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[
"Thomas Read Kemp"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Herstmonceux Castle from 1807 to 1819? | /wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle#P127#1 | Herstmonceux Castle Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle , dating from the 15th century , near Herstmonceux , East Sussex , England . It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England . The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England , and was built using bricks taken from the local clay , by builders from Flanders . It dates from 1441 . Construction began under the then-owner , Sir Roger Fiennes , and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son , Lord Dacre . The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north of the castle , and the Grade II* listed telescopes and workshops of the Herstmonceux Science Centre . History . Early history . The first written evidence of the existence of the Herst settlement appears in William the Conquerors Domesday Book which reports that one of Williams closest supporters granted tenancy of the manor at Herst to a man named ‘Wilbert . By the end of the twelfth century , the family at the manor house at Herst had considerable status . Written accounts mention a lady called Idonea de Herst , who married a Norman nobleman named Ingelram de Monceux . Around this time , the manor began to be called the Herst of the Monceux , a name that eventually became Herstmonceux . A descendant of the Monceux family , Roger Fiennes , was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex . Sir Roger was appointed Treasurer of the Household of Henry VI of England and needed a house fitting a man of his position , so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 . It was this position as treasurer which enabled him to afford the £3,800 construction of the original castle . In 1541 , Sir Thomas Fiennes , Lord Dacre , was tried for murder and robbery of the Kings deer after his poaching exploits on a neighboring estate resulted in the death of a gamekeeper . He was convicted and hanged as a commoner , and the Herstmonceux estate was temporarily confiscated by Henry VIII of England , but was restored to the Fiennes family during the reign of one of Henrys children . The profligacy of the 15th Baron Dacre , heir to the Fiennes family , forced him to sell in 1708 to George Naylor , a lawyer of Lincoln’s Inn in London . Bethaia Naylor , who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brothers only daughter , married Francis Hare and produced a son , Francis , who inherited in turn , his mothers property . The castle eventually came into the possession of Robert Hare-Naylor , who , upon the insistence of his second wife , Henrietta Henckell , followed the architect Samuel Wyatt’s advice to reduce the Castle to a picturesque ruin by demolishing the interior . Thomas Lennard , 17th Baron Dacre , was sufficiently exercised as to commission James Lamberts Jnr of Lewes ( 1741-1799 ) to record the building in 1776 . The castle was dismantled in 1777 leaving the exterior walls standing and remained a ruin until the early 20th century . 20th-century restoration . Radical restoration work was undertaken by Colonel Claude Lowther in 1913 to transform the ruined building into a residence and , based on a design by the architect , Walter Godfrey , this work was completed by Sir Paul Latham in 1933 . The existing interiors largely date from that period , incorporating architectural antiques from England and France . The one major change in planning was the combination of the four internal courtyards into one large one . The restoration work , regarded as the apex of Godfreys architectural achievement , was described by the critic Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as executed exemplarily . Royal Greenwich Observatory . The Royal Observatory was founded by King Charles II at Greenwich in 1675 . Observing conditions at Greenwich deteriorated following the urban growth of London , and plans were made in the early 20th century to relocate the observatory to a rural location with clearer , darker skies . Herstmonceux Castle and estate were put up for sale by their private owners and were sold in 1946 to the Admiralty , which then operated the Royal Observatory on behalf of the British government . The relocation of the observatory took place over a decade , and was complete by 1957 . A number of new buildings were erected in the castle grounds . The institution at Herstmonceux Castle was known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory , where it remained until 1988 , when the observatory relocated to Cambridge . Several of the telescopes remain but the largest telescope , the 100 inch ( 254 cm ) aperture Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to La Palma , in the Canary Islands , in the 1970s . The estate provides housing for the Equatorial Telescope Buildings , which have been converted for use as an interactive science centre for schoolchildren . The empty dome for the Newton Telescope remains on this site and is a landmark , visible from afar . University Study Centre . In 1992 Alfred Bader , an alumnus of Queens University , Ontario , learned of the castles vacancy and offered to purchase the castle for his wife ; she declined , joking that there would be too many rooms to clean . But in 1994 , after intensive renovations , the Queens International Study Centre was opened . It hosts primarily undergraduate students studying arts , science , or commerce through the Canadian University Study Abroad Program ( CUSAP ) , as well as graduate students studying Public International Law or International Business Law . Specialty summer programmes ( May–June ) including engineering ( Global Project Management ) , archeology , international health sciences , and law have become popular in recent years with students from both Queens and other universities . In late January 2009 , the ISC was renamed the Bader International Study Centre . As part of the 25th anniversary celebrations , new science and innovation labs were opened on the campus to increase the ability for first year science-tracked students to attend . Historical Retinue and Events . Herstmonceux castle is associated with a retinue of historical re-enactment troops including archers , knights , and falconers , who fly their birds over the grounds . The castle is also host to a large medieval weekend in August of each year. , it can be the site of weddings and weekend events . Appearances in fiction . The castle was used for filming part of The Silver Chair , a 1990 BBC adaptation of the book ( one of The Chronicles of Narnia ) by C . S . Lewis . The castle and gardens were used by comedians Reeves and Mortimer for one of their Mulligan and OHare sketches . In August 2002 , The Coca-Cola Company rented the castle for use as part of a prize in a Harry Potter-themed sweepstakes—the castle served as Hogwarts in a day of Harry Potter-related activities for the sweepstakes winners . A painting of the castle was used as a magical cursed object in the U.S . television show Charmed - episode 2.3 The Painted World . Owners of Herstmonceux Manor/Castle . Owners have been as follows : - 1066 - Edmer , a priest . - 1086 - Wilbert , tenant-in-chief . - c.1200 - Idonea de Herst ( married Ingelram de Monceux ) . - 1211 - Her son Waleran de Monceux . - 1216 - His son William de Monceux . - ? - His son Waleran de Monceux . - 1279 - His son John de Monceux . - 1302 - His son John de Monceux . - 1316 - His son John de Monceux . - 1330 - His sister Maud de Monceux ( married Sir John Fiennes ) - 1351 - Her eldest son William Fiennes . - 1359 - His son Sir William Fiennes . - 1402 - His son Sir Roger Fiennes ( built Herstmonceux castle ) - 1449 - His son Sir Richard Fiennes ( married Joan Dacre , 7th Baroness Dacre ) - 1483 - His grandson Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1533 - Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1541 - His eldest son Thomas Fiennes . - 1553 - His brother Gregory Fiennes - 1594 - His sister Margaret Fiennes ( married Sampson Lennard ) . - 1612 - Her son Henry Lennard , 12th Baron Dacre - 1616 - His son Richard Leonard . - 1630 - His son Francis Leonard . - 1662 - His son Thomas Leonard . - 1708 - Estate purchased by George Naylor for £38,215 . - 1730 - His nephew Francis Naylor . - 1775 - His half-brother Robert Hare who demolished the castle in 1776 . - ? - His son Francis Hare Naylor . - 1807 - Purchased by Thomas Read Kemp . - 1819 - Purchased for John Gillon MP . - 1846 - Purchased by Herbet Barrett Curteis MP . - ? - His son Herbert Mascall Curteis . - ? - His son Herbert Curteis . - 1911 - Purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Lowther ( restoration begins ) . - 1929 - Purchased by Reginald Lawson . - 1932 - Purchased by Sir Paul Latham ( completes restoration under Walter Godfrey ) . - 1946 - Purchased by H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory . - 1965 - Transferred to the Science Research Council . - 1989 - Purchased by James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank . - 1993 - Purchased for Queens University , Ontario ( Canada ) as a gift from Drs . Alfred and Isabel Bader . |
[
"Claude Lowther"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Herstmonceux Castle from 1911 to 1929? | /wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle#P127#2 | Herstmonceux Castle Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle , dating from the 15th century , near Herstmonceux , East Sussex , England . It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England . The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England , and was built using bricks taken from the local clay , by builders from Flanders . It dates from 1441 . Construction began under the then-owner , Sir Roger Fiennes , and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son , Lord Dacre . The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north of the castle , and the Grade II* listed telescopes and workshops of the Herstmonceux Science Centre . History . Early history . The first written evidence of the existence of the Herst settlement appears in William the Conquerors Domesday Book which reports that one of Williams closest supporters granted tenancy of the manor at Herst to a man named ‘Wilbert . By the end of the twelfth century , the family at the manor house at Herst had considerable status . Written accounts mention a lady called Idonea de Herst , who married a Norman nobleman named Ingelram de Monceux . Around this time , the manor began to be called the Herst of the Monceux , a name that eventually became Herstmonceux . A descendant of the Monceux family , Roger Fiennes , was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex . Sir Roger was appointed Treasurer of the Household of Henry VI of England and needed a house fitting a man of his position , so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 . It was this position as treasurer which enabled him to afford the £3,800 construction of the original castle . In 1541 , Sir Thomas Fiennes , Lord Dacre , was tried for murder and robbery of the Kings deer after his poaching exploits on a neighboring estate resulted in the death of a gamekeeper . He was convicted and hanged as a commoner , and the Herstmonceux estate was temporarily confiscated by Henry VIII of England , but was restored to the Fiennes family during the reign of one of Henrys children . The profligacy of the 15th Baron Dacre , heir to the Fiennes family , forced him to sell in 1708 to George Naylor , a lawyer of Lincoln’s Inn in London . Bethaia Naylor , who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brothers only daughter , married Francis Hare and produced a son , Francis , who inherited in turn , his mothers property . The castle eventually came into the possession of Robert Hare-Naylor , who , upon the insistence of his second wife , Henrietta Henckell , followed the architect Samuel Wyatt’s advice to reduce the Castle to a picturesque ruin by demolishing the interior . Thomas Lennard , 17th Baron Dacre , was sufficiently exercised as to commission James Lamberts Jnr of Lewes ( 1741-1799 ) to record the building in 1776 . The castle was dismantled in 1777 leaving the exterior walls standing and remained a ruin until the early 20th century . 20th-century restoration . Radical restoration work was undertaken by Colonel Claude Lowther in 1913 to transform the ruined building into a residence and , based on a design by the architect , Walter Godfrey , this work was completed by Sir Paul Latham in 1933 . The existing interiors largely date from that period , incorporating architectural antiques from England and France . The one major change in planning was the combination of the four internal courtyards into one large one . The restoration work , regarded as the apex of Godfreys architectural achievement , was described by the critic Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as executed exemplarily . Royal Greenwich Observatory . The Royal Observatory was founded by King Charles II at Greenwich in 1675 . Observing conditions at Greenwich deteriorated following the urban growth of London , and plans were made in the early 20th century to relocate the observatory to a rural location with clearer , darker skies . Herstmonceux Castle and estate were put up for sale by their private owners and were sold in 1946 to the Admiralty , which then operated the Royal Observatory on behalf of the British government . The relocation of the observatory took place over a decade , and was complete by 1957 . A number of new buildings were erected in the castle grounds . The institution at Herstmonceux Castle was known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory , where it remained until 1988 , when the observatory relocated to Cambridge . Several of the telescopes remain but the largest telescope , the 100 inch ( 254 cm ) aperture Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to La Palma , in the Canary Islands , in the 1970s . The estate provides housing for the Equatorial Telescope Buildings , which have been converted for use as an interactive science centre for schoolchildren . The empty dome for the Newton Telescope remains on this site and is a landmark , visible from afar . University Study Centre . In 1992 Alfred Bader , an alumnus of Queens University , Ontario , learned of the castles vacancy and offered to purchase the castle for his wife ; she declined , joking that there would be too many rooms to clean . But in 1994 , after intensive renovations , the Queens International Study Centre was opened . It hosts primarily undergraduate students studying arts , science , or commerce through the Canadian University Study Abroad Program ( CUSAP ) , as well as graduate students studying Public International Law or International Business Law . Specialty summer programmes ( May–June ) including engineering ( Global Project Management ) , archeology , international health sciences , and law have become popular in recent years with students from both Queens and other universities . In late January 2009 , the ISC was renamed the Bader International Study Centre . As part of the 25th anniversary celebrations , new science and innovation labs were opened on the campus to increase the ability for first year science-tracked students to attend . Historical Retinue and Events . Herstmonceux castle is associated with a retinue of historical re-enactment troops including archers , knights , and falconers , who fly their birds over the grounds . The castle is also host to a large medieval weekend in August of each year. , it can be the site of weddings and weekend events . Appearances in fiction . The castle was used for filming part of The Silver Chair , a 1990 BBC adaptation of the book ( one of The Chronicles of Narnia ) by C . S . Lewis . The castle and gardens were used by comedians Reeves and Mortimer for one of their Mulligan and OHare sketches . In August 2002 , The Coca-Cola Company rented the castle for use as part of a prize in a Harry Potter-themed sweepstakes—the castle served as Hogwarts in a day of Harry Potter-related activities for the sweepstakes winners . A painting of the castle was used as a magical cursed object in the U.S . television show Charmed - episode 2.3 The Painted World . Owners of Herstmonceux Manor/Castle . Owners have been as follows : - 1066 - Edmer , a priest . - 1086 - Wilbert , tenant-in-chief . - c.1200 - Idonea de Herst ( married Ingelram de Monceux ) . - 1211 - Her son Waleran de Monceux . - 1216 - His son William de Monceux . - ? - His son Waleran de Monceux . - 1279 - His son John de Monceux . - 1302 - His son John de Monceux . - 1316 - His son John de Monceux . - 1330 - His sister Maud de Monceux ( married Sir John Fiennes ) - 1351 - Her eldest son William Fiennes . - 1359 - His son Sir William Fiennes . - 1402 - His son Sir Roger Fiennes ( built Herstmonceux castle ) - 1449 - His son Sir Richard Fiennes ( married Joan Dacre , 7th Baroness Dacre ) - 1483 - His grandson Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1533 - Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1541 - His eldest son Thomas Fiennes . - 1553 - His brother Gregory Fiennes - 1594 - His sister Margaret Fiennes ( married Sampson Lennard ) . - 1612 - Her son Henry Lennard , 12th Baron Dacre - 1616 - His son Richard Leonard . - 1630 - His son Francis Leonard . - 1662 - His son Thomas Leonard . - 1708 - Estate purchased by George Naylor for £38,215 . - 1730 - His nephew Francis Naylor . - 1775 - His half-brother Robert Hare who demolished the castle in 1776 . - ? - His son Francis Hare Naylor . - 1807 - Purchased by Thomas Read Kemp . - 1819 - Purchased for John Gillon MP . - 1846 - Purchased by Herbet Barrett Curteis MP . - ? - His son Herbert Mascall Curteis . - ? - His son Herbert Curteis . - 1911 - Purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Lowther ( restoration begins ) . - 1929 - Purchased by Reginald Lawson . - 1932 - Purchased by Sir Paul Latham ( completes restoration under Walter Godfrey ) . - 1946 - Purchased by H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory . - 1965 - Transferred to the Science Research Council . - 1989 - Purchased by James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank . - 1993 - Purchased for Queens University , Ontario ( Canada ) as a gift from Drs . Alfred and Isabel Bader . |
[
"H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory"
] | easy | Who owned Herstmonceux Castle from 1946 to 1964? | /wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle#P127#3 | Herstmonceux Castle Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle , dating from the 15th century , near Herstmonceux , East Sussex , England . It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England . The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England , and was built using bricks taken from the local clay , by builders from Flanders . It dates from 1441 . Construction began under the then-owner , Sir Roger Fiennes , and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son , Lord Dacre . The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north of the castle , and the Grade II* listed telescopes and workshops of the Herstmonceux Science Centre . History . Early history . The first written evidence of the existence of the Herst settlement appears in William the Conquerors Domesday Book which reports that one of Williams closest supporters granted tenancy of the manor at Herst to a man named ‘Wilbert . By the end of the twelfth century , the family at the manor house at Herst had considerable status . Written accounts mention a lady called Idonea de Herst , who married a Norman nobleman named Ingelram de Monceux . Around this time , the manor began to be called the Herst of the Monceux , a name that eventually became Herstmonceux . A descendant of the Monceux family , Roger Fiennes , was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex . Sir Roger was appointed Treasurer of the Household of Henry VI of England and needed a house fitting a man of his position , so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 . It was this position as treasurer which enabled him to afford the £3,800 construction of the original castle . In 1541 , Sir Thomas Fiennes , Lord Dacre , was tried for murder and robbery of the Kings deer after his poaching exploits on a neighboring estate resulted in the death of a gamekeeper . He was convicted and hanged as a commoner , and the Herstmonceux estate was temporarily confiscated by Henry VIII of England , but was restored to the Fiennes family during the reign of one of Henrys children . The profligacy of the 15th Baron Dacre , heir to the Fiennes family , forced him to sell in 1708 to George Naylor , a lawyer of Lincoln’s Inn in London . Bethaia Naylor , who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brothers only daughter , married Francis Hare and produced a son , Francis , who inherited in turn , his mothers property . The castle eventually came into the possession of Robert Hare-Naylor , who , upon the insistence of his second wife , Henrietta Henckell , followed the architect Samuel Wyatt’s advice to reduce the Castle to a picturesque ruin by demolishing the interior . Thomas Lennard , 17th Baron Dacre , was sufficiently exercised as to commission James Lamberts Jnr of Lewes ( 1741-1799 ) to record the building in 1776 . The castle was dismantled in 1777 leaving the exterior walls standing and remained a ruin until the early 20th century . 20th-century restoration . Radical restoration work was undertaken by Colonel Claude Lowther in 1913 to transform the ruined building into a residence and , based on a design by the architect , Walter Godfrey , this work was completed by Sir Paul Latham in 1933 . The existing interiors largely date from that period , incorporating architectural antiques from England and France . The one major change in planning was the combination of the four internal courtyards into one large one . The restoration work , regarded as the apex of Godfreys architectural achievement , was described by the critic Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as executed exemplarily . Royal Greenwich Observatory . The Royal Observatory was founded by King Charles II at Greenwich in 1675 . Observing conditions at Greenwich deteriorated following the urban growth of London , and plans were made in the early 20th century to relocate the observatory to a rural location with clearer , darker skies . Herstmonceux Castle and estate were put up for sale by their private owners and were sold in 1946 to the Admiralty , which then operated the Royal Observatory on behalf of the British government . The relocation of the observatory took place over a decade , and was complete by 1957 . A number of new buildings were erected in the castle grounds . The institution at Herstmonceux Castle was known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory , where it remained until 1988 , when the observatory relocated to Cambridge . Several of the telescopes remain but the largest telescope , the 100 inch ( 254 cm ) aperture Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to La Palma , in the Canary Islands , in the 1970s . The estate provides housing for the Equatorial Telescope Buildings , which have been converted for use as an interactive science centre for schoolchildren . The empty dome for the Newton Telescope remains on this site and is a landmark , visible from afar . University Study Centre . In 1992 Alfred Bader , an alumnus of Queens University , Ontario , learned of the castles vacancy and offered to purchase the castle for his wife ; she declined , joking that there would be too many rooms to clean . But in 1994 , after intensive renovations , the Queens International Study Centre was opened . It hosts primarily undergraduate students studying arts , science , or commerce through the Canadian University Study Abroad Program ( CUSAP ) , as well as graduate students studying Public International Law or International Business Law . Specialty summer programmes ( May–June ) including engineering ( Global Project Management ) , archeology , international health sciences , and law have become popular in recent years with students from both Queens and other universities . In late January 2009 , the ISC was renamed the Bader International Study Centre . As part of the 25th anniversary celebrations , new science and innovation labs were opened on the campus to increase the ability for first year science-tracked students to attend . Historical Retinue and Events . Herstmonceux castle is associated with a retinue of historical re-enactment troops including archers , knights , and falconers , who fly their birds over the grounds . The castle is also host to a large medieval weekend in August of each year. , it can be the site of weddings and weekend events . Appearances in fiction . The castle was used for filming part of The Silver Chair , a 1990 BBC adaptation of the book ( one of The Chronicles of Narnia ) by C . S . Lewis . The castle and gardens were used by comedians Reeves and Mortimer for one of their Mulligan and OHare sketches . In August 2002 , The Coca-Cola Company rented the castle for use as part of a prize in a Harry Potter-themed sweepstakes—the castle served as Hogwarts in a day of Harry Potter-related activities for the sweepstakes winners . A painting of the castle was used as a magical cursed object in the U.S . television show Charmed - episode 2.3 The Painted World . Owners of Herstmonceux Manor/Castle . Owners have been as follows : - 1066 - Edmer , a priest . - 1086 - Wilbert , tenant-in-chief . - c.1200 - Idonea de Herst ( married Ingelram de Monceux ) . - 1211 - Her son Waleran de Monceux . - 1216 - His son William de Monceux . - ? - His son Waleran de Monceux . - 1279 - His son John de Monceux . - 1302 - His son John de Monceux . - 1316 - His son John de Monceux . - 1330 - His sister Maud de Monceux ( married Sir John Fiennes ) - 1351 - Her eldest son William Fiennes . - 1359 - His son Sir William Fiennes . - 1402 - His son Sir Roger Fiennes ( built Herstmonceux castle ) - 1449 - His son Sir Richard Fiennes ( married Joan Dacre , 7th Baroness Dacre ) - 1483 - His grandson Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1533 - Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1541 - His eldest son Thomas Fiennes . - 1553 - His brother Gregory Fiennes - 1594 - His sister Margaret Fiennes ( married Sampson Lennard ) . - 1612 - Her son Henry Lennard , 12th Baron Dacre - 1616 - His son Richard Leonard . - 1630 - His son Francis Leonard . - 1662 - His son Thomas Leonard . - 1708 - Estate purchased by George Naylor for £38,215 . - 1730 - His nephew Francis Naylor . - 1775 - His half-brother Robert Hare who demolished the castle in 1776 . - ? - His son Francis Hare Naylor . - 1807 - Purchased by Thomas Read Kemp . - 1819 - Purchased for John Gillon MP . - 1846 - Purchased by Herbet Barrett Curteis MP . - ? - His son Herbert Mascall Curteis . - ? - His son Herbert Curteis . - 1911 - Purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Lowther ( restoration begins ) . - 1929 - Purchased by Reginald Lawson . - 1932 - Purchased by Sir Paul Latham ( completes restoration under Walter Godfrey ) . - 1946 - Purchased by H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory . - 1965 - Transferred to the Science Research Council . - 1989 - Purchased by James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank . - 1993 - Purchased for Queens University , Ontario ( Canada ) as a gift from Drs . Alfred and Isabel Bader . |
[
"James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Herstmonceux Castle from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle#P127#4 | Herstmonceux Castle Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle , dating from the 15th century , near Herstmonceux , East Sussex , England . It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England . The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England , and was built using bricks taken from the local clay , by builders from Flanders . It dates from 1441 . Construction began under the then-owner , Sir Roger Fiennes , and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son , Lord Dacre . The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north of the castle , and the Grade II* listed telescopes and workshops of the Herstmonceux Science Centre . History . Early history . The first written evidence of the existence of the Herst settlement appears in William the Conquerors Domesday Book which reports that one of Williams closest supporters granted tenancy of the manor at Herst to a man named ‘Wilbert . By the end of the twelfth century , the family at the manor house at Herst had considerable status . Written accounts mention a lady called Idonea de Herst , who married a Norman nobleman named Ingelram de Monceux . Around this time , the manor began to be called the Herst of the Monceux , a name that eventually became Herstmonceux . A descendant of the Monceux family , Roger Fiennes , was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex . Sir Roger was appointed Treasurer of the Household of Henry VI of England and needed a house fitting a man of his position , so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 . It was this position as treasurer which enabled him to afford the £3,800 construction of the original castle . In 1541 , Sir Thomas Fiennes , Lord Dacre , was tried for murder and robbery of the Kings deer after his poaching exploits on a neighboring estate resulted in the death of a gamekeeper . He was convicted and hanged as a commoner , and the Herstmonceux estate was temporarily confiscated by Henry VIII of England , but was restored to the Fiennes family during the reign of one of Henrys children . The profligacy of the 15th Baron Dacre , heir to the Fiennes family , forced him to sell in 1708 to George Naylor , a lawyer of Lincoln’s Inn in London . Bethaia Naylor , who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brothers only daughter , married Francis Hare and produced a son , Francis , who inherited in turn , his mothers property . The castle eventually came into the possession of Robert Hare-Naylor , who , upon the insistence of his second wife , Henrietta Henckell , followed the architect Samuel Wyatt’s advice to reduce the Castle to a picturesque ruin by demolishing the interior . Thomas Lennard , 17th Baron Dacre , was sufficiently exercised as to commission James Lamberts Jnr of Lewes ( 1741-1799 ) to record the building in 1776 . The castle was dismantled in 1777 leaving the exterior walls standing and remained a ruin until the early 20th century . 20th-century restoration . Radical restoration work was undertaken by Colonel Claude Lowther in 1913 to transform the ruined building into a residence and , based on a design by the architect , Walter Godfrey , this work was completed by Sir Paul Latham in 1933 . The existing interiors largely date from that period , incorporating architectural antiques from England and France . The one major change in planning was the combination of the four internal courtyards into one large one . The restoration work , regarded as the apex of Godfreys architectural achievement , was described by the critic Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as executed exemplarily . Royal Greenwich Observatory . The Royal Observatory was founded by King Charles II at Greenwich in 1675 . Observing conditions at Greenwich deteriorated following the urban growth of London , and plans were made in the early 20th century to relocate the observatory to a rural location with clearer , darker skies . Herstmonceux Castle and estate were put up for sale by their private owners and were sold in 1946 to the Admiralty , which then operated the Royal Observatory on behalf of the British government . The relocation of the observatory took place over a decade , and was complete by 1957 . A number of new buildings were erected in the castle grounds . The institution at Herstmonceux Castle was known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory , where it remained until 1988 , when the observatory relocated to Cambridge . Several of the telescopes remain but the largest telescope , the 100 inch ( 254 cm ) aperture Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to La Palma , in the Canary Islands , in the 1970s . The estate provides housing for the Equatorial Telescope Buildings , which have been converted for use as an interactive science centre for schoolchildren . The empty dome for the Newton Telescope remains on this site and is a landmark , visible from afar . University Study Centre . In 1992 Alfred Bader , an alumnus of Queens University , Ontario , learned of the castles vacancy and offered to purchase the castle for his wife ; she declined , joking that there would be too many rooms to clean . But in 1994 , after intensive renovations , the Queens International Study Centre was opened . It hosts primarily undergraduate students studying arts , science , or commerce through the Canadian University Study Abroad Program ( CUSAP ) , as well as graduate students studying Public International Law or International Business Law . Specialty summer programmes ( May–June ) including engineering ( Global Project Management ) , archeology , international health sciences , and law have become popular in recent years with students from both Queens and other universities . In late January 2009 , the ISC was renamed the Bader International Study Centre . As part of the 25th anniversary celebrations , new science and innovation labs were opened on the campus to increase the ability for first year science-tracked students to attend . Historical Retinue and Events . Herstmonceux castle is associated with a retinue of historical re-enactment troops including archers , knights , and falconers , who fly their birds over the grounds . The castle is also host to a large medieval weekend in August of each year. , it can be the site of weddings and weekend events . Appearances in fiction . The castle was used for filming part of The Silver Chair , a 1990 BBC adaptation of the book ( one of The Chronicles of Narnia ) by C . S . Lewis . The castle and gardens were used by comedians Reeves and Mortimer for one of their Mulligan and OHare sketches . In August 2002 , The Coca-Cola Company rented the castle for use as part of a prize in a Harry Potter-themed sweepstakes—the castle served as Hogwarts in a day of Harry Potter-related activities for the sweepstakes winners . A painting of the castle was used as a magical cursed object in the U.S . television show Charmed - episode 2.3 The Painted World . Owners of Herstmonceux Manor/Castle . Owners have been as follows : - 1066 - Edmer , a priest . - 1086 - Wilbert , tenant-in-chief . - c.1200 - Idonea de Herst ( married Ingelram de Monceux ) . - 1211 - Her son Waleran de Monceux . - 1216 - His son William de Monceux . - ? - His son Waleran de Monceux . - 1279 - His son John de Monceux . - 1302 - His son John de Monceux . - 1316 - His son John de Monceux . - 1330 - His sister Maud de Monceux ( married Sir John Fiennes ) - 1351 - Her eldest son William Fiennes . - 1359 - His son Sir William Fiennes . - 1402 - His son Sir Roger Fiennes ( built Herstmonceux castle ) - 1449 - His son Sir Richard Fiennes ( married Joan Dacre , 7th Baroness Dacre ) - 1483 - His grandson Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1533 - Sir Thomas Fiennes - 1541 - His eldest son Thomas Fiennes . - 1553 - His brother Gregory Fiennes - 1594 - His sister Margaret Fiennes ( married Sampson Lennard ) . - 1612 - Her son Henry Lennard , 12th Baron Dacre - 1616 - His son Richard Leonard . - 1630 - His son Francis Leonard . - 1662 - His son Thomas Leonard . - 1708 - Estate purchased by George Naylor for £38,215 . - 1730 - His nephew Francis Naylor . - 1775 - His half-brother Robert Hare who demolished the castle in 1776 . - ? - His son Francis Hare Naylor . - 1807 - Purchased by Thomas Read Kemp . - 1819 - Purchased for John Gillon MP . - 1846 - Purchased by Herbet Barrett Curteis MP . - ? - His son Herbert Mascall Curteis . - ? - His son Herbert Curteis . - 1911 - Purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Lowther ( restoration begins ) . - 1929 - Purchased by Reginald Lawson . - 1932 - Purchased by Sir Paul Latham ( completes restoration under Walter Godfrey ) . - 1946 - Purchased by H.M . Admiralty for The Royal Observatory . - 1965 - Transferred to the Science Research Council . - 1989 - Purchased by James Developments , transfers to a receiver , the Guinness Mahon Bank . - 1993 - Purchased for Queens University , Ontario ( Canada ) as a gift from Drs . Alfred and Isabel Bader . |
[
"London"
] | easy | The headquarter of World Union for Progressive Judaism was located in where from 1926 to 1959? | /wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism#P159#0 | World Union for Progressive Judaism The World Union for Progressive Judaism ( WUPJ ) is the international umbrella organization for the various branches of Reform , Liberal and Progressive Judaism , as well as the separate Reconstructionist Judaism . The WUPJ is based in 40 countries with 1,275 affiliated synagogues , of which 1,170 are Reform , Progressive or Liberal and 105 Reconstructionist . It claims to represent a total of some 1.8 million people , both registered constituents and non-member identifiers . The WUPJ states that it aims to create common ground between its constituents and to promote Progressive Judaism in places where individuals and groups are seeking authentic , yet modern ways of expressing themselves as Jews . It seeks to preserve Jewish integrity wherever Jews live , to encourage integration without assimilation , to deal with modernity while preserving the Jewish experience and to strive for equal rights and social justice . The WUPJ was established in London in 1926 as the Union of all Progressive ( also Liberal or Reform ) movements . It moved its headquarters to New York in 1959 and to Jerusalem in 1973 . In 1990 , the Reconstructionists – who espouse a philosophy different from that of the former – joined the WUPJ under an observer status , being the first and only non-Reform member . The WUPJ has regional offices in London , Moscow and New York City . As of September 2014 the President of the WUPJ is Rabbi Daniel H . Freelander , and the Chair is Carole Sterling . Past presidents included Claude Montefiore ( 1926-1938 ) , Rabbi Leo Baeck ( 1938-1956 ) , Lily Montagu ( 1955–1959 ) , and Rabbi Solomon Freehof ( 1959-1964 ) . Mission statement . - The establishment and support of synagogues and schools wherever there are Jews searching for meaningful access to modern Jewish life . - Recruitment , training and placement of rabbis , cantors and educators . - Publication and distribution of liturgical and educational materials in languages Jews speak . - Sponsorship of international programs for youth , education , leadership development , and all aspects of community building . - Bringing together like-minded Jews to derive strength from one another...blending ancient traditions with the changing world of today . Regional affiliates . North America . The URJ is by far the largest member organization of the WUPJ , with a solid constituency of over 750,000 Jewish members ( along with further 90,000 unconverted gentile spouses ) and over a million non-members who identify with it in the U.S. , and further 30,000 constituents in Canada . As of 2016 , 1.5 million of the 1.9 million members of WUPJ are in the U.S . German immigrants and rabbis brought Reform to America , although a short-lived congregation that espoused a somewhat similar ideal existed in Charleston between 1824 and 1833 . The Union of American Hebrew Congregations , URJ since 2003 , was founded in 1873 . North America is also home to the Jewish Reconstructionist Federation , which has affiliates , 97 only Five of them outside the continent ( in Delft , Netherlands , Curaçao ; Wiesbaden , Germany ; Serrastretta , Italy ; Moscow , Russia ) . The JRF joined as an observer in 1990 . It is the only non-Reform organization in the WUPJ , the other members of which do uphold the basic tenets of ongoing revelation , personal God and the like . In 2013 , it had some 65,000 constituents . United Kingdom . Claude Montefiore , a major theologian , named his religious ideology Liberal Judaism , founding the Jewish Religious Union as a platform in 1902 . His movement was a founding member of the WUPJ in 1926 . British Reform , established officially in 1942 , joined the global organization in 1945 . Israel . A first congregation was formed at Jerusalem during 1958 . The movement was incorporated in 1971 . The Israeli surrounding encouraged a more conservative approach on behalf of the local branch . The prayer in vernacular , for example , was Hebrew anyway , and the populace was relatively more familiar with rabbinic sources . Patrilineal descent is not recognized by the IMPJ , as by many other smaller affiliates , which cannot antagonize the Israeli Orthodox religious establishment . South Africa . The movement was established in 1931 with the encouragement of Abraham Zevi Idelsohn and Lily Montagu . South African Jewry is mostly nominally Orthodox , with those in Progressive streams accounting for around 10% of South African Jews currently residing in the country . Australia , New Zealand and Asia . The movement was established in the 1930s in Melbourne by Ada Phillips with the encouragement of Lily Montagu and Israel Mattuck . Australian Jewry is similar to its South African counterpart in that it is mostly nominally Orthodox . Around twenty percent of affiliated Jews in Australia belong to progressive congregations . Continental Europe . Reform Judaism began in Germany , led by Rabbi Abraham Geiger . It stagnated considerably after the 1840s . In 1898 , German Liberal rabbis organized the Union of Liberal Rabbis in Germany under Heinemann Vogelstein . In 1908 the laity formed the Union for Liberal Judaism in Germany . At its height , it had some 10,000 members and half the rabbis in the country . The ULJ was a founding member of the World Union in 1926 . After the destruction of the Holocaust , Germanys Jews , mostly refugees of foreign descent , largely favoured Orthodoxy . Liberal Judaism managed to gain inroads slowly , and first prayer groups appeared in 1995 . The Union of Progressive Jews was founded in 1997 . The first new branch established by the WUPJ was in the Netherlands , in 1931 , eventually coalescing into the Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom . The movement is growing in Spain . As of 2016 there are six congregations , while there was only one congregation a decade ago . In 2017 the Reform community there expects to have its first native-born rabbi since the Expulsion in 1492 once he completes his rabbinical training in London . Latin America . Since the early 2000s , a Latin American affiliate has been evolving . Officially founded at the Leaders Regional Conference of Progressive Communities in Córdoba ( Argentina ) , in December 2009 , then WUPJ-Latin America renamed itself the Union for Reform Judaism - Latin America ( UJR-AmLat , the acronym in Spanish and Portuguese ) in 2019 . The main concern of the time in the early 2000s was the vulnerability of the Jewish communities of Argentina , which was going through a serious social , economic and political crisis . The embryo of the organization was conceived in 2002 in São Paulo , by activists from liberal communities of Brazil , who chose that city as the regional headquarters of the organization . As of June 2020 , UJR-AmLat has 26 affiliated communities , being one Rabbinical Institute , one Jewish School ( both in Buenos Aires ) , two youth movements ( affiliated to Netzer Olami ) in São Paulo , and 22 synagogues in Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Costa Rica , and Guatemala . Other . - European WUPJ providing regional support to congregations in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Poland , Spain , Switzerland . Within the European region there are also subregional associations for Germany , Italy , Netherlands , and the UK . - WUPJ – Former Soviet Union providing support for congregations in the Former Soviet Union . - Union of Jewish Congregations of Latin America and the Caribbean supports congregations in Latin America and the Caribbean . Shai Pinto , the vice president and COO of the World Union for Progressive Judaism , noted in 2012 that Latin America represented the fastest growing region for the movement . There are also , Arzenu – the international umbrella organization for progressive religious Zionist organizations , and Netzer Olami , the international youth wing of the progressive movement , jointly sponsored by Arzenu and the WUPJ . Communal life . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders for the worldwide progressive movement are trained in one of three rabbinic institutions : Leo Baeck College , Abraham Geiger College and Hebrew Union College . While all three train rabbis for the worldwide progressive movement , each has a different regional focus : The Abraham Geiger College focuses on providing leadership for communities in Germany , Central and Eastern Europe . Leo Baeck College , located in the UK , focuses on leadership for the UK Reform and UK Liberal . Hebrew Union College , with campuses in the USA and Israel , trains rabbis and communal service leaders for work in North American Reform and Israeli Progressive congregations . It also provides a year in Israel program for students at the Leo Baeck College and Abraham Geiger Institute . External links . - World Union for Progressive Judaism - Create a world filled with Cooperation , Love , Truth and Justice Rabbi Awraham Soetendorp . |
[
"New York"
] | easy | Where was the headquarter of World Union for Progressive Judaism located from 1959 to 1973? | /wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism#P159#1 | World Union for Progressive Judaism The World Union for Progressive Judaism ( WUPJ ) is the international umbrella organization for the various branches of Reform , Liberal and Progressive Judaism , as well as the separate Reconstructionist Judaism . The WUPJ is based in 40 countries with 1,275 affiliated synagogues , of which 1,170 are Reform , Progressive or Liberal and 105 Reconstructionist . It claims to represent a total of some 1.8 million people , both registered constituents and non-member identifiers . The WUPJ states that it aims to create common ground between its constituents and to promote Progressive Judaism in places where individuals and groups are seeking authentic , yet modern ways of expressing themselves as Jews . It seeks to preserve Jewish integrity wherever Jews live , to encourage integration without assimilation , to deal with modernity while preserving the Jewish experience and to strive for equal rights and social justice . The WUPJ was established in London in 1926 as the Union of all Progressive ( also Liberal or Reform ) movements . It moved its headquarters to New York in 1959 and to Jerusalem in 1973 . In 1990 , the Reconstructionists – who espouse a philosophy different from that of the former – joined the WUPJ under an observer status , being the first and only non-Reform member . The WUPJ has regional offices in London , Moscow and New York City . As of September 2014 the President of the WUPJ is Rabbi Daniel H . Freelander , and the Chair is Carole Sterling . Past presidents included Claude Montefiore ( 1926-1938 ) , Rabbi Leo Baeck ( 1938-1956 ) , Lily Montagu ( 1955–1959 ) , and Rabbi Solomon Freehof ( 1959-1964 ) . Mission statement . - The establishment and support of synagogues and schools wherever there are Jews searching for meaningful access to modern Jewish life . - Recruitment , training and placement of rabbis , cantors and educators . - Publication and distribution of liturgical and educational materials in languages Jews speak . - Sponsorship of international programs for youth , education , leadership development , and all aspects of community building . - Bringing together like-minded Jews to derive strength from one another...blending ancient traditions with the changing world of today . Regional affiliates . North America . The URJ is by far the largest member organization of the WUPJ , with a solid constituency of over 750,000 Jewish members ( along with further 90,000 unconverted gentile spouses ) and over a million non-members who identify with it in the U.S. , and further 30,000 constituents in Canada . As of 2016 , 1.5 million of the 1.9 million members of WUPJ are in the U.S . German immigrants and rabbis brought Reform to America , although a short-lived congregation that espoused a somewhat similar ideal existed in Charleston between 1824 and 1833 . The Union of American Hebrew Congregations , URJ since 2003 , was founded in 1873 . North America is also home to the Jewish Reconstructionist Federation , which has affiliates , 97 only Five of them outside the continent ( in Delft , Netherlands , Curaçao ; Wiesbaden , Germany ; Serrastretta , Italy ; Moscow , Russia ) . The JRF joined as an observer in 1990 . It is the only non-Reform organization in the WUPJ , the other members of which do uphold the basic tenets of ongoing revelation , personal God and the like . In 2013 , it had some 65,000 constituents . United Kingdom . Claude Montefiore , a major theologian , named his religious ideology Liberal Judaism , founding the Jewish Religious Union as a platform in 1902 . His movement was a founding member of the WUPJ in 1926 . British Reform , established officially in 1942 , joined the global organization in 1945 . Israel . A first congregation was formed at Jerusalem during 1958 . The movement was incorporated in 1971 . The Israeli surrounding encouraged a more conservative approach on behalf of the local branch . The prayer in vernacular , for example , was Hebrew anyway , and the populace was relatively more familiar with rabbinic sources . Patrilineal descent is not recognized by the IMPJ , as by many other smaller affiliates , which cannot antagonize the Israeli Orthodox religious establishment . South Africa . The movement was established in 1931 with the encouragement of Abraham Zevi Idelsohn and Lily Montagu . South African Jewry is mostly nominally Orthodox , with those in Progressive streams accounting for around 10% of South African Jews currently residing in the country . Australia , New Zealand and Asia . The movement was established in the 1930s in Melbourne by Ada Phillips with the encouragement of Lily Montagu and Israel Mattuck . Australian Jewry is similar to its South African counterpart in that it is mostly nominally Orthodox . Around twenty percent of affiliated Jews in Australia belong to progressive congregations . Continental Europe . Reform Judaism began in Germany , led by Rabbi Abraham Geiger . It stagnated considerably after the 1840s . In 1898 , German Liberal rabbis organized the Union of Liberal Rabbis in Germany under Heinemann Vogelstein . In 1908 the laity formed the Union for Liberal Judaism in Germany . At its height , it had some 10,000 members and half the rabbis in the country . The ULJ was a founding member of the World Union in 1926 . After the destruction of the Holocaust , Germanys Jews , mostly refugees of foreign descent , largely favoured Orthodoxy . Liberal Judaism managed to gain inroads slowly , and first prayer groups appeared in 1995 . The Union of Progressive Jews was founded in 1997 . The first new branch established by the WUPJ was in the Netherlands , in 1931 , eventually coalescing into the Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom . The movement is growing in Spain . As of 2016 there are six congregations , while there was only one congregation a decade ago . In 2017 the Reform community there expects to have its first native-born rabbi since the Expulsion in 1492 once he completes his rabbinical training in London . Latin America . Since the early 2000s , a Latin American affiliate has been evolving . Officially founded at the Leaders Regional Conference of Progressive Communities in Córdoba ( Argentina ) , in December 2009 , then WUPJ-Latin America renamed itself the Union for Reform Judaism - Latin America ( UJR-AmLat , the acronym in Spanish and Portuguese ) in 2019 . The main concern of the time in the early 2000s was the vulnerability of the Jewish communities of Argentina , which was going through a serious social , economic and political crisis . The embryo of the organization was conceived in 2002 in São Paulo , by activists from liberal communities of Brazil , who chose that city as the regional headquarters of the organization . As of June 2020 , UJR-AmLat has 26 affiliated communities , being one Rabbinical Institute , one Jewish School ( both in Buenos Aires ) , two youth movements ( affiliated to Netzer Olami ) in São Paulo , and 22 synagogues in Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Costa Rica , and Guatemala . Other . - European WUPJ providing regional support to congregations in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Poland , Spain , Switzerland . Within the European region there are also subregional associations for Germany , Italy , Netherlands , and the UK . - WUPJ – Former Soviet Union providing support for congregations in the Former Soviet Union . - Union of Jewish Congregations of Latin America and the Caribbean supports congregations in Latin America and the Caribbean . Shai Pinto , the vice president and COO of the World Union for Progressive Judaism , noted in 2012 that Latin America represented the fastest growing region for the movement . There are also , Arzenu – the international umbrella organization for progressive religious Zionist organizations , and Netzer Olami , the international youth wing of the progressive movement , jointly sponsored by Arzenu and the WUPJ . Communal life . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders for the worldwide progressive movement are trained in one of three rabbinic institutions : Leo Baeck College , Abraham Geiger College and Hebrew Union College . While all three train rabbis for the worldwide progressive movement , each has a different regional focus : The Abraham Geiger College focuses on providing leadership for communities in Germany , Central and Eastern Europe . Leo Baeck College , located in the UK , focuses on leadership for the UK Reform and UK Liberal . Hebrew Union College , with campuses in the USA and Israel , trains rabbis and communal service leaders for work in North American Reform and Israeli Progressive congregations . It also provides a year in Israel program for students at the Leo Baeck College and Abraham Geiger Institute . External links . - World Union for Progressive Judaism - Create a world filled with Cooperation , Love , Truth and Justice Rabbi Awraham Soetendorp . |
[
"Jerusalem"
] | easy | The headquarter of World Union for Progressive Judaism was located in where from 1973 to 1974? | /wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism#P159#2 | World Union for Progressive Judaism The World Union for Progressive Judaism ( WUPJ ) is the international umbrella organization for the various branches of Reform , Liberal and Progressive Judaism , as well as the separate Reconstructionist Judaism . The WUPJ is based in 40 countries with 1,275 affiliated synagogues , of which 1,170 are Reform , Progressive or Liberal and 105 Reconstructionist . It claims to represent a total of some 1.8 million people , both registered constituents and non-member identifiers . The WUPJ states that it aims to create common ground between its constituents and to promote Progressive Judaism in places where individuals and groups are seeking authentic , yet modern ways of expressing themselves as Jews . It seeks to preserve Jewish integrity wherever Jews live , to encourage integration without assimilation , to deal with modernity while preserving the Jewish experience and to strive for equal rights and social justice . The WUPJ was established in London in 1926 as the Union of all Progressive ( also Liberal or Reform ) movements . It moved its headquarters to New York in 1959 and to Jerusalem in 1973 . In 1990 , the Reconstructionists – who espouse a philosophy different from that of the former – joined the WUPJ under an observer status , being the first and only non-Reform member . The WUPJ has regional offices in London , Moscow and New York City . As of September 2014 the President of the WUPJ is Rabbi Daniel H . Freelander , and the Chair is Carole Sterling . Past presidents included Claude Montefiore ( 1926-1938 ) , Rabbi Leo Baeck ( 1938-1956 ) , Lily Montagu ( 1955–1959 ) , and Rabbi Solomon Freehof ( 1959-1964 ) . Mission statement . - The establishment and support of synagogues and schools wherever there are Jews searching for meaningful access to modern Jewish life . - Recruitment , training and placement of rabbis , cantors and educators . - Publication and distribution of liturgical and educational materials in languages Jews speak . - Sponsorship of international programs for youth , education , leadership development , and all aspects of community building . - Bringing together like-minded Jews to derive strength from one another...blending ancient traditions with the changing world of today . Regional affiliates . North America . The URJ is by far the largest member organization of the WUPJ , with a solid constituency of over 750,000 Jewish members ( along with further 90,000 unconverted gentile spouses ) and over a million non-members who identify with it in the U.S. , and further 30,000 constituents in Canada . As of 2016 , 1.5 million of the 1.9 million members of WUPJ are in the U.S . German immigrants and rabbis brought Reform to America , although a short-lived congregation that espoused a somewhat similar ideal existed in Charleston between 1824 and 1833 . The Union of American Hebrew Congregations , URJ since 2003 , was founded in 1873 . North America is also home to the Jewish Reconstructionist Federation , which has affiliates , 97 only Five of them outside the continent ( in Delft , Netherlands , Curaçao ; Wiesbaden , Germany ; Serrastretta , Italy ; Moscow , Russia ) . The JRF joined as an observer in 1990 . It is the only non-Reform organization in the WUPJ , the other members of which do uphold the basic tenets of ongoing revelation , personal God and the like . In 2013 , it had some 65,000 constituents . United Kingdom . Claude Montefiore , a major theologian , named his religious ideology Liberal Judaism , founding the Jewish Religious Union as a platform in 1902 . His movement was a founding member of the WUPJ in 1926 . British Reform , established officially in 1942 , joined the global organization in 1945 . Israel . A first congregation was formed at Jerusalem during 1958 . The movement was incorporated in 1971 . The Israeli surrounding encouraged a more conservative approach on behalf of the local branch . The prayer in vernacular , for example , was Hebrew anyway , and the populace was relatively more familiar with rabbinic sources . Patrilineal descent is not recognized by the IMPJ , as by many other smaller affiliates , which cannot antagonize the Israeli Orthodox religious establishment . South Africa . The movement was established in 1931 with the encouragement of Abraham Zevi Idelsohn and Lily Montagu . South African Jewry is mostly nominally Orthodox , with those in Progressive streams accounting for around 10% of South African Jews currently residing in the country . Australia , New Zealand and Asia . The movement was established in the 1930s in Melbourne by Ada Phillips with the encouragement of Lily Montagu and Israel Mattuck . Australian Jewry is similar to its South African counterpart in that it is mostly nominally Orthodox . Around twenty percent of affiliated Jews in Australia belong to progressive congregations . Continental Europe . Reform Judaism began in Germany , led by Rabbi Abraham Geiger . It stagnated considerably after the 1840s . In 1898 , German Liberal rabbis organized the Union of Liberal Rabbis in Germany under Heinemann Vogelstein . In 1908 the laity formed the Union for Liberal Judaism in Germany . At its height , it had some 10,000 members and half the rabbis in the country . The ULJ was a founding member of the World Union in 1926 . After the destruction of the Holocaust , Germanys Jews , mostly refugees of foreign descent , largely favoured Orthodoxy . Liberal Judaism managed to gain inroads slowly , and first prayer groups appeared in 1995 . The Union of Progressive Jews was founded in 1997 . The first new branch established by the WUPJ was in the Netherlands , in 1931 , eventually coalescing into the Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom . The movement is growing in Spain . As of 2016 there are six congregations , while there was only one congregation a decade ago . In 2017 the Reform community there expects to have its first native-born rabbi since the Expulsion in 1492 once he completes his rabbinical training in London . Latin America . Since the early 2000s , a Latin American affiliate has been evolving . Officially founded at the Leaders Regional Conference of Progressive Communities in Córdoba ( Argentina ) , in December 2009 , then WUPJ-Latin America renamed itself the Union for Reform Judaism - Latin America ( UJR-AmLat , the acronym in Spanish and Portuguese ) in 2019 . The main concern of the time in the early 2000s was the vulnerability of the Jewish communities of Argentina , which was going through a serious social , economic and political crisis . The embryo of the organization was conceived in 2002 in São Paulo , by activists from liberal communities of Brazil , who chose that city as the regional headquarters of the organization . As of June 2020 , UJR-AmLat has 26 affiliated communities , being one Rabbinical Institute , one Jewish School ( both in Buenos Aires ) , two youth movements ( affiliated to Netzer Olami ) in São Paulo , and 22 synagogues in Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Costa Rica , and Guatemala . Other . - European WUPJ providing regional support to congregations in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Poland , Spain , Switzerland . Within the European region there are also subregional associations for Germany , Italy , Netherlands , and the UK . - WUPJ – Former Soviet Union providing support for congregations in the Former Soviet Union . - Union of Jewish Congregations of Latin America and the Caribbean supports congregations in Latin America and the Caribbean . Shai Pinto , the vice president and COO of the World Union for Progressive Judaism , noted in 2012 that Latin America represented the fastest growing region for the movement . There are also , Arzenu – the international umbrella organization for progressive religious Zionist organizations , and Netzer Olami , the international youth wing of the progressive movement , jointly sponsored by Arzenu and the WUPJ . Communal life . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders . Rabbis , cantors and communal leaders for the worldwide progressive movement are trained in one of three rabbinic institutions : Leo Baeck College , Abraham Geiger College and Hebrew Union College . While all three train rabbis for the worldwide progressive movement , each has a different regional focus : The Abraham Geiger College focuses on providing leadership for communities in Germany , Central and Eastern Europe . Leo Baeck College , located in the UK , focuses on leadership for the UK Reform and UK Liberal . Hebrew Union College , with campuses in the USA and Israel , trains rabbis and communal service leaders for work in North American Reform and Israeli Progressive congregations . It also provides a year in Israel program for students at the Leo Baeck College and Abraham Geiger Institute . External links . - World Union for Progressive Judaism - Create a world filled with Cooperation , Love , Truth and Justice Rabbi Awraham Soetendorp . |
[
"Anglican Bishop of Worcester"
] | easy | Edwin Sandys (bishop) took which position from 1559 to 1570? | /wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)#P39#0 | Edwin Sandys ( bishop ) Edwin Sandys ( ; 1519 – 10 July 1588 ) was an English prelate . He was Anglican Bishop of Worcester ( 1559–1570 ) , London ( 1570–1576 ) and Archbishop of York ( 1576–1588 ) during the reign of Elizabeth I of England . He was one of the translators of the Bishops Bible . Early years and education . Edwin was born in 1519 at Esthwaite Hall , which is 1 mile south of Hawkshead , Cumbria , on the road to Newby Bridge . The Hall nestles in the valley and overlooks Esthwaite Water . Today it is still a family home , although the Sandys family now reside in the grander Graythwaite Hall , a few miles further south . He was the son of William Sandys and Margaret Dixon . Whilst there is a theory that young Edwin received his early education at Furness Abbey , it is believed by Collinson that both Edmund Grindal and Edwin Sandys shared a childhood , quite probably in St Bees , and were educated together . A branch of the Sandys family lived at Rottington Hall near St Bees . The heralds in 1563 knew the family as...of St Bees in the County of Cumberland , and Sandys himself recalled that he and Grindal had lived familiarly and as brothers and were only separated between Sandyss 13th and 18th Years . The St Bees registers are full of Sandys , and it thought likely that Sandys grew up at Rottington . However , his place of education is not recorded , though it is known that the Marian martyr John Bland was the schoolmaster of Sandys . Edwin Sandys kept one step behind Edmund Grindal in his subsequent career , succeeding him as bishop of London , and then archbishop of York . He went up to St Johns College , Cambridge , graduating BA in 1539 and then a Doctor of Divinity ten years later . In 1547 he was elected master of Catharine Hall and by the death of Edward VI in 1553 he was Vice Chancellor of the University . Exile . On the death of King Edward , the Duke of Northumberland sought to avoid a Roman Catholic monarchy by placing Lady Jane Grey on the throne . He and his followers arrived in Cambridge to raise an army in East Anglia and demanded that Edwin Sandys preach a sermon . When the rebellion failed and Mary Tudor took the throne , Edwin was arrested and taken to the Tower of London . For this he is mentioned in Foxes Book of Martyrs . Later he was moved to more comfortable conditions in Marshalsea prison where he made friends with the prison keeper who connived at his escape . He went first to Antwerp and then Augsburg and Strasbourg where his wife joined him . His wife and infant son died there of a plague . He then lived in Zurich until the accession of Elizabeth I made it safe for him to return to England ; on the day of Elizabeths coronation . On 19 February 1559 he married Cicely Wilford , sister of James Wilford . Archbishop of York . On his return he became successively Bishop of Worcester , Bishop of London and Archbishop of York . He helped in the translation of a new version of the Bishops Bible . Sandyss own personal copy may be seen in the Hawkshead Grammar School Museum . Along with other Marian exiles , who returned to positions of wealth and importance , Archbishop Sandys was concerned that true religion and sound learning would forever flourish in the land . They saw the necessity of education for religions sake and the need for the Church of England to hold their own in discussion with Roman Catholics . To these ends Edwin Sandys founded Hawkshead Grammar School in 1585 and endowed it with sufficient land and property for it to offer a free education . Sandys died on 10 July 1588 , and was buried in Southwell Minster . Family . Sandys was twice married . His first wife , Mary Sandys , died in 1558 at Strasbourg . They had one son : - James Sandys ( died 1557 , Strasbourg ) On 19 February 1559 , Sandys married Cicely Wilford , daughter of Thomas Wilford and sister of James Wilford . They had the following children : - Sir Samuel Sandys ( 1560–1623 ) - Sir Edwin Sandys ( 1561–1629 ) , Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London - Sir Miles Sandys ( 1563–1645 ) - William Sandys ( born 1565 ) , died young - Margaret Sandys ( 1566–1611 ) , married Anthony Aucher - Thomas Sandys ( 1568– ) , colonist , a first settler of Jamestown , Virginia - Anne Sandys ( 1570– ) , married Sir William Barne - Henry Sandys ( 1572–1626 ) - George Sandys ( 1578–1644 ) , traveller and poet , colonist in Virginia In 1604 Cicely Sandys enlisted the support of Anne of Denmark in an unsuccessful attempt to found a university at Ripon in Yorkshire . |
