marionnette Festival ) and FESTIVO . Places of worship . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ) , Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) , Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , International Evangelism Center ) . |
[
"Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke"
] | easy | Which position did Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes hold in Oct 1917? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#0 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"President of the Local Government Board"
] | easy | What was the position of Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes from 1918 to Nov 1918? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#1 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"President of the Local Government Board"
] | easy | What position did Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes take from Dec 1918 to May 1919? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#2 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"Minister of Reconstruction",
"President of the Board of Trade",
"Principal of McGill University"
] | easy | What position did Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes take from May 1919 to 1920? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#3 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"British Ambassador to the United States"
] | easy | Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes took which position from 1920 to Mar 1920? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#4 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"British Ambassador to the United States",
"President of the Board of Trade"
] | easy | What was the position of Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes in Mar 1920? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#5 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"British Ambassador to the United States"
] | easy | What was the position of Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes from Mar 1920 to 1924? | /wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes#P39#6 | Auckland Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes Auckland Campbell Geddes , 1st Baron Geddes , ( 21 June 1879 – 8 June 1954 ) was a British academic , soldier , politician and diplomat . He was a member of David Lloyd Georges coalition government during the First World War and also served as Ambassador to the United States . Life . Geddes was born in London the son of Auckland Campbell-Geddes , a civil engineer , and his wife Christina Helen MacLeod Anderson . He was the brother of Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes , First Lord of the Admiralty during World War I and principal architect of the Geddes Axe , which led to the retrenchment of British public expenditure following the War . His sister was Dr . Mona Chalmers Watson , the first woman to graduate M.D . from the University of Edinburgh and the first Chief Controller of the Womens Army Auxiliary Corps . Boer War . Geddes served in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1901 and 1902 as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry . On 2 June 1902 he was promoted a lieutenant in the 3rd ( Militia ) battalion of the regiment , and he returned home with other men of this battalion on the SS Doune Castle in September 1902 , after the war had ended two months earlier . Academic career . Geddes was educated at George Watsons College , in Edinburgh . He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University graduating MB ChB in 1903 . From 1906 to 1909 , Geddes was an Assistant Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University . The university gave him his doctorate ( MD ) in 1908 . In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . his proposers were William Turner ( anatomist ) , Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer , David Waterston and George Chrystal . From 1913 to 1914 he was a Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . From 1913 to 1914 , he was a Professor of Anatomy at McGill University . His academic career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served as a Brigadier General in the War Office . First World War . During the First World War he served as a Major in the 17th Northumberland Fusiliers and was on the staff of the General Headquarters in France as a Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Brigadier General . Geddes was Director of Recruiting at the War Office from 1916 to 1917 . Political and diplomatic career . In 1917 he was elected Unionist Member of Parliament for Basingstoke , a seat he held until 1920 . He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 and served under David Lloyd George as Director of National Service from 1917 to 1918 , as President of the Local Government Board from 1918 to 1919 , as Minister of Reconstruction in 1919 and as President of the Board of Trade ( with a seat in the cabinet ) from 1919 to 1920 . Geddes was appointed Principal of McGill University in 1919 but never undertook his official duties . He resigned in 1920 when he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1924 . As His Majestys ambassador , Geddes investigated the treatment of British immigrants at Ellis Island , for which he wrote a report ( 1923 ) . He was also heavily involved in the negotiations that led up to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the size and number of the worlds battleships . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Michael and St . George ( G.C.M.G. ) in 1922 . From 1924 to 1947 , he was the Chairman of the Rio Tinto Company and Rhokana Corporation . He returned to public service during the Second World War when he served as Commissioner for Civil Defence for the South-East Region from 1939 to 1944 and for the North-West Region from 1941 to 1942 . The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Geddes , of Rolvenden in the County of Kent . Family . Lord Geddes married , in 1906 , Isabella Gamble Ross ( d.1962 ) , daughter of William Adolphus Ross . They had five children : - Ross Campbell Geddes , 2nd Baron Geddes - Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Alexander Campbell Geddes - Honourable Margaret Campbell Geddes who married Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine , last surviving member of this family - Honourable John Reay Campbell Geddes - Honourable David Campbell Geddes . Lord Geddes died in January 1954 , aged 74 , and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son , Ross . Lady Geddes died in January 1962 . External links . - The Papers of Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes . Forging of a Family , by Auckland Campbell Geddes , publ Faber 1952 Autobiography |
[
"Capital Traction Company"
] | easy | Who occupied Georgetown Car Barn from 1875 to 1933? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P466#0 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
[
"Capital Transit Company"
] | easy | Who occupied Georgetown Car Barn from 1933 to 1950? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P466#1 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
[
"Georgetown University",
"Capital Transit Company"
] | easy | Who occupied Georgetown Car Barn from 1950 to 1956? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P466#2 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Georgetown Car Barn from 1963 to 1975? | /wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P466#3 | Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 . |
[
"defence district commander"
] | easy | What position did Alf Sandqvist take from 1992 to 1993? | /wiki/Alf_Sandqvist#P39#0 | Alf Sandqvist Major General Alf Robert Sandqvist ( born 27 May 1945 ) is a retired Swedish Army officer . Sandqvists senior commands include the Chief of Home Guard and Inspector [ General ] of the Swedish Army . Early life . Sandqvist was born on 27 May 1945 in Othem , Gotland , Sweden , the son of John Robert Sandqvist ( 1919–2004 ) and his wife Alfhilda Gustava ( 1922–2010 ) . He passed studentexamen in 1966 and considered becoming a gymnastics director . Career . Sandqvist attended officer candidate school ( aspirantskola ) in 1967 and then the Royal Military Academy in Stockholm from 1968 to 1969 when he was commissioned as fänrik and was assigned to Södermanland Regiment ( P 10 ) in Strängnäs . He continued servering in Södermanland Regiment being promoted to lieutenant in 1971 and to captain in 1972 . Sandqvist attended the Army General Course ( AAK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1974 to 1975 and then Higher Course ( HK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1977 to 1979 . He was promoted to major in Södermanland Regiment in 1980 and served as company commander there from 1984 to 1985 . Sandqvist served as commander of the Maintenance Section ( Underhållssektionen ) at the Eastern Military District from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 . He was commanding officer of the EU battalion in 1988 and the basic training battalion ( grundutbildningsbataljon ) at Södermanland Regiment from 1988 to 1989 . Sandqvist was then promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Skaraborg Regiment ( P 4 ) in 1989 . In 1992 he was promoted to senior colonel and appointed defence district commander . Sandqvist was then Inspector of the Swedish Armoured Troops at the Swedish Army Armoured Warfare Centre ( Arméns pansarcentrum ) from 1 October 1993 to 30 June 1995 and Brigade Inspector at the Swedish Army Brigade Warfare Centre ( Arméns brigadcentrum ) from 1995 to 1997 , both in Skövde . Sandqvist served as the Chief of Home Guard from 1 October 1997 until 30 June 2000 and on 1 July 2000 , he assumed the position of General Inspector of the Army and commanding officer of the Army Tactical Command . On 28 November 2002 , the Swedish government appointed Sandqvist to the position of Inspector of the Army in the General Training and Management Directorate ( Grundorganisationsledningen ) in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 1 January 2003 until 31 May 2005 . Sandqvist retired from the military in 2005 and then became head of the National Association of the Swedish Voluntary Motor Transportation Corps ( Frivilliga Automobilkårernas Riksförbund ) for 10 years until 2015 . On 3 December 2016 , Sandqvist became chairman of the association Ryttmästarbostället outside Skövde . Personal life . Sandqvist is married to Yvonne Marianne ( born 1948 ) and together they have two children : Pernilla Helen ( born 1970 ) and Per Robert Åke ( born 1973 ) . Dates of rank . - 1969 – Fänrik - 1971 – Lieutenant - 1972 – Captain - 1980 – Major - 1987 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1990 – Colonel - 1992 – Senior Colonel - 1997 – Major General Awards and decorations . Swedish . - For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm - Home Guard Medal of Merit - Association of Home Guard Officers Merit Badge - Swedish Armed Forces Conscript Medal - Swedish Womens Voluntary Defence Organization Medal of Merit in gold - Swedish Volunteer Air Corps Medal of Merit ( Frivilliga flygkårens förtjänstmedalj ) - Swedish Association of Women’s Auxiliary Driver Corps Royal Medal in Gold ( Svenska Kvinnliga Bilkårers kungliga medalj i guld ) Foreign . - Commander of the Legion of Merit - Home Guard Badge of Merit ( Hjemmevaernets fortjensttegn ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 2000 ) External links . - Article on Sandqvist |
[
"Inspector of the Swedish Armoured Troops"