[
"bishop of London"
] | easy | Edwin Sandys (bishop) took which position from 1570 to 1576? | /wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)#P39#1 | Edwin Sandys ( bishop ) Edwin Sandys ( ; 1519 – 10 July 1588 ) was an English prelate . He was Anglican Bishop of Worcester ( 1559–1570 ) , London ( 1570–1576 ) and Archbishop of York ( 1576–1588 ) during the reign of Elizabeth I of England . He was one of the translators of the Bishops Bible . Early years and education . Edwin was born in 1519 at Esthwaite Hall , which is 1 mile south of Hawkshead , Cumbria , on the road to Newby Bridge . The Hall nestles in the valley and overlooks Esthwaite Water . Today it is still a family home , although the Sandys family now reside in the grander Graythwaite Hall , a few miles further south . He was the son of William Sandys and Margaret Dixon . Whilst there is a theory that young Edwin received his early education at Furness Abbey , it is believed by Collinson that both Edmund Grindal and Edwin Sandys shared a childhood , quite probably in St Bees , and were educated together . A branch of the Sandys family lived at Rottington Hall near St Bees . The heralds in 1563 knew the family as...of St Bees in the County of Cumberland , and Sandys himself recalled that he and Grindal had lived familiarly and as brothers and were only separated between Sandyss 13th and 18th Years . The St Bees registers are full of Sandys , and it thought likely that Sandys grew up at Rottington . However , his place of education is not recorded , though it is known that the Marian martyr John Bland was the schoolmaster of Sandys . Edwin Sandys kept one step behind Edmund Grindal in his subsequent career , succeeding him as bishop of London , and then archbishop of York . He went up to St Johns College , Cambridge , graduating BA in 1539 and then a Doctor of Divinity ten years later . In 1547 he was elected master of Catharine Hall and by the death of Edward VI in 1553 he was Vice Chancellor of the University . Exile . On the death of King Edward , the Duke of Northumberland sought to avoid a Roman Catholic monarchy by placing Lady Jane Grey on the throne . He and his followers arrived in Cambridge to raise an army in East Anglia and demanded that Edwin Sandys preach a sermon . When the rebellion failed and Mary Tudor took the throne , Edwin was arrested and taken to the Tower of London . For this he is mentioned in Foxes Book of Martyrs . Later he was moved to more comfortable conditions in Marshalsea prison where he made friends with the prison keeper who connived at his escape . He went first to Antwerp and then Augsburg and Strasbourg where his wife joined him . His wife and infant son died there of a plague . He then lived in Zurich until the accession of Elizabeth I made it safe for him to return to England ; on the day of Elizabeths coronation . On 19 February 1559 he married Cicely Wilford , sister of James Wilford . Archbishop of York . On his return he became successively Bishop of Worcester , Bishop of London and Archbishop of York . He helped in the translation of a new version of the Bishops Bible . Sandyss own personal copy may be seen in the Hawkshead Grammar School Museum . Along with other Marian exiles , who returned to positions of wealth and importance , Archbishop Sandys was concerned that true religion and sound learning would forever flourish in the land . They saw the necessity of education for religions sake and the need for the Church of England to hold their own in discussion with Roman Catholics . To these ends Edwin Sandys founded Hawkshead Grammar School in 1585 and endowed it with sufficient land and property for it to offer a free education . Sandys died on 10 July 1588 , and was buried in Southwell Minster . Family . Sandys was twice married . His first wife , Mary Sandys , died in 1558 at Strasbourg . They had one son : - James Sandys ( died 1557 , Strasbourg ) On 19 February 1559 , Sandys married Cicely Wilford , daughter of Thomas Wilford and sister of James Wilford . They had the following children : - Sir Samuel Sandys ( 1560–1623 ) - Sir Edwin Sandys ( 1561–1629 ) , Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London - Sir Miles Sandys ( 1563–1645 ) - William Sandys ( born 1565 ) , died young - Margaret Sandys ( 1566–1611 ) , married Anthony Aucher - Thomas Sandys ( 1568– ) , colonist , a first settler of Jamestown , Virginia - Anne Sandys ( 1570– ) , married Sir William Barne - Henry Sandys ( 1572–1626 ) - George Sandys ( 1578–1644 ) , traveller and poet , colonist in Virginia In 1604 Cicely Sandys enlisted the support of Anne of Denmark in an unsuccessful attempt to found a university at Ripon in Yorkshire . |
[
"Archbishop of York"
] | easy | What position did Edwin Sandys (bishop) take from 1577 to Jul 1588? | /wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)#P39#2 | Edwin Sandys ( bishop ) Edwin Sandys ( ; 1519 – 10 July 1588 ) was an English prelate . He was Anglican Bishop of Worcester ( 1559–1570 ) , London ( 1570–1576 ) and Archbishop of York ( 1576–1588 ) during the reign of Elizabeth I of England . He was one of the translators of the Bishops Bible . Early years and education . Edwin was born in 1519 at Esthwaite Hall , which is 1 mile south of Hawkshead , Cumbria , on the road to Newby Bridge . The Hall nestles in the valley and overlooks Esthwaite Water . Today it is still a family home , although the Sandys family now reside in the grander Graythwaite Hall , a few miles further south . He was the son of William Sandys and Margaret Dixon . Whilst there is a theory that young Edwin received his early education at Furness Abbey , it is believed by Collinson that both Edmund Grindal and Edwin Sandys shared a childhood , quite probably in St Bees , and were educated together . A branch of the Sandys family lived at Rottington Hall near St Bees . The heralds in 1563 knew the family as...of St Bees in the County of Cumberland , and Sandys himself recalled that he and Grindal had lived familiarly and as brothers and were only separated between Sandyss 13th and 18th Years . The St Bees registers are full of Sandys , and it thought likely that Sandys grew up at Rottington . However , his place of education is not recorded , though it is known that the Marian martyr John Bland was the schoolmaster of Sandys . Edwin Sandys kept one step behind Edmund Grindal in his subsequent career , succeeding him as bishop of London , and then archbishop of York . He went up to St Johns College , Cambridge , graduating BA in 1539 and then a Doctor of Divinity ten years later . In 1547 he was elected master of Catharine Hall and by the death of Edward VI in 1553 he was Vice Chancellor of the University . Exile . On the death of King Edward , the Duke of Northumberland sought to avoid a Roman Catholic monarchy by placing Lady Jane Grey on the throne . He and his followers arrived in Cambridge to raise an army in East Anglia and demanded that Edwin Sandys preach a sermon . When the rebellion failed and Mary Tudor took the throne , Edwin was arrested and taken to the Tower of London . For this he is mentioned in Foxes Book of Martyrs . Later he was moved to more comfortable conditions in Marshalsea prison where he made friends with the prison keeper who connived at his escape . He went first to Antwerp and then Augsburg and Strasbourg where his wife joined him . His wife and infant son died there of a plague . He then lived in Zurich until the accession of Elizabeth I made it safe for him to return to England ; on the day of Elizabeths coronation . On 19 February 1559 he married Cicely Wilford , sister of James Wilford . Archbishop of York . On his return he became successively Bishop of Worcester , Bishop of London and Archbishop of York . He helped in the translation of a new version of the Bishops Bible . Sandyss own personal copy may be seen in the Hawkshead Grammar School Museum . Along with other Marian exiles , who returned to positions of wealth and importance , Archbishop Sandys was concerned that true religion and sound learning would forever flourish in the land . They saw the necessity of education for religions sake and the need for the Church of England to hold their own in discussion with Roman Catholics . To these ends Edwin Sandys founded Hawkshead Grammar School in 1585 and endowed it with sufficient land and property for it to offer a free education . Sandys died on 10 July 1588 , and was buried in Southwell Minster . Family . Sandys was twice married . His first wife , Mary Sandys , died in 1558 at Strasbourg . They had one son : - James Sandys ( died 1557 , Strasbourg ) On 19 February 1559 , Sandys married Cicely Wilford , daughter of Thomas Wilford and sister of James Wilford . They had the following children : - Sir Samuel Sandys ( 1560–1623 ) - Sir Edwin Sandys ( 1561–1629 ) , Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London - Sir Miles Sandys ( 1563–1645 ) - William Sandys ( born 1565 ) , died young - Margaret Sandys ( 1566–1611 ) , married Anthony Aucher - Thomas Sandys ( 1568– ) , colonist , a first settler of Jamestown , Virginia - Anne Sandys ( 1570– ) , married Sir William Barne - Henry Sandys ( 1572–1626 ) - George Sandys ( 1578–1644 ) , traveller and poet , colonist in Virginia In 1604 Cicely Sandys enlisted the support of Anne of Denmark in an unsuccessful attempt to found a university at Ripon in Yorkshire . |
[
"University of Utah"
] | easy | Which school did Ralph Hartley go to from 1908 to 1909? | /wiki/Ralph_Hartley#P69#0 | Ralph Hartley Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley ( November 30 , 1888 – May 1 , 1970 ) was an American electronics researcher . He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform , and contributed to the foundations of information theory . Biography . Hartley was born in Sprucemont , Nevada , and attended the University of Utah , receiving an A.B . degree in 1909 . He became a Rhodes Scholar at St Johns , Oxford University , in 1910 and received a B.A . degree in 1912 and a B.Sc . degree in 1913 . He married Florence Vail of Brooklyn on March 21 , 1916 . The Hartleys had no children . He returned to the United States and was employed at the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company . In 1915 he was in charge of radio receiver development for the Bell System transatlantic radiotelephone tests . For this he developed the Hartley oscillator and also a neutralizing circuit to eliminate triode singing resulting from internal coupling . A patent for the oscillator was filed on June 1 , 1915 and awarded on October 26 , 1920 . During World War I Hartley established the principles that led to sound-type directional finders . Following the war he returned to Western Electric . He later worked at Bell Laboratories . He performed research on repeaters and voice and carrier transmission and formulated the law that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission . His 1928 paper is considered as the single most important prerequisite for Shannons theory of information . After about 10 years of illness he returned to Bell Labs in 1939 as a consultant . In spite of his illness during most of the 1930s , Hartley had formed a theoretical and experimental research group at Bell Laboratories starting in 1929 to investigate nonlinear oscillations and what later became known as parametric amplifiers . This research was mostly parallel to the work being done at the same time in Soviet Russia by Leonid Mandelstam and in Europe by Balthasar van der Pol . A short review and extensive bibliography was published by Mumford in 1960 . The Bell Laboratories work was carried on under Hartleys guidance during the 1930s and 1940s by John Burton and Eugene Peterson ( who themselves had begun investigations of nonlinear circuits as far back as 1917 when they had observed unusual characteristics while working with E.F.W . Alexandersons magnetic modulators , an early form of magnetic amplifier ) . Peterson later got John Manley and Harrison Rowe involved in this line of research during the 1940s which culminated in the now famous Manley–Rowe relations and several papers by the latter two authors on the topic of parametric circuits in the mid 1950s . During World War II he was particularly involved with servomechanism problems . He retired from Bell Labs in 1950 and died on May 1 , 1970 . His legacy includes the naming of the hartley , a unit of information equal to one decimal digit , after him . Awards . - IRE Medal of Honor , 1946 , for his oscillator and information proportionality law . This was an award from the Institute of Radio Engineers which later merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ; the award became the IEEE Medal of Honor . - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Publications . Probably incomplete . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Function of Phase Difference in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones , Physical Review , Volume 13 , Issue 6 , pp 373–385 , ( June 1919 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Fry T.C.,The Binaural Location of Pure Tones , Physical Review , Volume 18 , Issue 6 , pp 431 – 442 , ( December 1921 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Relations of Carrier and Side-Bands in Radio Transmission , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , pp 34 – 56 , ( February 1923 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Transmission of Information , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 7 , Number 3 , pp . 535–563 , ( July 1928 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , A Wave Mechanism of Quantum Phenomena , Physical Review , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , Page 289 , ( 1929 ) ( abstract only ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Oscillations in Systems with Non-Linear Reactance , The Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 15 , Number 3 , pp 424 – 440 , ( July 1936 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Excitation of Raman Spectra with the Aid of Optical Catalysers , Nature , Volume 139 , pg 329 - 329 , ( 20 February 1937 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Steady State Delay as Related to Aperiodic Signals , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 20 , Number 2 , pp 222 – 234 , ( April 1941 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission Problems , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 30 , Number 2 , pp . 144–150 ( March 1942 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Note on the Application of Vector Analysis to the Wave Equation , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , pg 511 , ( 1950 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Significance of Nonclassical Statistics , Science , Volume 111 , Number 2891 , pp 574 – 576 , ( May 26 , 1950 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Matter , a Mode of Motion , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 29 , Number 3 , pg 350 - 368 , ( July 1950 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 29 , Number 3 , pp 369 – 389 , ( July 1950 ) , - Hartley , R.V.L. , A New System of Logarithmic Units , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume . 43 , Number 1 , pg 97 , ( January 1955 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , New System of Logarithmic Units , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , pp 174 – 176 , ( 1955 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Information Theory of The Fourier Analysis and Wave Mechanics , August 10 , 1955 , publication information unknown . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mass of a Wave Particle , July 30 , 1955 , unpublished manuscript , copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mechanism of Gravitation , January 11 , 1956 , unpublished manuscript ; copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mechanism of Electricity and Magnetism , June 14 , 1956 , unpublished manuscript , copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , Rotational Waves in a Turbulent Liquid , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , pp 195 – 196 , ( 1957 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , A Mechanistic Theory of Extra-Atomic Physics , Philosophy of Science , Volume 26 , Number 4 , pp 295 – 309 , ( October 1959 ) |
[
"St Johns , Oxford"
] | easy | Which school did Ralph Hartley go to from 1909 to 1913? | /wiki/Ralph_Hartley#P69#1 | Ralph Hartley Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley ( November 30 , 1888 – May 1 , 1970 ) was an American electronics researcher . He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform , and contributed to the foundations of information theory . Biography . Hartley was born in Sprucemont , Nevada , and attended the University of Utah , receiving an A.B . degree in 1909 . He became a Rhodes Scholar at St Johns , Oxford University , in 1910 and received a B.A . degree in 1912 and a B.Sc . degree in 1913 . He married Florence Vail of Brooklyn on March 21 , 1916 . The Hartleys had no children . He returned to the United States and was employed at the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company . In 1915 he was in charge of radio receiver development for the Bell System transatlantic radiotelephone tests . For this he developed the Hartley oscillator and also a neutralizing circuit to eliminate triode singing resulting from internal coupling . A patent for the oscillator was filed on June 1 , 1915 and awarded on October 26 , 1920 . During World War I Hartley established the principles that led to sound-type directional finders . Following the war he returned to Western Electric . He later worked at Bell Laboratories . He performed research on repeaters and voice and carrier transmission and formulated the law that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission . His 1928 paper is considered as the single most important prerequisite for Shannons theory of information . After about 10 years of illness he returned to Bell Labs in 1939 as a consultant . In spite of his illness during most of the 1930s , Hartley had formed a theoretical and experimental research group at Bell Laboratories starting in 1929 to investigate nonlinear oscillations and what later became known as parametric amplifiers . This research was mostly parallel to the work being done at the same time in Soviet Russia by Leonid Mandelstam and in Europe by Balthasar van der Pol . A short review and extensive bibliography was published by Mumford in 1960 . The Bell Laboratories work was carried on under Hartleys guidance during the 1930s and 1940s by John Burton and Eugene Peterson ( who themselves had begun investigations of nonlinear circuits as far back as 1917 when they had observed unusual characteristics while working with E.F.W . Alexandersons magnetic modulators , an early form of magnetic amplifier ) . Peterson later got John Manley and Harrison Rowe involved in this line of research during the 1940s which culminated in the now famous Manley–Rowe relations and several papers by the latter two authors on the topic of parametric circuits in the mid 1950s . During World War II he was particularly involved with servomechanism problems . He retired from Bell Labs in 1950 and died on May 1 , 1970 . His legacy includes the naming of the hartley , a unit of information equal to one decimal digit , after him . Awards . - IRE Medal of Honor , 1946 , for his oscillator and information proportionality law . This was an award from the Institute of Radio Engineers which later merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ; the award became the IEEE Medal of Honor . - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Publications . Probably incomplete . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Function of Phase Difference in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones , Physical Review , Volume 13 , Issue 6 , pp 373–385 , ( June 1919 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Fry T.C.,The Binaural Location of Pure Tones , Physical Review , Volume 18 , Issue 6 , pp 431 – 442 , ( December 1921 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Relations of Carrier and Side-Bands in Radio Transmission , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , pp 34 – 56 , ( February 1923 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Transmission of Information , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 7 , Number 3 , pp . 535–563 , ( July 1928 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , A Wave Mechanism of Quantum Phenomena , Physical Review , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , Page 289 , ( 1929 ) ( abstract only ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Oscillations in Systems with Non-Linear Reactance , The Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 15 , Number 3 , pp 424 – 440 , ( July 1936 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Excitation of Raman Spectra with the Aid of Optical Catalysers , Nature , Volume 139 , pg 329 - 329 , ( 20 February 1937 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Steady State Delay as Related to Aperiodic Signals , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 20 , Number 2 , pp 222 – 234 , ( April 1941 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission Problems , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 30 , Number 2 , pp . 144–150 ( March 1942 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , Note on the Application of Vector Analysis to the Wave Equation , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , pg 511 , ( 1950 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Significance of Nonclassical Statistics , Science , Volume 111 , Number 2891 , pp 574 – 576 , ( May 26 , 1950 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Matter , a Mode of Motion , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 29 , Number 3 , pg 350 - 368 , ( July 1950 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium , Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 29 , Number 3 , pp 369 – 389 , ( July 1950 ) , - Hartley , R.V.L. , A New System of Logarithmic Units , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume . 43 , Number 1 , pg 97 , ( January 1955 ) . - Hartley , R.V.L. , New System of Logarithmic Units , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , pp 174 – 176 , ( 1955 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , Information Theory of The Fourier Analysis and Wave Mechanics , August 10 , 1955 , publication information unknown . - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mass of a Wave Particle , July 30 , 1955 , unpublished manuscript , copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mechanism of Gravitation , January 11 , 1956 , unpublished manuscript ; copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , The Mechanism of Electricity and Magnetism , June 14 , 1956 , unpublished manuscript , copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives , American Institute of Physics , College Park MD - Hartley , R.V.L. , Rotational Waves in a Turbulent Liquid , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , pp 195 – 196 , ( 1957 ) - Hartley , R.V.L. , A Mechanistic Theory of Extra-Atomic Physics , Philosophy of Science , Volume 26 , Number 4 , pp 295 – 309 , ( October 1959 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which political party did Clare Daly belong to from 1988 to 1989? | /wiki/Clare_Daly#P102#0 | Clare Daly Clare Daly ( born 16 April 1968 ) is an Irish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency since July 2019 . She is a member of Independents 4 Change , part of the The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 2011 to 2019 . Daly was elected as a Socialist Party TD for the Dublin North constituency at the 2011 general election . Previously a Socialist Party Councillor for the Swords electoral area on Fingal County Council , she resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 , redesignating herself as a United Left Alliance TD . Early life . Daly is from Newbridge , County Kildare . Her father , Kevin Daly , was a Colonel in the Irish Army and Director of Signals . She is a long-standing atheist , though her brother and an uncle are in the Catholic priesthood . Daly studied accountancy at Dublin City University . She was twice elected president of the Students Union and was active in the students movement as a campaigner for abortion rights and information . On leaving college she took a job in the catering section of Aer Lingus on a low wage , and became SIPTUs shop steward at Dublin Airport when the airline was engaged in extensive cost-cutting and outsourcing . Daly was elected to the Labour Partys Administrative Committee as a youth representative . She was expelled from the Labour Party in 1989 alongside Joe Higgins and other supporters of the Militant tendency . Career . Local politics . On 19 September 2003 , Daly was jailed for a month , alongside 21 others from the Anti-Bin Tax Campaign for breaching a High Court order preventing protests leading to obstruction of the councils non-collection policy for those not paying bin charges . She was also an organiser of the Anti-Water charges campaign in Swords in the late-1990s . Daly was elected as a Fingal County Councillor for the Swords area in the 1999 local elections . She was re-elected at the 2004 local elections and the 2009 local elections , topping the poll on each occasion . Dáil Éireann . She first ran for a seat in Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election , receiving 7.2% on that occasion and 8.2% at the by-election later in the year . At the 2002 general election she received 5,501 votes ( 12.5% ) , narrowly missing a seat . At the 2007 general election she received 9% of the vote . Daly was eventually elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2011 general election , taking 15.2% of the first preference vote . She committed to facilitating the nomination of Senator David Norris for a place on the ballot paper ahead of the 2011 presidential election . She announced that she would not register to pay a new household charge brought in as part of the latest austerity budget , calling it reprehensible , and telling Phil Hogan , the minister responsible , in the Dáil : You cant bring everyone to court . In February 2012 , it was reported that she would introduce a bill to provide for limited access to abortion where there is “real and substantial risk to the life” of the pregnant woman , in line with the X Case . The bill was defeated before its second reading on 19 April 2012 . In June 2012 , Daly refused to call for the resignation of her friend and political ally , Mick Wallace in the wake of his VAT controversy . It was reported that the ULA were to confront her over this stance . Daly resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 . In a statement , the Socialist Party said it believed Ms Daly had resigned because she placed more value on her political connection with Independent TD Mick Wallace than on the political positions and work of the Socialist Party . Daly described the claim as absolute nonsense and stated that she had not called for Wallaces resignation because the Socialist Party had not called for his resignation . She requested a share of the €120,000 Socialist Partys Leaders Allowance to allow her to continue to fund her activities as an Independent TD . In 2012 , Daly used travel expenses to cover expenses related to her attendance at anti-household charge meetings around the country . Daly said that legal advice was being sought as there was a lack of clarity around the issue and that she would refund any money that was used inappropriately . In April 2013 , along with another TD , Joan Collins , she founded a new political party called United Left . Following the 39th G8 summit , Daly accused the Fine Gael-Labour government of “prostituting” the country to US President Barack Obama and criticised what she described as media and political slobbering over his wife Michelle and their children during their stay in Ireland . She also called Obama a hypocrite and a war criminal for speaking about peace whilst using drones to bomb foreign civilians and wanting to supply weapons to Syrian rebels . Taoiseach Enda Kenny responded to her comments , saying they were disgraceful and beneath you and invoked the diaspora and to the victims of The Troubles since President Obama has supported peace in Northern Ireland . In May 2015 , Dalys passion compared to that of others such as Micheál Martin and Gerry Adams during her questioning of Taoiseach Enda Kenny over the sale of Aer Lingus was remarked upon by media . In December 2015 , Daly along with independent TDs Mick Wallace and Maureen OSullivan each put forward offers of a €5,000 surety for a 23-year-old man being prosecuted under terrorism legislation in the Special Criminal Court in Dublin charged with membership of an illegal dissident republican terrorist organisation . At the 2016 general election , she stood as an Independents 4 Change candidate in the Dublin Fingal constituency , and was elected . European Parliament . At the 2019 European Parliament elections , she was elected for the Dublin constituency . She received a final total of 87,770 votes , or 11.6% , and took the third seat . In December 2019 , the London Times reported Daly had appointed her former husband , Michael Murphy , as a European Parliamentary Assistant . The rules in the European Parliament prohibit the employment of spouses or stable non-marital partners . Daly previously employed the son of fellow Independents4Change MEP Mick Wallace . The Times described Daly as one of the busiest Irish members in the European parliament this term . |
[
"Militant tendency"
] | easy | Which party was Clare Daly a member of from 1996 to 2012? | /wiki/Clare_Daly#P102#1 | Clare Daly Clare Daly ( born 16 April 1968 ) is an Irish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency since July 2019 . She is a member of Independents 4 Change , part of the The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 2011 to 2019 . Daly was elected as a Socialist Party TD for the Dublin North constituency at the 2011 general election . Previously a Socialist Party Councillor for the Swords electoral area on Fingal County Council , she resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 , redesignating herself as a United Left Alliance TD . Early life . Daly is from Newbridge , County Kildare . Her father , Kevin Daly , was a Colonel in the Irish Army and Director of Signals . She is a long-standing atheist , though her brother and an uncle are in the Catholic priesthood . Daly studied accountancy at Dublin City University . She was twice elected president of the Students Union and was active in the students movement as a campaigner for abortion rights and information . On leaving college she took a job in the catering section of Aer Lingus on a low wage , and became SIPTUs shop steward at Dublin Airport when the airline was engaged in extensive cost-cutting and outsourcing . Daly was elected to the Labour Partys Administrative Committee as a youth representative . She was expelled from the Labour Party in 1989 alongside Joe Higgins and other supporters of the Militant tendency . Career . Local politics . On 19 September 2003 , Daly was jailed for a month , alongside 21 others from the Anti-Bin Tax Campaign for breaching a High Court order preventing protests leading to obstruction of the councils non-collection policy for those not paying bin charges . She was also an organiser of the Anti-Water charges campaign in Swords in the late-1990s . Daly was elected as a Fingal County Councillor for the Swords area in the 1999 local elections . She was re-elected at the 2004 local elections and the 2009 local elections , topping the poll on each occasion . Dáil Éireann . She first ran for a seat in Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election , receiving 7.2% on that occasion and 8.2% at the by-election later in the year . At the 2002 general election she received 5,501 votes ( 12.5% ) , narrowly missing a seat . At the 2007 general election she received 9% of the vote . Daly was eventually elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2011 general election , taking 15.2% of the first preference vote . She committed to facilitating the nomination of Senator David Norris for a place on the ballot paper ahead of the 2011 presidential election . She announced that she would not register to pay a new household charge brought in as part of the latest austerity budget , calling it reprehensible , and telling Phil Hogan , the minister responsible , in the Dáil : You cant bring everyone to court . In February 2012 , it was reported that she would introduce a bill to provide for limited access to abortion where there is “real and substantial risk to the life” of the pregnant woman , in line with the X Case . The bill was defeated before its second reading on 19 April 2012 . In June 2012 , Daly refused to call for the resignation of her friend and political ally , Mick Wallace in the wake of his VAT controversy . It was reported that the ULA were to confront her over this stance . Daly resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 . In a statement , the Socialist Party said it believed Ms Daly had resigned because she placed more value on her political connection with Independent TD Mick Wallace than on the political positions and work of the Socialist Party . Daly described the claim as absolute nonsense and stated that she had not called for Wallaces resignation because the Socialist Party had not called for his resignation . She requested a share of the €120,000 Socialist Partys Leaders Allowance to allow her to continue to fund her activities as an Independent TD . In 2012 , Daly used travel expenses to cover expenses related to her attendance at anti-household charge meetings around the country . Daly said that legal advice was being sought as there was a lack of clarity around the issue and that she would refund any money that was used inappropriately . In April 2013 , along with another TD , Joan Collins , she founded a new political party called United Left . Following the 39th G8 summit , Daly accused the Fine Gael-Labour government of “prostituting” the country to US President Barack Obama and criticised what she described as media and political slobbering over his wife Michelle and their children during their stay in Ireland . She also called Obama a hypocrite and a war criminal for speaking about peace whilst using drones to bomb foreign civilians and wanting to supply weapons to Syrian rebels . Taoiseach Enda Kenny responded to her comments , saying they were disgraceful and beneath you and invoked the diaspora and to the victims of The Troubles since President Obama has supported peace in Northern Ireland . In May 2015 , Dalys passion compared to that of others such as Micheál Martin and Gerry Adams during her questioning of Taoiseach Enda Kenny over the sale of Aer Lingus was remarked upon by media . In December 2015 , Daly along with independent TDs Mick Wallace and Maureen OSullivan each put forward offers of a €5,000 surety for a 23-year-old man being prosecuted under terrorism legislation in the Special Criminal Court in Dublin charged with membership of an illegal dissident republican terrorist organisation . At the 2016 general election , she stood as an Independents 4 Change candidate in the Dublin Fingal constituency , and was elected . European Parliament . At the 2019 European Parliament elections , she was elected for the Dublin constituency . She received a final total of 87,770 votes , or 11.6% , and took the third seat . In December 2019 , the London Times reported Daly had appointed her former husband , Michael Murphy , as a European Parliamentary Assistant . The rules in the European Parliament prohibit the employment of spouses or stable non-marital partners . Daly previously employed the son of fellow Independents4Change MEP Mick Wallace . The Times described Daly as one of the busiest Irish members in the European parliament this term . |
[
"United Left"
] | easy | Which political party did Clare Daly belong to from 2013 to 2015? | /wiki/Clare_Daly#P102#2 | Clare Daly Clare Daly ( born 16 April 1968 ) is an Irish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency since July 2019 . She is a member of Independents 4 Change , part of the The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 2011 to 2019 . Daly was elected as a Socialist Party TD for the Dublin North constituency at the 2011 general election . Previously a Socialist Party Councillor for the Swords electoral area on Fingal County Council , she resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 , redesignating herself as a United Left Alliance TD . Early life . Daly is from Newbridge , County Kildare . Her father , Kevin Daly , was a Colonel in the Irish Army and Director of Signals . She is a long-standing atheist , though her brother and an uncle are in the Catholic priesthood . Daly studied accountancy at Dublin City University . She was twice elected president of the Students Union and was active in the students movement as a campaigner for abortion rights and information . On leaving college she took a job in the catering section of Aer Lingus on a low wage , and became SIPTUs shop steward at Dublin Airport when the airline was engaged in extensive cost-cutting and outsourcing . Daly was elected to the Labour Partys Administrative Committee as a youth representative . She was expelled from the Labour Party in 1989 alongside Joe Higgins and other supporters of the Militant tendency . Career . Local politics . On 19 September 2003 , Daly was jailed for a month , alongside 21 others from the Anti-Bin Tax Campaign for breaching a High Court order preventing protests leading to obstruction of the councils non-collection policy for those not paying bin charges . She was also an organiser of the Anti-Water charges campaign in Swords in the late-1990s . Daly was elected as a Fingal County Councillor for the Swords area in the 1999 local elections . She was re-elected at the 2004 local elections and the 2009 local elections , topping the poll on each occasion . Dáil Éireann . She first ran for a seat in Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election , receiving 7.2% on that occasion and 8.2% at the by-election later in the year . At the 2002 general election she received 5,501 votes ( 12.5% ) , narrowly missing a seat . At the 2007 general election she received 9% of the vote . Daly was eventually elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2011 general election , taking 15.2% of the first preference vote . She committed to facilitating the nomination of Senator David Norris for a place on the ballot paper ahead of the 2011 presidential election . She announced that she would not register to pay a new household charge brought in as part of the latest austerity budget , calling it reprehensible , and telling Phil Hogan , the minister responsible , in the Dáil : You cant bring everyone to court . In February 2012 , it was reported that she would introduce a bill to provide for limited access to abortion where there is “real and substantial risk to the life” of the pregnant woman , in line with the X Case . The bill was defeated before its second reading on 19 April 2012 . In June 2012 , Daly refused to call for the resignation of her friend and political ally , Mick Wallace in the wake of his VAT controversy . It was reported that the ULA were to confront her over this stance . Daly resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 . In a statement , the Socialist Party said it believed Ms Daly had resigned because she placed more value on her political connection with Independent TD Mick Wallace than on the political positions and work of the Socialist Party . Daly described the claim as absolute nonsense and stated that she had not called for Wallaces resignation because the Socialist Party had not called for his resignation . She requested a share of the €120,000 Socialist Partys Leaders Allowance to allow her to continue to fund her activities as an Independent TD . In 2012 , Daly used travel expenses to cover expenses related to her attendance at anti-household charge meetings around the country . Daly said that legal advice was being sought as there was a lack of clarity around the issue and that she would refund any money that was used inappropriately . In April 2013 , along with another TD , Joan Collins , she founded a new political party called United Left . Following the 39th G8 summit , Daly accused the Fine Gael-Labour government of “prostituting” the country to US President Barack Obama and criticised what she described as media and political slobbering over his wife Michelle and their children during their stay in Ireland . She also called Obama a hypocrite and a war criminal for speaking about peace whilst using drones to bomb foreign civilians and wanting to supply weapons to Syrian rebels . Taoiseach Enda Kenny responded to her comments , saying they were disgraceful and beneath you and invoked the diaspora and to the victims of The Troubles since President Obama has supported peace in Northern Ireland . In May 2015 , Dalys passion compared to that of others such as Micheál Martin and Gerry Adams during her questioning of Taoiseach Enda Kenny over the sale of Aer Lingus was remarked upon by media . In December 2015 , Daly along with independent TDs Mick Wallace and Maureen OSullivan each put forward offers of a €5,000 surety for a 23-year-old man being prosecuted under terrorism legislation in the Special Criminal Court in Dublin charged with membership of an illegal dissident republican terrorist organisation . At the 2016 general election , she stood as an Independents 4 Change candidate in the Dublin Fingal constituency , and was elected . European Parliament . At the 2019 European Parliament elections , she was elected for the Dublin constituency . She received a final total of 87,770 votes , or 11.6% , and took the third seat . In December 2019 , the London Times reported Daly had appointed her former husband , Michael Murphy , as a European Parliamentary Assistant . The rules in the European Parliament prohibit the employment of spouses or stable non-marital partners . Daly previously employed the son of fellow Independents4Change MEP Mick Wallace . The Times described Daly as one of the busiest Irish members in the European parliament this term . |
[
"Independents 4 Change"
] | easy | Which party was Clare Daly a member of from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Clare_Daly#P102#3 | Clare Daly Clare Daly ( born 16 April 1968 ) is an Irish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency since July 2019 . She is a member of Independents 4 Change , part of the The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 2011 to 2019 . Daly was elected as a Socialist Party TD for the Dublin North constituency at the 2011 general election . Previously a Socialist Party Councillor for the Swords electoral area on Fingal County Council , she resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 , redesignating herself as a United Left Alliance TD . Early life . Daly is from Newbridge , County Kildare . Her father , Kevin Daly , was a Colonel in the Irish Army and Director of Signals . She is a long-standing atheist , though her brother and an uncle are in the Catholic priesthood . Daly studied accountancy at Dublin City University . She was twice elected president of the Students Union and was active in the students movement as a campaigner for abortion rights and information . On leaving college she took a job in the catering section of Aer Lingus on a low wage , and became SIPTUs shop steward at Dublin Airport when the airline was engaged in extensive cost-cutting and outsourcing . Daly was elected to the Labour Partys Administrative Committee as a youth representative . She was expelled from the Labour Party in 1989 alongside Joe Higgins and other supporters of the Militant tendency . Career . Local politics . On 19 September 2003 , Daly was jailed for a month , alongside 21 others from the Anti-Bin Tax Campaign for breaching a High Court order preventing protests leading to obstruction of the councils non-collection policy for those not paying bin charges . She was also an organiser of the Anti-Water charges campaign in Swords in the late-1990s . Daly was elected as a Fingal County Councillor for the Swords area in the 1999 local elections . She was re-elected at the 2004 local elections and the 2009 local elections , topping the poll on each occasion . Dáil Éireann . She first ran for a seat in Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election , receiving 7.2% on that occasion and 8.2% at the by-election later in the year . At the 2002 general election she received 5,501 votes ( 12.5% ) , narrowly missing a seat . At the 2007 general election she received 9% of the vote . Daly was eventually elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2011 general election , taking 15.2% of the first preference vote . She committed to facilitating the nomination of Senator David Norris for a place on the ballot paper ahead of the 2011 presidential election . She announced that she would not register to pay a new household charge brought in as part of the latest austerity budget , calling it reprehensible , and telling Phil Hogan , the minister responsible , in the Dáil : You cant bring everyone to court . In February 2012 , it was reported that she would introduce a bill to provide for limited access to abortion where there is “real and substantial risk to the life” of the pregnant woman , in line with the X Case . The bill was defeated before its second reading on 19 April 2012 . In June 2012 , Daly refused to call for the resignation of her friend and political ally , Mick Wallace in the wake of his VAT controversy . It was reported that the ULA were to confront her over this stance . Daly resigned from the Socialist Party on 31 August 2012 . In a statement , the Socialist Party said it believed Ms Daly had resigned because she placed more value on her political connection with Independent TD Mick Wallace than on the political positions and work of the Socialist Party . Daly described the claim as absolute nonsense and stated that she had not called for Wallaces resignation because the Socialist Party had not called for his resignation . She requested a share of the €120,000 Socialist Partys Leaders Allowance to allow her to continue to fund her activities as an Independent TD . In 2012 , Daly used travel expenses to cover expenses related to her attendance at anti-household charge meetings around the country . Daly said that legal advice was being sought as there was a lack of clarity around the issue and that she would refund any money that was used inappropriately . In April 2013 , along with another TD , Joan Collins , she founded a new political party called United Left . Following the 39th G8 summit , Daly accused the Fine Gael-Labour government of “prostituting” the country to US President Barack Obama and criticised what she described as media and political slobbering over his wife Michelle and their children during their stay in Ireland . She also called Obama a hypocrite and a war criminal for speaking about peace whilst using drones to bomb foreign civilians and wanting to supply weapons to Syrian rebels . Taoiseach Enda Kenny responded to her comments , saying they were disgraceful and beneath you and invoked the diaspora and to the victims of The Troubles since President Obama has supported peace in Northern Ireland . In May 2015 , Dalys passion compared to that of others such as Micheál Martin and Gerry Adams during her questioning of Taoiseach Enda Kenny over the sale of Aer Lingus was remarked upon by media . In December 2015 , Daly along with independent TDs Mick Wallace and Maureen OSullivan each put forward offers of a €5,000 surety for a 23-year-old man being prosecuted under terrorism legislation in the Special Criminal Court in Dublin charged with membership of an illegal dissident republican terrorist organisation . At the 2016 general election , she stood as an Independents 4 Change candidate in the Dublin Fingal constituency , and was elected . European Parliament . At the 2019 European Parliament elections , she was elected for the Dublin constituency . She received a final total of 87,770 votes , or 11.6% , and took the third seat . In December 2019 , the London Times reported Daly had appointed her former husband , Michael Murphy , as a European Parliamentary Assistant . The rules in the European Parliament prohibit the employment of spouses or stable non-marital partners . Daly previously employed the son of fellow Independents4Change MEP Mick Wallace . The Times described Daly as one of the busiest Irish members in the European parliament this term . |
[
"Stoycho Stoev"
] | easy | Who coached the team PFC Levski Sofia from Dec 2014 to May 2016? | /wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia#P286#0 | PFC Levski Sofia Levski Sofia ( ) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia , which competes in the First League , the top division of the Bulgarian football league system . The club was founded on 24 May 1914 as a football department of Levski Sofia sports club by a group of students , and is named after Vasil Levski , a Bulgarian revolutionary renowned as the national hero of the country . Levski has won a total of 73 trophies , including 26 national titles , 25 national cups and 3 supercups , as well as 13 domestic Doubles and 1 Treble . It is also the only Bulgarian football club to have never been relegated from the top division since the establishment of the league system in 1937 . Levski has reached the quarter-finals of UEFA competitions for five times , was runner-up of the Balkans Cup twice , and in 2006 , it became the first Bulgarian club to enter the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . The teams regular kit colour is all-blue . Levskis home ground is the Vivacom Arena - Georgi Asparuhov in Sofia , which has a capacity of 25,000 spectators . The clubs biggest rivals are CSKA Sofia , and matches between the two capital sides are commonly referred to as the Eternal derby of Bulgaria . Levski is also a regular member of the European Club Association and the European Multisport Club Association . History . Sport Club Levski ( 1914–1969 ) . Sport Club Levski was founded in 1911 by a group of secondary school students in Sofia . The clubs name was chosen in honour of the Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski , and the club was officially registered on 24 May 1914 . In 1914 , Levski lost its first official match against FC 13 Sofia with the score 2–0 . Between 1914 and 1920 , football wasnt a popular sport in Bulgaria , and no additional information about the club exists . In the summer of 1921 , the Sofia Sports League was established , which united ten clubs from Sofia and marked the beginning of organized football competitions in the city . Levski won the first match in the championship in the 1921–22 season , held on 18 September 1921 , against Athletic Sofia with the score of 3–1 . The team captured first place in the league in 1923 after a 3–2 win over bitter rivals Slavia Sofia , and successfully defended the title the following season . The first National Championship was held in 1924 with Levski representing Sofia . The team went on to win the title in 1933 , 1937 and 1942 , and established itself as the most popular football club in Bulgaria . In 1929 , Levski became the first semi-professional football club in Bulgaria , after twelve players staged a boycott of the team in demand of financial remuneration and insurance benefits . The same year Levski met its first international opponents , losing to Gallipoli Istanbul 1–0 and winning against Kuban Istanbul 6–0 . Between 1930 and 1932 , Levski won the Ulpia Serdica Cup for three consecutive years and was permanently awarded the trophy as a result . After World War II , Levski became one of the two top clubs in Bulgaria . After winning the championship in 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 and 1953 , Levski would not capture the domestic title again until the mid-1960s . In 1949 , the authorities changed the clubs name to Dinamo following the Soviet traditions , but after the de-Stalinization of Bulgaria , it was reverted in 1957 . The 1960s were marked with return to success both on the domestic and on the international stage . Levskis academy would become the most successful in national youth competitions for the years to come , and the results were first seen in the likes of Georgi Asparuhov , Georgi Sokolov , Biser Mihaylov , Kiril Ivkov , Ivan Vutsov , Stefan Aladzhov and Aleksandar Kostov , assisted by experienced veterans like Stefan Abadzhiev , Dimo Pechenikov and Hristo Iliev , which resulted in winning the championship in 1965 , 1968 and 1970 , including the 7–2 triumph over new bitter rivals CSKA Sofia in 1968 . In the 1965–66 European Cup , Levski was eliminated in the first round by Benfica with 5–4 on aggregate . Levski-Spartak ( 1969–1985 ) . In January 1969 , Levski was forcibly merged with Spartak Sofia by the Bulgarian Communist Party , and put under the auspice of the Ministry of Interior Affairs . The name of the club was once again changed , this time to Levski-Spartak . A new crop of youngsters in the likes of Kiril Milanov , Dobromir Zhechev , Pavel Panov , Yordan Yordanov , Stefan Staykov , Tomas Lafchis , Todor Barzov , Voyn Voynov , Georgi Tsvetkov , Plamen Nikolov , and Rusi Gochev not only found their place in the first team , but brought new league titles in 1974 , 1977 , 1979 , 1984 and 1985 . On the international stage , the team reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners Cup in 1969–70 and 1976–77 , and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1975–76 . In the latter , Levski defeated Barcelona 5–4 in the second leg , becoming one of the two European teams ( the other being Bayern Munich ) to have scored five or more goals in one match against Barcelona in official UEFA competitions . Additionally , Levski became the only Bulgarian club to eliminate a German champion after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup . They also eliminated Stuttgart a year earlier in the first round of the 1983–84 UEFA Cup . Vitosha Sofia ( 1985–1989 ) . The name of the team was changed to Vitosha by the authorities following the disruptions during and after the Bulgarian Cup final in 1985 . The game ran on high emotions fuelled by the streak of consecutive victories of Levski over CSKA in the two years prior to the game . During the game , which CSKA won 2–1 , there were confrontations both on the field and on the stands . By decree of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party , some of the leading players of both clubs were suspended from the sport for life . The championship title of the club for 1985 was suspended . However , the suspensions were lifted shortly after . Levski won another cup and league titles in 1986 and 1988 , respectively . The fourth European quarter-final came in 1986–87 , when Levski knocked out the 1985–86 Danish Cup winners Boldklubben 1903 and the 1985–86 Yugoslav Cup holders Velež Mostar , before losing to the 1985–86 Copa del Rey winners Real Zaragoza . Levski Sofia ( 1989–2009 ) . After the 1989–90 season , the club regained its original name . The team was made up of players such as Plamen Nikolov , Petar Hubchev , Tsanko Tsvetanov , Emil Kremenliev , Zlatko Yankov , Georgi Slavchev , Ilian Iliev , Daniel Borimirov , Stanimir Stoilov , Velko Yotov , Plamen Getov , Nikolay Todorov and Nasko Sirakov , and won three consecutive domestic national championships in 1993 , 1994 and 1995 . Levski contributed seven players ( Tsvetanov , Kremenliev , Yankov , Sirakov , Nikolov , Petar Aleksandrov and Borimirov ) , more than any other Bulgarian team , to the Bulgaria national football team that finished in fourth place at the 1994 FIFA World Cup . In 2005–06 , Levski reached the quarter-finals of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup after knocking out the 2004–05 Coupe de France winners Auxerre in the first round , finishing above SC Heerenveen , Dinamo București and the reigning title holders CSKA Moscow in the group stage , triumphing over Champions League participants Artmedia Bratislava and Udinese in the knockout stages , before being eliminated by Schalke 04 . Levski , as the champions of Bulgaria , started their 2006–07 UEFA Champions League participation in the second qualiftying round , where they eliminated Georgian champions Sioni Bolnisi , defeating them 2–0 both home and away . In the third round , Levski faced Italian team Chievo Verona , which took part in the tournament because of other clubs sanctions as part of the 2006 Serie A matchfixing scandal . Levski eliminated Chievo after a decisive 2–0 win in Sofia and a 2–2 draw in Verona , and thus became the first Bulgarian club to ever reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . There , they faced the title holders Barcelona , Premier League champions Chelsea , and Werder Bremen . They lost all six games and scored only one goal , in the second round against Chelsea . Levski earned a place in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League after the Bulgarian league champions CSKA Sofia failed to obtain a UEFA license . Levski lost to BATE Borisov of Belarus in the third qualifying round . Levski Sofia ( 2009–present ) . During the 2009–10 season , Levskis team started their European campaign with a 9–0 ( on aggregate ) win against UE Sant Julià in the second qualifying round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . In the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku , eliminating the team from Azerbaijan with 2–0 on aggregate . In the play-off round , Levski was eliminated by Debrecen with 4–1 on aggregate . As one of the play-off losers , Levski qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . In the group stage , Levski faced Villarreal , Lazio and Red Bull Salzburg . Levski achieved only one win and five defeats . Levski took the win against Lazio in Italy , after Hristo Yovov scored the winning goal in the match . Levski started the 2010–11 season with a match against Dundalk , in a second qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League . Levski won the first match 6–0 . In the return leg at Oriel Park , Levski defeated Dundalk 2–0 with two first half goals from Garra Dembélé , the first in the fourth minute and the second ten minutes before the half-time . In the next round Levski played against Kalmar FF . The first match ended 1–1 in Sweden . In the return leg in Sofia , Levski won 5–2 . In between , The Blues defeated their archrival CSKA Sofia in the Eternal derby with 1–0 . Their next match in the Europa League saw them play against AIK Fotboll from Stockholm , Sweden . The first match ended in a goalless draw , and after the game , AIK hooligans attacked the Levski players and staff . The second match ended in a 2–1 home win for Levski . Goals scored by Daniel Mladenov and Garra Dembélé put Levski in the Europa League group stage . Levski was drawn in Group C , facing Gent , Lille and Sporting CP . The first match was played against Gent at home , which Levski won 3–2 with the winning goal scored by Serginho Greene . With this win , Levski recorded eight consecutive games without a defeat in European competitions . After that , Levski lost to Sporting CP with 5–0 , followed by another defeat against Lille . In Sofia , Levski played well against Lille and was leading 2–1 until Ivo Ivanov scored an own goal to make it 2–2 . In the last match of the Group C , Levski took a win against Sporting CP with 1–0 , with the winning goal scored by Daniel Mladenov . In the following 2011–12 season , in the third qualifying round of the Europa League , Levski were eliminated by Spartak Trnava of Slovakia , following a late game 2–1 win in Sofia , and a loss of the same scoreline in Trnava . The penalty shoot-out costed Levski a place in the play-off round . This caused an upset with the fans and players , and the team barely clinched the fourth place at the winter break in the Bulgarian league . Albeit only three points from the leaders Ludogoretz Razgrad , the acting manager Georgi Ivanov was sacked from the position , but remained at the club as a sporting director . Nikolay Kostov was appointed the new manager of the club , giving the supporters a sense of optimism , which , however , faded after a cup knock-out in the hands of Lokomotiv Plovdiv and a home defeat to Minyor Pernik . Kostov handed in his resignation , leaving the managerial post once again vacant . Sporting director Georgi Ivanov once again stepped in to help the club , and accepted being the manager until the summer break , when a new one would be appointed . During the summer of 2012 , former player Ilian Iliev was appointed the new manager of the club . Under his management , Levski was knocked out from the Europa League by Bosnian side FK Sarajevo . Iliev led the team to 13 league victories and to the semi-finals of the Bulgarian Cup after eliminating Cherno More Varna and Litex Lovech on the away goals rule . Iliev however was sacked after a 1–1 away draw against Pirin Gotse Delchev . Assistant manager Nikolay Mitov took over the team until the end of the season . Under his management Levski won the derby clashes against Litex , CSKA and Ludogorets but failed to win the title after a 1–1 home draw against Slavia Sofia . Levski also reached their first Bulgarian Cup final since 2007 , but lost on penalties against Beroe Stara Zagora . Despite the missed opportunity of winning a trophy , Mitovs contract was renewed for the 2013–14 season . However , the team made another disappointing performance in Europa League , being eliminated by the Kazakh side Irtysh Pavlodar . As a result , Nikolay Mitov resigned as manager . In July 2013 Slaviša Jokanović was appointed as the new manager of the team . Despite losing only two matches in twelve games , Jokanović was released in October 2013 . Ivaylo Petev was announced as his successor but during his introduction a few Levski supporters interrupted it , stating that they would not accept his appointment . The next day , Petev refused to take charge of the team and Antoni Zdravkov was named as the new manager . Under his reign the team suffered a heavy 3–0 loss against rivals CSKA , but managed to knock them out in the Bulgarian Cup in December 2013 after penalties . Due to the difficult financial situation , a few key players , such as Antonio Vutov and Garry Rodrigues , were sold to Udinese and Elche , respectively , during the winter break . This reflected on the teams performance and Levski finished fifth and got knocked out in the quarter-finals of the Bulgarian Cup by Botev Plovdiv . Antoni Zdravkov was sacked in March 2014 , and Levski legend Elin Topuzakov took charge as a caretaker until the end of the 2013–14 season . For the first time since 1990–91 the club did not participate in European competitions . On 23 May 2014 , the club supporters organized a friendly game against Lazio , marking the 100th anniversary of the club . Club icons like Georgi Ivanov , Dimitar Ivankov , Aleksandar Aleksandrov , Hristo Yovov , Elin Topuzakov and many other former players and celebrities took participation by playing in the game , as well as donating money for the events organization . The next day , Levski marked 100 years since its founding . As of 2020 , the results from a decade of incompetent management have finally come out , putting the club in a financial crisis and on the verge of bankruptcy . In the summer of 2020 , club legend Nasko Sirakov took charge of the majority of shares and the club made some financial cuts , forcing a big part of the players ( mainly foreigners ) to leave . Levski also changed its transfer policy , signing mainly Bulgarian and homegrown players with lower salaries , allowing the club to start paying off some of the debt accumulated throughout the years . Sirakov set a target for the club to clear most of the debt by 2023 , mostly through sponsorship deals , outgoing transfers , television rights and the fans financial support . Recent seasons . League positions . - Key - G = Games played - W = Games won - D = Games drawn - L = Games lost - GS = Goals scored - GA = Goals against - P = Points Club symbols . Names and crests . The first club crest was designed by Mincho Kachulev in 1922 . Initially in the size of a square with a blue background , it was intentionally written in a stylized letter Л ( Bulgarian letter L ; shortened for Levski ) . The inner space of the letter was filled vertically equally in yellow and red colours . In a later period of time , the Cyrillic letters С ( Sport ) and К ( club ) were added at the top of the square , while the bottom side was inscribed with the name Sofia . This badge was used by the club until 1949 , when it was renamed to Dinamo . From 1949 to 1956 , the emblem of the club was an irregular hexagon filled with vertical red , white , blue and yellow colours , with an inscribed handwritten Cyrillic letter Д , alongside a five-pointed red star above it and the word Sofia underneath . From 1957 to 1968 the original logo of the club was restored , however the letters C and К were replaced with Ф ( Athletic ) and Д ( union ) . After the merger with Spartak Sofia in 1969 , the club crest has been a shield in blue and white with a horizontal red bar above . The shield spawned the letters Л and C , an abbreviation of the new name Levski-Spartak . The football club used this crest until 1985 , when it was renamed Vitosha . Vitoshas crest was in the form of a stylized letter C surrounding the football in the upper curve of the letter , coloured in blue and white . In January 1990 , the club restored its original name and original logo , and the letters C and K in the upper corner of the blue square were replaced with the initials Ф ( football ) and K ( club ) . However , due to legal issues with the ownership of the rights to the historic crest , the club was forced to change it in 1998 , when a brand new shield logo was introduced , entirely in blue . At its centre , an inscription of the letter Л was introduced , alongside the year of establishment – 1914 . The dome of the shield was labelled PFC Levski . After winning the legal dispute for the rights to the historic emblem in 2006 , the club decided to use the two different logos simultaneously for a brief period of time . Later that year , the shield crest was completely removed and the classic square emblem has been used since . Players . First team . For recent transfers , see Transfers winter 2020–21 and Transfers summer 2021 . Foreign players . Up to five non-EU nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First League ; however , only three can be used during a match day . Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for five years . Note : For a complete list of Levski Sofia players , see . Club officials . Board of Directors . Managerial history and notable players . Managers . - Boris Vasilev ( 1921–23 ) - Mihail Borisov ( 1923–24 ) - Boris Vasilev ( 1924–27 ) - Ivan Kachev ( 1927–32 ) - Tsvetan Genev ( 1932–33 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1933 ) - Georgi Karaivanov ( 1934 ) - Rudolf Löwenfeld ( 1934–35 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1936 ) - Kiril Yovovich ( 1936–37 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1937–38 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1938–39 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1939–40 ) - Miloš Strużka ( 1940–41 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1941–44 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1944–48 ) - Rizko Szomlaj ( 1948–49 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1950–51 ) - Ljubej Petkov ( 1952 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1953 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1954–56 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1956–60 ) - Kotse Georgiev ( 1960–61 ) - Krastio Chakarov ( 1961–64 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1964–65 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1965–66 ) - Krastyo Chakarov ( 1966–69 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1969 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1969–70 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1971–73 ) - Dimitar Doychinov ( 1973–75 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1975–76 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1976–77 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1977–80 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1980–82 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1982–83 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1983–85 ) - Kiril Ivkov ( 1985–87 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1986–87 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1988–89 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1989 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1989–90 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1991 ) - Dinko Dermendzhiev ( 1991 ) - Ivan Vutov ( 1992–93 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 1993–95 ) - Ivan Kyuchukov ( 1995–96 ) - Georgi Tsvetkov ( 1996–97 ) - Stefan Grozdanov ( 1997 ) - Mihail Valchev ( 1998 ) - Vyacheslav Hrozny ( 1998 ) - Angel Stankov ( 1999 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 1999–00 ) - Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2000 ) - Vladimir Fedotov ( 2000 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 2000–01 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2001 ) - Rüdiger Abramczik ( 2002 ) - Slavoljub Muslin ( 2002–03 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2003 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 2003–04 ) - Stanimir Stoilov ( 1 June 2004 – 6 May 2008 ) - Velislav Vutsov ( 2008 ) - Emil Velev ( 16 August 2008 – 23 July 2009 ) - Ratko Dostanić ( 23 July 2009 – 19 October 2009 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 19 October 2009 – 30 June 2010 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2009–10 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 1 July 2010 – 28 May 2011 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 1 June 2011 – 3 November 2011 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2011 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 3 November 2011 – 27 March 2012 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( interim ) ( 27 March 2012 – 8 April 2012 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 7 April 2012 – 30 May 2012 ) - Ilian Iliev ( 1 July 2012 – April 2013 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 12 April 2013 – 12 July 2013 ) - Slaviša Jokanović ( 15 July 2013 – October 2013 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 8 October 2013 – 9 October 2013 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 10 October 2013 – 19 March 2014 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 20 March 2014 – June 2014 ) - José Murcia ( June 2014 – 4 August 2014 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 4 August 2014 – 22 December 2014 ) - Stoycho Stoev ( 22 December 2014 – 15 May 2016 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 16 May 2016 – 22 October 2016 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 22 October 2016 – 2 March 2017 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 2 March 2017 – 4 August 2017 ) - Delio Rossi ( 4 August 2017 – 25 July 2018 ) - Todor Simov ( interim ) ( 25 July 2018 – 31 July 2018 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 31 July 2018 – 21 January 2019 ) - Georgi Dermendzhiev ( 21 January 2019 – 29 April 2019 ) - Georgi Todorov ( interim ) ( 29 April 2019 – 30 May 2019 ) - Petar Hubchev ( 30 May 2019 – 11 June 2020 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 11 June 2020 – 24 October 2020 ) - Zhivko Milanov ( interim ) ( 24 October 2020 – 9 November 2020 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 10 November 2020 – 23 May 2021 ) Notable Bulgarian players . Players with at least one appearance for the Bulgarian national team . - Kiril Yovovich - Konstantin Maznikov - Geno Mateev - Dimitar Mutafchiev - Nikola Mutafchiev - Ivan Radoev - Aleksandar Hristov - Mihail Lozanov - Asen Panchev - Asen Peshev - Bozhin Laskov - Amedeo Kleva - Vasil Spasov - Georgi Pachedzhiev - Yordan Tomov - Lyubomir Hranov - Apostol Sokolov - Stefan Abadzhiev - Yoncho Arsov - Hristo Iliev - Dimitar Yordanov - Aleksandar Kostov - Georgi Sokolov - Stefan Aladzhov - Georgi Asparuhov - Tsvetan Veselinov - Ivan Vutsov - Georgi Kamenski - Yanko Kirilov - Nikola Kotkov - Biser Mihaylov - Mihail Gyonin - Todor Barzov - Krasimir Borisov - Voyn Voynov - Milko Gaydarski - Dobromir Zhechev - Kiril Ivkov - Kiril Milanov - Vasil Mitkov - Pavel Panov - Emil Spasov - Stefan Staykov - Ivan Stoyanov - Emil Velev - Mihail Valchev - Rusi Gochev - Nikolay Iliev - Bozhidar Iskrenov - Krasimir Koev - Petar Kurdov - Borislav Mikhailov - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Petrov - Nasko Sirakov - Georgi Slavchev - Georgi Yordanov - Plamen Getov - Georgi Donkov - Velko Yotov - Aleksandar Aleksandrov - Daniel Borimirov - Ilian Iliev - Emil Kremenliev - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Mihtarski - Petar Aleksandrov - Tsanko Tsvetanov - Zlatko Yankov - Petar Hubchev - Georgi Ivanov - Nikolay Todorov - Stanimir Stoilov - Predrag Pažin - Elin Topuzakov - Dimitar Telkiyski - Hristo Yovov - Lúcio Wagner - Igor Tomašić - Georgi Ivanov - Emil Angelov - Stanislav Angelov - Vladimir Gadzhev - Valeri Domovchiyski - Dimitar Ivankov - Milan Koprivarov - Zhivko Milanov - Nikolay Mihaylov - Mariyan Ognyanov - Georgi Petkov - Ilian Stoyanov - Georgi Markov - Ivan Tsvetkov - Georgi Chilikov - Zahari Sirakov - Valeri Bojinov Notable foreign players . Foreign players with at least 30 games for the club or that are record holders . Players who were internationally capped for their country while playing for Levski are listed in bold . Europe - Dalibor Dragić - David Jablonský - Cédric Bardon - Gabriel Obertan - Péter Kabát - Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson - Milan Mijatović - Dustley Mulder - Serginho Greene - Darko Tasevski - João Silva - Konstantin Golovskoy - John Inglis - Miodrag Pantelić - Miloš Cvetković - Saša Simonović - Bojan Jorgačević - Roman Procházka - Añete - Jordi Gómez - Miguel Bedoya - Davide Mariani South America - Nigel Robertha - Rogério Gaúcho - Zé Soares - Joãozinho - Jean Carlos - Paulinho - Ramón Manuel Mendoza Africa - Garry Rodrigues - Junior Mapuku - Basile de Carvalho - Serge Yoffou - Garra Dembélé - Chakib Benzoukane - Youssef Rabeh - Garba Lawal - Omonigho Temile - Justice Christopher - Richard Eromoigbe - Ekundayo Jayeoba - Khaly Thiam Bulgarian Footballer of the Year . - 1931 – Asen Peshev - 1942 – Lyuben Stamboliev - 1948 – Vasil Spasov - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov - 1970 – Stefan Aladzhov - 1974 – Kiril Ivkov - 1975 – Kiril Ivkov - 1977 – Pavel Panov - 1984 – Plamen Nikolov - 1986 – Borislav Mikhailov - 1987 – Nikolay Iliev - 1999 – Aleksandar Aleksandrov - 2000 – Georgi Ivanov - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov A Group top goalscorers . - 1940 – Yanko Stoyanov ( 14 goals ) - 1950 – Lubomir Hranov ( 11 goals ) - 1957 – Hristo Iliev ( 14 goals ) - 1960 – Dimitar Yordanov ( 12 goals ) - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov ( 27 goals ) - 1974 – Kiril Milanov ( 19 goals ) - 1976 – Pavel Panov ( 18 goals ) - 1977 – Pavel Panov ( 20 goals ) - 1979 – Rusi Gochev ( 19 goals ) - 1982 – Mihail Valchev ( 24 goals ) - 1984 – Emil Spasov ( 19 goals ) - 1987 – Nasko Sirakov ( 36 goals ) - 1988 – Nasko Sirakov ( 28 goals ) - 1992 – Nasko Sirakov ( 26 goals ) - 1993 – Plamen Getov ( 26 goals ) - 1994 – Nasko Sirakov ( 30 goals ) - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov ( 21 goals ) - 2003 – Georgi Chilikov ( 22 goals ) - 2011 – Garra Dembele ( 26 goals ) - 2013 – Basile de Carvalho ( 19 goals ) - 2015 – Añete ( 14 goals ) - 2019 – Stanislav Kostov ( 24 goals ) |
[
"Elin Topuzakov"
] | easy | Who coached the team PFC Levski Sofia from Oct 2016 to Mar 2017? | /wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia#P286#1 | PFC Levski Sofia Levski Sofia ( ) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia , which competes in the First League , the top division of the Bulgarian football league system . The club was founded on 24 May 1914 as a football department of Levski Sofia sports club by a group of students , and is named after Vasil Levski , a Bulgarian revolutionary renowned as the national hero of the country . Levski has won a total of 73 trophies , including 26 national titles , 25 national cups and 3 supercups , as well as 13 domestic Doubles and 1 Treble . It is also the only Bulgarian football club to have never been relegated from the top division since the establishment of the league system in 1937 . Levski has reached the quarter-finals of UEFA competitions for five times , was runner-up of the Balkans Cup twice , and in 2006 , it became the first Bulgarian club to enter the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . The teams regular kit colour is all-blue . Levskis home ground is the Vivacom Arena - Georgi Asparuhov in Sofia , which has a capacity of 25,000 spectators . The clubs biggest rivals are CSKA Sofia , and matches between the two capital sides are commonly referred to as the Eternal derby of Bulgaria . Levski is also a regular member of the European Club Association and the European Multisport Club Association . History . Sport Club Levski ( 1914–1969 ) . Sport Club Levski was founded in 1911 by a group of secondary school students in Sofia . The clubs name was chosen in honour of the Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski , and the club was officially registered on 24 May 1914 . In 1914 , Levski lost its first official match against FC 13 Sofia with the score 2–0 . Between 1914 and 1920 , football wasnt a popular sport in Bulgaria , and no additional information about the club exists . In the summer of 1921 , the Sofia Sports League was established , which united ten clubs from Sofia and marked the beginning of organized football competitions in the city . Levski won the first match in the championship in the 1921–22 season , held on 18 September 1921 , against Athletic Sofia with the score of 3–1 . The team captured first place in the league in 1923 after a 3–2 win over bitter rivals Slavia Sofia , and successfully defended the title the following season . The first National Championship was held in 1924 with Levski representing Sofia . The team went on to win the title in 1933 , 1937 and 1942 , and established itself as the most popular football club in Bulgaria . In 1929 , Levski became the first semi-professional football club in Bulgaria , after twelve players staged a boycott of the team in demand of financial remuneration and insurance benefits . The same year Levski met its first international opponents , losing to Gallipoli Istanbul 1–0 and winning against Kuban Istanbul 6–0 . Between 1930 and 1932 , Levski won the Ulpia Serdica Cup for three consecutive years and was permanently awarded the trophy as a result . After World War II , Levski became one of the two top clubs in Bulgaria . After winning the championship in 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 and 1953 , Levski would not capture the domestic title again until the mid-1960s . In 1949 , the authorities changed the clubs name to Dinamo following the Soviet traditions , but after the de-Stalinization of Bulgaria , it was reverted in 1957 . The 1960s were marked with return to success both on the domestic and on the international stage . Levskis academy would become the most successful in national youth competitions for the years to come , and the results were first seen in the likes of Georgi Asparuhov , Georgi Sokolov , Biser Mihaylov , Kiril Ivkov , Ivan Vutsov , Stefan Aladzhov and Aleksandar Kostov , assisted by experienced veterans like Stefan Abadzhiev , Dimo Pechenikov and Hristo Iliev , which resulted in winning the championship in 1965 , 1968 and 1970 , including the 7–2 triumph over new bitter rivals CSKA Sofia in 1968 . In the 1965–66 European Cup , Levski was eliminated in the first round by Benfica with 5–4 on aggregate . Levski-Spartak ( 1969–1985 ) . In January 1969 , Levski was forcibly merged with Spartak Sofia by the Bulgarian Communist Party , and put under the auspice of the Ministry of Interior Affairs . The name of the club was once again changed , this time to Levski-Spartak . A new crop of youngsters in the likes of Kiril Milanov , Dobromir Zhechev , Pavel Panov , Yordan Yordanov , Stefan Staykov , Tomas Lafchis , Todor Barzov , Voyn Voynov , Georgi Tsvetkov , Plamen Nikolov , and Rusi Gochev not only found their place in the first team , but brought new league titles in 1974 , 1977 , 1979 , 1984 and 1985 . On the international stage , the team reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners Cup in 1969–70 and 1976–77 , and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1975–76 . In the latter , Levski defeated Barcelona 5–4 in the second leg , becoming one of the two European teams ( the other being Bayern Munich ) to have scored five or more goals in one match against Barcelona in official UEFA competitions . Additionally , Levski became the only Bulgarian club to eliminate a German champion after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup . They also eliminated Stuttgart a year earlier in the first round of the 1983–84 UEFA Cup . Vitosha Sofia ( 1985–1989 ) . The name of the team was changed to Vitosha by the authorities following the disruptions during and after the Bulgarian Cup final in 1985 . The game ran on high emotions fuelled by the streak of consecutive victories of Levski over CSKA in the two years prior to the game . During the game , which CSKA won 2–1 , there were confrontations both on the field and on the stands . By decree of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party , some of the leading players of both clubs were suspended from the sport for life . The championship title of the club for 1985 was suspended . However , the suspensions were lifted shortly after . Levski won another cup and league titles in 1986 and 1988 , respectively . The fourth European quarter-final came in 1986–87 , when Levski knocked out the 1985–86 Danish Cup winners Boldklubben 1903 and the 1985–86 Yugoslav Cup holders Velež Mostar , before losing to the 1985–86 Copa del Rey winners Real Zaragoza . Levski Sofia ( 1989–2009 ) . After the 1989–90 season , the club regained its original name . The team was made up of players such as Plamen Nikolov , Petar Hubchev , Tsanko Tsvetanov , Emil Kremenliev , Zlatko Yankov , Georgi Slavchev , Ilian Iliev , Daniel Borimirov , Stanimir Stoilov , Velko Yotov , Plamen Getov , Nikolay Todorov and Nasko Sirakov , and won three consecutive domestic national championships in 1993 , 1994 and 1995 . Levski contributed seven players ( Tsvetanov , Kremenliev , Yankov , Sirakov , Nikolov , Petar Aleksandrov and Borimirov ) , more than any other Bulgarian team , to the Bulgaria national football team that finished in fourth place at the 1994 FIFA World Cup . In 2005–06 , Levski reached the quarter-finals of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup after knocking out the 2004–05 Coupe de France winners Auxerre in the first round , finishing above SC Heerenveen , Dinamo București and the reigning title holders CSKA Moscow in the group stage , triumphing over Champions League participants Artmedia Bratislava and Udinese in the knockout stages , before being eliminated by Schalke 04 . Levski , as the champions of Bulgaria , started their 2006–07 UEFA Champions League participation in the second qualiftying round , where they eliminated Georgian champions Sioni Bolnisi , defeating them 2–0 both home and away . In the third round , Levski faced Italian team Chievo Verona , which took part in the tournament because of other clubs sanctions as part of the 2006 Serie A matchfixing scandal . Levski eliminated Chievo after a decisive 2–0 win in Sofia and a 2–2 draw in Verona , and thus became the first Bulgarian club to ever reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . There , they faced the title holders Barcelona , Premier League champions Chelsea , and Werder Bremen . They lost all six games and scored only one goal , in the second round against Chelsea . Levski earned a place in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League after the Bulgarian league champions CSKA Sofia failed to obtain a UEFA license . Levski lost to BATE Borisov of Belarus in the third qualifying round . Levski Sofia ( 2009–present ) . During the 2009–10 season , Levskis team started their European campaign with a 9–0 ( on aggregate ) win against UE Sant Julià in the second qualifying round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . In the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku , eliminating the team from Azerbaijan with 2–0 on aggregate . In the play-off round , Levski was eliminated by Debrecen with 4–1 on aggregate . As one of the play-off losers , Levski qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . In the group stage , Levski faced Villarreal , Lazio and Red Bull Salzburg . Levski achieved only one win and five defeats . Levski took the win against Lazio in Italy , after Hristo Yovov scored the winning goal in the match . Levski started the 2010–11 season with a match against Dundalk , in a second qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League . Levski won the first match 6–0 . In the return leg at Oriel Park , Levski defeated Dundalk 2–0 with two first half goals from Garra Dembélé , the first in the fourth minute and the second ten minutes before the half-time . In the next round Levski played against Kalmar FF . The first match ended 1–1 in Sweden . In the return leg in Sofia , Levski won 5–2 . In between , The Blues defeated their archrival CSKA Sofia in the Eternal derby with 1–0 . Their next match in the Europa League saw them play against AIK Fotboll from Stockholm , Sweden . The first match ended in a goalless draw , and after the game , AIK hooligans attacked the Levski players and staff . The second match ended in a 2–1 home win for Levski . Goals scored by Daniel Mladenov and Garra Dembélé put Levski in the Europa League group stage . Levski was drawn in Group C , facing Gent , Lille and Sporting CP . The first match was played against Gent at home , which Levski won 3–2 with the winning goal scored by Serginho Greene . With this win , Levski recorded eight consecutive games without a defeat in European competitions . After that , Levski lost to Sporting CP with 5–0 , followed by another defeat against Lille . In Sofia , Levski played well against Lille and was leading 2–1 until Ivo Ivanov scored an own goal to make it 2–2 . In the last match of the Group C , Levski took a win against Sporting CP with 1–0 , with the winning goal scored by Daniel Mladenov . In the following 2011–12 season , in the third qualifying round of the Europa League , Levski were eliminated by Spartak Trnava of Slovakia , following a late game 2–1 win in Sofia , and a loss of the same scoreline in Trnava . The penalty shoot-out costed Levski a place in the play-off round . This caused an upset with the fans and players , and the team barely clinched the fourth place at the winter break in the Bulgarian league . Albeit only three points from the leaders Ludogoretz Razgrad , the acting manager Georgi Ivanov was sacked from the position , but remained at the club as a sporting director . Nikolay Kostov was appointed the new manager of the club , giving the supporters a sense of optimism , which , however , faded after a cup knock-out in the hands of Lokomotiv Plovdiv and a home defeat to Minyor Pernik . Kostov handed in his resignation , leaving the managerial post once again vacant . Sporting director Georgi Ivanov once again stepped in to help the club , and accepted being the manager until the summer break , when a new one would be appointed . During the summer of 2012 , former player Ilian Iliev was appointed the new manager of the club . Under his management , Levski was knocked out from the Europa League by Bosnian side FK Sarajevo . Iliev led the team to 13 league victories and to the semi-finals of the Bulgarian Cup after eliminating Cherno More Varna and Litex Lovech on the away goals rule . Iliev however was sacked after a 1–1 away draw against Pirin Gotse Delchev . Assistant manager Nikolay Mitov took over the team until the end of the season . Under his management Levski won the derby clashes against Litex , CSKA and Ludogorets but failed to win the title after a 1–1 home draw against Slavia Sofia . Levski also reached their first Bulgarian Cup final since 2007 , but lost on penalties against Beroe Stara Zagora . Despite the missed opportunity of winning a trophy , Mitovs contract was renewed for the 2013–14 season . However , the team made another disappointing performance in Europa League , being eliminated by the Kazakh side Irtysh Pavlodar . As a result , Nikolay Mitov resigned as manager . In July 2013 Slaviša Jokanović was appointed as the new manager of the team . Despite losing only two matches in twelve games , Jokanović was released in October 2013 . Ivaylo Petev was announced as his successor but during his introduction a few Levski supporters interrupted it , stating that they would not accept his appointment . The next day , Petev refused to take charge of the team and Antoni Zdravkov was named as the new manager . Under his reign the team suffered a heavy 3–0 loss against rivals CSKA , but managed to knock them out in the Bulgarian Cup in December 2013 after penalties . Due to the difficult financial situation , a few key players , such as Antonio Vutov and Garry Rodrigues , were sold to Udinese and Elche , respectively , during the winter break . This reflected on the teams performance and Levski finished fifth and got knocked out in the quarter-finals of the Bulgarian Cup by Botev Plovdiv . Antoni Zdravkov was sacked in March 2014 , and Levski legend Elin Topuzakov took charge as a caretaker until the end of the 2013–14 season . For the first time since 1990–91 the club did not participate in European competitions . On 23 May 2014 , the club supporters organized a friendly game against Lazio , marking the 100th anniversary of the club . Club icons like Georgi Ivanov , Dimitar Ivankov , Aleksandar Aleksandrov , Hristo Yovov , Elin Topuzakov and many other former players and celebrities took participation by playing in the game , as well as donating money for the events organization . The next day , Levski marked 100 years since its founding . As of 2020 , the results from a decade of incompetent management have finally come out , putting the club in a financial crisis and on the verge of bankruptcy . In the summer of 2020 , club legend Nasko Sirakov took charge of the majority of shares and the club made some financial cuts , forcing a big part of the players ( mainly foreigners ) to leave . Levski also changed its transfer policy , signing mainly Bulgarian and homegrown players with lower salaries , allowing the club to start paying off some of the debt accumulated throughout the years . Sirakov set a target for the club to clear most of the debt by 2023 , mostly through sponsorship deals , outgoing transfers , television rights and the fans financial support . Recent seasons . League positions . - Key - G = Games played - W = Games won - D = Games drawn - L = Games lost - GS = Goals scored - GA = Goals against - P = Points Club symbols . Names and crests . The first club crest was designed by Mincho Kachulev in 1922 . Initially in the size of a square with a blue background , it was intentionally written in a stylized letter Л ( Bulgarian letter L ; shortened for Levski ) . The inner space of the letter was filled vertically equally in yellow and red colours . In a later period of time , the Cyrillic letters С ( Sport ) and К ( club ) were added at the top of the square , while the bottom side was inscribed with the name Sofia . This badge was used by the club until 1949 , when it was renamed to Dinamo . From 1949 to 1956 , the emblem of the club was an irregular hexagon filled with vertical red , white , blue and yellow colours , with an inscribed handwritten Cyrillic letter Д , alongside a five-pointed red star above it and the word Sofia underneath . From 1957 to 1968 the original logo of the club was restored , however the letters C and К were replaced with Ф ( Athletic ) and Д ( union ) . After the merger with Spartak Sofia in 1969 , the club crest has been a shield in blue and white with a horizontal red bar above . The shield spawned the letters Л and C , an abbreviation of the new name Levski-Spartak . The football club used this crest until 1985 , when it was renamed Vitosha . Vitoshas crest was in the form of a stylized letter C surrounding the football in the upper curve of the letter , coloured in blue and white . In January 1990 , the club restored its original name and original logo , and the letters C and K in the upper corner of the blue square were replaced with the initials Ф ( football ) and K ( club ) . However , due to legal issues with the ownership of the rights to the historic crest , the club was forced to change it in 1998 , when a brand new shield logo was introduced , entirely in blue . At its centre , an inscription of the letter Л was introduced , alongside the year of establishment – 1914 . The dome of the shield was labelled PFC Levski . After winning the legal dispute for the rights to the historic emblem in 2006 , the club decided to use the two different logos simultaneously for a brief period of time . Later that year , the shield crest was completely removed and the classic square emblem has been used since . Players . First team . For recent transfers , see Transfers winter 2020–21 and Transfers summer 2021 . Foreign players . Up to five non-EU nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First League ; however , only three can be used during a match day . Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for five years . Note : For a complete list of Levski Sofia players , see . Club officials . Board of Directors . Managerial history and notable players . Managers . - Boris Vasilev ( 1921–23 ) - Mihail Borisov ( 1923–24 ) - Boris Vasilev ( 1924–27 ) - Ivan Kachev ( 1927–32 ) - Tsvetan Genev ( 1932–33 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1933 ) - Georgi Karaivanov ( 1934 ) - Rudolf Löwenfeld ( 1934–35 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1936 ) - Kiril Yovovich ( 1936–37 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1937–38 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1938–39 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1939–40 ) - Miloš Strużka ( 1940–41 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1941–44 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1944–48 ) - Rizko Szomlaj ( 1948–49 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1950–51 ) - Ljubej Petkov ( 1952 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1953 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1954–56 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1956–60 ) - Kotse Georgiev ( 1960–61 ) - Krastio Chakarov ( 1961–64 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1964–65 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1965–66 ) - Krastyo Chakarov ( 1966–69 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1969 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1969–70 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1971–73 ) - Dimitar Doychinov ( 1973–75 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1975–76 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1976–77 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1977–80 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1980–82 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1982–83 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1983–85 ) - Kiril Ivkov ( 1985–87 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1986–87 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1988–89 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1989 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1989–90 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1991 ) - Dinko Dermendzhiev ( 1991 ) - Ivan Vutov ( 1992–93 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 1993–95 ) - Ivan Kyuchukov ( 1995–96 ) - Georgi Tsvetkov ( 1996–97 ) - Stefan Grozdanov ( 1997 ) - Mihail Valchev ( 1998 ) - Vyacheslav Hrozny ( 1998 ) - Angel Stankov ( 1999 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 1999–00 ) - Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2000 ) - Vladimir Fedotov ( 2000 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 2000–01 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2001 ) - Rüdiger Abramczik ( 2002 ) - Slavoljub Muslin ( 2002–03 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2003 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 2003–04 ) - Stanimir Stoilov ( 1 June 2004 – 6 May 2008 ) - Velislav Vutsov ( 2008 ) - Emil Velev ( 16 August 2008 – 23 July 2009 ) - Ratko Dostanić ( 23 July 2009 – 19 October 2009 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 19 October 2009 – 30 June 2010 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2009–10 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 1 July 2010 – 28 May 2011 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 1 June 2011 – 3 November 2011 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2011 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 3 November 2011 – 27 March 2012 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( interim ) ( 27 March 2012 – 8 April 2012 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 7 April 2012 – 30 May 2012 ) - Ilian Iliev ( 1 July 2012 – April 2013 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 12 April 2013 – 12 July 2013 ) - Slaviša Jokanović ( 15 July 2013 – October 2013 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 8 October 2013 – 9 October 2013 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 10 October 2013 – 19 March 2014 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 20 March 2014 – June 2014 ) - José Murcia ( June 2014 – 4 August 2014 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 4 August 2014 – 22 December 2014 ) - Stoycho Stoev ( 22 December 2014 – 15 May 2016 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 16 May 2016 – 22 October 2016 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 22 October 2016 – 2 March 2017 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 2 March 2017 – 4 August 2017 ) - Delio Rossi ( 4 August 2017 – 25 July 2018 ) - Todor Simov ( interim ) ( 25 July 2018 – 31 July 2018 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 31 July 2018 – 21 January 2019 ) - Georgi Dermendzhiev ( 21 January 2019 – 29 April 2019 ) - Georgi Todorov ( interim ) ( 29 April 2019 – 30 May 2019 ) - Petar Hubchev ( 30 May 2019 – 11 June 2020 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 11 June 2020 – 24 October 2020 ) - Zhivko Milanov ( interim ) ( 24 October 2020 – 9 November 2020 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 10 November 2020 – 23 May 2021 ) Notable Bulgarian players . Players with at least one appearance for the Bulgarian national team . - Kiril Yovovich - Konstantin Maznikov - Geno Mateev - Dimitar Mutafchiev - Nikola Mutafchiev - Ivan Radoev - Aleksandar Hristov - Mihail Lozanov - Asen Panchev - Asen Peshev - Bozhin Laskov - Amedeo Kleva - Vasil Spasov - Georgi Pachedzhiev - Yordan Tomov - Lyubomir Hranov - Apostol Sokolov - Stefan Abadzhiev - Yoncho Arsov - Hristo Iliev - Dimitar Yordanov - Aleksandar Kostov - Georgi Sokolov - Stefan Aladzhov - Georgi Asparuhov - Tsvetan Veselinov - Ivan Vutsov - Georgi Kamenski - Yanko Kirilov - Nikola Kotkov - Biser Mihaylov - Mihail Gyonin - Todor Barzov - Krasimir Borisov - Voyn Voynov - Milko Gaydarski - Dobromir Zhechev - Kiril Ivkov - Kiril Milanov - Vasil Mitkov - Pavel Panov - Emil Spasov - Stefan Staykov - Ivan Stoyanov - Emil Velev - Mihail Valchev - Rusi Gochev - Nikolay Iliev - Bozhidar Iskrenov - Krasimir Koev - Petar Kurdov - Borislav Mikhailov - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Petrov - Nasko Sirakov - Georgi Slavchev - Georgi Yordanov - Plamen Getov - Georgi Donkov - Velko Yotov - Aleksandar Aleksandrov - Daniel Borimirov - Ilian Iliev - Emil Kremenliev - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Mihtarski - Petar Aleksandrov - Tsanko Tsvetanov - Zlatko Yankov - Petar Hubchev - Georgi Ivanov - Nikolay Todorov - Stanimir Stoilov - Predrag Pažin - Elin Topuzakov - Dimitar Telkiyski - Hristo Yovov - Lúcio Wagner - Igor Tomašić - Georgi Ivanov - Emil Angelov - Stanislav Angelov - Vladimir Gadzhev - Valeri Domovchiyski - Dimitar Ivankov - Milan Koprivarov - Zhivko Milanov - Nikolay Mihaylov - Mariyan Ognyanov - Georgi Petkov - Ilian Stoyanov - Georgi Markov - Ivan Tsvetkov - Georgi Chilikov - Zahari Sirakov - Valeri Bojinov Notable foreign players . Foreign players with at least 30 games for the club or that are record holders . Players who were internationally capped for their country while playing for Levski are listed in bold . Europe - Dalibor Dragić - David Jablonský - Cédric Bardon - Gabriel Obertan - Péter Kabát - Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson - Milan Mijatović - Dustley Mulder - Serginho Greene - Darko Tasevski - João Silva - Konstantin Golovskoy - John Inglis - Miodrag Pantelić - Miloš Cvetković - Saša Simonović - Bojan Jorgačević - Roman Procházka - Añete - Jordi Gómez - Miguel Bedoya - Davide Mariani South America - Nigel Robertha - Rogério Gaúcho - Zé Soares - Joãozinho - Jean Carlos - Paulinho - Ramón Manuel Mendoza Africa - Garry Rodrigues - Junior Mapuku - Basile de Carvalho - Serge Yoffou - Garra Dembélé - Chakib Benzoukane - Youssef Rabeh - Garba Lawal - Omonigho Temile - Justice Christopher - Richard Eromoigbe - Ekundayo Jayeoba - Khaly Thiam Bulgarian Footballer of the Year . - 1931 – Asen Peshev - 1942 – Lyuben Stamboliev - 1948 – Vasil Spasov - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov - 1970 – Stefan Aladzhov - 1974 – Kiril Ivkov - 1975 – Kiril Ivkov - 1977 – Pavel Panov - 1984 – Plamen Nikolov - 1986 – Borislav Mikhailov - 1987 – Nikolay Iliev - 1999 – Aleksandar Aleksandrov - 2000 – Georgi Ivanov - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov A Group top goalscorers . - 1940 – Yanko Stoyanov ( 14 goals ) - 1950 – Lubomir Hranov ( 11 goals ) - 1957 – Hristo Iliev ( 14 goals ) - 1960 – Dimitar Yordanov ( 12 goals ) - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov ( 27 goals ) - 1974 – Kiril Milanov ( 19 goals ) - 1976 – Pavel Panov ( 18 goals ) - 1977 – Pavel Panov ( 20 goals ) - 1979 – Rusi Gochev ( 19 goals ) - 1982 – Mihail Valchev ( 24 goals ) - 1984 – Emil Spasov ( 19 goals ) - 1987 – Nasko Sirakov ( 36 goals ) - 1988 – Nasko Sirakov ( 28 goals ) - 1992 – Nasko Sirakov ( 26 goals ) - 1993 – Plamen Getov ( 26 goals ) - 1994 – Nasko Sirakov ( 30 goals ) - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov ( 21 goals ) - 2003 – Georgi Chilikov ( 22 goals ) - 2011 – Garra Dembele ( 26 goals ) - 2013 – Basile de Carvalho ( 19 goals ) - 2015 – Añete ( 14 goals ) - 2019 – Stanislav Kostov ( 24 goals ) |
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"Slaviša Stojanovič"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team PFC Levski Sofia from Jul 2018 to Jul 2019? | /wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia#P286#2 | PFC Levski Sofia Levski Sofia ( ) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia , which competes in the First League , the top division of the Bulgarian football league system . The club was founded on 24 May 1914 as a football department of Levski Sofia sports club by a group of students , and is named after Vasil Levski , a Bulgarian revolutionary renowned as the national hero of the country . Levski has won a total of 73 trophies , including 26 national titles , 25 national cups and 3 supercups , as well as 13 domestic Doubles and 1 Treble . It is also the only Bulgarian football club to have never been relegated from the top division since the establishment of the league system in 1937 . Levski has reached the quarter-finals of UEFA competitions for five times , was runner-up of the Balkans Cup twice , and in 2006 , it became the first Bulgarian club to enter the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . The teams regular kit colour is all-blue . Levskis home ground is the Vivacom Arena - Georgi Asparuhov in Sofia , which has a capacity of 25,000 spectators . The clubs biggest rivals are CSKA Sofia , and matches between the two capital sides are commonly referred to as the Eternal derby of Bulgaria . Levski is also a regular member of the European Club Association and the European Multisport Club Association . History . Sport Club Levski ( 1914–1969 ) . Sport Club Levski was founded in 1911 by a group of secondary school students in Sofia . The clubs name was chosen in honour of the Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski , and the club was officially registered on 24 May 1914 . In 1914 , Levski lost its first official match against FC 13 Sofia with the score 2–0 . Between 1914 and 1920 , football wasnt a popular sport in Bulgaria , and no additional information about the club exists . In the summer of 1921 , the Sofia Sports League was established , which united ten clubs from Sofia and marked the beginning of organized football competitions in the city . Levski won the first match in the championship in the 1921–22 season , held on 18 September 1921 , against Athletic Sofia with the score of 3–1 . The team captured first place in the league in 1923 after a 3–2 win over bitter rivals Slavia Sofia , and successfully defended the title the following season . The first National Championship was held in 1924 with Levski representing Sofia . The team went on to win the title in 1933 , 1937 and 1942 , and established itself as the most popular football club in Bulgaria . In 1929 , Levski became the first semi-professional football club in Bulgaria , after twelve players staged a boycott of the team in demand of financial remuneration and insurance benefits . The same year Levski met its first international opponents , losing to Gallipoli Istanbul 1–0 and winning against Kuban Istanbul 6–0 . Between 1930 and 1932 , Levski won the Ulpia Serdica Cup for three consecutive years and was permanently awarded the trophy as a result . After World War II , Levski became one of the two top clubs in Bulgaria . After winning the championship in 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 and 1953 , Levski would not capture the domestic title again until the mid-1960s . In 1949 , the authorities changed the clubs name to Dinamo following the Soviet traditions , but after the de-Stalinization of Bulgaria , it was reverted in 1957 . The 1960s were marked with return to success both on the domestic and on the international stage . Levskis academy would become the most successful in national youth competitions for the years to come , and the results were first seen in the likes of Georgi Asparuhov , Georgi Sokolov , Biser Mihaylov , Kiril Ivkov , Ivan Vutsov , Stefan Aladzhov and Aleksandar Kostov , assisted by experienced veterans like Stefan Abadzhiev , Dimo Pechenikov and Hristo Iliev , which resulted in winning the championship in 1965 , 1968 and 1970 , including the 7–2 triumph over new bitter rivals CSKA Sofia in 1968 . In the 1965–66 European Cup , Levski was eliminated in the first round by Benfica with 5–4 on aggregate . Levski-Spartak ( 1969–1985 ) . In January 1969 , Levski was forcibly merged with Spartak Sofia by the Bulgarian Communist Party , and put under the auspice of the Ministry of Interior Affairs . The name of the club was once again changed , this time to Levski-Spartak . A new crop of youngsters in the likes of Kiril Milanov , Dobromir Zhechev , Pavel Panov , Yordan Yordanov , Stefan Staykov , Tomas Lafchis , Todor Barzov , Voyn Voynov , Georgi Tsvetkov , Plamen Nikolov , and Rusi Gochev not only found their place in the first team , but brought new league titles in 1974 , 1977 , 1979 , 1984 and 1985 . On the international stage , the team reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners Cup in 1969–70 and 1976–77 , and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1975–76 . In the latter , Levski defeated Barcelona 5–4 in the second leg , becoming one of the two European teams ( the other being Bayern Munich ) to have scored five or more goals in one match against Barcelona in official UEFA competitions . Additionally , Levski became the only Bulgarian club to eliminate a German champion after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup . They also eliminated Stuttgart a year earlier in the first round of the 1983–84 UEFA Cup . Vitosha Sofia ( 1985–1989 ) . The name of the team was changed to Vitosha by the authorities following the disruptions during and after the Bulgarian Cup final in 1985 . The game ran on high emotions fuelled by the streak of consecutive victories of Levski over CSKA in the two years prior to the game . During the game , which CSKA won 2–1 , there were confrontations both on the field and on the stands . By decree of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party , some of the leading players of both clubs were suspended from the sport for life . The championship title of the club for 1985 was suspended . However , the suspensions were lifted shortly after . Levski won another cup and league titles in 1986 and 1988 , respectively . The fourth European quarter-final came in 1986–87 , when Levski knocked out the 1985–86 Danish Cup winners Boldklubben 1903 and the 1985–86 Yugoslav Cup holders Velež Mostar , before losing to the 1985–86 Copa del Rey winners Real Zaragoza . Levski Sofia ( 1989–2009 ) . After the 1989–90 season , the club regained its original name . The team was made up of players such as Plamen Nikolov , Petar Hubchev , Tsanko Tsvetanov , Emil Kremenliev , Zlatko Yankov , Georgi Slavchev , Ilian Iliev , Daniel Borimirov , Stanimir Stoilov , Velko Yotov , Plamen Getov , Nikolay Todorov and Nasko Sirakov , and won three consecutive domestic national championships in 1993 , 1994 and 1995 . Levski contributed seven players ( Tsvetanov , Kremenliev , Yankov , Sirakov , Nikolov , Petar Aleksandrov and Borimirov ) , more than any other Bulgarian team , to the Bulgaria national football team that finished in fourth place at the 1994 FIFA World Cup . In 2005–06 , Levski reached the quarter-finals of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup after knocking out the 2004–05 Coupe de France winners Auxerre in the first round , finishing above SC Heerenveen , Dinamo București and the reigning title holders CSKA Moscow in the group stage , triumphing over Champions League participants Artmedia Bratislava and Udinese in the knockout stages , before being eliminated by Schalke 04 . Levski , as the champions of Bulgaria , started their 2006–07 UEFA Champions League participation in the second qualiftying round , where they eliminated Georgian champions Sioni Bolnisi , defeating them 2–0 both home and away . In the third round , Levski faced Italian team Chievo Verona , which took part in the tournament because of other clubs sanctions as part of the 2006 Serie A matchfixing scandal . Levski eliminated Chievo after a decisive 2–0 win in Sofia and a 2–2 draw in Verona , and thus became the first Bulgarian club to ever reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . There , they faced the title holders Barcelona , Premier League champions Chelsea , and Werder Bremen . They lost all six games and scored only one goal , in the second round against Chelsea . Levski earned a place in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League after the Bulgarian league champions CSKA Sofia failed to obtain a UEFA license . Levski lost to BATE Borisov of Belarus in the third qualifying round . Levski Sofia ( 2009–present ) . During the 2009–10 season , Levskis team started their European campaign with a 9–0 ( on aggregate ) win against UE Sant Julià in the second qualifying round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . In the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku , eliminating the team from Azerbaijan with 2–0 on aggregate . In the play-off round , Levski was eliminated by Debrecen with 4–1 on aggregate . As one of the play-off losers , Levski qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . In the group stage , Levski faced Villarreal , Lazio and Red Bull Salzburg . Levski achieved only one win and five defeats . Levski took the win against Lazio in Italy , after Hristo Yovov scored the winning goal in the match . Levski started the 2010–11 season with a match against Dundalk , in a second qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League . Levski won the first match 6–0 . In the return leg at Oriel Park , Levski defeated Dundalk 2–0 with two first half goals from Garra Dembélé , the first in the fourth minute and the second ten minutes before the half-time . In the next round Levski played against Kalmar FF . The first match ended 1–1 in Sweden . In the return leg in Sofia , Levski won 5–2 . In between , The Blues defeated their archrival CSKA Sofia in the Eternal derby with 1–0 . Their next match in the Europa League saw them play against AIK Fotboll from Stockholm , Sweden . The first match ended in a goalless draw , and after the game , AIK hooligans attacked the Levski players and staff . The second match ended in a 2–1 home win for Levski . Goals scored by Daniel Mladenov and Garra Dembélé put Levski in the Europa League group stage . Levski was drawn in Group C , facing Gent , Lille and Sporting CP . The first match was played against Gent at home , which Levski won 3–2 with the winning goal scored by Serginho Greene . With this win , Levski recorded eight consecutive games without a defeat in European competitions . After that , Levski lost to Sporting CP with 5–0 , followed by another defeat against Lille . In Sofia , Levski played well against Lille and was leading 2–1 until Ivo Ivanov scored an own goal to make it 2–2 . In the last match of the Group C , Levski took a win against Sporting CP with 1–0 , with the winning goal scored by Daniel Mladenov . In the following 2011–12 season , in the third qualifying round of the Europa League , Levski were eliminated by Spartak Trnava of Slovakia , following a late game 2–1 win in Sofia , and a loss of the same scoreline in Trnava . The penalty shoot-out costed Levski a place in the play-off round . This caused an upset with the fans and players , and the team barely clinched the fourth place at the winter break in the Bulgarian league . Albeit only three points from the leaders Ludogoretz Razgrad , the acting manager Georgi Ivanov was sacked from the position , but remained at the club as a sporting director . Nikolay Kostov was appointed the new manager of the club , giving the supporters a sense of optimism , which , however , faded after a cup knock-out in the hands of Lokomotiv Plovdiv and a home defeat to Minyor Pernik . Kostov handed in his resignation , leaving the managerial post once again vacant . Sporting director Georgi Ivanov once again stepped in to help the club , and accepted being the manager until the summer break , when a new one would be appointed . During the summer of 2012 , former player Ilian Iliev was appointed the new manager of the club . Under his management , Levski was knocked out from the Europa League by Bosnian side FK Sarajevo . Iliev led the team to 13 league victories and to the semi-finals of the Bulgarian Cup after eliminating Cherno More Varna and Litex Lovech on the away goals rule . Iliev however was sacked after a 1–1 away draw against Pirin Gotse Delchev . Assistant manager Nikolay Mitov took over the team until the end of the season . Under his management Levski won the derby clashes against Litex , CSKA and Ludogorets but failed to win the title after a 1–1 home draw against Slavia Sofia . Levski also reached their first Bulgarian Cup final since 2007 , but lost on penalties against Beroe Stara Zagora . Despite the missed opportunity of winning a trophy , Mitovs contract was renewed for the 2013–14 season . However , the team made another disappointing performance in Europa League , being eliminated by the Kazakh side Irtysh Pavlodar . As a result , Nikolay Mitov resigned as manager . In July 2013 Slaviša Jokanović was appointed as the new manager of the team . Despite losing only two matches in twelve games , Jokanović was released in October 2013 . Ivaylo Petev was announced as his successor but during his introduction a few Levski supporters interrupted it , stating that they would not accept his appointment . The next day , Petev refused to take charge of the team and Antoni Zdravkov was named as the new manager . Under his reign the team suffered a heavy 3–0 loss against rivals CSKA , but managed to knock them out in the Bulgarian Cup in December 2013 after penalties . Due to the difficult financial situation , a few key players , such as Antonio Vutov and Garry Rodrigues , were sold to Udinese and Elche , respectively , during the winter break . This reflected on the teams performance and Levski finished fifth and got knocked out in the quarter-finals of the Bulgarian Cup by Botev Plovdiv . Antoni Zdravkov was sacked in March 2014 , and Levski legend Elin Topuzakov took charge as a caretaker until the end of the 2013–14 season . For the first time since 1990–91 the club did not participate in European competitions . On 23 May 2014 , the club supporters organized a friendly game against Lazio , marking the 100th anniversary of the club . Club icons like Georgi Ivanov , Dimitar Ivankov , Aleksandar Aleksandrov , Hristo Yovov , Elin Topuzakov and many other former players and celebrities took participation by playing in the game , as well as donating money for the events organization . The next day , Levski marked 100 years since its founding . As of 2020 , the results from a decade of incompetent management have finally come out , putting the club in a financial crisis and on the verge of bankruptcy . In the summer of 2020 , club legend Nasko Sirakov took charge of the majority of shares and the club made some financial cuts , forcing a big part of the players ( mainly foreigners ) to leave . Levski also changed its transfer policy , signing mainly Bulgarian and homegrown players with lower salaries , allowing the club to start paying off some of the debt accumulated throughout the years . Sirakov set a target for the club to clear most of the debt by 2023 , mostly through sponsorship deals , outgoing transfers , television rights and the fans financial support . Recent seasons . League positions . - Key - G = Games played - W = Games won - D = Games drawn - L = Games lost - GS = Goals scored - GA = Goals against - P = Points Club symbols . Names and crests . The first club crest was designed by Mincho Kachulev in 1922 . Initially in the size of a square with a blue background , it was intentionally written in a stylized letter Л ( Bulgarian letter L ; shortened for Levski ) . The inner space of the letter was filled vertically equally in yellow and red colours . In a later period of time , the Cyrillic letters С ( Sport ) and К ( club ) were added at the top of the square , while the bottom side was inscribed with the name Sofia . This badge was used by the club until 1949 , when it was renamed to Dinamo . From 1949 to 1956 , the emblem of the club was an irregular hexagon filled with vertical red , white , blue and yellow colours , with an inscribed handwritten Cyrillic letter Д , alongside a five-pointed red star above it and the word Sofia underneath . From 1957 to 1968 the original logo of the club was restored , however the letters C and К were replaced with Ф ( Athletic ) and Д ( union ) . After the merger with Spartak Sofia in 1969 , the club crest has been a shield in blue and white with a horizontal red bar above . The shield spawned the letters Л and C , an abbreviation of the new name Levski-Spartak . The football club used this crest until 1985 , when it was renamed Vitosha . Vitoshas crest was in the form of a stylized letter C surrounding the football in the upper curve of the letter , coloured in blue and white . In January 1990 , the club restored its original name and original logo , and the letters C and K in the upper corner of the blue square were replaced with the initials Ф ( football ) and K ( club ) . However , due to legal issues with the ownership of the rights to the historic crest , the club was forced to change it in 1998 , when a brand new shield logo was introduced , entirely in blue . At its centre , an inscription of the letter Л was introduced , alongside the year of establishment – 1914 . The dome of the shield was labelled PFC Levski . After winning the legal dispute for the rights to the historic emblem in 2006 , the club decided to use the two different logos simultaneously for a brief period of time . Later that year , the shield crest was completely removed and the classic square emblem has been used since . Players . First team . For recent transfers , see Transfers winter 2020–21 and Transfers summer 2021 . Foreign players . Up to five non-EU nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First League ; however , only three can be used during a match day . Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for five years . Note : For a complete list of Levski Sofia players , see . Club officials . Board of Directors . Managerial history and notable players . Managers . - Boris Vasilev ( 1921–23 ) - Mihail Borisov ( 1923–24 ) - Boris Vasilev ( 1924–27 ) - Ivan Kachev ( 1927–32 ) - Tsvetan Genev ( 1932–33 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1933 ) - Georgi Karaivanov ( 1934 ) - Rudolf Löwenfeld ( 1934–35 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1936 ) - Kiril Yovovich ( 1936–37 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1937–38 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1938–39 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1939–40 ) - Miloš Strużka ( 1940–41 ) - Asen Panchev ( 1941–44 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1944–48 ) - Rizko Szomlaj ( 1948–49 ) - Ivan Radoev ( 1950–51 ) - Ljubej Petkov ( 1952 ) - Dimitar Mutafchiev ( 1953 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1954–56 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1956–60 ) - Kotse Georgiev ( 1960–61 ) - Krastio Chakarov ( 1961–64 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1964–65 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1965–66 ) - Krastyo Chakarov ( 1966–69 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1969 ) - Rudolf Vytlačil ( 1969–70 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1971–73 ) - Dimitar Doychinov ( 1973–75 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1975–76 ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1976–77 ) - Ivan Vutsov ( 1977–80 ) - Hristo Mladenov ( 1980–82 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1982–83 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1983–85 ) - Kiril Ivkov ( 1985–87 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1986–87 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1988–89 ) - Dobromir Zhechev ( 1989 ) - Pavel Panov ( 1989–90 ) - Vasil Metodiev ( 1991 ) - Dinko Dermendzhiev ( 1991 ) - Ivan Vutov ( 1992–93 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 1993–95 ) - Ivan Kyuchukov ( 1995–96 ) - Georgi Tsvetkov ( 1996–97 ) - Stefan Grozdanov ( 1997 ) - Mihail Valchev ( 1998 ) - Vyacheslav Hrozny ( 1998 ) - Angel Stankov ( 1999 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 1999–00 ) - Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2000 ) - Vladimir Fedotov ( 2000 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 2000–01 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2001 ) - Rüdiger Abramczik ( 2002 ) - Slavoljub Muslin ( 2002–03 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 2003 ) - Georgi Vasilev ( 2003–04 ) - Stanimir Stoilov ( 1 June 2004 – 6 May 2008 ) - Velislav Vutsov ( 2008 ) - Emil Velev ( 16 August 2008 – 23 July 2009 ) - Ratko Dostanić ( 23 July 2009 – 19 October 2009 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 19 October 2009 – 30 June 2010 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2009–10 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 1 July 2010 – 28 May 2011 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 1 June 2011 – 3 November 2011 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 2011 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 3 November 2011 – 27 March 2012 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( interim ) ( 27 March 2012 – 8 April 2012 ) - Yasen Petrov ( 7 April 2012 – 30 May 2012 ) - Ilian Iliev ( 1 July 2012 – April 2013 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 12 April 2013 – 12 July 2013 ) - Slaviša Jokanović ( 15 July 2013 – October 2013 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 8 October 2013 – 9 October 2013 ) - Antoni Zdravkov ( 10 October 2013 – 19 March 2014 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 20 March 2014 – June 2014 ) - José Murcia ( June 2014 – 4 August 2014 ) - Georgi Ivanov ( 4 August 2014 – 22 December 2014 ) - Stoycho Stoev ( 22 December 2014 – 15 May 2016 ) - Ljupko Petrović ( 16 May 2016 – 22 October 2016 ) - Elin Topuzakov ( 22 October 2016 – 2 March 2017 ) - Nikolay Mitov ( 2 March 2017 – 4 August 2017 ) - Delio Rossi ( 4 August 2017 – 25 July 2018 ) - Todor Simov ( interim ) ( 25 July 2018 – 31 July 2018 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 31 July 2018 – 21 January 2019 ) - Georgi Dermendzhiev ( 21 January 2019 – 29 April 2019 ) - Georgi Todorov ( interim ) ( 29 April 2019 – 30 May 2019 ) - Petar Hubchev ( 30 May 2019 – 11 June 2020 ) - Georgi Todorov ( 11 June 2020 – 24 October 2020 ) - Zhivko Milanov ( interim ) ( 24 October 2020 – 9 November 2020 ) - Slaviša Stojanovič ( 10 November 2020 – 23 May 2021 ) Notable Bulgarian players . Players with at least one appearance for the Bulgarian national team . - Kiril Yovovich - Konstantin Maznikov - Geno Mateev - Dimitar Mutafchiev - Nikola Mutafchiev - Ivan Radoev - Aleksandar Hristov - Mihail Lozanov - Asen Panchev - Asen Peshev - Bozhin Laskov - Amedeo Kleva - Vasil Spasov - Georgi Pachedzhiev - Yordan Tomov - Lyubomir Hranov - Apostol Sokolov - Stefan Abadzhiev - Yoncho Arsov - Hristo Iliev - Dimitar Yordanov - Aleksandar Kostov - Georgi Sokolov - Stefan Aladzhov - Georgi Asparuhov - Tsvetan Veselinov - Ivan Vutsov - Georgi Kamenski - Yanko Kirilov - Nikola Kotkov - Biser Mihaylov - Mihail Gyonin - Todor Barzov - Krasimir Borisov - Voyn Voynov - Milko Gaydarski - Dobromir Zhechev - Kiril Ivkov - Kiril Milanov - Vasil Mitkov - Pavel Panov - Emil Spasov - Stefan Staykov - Ivan Stoyanov - Emil Velev - Mihail Valchev - Rusi Gochev - Nikolay Iliev - Bozhidar Iskrenov - Krasimir Koev - Petar Kurdov - Borislav Mikhailov - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Petrov - Nasko Sirakov - Georgi Slavchev - Georgi Yordanov - Plamen Getov - Georgi Donkov - Velko Yotov - Aleksandar Aleksandrov - Daniel Borimirov - Ilian Iliev - Emil Kremenliev - Plamen Nikolov - Petar Mihtarski - Petar Aleksandrov - Tsanko Tsvetanov - Zlatko Yankov - Petar Hubchev - Georgi Ivanov - Nikolay Todorov - Stanimir Stoilov - Predrag Pažin - Elin Topuzakov - Dimitar Telkiyski - Hristo Yovov - Lúcio Wagner - Igor Tomašić - Georgi Ivanov - Emil Angelov - Stanislav Angelov - Vladimir Gadzhev - Valeri Domovchiyski - Dimitar Ivankov - Milan Koprivarov - Zhivko Milanov - Nikolay Mihaylov - Mariyan Ognyanov - Georgi Petkov - Ilian Stoyanov - Georgi Markov - Ivan Tsvetkov - Georgi Chilikov - Zahari Sirakov - Valeri Bojinov Notable foreign players . Foreign players with at least 30 games for the club or that are record holders . Players who were internationally capped for their country while playing for Levski are listed in bold . Europe - Dalibor Dragić - David Jablonský - Cédric Bardon - Gabriel Obertan - Péter Kabát - Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson - Milan Mijatović - Dustley Mulder - Serginho Greene - Darko Tasevski - João Silva - Konstantin Golovskoy - John Inglis - Miodrag Pantelić - Miloš Cvetković - Saša Simonović - Bojan Jorgačević - Roman Procházka - Añete - Jordi Gómez - Miguel Bedoya - Davide Mariani South America - Nigel Robertha - Rogério Gaúcho - Zé Soares - Joãozinho - Jean Carlos - Paulinho - Ramón Manuel Mendoza Africa - Garry Rodrigues - Junior Mapuku - Basile de Carvalho - Serge Yoffou - Garra Dembélé - Chakib Benzoukane - Youssef Rabeh - Garba Lawal - Omonigho Temile - Justice Christopher - Richard Eromoigbe - Ekundayo Jayeoba - Khaly Thiam Bulgarian Footballer of the Year . - 1931 – Asen Peshev - 1942 – Lyuben Stamboliev - 1948 – Vasil Spasov - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov - 1970 – Stefan Aladzhov - 1974 – Kiril Ivkov - 1975 – Kiril Ivkov - 1977 – Pavel Panov - 1984 – Plamen Nikolov - 1986 – Borislav Mikhailov - 1987 – Nikolay Iliev - 1999 – Aleksandar Aleksandrov - 2000 – Georgi Ivanov - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov A Group top goalscorers . - 1940 – Yanko Stoyanov ( 14 goals ) - 1950 – Lubomir Hranov ( 11 goals ) - 1957 – Hristo Iliev ( 14 goals ) - 1960 – Dimitar Yordanov ( 12 goals ) - 1965 – Georgi Asparuhov ( 27 goals ) - 1974 – Kiril Milanov ( 19 goals ) - 1976 – Pavel Panov ( 18 goals ) - 1977 – Pavel Panov ( 20 goals ) - 1979 – Rusi Gochev ( 19 goals ) - 1982 – Mihail Valchev ( 24 goals ) - 1984 – Emil Spasov ( 19 goals ) - 1987 – Nasko Sirakov ( 36 goals ) - 1988 – Nasko Sirakov ( 28 goals ) - 1992 – Nasko Sirakov ( 26 goals ) - 1993 – Plamen Getov ( 26 goals ) - 1994 – Nasko Sirakov ( 30 goals ) - 2001 – Georgi Ivanov ( 21 goals ) - 2003 – Georgi Chilikov ( 22 goals ) - 2011 – Garra Dembele ( 26 goals ) - 2013 – Basile de Carvalho ( 19 goals ) - 2015 – Añete ( 14 goals ) - 2019 – Stanislav Kostov ( 24 goals ) |
[
"Bombing Squadron VB-3B"
] | easy | Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Jul 1934 to Jul 1937? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#0 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"VB-4"
] | easy | What was the official name of Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) from Jul 1937 to Jul 1939? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#1 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"VB-3"
] | easy | Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Jul 1939 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#2 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"VA-3A"
] | easy | What was the official name of Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) from Nov 1946 to Aug 1948? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#3 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"VA-34"
] | easy | Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Aug 1948 to Feb 1950? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#4 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"VA-35"