] | easy | Alf Sandqvist took which position from 1993 to 1995? | /wiki/Alf_Sandqvist#P39#1 | Alf Sandqvist Major General Alf Robert Sandqvist ( born 27 May 1945 ) is a retired Swedish Army officer . Sandqvists senior commands include the Chief of Home Guard and Inspector [ General ] of the Swedish Army . Early life . Sandqvist was born on 27 May 1945 in Othem , Gotland , Sweden , the son of John Robert Sandqvist ( 1919–2004 ) and his wife Alfhilda Gustava ( 1922–2010 ) . He passed studentexamen in 1966 and considered becoming a gymnastics director . Career . Sandqvist attended officer candidate school ( aspirantskola ) in 1967 and then the Royal Military Academy in Stockholm from 1968 to 1969 when he was commissioned as fänrik and was assigned to Södermanland Regiment ( P 10 ) in Strängnäs . He continued servering in Södermanland Regiment being promoted to lieutenant in 1971 and to captain in 1972 . Sandqvist attended the Army General Course ( AAK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1974 to 1975 and then Higher Course ( HK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1977 to 1979 . He was promoted to major in Södermanland Regiment in 1980 and served as company commander there from 1984 to 1985 . Sandqvist served as commander of the Maintenance Section ( Underhållssektionen ) at the Eastern Military District from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 . He was commanding officer of the EU battalion in 1988 and the basic training battalion ( grundutbildningsbataljon ) at Södermanland Regiment from 1988 to 1989 . Sandqvist was then promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Skaraborg Regiment ( P 4 ) in 1989 . In 1992 he was promoted to senior colonel and appointed defence district commander . Sandqvist was then Inspector of the Swedish Armoured Troops at the Swedish Army Armoured Warfare Centre ( Arméns pansarcentrum ) from 1 October 1993 to 30 June 1995 and Brigade Inspector at the Swedish Army Brigade Warfare Centre ( Arméns brigadcentrum ) from 1995 to 1997 , both in Skövde . Sandqvist served as the Chief of Home Guard from 1 October 1997 until 30 June 2000 and on 1 July 2000 , he assumed the position of General Inspector of the Army and commanding officer of the Army Tactical Command . On 28 November 2002 , the Swedish government appointed Sandqvist to the position of Inspector of the Army in the General Training and Management Directorate ( Grundorganisationsledningen ) in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 1 January 2003 until 31 May 2005 . Sandqvist retired from the military in 2005 and then became head of the National Association of the Swedish Voluntary Motor Transportation Corps ( Frivilliga Automobilkårernas Riksförbund ) for 10 years until 2015 . On 3 December 2016 , Sandqvist became chairman of the association Ryttmästarbostället outside Skövde . Personal life . Sandqvist is married to Yvonne Marianne ( born 1948 ) and together they have two children : Pernilla Helen ( born 1970 ) and Per Robert Åke ( born 1973 ) . Dates of rank . - 1969 – Fänrik - 1971 – Lieutenant - 1972 – Captain - 1980 – Major - 1987 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1990 – Colonel - 1992 – Senior Colonel - 1997 – Major General Awards and decorations . Swedish . - For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm - Home Guard Medal of Merit - Association of Home Guard Officers Merit Badge - Swedish Armed Forces Conscript Medal - Swedish Womens Voluntary Defence Organization Medal of Merit in gold - Swedish Volunteer Air Corps Medal of Merit ( Frivilliga flygkårens förtjänstmedalj ) - Swedish Association of Women’s Auxiliary Driver Corps Royal Medal in Gold ( Svenska Kvinnliga Bilkårers kungliga medalj i guld ) Foreign . - Commander of the Legion of Merit - Home Guard Badge of Merit ( Hjemmevaernets fortjensttegn ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 2000 ) External links . - Article on Sandqvist |
[
"Chief of Home Guard"
] | easy | What was the position of Alf Sandqvist from 1997 to 2000? | /wiki/Alf_Sandqvist#P39#2 | Alf Sandqvist Major General Alf Robert Sandqvist ( born 27 May 1945 ) is a retired Swedish Army officer . Sandqvists senior commands include the Chief of Home Guard and Inspector [ General ] of the Swedish Army . Early life . Sandqvist was born on 27 May 1945 in Othem , Gotland , Sweden , the son of John Robert Sandqvist ( 1919–2004 ) and his wife Alfhilda Gustava ( 1922–2010 ) . He passed studentexamen in 1966 and considered becoming a gymnastics director . Career . Sandqvist attended officer candidate school ( aspirantskola ) in 1967 and then the Royal Military Academy in Stockholm from 1968 to 1969 when he was commissioned as fänrik and was assigned to Södermanland Regiment ( P 10 ) in Strängnäs . He continued servering in Södermanland Regiment being promoted to lieutenant in 1971 and to captain in 1972 . Sandqvist attended the Army General Course ( AAK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1974 to 1975 and then Higher Course ( HK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1977 to 1979 . He was promoted to major in Södermanland Regiment in 1980 and served as company commander there from 1984 to 1985 . Sandqvist served as commander of the Maintenance Section ( Underhållssektionen ) at the Eastern Military District from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 . He was commanding officer of the EU battalion in 1988 and the basic training battalion ( grundutbildningsbataljon ) at Södermanland Regiment from 1988 to 1989 . Sandqvist was then promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Skaraborg Regiment ( P 4 ) in 1989 . In 1992 he was promoted to senior colonel and appointed defence district commander . Sandqvist was then Inspector of the Swedish Armoured Troops at the Swedish Army Armoured Warfare Centre ( Arméns pansarcentrum ) from 1 October 1993 to 30 June 1995 and Brigade Inspector at the Swedish Army Brigade Warfare Centre ( Arméns brigadcentrum ) from 1995 to 1997 , both in Skövde . Sandqvist served as the Chief of Home Guard from 1 October 1997 until 30 June 2000 and on 1 July 2000 , he assumed the position of General Inspector of the Army and commanding officer of the Army Tactical Command . On 28 November 2002 , the Swedish government appointed Sandqvist to the position of Inspector of the Army in the General Training and Management Directorate ( Grundorganisationsledningen ) in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 1 January 2003 until 31 May 2005 . Sandqvist retired from the military in 2005 and then became head of the National Association of the Swedish Voluntary Motor Transportation Corps ( Frivilliga Automobilkårernas Riksförbund ) for 10 years until 2015 . On 3 December 2016 , Sandqvist became chairman of the association Ryttmästarbostället outside Skövde . Personal life . Sandqvist is married to Yvonne Marianne ( born 1948 ) and together they have two children : Pernilla Helen ( born 1970 ) and Per Robert Åke ( born 1973 ) . Dates of rank . - 1969 – Fänrik - 1971 – Lieutenant - 1972 – Captain - 1980 – Major - 1987 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1990 – Colonel - 1992 – Senior Colonel - 1997 – Major General Awards and decorations . Swedish . - For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm - Home Guard Medal of Merit - Association of Home Guard Officers Merit Badge - Swedish Armed Forces Conscript Medal - Swedish Womens Voluntary Defence Organization Medal of Merit in gold - Swedish Volunteer Air Corps Medal of Merit ( Frivilliga flygkårens förtjänstmedalj ) - Swedish Association of Women’s Auxiliary Driver Corps Royal Medal in Gold ( Svenska Kvinnliga Bilkårers kungliga medalj i guld ) Foreign . - Commander of the Legion of Merit - Home Guard Badge of Merit ( Hjemmevaernets fortjensttegn ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 2000 ) External links . - Article on Sandqvist |
[
"Inspector of the Army"
] | easy | Which position did Alf Sandqvist hold from 2000 to 2005? | /wiki/Alf_Sandqvist#P39#3 | Alf Sandqvist Major General Alf Robert Sandqvist ( born 27 May 1945 ) is a retired Swedish Army officer . Sandqvists senior commands include the Chief of Home Guard and Inspector [ General ] of the Swedish Army . Early life . Sandqvist was born on 27 May 1945 in Othem , Gotland , Sweden , the son of John Robert Sandqvist ( 1919–2004 ) and his wife Alfhilda Gustava ( 1922–2010 ) . He passed studentexamen in 1966 and considered becoming a gymnastics director . Career . Sandqvist attended officer candidate school ( aspirantskola ) in 1967 and then the Royal Military Academy in Stockholm from 1968 to 1969 when he was commissioned as fänrik and was assigned to Södermanland Regiment ( P 10 ) in Strängnäs . He continued servering in Södermanland Regiment being promoted to lieutenant in 1971 and to captain in 1972 . Sandqvist attended the Army General Course ( AAK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1974 to 1975 and then Higher Course ( HK ) at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1977 to 1979 . He was promoted to major in Södermanland Regiment in 1980 and served as company commander there from 1984 to 1985 . Sandqvist served as commander of the Maintenance Section ( Underhållssektionen ) at the Eastern Military District from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 . He was commanding officer of the EU battalion in 1988 and the basic training battalion ( grundutbildningsbataljon ) at Södermanland Regiment from 1988 to 1989 . Sandqvist was then promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Skaraborg Regiment ( P 4 ) in 1989 . In 1992 he was promoted to senior colonel and appointed defence district commander . Sandqvist was then Inspector of the Swedish Armoured Troops at the Swedish Army Armoured Warfare Centre ( Arméns pansarcentrum ) from 1 October 1993 to 30 June 1995 and Brigade Inspector at the Swedish Army Brigade Warfare Centre ( Arméns brigadcentrum ) from 1995 to 1997 , both in Skövde . Sandqvist served as the Chief of Home Guard from 1 October 1997 until 30 June 2000 and on 1 July 2000 , he assumed the position of General Inspector of the Army and commanding officer of the Army Tactical Command . On 28 November 2002 , the Swedish government appointed Sandqvist to the position of Inspector of the Army in the General Training and Management Directorate ( Grundorganisationsledningen ) in the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 1 January 2003 until 31 May 2005 . Sandqvist retired from the military in 2005 and then became head of the National Association of the Swedish Voluntary Motor Transportation Corps ( Frivilliga Automobilkårernas Riksförbund ) for 10 years until 2015 . On 3 December 2016 , Sandqvist became chairman of the association Ryttmästarbostället outside Skövde . Personal life . Sandqvist is married to Yvonne Marianne ( born 1948 ) and together they have two children : Pernilla Helen ( born 1970 ) and Per Robert Åke ( born 1973 ) . Dates of rank . - 1969 – Fänrik - 1971 – Lieutenant - 1972 – Captain - 1980 – Major - 1987 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1990 – Colonel - 1992 – Senior Colonel - 1997 – Major General Awards and decorations . Swedish . - For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm - Home Guard Medal of Merit - Association of Home Guard Officers Merit Badge - Swedish Armed Forces Conscript Medal - Swedish Womens Voluntary Defence Organization Medal of Merit in gold - Swedish Volunteer Air Corps Medal of Merit ( Frivilliga flygkårens förtjänstmedalj ) - Swedish Association of Women’s Auxiliary Driver Corps Royal Medal in Gold ( Svenska Kvinnliga Bilkårers kungliga medalj i guld ) Foreign . - Commander of the Legion of Merit - Home Guard Badge of Merit ( Hjemmevaernets fortjensttegn ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 2000 ) External links . - Article on Sandqvist |
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] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Ferry Farm from Nov 1971 to Feb 2000? | /wiki/Ferry_Farm#P1435#0 | Ferry Farm Ferry Farm ( also known as the George Washington Boyhood Home Site or the Ferry Farm Site ) is the name of the farm and home at which George Washington spent much of his childhood . The site is located in Stafford County , Virginia , along the northern bank of the Rappahannock River , across from the city of Fredericksburg . In July 2008 , archaeologists announced that they had found remains of the boyhood home , which had suffered a fire during 1740 , including artifacts such as pieces of a cream-colored tea set probably belonging to Georges mother , Mary Ball Washington . In 2015 , the George Washington Foundation began constructing a replica of Washingtons boyhood home on the site of the original building . The replica house was completed in 2018 and is open to the public . History . The farm was named after the Washington family had left the property . Its namesake was a free ferry that crossed the Rappahannock River on Washington land—the family did not own or operate it . It is unclear what the farm was called during the Washington occupancy . Sometime in the late 19th century the farm became known as Pine Grove , as well as The Ferry Farm . The farm rose to national prominence during the Washington Birth Bicentennial of 1932—during the years surrounding this celebration some authors cited both the names Ferry Farm and Pine Grove . Before Washington . Over thousands of years , American Indians periodically inhabited the lands that today make up Ferry Farm . Archaeological finds include a spear point made over 10,000 years ago by a big-game hunter , numerous tools associated with bands of hunter/gatherers , and pottery created by native farmers . The first European claim on the property was a land patent granted to John Catlett in 1666 . By 1710 , the tract had been subdivided into several small farms , with Maurice Clark in ownership of what would become Ferry Farm . In 1727 , the property was sold to William Strother , a lawyer , and a Burgess for the newly formed King George County . In 1738 , George Washingtons father , Augustine , acquired the plantation from the Strother estate . Augustine Washington held political office , owned several thriving plantations , and was a managing partner of Accokeek Iron Furnace located six miles north of Ferry Farm on a tributary of the Potomac River . He moved to Ferry Farm in the fall of 1738 with his second wife , Mary Ball Washington , and their five young children . Washington-era . George Washingtons biographers could claim three locations significant as his homesteads through his lifetime . Popes Creek , Virginia from 1732-1735 was his birthplace . Little Hunting Creek , later to be renamed Mount Vernon by elder brother Lawrence after his 1743 inheritance of the property was briefly the family home to Augustine and Mary Washington and their brood of five including his third son George , from 1735-1738 . The Washington-era farm , then referred to by others as the Washington Farm and by the Washingtons as the Home Farm , had a 1½-story central-passage house , two rooms deep , perched atop a bluff on the Rappahannock River . It was built by Augustine Washington . Based on excavations at the site in 2008 , the structure was approximately wide by deep . It was the second of five houses at the site . George was six when the family moved to the farm in 1738 . He inherited the farm and lived in the house until his early 20s . However , George Washington was not sentimental about the land . Washington saw the land as a crowded , busy , trouble-filled place of limited options . Washingtons father Augustine had left behind a small set of surveying instruments after he died . At the age of 16 Washington used his fathers surveying tools to survey for prominent Virginia grandees and instantly became hooked ; George Washington had found his first true calling . Surveying linked George to his brother Lawrence and the Fairfaxes . At age 18 Washington was granted a 453-acre tract in western Frederick County by Lord Fairfax . Washington surveyed the 453 acres of land and also purchased an adjoining tract . Washington soon had acquired close to two thousand acres in western lands . Washington had acquired more land through his own hard work than Ferry Farm would be worth in the three years Washington had to wait to legally claim Ferry Farm . He often stayed with his half-brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon . Washingtons mother lived in the house until 1772 , when she moved to Fredericksburg , and the farm was sold to a friend Hugh Mercer . The Washington-era house was in ruinous condition by 1833 . After Washington . A new farmhouse was built at the site in 1850 for the use of an overseer . It was the site of skirmishing during the American Civil War in 1862 . Throughout the Civil War , the area surrounding Ferry Farm was prone to encounters between Confederate and Union armies due to a concentration of ferry and train traffic . Because of these encounters , many significant battles occurred in the city surrounding Ferry Farm , although no battles occurred on the actual site . Ferry Farm was periodically occupied by Union Soldiers as a war campground , which military personnel used to prepare for battle . In 1862 , amid the Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln , familiar with Weems Washington myths , toured Ferry Farm . While occupying the Farm , many soldiers familiar with the Cherry Tree Myth , carved trinkets , such as rings , from a tree they believed to be the myth . Much of the farm was destroyed during this time . Another new farmhouse was built during the 1870s , along with many outbuildings . A surviving surveyors shed is a remnant of this period . Since the 1920s the property has been the subject of many preservation and money-making schemes . James Beverly Colbert sought to profit from the lands associations with Washington . The writer George Allan England agreed to write real-estate ads promoting the historical value of the land for a $5,000 fee upon the lands sale . He made full use of the many Weems tales . Colbert also helped promote the thought that a non-important structure called The Surveyor Shed , was a genuine relic , though it was not . Since the bicentennial celebration of George Washingtons Birthday was approaching , Colbert and England thought the land would sell quickly , but there were other historical sites vying for preservation and the Great Depression finally killed their dream . In each subsequent decade , different groups of preservationists have tried to make a national shrine out of Washingtons boyhood home . The 1960s saw the creation of a home for troubled boys on the site . This project left on the landscape the sites most visible feature—a large pseudo-Georgian building which now houses a museum , offices , and archaeological lab , which , since 2006 , is viewable for visitors . In the 1990s Stafford Countys Board of Supervisors set out to both preserve the site and bring business to the county . Their attempts ultimately led to rezoning and a bid by Wal-Mart to buy the property and construct a large store adjacent to the boyhood site . This was opposed by many in Fredericksburg , which would have been able to see the back of the store from town . There was a widespread feeling that such a change in this historical towns viewshed would have had adverse effects on the towns crucial tourist trade as well as harming the towns charm and quality of life . The result was a deal whereby Historic Kenmore ( the circa 1770s Fredericksburg home of Washingtons sister Betty Washington Lewis and her husband Fielding Lewis ) , in conjunction with the National Park Service and commonwealth funds , purchased the site . Historic Kenmore became George Washingtons Fredericksburg Foundation and in 2008 The George Washington Foundation . This foundation oversees both sites as well as Augustine Washingtons ironworks at Accokeek ( Potomac ) Furnace ( 1726~ 56 ) in Stafford County , part of the Principio Company . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000 . Extensive archaeological investigations began in 2002 under the direction of David Muraca ( formerly of Colonial Williamsburg ) and Philip Levy of the University of South Florida . The goal of the excavations is to locate and understand the original Washington farm complex . In 2008 , Levy and Muraca announced that one of three sites excavated yielded the original home site , including foundations of a 53 by home . The home had suffered a small fire during George Washingtons lifetime . In 2018 a replica of the original home was completed above these foundations and guided tours are offered on a daily basis . Ferry Farm also runs childrens programs and other public events . It is located at 237 Kings Highway ( Virginia Route 3 ) , near Fredericksburg . A building associated with George Washingtons surveying work is listed at 712 Kings Highway . Preservation . Wal-Mart controversy . Samuel Warren and Irma Warren bought the land in 1969 . The Warrens were interested in historical preservation and kept the property in the family for nearly 30 years but they eventually sought to rezone the land as a B-1 commercial lot . They then reached an agreement with Stafford County , with the county agreeing to rezoning a parcel of the land , and the Warrens agreeing to donate 24 acres surrounding the Colbert house . The sale , however , marked the start of a long controversy between commercial interests and proponents of national heritage . Robert Siegrist entered the controversy and expressed an interest in maintaining the land that was recently donated to Stafford County . Siegrist maintained the property for 4 years until early on the morning of September 26 , 1994 when a fire broke out at the Colbert house . Stafford County quickly ended its relationship with Siegrist and looked for alternate applications of the property . In 1995 , the Walmart corporation sought the land surrounding the Washington Site , and worked to purchase it . Included in the purchase was a promise that the site heritage would be preserved through a columned plaza with special tributes to George and the Cherry Tree . However , there was a large opposition including Fredericksburg small business owners , local historical preservationists , and many national organizations such as Daughters of the American Revolution . The conflict came to a head on April 1 , 1995 after the review board assigned to the task rejected Walmarts offer . Archaeology . The George Washington Foundation purchased the land in 1996 and since 2003 has supported an archeological field school at the site . The summer excavations are led by Philip Levy ( associate professor of history at the University of South Florida ) and David Muraca ( who previously worked at Colonial Williamsburg ) . Digs are organized through university groups and consist of undergraduate and graduate volunteers . Archeologists and volunteers have found artifacts dating from the prehistoric period through the Civil War and beyond . The house . In 2006-2008 the archeology team headed by Muraca and Levy , funded by the George Washington Foundation , found the cellar to , and thus the location of George Washingtons boyhood home . Using the remains of the building and the artifacts within , they have dated the feature to the 1740s , the time when the Washingtons lived on the land . In 2015 , groundbreaking began on a replica house built above the original foundations using information gleaned from the archaeological remains , contemporary descriptions of the original house , and knowledge of similar houses in Colonial Virginia . The house was built using eighteenth-century building techniques by experts in colonial craftsmanship , and completed and opened to the public in 2018 . It is stocked with reproductions of the furniture and objects listed in Augustine Washingtons probate inventory as having been in the house when he died in 1743 . Since they are reproductions , tour guides encourage guests to interact with all of the objects in the house , allowing them to sit on the furniture , open cabinets , and handle objects . Foundation and museum . The George Washington Foundation now owns the land as well as Kenmore , the Fredericksburg home of Washingtons sister Betty and her husband Fielding Lewis . The GWF is funded by donors and grants and has been managing the land since the Walmart purchase . In addition to funding , staffing , cataloging , and overseeing the sites excavations there are now plans to recreate the historical landscape and build a new visitors center on the site . Prehistoric . Artifacts found at the Ferry Farm site have dated back to 10,000 B.C . This period of prehistoric artifacts continues on until 1,500 B.C . Artifacts from this period include hunting and gather tools , which prehistoric peoples used to hunt wildlife around and in the Rappahannock River . The land around Ferry Farm was rich in nutrients and populated with multiple animals . Such diversity in food sources required these groups to expand the types of tools they used . Examples of artifacts that were found include spear points , stone axes , and quartz scrapers , which were used as tools for hunting . Pre-Colonial life . While evidence is scarce , artifacts have been dated back to 1,500 B.C . until 1,500 A.D . when Woodland Indians inhabited the land around current day Ferry Farm . Colonial life . Popular artifacts found from the Colonial Period include the ends of 18th century wig hair curlers . [ ... ] These were associated with maintaining wigs for George Washingtons younger brothers . The fashionable gentlemen of the late 18th century wore a wig- the single most expensive part of the gentry-class mans wardrobe . Civil War . In 1862 the Civil War arrived at Ferry Farm leaving behind a variety of artifacts throughout the duration of the war . Such as objects from battles including bullets , ink bottles , buttons and medallions from uniforms to name a few . Ferry Farm in stories and myth . Cherry tree . Ferry Farm is the setting for some of the best known stories about George Washington , most particularly those brought to the American public by Mason Locke Weems , best known as Parson Weems , in the early 19th century . These include the anecdote , appearing first in the 1806 edition of Weemss Life of Washington , in which a 6-year-old George barked one of his father Augustines favorite English cherry trees with a new hatchet . Upon being confronted by his father , the boy confessed , saying : I cannot tell a lie ; I did it with my little hatchet . George Washingtons step-grandson , George Washington Parke Custis , published a newer version of the story in which George Washington tried to break his mothers new colt ( horse ) . In this story , Washington rode the horse so hard that one of the horses blood vessels burst , killing the horse . Like the cherry tree story , when confronted George Washington admitted to killing the horse . Both stories celebrate George Washingtons honesty and share a theme of loss , which Washington was painfully familiar with after his fathers death and losing his opportunity to study abroad . Silver dollar toss . It has also been claimed to be the site where George Washington threw a silver dollar across the Rappahannock River . It is possible to skip a coin or flat rock across that area . Regardless , the river was considerably wider during this period than it is today , making the feat that much more difficult . Each year during the celebration of Washingtons birthday , townspeople are invited to attempt to recreate this event . In the summer of 2006 , archaeology intern Jim Trueman duplicated Washingtons alleged throw and did it again the following summer to prove the first throw was not a fluke . |