] | easy | What was the official name of Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy) from Feb 1950 to 1995? | /wiki/Second_VA-35_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#5 | Second VA-35 ( U.S . Navy ) Second VA-35 , nicknamed the Black Panthers , was a long-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was the second squadron to be assigned the VA-35 designation . History . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron VB-3B at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , on 1 July 1934 . It was subsequently redesignated VB-4 on 1 July 1937 , as VB-3 on 1 July 1939 , as VA-3A on 15 November 1946 , and as VA-34 on 7 August 1948 . It was finally designated VA-35 on 15 February 1950 ( the first VA-35 had been disestablished on 7 November 1949 ) . The diving black panther design first appeared in mid-1935 , and was carried on through the various redesignations of the squadron . VA-35 was disestablished on January 31 , 1995 after over 60 years of continuous service . Pre-World War II . - May 1935 : and her embarked air group , including VB-3B , participated in Fleet Exercise XVI . This was the first time VB-3B and Ranger participated in a Fleet Exercise . - 25 November 1935 – 25 February 1936 : A detachment from VB-3B , including six BG-1s , was assigned to Ranger’s Cold Weather Test Detachment and operated aboard Ranger in Alaskan waters . - April–June 1936 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVII . - April–May 1937 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XVIII . - 28 May 1937 : VB-3B participated in an aerial review celebrating the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge . - July 1937 : The squadron , embarked on , participated in the search for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan . - September 1937 : VB-4 , embarked on Ranger , visited Lima , Peru , in conjunction with the International Aviation Conference being held there . - March–April 1938 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XIX . - April–May 1940 : The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI . This was the last major fleet problem conducted before Americas involvement in World War II . World War II . - April 1942 : VB-3 , embarked on , provided escort patrols for the task force which launched the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo . - 4 Jun 1942 : At the Battle of Midway , VB-3 , embarked on , engaged in its first combat operations . Yorktowns first strike included 17 SBD-3s from VB-3 led by Lieutenant Commander M . F . Leslie . Approximately an hour after launch , VB-3s aircraft sighted the Japanese Fleet and commenced their dive-bombing attack ; the primary target was the carrier Sōryū . Lieutenant ( jg ) Paul A . Holmberg was the first to drop his 1,000 pounder on the Sōryū . His hit was followed by two more from VB-3s SBDs . Sōryū erupted into flames and eventually sank . With the Sōryū in flames , the other VB-3 SBDs directed their attack against other targets . They attacked a destroyer , the Isokaze , making one hit on her fantail and “what appeared to be a battleship,” claiming a hit on her stern . All 17 SBDs from VB-3 escaped the attack without a hit and returned to the Yorktown . Prior to landing on the carrier , they were directed to leave the area due to incoming enemy aircraft . All VB-3’s SBDs landed on Enterprise except for Lieutenant Commander Leslie and his wingman , Lieutenant ( jg ) Holmberg . These two men , low on fuel , ditched their aircraft alongside the and were picked up by the ship’s motor whaleboat . The battle was still not over for VB-3 . In late afternoon , 14 of VB-3’s SBDs were launched from Enterprise as part of a strike group ordered to attack the fourth carrier Hiryū . Lieutenant Shumway was in charge of VB-3’s formation . The strike force located Hiryū and again caught a Japanese carrier in the vulnerable position of having armed and fueled planes on deck . Direct hits from Shumway’s SBD’s resulted in a torched Hiryū and her eventual sinking . Several of VB-3’s aircraft suffered heavy damage from attacking Japanese aircraft . However , all but two of VB-3’s aircraft returned to Enterprise . Seventeen of VB-3’s pilots received the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle of Midway , they were Ensigns Benson , Butler , Campbell , Cobb , Cooner , Elder , Hanson , Isaman , Lane , Merrill and Schoegel ; Lieutenant ( jg ) s Holmberg , Sherwood and Wiseman ; Lieutenants Bottomley and Shumway ; and Lieutenant Commander Leslie . - August 1942 : While operating from in the South Pacific , the squadron participated in strikes against Guadalcanal and other enemy installations in the Solomon Islands in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign . - 24 August 1942 : VB-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , attacking the Japanese light carrierRyūjō , and helping to sink her . Jan–Jul 1943 : VB-3 operated in the South Pacific flying combat sorties against various Japanese-held islands and providing air cover for American forces . - July 1943 : VB-3 and the Saratoga Air Group were relieved by Air Group 12 and boarded for transfer to CONUS to reform , arriving at San Diego on 18 August . This ended the air group and VB-3’s association with Saratoga . - November 1944 : VB-3 conducted combat operations from against various targets , including shipping , in support of the Leyte invasion . - January 1945 : Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf . With Yorktown leading the way , Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January . VB-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast , Canton and Hong Kong areas , Formosa and Okinawa . - February 1945 : VB-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area , bombing the Kasumiga-ura Airfield , an air depot 25 miles north of Tokyo , and the Tachikawa Aircraft Engine Plant , located 16 miles west of the Imperial Palace . Following these strikes , the squadron concentrated its attention on air support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II . On 6 March , the squadron transferred from Yorktown to for transfer to the US . Korean War . - 11 October 1950 : While deployed to the Korean theater aboard , the squadron launched its first combat mission since February 1945 , striking North Korean targets . - 12 December 1950 : The squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Bagwell , crash-landed in North Korea and was taken prisoner . Cold War . - July–August 1958 : VA-35 , along with other squadrons from CVG-3 , provided support for U.S . Marines landing in Lebanon . - October–November 1962 : VA-35 deployed to McCalla Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Cuban Missile Crisis . During December , the squadron was embarked on . - 4 February 1965 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Richard G . Layser , was killed in an accident . - 15 August 1965 : VA-35 transferred from CVW-3 in preparation for its transition to the A-6A Intruder . This brought to a close an illustrious career with CVW-3 that began in 1939 . Vietnam War . - 26 February 1967 : The squadron participated in the first combat aerial mining operations since World War II , when its A-6A Intruders dropped mines in the Song Ca and Song Giang Rivers of North Vietnam . - 1 October 1967 : During a weapons training deployment to NAS Yuma , Arizona , VA-35 became the first A-6A squadron to fire the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile . - January–February 1968 : While embarked on and en route to Yankee Station , the carrier was ordered to the Sea of Japan for operations following the seizure of the by the North Koreans . - 12 March 1968 : The squadrons commanding officer , Commander Kollmann , along with his bombardier-navigator Lieutenant John G . Griffith , was lost in an operational accident . - 17 September 1972 : While on a mission over North Vietnam the squadrons Commanding Officer , CDR Verne Donnelly and Admin Officer , LCDR Ken Buell were lost . CDR Donnellys remains have been found . LCDR Buell is still listed as missing in action . Post Vietnam . - 3 January 1980 : VA-35 departed Naples , Italy , embarked on , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope after the U.S . Embassy staff was taken hostage in Tehran , Iran . This was the beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea for the squadron . - 26 May 1981 : While on a training exercise aboard Nimitz off the coast of Charleston , S.C. , an EA-6B from VMAQ-2 crashed into parked aircraft while attempting to land . VA-35 personnel provided firefighting support and assistance to the injured . There was one injury to VA-35 personnel , from the Va-35 line crew . Over 130 members of the squadron received awards for fighting fires and assisting the injured . - June 1985 : Nimitz and VA-35 were ordered to operate off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 . The carrier and squadron remained on station until the release of the hostages in the latter part of June . - February 1987 : VA-35 , embarked on Nimitz , operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut . - July 1988 : VA-35 participated in a firepower demonstration for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his guest , the Marshal of the Soviet Union . - September 1988 : While deployed to the North Atlantic aboard , the squadron conducted flight operations from the carrier while in the Vestfjorden of Norway . - August–December 1990 : The squadron flew missions in support of Operation Desert Shield , the build-up of American and Allied forces to counter a threatened invasion of Saudi Arabia by Iraq and part of an economic blockade of Iraq to force its withdrawal from Kuwait . - 31 January 1995 : The squadron was disestablished after over 60 years of service . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – 1 July 1934 - NAS San Diego – 14 April 1935 - NAS Ford Island* – January 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – February 1942 - NAS Ewa* – June 1942 - NAS Kaneohe Bay* – September 1942 - Nandi Field , Fiji Islands* – November 1942 - Tontouta Airfield , New Caledonia* – December 1942 - NAS Sand Point – September 1943 - NAS Whidbey Island – October 1943 - NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944 - NAS Alameda* – 5 April 1944 - NAS Puunene* – 22 April 1944 - NAS Hilo* – 7 June 1944 - NAS Kahului* – 22 July 1944 - NAS Seattle – 28 March 1945 - NAS Wildwood – 7 May 1945 - NAAS Oceana – 19 July 1945 - NAAS Charlestown – 15 April 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 14 August 1947 - NAAS Charlestown – 1 October 1947 - NAS Quonset Point – 1 February 1949 - NAAS Oceana – 24 August 1950 - NAS Quonset Point – 03 Feb 1951 - NAAS Sanford – 30 April 1951 - NAS Cecil Field – February 1953 - NAS Jacksonville – 1 October 1958 - NAS Oceana – August 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown : - BM-1 and BM-2 – Jul 1934 - BG-1 – Nov 1934 - SB2U-2 – Jan 1938 - SB2U-1 – Jul 1940 - BT-1 – Mar 1941 - SBC-4 – Mar 1941 - SBD-3 – Aug 1941 - SBD-4 – Apr 1943 - SBD-3P – Apr 1943 - SBD-5 – Aug 1943 - SB2C-1C – Dec 1943 - SBW-3 – Jul 1944 - SB2C-4 – Sep 1944 - SB2C-5 – Jan 1946 - AD-2 – 24 Nov 1948 - AD-2Q – Feb 1949 - AD-1 – Feb 1949 - AD-4 – Oct 1950 - AD-3 – May 1950 - AD-4L – Feb 1951 - AD-4B – Mar 1953 - AD-4N – Aug 1953 - AD-6/A-1H – Sep 1953 - AD-5 – Oct 1954 - A-6A – 15 Dec 1965 - A-6B – Jan 1968 - KA-6D – Dec 1970 - A-6C – Feb 1971 - A-6E – 19 Apr 1973 |
[
"Tammany Society"
] | easy | Who occupied 44 Union Square from Jul 1929 to 1943? | /wiki/44_Union_Square#P466#0 | 44 Union Square 44 Union Square , also known as 100 East 17th Street and the Tammany Hall Building , is a three-story building at 44 Union Square East in Union Square , Manhattan , in New York City . It is at the southeast corner of Union Square East/Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . The neo-Georgian structure was erected in 1928–1929 and designed by architects Thompson , Holmes & Converse and Charles B . Meyers for the Tammany Society political organization , also known as Tammany Hall . It is the organizations oldest surviving headquarters building . The Tammany Society had relocated to 44 Union Square from a previous headquarters on nearby 14th Street . At the time of the buildings commission , the society was at its maximum political popularity with members such as U.S . senator Robert F . Wagner , governor Al Smith , and mayor Jimmy Walker . However , after Tammany Hall lost its influence in the 1930s , the building was sold to an affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1943 . By the 1980s , it was used by the Union Square Theatre , while the New York Film Academy took space in 1994 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2013 , and it was converted into an office and retail structure during a renovation that took place between 2016 and 2020 . History . Context . By the first decade of the 20th century , Union Square in Manhattan had grown into a major transportation hub with several elevated and surface railroad lines running nearby , and the New York City Subways 14th Street–Union Square station having opened four years prior . The area had also become a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings , as well as numerous office buildings . The office structures included the Everett Building , erected at the northwest corner of Park Avenue South and 17th Street in 1908 ; the Germania Life Insurance Company Building , erected at the northeast corner of the same intersection in 1910–1911 ; and the Consolidated Gas Building ( later Consolidated Edison Building ) , constructed three blocks south at 14th Street between 1910 and 1914 . By the 1920s , the remaining buildings in Union Square were occupied by theaters , while most buildings on the eastern part of the square were owned by department stores S . Klein and Ohrbachs . The previous headquarters of Tammany Hall , a prominent Democratic Party political organization in New York City , had been located on 14th Street next to the Consolidated Gas Building . The organization—named after Tamanend , the chief of the Lenape who originally occupied New York City—extensively used Native American titles and terminology , for instance referring to their headquarters as a wigwam . After the expansion of the Consolidated Gas building was announced in 1926 , the old Tammany Hall wigwam was sold to J . Clarence Davis and Joseph P . Day , of real estate syndicate D&D Company , on December 6 , 1927 . D&D Company sold the old wigwam again to Consolidated Gas in January 1928 . There were allegations that Tammany leaders profited from the sale of the headquarters , which Tammany leader George Washington Olvany denied . Day , a long-time member of Tammany Hall , eventually agreed to give the $70,000 profit from the sale ( ) to Tammany . Construction . One week after the sale of the old wigwam , Tammany purchased a site nearby , at 44 Union Square East near the southwest corner with Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . Olvany announced the sale on December 14 , 1927 . As originally proposed , the Tammany Hall Building was an American colonial style building , measuring on 17th Street by on Union Square East , with storefronts on the ground floor and a 1,200-seat auditorium . At the time of the announcement , the societys members included state senators Robert F . Wagner and Al Smith : the former would become U.S . senator for New York , while the latter would become the states governor and 1932 presidential candidate . According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , the old headquarters was associated with the societys corrupt past under William M . Boss Tweed , while the new headquarters construction represented its future and an opportunity for Smith . In January 1928 , a month after the purchase of the site , Charles B . Meyers was selected along with Thompson , Holmes & Converse as the buildings architects . The plans were submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings that April . Tammany Hall remained in its old headquarters until July 4 , 1928 , so it could celebrate the U.S . Independence Day at that location . Immediately afterward , it moved to a temporary space at 2 Park Avenue . Construction progressed quickly , without any cornerstone-laying ceremony to mark the start of work , and by December much of the structure was substantially complete . The New York County Democratic Committee , a club for Democratic officials representing New York County ( Manhattan ) , started using the new structure on January 2 , 1929 , and the ceremonial cornerstone was laid the next week , marking the completion of the facade . Tammany and union uses . The wigwam at 44 Union Square was finished by early July 1929 . A dedication celebration was held on July 4 , 1929 . Governor Franklin D . Roosevelt and former governor Smith spoke at the dedication . The structure had cost $350,000 to erect ( ) . Shortly after , during the early 1930s , Tammany Hall started to lose its political influence . Although Roosevelt was also a Democrat , he did not regard the organization highly , opening several corruption investigations into the organization . Roosevelts election to U.S . president in 1933 , as well as the election of Republican mayoral candidate Fiorello H . La Guardia the same year , contributed to the downfall of the Tammany Society . By the early 1940s , the Tammany Society could no longer afford to maintain its wigwam . Local 91 , a local affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union ( ILGWU ) , was simultaneously looking for a new headquarters and offered to purchase the structure in April 1943 . The sale was finalized that September . Tammanys leaders moved to the National Democratic Club on Madison Avenue at East 33rd Street , and the Societys collection of memorabilia went into a warehouse in the Bronx . The New York County Democratic Committee , meanwhile , moved to other quarters in Midtown Manhattan . The ILGWU enlarged the stage and furnished the offices , officially rededicating the building on December 18 , 1943 , at an event with several leaders including mayors La Guardia and Jimmy Walker . Upon completion of renovation , the ILGWU opened meeting spaces , offices , art studios , and classrooms in the former Tammany building . 44 Union Squares auditorium was renamed for the late president Roosevelt in 1947 . The Roosevelt Auditorium was used often for other unions events . For instance , in the 1950s the auditorium was used for meetings of firefighters ; gardeners , municipal laborers , and sewage workers ; and sanitation workers . The United Federation of Teachers held meetings at the Roosevelt Auditorium in 1960 to resolve a citywide teachers strike , and again in October 1968 to approve the Ocean Hill/Brownsville teachers strike . Additionally , several unions in the private sector often met at the Roosevelt Auditorium , such as those of newspaper delivery people ; drivers of taxicabs in fleets ; hospital workers ; and Teamsters unions . In 1969 , the auditorium was also the location of a high-profile disagreement between two Central Labor Council leaders , who endorsed opposing candidates in the 1969 New York City mayoral election . By the 1980s , the ILGWUs membership had decreased because of an exodus of garment manufacturers in New York City . Performing arts uses . At a premiere event for Harold Pinters play Old Times , ILGWU executive vice president Wilbur Daniels had a chance encounter with Gene Feist , co-founder of Roundabout Theatre Company . After Feist mentioned that the lease theaters premises at 23rd Street was about to expire , Local 91 leased 44 Union Square to Roundabout in June 1984 . As part of the $850,000 renovation ( ) , the theater was split in half from west to east , reducing its capacity to 499 seats . The stage was expanded , while the balcony and the orchestra were also refurbished . Though the renovated theater was originally slated to open in late 1984 , the conversion of the space was delayed by several months . The first performance took place within the space on February 1 , 1985 . After Roundabouts lease ran out in 1990 , it moved to the Criterion Theater in Times Square . 44 Union Square was then leased in June 1994 by Alan Schuster and Mitchell Maxwell , who also operated the Minetta Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village . In preparation for converting the space for use by the Union Square Theatre , Schuster and Maxwell renovated the interior , painting the dome a sky-blue hue , and replacing the seats upholstery with burgundy materials . The building started housing the New York Film Academy in July 1994 , and the Union Square Theatre held its first performance in the space that November . The Liberty Theatres , a subsidiary of the Reading Company , operated the Union Square Theatre . In 2001 Liberty Theatres bought the structure from the ILGWU . The air rights above the building were sold to another Reading Company subsidiary in 2005 , giving the company the right to theoretically erect another structure above 44 Union Square . Landmark status and redevelopment . Though preservationists had been advocating for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( LPC ) to designate 44 Union Square an official city landmark since the 1980s , the ILGWU had been indifferent toward landmark status . When Liberty Theatres bought the building , preservationists hoped that the company would be more receptive toward landmark status . However , the effort stalled for several years . The LPC designated it as a city landmark in October 2013 , following public meetings held to gauge opinion for the designation , in which 17 people expressed support and no one expressed opposition . In the early 2010s Liberty Theatres announced its plans to refurbish the Tammany Hall Building . As part of the renovation , a glass dome was to be added to the building , though these plans were denied by the LPC in 2014 . The following year , a scaled-back version of the glass dome was approved by the commission . The New York Film Academy moved out in late 2015 , and all existing tenants were evicted the next year . The $50 million renovation project , designed by BKSK Architects , began in July 2016 . The auditorium was demolished to make way for retail and office space . The renovation of the structure , renamed 44 Union Square , was supposed to be completed in 2018 . By February 2019 , the glass dome was under construction and the renovation was slated to be completed that year . The dome was structurally completed in July 2019 , and work was substantially completed by July 2020 . Prospective tenant Slack Technologies , which was slated to take all the space in 2019 , ultimately withdrew from the project in early 2020 . Design . 44 Union Square , a -story neo-Georgian building , is the oldest surviving wigwam of the Tammany Society . It measures on its western facade along Union Square East , and on its northern facade along 17th Street . The particular neo-Georgian features in the Tammany Hall Building include Flemish bond brickwork ; rectangular windows with stone keystones , set in arched openings ; and wrought-iron balconies . The facades along Union Square East and on 17th Street are both arranged to give the appearance of symmetry . The bracketed gable , on the pediment above the portico , is not of neo-Georgian design but was likely inspired by a niche on the facade of the 14th Street building . The exterior design features are evocative of government buildings in the American colonial and Federal styles that were built in the later 19th century , when the society was founded . These features include a first level above a raised basement ; a portico on Union Square East , with a pediment supported by columns in the Doric order ; a hip roof ; and a frieze running along the top of the structure . According to a commemorative publication from the Tammany Society , these features were inspired by the design of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan , as well as by Somerset House in London . The Tammany Hall Building was one of several structures built in New York City in the early 20th century whose designs were inspired by government buildings . Other such structures included The Town Hall near Times Square , the Museum of the City of New York on the Upper East Side , and the original Staten Island Museum building in St . George . Facade . The facade consists of limestone at the basement and first level . and English red brick on the second story and above . The Old Virginia Brick Company , who created the exterior brick , said in an advertisement that the hardiness of the brick , in conjunction with the softening and toning down of the limestone , would turn the building into an enduring symbol of New York Citys historic yester-years . On Union Square East , within the center of the first floor , was the entrance to the commercial space on the first floor . The commercial space is located below a second-floor balcony . The balcony is located in the center of the facade , below the pedimented portico . In the round-arched gable of the pediment , above the portico , there is a panel depicting arrows intertwined with an olive branch , which flank Tammany Halls circular logo . On 17th Street , there is a set of triple arches in the center of the first floor , which originally provided egress from the buildings auditorium . The main entrance to the theater and elevator lobby was located to the right ( west ) side of the arches , and a similar arch grouping was located to the left ( east ) . Above the first floor , in the center of the building , is an inscription reading 1786 THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER 1928 . Features . According to a book published by the Tammany Society in 1936 , the western half of the building contained various offices . The Tammany Society had exclusive use of the third floor , which included a central lounge , a club room , office and meeting rooms , and various waiting rooms . The Democratic County Committee was located on the second floor . The first floor was occupied by commercial space . Starting in 2016 , the basement , first , and second floors were being renovated into of retail space . The eastern half of the building was occupied by the 1,200-seat auditorium , which took up the first to third floors . In the basement below the auditorium was a waiting room , accessed from an elevator lobby . Stairways led to the second-floor balcony . The auditorium was demolished in 2016 to make way for of office space . With the dome , the ceiling heights on the fifth floor range between while the sixth floor has a ceiling height of up to . Critical reception . Early architectural critics lauded the Tammany Hall Building as a paragon of the neo-Georgian style in New York City . The Real Estate Record & Guide said that the severe Colonial columns placed at the center of both facades contributed to the buildings dignified architectural treatment . The Architecture & Building magazine said that the structure was well proportioned . George Shepard Chappell , writing in The New Yorker under the pseudonym T-Square , praised the Tammany Hall Buildings exceptionally charming design , saying that it was a real adornment to Union Square . |
[
"ILGWU"
] | easy | Who occupied 44 Union Square from Dec 1943 to 1984? | /wiki/44_Union_Square#P466#1 | 44 Union Square 44 Union Square , also known as 100 East 17th Street and the Tammany Hall Building , is a three-story building at 44 Union Square East in Union Square , Manhattan , in New York City . It is at the southeast corner of Union Square East/Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . The neo-Georgian structure was erected in 1928–1929 and designed by architects Thompson , Holmes & Converse and Charles B . Meyers for the Tammany Society political organization , also known as Tammany Hall . It is the organizations oldest surviving headquarters building . The Tammany Society had relocated to 44 Union Square from a previous headquarters on nearby 14th Street . At the time of the buildings commission , the society was at its maximum political popularity with members such as U.S . senator Robert F . Wagner , governor Al Smith , and mayor Jimmy Walker . However , after Tammany Hall lost its influence in the 1930s , the building was sold to an affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1943 . By the 1980s , it was used by the Union Square Theatre , while the New York Film Academy took space in 1994 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2013 , and it was converted into an office and retail structure during a renovation that took place between 2016 and 2020 . History . Context . By the first decade of the 20th century , Union Square in Manhattan had grown into a major transportation hub with several elevated and surface railroad lines running nearby , and the New York City Subways 14th Street–Union Square station having opened four years prior . The area had also become a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings , as well as numerous office buildings . The office structures included the Everett Building , erected at the northwest corner of Park Avenue South and 17th Street in 1908 ; the Germania Life Insurance Company Building , erected at the northeast corner of the same intersection in 1910–1911 ; and the Consolidated Gas Building ( later Consolidated Edison Building ) , constructed three blocks south at 14th Street between 1910 and 1914 . By the 1920s , the remaining buildings in Union Square were occupied by theaters , while most buildings on the eastern part of the square were owned by department stores S . Klein and Ohrbachs . The previous headquarters of Tammany Hall , a prominent Democratic Party political organization in New York City , had been located on 14th Street next to the Consolidated Gas Building . The organization—named after Tamanend , the chief of the Lenape who originally occupied New York City—extensively used Native American titles and terminology , for instance referring to their headquarters as a wigwam . After the expansion of the Consolidated Gas building was announced in 1926 , the old Tammany Hall wigwam was sold to J . Clarence Davis and Joseph P . Day , of real estate syndicate D&D Company , on December 6 , 1927 . D&D Company sold the old wigwam again to Consolidated Gas in January 1928 . There were allegations that Tammany leaders profited from the sale of the headquarters , which Tammany leader George Washington Olvany denied . Day , a long-time member of Tammany Hall , eventually agreed to give the $70,000 profit from the sale ( ) to Tammany . Construction . One week after the sale of the old wigwam , Tammany purchased a site nearby , at 44 Union Square East near the southwest corner with Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . Olvany announced the sale on December 14 , 1927 . As originally proposed , the Tammany Hall Building was an American colonial style building , measuring on 17th Street by on Union Square East , with storefronts on the ground floor and a 1,200-seat auditorium . At the time of the announcement , the societys members included state senators Robert F . Wagner and Al Smith : the former would become U.S . senator for New York , while the latter would become the states governor and 1932 presidential candidate . According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , the old headquarters was associated with the societys corrupt past under William M . Boss Tweed , while the new headquarters construction represented its future and an opportunity for Smith . In January 1928 , a month after the purchase of the site , Charles B . Meyers was selected along with Thompson , Holmes & Converse as the buildings architects . The plans were submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings that April . Tammany Hall remained in its old headquarters until July 4 , 1928 , so it could celebrate the U.S . Independence Day at that location . Immediately afterward , it moved to a temporary space at 2 Park Avenue . Construction progressed quickly , without any cornerstone-laying ceremony to mark the start of work , and by December much of the structure was substantially complete . The New York County Democratic Committee , a club for Democratic officials representing New York County ( Manhattan ) , started using the new structure on January 2 , 1929 , and the ceremonial cornerstone was laid the next week , marking the completion of the facade . Tammany and union uses . The wigwam at 44 Union Square was finished by early July 1929 . A dedication celebration was held on July 4 , 1929 . Governor Franklin D . Roosevelt and former governor Smith spoke at the dedication . The structure had cost $350,000 to erect ( ) . Shortly after , during the early 1930s , Tammany Hall started to lose its political influence . Although Roosevelt was also a Democrat , he did not regard the organization highly , opening several corruption investigations into the organization . Roosevelts election to U.S . president in 1933 , as well as the election of Republican mayoral candidate Fiorello H . La Guardia the same year , contributed to the downfall of the Tammany Society . By the early 1940s , the Tammany Society could no longer afford to maintain its wigwam . Local 91 , a local affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union ( ILGWU ) , was simultaneously looking for a new headquarters and offered to purchase the structure in April 1943 . The sale was finalized that September . Tammanys leaders moved to the National Democratic Club on Madison Avenue at East 33rd Street , and the Societys collection of memorabilia went into a warehouse in the Bronx . The New York County Democratic Committee , meanwhile , moved to other quarters in Midtown Manhattan . The ILGWU enlarged the stage and furnished the offices , officially rededicating the building on December 18 , 1943 , at an event with several leaders including mayors La Guardia and Jimmy Walker . Upon completion of renovation , the ILGWU opened meeting spaces , offices , art studios , and classrooms in the former Tammany building . 44 Union Squares auditorium was renamed for the late president Roosevelt in 1947 . The Roosevelt Auditorium was used often for other unions events . For instance , in the 1950s the auditorium was used for meetings of firefighters ; gardeners , municipal laborers , and sewage workers ; and sanitation workers . The United Federation of Teachers held meetings at the Roosevelt Auditorium in 1960 to resolve a citywide teachers strike , and again in October 1968 to approve the Ocean Hill/Brownsville teachers strike . Additionally , several unions in the private sector often met at the Roosevelt Auditorium , such as those of newspaper delivery people ; drivers of taxicabs in fleets ; hospital workers ; and Teamsters unions . In 1969 , the auditorium was also the location of a high-profile disagreement between two Central Labor Council leaders , who endorsed opposing candidates in the 1969 New York City mayoral election . By the 1980s , the ILGWUs membership had decreased because of an exodus of garment manufacturers in New York City . Performing arts uses . At a premiere event for Harold Pinters play Old Times , ILGWU executive vice president Wilbur Daniels had a chance encounter with Gene Feist , co-founder of Roundabout Theatre Company . After Feist mentioned that the lease theaters premises at 23rd Street was about to expire , Local 91 leased 44 Union Square to Roundabout in June 1984 . As part of the $850,000 renovation ( ) , the theater was split in half from west to east , reducing its capacity to 499 seats . The stage was expanded , while the balcony and the orchestra were also refurbished . Though the renovated theater was originally slated to open in late 1984 , the conversion of the space was delayed by several months . The first performance took place within the space on February 1 , 1985 . After Roundabouts lease ran out in 1990 , it moved to the Criterion Theater in Times Square . 44 Union Square was then leased in June 1994 by Alan Schuster and Mitchell Maxwell , who also operated the Minetta Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village . In preparation for converting the space for use by the Union Square Theatre , Schuster and Maxwell renovated the interior , painting the dome a sky-blue hue , and replacing the seats upholstery with burgundy materials . The building started housing the New York Film Academy in July 1994 , and the Union Square Theatre held its first performance in the space that November . The Liberty Theatres , a subsidiary of the Reading Company , operated the Union Square Theatre . In 2001 Liberty Theatres bought the structure from the ILGWU . The air rights above the building were sold to another Reading Company subsidiary in 2005 , giving the company the right to theoretically erect another structure above 44 Union Square . Landmark status and redevelopment . Though preservationists had been advocating for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( LPC ) to designate 44 Union Square an official city landmark since the 1980s , the ILGWU had been indifferent toward landmark status . When Liberty Theatres bought the building , preservationists hoped that the company would be more receptive toward landmark status . However , the effort stalled for several years . The LPC designated it as a city landmark in October 2013 , following public meetings held to gauge opinion for the designation , in which 17 people expressed support and no one expressed opposition . In the early 2010s Liberty Theatres announced its plans to refurbish the Tammany Hall Building . As part of the renovation , a glass dome was to be added to the building , though these plans were denied by the LPC in 2014 . The following year , a scaled-back version of the glass dome was approved by the commission . The New York Film Academy moved out in late 2015 , and all existing tenants were evicted the next year . The $50 million renovation project , designed by BKSK Architects , began in July 2016 . The auditorium was demolished to make way for retail and office space . The renovation of the structure , renamed 44 Union Square , was supposed to be completed in 2018 . By February 2019 , the glass dome was under construction and the renovation was slated to be completed that year . The dome was structurally completed in July 2019 , and work was substantially completed by July 2020 . Prospective tenant Slack Technologies , which was slated to take all the space in 2019 , ultimately withdrew from the project in early 2020 . Design . 44 Union Square , a -story neo-Georgian building , is the oldest surviving wigwam of the Tammany Society . It measures on its western facade along Union Square East , and on its northern facade along 17th Street . The particular neo-Georgian features in the Tammany Hall Building include Flemish bond brickwork ; rectangular windows with stone keystones , set in arched openings ; and wrought-iron balconies . The facades along Union Square East and on 17th Street are both arranged to give the appearance of symmetry . The bracketed gable , on the pediment above the portico , is not of neo-Georgian design but was likely inspired by a niche on the facade of the 14th Street building . The exterior design features are evocative of government buildings in the American colonial and Federal styles that were built in the later 19th century , when the society was founded . These features include a first level above a raised basement ; a portico on Union Square East , with a pediment supported by columns in the Doric order ; a hip roof ; and a frieze running along the top of the structure . According to a commemorative publication from the Tammany Society , these features were inspired by the design of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan , as well as by Somerset House in London . The Tammany Hall Building was one of several structures built in New York City in the early 20th century whose designs were inspired by government buildings . Other such structures included The Town Hall near Times Square , the Museum of the City of New York on the Upper East Side , and the original Staten Island Museum building in St . George . Facade . The facade consists of limestone at the basement and first level . and English red brick on the second story and above . The Old Virginia Brick Company , who created the exterior brick , said in an advertisement that the hardiness of the brick , in conjunction with the softening and toning down of the limestone , would turn the building into an enduring symbol of New York Citys historic yester-years . On Union Square East , within the center of the first floor , was the entrance to the commercial space on the first floor . The commercial space is located below a second-floor balcony . The balcony is located in the center of the facade , below the pedimented portico . In the round-arched gable of the pediment , above the portico , there is a panel depicting arrows intertwined with an olive branch , which flank Tammany Halls circular logo . On 17th Street , there is a set of triple arches in the center of the first floor , which originally provided egress from the buildings auditorium . The main entrance to the theater and elevator lobby was located to the right ( west ) side of the arches , and a similar arch grouping was located to the left ( east ) . Above the first floor , in the center of the building , is an inscription reading 1786 THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER 1928 . Features . According to a book published by the Tammany Society in 1936 , the western half of the building contained various offices . The Tammany Society had exclusive use of the third floor , which included a central lounge , a club room , office and meeting rooms , and various waiting rooms . The Democratic County Committee was located on the second floor . The first floor was occupied by commercial space . Starting in 2016 , the basement , first , and second floors were being renovated into of retail space . The eastern half of the building was occupied by the 1,200-seat auditorium , which took up the first to third floors . In the basement below the auditorium was a waiting room , accessed from an elevator lobby . Stairways led to the second-floor balcony . The auditorium was demolished in 2016 to make way for of office space . With the dome , the ceiling heights on the fifth floor range between while the sixth floor has a ceiling height of up to . Critical reception . Early architectural critics lauded the Tammany Hall Building as a paragon of the neo-Georgian style in New York City . The Real Estate Record & Guide said that the severe Colonial columns placed at the center of both facades contributed to the buildings dignified architectural treatment . The Architecture & Building magazine said that the structure was well proportioned . George Shepard Chappell , writing in The New Yorker under the pseudonym T-Square , praised the Tammany Hall Buildings exceptionally charming design , saying that it was a real adornment to Union Square . |
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] | easy | Who was the occupant of 44 Union Square from Feb 1985 to 1990? | /wiki/44_Union_Square#P466#2 | 44 Union Square 44 Union Square , also known as 100 East 17th Street and the Tammany Hall Building , is a three-story building at 44 Union Square East in Union Square , Manhattan , in New York City . It is at the southeast corner of Union Square East/Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . The neo-Georgian structure was erected in 1928–1929 and designed by architects Thompson , Holmes & Converse and Charles B . Meyers for the Tammany Society political organization , also known as Tammany Hall . It is the organizations oldest surviving headquarters building . The Tammany Society had relocated to 44 Union Square from a previous headquarters on nearby 14th Street . At the time of the buildings commission , the society was at its maximum political popularity with members such as U.S . senator Robert F . Wagner , governor Al Smith , and mayor Jimmy Walker . However , after Tammany Hall lost its influence in the 1930s , the building was sold to an affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1943 . By the 1980s , it was used by the Union Square Theatre , while the New York Film Academy took space in 1994 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2013 , and it was converted into an office and retail structure during a renovation that took place between 2016 and 2020 . History . Context . By the first decade of the 20th century , Union Square in Manhattan had grown into a major transportation hub with several elevated and surface railroad lines running nearby , and the New York City Subways 14th Street–Union Square station having opened four years prior . The area had also become a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings , as well as numerous office buildings . The office structures included the Everett Building , erected at the northwest corner of Park Avenue South and 17th Street in 1908 ; the Germania Life Insurance Company Building , erected at the northeast corner of the same intersection in 1910–1911 ; and the Consolidated Gas Building ( later Consolidated Edison Building ) , constructed three blocks south at 14th Street between 1910 and 1914 . By the 1920s , the remaining buildings in Union Square were occupied by theaters , while most buildings on the eastern part of the square were owned by department stores S . Klein and Ohrbachs . The previous headquarters of Tammany Hall , a prominent Democratic Party political organization in New York City , had been located on 14th Street next to the Consolidated Gas Building . The organization—named after Tamanend , the chief of the Lenape who originally occupied New York City—extensively used Native American titles and terminology , for instance referring to their headquarters as a wigwam . After the expansion of the Consolidated Gas building was announced in 1926 , the old Tammany Hall wigwam was sold to J . Clarence Davis and Joseph P . Day , of real estate syndicate D&D Company , on December 6 , 1927 . D&D Company sold the old wigwam again to Consolidated Gas in January 1928 . There were allegations that Tammany leaders profited from the sale of the headquarters , which Tammany leader George Washington Olvany denied . Day , a long-time member of Tammany Hall , eventually agreed to give the $70,000 profit from the sale ( ) to Tammany . Construction . One week after the sale of the old wigwam , Tammany purchased a site nearby , at 44 Union Square East near the southwest corner with Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . Olvany announced the sale on December 14 , 1927 . As originally proposed , the Tammany Hall Building was an American colonial style building , measuring on 17th Street by on Union Square East , with storefronts on the ground floor and a 1,200-seat auditorium . At the time of the announcement , the societys members included state senators Robert F . Wagner and Al Smith : the former would become U.S . senator for New York , while the latter would become the states governor and 1932 presidential candidate . According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , the old headquarters was associated with the societys corrupt past under William M . Boss Tweed , while the new headquarters construction represented its future and an opportunity for Smith . In January 1928 , a month after the purchase of the site , Charles B . Meyers was selected along with Thompson , Holmes & Converse as the buildings architects . The plans were submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings that April . Tammany Hall remained in its old headquarters until July 4 , 1928 , so it could celebrate the U.S . Independence Day at that location . Immediately afterward , it moved to a temporary space at 2 Park Avenue . Construction progressed quickly , without any cornerstone-laying ceremony to mark the start of work , and by December much of the structure was substantially complete . The New York County Democratic Committee , a club for Democratic officials representing New York County ( Manhattan ) , started using the new structure on January 2 , 1929 , and the ceremonial cornerstone was laid the next week , marking the completion of the facade . Tammany and union uses . The wigwam at 44 Union Square was finished by early July 1929 . A dedication celebration was held on July 4 , 1929 . Governor Franklin D . Roosevelt and former governor Smith spoke at the dedication . The structure had cost $350,000 to erect ( ) . Shortly after , during the early 1930s , Tammany Hall started to lose its political influence . Although Roosevelt was also a Democrat , he did not regard the organization highly , opening several corruption investigations into the organization . Roosevelts election to U.S . president in 1933 , as well as the election of Republican mayoral candidate Fiorello H . La Guardia the same year , contributed to the downfall of the Tammany Society . By the early 1940s , the Tammany Society could no longer afford to maintain its wigwam . Local 91 , a local affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union ( ILGWU ) , was simultaneously looking for a new headquarters and offered to purchase the structure in April 1943 . The sale was finalized that September . Tammanys leaders moved to the National Democratic Club on Madison Avenue at East 33rd Street , and the Societys collection of memorabilia went into a warehouse in the Bronx . The New York County Democratic Committee , meanwhile , moved to other quarters in Midtown Manhattan . The ILGWU enlarged the stage and furnished the offices , officially rededicating the building on December 18 , 1943 , at an event with several leaders including mayors La Guardia and Jimmy Walker . Upon completion of renovation , the ILGWU opened meeting spaces , offices , art studios , and classrooms in the former Tammany building . 44 Union Squares auditorium was renamed for the late president Roosevelt in 1947 . The Roosevelt Auditorium was used often for other unions events . For instance , in the 1950s the auditorium was used for meetings of firefighters ; gardeners , municipal laborers , and sewage workers ; and sanitation workers . The United Federation of Teachers held meetings at the Roosevelt Auditorium in 1960 to resolve a citywide teachers strike , and again in October 1968 to approve the Ocean Hill/Brownsville teachers strike . Additionally , several unions in the private sector often met at the Roosevelt Auditorium , such as those of newspaper delivery people ; drivers of taxicabs in fleets ; hospital workers ; and Teamsters unions . In 1969 , the auditorium was also the location of a high-profile disagreement between two Central Labor Council leaders , who endorsed opposing candidates in the 1969 New York City mayoral election . By the 1980s , the ILGWUs membership had decreased because of an exodus of garment manufacturers in New York City . Performing arts uses . At a premiere event for Harold Pinters play Old Times , ILGWU executive vice president Wilbur Daniels had a chance encounter with Gene Feist , co-founder of Roundabout Theatre Company . After Feist mentioned that the lease theaters premises at 23rd Street was about to expire , Local 91 leased 44 Union Square to Roundabout in June 1984 . As part of the $850,000 renovation ( ) , the theater was split in half from west to east , reducing its capacity to 499 seats . The stage was expanded , while the balcony and the orchestra were also refurbished . Though the renovated theater was originally slated to open in late 1984 , the conversion of the space was delayed by several months . The first performance took place within the space on February 1 , 1985 . After Roundabouts lease ran out in 1990 , it moved to the Criterion Theater in Times Square . 44 Union Square was then leased in June 1994 by Alan Schuster and Mitchell Maxwell , who also operated the Minetta Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village . In preparation for converting the space for use by the Union Square Theatre , Schuster and Maxwell renovated the interior , painting the dome a sky-blue hue , and replacing the seats upholstery with burgundy materials . The building started housing the New York Film Academy in July 1994 , and the Union Square Theatre held its first performance in the space that November . The Liberty Theatres , a subsidiary of the Reading Company , operated the Union Square Theatre . In 2001 Liberty Theatres bought the structure from the ILGWU . The air rights above the building were sold to another Reading Company subsidiary in 2005 , giving the company the right to theoretically erect another structure above 44 Union Square . Landmark status and redevelopment . Though preservationists had been advocating for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( LPC ) to designate 44 Union Square an official city landmark since the 1980s , the ILGWU had been indifferent toward landmark status . When Liberty Theatres bought the building , preservationists hoped that the company would be more receptive toward landmark status . However , the effort stalled for several years . The LPC designated it as a city landmark in October 2013 , following public meetings held to gauge opinion for the designation , in which 17 people expressed support and no one expressed opposition . In the early 2010s Liberty Theatres announced its plans to refurbish the Tammany Hall Building . As part of the renovation , a glass dome was to be added to the building , though these plans were denied by the LPC in 2014 . The following year , a scaled-back version of the glass dome was approved by the commission . The New York Film Academy moved out in late 2015 , and all existing tenants were evicted the next year . The $50 million renovation project , designed by BKSK Architects , began in July 2016 . The auditorium was demolished to make way for retail and office space . The renovation of the structure , renamed 44 Union Square , was supposed to be completed in 2018 . By February 2019 , the glass dome was under construction and the renovation was slated to be completed that year . The dome was structurally completed in July 2019 , and work was substantially completed by July 2020 . Prospective tenant Slack Technologies , which was slated to take all the space in 2019 , ultimately withdrew from the project in early 2020 . Design . 44 Union Square , a -story neo-Georgian building , is the oldest surviving wigwam of the Tammany Society . It measures on its western facade along Union Square East , and on its northern facade along 17th Street . The particular neo-Georgian features in the Tammany Hall Building include Flemish bond brickwork ; rectangular windows with stone keystones , set in arched openings ; and wrought-iron balconies . The facades along Union Square East and on 17th Street are both arranged to give the appearance of symmetry . The bracketed gable , on the pediment above the portico , is not of neo-Georgian design but was likely inspired by a niche on the facade of the 14th Street building . The exterior design features are evocative of government buildings in the American colonial and Federal styles that were built in the later 19th century , when the society was founded . These features include a first level above a raised basement ; a portico on Union Square East , with a pediment supported by columns in the Doric order ; a hip roof ; and a frieze running along the top of the structure . According to a commemorative publication from the Tammany Society , these features were inspired by the design of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan , as well as by Somerset House in London . The Tammany Hall Building was one of several structures built in New York City in the early 20th century whose designs were inspired by government buildings . Other such structures included The Town Hall near Times Square , the Museum of the City of New York on the Upper East Side , and the original Staten Island Museum building in St . George . Facade . The facade consists of limestone at the basement and first level . and English red brick on the second story and above . The Old Virginia Brick Company , who created the exterior brick , said in an advertisement that the hardiness of the brick , in conjunction with the softening and toning down of the limestone , would turn the building into an enduring symbol of New York Citys historic yester-years . On Union Square East , within the center of the first floor , was the entrance to the commercial space on the first floor . The commercial space is located below a second-floor balcony . The balcony is located in the center of the facade , below the pedimented portico . In the round-arched gable of the pediment , above the portico , there is a panel depicting arrows intertwined with an olive branch , which flank Tammany Halls circular logo . On 17th Street , there is a set of triple arches in the center of the first floor , which originally provided egress from the buildings auditorium . The main entrance to the theater and elevator lobby was located to the right ( west ) side of the arches , and a similar arch grouping was located to the left ( east ) . Above the first floor , in the center of the building , is an inscription reading 1786 THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER 1928 . Features . According to a book published by the Tammany Society in 1936 , the western half of the building contained various offices . The Tammany Society had exclusive use of the third floor , which included a central lounge , a club room , office and meeting rooms , and various waiting rooms . The Democratic County Committee was located on the second floor . The first floor was occupied by commercial space . Starting in 2016 , the basement , first , and second floors were being renovated into of retail space . The eastern half of the building was occupied by the 1,200-seat auditorium , which took up the first to third floors . In the basement below the auditorium was a waiting room , accessed from an elevator lobby . Stairways led to the second-floor balcony . The auditorium was demolished in 2016 to make way for of office space . With the dome , the ceiling heights on the fifth floor range between while the sixth floor has a ceiling height of up to . Critical reception . Early architectural critics lauded the Tammany Hall Building as a paragon of the neo-Georgian style in New York City . The Real Estate Record & Guide said that the severe Colonial columns placed at the center of both facades contributed to the buildings dignified architectural treatment . The Architecture & Building magazine said that the structure was well proportioned . George Shepard Chappell , writing in The New Yorker under the pseudonym T-Square , praised the Tammany Hall Buildings exceptionally charming design , saying that it was a real adornment to Union Square . |
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"Union Square Theatre",
"New York Film Academy"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of 44 Union Square from 1994 to 2015? | /wiki/44_Union_Square#P466#3 | 44 Union Square 44 Union Square , also known as 100 East 17th Street and the Tammany Hall Building , is a three-story building at 44 Union Square East in Union Square , Manhattan , in New York City . It is at the southeast corner of Union Square East/Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . The neo-Georgian structure was erected in 1928–1929 and designed by architects Thompson , Holmes & Converse and Charles B . Meyers for the Tammany Society political organization , also known as Tammany Hall . It is the organizations oldest surviving headquarters building . The Tammany Society had relocated to 44 Union Square from a previous headquarters on nearby 14th Street . At the time of the buildings commission , the society was at its maximum political popularity with members such as U.S . senator Robert F . Wagner , governor Al Smith , and mayor Jimmy Walker . However , after Tammany Hall lost its influence in the 1930s , the building was sold to an affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1943 . By the 1980s , it was used by the Union Square Theatre , while the New York Film Academy took space in 1994 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2013 , and it was converted into an office and retail structure during a renovation that took place between 2016 and 2020 . History . Context . By the first decade of the 20th century , Union Square in Manhattan had grown into a major transportation hub with several elevated and surface railroad lines running nearby , and the New York City Subways 14th Street–Union Square station having opened four years prior . The area had also become a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings , as well as numerous office buildings . The office structures included the Everett Building , erected at the northwest corner of Park Avenue South and 17th Street in 1908 ; the Germania Life Insurance Company Building , erected at the northeast corner of the same intersection in 1910–1911 ; and the Consolidated Gas Building ( later Consolidated Edison Building ) , constructed three blocks south at 14th Street between 1910 and 1914 . By the 1920s , the remaining buildings in Union Square were occupied by theaters , while most buildings on the eastern part of the square were owned by department stores S . Klein and Ohrbachs . The previous headquarters of Tammany Hall , a prominent Democratic Party political organization in New York City , had been located on 14th Street next to the Consolidated Gas Building . The organization—named after Tamanend , the chief of the Lenape who originally occupied New York City—extensively used Native American titles and terminology , for instance referring to their headquarters as a wigwam . After the expansion of the Consolidated Gas building was announced in 1926 , the old Tammany Hall wigwam was sold to J . Clarence Davis and Joseph P . Day , of real estate syndicate D&D Company , on December 6 , 1927 . D&D Company sold the old wigwam again to Consolidated Gas in January 1928 . There were allegations that Tammany leaders profited from the sale of the headquarters , which Tammany leader George Washington Olvany denied . Day , a long-time member of Tammany Hall , eventually agreed to give the $70,000 profit from the sale ( ) to Tammany . Construction . One week after the sale of the old wigwam , Tammany purchased a site nearby , at 44 Union Square East near the southwest corner with Park Avenue South and East 17th Street . Olvany announced the sale on December 14 , 1927 . As originally proposed , the Tammany Hall Building was an American colonial style building , measuring on 17th Street by on Union Square East , with storefronts on the ground floor and a 1,200-seat auditorium . At the time of the announcement , the societys members included state senators Robert F . Wagner and Al Smith : the former would become U.S . senator for New York , while the latter would become the states governor and 1932 presidential candidate . According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , the old headquarters was associated with the societys corrupt past under William M . Boss Tweed , while the new headquarters construction represented its future and an opportunity for Smith . In January 1928 , a month after the purchase of the site , Charles B . Meyers was selected along with Thompson , Holmes & Converse as the buildings architects . The plans were submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings that April . Tammany Hall remained in its old headquarters until July 4 , 1928 , so it could celebrate the U.S . Independence Day at that location . Immediately afterward , it moved to a temporary space at 2 Park Avenue . Construction progressed quickly , without any cornerstone-laying ceremony to mark the start of work , and by December much of the structure was substantially complete . The New York County Democratic Committee , a club for Democratic officials representing New York County ( Manhattan ) , started using the new structure on January 2 , 1929 , and the ceremonial cornerstone was laid the next week , marking the completion of the facade . Tammany and union uses . The wigwam at 44 Union Square was finished by early July 1929 . A dedication celebration was held on July 4 , 1929 . Governor Franklin D . Roosevelt and former governor Smith spoke at the dedication . The structure had cost $350,000 to erect ( ) . Shortly after , during the early 1930s , Tammany Hall started to lose its political influence . Although Roosevelt was also a Democrat , he did not regard the organization highly , opening several corruption investigations into the organization . Roosevelts election to U.S . president in 1933 , as well as the election of Republican mayoral candidate Fiorello H . La Guardia the same year , contributed to the downfall of the Tammany Society . By the early 1940s , the Tammany Society could no longer afford to maintain its wigwam . Local 91 , a local affiliate of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union ( ILGWU ) , was simultaneously looking for a new headquarters and offered to purchase the structure in April 1943 . The sale was finalized that September . Tammanys leaders moved to the National Democratic Club on Madison Avenue at East 33rd Street , and the Societys collection of memorabilia went into a warehouse in the Bronx . The New York County Democratic Committee , meanwhile , moved to other quarters in Midtown Manhattan . The ILGWU enlarged the stage and furnished the offices , officially rededicating the building on December 18 , 1943 , at an event with several leaders including mayors La Guardia and Jimmy Walker . Upon completion of renovation , the ILGWU opened meeting spaces , offices , art studios , and classrooms in the former Tammany building . 44 Union Squares auditorium was renamed for the late president Roosevelt in 1947 . The Roosevelt Auditorium was used often for other unions events . For instance , in the 1950s the auditorium was used for meetings of firefighters ; gardeners , municipal laborers , and sewage workers ; and sanitation workers . The United Federation of Teachers held meetings at the Roosevelt Auditorium in 1960 to resolve a citywide teachers strike , and again in October 1968 to approve the Ocean Hill/Brownsville teachers strike . Additionally , several unions in the private sector often met at the Roosevelt Auditorium , such as those of newspaper delivery people ; drivers of taxicabs in fleets ; hospital workers ; and Teamsters unions . In 1969 , the auditorium was also the location of a high-profile disagreement between two Central Labor Council leaders , who endorsed opposing candidates in the 1969 New York City mayoral election . By the 1980s , the ILGWUs membership had decreased because of an exodus of garment manufacturers in New York City . Performing arts uses . At a premiere event for Harold Pinters play Old Times , ILGWU executive vice president Wilbur Daniels had a chance encounter with Gene Feist , co-founder of Roundabout Theatre Company . After Feist mentioned that the lease theaters premises at 23rd Street was about to expire , Local 91 leased 44 Union Square to Roundabout in June 1984 . As part of the $850,000 renovation ( ) , the theater was split in half from west to east , reducing its capacity to 499 seats . The stage was expanded , while the balcony and the orchestra were also refurbished . Though the renovated theater was originally slated to open in late 1984 , the conversion of the space was delayed by several months . The first performance took place within the space on February 1 , 1985 . After Roundabouts lease ran out in 1990 , it moved to the Criterion Theater in Times Square . 44 Union Square was then leased in June 1994 by Alan Schuster and Mitchell Maxwell , who also operated the Minetta Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village . In preparation for converting the space for use by the Union Square Theatre , Schuster and Maxwell renovated the interior , painting the dome a sky-blue hue , and replacing the seats upholstery with burgundy materials . The building started housing the New York Film Academy in July 1994 , and the Union Square Theatre held its first performance in the space that November . The Liberty Theatres , a subsidiary of the Reading Company , operated the Union Square Theatre . In 2001 Liberty Theatres bought the structure from the ILGWU . The air rights above the building were sold to another Reading Company subsidiary in 2005 , giving the company the right to theoretically erect another structure above 44 Union Square . Landmark status and redevelopment . Though preservationists had been advocating for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( LPC ) to designate 44 Union Square an official city landmark since the 1980s , the ILGWU had been indifferent toward landmark status . When Liberty Theatres bought the building , preservationists hoped that the company would be more receptive toward landmark status . However , the effort stalled for several years . The LPC designated it as a city landmark in October 2013 , following public meetings held to gauge opinion for the designation , in which 17 people expressed support and no one expressed opposition . In the early 2010s Liberty Theatres announced its plans to refurbish the Tammany Hall Building . As part of the renovation , a glass dome was to be added to the building , though these plans were denied by the LPC in 2014 . The following year , a scaled-back version of the glass dome was approved by the commission . The New York Film Academy moved out in late 2015 , and all existing tenants were evicted the next year . The $50 million renovation project , designed by BKSK Architects , began in July 2016 . The auditorium was demolished to make way for retail and office space . The renovation of the structure , renamed 44 Union Square , was supposed to be completed in 2018 . By February 2019 , the glass dome was under construction and the renovation was slated to be completed that year . The dome was structurally completed in July 2019 , and work was substantially completed by July 2020 . Prospective tenant Slack Technologies , which was slated to take all the space in 2019 , ultimately withdrew from the project in early 2020 . Design . 44 Union Square , a -story neo-Georgian building , is the oldest surviving wigwam of the Tammany Society . It measures on its western facade along Union Square East , and on its northern facade along 17th Street . The particular neo-Georgian features in the Tammany Hall Building include Flemish bond brickwork ; rectangular windows with stone keystones , set in arched openings ; and wrought-iron balconies . The facades along Union Square East and on 17th Street are both arranged to give the appearance of symmetry . The bracketed gable , on the pediment above the portico , is not of neo-Georgian design but was likely inspired by a niche on the facade of the 14th Street building . The exterior design features are evocative of government buildings in the American colonial and Federal styles that were built in the later 19th century , when the society was founded . These features include a first level above a raised basement ; a portico on Union Square East , with a pediment supported by columns in the Doric order ; a hip roof ; and a frieze running along the top of the structure . According to a commemorative publication from the Tammany Society , these features were inspired by the design of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan , as well as by Somerset House in London . The Tammany Hall Building was one of several structures built in New York City in the early 20th century whose designs were inspired by government buildings . Other such structures included The Town Hall near Times Square , the Museum of the City of New York on the Upper East Side , and the original Staten Island Museum building in St . George . Facade . The facade consists of limestone at the basement and first level . and English red brick on the second story and above . The Old Virginia Brick Company , who created the exterior brick , said in an advertisement that the hardiness of the brick , in conjunction with the softening and toning down of the limestone , would turn the building into an enduring symbol of New York Citys historic yester-years . On Union Square East , within the center of the first floor , was the entrance to the commercial space on the first floor . The commercial space is located below a second-floor balcony . The balcony is located in the center of the facade , below the pedimented portico . In the round-arched gable of the pediment , above the portico , there is a panel depicting arrows intertwined with an olive branch , which flank Tammany Halls circular logo . On 17th Street , there is a set of triple arches in the center of the first floor , which originally provided egress from the buildings auditorium . The main entrance to the theater and elevator lobby was located to the right ( west ) side of the arches , and a similar arch grouping was located to the left ( east ) . Above the first floor , in the center of the building , is an inscription reading 1786 THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER 1928 . Features . According to a book published by the Tammany Society in 1936 , the western half of the building contained various offices . The Tammany Society had exclusive use of the third floor , which included a central lounge , a club room , office and meeting rooms , and various waiting rooms . The Democratic County Committee was located on the second floor . The first floor was occupied by commercial space . Starting in 2016 , the basement , first , and second floors were being renovated into of retail space . The eastern half of the building was occupied by the 1,200-seat auditorium , which took up the first to third floors . In the basement below the auditorium was a waiting room , accessed from an elevator lobby . Stairways led to the second-floor balcony . The auditorium was demolished in 2016 to make way for of office space . With the dome , the ceiling heights on the fifth floor range between while the sixth floor has a ceiling height of up to . Critical reception . Early architectural critics lauded the Tammany Hall Building as a paragon of the neo-Georgian style in New York City . The Real Estate Record & Guide said that the severe Colonial columns placed at the center of both facades contributed to the buildings dignified architectural treatment . The Architecture & Building magazine said that the structure was well proportioned . George Shepard Chappell , writing in The New Yorker under the pseudonym T-Square , praised the Tammany Hall Buildings exceptionally charming design , saying that it was a real adornment to Union Square . |