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Ferry Farm from Feb 2000 to Feb 2001? | /wiki/Ferry_Farm#P1435#1 | Ferry Farm Ferry Farm ( also known as the George Washington Boyhood Home Site or the Ferry Farm Site ) is the name of the farm and home at which George Washington spent much of his childhood . The site is located in Stafford County , Virginia , along the northern bank of the Rappahannock River , across from the city of Fredericksburg . In July 2008 , archaeologists announced that they had found remains of the boyhood home , which had suffered a fire during 1740 , including artifacts such as pieces of a cream-colored tea set probably belonging to Georges mother , Mary Ball Washington . In 2015 , the George Washington Foundation began constructing a replica of Washingtons boyhood home on the site of the original building . The replica house was completed in 2018 and is open to the public . History . The farm was named after the Washington family had left the property . Its namesake was a free ferry that crossed the Rappahannock River on Washington land—the family did not own or operate it . It is unclear what the farm was called during the Washington occupancy . Sometime in the late 19th century the farm became known as Pine Grove , as well as The Ferry Farm . The farm rose to national prominence during the Washington Birth Bicentennial of 1932—during the years surrounding this celebration some authors cited both the names Ferry Farm and Pine Grove . Before Washington . Over thousands of years , American Indians periodically inhabited the lands that today make up Ferry Farm . Archaeological finds include a spear point made over 10,000 years ago by a big-game hunter , numerous tools associated with bands of hunter/gatherers , and pottery created by native farmers . The first European claim on the property was a land patent granted to John Catlett in 1666 . By 1710 , the tract had been subdivided into several small farms , with Maurice Clark in ownership of what would become Ferry Farm . In 1727 , the property was sold to William Strother , a lawyer , and a Burgess for the newly formed King George County . In 1738 , George Washingtons father , Augustine , acquired the plantation from the Strother estate . Augustine Washington held political office , owned several thriving plantations , and was a managing partner of Accokeek Iron Furnace located six miles north of Ferry Farm on a tributary of the Potomac River . He moved to Ferry Farm in the fall of 1738 with his second wife , Mary Ball Washington , and their five young children . Washington-era . George Washingtons biographers could claim three locations significant as his homesteads through his lifetime . Popes Creek , Virginia from 1732-1735 was his birthplace . Little Hunting Creek , later to be renamed Mount Vernon by elder brother Lawrence after his 1743 inheritance of the property was briefly the family home to Augustine and Mary Washington and their brood of five including his third son George , from 1735-1738 . The Washington-era farm , then referred to by others as the Washington Farm and by the Washingtons as the Home Farm , had a 1½-story central-passage house , two rooms deep , perched atop a bluff on the Rappahannock River . It was built by Augustine Washington . Based on excavations at the site in 2008 , the structure was approximately wide by deep . It was the second of five houses at the site . George was six when the family moved to the farm in 1738 . He inherited the farm and lived in the house until his early 20s . However , George Washington was not sentimental about the land . Washington saw the land as a crowded , busy , trouble-filled place of limited options . Washingtons father Augustine had left behind a small set of surveying instruments after he died . At the age of 16 Washington used his fathers surveying tools to survey for prominent Virginia grandees and instantly became hooked ; George Washington had found his first true calling . Surveying linked George to his brother Lawrence and the Fairfaxes . At age 18 Washington was granted a 453-acre tract in western Frederick County by Lord Fairfax . Washington surveyed the 453 acres of land and also purchased an adjoining tract . Washington soon had acquired close to two thousand acres in western lands . Washington had acquired more land through his own hard work than Ferry Farm would be worth in the three years Washington had to wait to legally claim Ferry Farm . He often stayed with his half-brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon . Washingtons mother lived in the house until 1772 , when she moved to Fredericksburg , and the farm was sold to a friend Hugh Mercer . The Washington-era house was in ruinous condition by 1833 . After Washington . A new farmhouse was built at the site in 1850 for the use of an overseer . It was the site of skirmishing during the American Civil War in 1862 . Throughout the Civil War , the area surrounding Ferry Farm was prone to encounters between Confederate and Union armies due to a concentration of ferry and train traffic . Because of these encounters , many significant battles occurred in the city surrounding Ferry Farm , although no battles occurred on the actual site . Ferry Farm was periodically occupied by Union Soldiers as a war campground , which military personnel used to prepare for battle . In 1862 , amid the Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln , familiar with Weems Washington myths , toured Ferry Farm . While occupying the Farm , many soldiers familiar with the Cherry Tree Myth , carved trinkets , such as rings , from a tree they believed to be the myth . Much of the farm was destroyed during this time . Another new farmhouse was built during the 1870s , along with many outbuildings . A surviving surveyors shed is a remnant of this period . Since the 1920s the property has been the subject of many preservation and money-making schemes . James Beverly Colbert sought to profit from the lands associations with Washington . The writer George Allan England agreed to write real-estate ads promoting the historical value of the land for a $5,000 fee upon the lands sale . He made full use of the many Weems tales . Colbert also helped promote the thought that a non-important structure called The Surveyor Shed , was a genuine relic , though it was not . Since the bicentennial celebration of George Washingtons Birthday was approaching , Colbert and England thought the land would sell quickly , but there were other historical sites vying for preservation and the Great Depression finally killed their dream . In each subsequent decade , different groups of preservationists have tried to make a national shrine out of Washingtons boyhood home . The 1960s saw the creation of a home for troubled boys on the site . This project left on the landscape the sites most visible feature—a large pseudo-Georgian building which now houses a museum , offices , and archaeological lab , which , since 2006 , is viewable for visitors . In the 1990s Stafford Countys Board of Supervisors set out to both preserve the site and bring business to the county . Their attempts ultimately led to rezoning and a bid by Wal-Mart to buy the property and construct a large store adjacent to the boyhood site . This was opposed by many in Fredericksburg , which would have been able to see the back of the store from town . There was a widespread feeling that such a change in this historical towns viewshed would have had adverse effects on the towns crucial tourist trade as well as harming the towns charm and quality of life . The result was a deal whereby Historic Kenmore ( the circa 1770s Fredericksburg home of Washingtons sister Betty Washington Lewis and her husband Fielding Lewis ) , in conjunction with the National Park Service and commonwealth funds , purchased the site . Historic Kenmore became George Washingtons Fredericksburg Foundation and in 2008 The George Washington Foundation . This foundation oversees both sites as well as Augustine Washingtons ironworks at Accokeek ( Potomac ) Furnace ( 1726~ 56 ) in Stafford County , part of the Principio Company . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000 . Extensive archaeological investigations began in 2002 under the direction of David Muraca ( formerly of Colonial Williamsburg ) and Philip Levy of the University of South Florida . The goal of the excavations is to locate and understand the original Washington farm complex . In 2008 , Levy and Muraca announced that one of three sites excavated yielded the original home site , including foundations of a 53 by home . The home had suffered a small fire during George Washingtons lifetime . In 2018 a replica of the original home was completed above these foundations and guided tours are offered on a daily basis . Ferry Farm also runs childrens programs and other public events . It is located at 237 Kings Highway ( Virginia Route 3 ) , near Fredericksburg . A building associated with George Washingtons surveying work is listed at 712 Kings Highway . Preservation . Wal-Mart controversy . Samuel Warren and Irma Warren bought the land in 1969 . The Warrens were interested in historical preservation and kept the property in the family for nearly 30 years but they eventually sought to rezone the land as a B-1 commercial lot . They then reached an agreement with Stafford County , with the county agreeing to rezoning a parcel of the land , and the Warrens agreeing to donate 24 acres surrounding the Colbert house . The sale , however , marked the start of a long controversy between commercial interests and proponents of national heritage . Robert Siegrist entered the controversy and expressed an interest in maintaining the land that was recently donated to Stafford County . Siegrist maintained the property for 4 years until early on the morning of September 26 , 1994 when a fire broke out at the Colbert house . Stafford County quickly ended its relationship with Siegrist and looked for alternate applications of the property . In 1995 , the Walmart corporation sought the land surrounding the Washington Site , and worked to purchase it . Included in the purchase was a promise that the site heritage would be preserved through a columned plaza with special tributes to George and the Cherry Tree . However , there was a large opposition including Fredericksburg small business owners , local historical preservationists , and many national organizations such as Daughters of the American Revolution . The conflict came to a head on April 1 , 1995 after the review board assigned to the task rejected Walmarts offer . Archaeology . The George Washington Foundation purchased the land in 1996 and since 2003 has supported an archeological field school at the site . The summer excavations are led by Philip Levy ( associate professor of history at the University of South Florida ) and David Muraca ( who previously worked at Colonial Williamsburg ) . Digs are organized through university groups and consist of undergraduate and graduate volunteers . Archeologists and volunteers have found artifacts dating from the prehistoric period through the Civil War and beyond . The house . In 2006-2008 the archeology team headed by Muraca and Levy , funded by the George Washington Foundation , found the cellar to , and thus the location of George Washingtons boyhood home . Using the remains of the building and the artifacts within , they have dated the feature to the 1740s , the time when the Washingtons lived on the land . In 2015 , groundbreaking began on a replica house built above the original foundations using information gleaned from the archaeological remains , contemporary descriptions of the original house , and knowledge of similar houses in Colonial Virginia . The house was built using eighteenth-century building techniques by experts in colonial craftsmanship , and completed and opened to the public in 2018 . It is stocked with reproductions of the furniture and objects listed in Augustine Washingtons probate inventory as having been in the house when he died in 1743 . Since they are reproductions , tour guides encourage guests to interact with all of the objects in the house , allowing them to sit on the furniture , open cabinets , and handle objects . Foundation and museum . The George Washington Foundation now owns the land as well as Kenmore , the Fredericksburg home of Washingtons sister Betty and her husband Fielding Lewis . The GWF is funded by donors and grants and has been managing the land since the Walmart purchase . In addition to funding , staffing , cataloging , and overseeing the sites excavations there are now plans to recreate the historical landscape and build a new visitors center on the site . Prehistoric . Artifacts found at the Ferry Farm site have dated back to 10,000 B.C . This period of prehistoric artifacts continues on until 1,500 B.C . Artifacts from this period include hunting and gather tools , which prehistoric peoples used to hunt wildlife around and in the Rappahannock River . The land around Ferry Farm was rich in nutrients and populated with multiple animals . Such diversity in food sources required these groups to expand the types of tools they used . Examples of artifacts that were found include spear points , stone axes , and quartz scrapers , which were used as tools for hunting . Pre-Colonial life . While evidence is scarce , artifacts have been dated back to 1,500 B.C . until 1,500 A.D . when Woodland Indians inhabited the land around current day Ferry Farm . Colonial life . Popular artifacts found from the Colonial Period include the ends of 18th century wig hair curlers . [ ... ] These were associated with maintaining wigs for George Washingtons younger brothers . The fashionable gentlemen of the late 18th century wore a wig- the single most expensive part of the gentry-class mans wardrobe . Civil War . In 1862 the Civil War arrived at Ferry Farm leaving behind a variety of artifacts throughout the duration of the war . Such as objects from battles including bullets , ink bottles , buttons and medallions from uniforms to name a few . Ferry Farm in stories and myth . Cherry tree . Ferry Farm is the setting for some of the best known stories about George Washington , most particularly those brought to the American public by Mason Locke Weems , best known as Parson Weems , in the early 19th century . These include the anecdote , appearing first in the 1806 edition of Weemss Life of Washington , in which a 6-year-old George barked one of his father Augustines favorite English cherry trees with a new hatchet . Upon being confronted by his father , the boy confessed , saying : I cannot tell a lie ; I did it with my little hatchet . George Washingtons step-grandson , George Washington Parke Custis , published a newer version of the story in which George Washington tried to break his mothers new colt ( horse ) . In this story , Washington rode the horse so hard that one of the horses blood vessels burst , killing the horse . Like the cherry tree story , when confronted George Washington admitted to killing the horse . Both stories celebrate George Washingtons honesty and share a theme of loss , which Washington was painfully familiar with after his fathers death and losing his opportunity to study abroad . Silver dollar toss . It has also been claimed to be the site where George Washington threw a silver dollar across the Rappahannock River . It is possible to skip a coin or flat rock across that area . Regardless , the river was considerably wider during this period than it is today , making the feat that much more difficult . Each year during the celebration of Washingtons birthday , townspeople are invited to attempt to recreate this event . In the summer of 2006 , archaeology intern Jim Trueman duplicated Washingtons alleged throw and did it again the following summer to prove the first throw was not a fluke . |
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] | easy | Who did Malik Peiris work for from Sep 1974 to Aug 1982? | /wiki/Malik_Peiris#P108#0 | Malik Peiris Professor Malik Peiris FRS , dHonneur , ( Sinhala:මලික් පීරිස් ; born 10 November 1949 ) is a Sri Lankan pathologist and virologist . He has been long based in Hong Kong . His research interests include ecology , evolution , pathogenesis , epidemiology of animal-human influenza and other human respiratory viral infections , authoring over 320 research publications . Peiris is most notable for being the first person to isolate SARS virus . He holds the Tam Wah-Ching Professorship , Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences , University of Hong Kong , where he continues to lead ground breaking research with a particular interest in newly emerging viruses such as Coronaviruses at the animal-human interface . He serves as a member on the Advisory panel on Emerging Infectious Diseases , Health Protection Agency of Hong Kong , was on the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and was previously a member of the World Health Organizations Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization ( SAGE ) . Together with his co-workers , he has published more than 600 scientific papers in a research career spanning more than 35 years and is credited with 32 scientific patents relating to diagnosis of viral infections . Early life and education . Peiris was born on 10 November 1949 in Kandy , Sri Lanka . He completed school education at St . Anthonys College , Kandy , and commenced attending the University of Ceylon , Peradeniya to study medicine in October 1967 . He graduated with MBBS honours in September 1972 . Academic and Clinical Training . After completing the clinical internships , he joined the Department of Bacteriology in the Medical School of the University of Ceylons Peradeniya Campus as a junior lecturer . His mentor and head of department was Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arsecularatne , who greatly influenced his career . In 1977 , Peiris was awarded a Commonwealth scholarship for post graduate research training at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford , with Dr . J.S . Porterfield as his research adviser and mentor . He was awarded the D.Phil degree in 1981 . A major aspect of his dissertation was the paradoxical role that antibodies may play in facilitating rather than blocking the entry of viruses such as the West Nile virus and the dengue virus into macrophages , the first line defense cells of the body . Research training in Oxford was followed by two years of training in clinical pathology as a Registrar in Virology with Professor R . Madeley at the department of Clinical Virology , Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne , culminating in the award of the Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists . In 1982 , he returned to his native University in Sri Lanka where , over a period of six years , he established a pioneering Clinical Virology Laboratory . In reflection , he described his achievements during these years in a resource poor setting as some that he is most proud of . After his period in Sri Lanka from 1982 to 1988 , Peiris rejoined the Victoria Royal Infirmary in Newcastle in the UK , as a Consultant Virologist . The final and most significant career change was in 1995 , when Peiris shifted his Clinical and Scientific efforts to Hong Kong , based around the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong , after having founded the Clinical Diagnostic and Public Health Laboratory at Queen Mary Hospital , University of Hong Kong . His team of scientists and doctors was strategically placed to face the challenges of the Avian influenza virus outbreak , the severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) Coronavirus outbreak , the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome ( MERS ) Coronavirus outbreak and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic . Original research carried out by the Hong Kong laboratories have made major contributions to the knowledge of the causative viruses of these diseases and the understanding , diagnosis , treatment and prevention of the diseases that these viruses cause . During the period of 2003 to 2004 , Peiris was credited with authoring the highest number of high impact publications in the scientific world . Notable findings . Avian Influenza . In 1997 , after the first human outbreak of the Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Hong Kong , Professor Peiriss attention was turned to the virus , which claimed the lives a third of its victims . Research in his laboratory showed that the virus induces high levels of chemicals called cytokines when it infects a type of white blood cell . This was later shown to correlate with high levels of cytokines in infected humans . This so-called cytokine storm is now recognized as a major mechanism of avian influenza virus pathogenesis . Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) . In 2003 , Hong Kong suffered another virus outbreak , this time from an unknown respiratory disease , termed SARS . Peiris became known worldwide when his laboratory was the first to isolate the virus , a Novel coronavirus ( CoV ) , now known as SARS-CoV . Peiris led the team which isolated the causal agent for the respiratory infection SARS in early 2003 . By June 2003 , the Peiris laboratory and their collaborators had developed a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV using Real-time polymerase chain reaction . The team has published the standard laboratory manual book on the SARS coronavirus . COVID-19 . In February 2020 , Peiris and his colleague , Leo L . M . Poon , published a definitive article in the Journal Nature Medicine presaging the pandemic of a new coronavirus . In March 2020 , Peiris reported that a Pomeranian dog was infected with COVID-19 . At first , these findings were dismissed , but other COVID-19 animal infections across the world , substantiated Peiriss findings that animals could be infected by the virus such as the case of a tiger in Bronx Zoo and a pug dog in North Carolina both testing positive . Honours . He is the first Sri Lankan to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London ( conferred in 2006 ) . This is considered the highest scientific honour in the Commonwealth . The biographical notes recorded by the Royal Society reads “ Malik Peiris was the first to isolate the severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) virus that caused international alarm when it emerged in South China in 2002–2003 . His expertise in human disease caused by animal viruses encompasses viral evolution , transmission , mechanisms of infection and the immune response of human hosts.Working in Hong Kong on pandemic diseases with a high mortality rate such as bird flu ( H5N1 ) , swine flu ( H1N1 ) and SARS , Malik has been at the centre of surveillance and rapid-response programmes . His original insights into bird flu include the potentially fatal ‘cytokine storm’ that follows human infection , and the recombinant origin of the virus” . He was decorated as Knight of the Légion dHonneur of France on 15 October 2007 He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star ( SBS ) in 2008 from the government of Hong Kong SAR for outstanding achievements in the field of virology and pathology , in particular his contribution to the prevention and control of infectious diseases . Malik continues to work at the University of Hong Kong and was appointed scientific director of the Hong Kong University-Pasteur Institute . In May 2017 , Malik was elected as a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences He holds several academic positions by being the Chair Professor of Microbiology and Tam Wah-ching Professor of Medical Sciences at The University of Hong Kong , Honorary Consultant Microbiologist at Queen Mary Hospital and the Scientific Director of the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at Hong Kong . Family Background . He is married to Sharmini Arsecularatne and they have a daughter , Shalini and a son , Shehan . Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arsecularatne was the foundation Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Ceylon , Peradeniya , and was Peiris’ early mentor . He later became Peiris’ father-in-law . External links . - Features , Daily News ( online ) , June 2006 , webpage : DailyNews-fea01 : contains Following the discovery of the cause of SARS , Professor Peiris was invited... . - HKU ResearcherPage : Peiris , JSM , The HKU Scholars Hub ( online database ) , webpage : HKU Scholars Hub : Researcher Page |
[
""
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Malik Peiris work for from Sep 1982 to Sep 1988? | /wiki/Malik_Peiris#P108#1 | Malik Peiris Professor Malik Peiris FRS , dHonneur , ( Sinhala:මලික් පීරිස් ; born 10 November 1949 ) is a Sri Lankan pathologist and virologist . He has been long based in Hong Kong . His research interests include ecology , evolution , pathogenesis , epidemiology of animal-human influenza and other human respiratory viral infections , authoring over 320 research publications . Peiris is most notable for being the first person to isolate SARS virus . He holds the Tam Wah-Ching Professorship , Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences , University of Hong Kong , where he continues to lead ground breaking research with a particular interest in newly emerging viruses such as Coronaviruses at the animal-human interface . He serves as a member on the Advisory panel on Emerging Infectious Diseases , Health Protection Agency of Hong Kong , was on the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and was previously a member of the World Health Organizations Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization ( SAGE ) . Together with his co-workers , he has published more than 600 scientific papers in a research career spanning more than 35 years and is credited with 32 scientific patents relating to diagnosis of viral infections . Early life and education . Peiris was born on 10 November 1949 in Kandy , Sri Lanka . He completed school education at St . Anthonys College , Kandy , and commenced attending the University of Ceylon , Peradeniya to study medicine in October 1967 . He graduated with MBBS honours in September 1972 . Academic and Clinical Training . After completing the clinical internships , he joined the Department of Bacteriology in the Medical School of the University of Ceylons Peradeniya Campus as a junior lecturer . His mentor and head of department was Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arsecularatne , who greatly influenced