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"Universal Mixed Grand Lodge ( GLMU )"
] | easy | What organization did Éliane Brault join in 1973? | /wiki/Éliane_Brault#P463#0 | Éliane Brault Éliane Brault ( 18 September 1895 , Paris—25 August 1982 , Paris ) was a French Resistance member , a political personality and a French journalist , also known for her commitment to feminism and her involvement in Freemasonry , especially within the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge , of which she was the first Grand Mistress . Biography . Éliane Brault was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris to a rich family . Her father , Élie-Simon Alexandre Brault ( 1868–1898 ) , was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris and also a doctor at Hôpital Saint-Louis . Hed just completed his month as an aide-major in the south when he caught typhoid fever by treating soldiers from the 22nd Chasseurs Alpins Battalion ; he died a month later , a victime du devoir professionnel ( victim of professional duty ) , at the age of thirty-one . Her mother , Isabelle Moses ( 1867–1942 ) , was born in Lima to a Jewish Peruvian middle-class family that had converted to Catholicism . During World War I , she married her childhood friend , Jean Sabourdin ( 1890–1918 ) , who died in the front . It was in 1917 , with Sabourdin , that she gave birth to her first son , Roger Sabourdin . She remarried in 1923 ; this time , she married a lawyer , Louis Gallié ( 1883–1974 ) , with whom she had her second son , Alexandre Brault Gallié ( 1925–1971 ) . In 1933 , Éliane Brault and Louis Gallié divorced . On top of her political and Masonic commitments , Éliane Brault showed an interest in the cause of childhood and adolescence throughout her life ; she was Deputy Director of the School of Rehabilitation in Clermont , Oise , in 1936 , inspector of a number of institutions in 1937 , Secretary General of the Higher Council for Children and , a member of the Higher Council of Assistance publique ( public assistance ) . In 1938 , she published her recommendations in the Revue dhygiène et de médecine sociale ( the Journal of Hygiene and Social Medicine ) . Radical Party . Her second husband , Louis Gallié , and Émile Borel , a pacifist , introduced her to the Radical Party , which she went on to join in 1925 . She was committed to her work with the party , which she did largely with Marcelle Kraemer-Bach , a lawyer and member of the French Union for Womens Suffrage . She worked as a speaker and journalist for the papers Le Radical , La France radical , Le Républicain jacobin and L’Ère nouvelle . She was a member of the journalists union and , through her articles and speeches , expressed her expectation of a society where the principles of freedom as well as equality of rights and labour are applied indistinctly . She had recognised expertise and she was one of the five women members of the partys bureau before 1940 . She was elected in 1933—an election which was considered a feminist success against her opponents within the party . She worked towards a policy of social works and solidarity . In 1934 , amidst political crisis and the rise of the extreme right , Éliane Brault started lAction démocratique des femmes ( the Democratic Action of Women ) and regularly marched in demonstrations in support of the Republic . In 1935 , she founded la Fédération des femmes radicale ( the Federation of Radical Women ) , of which she became president . After a trip to the Soviet Union , she became interested in the Soviet regimes position on women and children . It was because of this interest that she became closer to the Communist Party . The 1936 elections were a success for her and left-wing politics in France as many radical and socialist members of the Popular Front won their elections . She was part of the fight against fascism , and openly supported the Spanish Republicans as well as the victims of fascism throughout Europe . With the fall of Léon Blums government in April 1938 , she joined the left-wing of the Radical Party . In 1939 , she used her influence to open the borders and welcome children who had to flee from , or were orphaned by , Francos regime . Free France . After Frances defeat in 1940 and the establishment of the Vichy regime , which excluded Jews and Freemasons from public office , Éliane Brault was the subject of denunciation in the extreme right-wing newspaper , Je suis partout . Being an anti-fascist , Freemason and of Jewish descent , she was relieved of her duties 1 October 1940 . Due to having already made contact with the Resistance , she was arrested January 1941 , and imprisoned in Marseille in February of the same year . She managed to escape and fled to Algeria and , afterwards , Casablanca where the British would allow her to go to London . Upon arrival in London , she joined the Free French forces . She began organising a body of french doctors and nurses , taking command as a captain . With part of her group , she joined the 1st Free French Division in Beirut , where she remained at the disposal of command . She helped fighting the Nazi invasion of Russia and found the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen . In April 1944 , she returned to Algiers and followed the French corps in the Italian Campaign where , from General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny , she received authorisation to create a unit of liaison-relief intended to give first aid and bring essential aid to liberated populations and combat zones . After taking part in the Provence landings and the Battle of Alsace with her unit , she was summoned to assist in the perilous evacuation of Thann . She crossed the Rhine and stayed in the Black Forest until November 1945 . Postwar . At the end of the war , she resumed her duties at the Ministry of Public Health and Population . She received a certificate of higher administrative studies at École nationale dadministration , allowing her to work under the direction of the ministry until her retirement . She left the Radical Party and joined the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , where she committed herself to social work . She continued her political commitment to the Unified Socialist Party and worked with various left-wing movements , such as the MRAP , Association France-URSS ( France-USSR Association ) and , the International Womens Democratic Federation . In the forefront of the socialist movement , she gradually moved away from the party ; as she approached her retirement , she put an end to her political activities . However , she did continue her republican commitments , joining le Société des amis de lécole laïque ( the Society of Friends of the Secular School ) , and she devoted time to Association France-Israël . As soon as she retired , she invested herself mostly in Freemasonry . Freemasonry . Éliane Brault began her long Masonic career in the Masonry of Adoption at the Grande Loge de France . She was initiated 28 June 1927—thirty-two years old—at the adoption lounge , Union et Bienfaisance , then quickly became secretary . She also took part in the creation of Le Général Peigné in 1930 . She was made a Worshipful Master from 1934 until the start of the Second world war . Furthermore , she attended the lodges La Nouvelle Jérusalem ( the New Jerusalem ) and Minerve ( Minerva ) . In 1945 , she rejoined La Nouvelle Jérusalem within the Womens Grand Lodge of France . Later , she joined the Marie Bonnevial lodge at Le Droit Humain ( DH ) . As the DH does not recognise the Rite of Adoption , she agreed to be initiated with the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . She was successive secretary-general and vice president of the national council and the grand inspector of the order until 1969 . Feeling her role in DH was too heavily constraining and looking for a less symbolist approach which , according to her , tends to move away from societal reflection , she founded the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge ( GLMU ) in 1973 , of which she became the first president , splitting from the other Freemasons . The GLMU worked with values close to those of the Grand Orient de France while being mixed . In 1980 , she founded the Supreme Conseil Mixte de France ( the Supreme Mixed Council of France ) which gradually accepted the Scottish Rite . During this period , she wrote several books on Freemasonry and participated in radio programs . End of life . Éliane Brault died 25 August 1982 , in Paris at the age of 86 . She was cremated , in accordance with her will , and her ashes were deposited in the Père Lachaise Cemetery . Awards . For her actions in World War II , she won the Escapees Medal and the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 . In 1936 , she was made Knight of the Legion of Honour and , in 1947 , she was promoted to the rank of Officer within the Legion . Family . Her son , Roger Sabourdin , married Gratienne Nada , daughter of René Nada ( Pathé Studios director ) , in 1938 at Notre-Dame-de-Lorette . The grooms witnesses were Marc Rucart and Paul Bastid ; the brides witnesses were Gratien Candace and Pierre Calvet , head of the film department of the Army . Publications . Éliane Brault published a number of books regarding the experiences and battles throughout her life . - À lombre de la croix gammée ( préf . Hassolt Davis ) , Le Caire , R . Schindler , 1943 - U.R.S.S. , terre inconnue , une Française revient de Russie , 1946 - La Franc-maçonnerie et lémancipation des femmes , 1953 - LÉpopée des A.F.A.T. , 1954 - Maria Deraismes , 1962 - Psychanalyse de linitiation maçonnique , 1965 - Le mystère du Chevalier de Ramsay , Prisme , 1973 Bibliography . - Françoise Moreillon and the CNHRM of the GLFF ( Catherine Jeannin-Nallet ) , Pionnières I : fille dÈve et de Marianne , Voix dinitiées , Conform Edition , no . 8 , 2015 ( ) - Gaujac , Paul . DES CORPS FÉMININS AUX AFAT : Afrique Du Nord 1943–1944.” Guerres Mondiales Et Conflits Contemporains , no . 198 , 2000 , pp . 109–122 . [ JSTOR ] . |
[
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] | easy | Éliane Brault became a member of what organization or association in 1948? | /wiki/Éliane_Brault#P463#1 | Éliane Brault Éliane Brault ( 18 September 1895 , Paris—25 August 1982 , Paris ) was a French Resistance member , a political personality and a French journalist , also known for her commitment to feminism and her involvement in Freemasonry , especially within the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge , of which she was the first Grand Mistress . Biography . Éliane Brault was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris to a rich family . Her father , Élie-Simon Alexandre Brault ( 1868–1898 ) , was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris and also a doctor at Hôpital Saint-Louis . Hed just completed his month as an aide-major in the south when he caught typhoid fever by treating soldiers from the 22nd Chasseurs Alpins Battalion ; he died a month later , a victime du devoir professionnel ( victim of professional duty ) , at the age of thirty-one . Her mother , Isabelle Moses ( 1867–1942 ) , was born in Lima to a Jewish Peruvian middle-class family that had converted to Catholicism . During World War I , she married her childhood friend , Jean Sabourdin ( 1890–1918 ) , who died in the front . It was in 1917 , with Sabourdin , that she gave birth to her first son , Roger Sabourdin . She remarried in 1923 ; this time , she married a lawyer , Louis Gallié ( 1883–1974 ) , with whom she had her second son , Alexandre Brault Gallié ( 1925–1971 ) . In 1933 , Éliane Brault and Louis Gallié divorced . On top of her political and Masonic commitments , Éliane Brault showed an interest in the cause of childhood and adolescence throughout her life ; she was Deputy Director of the School of Rehabilitation in Clermont , Oise , in 1936 , inspector of a number of institutions in 1937 , Secretary General of the Higher Council for Children and , a member of the Higher Council of Assistance publique ( public assistance ) . In 1938 , she published her recommendations in the Revue dhygiène et de médecine sociale ( the Journal of Hygiene and Social Medicine ) . Radical Party . Her second husband , Louis Gallié , and Émile Borel , a pacifist , introduced her to the Radical Party , which she went on to join in 1925 . She was committed to her work with the party , which she did largely with Marcelle Kraemer-Bach , a lawyer and member of the French Union for Womens Suffrage . She worked as a speaker and journalist for the papers Le Radical , La France radical , Le Républicain jacobin and L’Ère nouvelle . She was a member of the journalists union and , through her articles and speeches , expressed her expectation of a society where the principles of freedom as well as equality of rights and labour are applied indistinctly . She had recognised expertise and she was one of the five women members of the partys bureau before 1940 . She was elected in 1933—an election which was considered a feminist success against her opponents within the party . She worked towards a policy of social works and solidarity . In 1934 , amidst political crisis and the rise of the extreme right , Éliane Brault started lAction démocratique des femmes ( the Democratic Action of Women ) and regularly marched in demonstrations in support of the Republic . In 1935 , she founded la Fédération des femmes radicale ( the Federation of Radical Women ) , of which she became president . After a trip to the Soviet Union , she became interested in the Soviet regimes position on women and children . It was because of this interest that she became closer to the Communist Party . The 1936 elections were a success for her and left-wing politics in France as many radical and socialist members of the Popular Front won their elections . She was part of the fight against fascism , and openly supported the Spanish Republicans as well as the victims of fascism throughout Europe . With the fall of Léon Blums government in April 1938 , she joined the left-wing of the Radical Party . In 1939 , she used her influence to open the borders and welcome children who had to flee from , or were orphaned by , Francos regime . Free France . After Frances defeat in 1940 and the establishment of the Vichy regime , which excluded Jews and Freemasons from public office , Éliane Brault was the subject of denunciation in the extreme right-wing newspaper , Je suis partout . Being an anti-fascist , Freemason and of Jewish descent , she was relieved of her duties 1 October 1940 . Due to having already made contact with the Resistance , she was arrested January 1941 , and imprisoned in Marseille in February of the same year . She managed to escape and fled to Algeria and , afterwards , Casablanca where the British would allow her to go to London . Upon arrival in London , she joined the Free French forces . She began organising a body of french doctors and nurses , taking command as a captain . With part of her group , she joined the 1st Free French Division in Beirut , where she remained at the disposal of command . She helped fighting the Nazi invasion of Russia and found the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen . In April 1944 , she returned to Algiers and followed the French corps in the Italian Campaign where , from General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny , she received authorisation to create a unit of liaison-relief intended to give first aid and bring essential aid to liberated populations and combat zones . After taking part in the Provence landings and the Battle of Alsace with her unit , she was summoned to assist in the perilous evacuation of Thann . She crossed the Rhine and stayed in the Black Forest until November 1945 . Postwar . At the end of the war , she resumed her duties at the Ministry of Public Health and Population . She received a certificate of higher administrative studies at École nationale dadministration , allowing her to work under the direction of the ministry until her retirement . She left the Radical Party and joined the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , where she committed herself to social work . She continued her political commitment to the Unified Socialist Party and worked with various left-wing movements , such as the MRAP , Association France-URSS ( France-USSR Association ) and , the International Womens Democratic Federation . In the forefront of the socialist movement , she gradually moved away from the party ; as she approached her retirement , she put an end to her political activities . However , she did continue her republican commitments , joining le Société des amis de lécole laïque ( the Society of Friends of the Secular School ) , and she devoted time to Association France-Israël . As soon as she retired , she invested herself mostly in Freemasonry . Freemasonry . Éliane Brault began her long Masonic career in the Masonry of Adoption at the Grande Loge de France . She was initiated 28 June 1927—thirty-two years old—at the adoption lounge , Union et Bienfaisance , then quickly became secretary . She also took part in the creation of Le Général Peigné in 1930 . She was made a Worshipful Master from 1934 until the start of the Second world war . Furthermore , she attended the lodges La Nouvelle Jérusalem ( the New Jerusalem ) and Minerve ( Minerva ) . In 1945 , she rejoined La Nouvelle Jérusalem within the Womens Grand Lodge of France . Later , she joined the Marie Bonnevial lodge at Le Droit Humain ( DH ) . As the DH does not recognise the Rite of Adoption , she agreed to be initiated with the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . She was successive secretary-general and vice president of the national council and the grand inspector of the order until 1969 . Feeling her role in DH was too heavily constraining and looking for a less symbolist approach which , according to her , tends to move away from societal reflection , she founded the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge ( GLMU ) in 1973 , of which she became the first president , splitting from the other Freemasons . The GLMU worked with values close to those of the Grand Orient de France while being mixed . In 1980 , she founded the Supreme Conseil Mixte de France ( the Supreme Mixed Council of France ) which gradually accepted the Scottish Rite . During this period , she wrote several books on Freemasonry and participated in radio programs . End of life . Éliane Brault died 25 August 1982 , in Paris at the age of 86 . She was cremated , in accordance with her will , and her ashes were deposited in the Père Lachaise Cemetery . Awards . For her actions in World War II , she won the Escapees Medal and the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 . In 1936 , she was made Knight of the Legion of Honour and , in 1947 , she was promoted to the rank of Officer within the Legion . Family . Her son , Roger Sabourdin , married Gratienne Nada , daughter of René Nada ( Pathé Studios director ) , in 1938 at Notre-Dame-de-Lorette . The grooms witnesses were Marc Rucart and Paul Bastid ; the brides witnesses were Gratien Candace and Pierre Calvet , head of the film department of the Army . Publications . Éliane Brault published a number of books regarding the experiences and battles throughout her life . - À lombre de la croix gammée ( préf . Hassolt Davis ) , Le Caire , R . Schindler , 1943 - U.R.S.S. , terre inconnue , une Française revient de Russie , 1946 - La Franc-maçonnerie et lémancipation des femmes , 1953 - LÉpopée des A.F.A.T. , 1954 - Maria Deraismes , 1962 - Psychanalyse de linitiation maçonnique , 1965 - Le mystère du Chevalier de Ramsay , Prisme , 1973 Bibliography . - Françoise Moreillon and the CNHRM of the GLFF ( Catherine Jeannin-Nallet ) , Pionnières I : fille dÈve et de Marianne , Voix dinitiées , Conform Edition , no . 8 , 2015 ( ) - Gaujac , Paul . DES CORPS FÉMININS AUX AFAT : Afrique Du Nord 1943–1944.” Guerres Mondiales Et Conflits Contemporains , no . 198 , 2000 , pp . 109–122 . [ JSTOR ] . |
[
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] | easy | Éliane Brault became a member of what organization or association in 1920? | /wiki/Éliane_Brault#P463#2 | Éliane Brault Éliane Brault ( 18 September 1895 , Paris—25 August 1982 , Paris ) was a French Resistance member , a political personality and a French journalist , also known for her commitment to feminism and her involvement in Freemasonry , especially within the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge , of which she was the first Grand Mistress . Biography . Éliane Brault was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris to a rich family . Her father , Élie-Simon Alexandre Brault ( 1868–1898 ) , was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris and also a doctor at Hôpital Saint-Louis . Hed just completed his month as an aide-major in the south when he caught typhoid fever by treating soldiers from the 22nd Chasseurs Alpins Battalion ; he died a month later , a victime du devoir professionnel ( victim of professional duty ) , at the age of thirty-one . Her mother , Isabelle Moses ( 1867–1942 ) , was born in Lima to a Jewish Peruvian middle-class family that had converted to Catholicism . During World War I , she married her childhood friend , Jean Sabourdin ( 1890–1918 ) , who died in the front . It was in 1917 , with Sabourdin , that she gave birth to her first son , Roger Sabourdin . She remarried in 1923 ; this time , she married a lawyer , Louis Gallié ( 1883–1974 ) , with whom she had her second son , Alexandre Brault Gallié ( 1925–1971 ) . In 1933 , Éliane Brault and Louis Gallié divorced . On top of her political and Masonic commitments , Éliane Brault showed an interest in the cause of childhood and adolescence throughout her life ; she was Deputy Director of the School of Rehabilitation in Clermont , Oise , in 1936 , inspector of a number of institutions in 1937 , Secretary General of the Higher Council for Children and , a member of the Higher Council of Assistance publique ( public assistance ) . In 1938 , she published her recommendations in the Revue dhygiène et de médecine sociale ( the Journal of Hygiene and Social Medicine ) . Radical Party . Her second husband , Louis Gallié , and Émile Borel , a pacifist , introduced her to the Radical Party , which she went on to join in 1925 . She was committed to her work with the party , which she did largely with Marcelle Kraemer-Bach , a lawyer and member of the French Union for Womens Suffrage . She worked as a speaker and journalist for the papers Le Radical , La France radical , Le Républicain jacobin and L’Ère nouvelle . She was a member of the journalists union and , through her articles and speeches , expressed her expectation of a society where the principles of freedom as well as equality of rights and labour are applied indistinctly . She had recognised expertise and she was one of the five women members of the partys bureau before 1940 . She was elected in 1933—an election which was considered a feminist success against her opponents within the party . She worked towards a policy of social works and solidarity . In 1934 , amidst political crisis and the rise of the extreme right , Éliane Brault started lAction démocratique des femmes ( the Democratic Action of Women ) and regularly marched in demonstrations in support of the Republic . In 1935 , she founded la Fédération des femmes radicale ( the Federation of Radical Women ) , of which she became president . After a trip to the Soviet Union , she became interested in the Soviet regimes position on women and children . It was because of this interest that she became closer to the Communist Party . The 1936 elections were a success for her and left-wing politics in France as many radical and socialist members of the Popular Front won their elections . She was part of the fight against fascism , and openly supported the Spanish Republicans as well as the victims of fascism throughout Europe . With the fall of Léon Blums government in April 1938 , she joined the left-wing of the Radical Party . In 1939 , she used her influence to open the borders and welcome children who had to flee from , or were orphaned by , Francos regime . Free France . After Frances defeat in 1940 and the establishment of the Vichy regime , which excluded Jews and Freemasons from public office , Éliane Brault was the subject of denunciation in the extreme right-wing newspaper , Je suis partout . Being an anti-fascist , Freemason and of Jewish descent , she was relieved of her duties 1 October 1940 . Due to having already made contact with the Resistance , she was arrested January 1941 , and imprisoned in Marseille in February of the same year . She managed to escape and fled to Algeria and , afterwards , Casablanca where the British would allow her to go to London . Upon arrival in London , she joined the Free French forces . She began organising a body of french doctors and nurses , taking command as a captain . With part of her group , she joined the 1st Free French Division in Beirut , where she remained at the disposal of command . She helped fighting the Nazi invasion of Russia and found the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen . In April 1944 , she returned to Algiers and followed the French corps in the Italian Campaign where , from General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny , she received authorisation to create a unit of liaison-relief intended to give first aid and bring essential aid to liberated populations and combat zones . After taking part in the Provence landings and the Battle of Alsace with her unit , she was summoned to assist in the perilous evacuation of Thann . She crossed the Rhine and stayed in the Black Forest until November 1945 . Postwar . At the end of the war , she resumed her duties at the Ministry of Public Health and Population . She received a certificate of higher administrative studies at École nationale dadministration , allowing her to work under the direction of the ministry until her retirement . She left the Radical Party and joined the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) , where she committed herself to social work . She continued her political commitment to the Unified Socialist Party and worked with various left-wing movements , such as the MRAP , Association France-URSS ( France-USSR Association ) and , the International Womens Democratic Federation . In the forefront of the socialist movement , she gradually moved away from the party ; as she approached her retirement , she put an end to her political activities . However , she did continue her republican commitments , joining le Société des amis de lécole laïque ( the Society of Friends of the Secular School ) , and she devoted time to Association France-Israël . As soon as she retired , she invested herself mostly in Freemasonry . Freemasonry . Éliane Brault began her long Masonic career in the Masonry of Adoption at the Grande Loge de France . She was initiated 28 June 1927—thirty-two years old—at the adoption lounge , Union et Bienfaisance , then quickly became secretary . She also took part in the creation of Le Général Peigné in 1930 . She was made a Worshipful Master from 1934 until the start of the Second world war . Furthermore , she attended the lodges La Nouvelle Jérusalem ( the New Jerusalem ) and Minerve ( Minerva ) . In 1945 , she rejoined La Nouvelle Jérusalem within the Womens Grand Lodge of France . Later , she joined the Marie Bonnevial lodge at Le Droit Humain ( DH ) . As the DH does not recognise the Rite of Adoption , she agreed to be initiated with the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . She was successive secretary-general and vice president of the national council and the grand inspector of the order until 1969 . Feeling her role in DH was too heavily constraining and looking for a less symbolist approach which , according to her , tends to move away from societal reflection , she founded the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge ( GLMU ) in 1973 , of which she became the first president , splitting from the other Freemasons . The GLMU worked with values close to those of the Grand Orient de France while being mixed . In 1980 , she founded the Supreme Conseil Mixte de France ( the Supreme Mixed Council of France ) which gradually accepted the Scottish Rite . During this period , she wrote several books on Freemasonry and participated in radio programs . End of life . Éliane Brault died 25 August 1982 , in Paris at the age of 86 . She was cremated , in accordance with her will , and her ashes were deposited in the Père Lachaise Cemetery . Awards . For her actions in World War II , she won the Escapees Medal and the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 . In 1936 , she was made Knight of the Legion of Honour and , in 1947 , she was promoted to the rank of Officer within the Legion . Family . Her son , Roger Sabourdin , married Gratienne Nada , daughter of René Nada ( Pathé Studios director ) , in 1938 at Notre-Dame-de-Lorette . The grooms witnesses were Marc Rucart and Paul Bastid ; the brides witnesses were Gratien Candace and Pierre Calvet , head of the film department of the Army . Publications . Éliane Brault published a number of books regarding the experiences and battles throughout her life . - À lombre de la croix gammée ( préf . Hassolt Davis ) , Le Caire , R . Schindler , 1943 - U.R.S.S. , terre inconnue , une Française revient de Russie , 1946 - La Franc-maçonnerie et lémancipation des femmes , 1953 - LÉpopée des A.F.A.T. , 1954 - Maria Deraismes , 1962 - Psychanalyse de linitiation maçonnique , 1965 - Le mystère du Chevalier de Ramsay , Prisme , 1973 Bibliography . - Françoise Moreillon and the CNHRM of the GLFF ( Catherine Jeannin-Nallet ) , Pionnières I : fille dÈve et de Marianne , Voix dinitiées , Conform Edition , no . 8 , 2015 ( ) - Gaujac , Paul . DES CORPS FÉMININS AUX AFAT : Afrique Du Nord 1943–1944.” Guerres Mondiales Et Conflits Contemporains , no . 198 , 2000 , pp . 109–122 . [ JSTOR ] . |
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] | easy | Salif Keita became a member of what organization or association in 1? | /wiki/Salif_Keita#P463#0 | Salif Keita Salif Keïta ( ) ( born August 25 , 1949 ) is an African singer-songwriter from Mali . He is notable not only because of his reputation as the Golden Voice of Africa but also because he has albinism . He is a member of the Keita royal family of Mali . Biography . Early life . Salif Keita was born a traditional prince in the village of Djoliba . He was cast out by his family and ostracized by the community because of his albinism , a sign of bad luck in Mandinka culture . In 1967 , he left Djoliba for Bamako , where he joined the government-sponsored Super Rail Band de Bamako . In 1973 Keita joined the group , Les Ambassadeurs . Keita and Les Ambassadeurs fled political unrest in Mali during the mid-1970s for Abidjan , Ivory Coast , and subsequently changed the groups name to Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux . The reputation of Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux rose to the international level in the 1970s , and in 1977 Keita received a National Order award from the president of Guinea , Sékou Touré . He is the father of Paralympian athlete Nantenin Keita . Career . Keita moved to Paris in 1984 to reach a larger audience . His music combines traditional West African music styles with influences from both Europe and the Americas . Although Keita was famous in Africa and had achieved a strong fan base among connoisseurs around the world , in 1987 , Soro became his international-breakthrough album . The project was produced by Ibrahima Sylla , a visionary who had already discovered dozens of African stars ( and would later become the driving force behind Africando ) . The arrangements feature the roiling rhythms , slightly nasal female backup choirs , and traditional percussion typical of Malian music . Musical instruments that are commonly featured in Keitas work include balafons , djembes , guitars , koras , organs , saxophones , and synthesizers . He performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert in 1988 to call for Nelson Mandelas release from prison . In 1990 , Keita contributed Begin the Beguine to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue , produced by the Red Hot Organization . Keita found success in Europe as one of the African stars of world music , but his work was sometimes criticised for the gloss of its production and for the occasional haphazard quality . However , shortly after the turn of the millennium he returned to Bamako in Mali to live and record . His first work after going home , 2002s Moffou , was hailed as his best album in many years , and Keita was inspired to build a recording studio in Bamako , which he used for his album MBemba , released in October 2005 . Guest artists on his albums have included Weather Report founders Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter , drummer Paco Sery , guitarist Carlos Santana , and percussionist Bill Summers . Keitas album La Différence was produced around the end of 2009 . The work is dedicated to the struggle of the world albino community ( victims of human sacrifice ) , for which Keita has been crusading all his life . In one of the albums tracks , the singer calls others to understand that difference does not mean bad and to show love and compassion towards albinos like everyone else : I am black/ my skin is white/ so I am white and my blood is black [ albino ] /...I love that because it is a difference thats beautiful , some of us are beautiful some are not/some are black some are white/all that difference was on purpose...for us to complete each other/let everyone get his love and dignity/the world will be beautiful . La Différence was recorded between Bamako , Beirut , Paris , and Los Angeles . This unique musical feel is reinforced by soulful pitches in the track Samigna emanating from the trumpet of the great Lebanese jazzman Ibrahim Maalouf . In 2001 , Keitas song Tomorrow was featured in the Will Smith film Ali . La Différence won Keita one of the biggest musical awards of his career : the Best World Music 2010 at the Victoires de la musique . In 2013 , after what he described as threats from the Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions campaign , he cancelled a performance in Israel . He later published a letter on his Facebook page , stating that he decided to cancel the event because he was scared of being harmed personally or professionally , but clarified that he still love [ d ] Israel , slamming BDS as an extremist group who used scare tactics and bullying . In late October 2017 , it was announced that Salif Keita will release a new album soon . In November 2018 he announced his retirement from recording . This was at a concert in Fana , Mali . The album Un Autre Blanc,which was released at the concert would be his last . Discography . - Seydou Bathili – 1982 - Soro – 1987 – Mango - Ko-Yan – 1989 – Mango - Amen – 1991 – Mango - Destiny of a Noble Outcast – 1991 – PolyGram - 69–80 – 1994 – Sonodisc - Folon – 1995 – Mango - Rail Band – 1996 – Melodie - Seydou Bathili – 1997 – Sonodisc - Papa – 1999 – Blue Note - Mama – 2000 – Capitol - The Best of Salif Keita – 2001 – Wrasse Records - Sosie – 2001 – Mellemfolkeligt - Moffou – 2002 – Universal Jazz France - Salif Keita The Best of the Early Years – 2002 – Wrasse Records - Remixes from Moffou – 2004 – Universal Jazz France - MBemba – 2005 – Universal Jazz France - The Lost Album – 1980 ( reissued 2005 ) – Cantos - La Différence – 2009 – Emarcy - Talé – 2012 – with Philippe Cohen-Solal - Un Autre Blanc – 2018 Naïve Records Many compilations are available as well Singles . - Yamore ( 2002 ) ( with Cesaria Evora ) Further reading . - Cherif Keita , Outcast to Ambassador : The Musical Odyssey of Salif Keita CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ( February 1 , 2011 ) At minute 45 of this interview , Cherif Keita begins talking about Salif Keita . External links . - [ allmusic – Salif Keita ] - Wrasse Records/Biography of Salif - Salif Keïta : Discography - Opiyo Oloya interview with Salif Keita - Banning Eyre interview with Salif Keita - Salif Keita Concert Pictures |
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] | easy | What organization did Salif Keita join in 1972? | /wiki/Salif_Keita#P463#1 | Salif Keita Salif Keïta ( ) ( born August 25 , 1949 ) is an African singer-songwriter from Mali . He is notable not only because of his reputation as the Golden Voice of Africa but also because he has albinism . He is a member of the Keita royal family of Mali . Biography . Early life . Salif Keita was born a traditional prince in the village of Djoliba . He was cast out by his family and ostracized by the community because of his albinism , a sign of bad luck in Mandinka culture . In 1967 , he left Djoliba for Bamako , where he joined the government-sponsored Super Rail Band de Bamako . In 1973 Keita joined the group , Les Ambassadeurs . Keita and Les Ambassadeurs fled political unrest in Mali during the mid-1970s for Abidjan , Ivory Coast , and subsequently changed the groups name to Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux . The reputation of Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux rose to the international level in the 1970s , and in 1977 Keita received a National Order award from the president of Guinea , Sékou Touré . He is the father of Paralympian athlete Nantenin Keita . Career . Keita moved to Paris in 1984 to reach a larger audience . His music combines traditional West African music styles with influences from both Europe and the Americas . Although Keita was famous in Africa and had achieved a strong fan base among connoisseurs around the world , in 1987 , Soro became his international-breakthrough album . The project was produced by Ibrahima Sylla , a visionary who had already discovered dozens of African stars ( and would later become the driving force behind Africando ) . The arrangements feature the roiling rhythms , slightly nasal female backup choirs , and traditional percussion typical of Malian music . Musical instruments that are commonly featured in Keitas work include balafons , djembes , guitars , koras , organs , saxophones , and synthesizers . He performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert in 1988 to call for Nelson Mandelas release from prison . In 1990 , Keita contributed Begin the Beguine to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue , produced by the Red Hot Organization . Keita found success in Europe as one of the African stars of world music , but his work was sometimes criticised for the gloss of its production and for the occasional haphazard quality . However , shortly after the turn of the millennium he returned to Bamako in Mali to live and record . His first work after going home , 2002s Moffou , was hailed as his best album in many years , and Keita was inspired to build a recording studio in Bamako , which he used for his album MBemba , released in October 2005 . Guest artists on his albums have included Weather Report founders Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter , drummer Paco Sery , guitarist Carlos Santana , and percussionist Bill Summers . Keitas album La Différence was produced around the end of 2009 . The work is dedicated to the struggle of the world albino community ( victims of human sacrifice ) , for which Keita has been crusading all his life . In one of the albums tracks , the singer calls others to understand that difference does not mean bad and to show love and compassion towards albinos like everyone else : I am black/ my skin is white/ so I am white and my blood is black [ albino ] /...I love that because it is a difference thats beautiful , some of us are beautiful some are not/some are black some are white/all that difference was on purpose...for us to complete each other/let everyone get his love and dignity/the world will be beautiful . La Différence was recorded between Bamako , Beirut , Paris , and Los Angeles . This unique musical feel is reinforced by soulful pitches in the track Samigna emanating from the trumpet of the great Lebanese jazzman Ibrahim Maalouf . In 2001 , Keitas song Tomorrow was featured in the Will Smith film Ali . La Différence won Keita one of the biggest musical awards of his career : the Best World Music 2010 at the Victoires de la musique . In 2013 , after what he described as threats from the Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions campaign , he cancelled a performance in Israel . He later published a letter on his Facebook page , stating that he decided to cancel the event because he was scared of being harmed personally or professionally , but clarified that he still love [ d ] Israel , slamming BDS as an extremist group who used scare tactics and bullying . In late October 2017 , it was announced that Salif Keita will release a new album soon . In November 2018 he announced his retirement from recording . This was at a concert in Fana , Mali . The album Un Autre Blanc,which was released at the concert would be his last . Discography . - Seydou Bathili – 1982 - Soro – 1987 – Mango - Ko-Yan – 1989 – Mango - Amen – 1991 – Mango - Destiny of a Noble Outcast – 1991 – PolyGram - 69–80 – 1994 – Sonodisc - Folon – 1995 – Mango - Rail Band – 1996 – Melodie - Seydou Bathili – 1997 – Sonodisc - Papa – 1999 – Blue Note - Mama – 2000 – Capitol - The Best of Salif Keita – 2001 – Wrasse Records - Sosie – 2001 – Mellemfolkeligt - Moffou – 2002 – Universal Jazz France - Salif Keita The Best of the Early Years – 2002 – Wrasse Records - Remixes from Moffou – 2004 – Universal Jazz France - MBemba – 2005 – Universal Jazz France - The Lost Album – 1980 ( reissued 2005 ) – Cantos - La Différence – 2009 – Emarcy - Talé – 2012 – with Philippe Cohen-Solal - Un Autre Blanc – 2018 Naïve Records Many compilations are available as well Singles . - Yamore ( 2002 ) ( with Cesaria Evora ) Further reading . - Cherif Keita , Outcast to Ambassador : The Musical Odyssey of Salif Keita CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ( February 1 , 2011 ) At minute 45 of this interview , Cherif Keita begins talking about Salif Keita . External links . - [ allmusic – Salif Keita ] - Wrasse Records/Biography of Salif - Salif Keïta : Discography - Opiyo Oloya interview with Salif Keita - Banning Eyre interview with Salif Keita - Salif Keita Concert Pictures |
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] | easy | What organization did Salif Keita join in 1977? | /wiki/Salif_Keita#P463#2 | Salif Keita Salif Keïta ( ) ( born August 25 , 1949 ) is an African singer-songwriter from Mali . He is notable not only because of his reputation as the Golden Voice of Africa but also because he has albinism . He is a member of the Keita royal family of Mali . Biography . Early life . Salif Keita was born a traditional prince in the village of Djoliba . He was cast out by his family and ostracized by the community because of his albinism , a sign of bad luck in Mandinka culture . In 1967 , he left Djoliba for Bamako , where he joined the government-sponsored Super Rail Band de Bamako . In 1973 Keita joined the group , Les Ambassadeurs . Keita and Les Ambassadeurs fled political unrest in Mali during the mid-1970s for Abidjan , Ivory Coast , and subsequently changed the groups name to Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux . The reputation of Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux rose to the international level in the 1970s , and in 1977 Keita received a National Order award from the president of Guinea , Sékou Touré . He is the father of Paralympian athlete Nantenin Keita . Career . Keita moved to Paris in 1984 to reach a larger audience . His music combines traditional West African music styles with influences from both Europe and the Americas . Although Keita was famous in Africa and had achieved a strong fan base among connoisseurs around the world , in 1987 , Soro became his international-breakthrough album . The project was produced by Ibrahima Sylla , a visionary who had already discovered dozens of African stars ( and would later become the driving force behind Africando ) . The arrangements feature the roiling rhythms , slightly nasal female backup choirs , and traditional percussion typical of Malian music . Musical instruments that are commonly featured in Keitas work include balafons , djembes , guitars , koras , organs , saxophones , and synthesizers . He performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert in 1988 to call for Nelson Mandelas release from prison . In 1990 , Keita contributed Begin the Beguine to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue , produced by the Red Hot Organization . Keita found success in Europe as one of the African stars of world music , but his work was sometimes criticised for the gloss of its production and for the occasional haphazard quality . However , shortly after the turn of the millennium he returned to Bamako in Mali to live and record . His first work after going home , 2002s Moffou , was hailed as his best album in many years , and Keita was inspired to build a recording studio in Bamako , which he used for his album MBemba , released in October 2005 . Guest artists on his albums have included Weather Report founders Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter , drummer Paco Sery , guitarist Carlos Santana , and percussionist Bill Summers . Keitas album La Différence was produced around the end of 2009 . The work is dedicated to the struggle of the world albino community ( victims of human sacrifice ) , for which Keita has been crusading all his life . In one of the albums tracks , the singer calls others to understand that difference does not mean bad and to show love and compassion towards albinos like everyone else : I am black/ my skin is white/ so I am white and my blood is black [ albino ] /...I love that because it is a difference thats beautiful , some of us are beautiful some are not/some are black some are white/all that difference was on purpose...for us to complete each other/let everyone get his love and dignity/the world will be beautiful . La Différence was recorded between Bamako , Beirut , Paris , and Los Angeles . This unique musical feel is reinforced by soulful pitches in the track Samigna emanating from the trumpet of the great Lebanese jazzman Ibrahim Maalouf . In 2001 , Keitas song Tomorrow was featured in the Will Smith film Ali . La Différence won Keita one of the biggest musical awards of his career : the Best World Music 2010 at the Victoires de la musique . In 2013 , after what he described as threats from the Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions campaign , he cancelled a performance in Israel . He later published a letter on his Facebook page , stating that he decided to cancel the event because he was scared of being harmed personally or professionally , but clarified that he still love [ d ] Israel , slamming BDS as an extremist group who used scare tactics and bullying . In late October 2017 , it was announced that Salif Keita will release a new album soon . In November 2018 he announced his retirement from recording . This was at a concert in Fana , Mali . The album Un Autre Blanc,which was released at the concert would be his last . Discography . - Seydou Bathili – 1982 - Soro – 1987 – Mango - Ko-Yan – 1989 – Mango - Amen – 1991 – Mango - Destiny of a Noble Outcast – 1991 – PolyGram - 69–80 – 1994 – Sonodisc - Folon – 1995 – Mango - Rail Band – 1996 – Melodie - Seydou Bathili – 1997 – Sonodisc - Papa – 1999 – Blue Note - Mama – 2000 – Capitol - The Best of Salif Keita – 2001 – Wrasse Records - Sosie – 2001 – Mellemfolkeligt - Moffou – 2002 – Universal Jazz France - Salif Keita The Best of the Early Years – 2002 – Wrasse Records - Remixes from Moffou – 2004 – Universal Jazz France - MBemba – 2005 – Universal Jazz France - The Lost Album – 1980 ( reissued 2005 ) – Cantos - La Différence – 2009 – Emarcy - Talé – 2012 – with Philippe Cohen-Solal - Un Autre Blanc – 2018 Naïve Records Many compilations are available as well Singles . - Yamore ( 2002 ) ( with Cesaria Evora ) Further reading . - Cherif Keita , Outcast to Ambassador : The Musical Odyssey of Salif Keita CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ( February 1 , 2011 ) At minute 45 of this interview , Cherif Keita begins talking about Salif Keita . External links . - [ allmusic – Salif Keita ] - Wrasse Records/Biography of Salif - Salif Keïta : Discography - Opiyo Oloya interview with Salif Keita - Banning Eyre interview with Salif Keita - Salif Keita Concert Pictures |
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] | easy | Who did Richard Bowdler Sharpe work for from 1863 to 1865? | /wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe#P108#0 | Richard Bowdler Sharpe Richard Bowdler Sharpe ( 22 November 1847 – 25 December 1909 ) was an English zoologist and ornithologist who worked as curator of the bird collection at the British Museum of natural history . In the course of his career he published several monographs on bird groups and produced a multi-volume catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the museum . He described many new species of bird and also has had species named in his honour by other ornithologists including Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) and Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) . Biography . Richard was born in London , the first son of Thomas Bowdler Sharpe . His grandfather , Reverend Lancelot Sharpe was Rector of All Hallows Staining . His father was a publisher on Skinner Street and was best known for being the publisher of Sharpes London Magazine , an illustrated periodical ( weekly but monthly from 1847 ) . His care from the age of six was under an aunt , Magdalen Wallace , widow of the headmaster at Grammar School in Sevenoaks and went to school in Brighton . At nine he studied at The Kings School , Peterborough receiving a Kings Scholarship . He then moved to Loughborough Grammar School . He returned to London at the age of sixteen and worked as a clerk with W . H . Smith & Sons . He already took an interest in ornithology and was interested in writing a monograph on the kingfishers . After two years , in 1865 , he joined the company of the bookseller Bernard Quaritch and had an opportunity to examine ornithological books and began to work in earnest on his monograph , purchasing specimens of kingfishers from a meagre income . At nineteen , in 1867 , he became a librarian at the Zoological Society of London on the recommendation of Osbert Salvin and Philip Sclater and he completed his Monograph of the Kingfishers ( 1868–71 ) during this period . The book was produced in parts with 121 illustrations . He then began to collaborate with Henry Dresser on A History of the Birds of Europe but this had to be abandoned because of his new appointment . On the death of George Robert Gray in 1872 he joined the British Museum as a Senior Assistant in the Department of Zoology , taking charge of the bird collection . On 3 December 1867 he married Emily Eliza , daughter of J . W . Burrows of Cookham . He named a species of kingfisher ( Tanysiptera emiliae ) after his wife in 1871 . They had ten daughters and many of them contributed to his books ( and of other authors too ) by hand colouring the lithograph plates . One daughter , Emily Mary , worked in the entomology department of the Natural History Museum between 1905 and 1925 . He became Assistant Keeper in 1895 , a position he held until his death from pneumonia in 1909 . He died at his home in Chiswick . In 1911 a £100 civil pension was granted to his wife and daughters Emily Mary , Ada Lavinia and Eva Augusta . Contributions to ornithology . As curator of the bird collections , Sharpes main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections . He also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum . In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens ; the collection had grown to half a million specimens by the time of his death . These included the bequests of Allan Octavian Hume , Osbert Salvin and Frederick DuCane Godman , the industrialist and amateur ornithologist Henry Seebohm , Colonel John Biddulph , C . B . Rickett , F . W . Styan , Alfred Russel Wallace , George Ernest Shelley , Philip Sclater and the bird illustrator John Gould . Sharpe founded the British Ornithologists Club in 1892 and edited its bulletin . He wrote thirteen and a half of the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ( 1874–1898 ) . His handsome Birds of Paradise , published in two large volumes ( over 21 inches x 14 inches ) in 1891 and 1898 , presented these colourful birds to the world : as Sharpe wrote in his preface , a great number of the species are here figured for the first time . Sharpe was nominated at the International Ornithological Congress at Paris in 1900 to preside over the London Congress in 1905 . Personality . Sharpe was noted as a genial and humorous person . Richard Meinertzhagen and his brother were introduced to the bird collections by him . He was fond of children , having ten daughters himself . None of them were given the name Bowdler at birth , but all adopted it later in life . The eldest daughter , Emily Mary Bowdler Sharpe , was a biologist and author in her own right , and also worked at the British Museum . The other nine daughters ( Ada Lavinia , Eva Augusta , Lilian Bertha , Dora Louise , Lena Violet , Daisy Madeline , Sylvia Rosamund , Hilda Marion , and Aimee Marjorie ) all worked as colourists on his works . Sharpe was also known for his practical jokes and pranks . When Eugene Oates was working on the Fauna of British India , he found the notes lying on a table and filled up a stray statement on the call of a white wagtail ( ssp . lugens ) which went into print ( The note of this species is a prolonged Pooh. ) . On one occasion , Sharpe ascended the Eiffel tower with friends but became hysterical on reaching the top , with Ernst Hartert and several others having to restrain him and prevent him from jumping off . A regular at the Savage and Whitefriars Club , he and his wife threw a party in February 1888 with 120 guests and entertainment that included humorous sketches , songs , recitals and music . Honours . Sharpe was awarded an honorary LL.D . by the University of Aberdeen . He was fellow of the Linnean Society and the Zoological Society of London . A gold medal was awarded to him in 1891 by the Emperor of Austria . As of 2019 , in the online list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee , Sharpe is credited with formally describing and coining the Latin names of 233 species of bird as well as 201 subspecies . He is also credited with introducing 45 genera . Many species and subspecies of birds have been named after him including : - Sharpes drongo ( Dicrurus sharpei ) - Sharpes apalis ( Apalis sharpii ) - Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) - Sharpes akalat ( Sheppardia sharpei ) - Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) A genus Sharpia was erected but is now considered to be synonymous with Ploceus . Publications . - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 , Vol . 5 ) British Museum catalogues . - Catalogue of the Accipitres , or diurnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1874 ) . - Catalogue of the Striges , or nocturnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1875 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Coliomorphae.. . ( 1877 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.I.. . ( 1879 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.III- [ IV ] .. . ( 1881–83 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.I.. . ( 1885 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.III.. . ( 1888 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Sturniformes.. . ( 1890 ) . - Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum . Coraciae.. . ( 1892 ) . - Catalogue of the Fulicariae.. . and Alectorides.. . in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1894 ) . - Catalogue of the Limicolae in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1896 ) . - Catalogue of the Plataleae , Herodiones , Steganopodes , Pygopodes , Alcae , and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1898 ) . External links . - Biography at Genealogy and History of the Bowdler Family |
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"Bernard Quaritch"
] | easy | Who did Richard Bowdler Sharpe work for from 1865 to 1866? | /wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe#P108#1 | Richard Bowdler Sharpe Richard Bowdler Sharpe ( 22 November 1847 – 25 December 1909 ) was an English zoologist and ornithologist who worked as curator of the bird collection at the British Museum of natural history . In the course of his career he published several monographs on bird groups and produced a multi-volume catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the museum . He described many new species of bird and also has had species named in his honour by other ornithologists including Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) and Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) . Biography . Richard was born in London , the first son of Thomas Bowdler Sharpe . His grandfather , Reverend Lancelot Sharpe was Rector of All Hallows Staining . His father was a publisher on Skinner Street and was best known for being the publisher of Sharpes London Magazine , an illustrated periodical ( weekly but monthly from 1847 ) . His care from the age of six was under an aunt , Magdalen Wallace , widow of the headmaster at Grammar School in Sevenoaks and went to school in Brighton . At nine he studied at The Kings School , Peterborough receiving a Kings Scholarship . He then moved to Loughborough Grammar School . He returned to London at the age of sixteen and worked as a clerk with W . H . Smith & Sons . He already took an interest in ornithology and was interested in writing a monograph on the kingfishers . After two years , in 1865 , he joined the company of the bookseller Bernard Quaritch and had an opportunity to examine ornithological books and began to work in earnest on his monograph , purchasing specimens of kingfishers from a meagre income . At nineteen , in 1867 , he became a librarian at the Zoological Society of London on the recommendation of Osbert Salvin and Philip Sclater and he completed his Monograph of the Kingfishers ( 1868–71 ) during this period . The book was produced in parts with 121 illustrations . He then began to collaborate with Henry Dresser on A History of the Birds of Europe but this had to be abandoned because of his new appointment . On the death of George Robert Gray in 1872 he joined the British Museum as a Senior Assistant in the Department of Zoology , taking charge of the bird collection . On 3 December 1867 he married Emily Eliza , daughter of J . W . Burrows of Cookham . He named a species of kingfisher ( Tanysiptera emiliae ) after his wife in 1871 . They had ten daughters and many of them contributed to his books ( and of other authors too ) by hand colouring the lithograph plates . One daughter , Emily Mary , worked in the entomology department of the Natural History Museum between 1905 and 1925 . He became Assistant Keeper in 1895 , a position he held until his death from pneumonia in 1909 . He died at his home in Chiswick . In 1911 a £100 civil pension was granted to his wife and daughters Emily Mary , Ada Lavinia and Eva Augusta . Contributions to ornithology . As curator of the bird collections , Sharpes main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections . He also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum . In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens ; the collection had grown to half a million specimens by the time of his death . These included the bequests of Allan Octavian Hume , Osbert Salvin and Frederick DuCane Godman , the industrialist and amateur ornithologist Henry Seebohm , Colonel John Biddulph , C . B . Rickett , F . W . Styan , Alfred Russel Wallace , George Ernest Shelley , Philip Sclater and the bird illustrator John Gould . Sharpe founded the British Ornithologists Club in 1892 and edited its bulletin . He wrote thirteen and a half of the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ( 1874–1898 ) . His handsome Birds of Paradise , published in two large volumes ( over 21 inches x 14 inches ) in 1891 and 1898 , presented these colourful birds to the world : as Sharpe wrote in his preface , a great number of the species are here figured for the first time . Sharpe was nominated at the International Ornithological Congress at Paris in 1900 to preside over the London Congress in 1905 . Personality . Sharpe was noted as a genial and humorous person . Richard Meinertzhagen and his brother were introduced to the bird collections by him . He was fond of children , having ten daughters himself . None of them were given the name Bowdler at birth , but all adopted it later in life . The eldest daughter , Emily Mary Bowdler Sharpe , was a biologist and author in her own right , and also worked at the British Museum . The other nine daughters ( Ada Lavinia , Eva Augusta , Lilian Bertha , Dora Louise , Lena Violet , Daisy Madeline , Sylvia Rosamund , Hilda Marion , and Aimee Marjorie ) all worked as colourists on his works . Sharpe was also known for his practical jokes and pranks . When Eugene Oates was working on the Fauna of British India , he found the notes lying on a table and filled up a stray statement on the call of a white wagtail ( ssp . lugens ) which went into print ( The note of this species is a prolonged Pooh. ) . On one occasion , Sharpe ascended the Eiffel tower with friends but became hysterical on reaching the top , with Ernst Hartert and several others having to restrain him and prevent him from jumping off . A regular at the Savage and Whitefriars Club , he and his wife threw a party in February 1888 with 120 guests and entertainment that included humorous sketches , songs , recitals and music . Honours . Sharpe was awarded an honorary LL.D . by the University of Aberdeen . He was fellow of the Linnean Society and the Zoological Society of London . A gold medal was awarded to him in 1891 by the Emperor of Austria . As of 2019 , in the online list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee , Sharpe is credited with formally describing and coining the Latin names of 233 species of bird as well as 201 subspecies . He is also credited with introducing 45 genera . Many species and subspecies of birds have been named after him including : - Sharpes drongo ( Dicrurus sharpei ) - Sharpes apalis ( Apalis sharpii ) - Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) - Sharpes akalat ( Sheppardia sharpei ) - Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) A genus Sharpia was erected but is now considered to be synonymous with Ploceus . Publications . - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 , Vol . 5 ) British Museum catalogues . - Catalogue of the Accipitres , or diurnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1874 ) . - Catalogue of the Striges , or nocturnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1875 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Coliomorphae.. . ( 1877 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.I.. . ( 1879 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.III- [ IV ] .. . ( 1881–83 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.I.. . ( 1885 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.III.. . ( 1888 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Sturniformes.. . ( 1890 ) . - Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum . Coraciae.. . ( 1892 ) . - Catalogue of the Fulicariae.. . and Alectorides.. . in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1894 ) . - Catalogue of the Limicolae in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1896 ) . - Catalogue of the Plataleae , Herodiones , Steganopodes , Pygopodes , Alcae , and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1898 ) . External links . - Biography at Genealogy and History of the Bowdler Family |