his career . In 1977 , Peiris was awarded a Commonwealth scholarship for post graduate research training at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford , with Dr . J.S . Porterfield as his research adviser and mentor . He was awarded the D.Phil degree in 1981 . A major aspect of his dissertation was the paradoxical role that antibodies may play in facilitating rather than blocking the entry of viruses such as the West Nile virus and the dengue virus into macrophages , the first line defense cells of the body . Research training in Oxford was followed by two years of training in clinical pathology as a Registrar in Virology with Professor R . Madeley at the department of Clinical Virology , Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne , culminating in the award of the Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists . In 1982 , he returned to his native University in Sri Lanka where , over a period of six years , he established a pioneering Clinical Virology Laboratory . In reflection , he described his achievements during these years in a resource poor setting as some that he is most proud of . After his period in Sri Lanka from 1982 to 1988 , Peiris rejoined the Victoria Royal Infirmary in Newcastle in the UK , as a Consultant Virologist . The final and most significant career change was in 1995 , when Peiris shifted his Clinical and Scientific efforts to Hong Kong , based around the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong , after having founded the Clinical Diagnostic and Public Health Laboratory at Queen Mary Hospital , University of Hong Kong . His team of scientists and doctors was strategically placed to face the challenges of the Avian influenza virus outbreak , the severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) Coronavirus outbreak , the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome ( MERS ) Coronavirus outbreak and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic . Original research carried out by the Hong Kong laboratories have made major contributions to the knowledge of the causative viruses of these diseases and the understanding , diagnosis , treatment and prevention of the diseases that these viruses cause . During the period of 2003 to 2004 , Peiris was credited with authoring the highest number of high impact publications in the scientific world . Notable findings . Avian Influenza . In 1997 , after the first human outbreak of the Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Hong Kong , Professor Peiriss attention was turned to the virus , which claimed the lives a third of its victims . Research in his laboratory showed that the virus induces high levels of chemicals called cytokines when it infects a type of white blood cell . This was later shown to correlate with high levels of cytokines in infected humans . This so-called cytokine storm is now recognized as a major mechanism of avian influenza virus pathogenesis . Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) . In 2003 , Hong Kong suffered another virus outbreak , this time from an unknown respiratory disease , termed SARS . Peiris became known worldwide when his laboratory was the first to isolate the virus , a Novel coronavirus ( CoV ) , now known as SARS-CoV . Peiris led the team which isolated the causal agent for the respiratory infection SARS in early 2003 . By June 2003 , the Peiris laboratory and their collaborators had developed a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV using Real-time polymerase chain reaction . The team has published the standard laboratory manual book on the SARS coronavirus . COVID-19 . In February 2020 , Peiris and his colleague , Leo L . M . Poon , published a definitive article in the Journal Nature Medicine presaging the pandemic of a new coronavirus . In March 2020 , Peiris reported that a Pomeranian dog was infected with COVID-19 . At first , these findings were dismissed , but other COVID-19 animal infections across the world , substantiated Peiriss findings that animals could be infected by the virus such as the case of a tiger in Bronx Zoo and a pug dog in North Carolina both testing positive . Honours . He is the first Sri Lankan to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London ( conferred in 2006 ) . This is considered the highest scientific honour in the Commonwealth . The biographical notes recorded by the Royal Society reads “ Malik Peiris was the first to isolate the severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) virus that caused international alarm when it emerged in South China in 2002–2003 . His expertise in human disease caused by animal viruses encompasses viral evolution , transmission , mechanisms of infection and the immune response of human hosts.Working in Hong Kong on pandemic diseases with a high mortality rate such as bird flu ( H5N1 ) , swine flu ( H1N1 ) and SARS , Malik has been at the centre of surveillance and rapid-response programmes . His original insights into bird flu include the potentially fatal ‘cytokine storm’ that follows human infection , and the recombinant origin of the virus” . He was decorated as Knight of the Légion dHonneur of France on 15 October 2007 He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star ( SBS ) in 2008 from the government of Hong Kong SAR for outstanding achievements in the field of virology and pathology , in particular his contribution to the prevention and control of infectious diseases . Malik continues to work at the University of Hong Kong and was appointed scientific director of the Hong Kong University-Pasteur Institute . In May 2017 , Malik was elected as a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences He holds several academic positions by being the Chair Professor of Microbiology and Tam Wah-ching Professor of Medical Sciences at The University of Hong Kong , Honorary Consultant Microbiologist at Queen Mary Hospital and the Scientific Director of the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at Hong Kong . Family Background . He is married to Sharmini Arsecularatne and they have a daughter , Shalini and a son , Shehan . Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arsecularatne was the foundation Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Ceylon , Peradeniya , and was Peiris’ early mentor . He later became Peiris’ father-in-law . External links . - Features , Daily News ( online ) , June 2006 , webpage : DailyNews-fea01 : contains Following the discovery of the cause of SARS , Professor Peiris was invited... . - HKU ResearcherPage : Peiris , JSM , The HKU Scholars Hub ( online database ) , webpage : HKU Scholars Hub : Researcher Page |
[
"Duke Philibert I of Savoy"
] | easy | Who was Bianca Maria Sforza 's spouse from 1476 to 1482? | /wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza#P26#0 | Bianca Maria Sforza Bianca Maria Sforza ( 5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510 ) was the queen of Germany and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I . She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . Early life . Bianca was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan , by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . She was named after her paternal grandmother , Bianca Maria Visconti . When Bianca was not yet five years old , her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476 , which was the Feast Day of St . Stephen . He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court . On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old Bianca married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy , the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy , and Yolande of France . Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482 , leaving Bianca a widow at the age of ten . She returned to Milan , under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro , who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests , mainly needlework . On 31 July 1485 , the engagement between Bianca and John Corvinus , the only ( though illegitimate ) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , was formally announced . With this marriage , the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his sons future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria . The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487 , and according to the terms of the contract , Bianca received several Hungarian counties . However , due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix , wife of King Matthias , the formal marriage never took place . In March 1492 a marriage between Bianca and King James IV of Scotland was considered , but the idea was soon abandoned . Queen and empress . On 16 March 1494 in Hall , Tyrol , Bianca married her second husband , the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany . Biancas second marriage was arranged by her uncle , who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian ; in exchange , Maximilian received a large dowry along with Bianca , 400,000 ducats . Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention . At her wedding , Bianca wore a bodice with eighty pieces of the jewelers art pinned thereon , with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls . Maximilians claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France , regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France , and brought about French intervention in Italy , thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars . The union was unhappy : shortly after the consummation of the marriage , Maximilian complained that Bianca may have been more beautiful than his first wife , Duchess Mary of Burgundy , but was not as wise . It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband , who considered her too uneducated , talkative , naive , wasteful with money , and careless . He did wish to have children with her , but all their attempts failed : despite Biancas several pregnancies , none produced a living child . She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret , but was criticized for forgetting her dignity when she sat on the floor with them to play . After 1500 , Maximilian lost all interest in Bianca . She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol . On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips . Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508 , making Bianca empress . Empress Bianca died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510 . She was buried at Stams . Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her . References and literature . - Hellmut Andics : Die Frauen der Habsburger. . J&V , Wien , 1985 - Hermann Wiesflecker : Maximilian I. , Wien/München 1991 , and - Thea Leitner : Habsburgs Goldene Bräute . Piper , 2005 - Sigrid-Maria Größing : Maximilian I . – Kaiser–Künstler–Kämpfer . Amalthea , Wien 2002 External links . - Bianca Maria Sforza at the aeiou Encyclopedia - Portrait of Bianca Maria Sforza at the National Gallery |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Bianca Maria Sforza from Nov 1487 to Nov 1493? | /wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza#P26#1 | Bianca Maria Sforza Bianca Maria Sforza ( 5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510 ) was the queen of Germany and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I . She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . Early life . Bianca was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan , by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . She was named after her paternal grandmother , Bianca Maria Visconti . When Bianca was not yet five years old , her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476 , which was the Feast Day of St . Stephen . He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court . On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old Bianca married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy , the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy , and Yolande of France . Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482 , leaving Bianca a widow at the age of ten . She returned to Milan , under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro , who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests , mainly needlework . On 31 July 1485 , the engagement between Bianca and John Corvinus , the only ( though illegitimate ) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , was formally announced . With this marriage , the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his sons future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria . The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487 , and according to the terms of the contract , Bianca received several Hungarian counties . However , due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix , wife of King Matthias , the formal marriage never took place . In March 1492 a marriage between Bianca and King James IV of Scotland was considered , but the idea was soon abandoned . Queen and empress . On 16 March 1494 in Hall , Tyrol , Bianca married her second husband , the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany . Biancas second marriage was arranged by her uncle , who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian ; in exchange , Maximilian received a large dowry along with Bianca , 400,000 ducats . Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention . At her wedding , Bianca wore a bodice with eighty pieces of the jewelers art pinned thereon , with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls . Maximilians claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France , regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France , and brought about French intervention in Italy , thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars . The union was unhappy : shortly after the consummation of the marriage , Maximilian complained that Bianca may have been more beautiful than his first wife , Duchess Mary of Burgundy , but was not as wise . It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband , who considered her too uneducated , talkative , naive , wasteful with money , and careless . He did wish to have children with her , but all their attempts failed : despite Biancas several pregnancies , none produced a living child . She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret , but was criticized for forgetting her dignity when she sat on the floor with them to play . After 1500 , Maximilian lost all interest in Bianca . She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol . On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips . Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508 , making Bianca empress . Empress Bianca died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510 . She was buried at Stams . Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her . References and literature . - Hellmut Andics : Die Frauen der Habsburger. . J&V , Wien , 1985 - Hermann Wiesflecker : Maximilian I. , Wien/München 1991 , and - Thea Leitner : Habsburgs Goldene Bräute . Piper , 2005 - Sigrid-Maria Größing : Maximilian I . – Kaiser–Künstler–Kämpfer . Amalthea , Wien 2002 External links . - Bianca Maria Sforza at the aeiou Encyclopedia - Portrait of Bianca Maria Sforza at the National Gallery |
[
"King Maximilian I of Germany"
] | easy | Who was Bianca Maria Sforza 's spouse from Mar 1494 to Dec 1510? | /wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza#P26#2 | Bianca Maria Sforza Bianca Maria Sforza ( 5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510 ) was the queen of Germany and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I . She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . Early life . Bianca was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan , by his second wife , Bona of Savoy . She was named after her paternal grandmother , Bianca Maria Visconti . When Bianca was not yet five years old , her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476 , which was the Feast Day of St . Stephen . He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court . On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old Bianca married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy , the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy , and Yolande of France . Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482 , leaving Bianca a widow at the age of ten . She returned to Milan , under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro , who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests , mainly needlework . On 31 July 1485 , the engagement between Bianca and John Corvinus , the only ( though illegitimate ) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , was formally announced . With this marriage , the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his sons future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria . The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487 , and according to the terms of the contract , Bianca received several Hungarian counties . However , due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix , wife of King Matthias , the formal marriage never took place . In March 1492 a marriage between Bianca and King James IV of Scotland was considered , but the idea was soon abandoned . Queen and empress . On 16 March 1494 in Hall , Tyrol , Bianca married her second husband , the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany . Biancas second marriage was arranged by her uncle , who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian ; in exchange , Maximilian received a large dowry along with Bianca , 400,000 ducats . Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention . At her wedding , Bianca wore a bodice with eighty pieces of the jewelers art pinned thereon , with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls . Maximilians claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France , regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France , and brought about French intervention in Italy , thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars . The union was unhappy : shortly after the consummation of the marriage , Maximilian complained that Bianca may have been more beautiful than his first wife , Duchess Mary of Burgundy , but was not as wise . It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband , who considered her too uneducated , talkative , naive , wasteful with money , and careless . He did wish to have children with her , but all their attempts failed : despite Biancas several pregnancies , none produced a living child . She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret , but was criticized for forgetting her dignity when she sat on the floor with them to play . After 1500 , Maximilian lost all interest in Bianca . She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol . On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips . Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508 , making Bianca empress . Empress Bianca died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510 . She was buried at Stams . Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her . References and literature . - Hellmut Andics : Die Frauen der Habsburger. . J&V , Wien , 1985 - Hermann Wiesflecker : Maximilian I. , Wien/München 1991 , and - Thea Leitner : Habsburgs Goldene Bräute . Piper , 2005 - Sigrid-Maria Größing : Maximilian I . – Kaiser–Künstler–Kämpfer . Amalthea , Wien 2002 External links . - Bianca Maria Sforza at the aeiou Encyclopedia - Portrait of Bianca Maria Sforza at the National Gallery |
[
"Sinn Féin Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Seán MacEntee hold from Dec 1918 to Oct 1922? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#0 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Minister for Finance"
] | easy | What was the position of Seán MacEntee from Mar 1932 to Sep 1939? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#1 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Minister for Industry and Commerce"
] | easy | What was the position of Seán MacEntee from Sep 1939 to Aug 1941? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#2 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Minister for Local Government and Public Health"
] | easy | Seán MacEntee took which position from Aug 1941 to Feb 1948? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#3 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Minister for Finance"
] | easy | Seán MacEntee took which position from Jun 1951 to Jun 1954? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#4 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Minister for Health"
] | easy | Which position did Seán MacEntee hold from Mar 1957 to Jun 1959? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#5 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
[
"Tánaiste",
"Minister for Health"
] | easy | What was the position of Seán MacEntee from Jun 1959 to Oct 1961? | /wiki/Seán_MacEntee#P39#6 | Seán MacEntee Seán Francis MacEntee ( ; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1969 , Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961 , Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965 , Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948 , Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941 , Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1918 to 1969 . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil . Early life . Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street , Belfast on 23 August 1889 , the son of James McEntee , a publican , and his wife , Mary Owens , both of whom were from Monaghan . In 1901 and 1911 , the familys address was 49 King Street . James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP . MacEntee was educated at St Marys Christian Brothers School , St . Malachys College , the Belfast Municipal College of Technology and Queens University Belfast where he qualified as an electrical engineer . His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city . He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the citys shipyards . Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk , County Louth , and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town . He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916 . He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 , and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917 . MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election . Rebellion years . An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919 . MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army . He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive , a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ Staff But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north . On 6 August 1920 , MacEntee presented a Memorial lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation . He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order , and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place , he advised them to fight Belfast . The Dáil governments policy was dubbedHibernia Irredenta or Greening Ireland . But many nationalist towns in Ulster wanted to remain British . Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat , after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . Path to civil war . From April 1921 , when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election . It remained Collins policy , he declared , that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British , urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic . Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland . But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier , Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham . It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin . He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel , and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923 . Politician in the Free State . After his release from prison , MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice , although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924 . He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election . MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929 , having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council . On MacEntees appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932 , his colleague , Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association , circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was suspended until such time as MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State . However , the other members decided to carry on . MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government , although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business , which was carried on by his business partners . In the first Fianna Fáil government ( 1932–48 ) . In 1932 , Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance . In keeping with the partys protectionist economic policies his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports , many of them coming from Britain . This saw retaliation from the British government , which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government . This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations , however , a treaty in 1938 , signed by MacEntee and other senior members who brought an end to the issue . In 1939 , World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce , taking over from his rival Seán Lemass . During his tenure at this department MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act ( 1941 ) . In 1941 , another reshuffle of ministers took place , with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health . The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947 . Following the 1948 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years . In later Fianna Fáil governments ( 1951–54 , 1957–65 ) . In 1951 , Fianna Fáil were back in government , although in minority status , depending on independent deputies for survival . MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit . He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports . His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports , however , this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply . The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953 . It is often said that it was MacEntees performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954 . The poor grasp on economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach . Now , however , Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the heir apparent . In 1957 , Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health . The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade . He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services , the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare , and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland . In 1959 , MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach . Retirement and death . Following the 1965 general election , MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government . This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches . He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach . The two men , however , patched up their differences shortly afterwards . MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80 , making him the oldest TD in Irish history . He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA . MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta ( see Greek case ) . MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984 , at the age of 94 . Family . In June 1921 , he had married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary , Margaret Browne ( 1893–1976 ) , who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD . Among Margarets brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne , poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún , and author Monsignor Maurice Browne . One of Seán and Margarets daughters is the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi . She was married to the politician Conor Cruise OBrien until his death . Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar ( 1928–1994 ) , who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar ( 1917–1974 ) ; Barbara and Franks eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar ( 1952– ) . Seán and Margaret also had a son , Seamus MacEntee ( 1924–2000 ) , who lived mostly in England , working as a psychiatrist , as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ( Sages son is an English translation of the name MacEntee , which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi , meaning Son of the wise man ) . Bibliographical sources . - Beaslai , Piaras , Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols , ( Dublin 1926 ) - Boyce , George D & Alan O Day ( eds. ) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 ( Basingstoke 2006 ) - Coogan , Tim Pat , Michael Collins : A biography ( London 1990 ) - Costello , Francis , Enduring the Most : The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney ( Dingle 1995 ) - Curran , Joseph , The Birth of the Irish Free State ( Tuscaloosa , Ala , USA 1980 ) - Doherty , Gabriel & Dermot Keogh ( eds ) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State ( Cork 1998 ) - Farrell , Brian , Creation of the Dail ( Dublin 1994 ) - Original from the University of Michigan . Digitized 30 Jun 2010 - Foy , Michael T. , Michael Collins Intelligence War : The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 ( Stroud 2006 ) - Lynch , Robert , The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition , 1920–1922 ( Dublin 2006 ) - McDermott , Jim , Northern Divisions : The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 ( Belfast 2001 ) - Morgan , Austen , Labour and Partition : The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 ( London 1990 ) - Phoenix , Eamon , Northern Nationalism : Nationalist Politics , Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland , 1890–1940 ( Belfast 1994 ) |
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"Francis Hare Naylor"
] | easy | Who owned Herstmonceux Castle from 1806 to 1807? | /wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle#P127#0 | Herstmonceux Castle Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle , dating from the 15th century , near Herstmonceux , East Sussex , England . It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England . The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England , and was built using bricks taken from the local clay , by builders from Flanders . It dates from 1441 . Construction began under the then-owner , Sir Roger Fiennes , and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son , Lord Dacre . The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north of the castle , and the Grade II* listed telescopes and workshops of the Herstmonceux Science Centre . History . Early history . The first written evidence of the existence of the Herst settlement appears in William the Conquerors Domesday Book which reports that one of Williams closest supporters granted tenancy of the manor at Herst to a man named ‘Wilbert . By the end of the twelfth century , the family at the manor house at Herst had considerable status . Written accounts mention a lady called Idonea de Herst , who married a Norman nobleman named Ingelram de Monceux . Around this time , the manor began to be called the Herst of the Monceux , a name that eventually became Herstmonceux . A descendant of the Monceux family , Roger Fiennes , was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex . Sir Roger was appointed Treasurer of the Household of Henry VI of England and needed a house fitting a man of his position , so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 . It was this position as treasurer which enabled him to afford the £3,800 construction of the original castle . In 1541 , Sir Thomas Fiennes , Lord Dacre , was tried for murder and robbery of the Kings deer after his poaching exploits on a neighboring estate resulted in the death of a gamekeeper . He was convicted and hanged as a commoner , and the Herstmonceux estate was temporarily confiscated by Henry VIII of England , but was restored to the Fiennes family during the reign of one of Henrys children . The profligacy of the 15th Baron Dacre , heir to the Fiennes family , forced him to sell in 1708 to George Naylor , a lawyer of Lincoln’s Inn in London . Bethaia Naylor , who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brothers only daughter , married Francis Hare and produced a son , Francis , who inherited in turn , his mothers property . The castle eventually came into the possession of Robert Hare-Naylor , who , upon the insistence of his second wife , Henrietta Henckell , followed the architect Samuel Wyatt’s advice to reduce the Castle to a picturesque ruin by demolishing the interior . Thomas Lennard , 17th Baron Dacre , was sufficiently exercised as to commission James Lamberts Jnr of Lewes ( 1741-1799 ) to record the building in 1776 . The castle was dismantled in 1777 leaving the exterior walls standing and remained a ruin until the early 20th century . 20th-century restoration . Radical restoration work was undertaken by Colonel Claude Lowther in 1913 to transform the ruined building into a residence and , based on a design by the architect , Walter Godfrey , this work was completed by Sir Paul Latham in 1933 . The existing interiors largely date from that period , incorporating architectural antiques from England and France . The one major change in planning was the combination of the four internal courtyards into one large one . The restoration work , regarded as the apex of Godfreys architectural achievement , was described by the critic Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as executed exemplarily . Royal Greenwich Observatory . The Royal Observatory was founded by King Charles II at Greenwich in 1675 . Observing conditions at Greenwich deteriorated following the urban growth of London , and plans were made in the early 20th century to relocate the observatory to a rural location with clearer , darker skies . Herstmonceux Castle and estate were put up for sale by their private owners and were sold in 1946 to the Admiralty , which then operated the Royal Observatory on behalf of the British government . The relocation of the observatory took place over a decade , and was complete by 1957 . A number of new buildings were erected in the castle grounds . The institution at Herstmonceux Castle was known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory , where it remained until 1988 , when the observatory relocated to Cambridge . Several of the telescopes remain but the largest telescope , the 100 inch ( 254 cm ) aperture Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to La Palma , in the Canary Islands , in the 1970s . The estate provides housing for the Equatorial Telescope Buildings , which have been converted for use as an interactive science centre for schoolchildren . The empty dome for the Newton Telescope remains on this site and is a landmark , visible from afar . University Study Centre . In 1992 Alfred Bader , an alumnus of Queens University , Ontario , learned of the castles vacancy and offered to purchase the castle for his wife ; she declined , joking that there would be too many rooms to clean . But in 1994 , after intensive renovations , the Queens International Study Centre was opened . It hosts primarily undergraduate students studying arts , science , or commerce through the Canadian University Study Abroad Program ( CUSAP ) , as well as graduate students studying Public International Law or International Business Law . Specialty summer programmes ( May–June ) including engineering ( Global Project Management ) , archeology , international health sciences , and law have become popular in recent years with students from both Queens and other universities . In late January 2009 , the ISC was renamed the Bader International Study Centre . As part of the 25th anniversary celebrations , new science and innovation labs were opened on the campus to increase the ability for first year science-tracked students to attend . Historical Retinue and Events . Herstmonceux castle is associated with a retinue of historical re-enactment troops including archers , knights , and falconers , who fly their birds over the grounds . The castle is also host to a large medieval weekend in August of each year. , it can be the site of weddings and weekend events . Appearances in fiction . The castle was used for filming part of The Silver Chair , a 1990 BBC adaptation of the book ( one of The Chronicles of Narnia ) by C . S . Lewis . The castle and gardens were used by comedians Reeves and Mortimer for one of their Mulligan and OHare sketches . In August 2002 , The Coca-Cola Company rented the castle for use as part of a prize in a Harry Potter-themed sweepstakes—the castle served as Hogwarts in a day of Harry Potter-related activities for the sweepstakes winners . A painting of the castle was used as a magical cursed object in the U.S . television show Charmed - episode 2.3 The Painted World . Owners of Herstmonceux Manor/Castle . Owners have been as follows : - 1066 - Edmer , a priest . - 1086 - Wilbert , tenant-in-chief . - c.1200 - Idonea de Herst ( married Ingelram de Monceux ) . - 1211 - Her son Waleran de Monceux . - 1216 - His son William de Monceux . - ? - His son Waleran de Monceux . - 1279 - His son John de Monceux . - 1302 - His son John de Monceux . - 1316 - His son John de Monceux . - 1330 - His sister Maud de Monceux ( married Sir John Fiennes ) - 1351 - Her eldest son William Fiennes . - 1359 - His son Sir William Fiennes . - 1402 - His son Sir Roger Fiennes ( built Herstmonceux castle ) - 1449 - His son Sir Richard Fiennes ( married Joan Dacre , 7th Baroness Dacre ) - 1483 - His grandson Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1533 - Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1541 - His eldest son Thomas Fiennes . - 1553 - His brother Gregory Fiennes - 1594 - His sister Margaret Fiennes ( married Sampson Lennard ) . - 1612 - Her son Henry Lennard , 12th Baron Dacre - 1616 - His son Richard Leonard . - 1630 - His son Francis Leonard . - 1662 - His son Thomas Leonard . - 1708 - Estate purchased by George Naylor for £38,215 . - 1730 - His nephew Francis Naylor . - 1775 - His half-brother Robert Hare who demolished the castle in 1776 . - ? - His son Francis Hare Naylor . - 1807 - Purchased by Thomas Read Kemp . - 1819 - Purchased for John Gillon MP . - 1846 - Purchased by Herbet Barrett Curteis MP . - ? - His son Herbert Mascall Curteis . - ? - His son Herbert Curteis . - 1911 - Purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Lowther ( restoration begins ) . - 1929 - Purchased by Reginald Lawson . - 1932 - Purchased by Sir Paul Latham ( completes restoration under Walter Godfrey ) . - 1946 - Purchased by H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory . - 1965 - Transferred to the Science Research Council . - 1989 - Purchased by James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank . - 1993 - Purchased for Queens University , Ontario ( Canada ) as a gift from Drs . Alfred and Isabel Bader . |
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