[
"Zoological Society of London"
] | easy | Which employer did Richard Bowdler Sharpe work for from 1867 to 1872? | /wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe#P108#2 | Richard Bowdler Sharpe Richard Bowdler Sharpe ( 22 November 1847 – 25 December 1909 ) was an English zoologist and ornithologist who worked as curator of the bird collection at the British Museum of natural history . In the course of his career he published several monographs on bird groups and produced a multi-volume catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the museum . He described many new species of bird and also has had species named in his honour by other ornithologists including Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) and Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) . Biography . Richard was born in London , the first son of Thomas Bowdler Sharpe . His grandfather , Reverend Lancelot Sharpe was Rector of All Hallows Staining . His father was a publisher on Skinner Street and was best known for being the publisher of Sharpes London Magazine , an illustrated periodical ( weekly but monthly from 1847 ) . His care from the age of six was under an aunt , Magdalen Wallace , widow of the headmaster at Grammar School in Sevenoaks and went to school in Brighton . At nine he studied at The Kings School , Peterborough receiving a Kings Scholarship . He then moved to Loughborough Grammar School . He returned to London at the age of sixteen and worked as a clerk with W . H . Smith & Sons . He already took an interest in ornithology and was interested in writing a monograph on the kingfishers . After two years , in 1865 , he joined the company of the bookseller Bernard Quaritch and had an opportunity to examine ornithological books and began to work in earnest on his monograph , purchasing specimens of kingfishers from a meagre income . At nineteen , in 1867 , he became a librarian at the Zoological Society of London on the recommendation of Osbert Salvin and Philip Sclater and he completed his Monograph of the Kingfishers ( 1868–71 ) during this period . The book was produced in parts with 121 illustrations . He then began to collaborate with Henry Dresser on A History of the Birds of Europe but this had to be abandoned because of his new appointment . On the death of George Robert Gray in 1872 he joined the British Museum as a Senior Assistant in the Department of Zoology , taking charge of the bird collection . On 3 December 1867 he married Emily Eliza , daughter of J . W . Burrows of Cookham . He named a species of kingfisher ( Tanysiptera emiliae ) after his wife in 1871 . They had ten daughters and many of them contributed to his books ( and of other authors too ) by hand colouring the lithograph plates . One daughter , Emily Mary , worked in the entomology department of the Natural History Museum between 1905 and 1925 . He became Assistant Keeper in 1895 , a position he held until his death from pneumonia in 1909 . He died at his home in Chiswick . In 1911 a £100 civil pension was granted to his wife and daughters Emily Mary , Ada Lavinia and Eva Augusta . Contributions to ornithology . As curator of the bird collections , Sharpes main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections . He also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum . In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens ; the collection had grown to half a million specimens by the time of his death . These included the bequests of Allan Octavian Hume , Osbert Salvin and Frederick DuCane Godman , the industrialist and amateur ornithologist Henry Seebohm , Colonel John Biddulph , C . B . Rickett , F . W . Styan , Alfred Russel Wallace , George Ernest Shelley , Philip Sclater and the bird illustrator John Gould . Sharpe founded the British Ornithologists Club in 1892 and edited its bulletin . He wrote thirteen and a half of the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ( 1874–1898 ) . His handsome Birds of Paradise , published in two large volumes ( over 21 inches x 14 inches ) in 1891 and 1898 , presented these colourful birds to the world : as Sharpe wrote in his preface , a great number of the species are here figured for the first time . Sharpe was nominated at the International Ornithological Congress at Paris in 1900 to preside over the London Congress in 1905 . Personality . Sharpe was noted as a genial and humorous person . Richard Meinertzhagen and his brother were introduced to the bird collections by him . He was fond of children , having ten daughters himself . None of them were given the name Bowdler at birth , but all adopted it later in life . The eldest daughter , Emily Mary Bowdler Sharpe , was a biologist and author in her own right , and also worked at the British Museum . The other nine daughters ( Ada Lavinia , Eva Augusta , Lilian Bertha , Dora Louise , Lena Violet , Daisy Madeline , Sylvia Rosamund , Hilda Marion , and Aimee Marjorie ) all worked as colourists on his works . Sharpe was also known for his practical jokes and pranks . When Eugene Oates was working on the Fauna of British India , he found the notes lying on a table and filled up a stray statement on the call of a white wagtail ( ssp . lugens ) which went into print ( The note of this species is a prolonged Pooh. ) . On one occasion , Sharpe ascended the Eiffel tower with friends but became hysterical on reaching the top , with Ernst Hartert and several others having to restrain him and prevent him from jumping off . A regular at the Savage and Whitefriars Club , he and his wife threw a party in February 1888 with 120 guests and entertainment that included humorous sketches , songs , recitals and music . Honours . Sharpe was awarded an honorary LL.D . by the University of Aberdeen . He was fellow of the Linnean Society and the Zoological Society of London . A gold medal was awarded to him in 1891 by the Emperor of Austria . As of 2019 , in the online list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee , Sharpe is credited with formally describing and coining the Latin names of 233 species of bird as well as 201 subspecies . He is also credited with introducing 45 genera . Many species and subspecies of birds have been named after him including : - Sharpes drongo ( Dicrurus sharpei ) - Sharpes apalis ( Apalis sharpii ) - Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) - Sharpes akalat ( Sheppardia sharpei ) - Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) A genus Sharpia was erected but is now considered to be synonymous with Ploceus . Publications . - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 , Vol . 5 ) British Museum catalogues . - Catalogue of the Accipitres , or diurnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1874 ) . - Catalogue of the Striges , or nocturnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1875 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Coliomorphae.. . ( 1877 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.I.. . ( 1879 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.III- [ IV ] .. . ( 1881–83 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.I.. . ( 1885 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.III.. . ( 1888 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Sturniformes.. . ( 1890 ) . - Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum . Coraciae.. . ( 1892 ) . - Catalogue of the Fulicariae.. . and Alectorides.. . in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1894 ) . - Catalogue of the Limicolae in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1896 ) . - Catalogue of the Plataleae , Herodiones , Steganopodes , Pygopodes , Alcae , and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1898 ) . External links . - Biography at Genealogy and History of the Bowdler Family |
[
""
] | easy | Which employer did Richard Bowdler Sharpe work for from 1872 to 1909? | /wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe#P108#3 | Richard Bowdler Sharpe Richard Bowdler Sharpe ( 22 November 1847 – 25 December 1909 ) was an English zoologist and ornithologist who worked as curator of the bird collection at the British Museum of natural history . In the course of his career he published several monographs on bird groups and produced a multi-volume catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the museum . He described many new species of bird and also has had species named in his honour by other ornithologists including Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) and Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) . Biography . Richard was born in London , the first son of Thomas Bowdler Sharpe . His grandfather , Reverend Lancelot Sharpe was Rector of All Hallows Staining . His father was a publisher on Skinner Street and was best known for being the publisher of Sharpes London Magazine , an illustrated periodical ( weekly but monthly from 1847 ) . His care from the age of six was under an aunt , Magdalen Wallace , widow of the headmaster at Grammar School in Sevenoaks and went to school in Brighton . At nine he studied at The Kings School , Peterborough receiving a Kings Scholarship . He then moved to Loughborough Grammar School . He returned to London at the age of sixteen and worked as a clerk with W . H . Smith & Sons . He already took an interest in ornithology and was interested in writing a monograph on the kingfishers . After two years , in 1865 , he joined the company of the bookseller Bernard Quaritch and had an opportunity to examine ornithological books and began to work in earnest on his monograph , purchasing specimens of kingfishers from a meagre income . At nineteen , in 1867 , he became a librarian at the Zoological Society of London on the recommendation of Osbert Salvin and Philip Sclater and he completed his Monograph of the Kingfishers ( 1868–71 ) during this period . The book was produced in parts with 121 illustrations . He then began to collaborate with Henry Dresser on A History of the Birds of Europe but this had to be abandoned because of his new appointment . On the death of George Robert Gray in 1872 he joined the British Museum as a Senior Assistant in the Department of Zoology , taking charge of the bird collection . On 3 December 1867 he married Emily Eliza , daughter of J . W . Burrows of Cookham . He named a species of kingfisher ( Tanysiptera emiliae ) after his wife in 1871 . They had ten daughters and many of them contributed to his books ( and of other authors too ) by hand colouring the lithograph plates . One daughter , Emily Mary , worked in the entomology department of the Natural History Museum between 1905 and 1925 . He became Assistant Keeper in 1895 , a position he held until his death from pneumonia in 1909 . He died at his home in Chiswick . In 1911 a £100 civil pension was granted to his wife and daughters Emily Mary , Ada Lavinia and Eva Augusta . Contributions to ornithology . As curator of the bird collections , Sharpes main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections . He also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum . In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens ; the collection had grown to half a million specimens by the time of his death . These included the bequests of Allan Octavian Hume , Osbert Salvin and Frederick DuCane Godman , the industrialist and amateur ornithologist Henry Seebohm , Colonel John Biddulph , C . B . Rickett , F . W . Styan , Alfred Russel Wallace , George Ernest Shelley , Philip Sclater and the bird illustrator John Gould . Sharpe founded the British Ornithologists Club in 1892 and edited its bulletin . He wrote thirteen and a half of the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ( 1874–1898 ) . His handsome Birds of Paradise , published in two large volumes ( over 21 inches x 14 inches ) in 1891 and 1898 , presented these colourful birds to the world : as Sharpe wrote in his preface , a great number of the species are here figured for the first time . Sharpe was nominated at the International Ornithological Congress at Paris in 1900 to preside over the London Congress in 1905 . Personality . Sharpe was noted as a genial and humorous person . Richard Meinertzhagen and his brother were introduced to the bird collections by him . He was fond of children , having ten daughters himself . None of them were given the name Bowdler at birth , but all adopted it later in life . The eldest daughter , Emily Mary Bowdler Sharpe , was a biologist and author in her own right , and also worked at the British Museum . The other nine daughters ( Ada Lavinia , Eva Augusta , Lilian Bertha , Dora Louise , Lena Violet , Daisy Madeline , Sylvia Rosamund , Hilda Marion , and Aimee Marjorie ) all worked as colourists on his works . Sharpe was also known for his practical jokes and pranks . When Eugene Oates was working on the Fauna of British India , he found the notes lying on a table and filled up a stray statement on the call of a white wagtail ( ssp . lugens ) which went into print ( The note of this species is a prolonged Pooh. ) . On one occasion , Sharpe ascended the Eiffel tower with friends but became hysterical on reaching the top , with Ernst Hartert and several others having to restrain him and prevent him from jumping off . A regular at the Savage and Whitefriars Club , he and his wife threw a party in February 1888 with 120 guests and entertainment that included humorous sketches , songs , recitals and music . Honours . Sharpe was awarded an honorary LL.D . by the University of Aberdeen . He was fellow of the Linnean Society and the Zoological Society of London . A gold medal was awarded to him in 1891 by the Emperor of Austria . As of 2019 , in the online list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee , Sharpe is credited with formally describing and coining the Latin names of 233 species of bird as well as 201 subspecies . He is also credited with introducing 45 genera . Many species and subspecies of birds have been named after him including : - Sharpes drongo ( Dicrurus sharpei ) - Sharpes apalis ( Apalis sharpii ) - Sharpes starling ( Poeoptera sharpii ) - Sharpes akalat ( Sheppardia sharpei ) - Sharpes longclaw ( Macronyx sharpei ) A genus Sharpia was erected but is now considered to be synonymous with Ploceus . Publications . - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 ) - ( Vol . 1 , Vol . 2 , Vol . 3 , Vol . 4 , Vol . 5 ) British Museum catalogues . - Catalogue of the Accipitres , or diurnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1874 ) . - Catalogue of the Striges , or nocturnal birds of prey , in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1875 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Coliomorphae.. . ( 1877 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.I.. . ( 1879 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Cichlomorphae , pt.III- [ IV ] .. . ( 1881–83 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.I.. . ( 1885 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Fringilliformes , pt.III.. . ( 1888 ) . - Catalogue of the Passeriformes , or perching birds , in the collection of the British Museum . Sturniformes.. . ( 1890 ) . - Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum . Coraciae.. . ( 1892 ) . - Catalogue of the Fulicariae.. . and Alectorides.. . in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1894 ) . - Catalogue of the Limicolae in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1896 ) . - Catalogue of the Plataleae , Herodiones , Steganopodes , Pygopodes , Alcae , and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum . ( 1898 ) . External links . - Biography at Genealogy and History of the Bowdler Family |
[
"AGF"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mads Jørgensen belong to from 1998 to 2001? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#0 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"Brøndby IF"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mads Jørgensen belong to from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#1 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"Ancona"
] | easy | Which team did Mads Jørgensen play for from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#2 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"Stabæk"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mads Jørgensen belong to from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#3 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"Brøndby"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mads Jørgensen belong to from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#4 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"AGF"
] | easy | Which team did Mads Jørgensen play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Mads_Jørgensen#P54#5 | Mads Jørgensen Lars Mads Jørgensen ( born 10 February 1979 ) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and won two Danish Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with Brøndby IF . He started his career with AGF , before moving to Brøndby , and afterwards abroad to play for Italian club Ancona and Norwegian side Stabæk . He earned one cap for the Denmark national team . He is the younger brother of former Danish national team player Martin Jørgensen . Career . Born in Ryomgård , Jørgensen started his career at local club AGF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship . He was selected for the Danish under-19 national team in September 1996 , and signed a three-year contract with AGF in September 1997 . He made his senior debut for AGF in March 1998 and made almost 100 league appearances for the club . When his contract ran out in the summer 2001 , he left AGF on a free transfer . With his older brother Martin Jørgensen playing for Italian club Udinese , Mads Jørgensen was reportedly on his way to a number of Italian clubs , and he was dubbed Jørgensen Jr . by the Italian sports press . Mads Jørgensen decided to stay in Denmark , moving to league rivals Brøndby IF . Despite his status as a free agent , he demanded that Brøndby pay AGF DKK 1 million in compensation , before signing a two-year contract in June 2001 . His first time at Brøndby was a success , as he scored 10 goals in his first season and helped the club win the 2001–02 Danish Superliga . Having played 15 matches and scored one goal for the Danish under-21 national team since December 1998 , he made his debut for the senior Danish national team against Iceland in October 2001 . Scoring the last goal of the 2003 Danish Cup final , he helped Brøndby win 3–0 against FC Midtjylland and secure the Danish Cup trophy . In the summer f 2003 , Jørgensens contract with Brøndby expired , making him a free agent . In July 2003 , Jørgensen moved to Ancona in the Italian Serie A , but his stay was short . Brøndby manager Per Bjerregaard initially refused to let Jørgensen play until Ancona paid a DKK 1 million compensation . When cleared to play , injuries ruined his stay at the club . Jørgensen never made any appearances for Ancona , before moving to Stabæk Fotball in the Norwegian Premier League in the spring of 2004 . At Stabæk , Jørgensen looked to replace Norwegian international midfielder Martin Andresen , and he scored two goals in his debut match ; a 3–1 win against Sogndal . As Stabæk suffered relegation to Adeccoligaen at the end of the season , Jørgensen looked to leave the club . He returned to Brøndby IF in March 2005 . Playing the last half of the 2004–05 season , he helped the club complete the Double in 2005 , winning both Superliga and Danish Cup titles that year . Jørgensen suffered a string of injuries from the start of the 2005–06 season , leaving him with little playing time . He moved back to childhood club AGF in 2007 . In June 2008 , he ended his professional career due to persistent injuries . In 2011 , Jørgensen was hired as a scout for Liverpool responsible for Scandinavia . Honours . Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 2001–02 , 2004–05 - Danish Cup : 2002–03 , 2004–05 External links . - Danish Superliga statistics |
[
"Grasshoppers"
] | easy | Izet Hajrović played for which team from 2009 to 2012? | /wiki/Izet_Hajrović#P54#0 | Izet Hajrović Izet Hajrović ( ; born 4 August 1991 ) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for 1 . HNL club Dinamo Zagreb and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team . Hajrović started his professional career at Grasshopper , before joining Galatasaray in 2014 . Later that year , he moved to Werder Bremen , who loaned him to Eibar in 2015 . Three years later , he signed with Dinamo Zagreb . A former Swiss youth international , Hajrović even made his senior international debut for Switzerland , only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 , earning over 20 caps since . He represented the nation at their first major tournament , the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Hajrović started playing football at local clubs , FC Birr and FC Windisch , before joining Grasshoppers youth academy in 2000 . He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18 . On 19 September 2010 , he scored a brace , his first professional goals . On 17 September 2011 , he scored his first career hat-trick . Galatasaray . In January 2014 , Hajrović was transferred to Turkish club Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million . He made his competitive debut for the club against Bursaspor on 2 February . On 5 February , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray in a cup win over Tokatspor . Three weeks later , Hajrović debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May , by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final . After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray , Hajrović was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere . Werder Bremen . On 10 July , Hajrović signed a four-year contract with German team Werder Bremen . He made his competitive debut for the team in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal . A week later , he made his league debut against Hertha BSC . On 26 April 2015 , he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07 . In August , Hajrović was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar . Upon returning from loan spell , Hajrović managed to secure first-team spot at Werder Bremen . However , on 3 December 2016 , he suffered a severe knee injury , which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and ruled him out for the remainder of season . He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017 , over nine months after the injury . Dinamo Zagreb . On 31 January 2018 , Hajrović joined Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a contract until June 2019 . He made his official debut for the club in a comfortable away victory over Osijek on 10 February . On 4 April , he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka . He won his first trophy with the club on 13 May , when they were crowned league champions . On 2 February 2019 , Hajrović scored a brace against Rudeš , which were his first league goals for the team . In July , he extended his deal until June 2021 . International career . After representing Switzerland at youth levels , Hajrović made his senior international debut on 14 November 2012 , in a friendly match against Tunisia . However , in June 2013 , he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future . In August , his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA . Later that month , he received his first senior call-up , for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia , home and away . He debuted in the home game on 6 September . Four days later , in the away game , Hajrović scored his first goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina , coming on from the bench in the 77th minute of the game . His very first contact with the ball after just a few seconds on the pitch resulted in a goal from long range , which brought his team a crucial victory . In June 2014 , Hajrović was named in Bosnia and Herzegovinas squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup , countrys first major competition . He made his competition debut in the opening group match on 15 June , which ended in a narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium . Personal life . Hajrovićs younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer . They played together in Grasshopper , before Sead joined Arsenal in July 2009 . Hajrović married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014 . He is a practicing Muslim ; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić , Muhamed Bešić , Armin Hodžić , Sead Kolašinac , Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration . Honours . Grasshopper - Swiss Cup : 2012–13 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 Dinamo Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Croatian Cup : 2017–18 , 2020–21 - Croatian Super Cup : 2019 |
[
"Grasshoppers",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national team"
] | easy | Which team did the player Izet Hajrović belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Izet_Hajrović#P54#1 | Izet Hajrović Izet Hajrović ( ; born 4 August 1991 ) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for 1 . HNL club Dinamo Zagreb and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team . Hajrović started his professional career at Grasshopper , before joining Galatasaray in 2014 . Later that year , he moved to Werder Bremen , who loaned him to Eibar in 2015 . Three years later , he signed with Dinamo Zagreb . A former Swiss youth international , Hajrović even made his senior international debut for Switzerland , only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 , earning over 20 caps since . He represented the nation at their first major tournament , the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Hajrović started playing football at local clubs , FC Birr and FC Windisch , before joining Grasshoppers youth academy in 2000 . He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18 . On 19 September 2010 , he scored a brace , his first professional goals . On 17 September 2011 , he scored his first career hat-trick . Galatasaray . In January 2014 , Hajrović was transferred to Turkish club Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million . He made his competitive debut for the club against Bursaspor on 2 February . On 5 February , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray in a cup win over Tokatspor . Three weeks later , Hajrović debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May , by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final . After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray , Hajrović was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere . Werder Bremen . On 10 July , Hajrović signed a four-year contract with German team Werder Bremen . He made his competitive debut for the team in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal . A week later , he made his league debut against Hertha BSC . On 26 April 2015 , he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07 . In August , Hajrović was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar . Upon returning from loan spell , Hajrović managed to secure first-team spot at Werder Bremen . However , on 3 December 2016 , he suffered a severe knee injury , which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and ruled him out for the remainder of season . He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017 , over nine months after the injury . Dinamo Zagreb . On 31 January 2018 , Hajrović joined Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a contract until June 2019 . He made his official debut for the club in a comfortable away victory over Osijek on 10 February . On 4 April , he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka . He won his first trophy with the club on 13 May , when they were crowned league champions . On 2 February 2019 , Hajrović scored a brace against Rudeš , which were his first league goals for the team . In July , he extended his deal until June 2021 . International career . After representing Switzerland at youth levels , Hajrović made his senior international debut on 14 November 2012 , in a friendly match against Tunisia . However , in June 2013 , he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future . In August , his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA . Later that month , he received his first senior call-up , for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia , home and away . He debuted in the home game on 6 September . Four days later , in the away game , Hajrović scored his first goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina , coming on from the bench in the 77th minute of the game . His very first contact with the ball after just a few seconds on the pitch resulted in a goal from long range , which brought his team a crucial victory . In June 2014 , Hajrović was named in Bosnia and Herzegovinas squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup , countrys first major competition . He made his competition debut in the opening group match on 15 June , which ended in a narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium . Personal life . Hajrovićs younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer . They played together in Grasshopper , before Sead joined Arsenal in July 2009 . Hajrović married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014 . He is a practicing Muslim ; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić , Muhamed Bešić , Armin Hodžić , Sead Kolašinac , Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration . Honours . Grasshopper - Swiss Cup : 2012–13 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 Dinamo Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Croatian Cup : 2017–18 , 2020–21 - Croatian Super Cup : 2019 |
[
"Werder Bremen"
] | easy | Izet Hajrović played for which team from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Izet_Hajrović#P54#2 | Izet Hajrović Izet Hajrović ( ; born 4 August 1991 ) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for 1 . HNL club Dinamo Zagreb and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team . Hajrović started his professional career at Grasshopper , before joining Galatasaray in 2014 . Later that year , he moved to Werder Bremen , who loaned him to Eibar in 2015 . Three years later , he signed with Dinamo Zagreb . A former Swiss youth international , Hajrović even made his senior international debut for Switzerland , only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 , earning over 20 caps since . He represented the nation at their first major tournament , the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Hajrović started playing football at local clubs , FC Birr and FC Windisch , before joining Grasshoppers youth academy in 2000 . He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18 . On 19 September 2010 , he scored a brace , his first professional goals . On 17 September 2011 , he scored his first career hat-trick . Galatasaray . In January 2014 , Hajrović was transferred to Turkish club Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million . He made his competitive debut for the club against Bursaspor on 2 February . On 5 February , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray in a cup win over Tokatspor . Three weeks later , Hajrović debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May , by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final . After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray , Hajrović was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere . Werder Bremen . On 10 July , Hajrović signed a four-year contract with German team Werder Bremen . He made his competitive debut for the team in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal . A week later , he made his league debut against Hertha BSC . On 26 April 2015 , he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07 . In August , Hajrović was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar . Upon returning from loan spell , Hajrović managed to secure first-team spot at Werder Bremen . However , on 3 December 2016 , he suffered a severe knee injury , which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and ruled him out for the remainder of season . He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017 , over nine months after the injury . Dinamo Zagreb . On 31 January 2018 , Hajrović joined Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a contract until June 2019 . He made his official debut for the club in a comfortable away victory over Osijek on 10 February . On 4 April , he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka . He won his first trophy with the club on 13 May , when they were crowned league champions . On 2 February 2019 , Hajrović scored a brace against Rudeš , which were his first league goals for the team . In July , he extended his deal until June 2021 . International career . After representing Switzerland at youth levels , Hajrović made his senior international debut on 14 November 2012 , in a friendly match against Tunisia . However , in June 2013 , he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future . In August , his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA . Later that month , he received his first senior call-up , for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia , home and away . He debuted in the home game on 6 September . Four days later , in the away game , Hajrović scored his first goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina , coming on from the bench in the 77th minute of the game . His very first contact with the ball after just a few seconds on the pitch resulted in a goal from long range , which brought his team a crucial victory . In June 2014 , Hajrović was named in Bosnia and Herzegovinas squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup , countrys first major competition . He made his competition debut in the opening group match on 15 June , which ended in a narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium . Personal life . Hajrovićs younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer . They played together in Grasshopper , before Sead joined Arsenal in July 2009 . Hajrović married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014 . He is a practicing Muslim ; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić , Muhamed Bešić , Armin Hodžić , Sead Kolašinac , Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration . Honours . Grasshopper - Swiss Cup : 2012–13 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 Dinamo Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Croatian Cup : 2017–18 , 2020–21 - Croatian Super Cup : 2019 |
[
"Eibar"
] | easy | Which team did the player Izet Hajrović belong to from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Izet_Hajrović#P54#3 | Izet Hajrović Izet Hajrović ( ; born 4 August 1991 ) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for 1 . HNL club Dinamo Zagreb and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team . Hajrović started his professional career at Grasshopper , before joining Galatasaray in 2014 . Later that year , he moved to Werder Bremen , who loaned him to Eibar in 2015 . Three years later , he signed with Dinamo Zagreb . A former Swiss youth international , Hajrović even made his senior international debut for Switzerland , only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 , earning over 20 caps since . He represented the nation at their first major tournament , the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Hajrović started playing football at local clubs , FC Birr and FC Windisch , before joining Grasshoppers youth academy in 2000 . He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18 . On 19 September 2010 , he scored a brace , his first professional goals . On 17 September 2011 , he scored his first career hat-trick . Galatasaray . In January 2014 , Hajrović was transferred to Turkish club Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million . He made his competitive debut for the club against Bursaspor on 2 February . On 5 February , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray in a cup win over Tokatspor . Three weeks later , Hajrović debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May , by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final . After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray , Hajrović was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere . Werder Bremen . On 10 July , Hajrović signed a four-year contract with German team Werder Bremen . He made his competitive debut for the team in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal . A week later , he made his league debut against Hertha BSC . On 26 April 2015 , he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07 . In August , Hajrović was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar . Upon returning from loan spell , Hajrović managed to secure first-team spot at Werder Bremen . However , on 3 December 2016 , he suffered a severe knee injury , which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and ruled him out for the remainder of season . He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017 , over nine months after the injury . Dinamo Zagreb . On 31 January 2018 , Hajrović joined Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a contract until June 2019 . He made his official debut for the club in a comfortable away victory over Osijek on 10 February . On 4 April , he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka . He won his first trophy with the club on 13 May , when they were crowned league champions . On 2 February 2019 , Hajrović scored a brace against Rudeš , which were his first league goals for the team . In July , he extended his deal until June 2021 . International career . After representing Switzerland at youth levels , Hajrović made his senior international debut on 14 November 2012 , in a friendly match against Tunisia . However , in June 2013 , he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future . In August , his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA . Later that month , he received his first senior call-up , for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia , home and away . He debuted in the home game on 6 September . Four days later , in the away game , Hajrović scored his first goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina , coming on from the bench in the 77th minute of the game . His very first contact with the ball after just a few seconds on the pitch resulted in a goal from long range , which brought his team a crucial victory . In June 2014 , Hajrović was named in Bosnia and Herzegovinas squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup , countrys first major competition . He made his competition debut in the opening group match on 15 June , which ended in a narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium . Personal life . Hajrovićs younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer . They played together in Grasshopper , before Sead joined Arsenal in July 2009 . Hajrović married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014 . He is a practicing Muslim ; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić , Muhamed Bešić , Armin Hodžić , Sead Kolašinac , Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration . Honours . Grasshopper - Swiss Cup : 2012–13 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 Dinamo Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Croatian Cup : 2017–18 , 2020–21 - Croatian Super Cup : 2019 |
[
"Dinamo Zagreb"
] | easy | Which team did Izet Hajrović play for from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Izet_Hajrović#P54#4 | Izet Hajrović Izet Hajrović ( ; born 4 August 1991 ) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for 1 . HNL club Dinamo Zagreb and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team . Hajrović started his professional career at Grasshopper , before joining Galatasaray in 2014 . Later that year , he moved to Werder Bremen , who loaned him to Eibar in 2015 . Three years later , he signed with Dinamo Zagreb . A former Swiss youth international , Hajrović even made his senior international debut for Switzerland , only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 , earning over 20 caps since . He represented the nation at their first major tournament , the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Hajrović started playing football at local clubs , FC Birr and FC Windisch , before joining Grasshoppers youth academy in 2000 . He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18 . On 19 September 2010 , he scored a brace , his first professional goals . On 17 September 2011 , he scored his first career hat-trick . Galatasaray . In January 2014 , Hajrović was transferred to Turkish club Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million . He made his competitive debut for the club against Bursaspor on 2 February . On 5 February , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray in a cup win over Tokatspor . Three weeks later , Hajrović debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May , by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final . After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray , Hajrović was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere . Werder Bremen . On 10 July , Hajrović signed a four-year contract with German team Werder Bremen . He made his competitive debut for the team in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal . A week later , he made his league debut against Hertha BSC . On 26 April 2015 , he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07 . In August , Hajrović was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar . Upon returning from loan spell , Hajrović managed to secure first-team spot at Werder Bremen . However , on 3 December 2016 , he suffered a severe knee injury , which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and ruled him out for the remainder of season . He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017 , over nine months after the injury . Dinamo Zagreb . On 31 January 2018 , Hajrović joined Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a contract until June 2019 . He made his official debut for the club in a comfortable away victory over Osijek on 10 February . On 4 April , he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka . He won his first trophy with the club on 13 May , when they were crowned league champions . On 2 February 2019 , Hajrović scored a brace against Rudeš , which were his first league goals for the team . In July , he extended his deal until June 2021 . International career . After representing Switzerland at youth levels , Hajrović made his senior international debut on 14 November 2012 , in a friendly match against Tunisia . However , in June 2013 , he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future . In August , his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA . Later that month , he received his first senior call-up , for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia , home and away . He debuted in the home game on 6 September . Four days later , in the away game , Hajrović scored his first goal for Bosnia and Herzegovina , coming on from the bench in the 77th minute of the game . His very first contact with the ball after just a few seconds on the pitch resulted in a goal from long range , which brought his team a crucial victory . In June 2014 , Hajrović was named in Bosnia and Herzegovinas squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup , countrys first major competition . He made his competition debut in the opening group match on 15 June , which ended in a narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium . Personal life . Hajrovićs younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer . They played together in Grasshopper , before Sead joined Arsenal in July 2009 . Hajrović married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014 . He is a practicing Muslim ; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić , Muhamed Bešić , Armin Hodžić , Sead Kolašinac , Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration . Honours . Grasshopper - Swiss Cup : 2012–13 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 Dinamo Zagreb - 1 . HNL : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Croatian Cup : 2017–18 , 2020–21 - Croatian Super Cup : 2019 |
[
"South Carolina State Representative for the 48th district"
] | easy | What was the position of Ralph Norman from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Ralph_Norman#P39#0 | Ralph Norman Ralph Warren Norman Jr . ( born June 20 , 1953 ) is an American real estate developer and politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2017 . A member of the Republican Party , his district includes most of the South Carolina side of the Charlotte metropolitan area , along with outer portions of the Upstate and Midlands . Norman previously served as the South Carolina State Representative for the 48th district from 2005 to 2007 and again from 2009 until 2017 . Norman won a special election after Mick Mulvaney had vacated his seat in Congress following his appointment as Director of the Office of Management and Budget by President Donald Trump . As of 2018 , with a net worth of $18.3 million , he is the 17th wealthiest member of Congress . Early life and career . He was born in York County , South Carolina , and currently resides in Rock Hill , where he is a real estate developer at the Warren Norman Company , a business founded by and named after Normans father . He and his wife , Elaine , have 4 children and 17 grandchildren . He received a bachelors degree in business from Presbyterian College in 1975 . South Carolina House of Representatives . In 2004 , Norman was elected to serve District 48 in the South Carolina House of Representatives , winning a three-way Republican primary outright with 52% of the vote . After one term , Norman chose not to run for reelection so he could become the 2006 Republican candidate in an unsuccessful bid for U.S . Congress in South Carolinas 5th congressional district against John Spratt . On November 3 , 2009 , Ralph Norman defeated Democrat Kathy Cantrell in a special election to reclaim his old seat . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2017 special election . In December 2016 , President Donald Trump nominated Mick Mulvaney as Director of the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . At the time , Mulvaney represented South Carolinas 5th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives . Shortly after this nomination , and in anticipation that Mulvaneys seat in Congress would be vacated once he was confirmed to the OMB by the United States Senate , Norman announced his intention to resign from the South Carolina House of Representatives to run for U.S . Congress . On May 16 , 2017 , Norman won a Republican primary runoff election against Tommy Pope by a margin of 0.6% , triggering an automatic recount per South Carolina state law . Following that recount , the South Carolina State Election Commission certified Norman as the Republican primary winner on May 19 , 2017 . With 35,425 votes cast , Norman received 17,823 , while Pope received 17,602 , a 221-vote difference . Having secured the Republican nomination in the primary election , Norman went on to face the Democratic nominee , Sumter attorney Archie Parnell , in a special election held on June 20 , 2017 . In that special election , Norman received 51.0% of the votes while Parnell received 47.9% . Norman was sworn into office on June 26 , 2017 . 2018 . On March 19 , 2018 , Representative Norman filed for re-election for with the South Carolina Election Commission . Facing no Republican primary challengers , Norman secured the Republican party nomination following the South Carolina primary election held on June 12 , 2018 . Meanwhile , Archie Parnell , the Democratic challenger that Norman defeated during the 2017 special election , chose to run again for South Carolinas 5th Congressional District seat in Congress . Parnell defeated three Democratic opponents to win that partys nomination , and went on to face Norman once again in the 2018 general election . The 2018 general election in South Carolina was held November 6 , 2018 . Norman won re-election , receiving 57.0% of the votes to Parnells 41.5% . Normans margin of victory was significantly larger than his margin of victory over Parnell in the 2017 special election , held 17 months earlier . However , state and national Democrats had distanced themselves from Parnell after news broke that hed abused his first wife . 2020 . Representative Norman filed for re-election to the U.S . House of Representatives on March 16 , 2020 . He secured the Republican nomination after facing no Republican challengers in the South Carolina primary election held on June 12 , 2020 . Norman went on to defeat Democrat Mauricus Moe Brown in the general election held on November 3 , 2020 . Norman received 60.1% of the votes to Brown’s 39.9% . Tenure . Sexual assault joke . On September 20 , 2018 , at an election debate for the Republican nomination for the 5th congressional seat of South Carolina , Norman joked about sexual assault allegations made against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh . He kicked-off the debate asking the audience , “Did y’all hear this latest late-breaking news on the Kavanaugh hearings ? …Ruth Bader Ginsburg came out saying she was groped by Abraham Lincoln.” Firearm incident . While at a public meeting for constituents on April 6 , 2018 , Norman engaged in a conversation with representatives from Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America ( MDA ) . During that conversation , Norman placed his personal .38-caliber Smith & Wesson handgun on the table to illustrate his belief that gun violence is a spiritual , mental or people issue , not a gun issue . According to Norman , the loaded firearm was visible for maybe a minute , or two minutes and was never pointed at any individual . However , representatives from MDA who were seated at the table with Norman , said the firearm was visible for five to 10 minutes and that they felt unsafe . Norman holds a Concealed Weapons Permit issued by the State of South Carolina . The incident sparked widespread criticism of Norman . On April 9 , 2018 , South Carolina Democratic Party Chairman Trav Robertson wrote a letter to the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division requesting felony charges against Norman for his conduct . The case was originally assigned to South Carolina 16th Solicitor Kevin Brackett . However , Brackett recused himself citing a personal friendship with Norman . The issue was then forwarded to South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson , who declined to press charges stating that Normans actions did not warrant a criminal investigation or constitute a prosecutable offense . Steve King . In 2019 , Norman joined with a small group of other House Republicans who sought to reinstate Rep . Steve King on House committees . King had lost his committee positions due to a series of racist and white nationalist remarks . The group also included Reps . Louie Gohmert and Paul Gosar . Ultimately , King was not reinstated . Donald Trump . Norman was described as a Trump ally during Donald Trumps presidency . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and President Donald Trump made claims of election fraud , Norman called for an investigation into fraud . In December 2020 , Norman was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . After Donald Trump was impeached for his role in inciting a pro-Trump mob to storm the U.S . Capitol over false claims of election fraud , Norman criticized his fellow Republican , Rep . Liz Cheney for voting to impeach Trump . Norman said he was bothered by Cheneys attitude , telling her You’ve got a defiant attitude . Conservative Political Action Conference attendance . In late February 2021 , Norman and a dozen other Republican House members skipped votes and enlisted others to vote for them , citing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic . However , he and the other members were actually attending the Conservative Political Action Conference , which was held at the same time as their slated absences . In response , the Campaign for Accountability , an ethics watchdog group , filed a complaint with the House Committee on Ethics and requested an investigation into Norman and the other lawmakers . Conservative Opportunity Society . In 2021 , Norman was elected Chairman of the Conservative Opportunity Society . Committee assignments . - Committee on Oversight and Reform - Subcommittee on Government Operations - Committee on Science , Space , and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight - Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Freedom Caucus - Congressional Solar Caucus - Congressional Western Caucus - Congressional Waste-Cutters Caucus External links . - Congressman Ralph Norman official U.S . House website - Campaign website - Official Biography , South Carolina House of Representatives |
[
"U.S . House of Representatives"
] | easy | Ralph Norman took which position from Jun 2017 to 2019? | /wiki/Ralph_Norman#P39#1 | Ralph Norman Ralph Warren Norman Jr . ( born June 20 , 1953 ) is an American real estate developer and politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2017 . A member of the Republican Party , his district includes most of the South Carolina side of the Charlotte metropolitan area , along with outer portions of the Upstate and Midlands . Norman previously served as the South Carolina State Representative for the 48th district from 2005 to 2007 and again from 2009 until 2017 . Norman won a special election after Mick Mulvaney had vacated his seat in Congress following his appointment as Director of the Office of Management and Budget by President Donald Trump . As of 2018 , with a net worth of $18.3 million , he is the 17th wealthiest member of Congress . Early life and career . He was born in York County , South Carolina , and currently resides in Rock Hill , where he is a real estate developer at the Warren Norman Company , a business founded by and named after Normans father . He and his wife , Elaine , have 4 children and 17 grandchildren . He received a bachelors degree in business from Presbyterian College in 1975 . South Carolina House of Representatives . In 2004 , Norman was elected to serve District 48 in the South Carolina House of Representatives , winning a three-way Republican primary outright with 52% of the vote . After one term , Norman chose not to run for reelection so he could become the 2006 Republican candidate in an unsuccessful bid for U.S . Congress in South Carolinas 5th congressional district against John Spratt . On November 3 , 2009 , Ralph Norman defeated Democrat Kathy Cantrell in a special election to reclaim his old seat . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2017 special election . In December 2016 , President Donald Trump nominated Mick Mulvaney as Director of the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . At the time , Mulvaney represented South Carolinas 5th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives . Shortly after this nomination , and in anticipation that Mulvaneys seat in Congress would be vacated once he was confirmed to the OMB by the United States Senate , Norman announced his intention to resign from the South Carolina House of Representatives to run for U.S . Congress . On May 16 , 2017 , Norman won a Republican primary runoff election against Tommy Pope by a margin of 0.6% , triggering an automatic recount per South Carolina state law . Following that recount , the South Carolina State Election Commission certified Norman as the Republican primary winner on May 19 , 2017 . With 35,425 votes cast , Norman received 17,823 , while Pope received 17,602 , a 221-vote difference . Having secured the Republican nomination in the primary election , Norman went on to face the Democratic nominee , Sumter attorney Archie Parnell , in a special election held on June 20 , 2017 . In that special election , Norman received 51.0% of the votes while Parnell received 47.9% . Norman was sworn into office on June 26 , 2017 . 2018 . On March 19 , 2018 , Representative Norman filed for re-election for with the South Carolina Election Commission . Facing no Republican primary challengers , Norman secured the Republican party nomination following the South Carolina primary election held on June 12 , 2018 . Meanwhile , Archie Parnell , the Democratic challenger that Norman defeated during the 2017 special election , chose to run again for South Carolinas 5th Congressional District seat in Congress . Parnell defeated three Democratic opponents to win that partys nomination , and went on to face Norman once again in the 2018 general election . The 2018 general election in South Carolina was held November 6 , 2018 . Norman won re-election , receiving 57.0% of the votes to Parnells 41.5% . Normans margin of victory was significantly larger than his margin of victory over Parnell in the 2017 special election , held 17 months earlier . However , state and national Democrats had distanced themselves from Parnell after news broke that hed abused his first wife . 2020 . Representative Norman filed for re-election to the U.S . House of Representatives on March 16 , 2020 . He secured the Republican nomination after facing no Republican challengers in the South Carolina primary election held on June 12 , 2020 . Norman went on to defeat Democrat Mauricus Moe Brown in the general election held on November 3 , 2020 . Norman received 60.1% of the votes to Brown’s 39.9% . Tenure . Sexual assault joke . On September 20 , 2018 , at an election debate for the Republican nomination for the 5th congressional seat of South Carolina , Norman joked about sexual assault allegations made against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh . He kicked-off the debate asking the audience , “Did y’all hear this latest late-breaking news on the Kavanaugh hearings ? …Ruth Bader Ginsburg came out saying she was groped by Abraham Lincoln.” Firearm incident . While at a public meeting for constituents on April 6 , 2018 , Norman engaged in a conversation with representatives from Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America ( MDA ) . During that conversation , Norman placed his personal .38-caliber Smith & Wesson handgun on the table to illustrate his belief that gun violence is a spiritual , mental or people issue , not a gun issue . According to Norman , the loaded firearm was visible for maybe a minute , or two minutes and was never pointed at any individual . However , representatives from MDA who were seated at the table with Norman , said the firearm was visible for five to 10 minutes and that they felt unsafe . Norman holds a Concealed Weapons Permit issued by the State of South Carolina . The incident sparked widespread criticism of Norman . On April 9 , 2018 , South Carolina Democratic Party Chairman Trav Robertson wrote a letter to the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division requesting felony charges against Norman for his conduct . The case was originally assigned to South Carolina 16th Solicitor Kevin Brackett . However , Brackett recused himself citing a personal friendship with Norman . The issue was then forwarded to South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson , who declined to press charges stating that Normans actions did not warrant a criminal investigation or constitute a prosecutable offense . Steve King . In 2019 , Norman joined with a small group of other House Republicans who sought to reinstate Rep . Steve King on House committees . King had lost his committee positions due to a series of racist and white nationalist remarks . The group also included Reps . Louie Gohmert and Paul Gosar . Ultimately , King was not reinstated . Donald Trump . Norman was described as a Trump ally during Donald Trumps presidency . After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and President Donald Trump made claims of election fraud , Norman called for an investigation into fraud . In December 2020 , Norman was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . After Donald Trump was impeached for his role in inciting a pro-Trump mob to storm the U.S . Capitol over false claims of election fraud , Norman criticized his fellow Republican , Rep . Liz Cheney for voting to impeach Trump . Norman said he was bothered by Cheneys attitude , telling her You’ve got a defiant attitude . Conservative Political Action Conference attendance . In late February 2021 , Norman and a dozen other Republican House members skipped votes and enlisted others to vote for them , citing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic . However , he and the other members were actually attending the Conservative Political Action Conference , which was held at the same time as their slated absences . In response , the Campaign for Accountability , an ethics watchdog group , filed a complaint with the House Committee on Ethics and requested an investigation into Norman and the other lawmakers . Conservative Opportunity Society . In 2021 , Norman was elected Chairman of the Conservative Opportunity Society . Committee assignments . - Committee on Oversight and Reform - Subcommittee on Government Operations - Committee on Science , Space , and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight - Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Freedom Caucus - Congressional Solar Caucus - Congressional Western Caucus - Congressional Waste-Cutters Caucus External links . - Congressman Ralph Norman official U.S . House website - Campaign website - Official Biography , South Carolina House of Representatives |
[
"Synot Tip"
] | easy | Sinobo Stadium was named after what from Apr 2009 to Jun 2012? | /wiki/Sinobo_Stadium#P138#0 | Sinobo Stadium Sinobo Stadium ( formerly known as Eden Aréna and Synot Tip Arena ) is a football stadium , in Prague-Vršovice , Czech Republic . The stadium has a capacity of 19,370 people and it is the biggest and the most modern football stadium in the Czech Republic . It is the home venue of SK Slavia Prague and occasionally the Czech Republic national football team . In the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , it was also the venue of Bohemians 1905 home matches . During the 2011–12 season the stadium hosted home matches for FC Viktoria Plzeň in the Champions League group stage . The stadium was used for the 2013 UEFA Super Cup . History . In the early 1950s , Slavia was forced to leave its stadium at Letná and a new stadium was built at Eden in the Vršovice district . Its capacity was about 50,000 ( mostly for standing ) . The wooden western ( main ) stand was taken from the old stadium at Letná , the rest of the stands were made of concrete . The stadium also featured an athletics track . The first match at this stadium took place on 27 September 1953 , Slavia drew 1-1 against the team of Křídla vlasti Olomouc . Josef Bican scored the home teams goal . Move . In the 1970s , it became apparent that Eden did not provide sufficient comfort for the visitors and started planning to build a new one in the same place . However , under the communist regime , the planning went quite slowly . Several projects were made , and the construction was finally to start in 1990 . In 1989 , Slavia moved temporarily to the nearby Ďolíček stadium ( home of FC Bohemians Prague , now known as Bohemians 1905 ) and the eastern stand was torn down . However , the overthrowing of the communist regime in 1989 delayed the construction . In the meantime , Slavia moved to Stadion Evžena Rošického , a stadium on the Strahov hill , which is large but uncomfortable and poorly accessible . In the early 1990s , the whole construction was cancelled and Slavia moved back to Eden . A temporary stand was built in the place of former eastern stand , but it was clear that Eden was outdated and Slavia needed a new home ground . Several more projects were made , but Slavia was unable to raise sufficient funds and there were some legal problems , as the premises were owned by the government and it took a lot of effort to transfer them to Slavia . In 2000 , the stadium became ineligible to host Czech First League matches , so Slavia moved to the unpopular Strahov again . New stadium . Slavia finally presented a project of the new stadium , but no construction started . In December 2003 , the old Eden stadium was torn down and Slavia announced that the new stadium would be opened on 19 October 2005 , however , by October 2005 the construction had not even started . It took another year to start . The project had to be scaled down to lower the construction cost from 1.8 billion Czech koruna to less than 1 billion . The construction eventually started in October 2006 . Despite the stadium not being fully finished , it was opened on 7 May 2008 with an exhibition match against Oxford University A.F.C . Many former Slavia stars ( such as Pavel Kuka , Patrik Berger , Jan Suchopárek and Ivo Knoflíček ) took part in this match , which Slavia won 5–0 . The first competitive match at the new stadium was played on 17 May 2008 against Jablonec , the match ended 2–2 , Slavia secured the Czech First League title in this final match of the 2007/08 season . In 2016 , CEFC China Energy , who had previously purchased a majority stake in SK Slavia Prague , sought to buy a 70% stake in the stadium and announced plans to invest around €50 million ( including the purchase price ) to improve the stadium capacity and turn it into the main national stadium for the Czech Republic national team . In April 2017 , it was announced that the details of the transaction have since changed and CEFC China Energy had purchased the stadium in full . The stadium was then renamed to Sinobo Stadium . Sponsorship . In July 2008 , it was announced that betting company Synot Tip had made an agreement with E Side Property Limited , the owners of the stadium , regarding a sponsorship deal regarding one of the stands . In 2009 , the stadiums name was officially changed to Synot Tip Arena . In 2011 , Natland Group were announced as the new majority owners of the stadium . In 2012 it was announced that Synot would not be extending their sponsorship of the stadium past the end of the 2011–12 season . In November 2018 , the Chinese real estate company Sinobo Group became the majority owner of SK Slavia Praha , and the stadium was renamed Sinobo Stadium . International matches . Eden Arena has hosted eight competitive matches and four friendly matches of the Czech Republic national football team . Other uses . The stadium is occasionally used for other events beside football , such as concerts or other sports matches . In 2012 , the Sokol slet , a mass gymnastics event , was held here . The stadium was used for the final rugby matches of the 2008 and 2009–10 KB Extraliga seasons . There is a hotel and a fan shop in the northern stand , and various other facilities ( bar , McDonalds , Komerční banka branch , offices ) in the main stand . Transport . The stadium is served by buses and trams , with stops for both using the name Slavia . Trams 4 , 7 , 22 and 24 run along Vršovická street , north of the stadium , while bus services 135 , 136 , 150 and 213 stop on U Slavie street , immediately west of the stadium . The nearest metro station is Želivského and nearest train station is Praha-Vršovice . External links . - Homepage - Stadium picture - SK Slavia Prague - Stadium Guide Article - Photos of opening night from ouafc.com |
[
"Eden"
] | easy | Sinobo Stadium was named after what from Jul 2012 to Jun 2015? | /wiki/Sinobo_Stadium#P138#1 | Sinobo Stadium Sinobo Stadium ( formerly known as Eden Aréna and Synot Tip Arena ) is a football stadium , in Prague-Vršovice , Czech Republic . The stadium has a capacity of 19,370 people and it is the biggest and the most modern football stadium in the Czech Republic . It is the home venue of SK Slavia Prague and occasionally the Czech Republic national football team . In the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , it was also the venue of Bohemians 1905 home matches . During the 2011–12 season the stadium hosted home matches for FC Viktoria Plzeň in the Champions League group stage . The stadium was used for the 2013 UEFA Super Cup . History . In the early 1950s , Slavia was forced to leave its stadium at Letná and a new stadium was built at Eden in the Vršovice district . Its capacity was about 50,000 ( mostly for standing ) . The wooden western ( main ) stand was taken from the old stadium at Letná , the rest of the stands were made of concrete . The stadium also featured an athletics track . The first match at this stadium took place on 27 September 1953 , Slavia drew 1-1 against the team of Křídla vlasti Olomouc . Josef Bican scored the home teams goal . Move . In the 1970s , it became apparent that Eden did not provide sufficient comfort for the visitors and started planning to build a new one in the same place . However , under the communist regime , the planning went quite slowly . Several projects were made , and the construction was finally to start in 1990 . In 1989 , Slavia moved temporarily to the nearby Ďolíček stadium ( home of FC Bohemians Prague , now known as Bohemians 1905 ) and the eastern stand was torn down . However , the overthrowing of the communist regime in 1989 delayed the construction . In the meantime , Slavia moved to Stadion Evžena Rošického , a stadium on the Strahov hill , which is large but uncomfortable and poorly accessible . In the early 1990s , the whole construction was cancelled and Slavia moved back to Eden . A temporary stand was built in the place of former eastern stand , but it was clear that Eden was outdated and Slavia needed a new home ground . Several more projects were made , but Slavia was unable to raise sufficient funds and there were some legal problems , as the premises were owned by the government and it took a lot of effort to transfer them to Slavia . In 2000 , the stadium became ineligible to host Czech First League matches , so Slavia moved to the unpopular Strahov again . New stadium . Slavia finally presented a project of the new stadium , but no construction started . In December 2003 , the old Eden stadium was torn down and Slavia announced that the new stadium would be opened on 19 October 2005 , however , by October 2005 the construction had not even started . It took another year to start . The project had to be scaled down to lower the construction cost from 1.8 billion Czech koruna to less than 1 billion . The construction eventually started in October 2006 . Despite the stadium not being fully finished , it was opened on 7 May 2008 with an exhibition match against Oxford University A.F.C . Many former Slavia stars ( such as Pavel Kuka , Patrik Berger , Jan Suchopárek and Ivo Knoflíček ) took part in this match , which Slavia won 5–0 . The first competitive match at the new stadium was played on 17 May 2008 against Jablonec , the match ended 2–2 , Slavia secured the Czech First League title in this final match of the 2007/08 season . In 2016 , CEFC China Energy , who had previously purchased a majority stake in SK Slavia Prague , sought to buy a 70% stake in the stadium and announced plans to invest around €50 million ( including the purchase price ) to improve the stadium capacity and turn it into the main national stadium for the Czech Republic national team . In April 2017 , it was announced that the details of the transaction have since changed and CEFC China Energy had purchased the stadium in full . The stadium was then renamed to Sinobo Stadium . Sponsorship . In July 2008 , it was announced that betting company Synot Tip had made an agreement with E Side Property Limited , the owners of the stadium , regarding a sponsorship deal regarding one of the stands . In 2009 , the stadiums name was officially changed to Synot Tip Arena . In 2011 , Natland Group were announced as the new majority owners of the stadium . In 2012 it was announced that Synot would not be extending their sponsorship of the stadium past the end of the 2011–12 season . In November 2018 , the Chinese real estate company Sinobo Group became the majority owner of SK Slavia Praha , and the stadium was renamed Sinobo Stadium . International matches . Eden Arena has hosted eight competitive matches and four friendly matches of the Czech Republic national football team . Other uses . The stadium is occasionally used for other events beside football , such as concerts or other sports matches . In 2012 , the Sokol slet , a mass gymnastics event , was held here . The stadium was used for the final rugby matches of the 2008 and 2009–10 KB Extraliga seasons . There is a hotel and a fan shop in the northern stand , and various other facilities ( bar , McDonalds , Komerční banka branch , offices ) in the main stand . Transport . The stadium is served by buses and trams , with stops for both using the name Slavia . Trams 4 , 7 , 22 and 24 run along Vršovická street , north of the stadium , while bus services 135 , 136 , 150 and 213 stop on U Slavie street , immediately west of the stadium . The nearest metro station is Želivského and nearest train station is Praha-Vršovice . External links . - Homepage - Stadium picture - SK Slavia Prague - Stadium Guide Article - Photos of opening night from ouafc.com |
[
"Eden"
] | easy | Sinobo Stadium was named after what from Jul 2015 to 2018? | /wiki/Sinobo_Stadium#P138#2 | Sinobo Stadium Sinobo Stadium ( formerly known as Eden Aréna and Synot Tip Arena ) is a football stadium , in Prague-Vršovice , Czech Republic . The stadium has a capacity of 19,370 people and it is the biggest and the most modern football stadium in the Czech Republic . It is the home venue of SK Slavia Prague and occasionally the Czech Republic national football team . In the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , it was also the venue of Bohemians 1905 home matches . During the 2011–12 season the stadium hosted home matches for FC Viktoria Plzeň in the Champions League group stage . The stadium was used for the 2013 UEFA Super Cup . History . In the early 1950s , Slavia was forced to leave its stadium at Letná and a new stadium was built at Eden in the Vršovice district . Its capacity was about 50,000 ( mostly for standing ) . The wooden western ( main ) stand was taken from the old stadium at Letná , the rest of the stands were made of concrete . The stadium also featured an athletics track . The first match at this stadium took place on 27 September 1953 , Slavia drew 1-1 against the team of Křídla vlasti Olomouc . Josef Bican scored the home teams goal . Move . In the 1970s , it became apparent that Eden did not provide sufficient comfort for the visitors and started planning to build a new one in the same place . However , under the communist regime , the planning went quite slowly . Several projects were made , and the construction was finally to start in 1990 . In 1989 , Slavia moved temporarily to the nearby Ďolíček stadium ( home of FC Bohemians Prague , now known as Bohemians 1905 ) and the eastern stand was torn down . However , the overthrowing of the communist regime in 1989 delayed the construction . In the meantime , Slavia moved to Stadion Evžena Rošického , a stadium on the Strahov hill , which is large but uncomfortable and poorly accessible . In the early 1990s , the whole construction was cancelled and Slavia moved back to Eden . A temporary stand was built in the place of former eastern stand , but it was clear that Eden was outdated and Slavia needed a new home ground . Several more projects were made , but Slavia was unable to raise sufficient funds and there were some legal problems , as the premises were owned by the government and it took a lot of effort to transfer them to Slavia . In 2000 , the stadium became ineligible to host Czech First League matches , so Slavia moved to the unpopular Strahov again . New stadium . Slavia finally presented a project of the new stadium , but no construction started . In December 2003 , the old Eden stadium was torn down and Slavia announced that the new stadium would be opened on 19 October 2005 , however , by October 2005 the construction had not even started . It took another year to start . The project had to be scaled down to lower the construction cost from 1.8 billion Czech koruna to less than 1 billion . The construction eventually started in October 2006 . Despite the stadium not being fully finished , it was opened on 7 May 2008 with an exhibition match against Oxford University A.F.C . Many former Slavia stars ( such as Pavel Kuka , Patrik Berger , Jan Suchopárek and Ivo Knoflíček ) took part in this match , which Slavia won 5–0 . The first competitive match at the new stadium was played on 17 May 2008 against Jablonec , the match ended 2–2 , Slavia secured the Czech First League title in this final match of the 2007/08 season . In 2016 , CEFC China Energy , who had previously purchased a majority stake in SK Slavia Prague , sought to buy a 70% stake in the stadium and announced plans to invest around €50 million ( including the purchase price ) to improve the stadium capacity and turn it into the main national stadium for the Czech Republic national team . In April 2017 , it was announced that the details of the transaction have since changed and CEFC China Energy had purchased the stadium in full . The stadium was then renamed to Sinobo Stadium . Sponsorship . In July 2008 , it was announced that betting company Synot Tip had made an agreement with E Side Property Limited , the owners of the stadium , regarding a sponsorship deal regarding one of the stands . In 2009 , the stadiums name was officially changed to Synot Tip Arena . In 2011 , Natland Group were announced as the new majority owners of the stadium . In 2012 it was announced that Synot would not be extending their sponsorship of the stadium past the end of the 2011–12 season . In November 2018 , the Chinese real estate company Sinobo Group became the majority owner of SK Slavia Praha , and the stadium was renamed Sinobo Stadium . International matches . Eden Arena has hosted eight competitive matches and four friendly matches of the Czech Republic national football team . Other uses . The stadium is occasionally used for other events beside football , such as concerts or other sports matches . In 2012 , the Sokol slet , a mass gymnastics event , was held here . The stadium was used for the final rugby matches of the 2008 and 2009–10 KB Extraliga seasons . There is a hotel and a fan shop in the northern stand , and various other facilities ( bar , McDonalds , Komerční banka branch , offices ) in the main stand . Transport . The stadium is served by buses and trams , with stops for both using the name Slavia . Trams 4 , 7 , 22 and 24 run along Vršovická street , north of the stadium , while bus services 135 , 136 , 150 and 213 stop on U Slavie street , immediately west of the stadium . The nearest metro station is Želivského and nearest train station is Praha-Vršovice . External links . - Homepage - Stadium picture - SK Slavia Prague - Stadium Guide Article - Photos of opening night from ouafc.com |
[
"Sinobo Group"
] | easy | Sinobo Stadium was named after what from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Sinobo_Stadium#P138#3 | Sinobo Stadium Sinobo Stadium ( formerly known as Eden Aréna and Synot Tip Arena ) is a football stadium , in Prague-Vršovice , Czech Republic . The stadium has a capacity of 19,370 people and it is the biggest and the most modern football stadium in the Czech Republic . It is the home venue of SK Slavia Prague and occasionally the Czech Republic national football team . In the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons , it was also the venue of Bohemians 1905 home matches . During the 2011–12 season the stadium hosted home matches for FC Viktoria Plzeň in the Champions League group stage . The stadium was used for the 2013 UEFA Super Cup . History . In the early 1950s , Slavia was forced to leave its stadium at Letná and a new stadium was built at Eden in the Vršovice district . Its capacity was about 50,000 ( mostly for standing ) . The wooden western ( main ) stand was taken from the old stadium at Letná , the rest of the stands were made of concrete . The stadium also featured an athletics track . The first match at this stadium took place on 27 September 1953 , Slavia drew 1-1 against the team of Křídla vlasti Olomouc . Josef Bican scored the home teams goal . Move . In the 1970s , it became apparent that Eden did not provide sufficient comfort for the visitors and started planning to build a new one in the same place . However , under the communist regime , the planning went quite slowly . Several projects were made , and the construction was finally to start in 1990 . In 1989 , Slavia moved temporarily to the nearby Ďolíček stadium ( home of FC Bohemians Prague , now known as Bohemians 1905 ) and the eastern stand was torn down . However , the overthrowing of the communist regime in 1989 delayed the construction . In the meantime , Slavia moved to Stadion Evžena Rošického , a stadium on the Strahov hill , which is large but uncomfortable and poorly accessible . In the early 1990s , the whole construction was cancelled and Slavia moved back to Eden . A temporary stand was built in the place of former eastern stand , but it was clear that Eden was outdated and Slavia needed a new home ground . Several more projects were made , but Slavia was unable to raise sufficient funds and there were some legal problems , as the premises were owned by the government and it took a lot of effort to transfer them to Slavia . In 2000 , the stadium became ineligible to host Czech First League matches , so Slavia moved to the unpopular Strahov again . New stadium . Slavia finally presented a project of the new stadium , but no construction started . In December 2003 , the old Eden stadium was torn down and Slavia announced that the new stadium would be opened on 19 October 2005 , however , by October 2005 the construction had not even started . It took another year to start . The project had to be scaled down to lower the construction cost from 1.8 billion Czech koruna to less than 1 billion . The construction eventually started in October 2006 . Despite the stadium not being fully finished , it was opened on 7 May 2008 with an exhibition match against Oxford University A.F.C . Many former Slavia stars ( such as Pavel Kuka , Patrik Berger , Jan Suchopárek and Ivo Knoflíček ) took part in this match , which Slavia won 5–0 . The first competitive match at the new stadium was played on 17 May 2008 against Jablonec , the match ended 2–2 , Slavia secured the Czech First League title in this final match of the 2007/08 season . In 2016 , CEFC China Energy , who had previously purchased a majority stake in SK Slavia Prague , sought to buy a 70% stake in the stadium and announced plans to invest around €50 million ( including the purchase price ) to improve the stadium capacity and turn it into the main national stadium for the Czech Republic national team . In April 2017 , it was announced that the details of the transaction have since changed and CEFC China Energy had purchased the stadium in full . The stadium was then renamed to Sinobo Stadium . Sponsorship . In July 2008 , it was announced that betting company Synot Tip had made an agreement with E Side Property Limited , the owners of the stadium , regarding a sponsorship deal regarding one of the stands . In 2009 , the stadiums name was officially changed to Synot Tip Arena . In 2011 , Natland Group were announced as the new majority owners of the stadium . In 2012 it was announced that Synot would not be extending their sponsorship of the stadium past the end of the 2011–12 season . In November 2018 , the Chinese real estate company Sinobo Group became the majority owner of SK Slavia Praha , and the stadium was renamed Sinobo Stadium . International matches . Eden Arena has hosted eight competitive matches and four friendly matches of the Czech Republic national football team . Other uses . The stadium is occasionally used for other events beside football , such as concerts or other sports matches . In 2012 , the Sokol slet , a mass gymnastics event , was held here . The stadium was used for the final rugby matches of the 2008 and 2009–10 KB Extraliga seasons . There is a hotel and a fan shop in the northern stand , and various other facilities ( bar , McDonalds , Komerční banka branch , offices ) in the main stand . Transport . The stadium is served by buses and trams , with stops for both using the name Slavia . Trams 4 , 7 , 22 and 24 run along Vršovická street , north of the stadium , while bus services 135 , 136 , 150 and 213 stop on U Slavie street , immediately west of the stadium . The nearest metro station is Želivského and nearest train station is Praha-Vršovice . External links . - Homepage - Stadium picture - SK Slavia Prague - Stadium Guide Article - Photos of opening night from ouafc.com |
[
""
] | easy | Sydney Theatre Company was managed or directed by whom from 1999 to 2007? | /wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company#P1037#0 | Sydney Theatre Company Sydney Theatre Company ( STC ) is an Australian theatre company based in Sydney , New South Wales . The company performs in The Wharf Theatre at Dawes Point in The Rocks area of Sydney , as well as the Roslyn Packer Theatre ( formerly Sydney Theatre ) and the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre . History . Sydney Theatre Company was formed in December 1978 , following the closure of The Old Tote Theatre Company the month before . The then Premier , Neville Wran , approached Elizabeth Butcher , who had been seconded from the National Institute of Dramatic Art to administer the Old Tote , and asked her to set up a new state theatre company , to perform in the Drama Theatre of the Sydney Opera House . Butcher established its legal identity and managerial structure , and proposed the name , Sydney Theatre Company . With John Clark ( Director of NIDA ) as the Artistic Adviser of the first season , five theatre companies were invited to produce six plays to be presented by STC as the 1979 Interim Season in the Drama Theatre . The first production , by The Paris Company , was A Cheery Soul , by Patrick White , Australias Nobel Laureate for Literature , directed by Jim Sharman , featuring Robyn Nevin as Miss Docker . In June 1979 , Richard Wherrett , then one of Nimrod Theatres co-Artistic Directors , was appointed Artistic Director of STC to plan and organise activities for the 1980 season . The first STC-produced play was The Sunny South , 1 January 1980 , by George Darrell , with music by Terence Clarke , directed by Richard Wherrett , assisted by John Gaden . In its early years the company operated out of several rented premises around the city , producing 38 productions in five separate venues . Elizabeth Butcher , STC Administrator , was given the task of finding one location that could house all the activities of the company , and a theatre . After an extensive search , Butcher had the vision to propose the derelict Walsh Bay Wharf 4/5 as STCs new home , immediately envisaging the capacity of the building to fulfill all requirements of space , location and additional venue . More than three years of budgetary and bureaucratic obstacles were overcome when , on 12 September 1983 , NSW Premier , the Hon . Neville Wran , announced that the State Government had approved the expenditure of $3.5 million to finance the re-cycling project . The 60-year-old ironbark timber wharf warehouse built to load cargo onto ships tied up alongside , was converted into premises suitable for creating , producing , performing and enjoying theatre , without sacrificing its historical integrity or context . The Wharf was officially handed over to STC in a plaque-unveiling ceremony on 13 December 1984 . In 1985 , The Wharf , by architects Vivian Fraser in association with NSW Govt Architect JW Thomson , won the Sir John Sulman Medal awarded by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects ( NSW Chapter ) for a work of excellence in public and commercial architecture . The first STC production in The Wharf Theatre ( now Wharf 1 ) , 17 January 1985 , was Late Arrivals , by Pamela van Amstel , directed by Wayne Harrison in his directorial debut . ( Wayne Harrison went on to become the second Artistic Director of the company , in 1990. ) The play was part of a season of one-act plays called Shorts at the Wharf . Since 1984 , and the visionary adaptation and re-use of an industrial site by Sydney Theatre Company , Walsh Bay has been transformed into an arts precinct and residential area , which continues to attract adjunct services . Other performing arts companies and organisations now enjoy premises at The Wharf , including Sydney Dance Company , Ausdance , Sydney Philharmonia Choirs , Gondwana Choirs , Sydney Childrens Choir , The Song Company , Australian Theatre for Young People , Regional Arts , Accessible Arts , Bangarra Dance Theatre . Nearly a quarter of a centurys use later , The Wharf , by Vivian Fraser , in association with the NSW Government Architect , was presented the RAIA 25 Year Award for Enduring Architecture by the Institute . Directors working regularly for STC include Gale Edwards , Barrie Kosky , David Berthold , Neil Armfield , Benedict Andrews and Kip Williams . Many Australian actors who would later find wider success both locally and internationally such as Hugo Weaving , Geoffrey Rush , Cate Blanchett , Jacqueline McKenzie , Richard Roxburgh and Toni Collette have established their careers in STC productions . Greening the Wharf . The Sydney Theatre Company operates out of a heritage site of the wharf area of Sydney Harbour . Under the leadership of Blanchett and Upton , STC initiated a comprehensive large scale environmental program called Greening the Wharf , investing in solar energy , rainwater harvesting , energy efficiency measures and best practice waste management . The program goes beyond infrastructure projects to include employees , environmentally responsible theatre production , community engagement and education . The program won two Green Globe Awards . |
[
""
] | easy | Sydney Theatre Company was managed or directed by whom from 2008 to 2015? | /wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company#P1037#1 | Sydney Theatre Company Sydney Theatre Company ( STC ) is an Australian theatre company based in Sydney , New South Wales . The company performs in The Wharf Theatre at Dawes Point in The Rocks area of Sydney , as well as the Roslyn Packer Theatre ( formerly Sydney Theatre ) and the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre . History . Sydney Theatre Company was formed in December 1978 , following the closure of The Old Tote Theatre Company the month before . The then Premier , Neville Wran , approached Elizabeth Butcher , who had been seconded from the National Institute of Dramatic Art to administer the Old Tote , and asked her to set up a new state theatre company , to perform in the Drama Theatre of the Sydney Opera House . Butcher established its legal identity and managerial structure , and proposed the name , Sydney Theatre Company . With John Clark ( Director of NIDA ) as the Artistic Adviser of the first season , five theatre companies were invited to produce six plays to be presented by STC as the 1979 Interim Season in the Drama Theatre . The first production , by The Paris Company , was A Cheery Soul , by Patrick White , Australias Nobel Laureate for Literature , directed by Jim Sharman , featuring Robyn Nevin as Miss Docker . In June 1979 , Richard Wherrett , then one of Nimrod Theatres co-Artistic Directors , was appointed Artistic Director of STC to plan and organise activities for the 1980 season . The first STC-produced play was The Sunny South , 1 January 1980 , by George Darrell , with music by Terence Clarke , directed by Richard Wherrett , assisted by John Gaden . In its early years the company operated out of several rented premises around the city , producing 38 productions in five separate venues . Elizabeth Butcher , STC Administrator , was given the task of finding one location that could house all the activities of the company , and a theatre . After an extensive search , Butcher had the vision to propose the derelict Walsh Bay Wharf 4/5 as STCs new home , immediately envisaging the capacity of the building to fulfill all requirements of space , location and additional venue . More than three years of budgetary and bureaucratic obstacles were overcome when , on 12 September 1983 , NSW Premier , the Hon . Neville Wran , announced that the State Government had approved the expenditure of $3.5 million to finance the re-cycling project . The 60-year-old ironbark timber wharf warehouse built to load cargo onto ships tied up alongside , was converted into premises suitable for creating , producing , performing and enjoying theatre , without sacrificing its historical integrity or context . The Wharf was officially handed over to STC in a plaque-unveiling ceremony on 13 December 1984 . In 1985 , The Wharf , by architects Vivian Fraser in association with NSW Govt Architect JW Thomson , won the Sir John Sulman Medal awarded by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects ( NSW Chapter ) for a work of excellence in public and commercial architecture . The first STC production in The Wharf Theatre ( now Wharf 1 ) , 17 January 1985 , was Late Arrivals , by Pamela van Amstel , directed by Wayne Harrison in his directorial debut . ( Wayne Harrison went on to become the second Artistic Director of the company , in 1990. ) The play was part of a season of one-act plays called Shorts at the Wharf . Since 1984 , and the visionary adaptation and re-use of an industrial site by Sydney Theatre Company , Walsh Bay has been transformed into an arts precinct and residential area , which continues to attract adjunct services . Other performing arts companies and organisations now enjoy premises at The Wharf , including Sydney Dance Company , Ausdance , Sydney Philharmonia Choirs , Gondwana Choirs , Sydney Childrens Choir , The Song Company , Australian Theatre for Young People , Regional Arts , Accessible Arts , Bangarra Dance Theatre . Nearly a quarter of a centurys use later , The Wharf , by Vivian Fraser , in association with the NSW Government Architect , was presented the RAIA 25 Year Award for Enduring Architecture by the Institute . Directors working regularly for STC include Gale Edwards , Barrie Kosky , David Berthold , Neil Armfield , Benedict Andrews and Kip Williams . Many Australian actors who would later find wider success both locally and internationally such as Hugo Weaving , Geoffrey Rush , Cate Blanchett , Jacqueline McKenzie , Richard Roxburgh and Toni Collette have established their careers in STC productions . Greening the Wharf . The Sydney Theatre Company operates out of a heritage site of the wharf area of Sydney Harbour . Under the leadership of Blanchett and Upton , STC initiated a comprehensive large scale environmental program called Greening the Wharf , investing in solar energy , rainwater harvesting , energy efficiency measures and best practice waste management . The program goes beyond infrastructure projects to include employees , environmentally responsible theatre production , community engagement and education . The program won two Green Globe Awards . |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Alexander R. Todd educated from 1923 to 1924? | /wiki/Alexander_R._Todd#P69#0 | Alexander R . Todd Alexander Robertus Todd , Baron Todd ( 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997 ) was a Scottish biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides , nucleosides , and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry . Early life and education . Todd was born in Cathcart in outer Glasgow , the son of Alexander Todd , a clerk with the Glasgow Subway , and his wife , Jane Lowry . He attended Allan Glens School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a BSc in 1928 . He received a PhD ( Dr.phil.nat. ) from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids . Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and , after studying at Oriel College , Oxford , he gained another doctorate in 1933 . Career . Todd held posts with the Lister Institute , the University of Edinburgh ( staff , 1934–1936 ) and the University of London , where he was appointed Reader in Biochemistry . In 1938 , Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology , eventually declining an offer of faculty position . Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938 , where he began working on nucleosides , compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . In 1944 , he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge , which he held until his retirement in 1971 . In 1949 , he synthesised adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948 and University of Sydney in 1950 . In 1955 , he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B , although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team , and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B and vitamin E , the anthocyanins ( the pigments of flowers and fruits ) from insects ( aphids , beetles ) and studied alkaloids found in hashish and marijuana . He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdoms advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964 . He was elected a Fellow of Christs College , Cambridge in 1944 and was Master from 1963 to 1978 . He became Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde in 1975 , and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic ( 1978–1986 ) . Among his many honours , including over 40 honorary degrees , he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942 , was President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980 and became a member of the Order of Merit in 1977 . In 1981 , Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council . He died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 following a heart attack . Family . In 1937 Baron Todd married Alison Sarah Dale ( d.1987 ) , daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir Henry Dale , who , as Todd did , served as President of the Royal Society of London . They had a son , Alexander Henry , and two daughters , Helen Jean and Hilary Alison . Honours . Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948 , an Arthur D . Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954 , and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California , Berkeley , in 1957 . He was knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954 and was created a Life Peer as Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge on 16 April 1962 . He is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the University of Cambridges Department of Chemistry . |
[
"University of Glasgow"
] | easy | Where was Alexander R. Todd educated from 1924 to 1928? | /wiki/Alexander_R._Todd#P69#1 | Alexander R . Todd Alexander Robertus Todd , Baron Todd ( 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997 ) was a Scottish biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides , nucleosides , and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry . Early life and education . Todd was born in Cathcart in outer Glasgow , the son of Alexander Todd , a clerk with the Glasgow Subway , and his wife , Jane Lowry . He attended Allan Glens School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a BSc in 1928 . He received a PhD ( Dr.phil.nat. ) from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids . Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and , after studying at Oriel College , Oxford , he gained another doctorate in 1933 . Career . Todd held posts with the Lister Institute , the University of Edinburgh ( staff , 1934–1936 ) and the University of London , where he was appointed Reader in Biochemistry . In 1938 , Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology , eventually declining an offer of faculty position . Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938 , where he began working on nucleosides , compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . In 1944 , he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge , which he held until his retirement in 1971 . In 1949 , he synthesised adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948 and University of Sydney in 1950 . In 1955 , he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B , although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team , and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B and vitamin E , the anthocyanins ( the pigments of flowers and fruits ) from insects ( aphids , beetles ) and studied alkaloids found in hashish and marijuana . He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdoms advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964 . He was elected a Fellow of Christs College , Cambridge in 1944 and was Master from 1963 to 1978 . He became Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde in 1975 , and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic ( 1978–1986 ) . Among his many honours , including over 40 honorary degrees , he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942 , was President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980 and became a member of the Order of Merit in 1977 . In 1981 , Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council . He died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 following a heart attack . Family . In 1937 Baron Todd married Alison Sarah Dale ( d.1987 ) , daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir Henry Dale , who , as Todd did , served as President of the Royal Society of London . They had a son , Alexander Henry , and two daughters , Helen Jean and Hilary Alison . Honours . Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948 , an Arthur D . Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954 , and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California , Berkeley , in 1957 . He was knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954 and was created a Life Peer as Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge on 16 April 1962 . He is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the University of Cambridges Department of Chemistry . |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Alexander R. Todd educated from 1928 to 1931? | /wiki/Alexander_R._Todd#P69#2 | Alexander R . Todd Alexander Robertus Todd , Baron Todd ( 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997 ) was a Scottish biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides , nucleosides , and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry . Early life and education . Todd was born in Cathcart in outer Glasgow , the son of Alexander Todd , a clerk with the Glasgow Subway , and his wife , Jane Lowry . He attended Allan Glens School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a BSc in 1928 . He received a PhD ( Dr.phil.nat. ) from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids . Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and , after studying at Oriel College , Oxford , he gained another doctorate in 1933 . Career . Todd held posts with the Lister Institute , the University of Edinburgh ( staff , 1934–1936 ) and the University of London , where he was appointed Reader in Biochemistry . In 1938 , Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology , eventually declining an offer of faculty position . Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938 , where he began working on nucleosides , compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . In 1944 , he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge , which he held until his retirement in 1971 . In 1949 , he synthesised adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948 and University of Sydney in 1950 . In 1955 , he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B , although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team , and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B and vitamin E , the anthocyanins ( the pigments of flowers and fruits ) from insects ( aphids , beetles ) and studied alkaloids found in hashish and marijuana . He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdoms advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964 . He was elected a Fellow of Christs College , Cambridge in 1944 and was Master from 1963 to 1978 . He became Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde in 1975 , and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic ( 1978–1986 ) . Among his many honours , including over 40 honorary degrees , he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942 , was President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980 and became a member of the Order of Merit in 1977 . In 1981 , Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council . He died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 following a heart attack . Family . In 1937 Baron Todd married Alison Sarah Dale ( d.1987 ) , daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir Henry Dale , who , as Todd did , served as President of the Royal Society of London . They had a son , Alexander Henry , and two daughters , Helen Jean and Hilary Alison . Honours . Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948 , an Arthur D . Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954 , and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California , Berkeley , in 1957 . He was knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954 and was created a Life Peer as Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge on 16 April 1962 . He is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the University of Cambridges Department of Chemistry . |
[
"Oriel College"
] | easy | Where was Alexander R. Todd educated from 1931 to 1933? | /wiki/Alexander_R._Todd#P69#3 | Alexander R . Todd Alexander Robertus Todd , Baron Todd ( 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997 ) was a Scottish biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides , nucleosides , and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry . Early life and education . Todd was born in Cathcart in outer Glasgow , the son of Alexander Todd , a clerk with the Glasgow Subway , and his wife , Jane Lowry . He attended Allan Glens School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a BSc in 1928 . He received a PhD ( Dr.phil.nat. ) from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids . Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and , after studying at Oriel College , Oxford , he gained another doctorate in 1933 . Career . Todd held posts with the Lister Institute , the University of Edinburgh ( staff , 1934–1936 ) and the University of London , where he was appointed Reader in Biochemistry . In 1938 , Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology , eventually declining an offer of faculty position . Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938 , where he began working on nucleosides , compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . In 1944 , he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge , which he held until his retirement in 1971 . In 1949 , he synthesised adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948 and University of Sydney in 1950 . In 1955 , he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B , although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team , and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B and vitamin E , the anthocyanins ( the pigments of flowers and fruits ) from insects ( aphids , beetles ) and studied alkaloids found in hashish and marijuana . He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdoms advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964 . He was elected a Fellow of Christs College , Cambridge in 1944 and was Master from 1963 to 1978 . He became Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde in 1975 , and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic ( 1978–1986 ) . Among his many honours , including over 40 honorary degrees , he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942 , was President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980 and became a member of the Order of Merit in 1977 . In 1981 , Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council . He died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 following a heart attack . Family . In 1937 Baron Todd married Alison Sarah Dale ( d.1987 ) , daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir Henry Dale , who , as Todd did , served as President of the Royal Society of London . They had a son , Alexander Henry , and two daughters , Helen Jean and Hilary Alison . Honours . Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948 , an Arthur D . Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954 , and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California , Berkeley , in 1957 . He was knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954 and was created a Life Peer as Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge on 16 April 1962 . He is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the University of Cambridges Department of Chemistry . |
[
"governor of Ohio"
] | easy | Rutherford B. Hayes took which position from 1868 to 1872? | /wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes#P39#0 | Rutherford B . Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes ( ; October 4 , 1822 – January 17 , 1893 ) was an American politician and attorney who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881 , after serving in the U.S . House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio . A lawyer and staunch abolitionist , he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years . Hayes served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency . Historians consider his presidency the formal end of Reconstruction , as he ended federal efforts to bring racial equality to the South . An attorney in Ohio , Hayes served as city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861 . At the start of the Civil War , he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer . Hayes was wounded five times , most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 . He earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general . After the war , he served inCongress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican . Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms , from 1868 to 1872 . He served half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before being sworn in as President . In 1876 , the Electoral College made Hayes president in one of the most contentious elections in U.S . history . He lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J . Tilden , but won an intensely disputed electoral-college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877 . This compromise was a backroom deal whereby the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election on the condition that he withdraw direct federal support for Reconstruction in the former Confederate states . Hayes believed in meritocratic government and in equal treatment without regard to wealth , social standing or race . He ordered federal troops to guard federal buildings and in doing so restored order during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s . He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878 , which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices , insisting that maintenance of the gold standard was essential to economic recovery . Hayess policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887 . Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection , retired to his home in Ohio , and became an advocate of social and educational reform . Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayess greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and to reverse the deterioration of executive power that had set in after Abraham Lincolns assassination in 1865 . Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform . His critics deride his leniency on the former Confederate states and withdrawing federal support for the voting and civil rights of African-Americans . Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to slightly below-average president . Family and early life . Childhood and family history . Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware , Ohio , on October 4 , 1822 , to Rutherford Hayes , Jr . and Sophia Birchard . Hayess father , a Vermont storekeeper , had taken the family to Ohio in 1817 . He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth . Sophia took charge of the family , raising Hayes and his sister , Fanny , the only two of the four children to survive to adulthood . She never remarried , and Sophias younger brother , Sardis Birchard , lived with the family for a time . He was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him , contributing to his early education . Through each of his parents , Hayes was descended from New England colonists . His earliest immigrant ancestor came to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625 . Hayess great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War , but Ezekiels son ( Hayess grandfather , also named Rutherford ) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont . His mothers ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time . Most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there . John Noyes , an uncle by marriage , had been his fathers business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress . His first cousin , Mary Jane Mead , was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead . John Humphrey Noyes , the founder of the Oneida Community , was also a first cousin . Education and early law career . Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware , Ohio , and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk , Ohio . He did well at Norwalk , and the next year transferred to the Webb School , a preparatory school in Middletown , Connecticut , where he studied Latin and Ancient Greek . Returning to Ohio , he attended Kenyon College in Gambier in 1838 . He enjoyed his time at Kenyon , and was successful scholastically ; while there , he joined several student societies and became interested in Whig politics . His classmates included Stanley Matthews and John Celivergos Zachos . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and with highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its valedictorian . After briefly reading law in Columbus , Ohio , Hayes moved east to attend Harvard Law School in 1843 . Graduating with an LL.B , he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky ( now Fremont ) . Business was slow at first , but he gradually attracted clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation . In 1847 Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought was tuberculosis . Thinking a change in climate would help , he considered enlisting in the Mexican–American War , but on his doctors advice instead visited family in New England . Returning from there , Hayes and his uncle Sardis made a long journey to Texas , where Hayes visited with Guy M . Bryan , a Kenyon classmate and distant relative . Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky , and Hayes decided to move to Cincinnati . Cincinnati law practice and marriage . Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850 , and opened a law office with John W . Herron , a lawyer from Chillicothe . Herron later joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K . Rogers and Richard M . Corwine . He found business better in Cincinnati , and enjoyed its social attractions , joining the Cincinnati Literary Society and the Odd Fellows Club . He also attended the Episcopal Church in Cincinnati but did not become a member . Hayes courted his future wife , Lucy Webb , during his time there . His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier , but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women . Four years later , Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy . They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30 , 1852 , at Lucys mothers house . Over the next five years , Lucy gave birth to three sons : Birchard Austin ( 1853 ) , Webb Cook ( 1856 ) , and Rutherford Platt ( 1858 ) . A Methodist , Lucy was a teetotaler and abolitionist . She influenced her husbands views on those issues , though he never formally joined her church . Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial issues but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney , defending several people accused of murder . In one case , he used a form of the insanity defense that saved the accused from the gallows ; she was instead confined to a mental institution . Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky , a slave state , it was a destination for escaping slaves and many such cases were tried in its courts . A staunch abolitionist , Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful , as it raised his profile in the newly formed Republican Party . His political reputation rose with his professional plaudits . Hayes declined a Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856 . Two years later , some Republicans proposed Hayes to fill a vacancy on the bench and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of city solicitor also became vacant . The city council elected Hayes city solicitor to fill the vacancy , and voters elected him to a full two-year term in April 1859 with a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket . Civil War . West Virginia and South Mountain . As the Southern states quickly began to secede after Lincolns election to the presidency in 1860 , Hayes was lukewarm about civil war to restore the Union . Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable , he suggested that the Union [ l ] et them go . Though Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860 , Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession . Its residents included many from the South , and they voted for the Democrats and Know-Nothings , who combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861 , ejecting Hayes from the city solicitors office . Returning to private practice , Hayes formed a very brief law partnership with Leopold Markbreit , lasting three days before the war began . After the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter , Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends . That June , Governor William Dennison appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the 23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry . Hayes was promoted to major , and his friend and college classmate Stanley Matthews was appointed lieutenant colonel . Joining the regiment as a private was another future president , William McKinley . After a month of training , Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the Kanawha Division . They did not meet the enemy until September , when the regiment encountered Confederates at Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia and drove them back . In November , Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel ( Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment ) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia , where they entered winter quarters . The division resumed its advance the following spring , and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces , on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee . That September , Hayess regiment was called east to reinforce General John Popes Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle , but joined the Army of the Potomac as it hurried north to cut off Robert E . Lees Army of Northern Virginia , which was advancing into Maryland . Marching north , the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14 . Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm , fracturing the bone . He had one of his men tie a handkerchief above the wound in an effort to stop the bleeding , and continued to lead his men in the battle . While resting , he ordered his men to meet a flanking attack , but instead his entire command moved backward , leaving Hayes lying in between the lines . Eventually , his men brought Hayes back behind their lines , and he was taken to hospital . The regiment continued on to Antietam , but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign . In October , he was promoted to colonel and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a brevet brigadier general . Army of the Shenandoah . The division spent the following winter and spring near Charleston , Virginia ( present-day West Virginia ) , out of contact with the enemy . Hayes saw little action until July 1863 , when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgans cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island . Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer , Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to reenlist , and many did . In 1864 , the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized , and Hayess division was assigned to George Crooks Army of West Virginia . Advancing into southwestern Virginia , they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there . On May 9 , they engaged Confederate troops at Cloyds Mountain , where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field . Following the rout , the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and again successfully skirmished with the enemy . Hayes and his brigade moved to the Shenandoah Valley for the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Crooks corps was attached to Major General David Hunters Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces , capturing Lexington , Virginia on June 11 . They continued south toward Lynchburg , tearing up railroad track as they advanced , but Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful , and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia . Hayes thought Hunter lacked aggression , writing in a letter home that General Crook would have taken Lynchburg . Before the army could make another attempt , Confederate General Jubal Earlys raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north . Earlys army surprised them at Kernstown on July 24 , where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder . He also had a horse shot out from under him , and the army was defeated . Retreating to Maryland , the army was reorganized again , with Major General Philip Sheridan replacing Hunter . By August , Early was retreating up the valley , with Sheridan in pursuit . Hayess troops fended off a Confederate assault at Berryville and advanced to Opequon Creek , where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south . They followed up the victory with another at Fishers Hill on September 22 , and one more at Cedar Creek on October 19 . At Cedar Creek , Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round , which did not cause serious damage . His leadership and bravery drew his superiors attention , with Ulysses S . Grant later writing of Hayes , [ h ] is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring . Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign . Hayes was promoted to brigadier general in October 1864 and brevetted major general . Around this time , Hayes learned of the birth of his fourth son , George Crook Hayes . The army went into winter quarters once more , and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox . Hayes visited Washington , D.C . that May and observed the Grand Review of the Armies , after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service . Post-war politics . U.S . Congressman from Ohio . While serving in the Army of the Shenandoah in 1864 , Hayes was nominated by Republicans for the House of Representatives from Ohios 2nd congressional district . Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign , he refused , saying that an officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped . Instead , Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent , Democrat Alexander Long . When the 39th Congress assembled in December 1865 , Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority . Hayes identified with the partys moderate wing , but was willing to vote with the radicals for the sake of party unity . The major legislative effort of the Congress was the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866 . Hayess beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on Reconstruction issues : that the South should be restored to the Union , but not without adequate protections for freedmen and other black southerners . President Andrew Johnson , who succeeded to office following Lincolns assassination , to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves civil rights ; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates . Hayes , along with congressional Republicans , disagreed . They worked to reject Johnsons vision of Reconstruction and to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . Reelected in 1866 , Hayes returned to the lame-duck session to vote for the Tenure of Office Act , which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senates consent . He also unsuccessfully pressed for a civil service reform bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans . Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the 40th Congress on the Reconstruction Acts , but resigned in July 1867 to run for governor of Ohio . Governor of Ohio . A popular Congressman and former Army officer , Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the 1867 election campaign . His political views were more moderate than the Republican partys platform , although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee suffrage to black male Ohioans . Hayess opponent , Allen G . Thurman , made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign and opposed black suffrage . Both men campaigned vigorously , making speeches across the state , mostly focusing on the suffrage question . The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans , as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the state legislature . Hayes thought at first that he , too , had lost , but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast . As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature , Hayes had a limited role in governing , especially since Ohios governor had no veto power . Despite these constraints , he oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a reform school for girls . He endorsed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and urged his conviction , which failed by one vote in the United States Senate . Nominated for a second term in 1869 , Hayes campaigned again for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent , George H . Pendleton , with disunion and Confederate sympathies . Hayes was reelected with an increased majority , and the Republicans took the legislature , ensuring Ohios ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guaranteed black ( male ) suffrage . With a Republican legislature , Hayess second term was more enjoyable . Suffrage was expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College ( later to become The Ohio State University ) established . He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system . Choosing not to seek reelection , Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872 . Private life and return to politics . As Hayes prepared to leave office , several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run for United States Senate against the incumbent Republican , John Sherman . Hayes declined , preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life . He especially looked forward to spending time with his children , two of whom ( daughter Fanny and son Scott ) had been born in the past five years . Initially , Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown , Fremont . He also managed some real estate he had acquired in Duluth , Minnesota . Not entirely removed from politics , Hayes held out some hope of a cabinet appointment , but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S . treasurer at Cincinnati , which he turned down . He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was not disappointed when he lost the election to Henry B . Banning , a fellow Kenyon College alumnus . In 1873 , Lucy gave birth to another son , Manning Force Hayes . That same year , the Panic of 1873 hurt business prospects across the nation , including Hayess . His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year , and the Hayes family moved into Spiegel Grove , the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind . That year Hayes announced his uncles bequest of $50,000 in assets to endow a public library for Fremont , to be called the Birchard Library . It opened in 1874 on Front Street , and a new building was completed and opened in 1878 in Fort Stephenson State Park . ( This site was per the terms of the bequest. ) Hayes served as chairman of the librarys board of trustees until his death . Hayes hoped to stay out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic , but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875 , he accepted . His campaign against Democratic nominee William Allen focused primarily on Protestant fears about the possibility of state aid to Catholic schools . Hayes was against such funding and , while not known to be personally anti-Catholic , he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy . The campaign was a success , and on October 12 , 1875 Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority . The first person to earn a third term as governor of Ohio , Hayes reduced the state debt , reestablished the Board of Charities , and repealed the Geghan Bill , which had allowed for the appointment of Catholic priests to schools and penitentiaries . Election of 1876 . Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden . Hayess success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876 . The Ohio delegation to the 1876 Republican National Convention was united behind him , and Senator John Sherman did all in his power to get Hayes the nomination . In June 1876 , the convention assembled with James G . Blaine of Maine as the favorite . Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count , but could not muster a majority . As he failed to gain votes , the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot . The convention selected Representative William A . Wheeler from New York for vice president , a man about whom Hayes had recently asked , I am ashamed to say : who is Wheeler ? The Democratic nominee was Samuel J . Tilden , the governor of New York . Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who , like Hayes , had a reputation for honesty . Also like Hayes , Tilden was a hard-money man and supported civil service reform . In accordance with the custom of the time , the campaign was conducted by surrogates , with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective hometowns . The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect he would lose the election . Both candidates concentrated on the swing states of New York and Indiana , as well as the three southern states—Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida—where Reconstruction Republican governments still barely ruled , amid recurring political violence , including widespread efforts to suppress freedman voting . The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after southern Democrats had provoked the Civil War and , to a lesser extent , the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks . Democrats , for their part , trumpeted Tildens record of reform and contrasted it with the corruption of the incumbent Grant administration . As the returns were tallied on election day , it was clear that the race was close : Democrats had carried most of the South , as well as New York , Indiana , Connecticut , and New Jersey . In the Northeast , an increasing number of immigrants and their descendants voted Democratic . Although Tilden won the popular vote and claimed 184 electoral votes , Republican leaders challenged the results and charged Democrats with fraud and voter suppression of blacks ( who would otherwise have voted Republican ) in Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina . Republicans realized that if they held the three disputed unredeemed southern states together with some of the western states , they would emerge with an electoral college majority . Disputed electoral votes . On November 11 , three days after election day , Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes , one short of a majority . Hayes appeared to have 166 , with the 19 votes of Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina still in doubt . Republicans and Democrats each claimed victory in the three latter states , but the results in those states were rendered uncertain because of fraud by both parties . To further complicate matters , one of the three electors from Oregon ( a state Hayes had won ) was disqualified , reducing Hayess total to 165 , and raising the disputed votes to 20 . If Hayes was not awarded all 20 disputed votes , Tilden would be elected president . There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors , with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority . By January 1877 , with the question still unresolved , Congress and President Grant agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan Electoral Commission , which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes . The Commission was to be made up of five representatives , five senators , and five Supreme Court justices . To ensure partisan balance , there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans , with Justice David Davis , an independent respected by both parties , as the 15th member . The balance was upset when Democrats in the Illinois legislature elected Davis to the Senate , hoping to sway his vote . Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate . As all the remaining Justices were Republicans , Justice Joseph P . Bradley , believed to be the most independent-minded of them , was selected to take Daviss place on the Commission . The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes . Democrats , outraged by the result , attempted a filibuster to prevent Congress from accepting the Commissions findings . Eventually , the filibusterers gave up , allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2 . The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes . At 4:10 am on March 2 , Senator Thomas Ferry announced that Hayes and Wheeler had been elected to the presidency and vice presidency , by an electoral margin of 185–184 . As inauguration day neared , Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at Wormleys Hotel in Washington to negotiate a compromise . Republicans promised concessions in exchange for Democratic acquiescence to the Committees decision . The main concession Hayes promised was the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an acceptance of the election of Democratic governments in the remaining unredeemed southern states . The Democrats agreed , and on March 2 , the filibuster was ended . Hayes was elected , but Reconstruction was finished , and freedmen were left at the mercy of white Democrats who did not intend to preserve their rights . On April 3 , Hayes ordered Secretary of War George W . McCrary to withdraw federal troops stationed at the South Carolina State House to their barracks . On April 20 , he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at New Orleanss St . Louis Hotel to Jackson Barracks . Presidency ( 1877–1881 ) . Inauguration . Because March 4 , 1877 , was a Sunday , Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday , March 3 , in the Red Room of the White House , the first president to do so in the Executive Mansion . He took the oath publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the United States Capitol . In his inaugural address , Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months , saying that he serves his party best who serves his country best . He pledged to support wise , honest , and peaceful local self-government in the South , as well as reform of the civil service and a full return to the gold standard . Despite his message of conciliation , many Democrats never considered Hayess election legitimate and referred to him as Rutherfraud or His Fraudulency for the next four years . The South and the end of Reconstruction . Hayes had firmly supported Republican Reconstruction policies throughout his career , but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to home rule . Even without the conditions of the Wormleys Hotel agreement , Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue his predecessors policies . The House of Representatives in the 45th Congress was controlled by a majority of Democrats , and they refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South . Even among Republicans , devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading in the face of persistent Southern insurgency and violence . Only two states were still under Reconstructions sway when Hayes assumed the presidency and , without troops to enforce the voting rights laws , these soon fell to Democratic control . Hayess later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective , as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South . He did , however , defeat Congresss efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections . Democrats in Congress passed an army appropriation bill in 1879 with a rider that repealed the Enforcement Acts , which had been used to suppress the Ku Klux Klan . Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen . Those Acts , passed during Reconstruction , made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race . Other paramilitary groups , such as the Red Shirts in the Carolinas , however , had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote . Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters , and vetoed the appropriation . The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto , but they passed a new bill with the same rider . Hayes vetoed that bill too , and the process was repeated three times more . Finally , Hayes signed an appropriation without the offensive rider , but Congress refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals , who were vital to the enforcement of the Enforcement Acts . The election laws remained in effect , but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being . Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats . My task was to wipe out the color line , to abolish sectionalism , to end the war and bring peace , he wrote in his diary . To do this , I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country . All his efforts were in vain ; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws . Civil service reform . Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments , which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jacksons presidency . Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters , Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take . Hayess call for reform immediately brought him into conflict with the Stalwart , or pro-spoils , branch of the Republican party . Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes . Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator Roscoe Conkling , who fought Hayess reform efforts at every turn . To show his commitment to reform , Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform , Carl Schurz , to be Secretary of the Interior and asked Schurz and Secretary of State William M . Evarts to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments . Treasury Secretary John Sherman ordered John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House , which was stacked with Conklings spoilsmen . Jays report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable . Although he could not convince Congress to prohibit the spoils system , Hayes issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics . Chester A . Arthur , the Collector of the Port of New York , and his subordinates Alonzo B . Cornell and George H . Sharpe , all Conkling supporters , refused to obey the order . In September 1877 , Hayes demanded their resignations , which they refused to give . He submitted appointments of Theodore Roosevelt , Sr. , L . Bradford Prince , and Edwin Merritt—all supporters of Evarts , Conklings New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements . The Senates Commerce Committee , chaired by Conkling , voted unanimously to reject the nominees . The full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25 , and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpes term had expired . Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878 , when he fired Arthur and Cornell during a Congressional recess and replaced them with recess appointments of Merritt and Silas W . Burt , respectively . Conkling opposed confirmation of the appointees when the Senate reconvened in February 1879 , but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25 and Burt by 31–19 , giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory . For the remainder of his term , Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the United States Civil Service Commission , even using his last annual message to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform . Reform legislation did not pass during Hayess presidency , but his advocacy provided a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the Pendleton Act of 1883 , which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur . Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments , permitting George Congdon Gorham , secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee , to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878 . In 1880 , Hayes quickly forced Secretary of the Navy Richard W . Thompson to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps to promote a French canal in Panama . Hayes also dealt with corruption in the postal service . In 1880 , Schurz and Senator John A . Logan asked Hayes to shut down the star route rings , a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service , and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General Thomas J . Brady , the alleged ringleader . Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced . Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature , as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption . Historian Hans L . Trefousse later wrote that Hayes hardly knew the chief suspect [ Brady ] and certainly had no connection with the [ star route ] corruption . Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing , Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882 . After two trials , the defendants were acquitted in 1883 . Great Railroad Strike . In his first year in office , Hayes was faced with the United States largest labor uprising to date , the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873 , the major railroads had cut their employees wages several times in 1877 . In July of that year , workers at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad walked off the job in Martinsburg , West Virginia , to protest their reduction in pay . The strike quickly spread to workers of the New York Central , Erie , and Pennsylvania railroads , with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands . Fearing a riot , Governor Henry M . Mathews asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg , and Hayes did so , but when the troops arrived there was no riot , only a peaceful protest . In Baltimore , however , a riot did erupt on July 20 , and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort McHenry to assist the governor in suppressing it . Pittsburgh exploded into riots next , but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governors request . Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting . After a few days , Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General Winfield Scott Hancock overall command of the situation , marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company . The riots spread further , to Chicago and St . Louis , where strikers shut down railroad facilities . By July 29 , the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks . No federal troops had killed any of the strikers , or been killed themselves , but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides . The railroads were victorious in the short term , as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect . But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence , and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts . Business leaders praised Hayes , but his own opinion was more equivocal ; as he recorded in his diary : The strikes have been put down by force ; but now for the real remedy . Cant something [ be ] done by education of strikers , by judicious control of capitalists , by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil ? The railroad strikers , as a rule , are good men , sober , intelligent , and industrious . Currency debate . Hayes confronted two issues regarding the currency , the first of which was the coinage of silver , and its relation to gold . In 1873 , the Coinage Act of 1873 stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more , effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold . As a result , the money supply contracted and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse , making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable . Farmers and laborers , especially , clamored for the return of coinage in both metals , believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values . Democratic Representative Richard P . Bland of Missouri proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government , thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors . William B . Allison , a Republican from Iowa , offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month , and the resulting Bland–Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878 . Hayes feared the Act would cause inflation that would be ruinous to business , effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar , as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar . He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest , saying , [ e ] xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency . He vetoed the bill , but Congress overrode his veto , the only time it did so during his presidency . The second issue concerned United States Notes ( commonly called greenbacks ) , a form of fiat currency first issued during the Civil War . The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs , but unlike ordinary dollars , they were not redeemable in gold . The Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold , thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single , gold-backed currency . Sherman agreed with Hayess favorable opinion of the Act , and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold . But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie ( gold ) , few did so ; when the Act took effect in 1879 , only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed . Together with the Bland–Allison Act , the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and hard money men and , as the world economy began to improve , agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayess presidency . Foreign policy . Most of Hayess foreign-policy concerns involved Latin America . In 1878 , following the Paraguayan War , he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay . Hayes awarded the disputed land in the Gran Chaco region to Paraguay , and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city ( Villa Hayes ) and a department ( Presidente Hayes ) in his honor . Hayes became concerned over the plans of Ferdinand de Lesseps , the builder of the Suez Canal , to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama , then part of Colombia . Worried about a repetition of French adventurism in Mexico , Hayes interpreted the Monroe Doctrine firmly . In a message to Congress , Hayes explained his opinion on the canal : The policy of this country is a canal under American control .. . The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers . The Mexican border also drew Hayess attention . Throughout the 1870s , lawless bands often crossed the border on raids into Texas . Three months after taking office , Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue bandits , even if it required crossing into Mexican territory . Mexican president Porfirio Díaz protested the order and sent troops to the border . The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States . The violence along the border decreased , and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico . Outside the Western hemisphere , Hayess biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with China . In 1868 the Senate had ratified the Burlingame Treaty with China , allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the United States . As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873 , Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmens wages . During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco , and a third party , the Workingmans Party , formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration . In response , Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879 , abrogating the 1868 treaty . Hayes vetoed the bill , believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation . The veto drew praise from eastern liberals , but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the West . In the subsequent furor , Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach him , but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote . After the veto , Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W . Seward suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration , and he and James Burrill Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so . Congress passed a new law to that effect , the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , after Hayes had left office . Indian policy . Interior Secretary Carl Schurz carried out Hayess American Indian policy , beginning with preventing the War Department from taking over the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture , educational training , and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments . Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites . The allotment system under the Dawes Act , later signed by President Cleveland in 1887 , was favored by liberal reformers at the time , including Schurz , but instead proved detrimental to American Indians . They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as surplus lands , and more to unscrupulous white speculators who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments . Hayes and Schurz reformed the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations , but they were generally understaffed . Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes . The Nez Perce , led by Chief Joseph , began an uprising in June 1877 when Major General Oliver O . Howard ordered them to move to a reservation . Howards men defeated the Nez Perce in battle , and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to Canada . In October , after a decisive battle at Bear Paw , Montana , Chief Joseph surrendered and William T . Sherman ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in Kansas , where they were forced to remain until 1885 . The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West , as the Bannock rose up in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howards army in July . War with the Ute tribe broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker , who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity . The subsequent White River War ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meekers death . Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the Ponca tribe from Nebraska to Indian Territory ( present-day Oklahoma ) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration . The tribes problems came to Hayess attention after its chief , Standing Bear , filed a lawsuit to contest Schurzs demand that they stay in Indian Territory . Overruling Schurz , Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory . The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights , which had been previously granted to the Sioux . In a message to Congress in February 1881 , Hayes insisted he would give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity . Great Western Tour of 1880 . In 1880 , Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the American West , becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the Rocky Mountains . ( Hayess immediate predecessor , Ulysses Grant , visited Utah in 1875. ) Hayess traveling party included his wife and William T . Sherman , who helped organize the trip . Hayes began his trip in September 1880 , departing from Chicago on the transcontinental railroad . He journeyed across the continent , ultimately arriving in California , stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada , reaching Sacramento and San Francisco . By railroad and stagecoach , the party traveled north to Oregon , arriving in Portland , and from there to Vancouver , Washington . Going by steamship , they visited Seattle , and then returned to San Francisco . Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November , in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election . Hayess White House . Hayes and his wife Lucy were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House , giving rise to her nickname Lemonade Lucy . The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine , but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington , leading him to follow his wifes temperance leanings . Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House . Critics charged Hayes with parsimony , but Hayes spent more money ( which came out of his personal budget ) after the ban , ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment . His temperance policy also paid political dividends , strengthening his support among Protestant ministers . Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners , water flowed like wine , the policy was a success in convincing prohibitionists to vote Republican . Judicial appointments . Hayes appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court . The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876 . On taking office , Hayes appointed John Marshall Harlan to the seat . A former candidate for governor of Kentucky , Harlan had been Benjamin Bristows campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention , and Hayes had earlier considered him for attorney general . Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877 , but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlans limited experience in public office . Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years , voting ( usually in the minority ) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws . In 1880 , a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice William Strong . Hayes nominated William Burnham Woods , a carpetbagger Republican circuit court judge from Alabama . Woods served six years on the Court , ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayess own preferences . Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881 . Justice Noah Haynes Swayne resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing Stanley Matthews , a friend of both men . Many senators objected to the appointment , believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests , especially those of Jay Gould , and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination . The following year , when James A . Garfield entered the White House , he resubmitted Matthewss nomination to the Senate , which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote , 24 to 23 . Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889 . His opinion in Yick Wo v . Hopkins in 1886 advanced his and Hayess views on the protection of ethnic minorities rights . Later life and death ( 1881–1893 ) . Hayes declined to seek reelection in 1880 , keeping his pledge not to run for a second term . He was gratified with the election of fellow Ohio Republican James A . Garfield to succeed him , and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration . After Garfields inauguration , Hayes and his family returned to Spiegel Grove . In 1881 , he was elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . He served as commander-in-chief ( national president ) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893 . Although he remained a loyal Republican , Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat Grover Clevelands election to the presidency in 1884 , approving of Clevelands views on civil service reform . He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of William McKinley , his army comrade and political protégé . Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children . He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves . In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of The Ohio State University , the school he helped found as governor of Ohio . He emphasized the need for vocational , as well as academic , education : I preach the gospel of work , he wrote , I believe in skilled labor as a part of education . He urged Congress , unsuccessfully , to pass a bill written by Senator Henry W . Blair that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time . In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund , one of the charities with which he was affiliated . One such student , W . E . B . Du Bois , received a scholarship in 1892 . Hayes also advocated better prison conditions . In retirement , Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor , saying in an 1886 speech , free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes , education , and a support in old age . The next year , he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary : Hayes was greatly saddened by his wifes death in 1889 . When she died , he wrote , the soul had left [ Spiegel Grove ] . After Lucys death , Hayess daughter Fanny became his traveling companion , and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren . In 1890 , he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question , a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues . Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17 , 1893 , at the age of 70 . His last words were I know that Im going where Lucy is . President-elect Cleveland and Ohio Governor McKinley led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in Oakwood Cemetery . Legacy and honors . After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for Spiegel Grove State Park , Hayes was reinterred there in 1915 . The next year the Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum , the countrys first presidential library , opened on the site , funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayess family . An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay , giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory , led to the naming of a province in the region after him : Presidente Hayes Department ( capital : Villa Hayes ) ; an official holiday : Laudo Hayes Firm Day , the anniversary of the decision , celebrated in Presidente Hayes province ; a local soccer team : Club Presidente Hayes ( also known as Los Yanquis ) , based in the national capital , Asuncion ; a postage stamp , the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S . Embassy ; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont , Ohio . Also named for Hayes is Hayes County , Nebraska . Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890 . Rutherford B . Hayes High School in Hayess hometown of Delaware , Ohio , was named in his honor , as is Hayes Hall , built in 1893 , at the Ohio State University . It is Ohio States oldest remaining building , and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16 , 1970 , due to its front facade , which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance . Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor , but did not live to see it completed . External links . - White House biography - The Rutherford B . Hayes Presidential Center - Rutherford B . Hayes : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress - Extensive essays on Rutherford B . Hayes and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs - Life Portrait of Rutherford B . Hayes , from C-SPANs , July 19 , 1999 - Rutherford B . Hayes Personal Manuscripts & Letters |
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] | easy | Which position did Rutherford B. Hayes hold in Mar 1877? | /wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes#P39#1 | Rutherford B . Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes ( ; October 4 , 1822 – January 17 , 1893 ) was an American politician and attorney who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881 , after serving in the U.S . House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio . A lawyer and staunch abolitionist , he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years . Hayes served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency . Historians consider his presidency the formal end of Reconstruction , as he ended federal efforts to bring racial equality to the South . An attorney in Ohio , Hayes served as city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861 . At the start of the Civil War , he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer . Hayes was wounded five times , most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 . He earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general . After the war , he served inCongress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican . Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms , from 1868 to 1872 . He served half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before being sworn in as President . In 1876 , the Electoral College made Hayes president in one of the most contentious elections in U.S . history . He lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J . Tilden , but won an intensely disputed electoral-college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877 . This compromise was a backroom deal whereby the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election on the condition that he withdraw direct federal support for Reconstruction in the former Confederate states . Hayes believed in meritocratic government and in equal treatment without regard to wealth , social standing or race . He ordered federal troops to guard federal buildings and in doing so restored order during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s . He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878 , which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices , insisting that maintenance of the gold standard was essential to economic recovery . Hayess policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887 . Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection , retired to his home in Ohio , and became an advocate of social and educational reform . Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayess greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and to reverse the deterioration of executive power that had set in after Abraham Lincolns assassination in 1865 . Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform . His critics deride his leniency on the former Confederate states and withdrawing federal support for the voting and civil rights of African-Americans . Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to slightly below-average president . Family and early life . Childhood and family history . Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware , Ohio , on October 4 , 1822 , to Rutherford Hayes , Jr . and Sophia Birchard . Hayess father , a Vermont storekeeper , had taken the family to Ohio in 1817 . He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth . Sophia took charge of the family , raising Hayes and his sister , Fanny , the only two of the four children to survive to adulthood . She never remarried , and Sophias younger brother , Sardis Birchard , lived with the family for a time . He was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him , contributing to his early education . Through each of his parents , Hayes was descended from New England colonists . His earliest immigrant ancestor came to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625 . Hayess great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War , but Ezekiels son ( Hayess grandfather , also named Rutherford ) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont . His mothers ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time . Most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there . John Noyes , an uncle by marriage , had been his fathers business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress . His first cousin , Mary Jane Mead , was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead . John Humphrey Noyes , the founder of the Oneida Community , was also a first cousin . Education and early law career . Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware , Ohio , and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk , Ohio . He did well at Norwalk , and the next year transferred to the Webb School , a preparatory school in Middletown , Connecticut , where he studied Latin and Ancient Greek . Returning to Ohio , he attended Kenyon College in Gambier in 1838 . He enjoyed his time at Kenyon , and was successful scholastically ; while there , he joined several student societies and became interested in Whig politics . His classmates included Stanley Matthews and John Celivergos Zachos . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and with highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its valedictorian . After briefly reading law in Columbus , Ohio , Hayes moved east to attend Harvard Law School in 1843 . Graduating with an LL.B , he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky ( now Fremont ) . Business was slow at first , but he gradually attracted clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation . In 1847 Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought was tuberculosis . Thinking a change in climate would help , he considered enlisting in the Mexican–American War , but on his doctors advice instead visited family in New England . Returning from there , Hayes and his uncle Sardis made a long journey to Texas , where Hayes visited with Guy M . Bryan , a Kenyon classmate and distant relative . Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky , and Hayes decided to move to Cincinnati . Cincinnati law practice and marriage . Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850 , and opened a law office with John W . Herron , a lawyer from Chillicothe . Herron later joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K . Rogers and Richard M . Corwine . He found business better in Cincinnati , and enjoyed its social attractions , joining the Cincinnati Literary Society and the Odd Fellows Club . He also attended the Episcopal Church in Cincinnati but did not become a member . Hayes courted his future wife , Lucy Webb , during his time there . His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier , but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women . Four years later , Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy . They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30 , 1852 , at Lucys mothers house . Over the next five years , Lucy gave birth to three sons : Birchard Austin ( 1853 ) , Webb Cook ( 1856 ) , and Rutherford Platt ( 1858 ) . A Methodist , Lucy was a teetotaler and abolitionist . She influenced her husbands views on those issues , though he never formally joined her church . Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial issues but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney , defending several people accused of murder . In one case , he used a form of the insanity defense that saved the accused from the gallows ; she was instead confined to a mental institution . Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky , a slave state , it was a destination for escaping slaves and many such cases were tried in its courts . A staunch abolitionist , Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful , as it raised his profile in the newly formed Republican Party . His political reputation rose with his professional plaudits . Hayes declined a Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856 . Two years later , some Republicans proposed Hayes to fill a vacancy on the bench and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of city solicitor also became vacant . The city council elected Hayes city solicitor to fill the vacancy , and voters elected him to a full two-year term in April 1859 with a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket . Civil War . West Virginia and South Mountain . As the Southern states quickly began to secede after Lincolns election to the presidency in 1860 , Hayes was lukewarm about civil war to restore the Union . Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable , he suggested that the Union [ l ] et them go . Though Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860 , Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession . Its residents included many from the South , and they voted for the Democrats and Know-Nothings , who combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861 , ejecting Hayes from the city solicitors office . Returning to private practice , Hayes formed a very brief law partnership with Leopold Markbreit , lasting three days before the war began . After the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter , Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends . That June , Governor William Dennison appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the 23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry . Hayes was promoted to major , and his friend and college classmate Stanley Matthews was appointed lieutenant colonel . Joining the regiment as a private was another future president , William McKinley . After a month of training , Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the Kanawha Division . They did not meet the enemy until September , when the regiment encountered Confederates at Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia and drove them back . In November , Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel ( Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment ) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia , where they entered winter quarters . The division resumed its advance the following spring , and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces , on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee . That September , Hayess regiment was called east to reinforce General John Popes Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle , but joined the Army of the Potomac as it hurried north to cut off Robert E . Lees Army of Northern Virginia , which was advancing into Maryland . Marching north , the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14 . Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm , fracturing the bone . He had one of his men tie a handkerchief above the wound in an effort to stop the bleeding , and continued to lead his men in the battle . While resting , he ordered his men to meet a flanking attack , but instead his entire command moved backward , leaving Hayes lying in between the lines . Eventually , his men brought Hayes back behind their lines , and he was taken to hospital . The regiment continued on to Antietam , but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign . In October , he was promoted to colonel and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a brevet brigadier general . Army of the Shenandoah . The division spent the following winter and spring near Charleston , Virginia ( present-day West Virginia ) , out of contact with the enemy . Hayes saw little action until July 1863 , when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgans cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island . Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer , Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to reenlist , and many did . In 1864 , the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized , and Hayess division was assigned to George Crooks Army of West Virginia . Advancing into southwestern Virginia , they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there . On May 9 , they engaged Confederate troops at Cloyds Mountain , where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field . Following the rout , the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and again successfully skirmished with the enemy . Hayes and his brigade moved to the Shenandoah Valley for the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Crooks corps was attached to Major General David Hunters Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces , capturing Lexington , Virginia on June 11 . They continued south toward Lynchburg , tearing up railroad track as they advanced , but Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful , and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia . Hayes thought Hunter lacked aggression , writing in a letter home that General Crook would have taken Lynchburg . Before the army could make another attempt , Confederate General Jubal Earlys raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north . Earlys army surprised them at Kernstown on July 24 , where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder . He also had a horse shot out from under him , and the army was defeated . Retreating to Maryland , the army was reorganized again , with Major General Philip Sheridan replacing Hunter . By August , Early was retreating up the valley , with Sheridan in pursuit . Hayess troops fended off a Confederate assault at Berryville and advanced to Opequon Creek , where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south . They followed up the victory with another at Fishers Hill on September 22 , and one more at Cedar Creek on October 19 . At Cedar Creek , Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round , which did not cause serious damage . His leadership and bravery drew his superiors attention , with Ulysses S . Grant later writing of Hayes , [ h ] is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring . Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign . Hayes was promoted to brigadier general in October 1864 and brevetted major general . Around this time , Hayes learned of the birth of his fourth son , George Crook Hayes . The army went into winter quarters once more , and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox . Hayes visited Washington , D.C . that May and observed the Grand Review of the Armies , after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service . Post-war politics . U.S . Congressman from Ohio . While serving in the Army of the Shenandoah in 1864 , Hayes was nominated by Republicans for the House of Representatives from Ohios 2nd congressional district . Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign , he refused , saying that an officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped . Instead , Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent , Democrat Alexander Long . When the 39th Congress assembled in December 1865 , Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority . Hayes identified with the partys moderate wing , but was willing to vote with the radicals for the sake of party unity . The major legislative effort of the Congress was the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866 . Hayess beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on Reconstruction issues : that the South should be restored to the Union , but not without adequate protections for freedmen and other black southerners . President Andrew Johnson , who succeeded to office following Lincolns assassination , to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves civil rights ; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates . Hayes , along with congressional Republicans , disagreed . They worked to reject Johnsons vision of Reconstruction and to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . Reelected in 1866 , Hayes returned to the lame-duck session to vote for the Tenure of Office Act , which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senates consent . He also unsuccessfully pressed for a civil service reform bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans . Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the 40th Congress on the Reconstruction Acts , but resigned in July 1867 to run for governor of Ohio . Governor of Ohio . A popular Congressman and former Army officer , Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the 1867 election campaign . His political views were more moderate than the Republican partys platform , although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee suffrage to black male Ohioans . Hayess opponent , Allen G . Thurman , made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign and opposed black suffrage . Both men campaigned vigorously , making speeches across the state , mostly focusing on the suffrage question . The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans , as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the state legislature . Hayes thought at first that he , too , had lost , but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast . As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature , Hayes had a limited role in governing , especially since Ohios governor had no veto power . Despite these constraints , he oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a reform school for girls . He endorsed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and urged his conviction , which failed by one vote in the United States Senate . Nominated for a second term in 1869 , Hayes campaigned again for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent , George H . Pendleton , with disunion and Confederate sympathies . Hayes was reelected with an increased majority , and the Republicans took the legislature , ensuring Ohios ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guaranteed black ( male ) suffrage . With a Republican legislature , Hayess second term was more enjoyable . Suffrage was expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College ( later to become The Ohio State University ) established . He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system . Choosing not to seek reelection , Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872 . Private life and return to politics . As Hayes prepared to leave office , several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run for United States Senate against the incumbent Republican , John Sherman . Hayes declined , preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life . He especially looked forward to spending time with his children , two of whom ( daughter Fanny and son Scott ) had been born in the past five years . Initially , Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown , Fremont . He also managed some real estate he had acquired in Duluth , Minnesota . Not entirely removed from politics , Hayes held out some hope of a cabinet appointment , but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S . treasurer at Cincinnati , which he turned down . He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was not disappointed when he lost the election to Henry B . Banning , a fellow Kenyon College alumnus . In 1873 , Lucy gave birth to another son , Manning Force Hayes . That same year , the Panic of 1873 hurt business prospects across the nation , including Hayess . His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year , and the Hayes family moved into Spiegel Grove , the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind . That year Hayes announced his uncles bequest of $50,000 in assets to endow a public library for Fremont , to be called the Birchard Library . It opened in 1874 on Front Street , and a new building was completed and opened in 1878 in Fort Stephenson State Park . ( This site was per the terms of the bequest. ) Hayes served as chairman of the librarys board of trustees until his death . Hayes hoped to stay out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic , but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875 , he accepted . His campaign against Democratic nominee William Allen focused primarily on Protestant fears about the possibility of state aid to Catholic schools . Hayes was against such funding and , while not known to be personally anti-Catholic , he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy . The campaign was a success , and on October 12 , 1875 Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority . The first person to earn a third term as governor of Ohio , Hayes reduced the state debt , reestablished the Board of Charities , and repealed the Geghan Bill , which had allowed for the appointment of Catholic priests to schools and penitentiaries . Election of 1876 . Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden . Hayess success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876 . The Ohio delegation to the 1876 Republican National Convention was united behind him , and Senator John Sherman did all in his power to get Hayes the nomination . In June 1876 , the convention assembled with James G . Blaine of Maine as the favorite . Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count , but could not muster a majority . As he failed to gain votes , the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot . The convention selected Representative William A . Wheeler from New York for vice president , a man about whom Hayes had recently asked , I am ashamed to say : who is Wheeler ? The Democratic nominee was Samuel J . Tilden , the governor of New York . Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who , like Hayes , had a reputation for honesty . Also like Hayes , Tilden was a hard-money man and supported civil service reform . In accordance with the custom of the time , the campaign was conducted by surrogates , with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective hometowns . The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect he would lose the election . Both candidates concentrated on the swing states of New York and Indiana , as well as the three southern states—Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida—where Reconstruction Republican governments still barely ruled , amid recurring political violence , including widespread efforts to suppress freedman voting . The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after southern Democrats had provoked the Civil War and , to a lesser extent , the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks . Democrats , for their part , trumpeted Tildens record of reform and contrasted it with the corruption of the incumbent Grant administration . As the returns were tallied on election day , it was clear that the race was close : Democrats had carried most of the South , as well as New York , Indiana , Connecticut , and New Jersey . In the Northeast , an increasing number of immigrants and their descendants voted Democratic . Although Tilden won the popular vote and claimed 184 electoral votes , Republican leaders challenged the results and charged Democrats with fraud and voter suppression of blacks ( who would otherwise have voted Republican ) in Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina . Republicans realized that if they held the three disputed unredeemed southern states together with some of the western states , they would emerge with an electoral college majority . Disputed electoral votes . On November 11 , three days after election day , Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes , one short of a majority . Hayes appeared to have 166 , with the 19 votes of Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina still in doubt . Republicans and Democrats each claimed victory in the three latter states , but the results in those states were rendered uncertain because of fraud by both parties . To further complicate matters , one of the three electors from Oregon ( a state Hayes had won ) was disqualified , reducing Hayess total to 165 , and raising the disputed votes to 20 . If Hayes was not awarded all 20 disputed votes , Tilden would be elected president . There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors , with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority . By January 1877 , with the question still unresolved , Congress and President Grant agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan Electoral Commission , which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes . The Commission was to be made up of five representatives , five senators , and five Supreme Court justices . To ensure partisan balance , there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans , with Justice David Davis , an independent respected by both parties , as the 15th member . The balance was upset when Democrats in the Illinois legislature elected Davis to the Senate , hoping to sway his vote . Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate . As all the remaining Justices were Republicans , Justice Joseph P . Bradley , believed to be the most independent-minded of them , was selected to take Daviss place on the Commission . The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes . Democrats , outraged by the result , attempted a filibuster to prevent Congress from accepting the Commissions findings . Eventually , the filibusterers gave up , allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2 . The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes . At 4:10 am on March 2 , Senator Thomas Ferry announced that Hayes and Wheeler had been elected to the presidency and vice presidency , by an electoral margin of 185–184 . As inauguration day neared , Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at Wormleys Hotel in Washington to negotiate a compromise . Republicans promised concessions in exchange for Democratic acquiescence to the Committees decision . The main concession Hayes promised was the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an acceptance of the election of Democratic governments in the remaining unredeemed southern states . The Democrats agreed , and on March 2 , the filibuster was ended . Hayes was elected , but Reconstruction was finished , and freedmen were left at the mercy of white Democrats who did not intend to preserve their rights . On April 3 , Hayes ordered Secretary of War George W . McCrary to withdraw federal troops stationed at the South Carolina State House to their barracks . On April 20 , he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at New Orleanss St . Louis Hotel to Jackson Barracks . Presidency ( 1877–1881 ) . Inauguration . Because March 4 , 1877 , was a Sunday , Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday , March 3 , in the Red Room of the White House , the first president to do so in the Executive Mansion . He took the oath publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the United States Capitol . In his inaugural address , Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months , saying that he serves his party best who serves his country best . He pledged to support wise , honest , and peaceful local self-government in the South , as well as reform of the civil service and a full return to the gold standard . Despite his message of conciliation , many Democrats never considered Hayess election legitimate and referred to him as Rutherfraud or His Fraudulency for the next four years . The South and the end of Reconstruction . Hayes had firmly supported Republican Reconstruction policies throughout his career , but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to home rule . Even without the conditions of the Wormleys Hotel agreement , Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue his predecessors policies . The House of Representatives in the 45th Congress was controlled by a majority of Democrats , and they refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South . Even among Republicans , devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading in the face of persistent Southern insurgency and violence . Only two states were still under Reconstructions sway when Hayes assumed the presidency and , without troops to enforce the voting rights laws , these soon fell to Democratic control . Hayess later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective , as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South . He did , however , defeat Congresss efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections . Democrats in Congress passed an army appropriation bill in 1879 with a rider that repealed the Enforcement Acts , which had been used to suppress the Ku Klux Klan . Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen . Those Acts , passed during Reconstruction , made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race . Other paramilitary groups , such as the Red Shirts in the Carolinas , however , had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote . Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters , and vetoed the appropriation . The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto , but they passed a new bill with the same rider . Hayes vetoed that bill too , and the process was repeated three times more . Finally , Hayes signed an appropriation without the offensive rider , but Congress refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals , who were vital to the enforcement of the Enforcement Acts . The election laws remained in effect , but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being . Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats . My task was to wipe out the color line , to abolish sectionalism , to end the war and bring peace , he wrote in his diary . To do this , I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country . All his efforts were in vain ; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws . Civil service reform . Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments , which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jacksons presidency . Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters , Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take . Hayess call for reform immediately brought him into conflict with the Stalwart , or pro-spoils , branch of the Republican party . Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes . Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator Roscoe Conkling , who fought Hayess reform efforts at every turn . To show his commitment to reform , Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform , Carl Schurz , to be Secretary of the Interior and asked Schurz and Secretary of State William M . Evarts to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments . Treasury Secretary John Sherman ordered John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House , which was stacked with Conklings spoilsmen . Jays report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable . Although he could not convince Congress to prohibit the spoils system , Hayes issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics . Chester A . Arthur , the Collector of the Port of New York , and his subordinates Alonzo B . Cornell and George H . Sharpe , all Conkling supporters , refused to obey the order . In September 1877 , Hayes demanded their resignations , which they refused to give . He submitted appointments of Theodore Roosevelt , Sr. , L . Bradford Prince , and Edwin Merritt—all supporters of Evarts , Conklings New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements . The Senates Commerce Committee , chaired by Conkling , voted unanimously to reject the nominees . The full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25 , and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpes term had expired . Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878 , when he fired Arthur and Cornell during a Congressional recess and replaced them with recess appointments of Merritt and Silas W . Burt , respectively . Conkling opposed confirmation of the appointees when the Senate reconvened in February 1879 , but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25 and Burt by 31–19 , giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory . For the remainder of his term , Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the United States Civil Service Commission , even using his last annual message to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform . Reform legislation did not pass during Hayess presidency , but his advocacy provided a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the Pendleton Act of 1883 , which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur . Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments , permitting George Congdon Gorham , secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee , to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878 . In 1880 , Hayes quickly forced Secretary of the Navy Richard W . Thompson to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps to promote a French canal in Panama . Hayes also dealt with corruption in the postal service . In 1880 , Schurz and Senator John A . Logan asked Hayes to shut down the star route rings , a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service , and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General Thomas J . Brady , the alleged ringleader . Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced . Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature , as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption . Historian Hans L . Trefousse later wrote that Hayes hardly knew the chief suspect [ Brady ] and certainly had no connection with the [ star route ] corruption . Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing , Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882 . After two trials , the defendants were acquitted in 1883 . Great Railroad Strike . In his first year in office , Hayes was faced with the United States largest labor uprising to date , the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873 , the major railroads had cut their employees wages several times in 1877 . In July of that year , workers at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad walked off the job in Martinsburg , West Virginia , to protest their reduction in pay . The strike quickly spread to workers of the New York Central , Erie , and Pennsylvania railroads , with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands . Fearing a riot , Governor Henry M . Mathews asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg , and Hayes did so , but when the troops arrived there was no riot , only a peaceful protest . In Baltimore , however , a riot did erupt on July 20 , and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort McHenry to assist the governor in suppressing it . Pittsburgh exploded into riots next , but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governors request . Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting . After a few days , Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General Winfield Scott Hancock overall command of the situation , marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company . The riots spread further , to Chicago and St . Louis , where strikers shut down railroad facilities . By July 29 , the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks . No federal troops had killed any of the strikers , or been killed themselves , but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides . The railroads were victorious in the short term , as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect . But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence , and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts . Business leaders praised Hayes , but his own opinion was more equivocal ; as he recorded in his diary : The strikes have been put down by force ; but now for the real remedy . Cant something [ be ] done by education of strikers , by judicious control of capitalists , by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil ? The railroad strikers , as a rule , are good men , sober , intelligent , and industrious . Currency debate . Hayes confronted two issues regarding the currency , the first of which was the coinage of silver , and its relation to gold . In 1873 , the Coinage Act of 1873 stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more , effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold . As a result , the money supply contracted and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse , making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable . Farmers and laborers , especially , clamored for the return of coinage in both metals , believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values . Democratic Representative Richard P . Bland of Missouri proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government , thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors . William B . Allison , a Republican from Iowa , offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month , and the resulting Bland–Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878 . Hayes feared the Act would cause inflation that would be ruinous to business , effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar , as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar . He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest , saying , [ e ] xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency . He vetoed the bill , but Congress overrode his veto , the only time it did so during his presidency . The second issue concerned United States Notes ( commonly called greenbacks ) , a form of fiat currency first issued during the Civil War . The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs , but unlike ordinary dollars , they were not redeemable in gold . The Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold , thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single , gold-backed currency . Sherman agreed with Hayess favorable opinion of the Act , and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold . But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie ( gold ) , few did so ; when the Act took effect in 1879 , only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed . Together with the Bland–Allison Act , the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and hard money men and , as the world economy began to improve , agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayess presidency . Foreign policy . Most of Hayess foreign-policy concerns involved Latin America . In 1878 , following the Paraguayan War , he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay . Hayes awarded the disputed land in the Gran Chaco region to Paraguay , and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city ( Villa Hayes ) and a department ( Presidente Hayes ) in his honor . Hayes became concerned over the plans of Ferdinand de Lesseps , the builder of the Suez Canal , to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama , then part of Colombia . Worried about a repetition of French adventurism in Mexico , Hayes interpreted the Monroe Doctrine firmly . In a message to Congress , Hayes explained his opinion on the canal : The policy of this country is a canal under American control .. . The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers . The Mexican border also drew Hayess attention . Throughout the 1870s , lawless bands often crossed the border on raids into Texas . Three months after taking office , Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue bandits , even if it required crossing into Mexican territory . Mexican president Porfirio Díaz protested the order and sent troops to the border . The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States . The violence along the border decreased , and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico . Outside the Western hemisphere , Hayess biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with China . In 1868 the Senate had ratified the Burlingame Treaty with China , allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the United States . As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873 , Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmens wages . During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco , and a third party , the Workingmans Party , formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration . In response , Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879 , abrogating the 1868 treaty . Hayes vetoed the bill , believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation . The veto drew praise from eastern liberals , but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the West . In the subsequent furor , Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach him , but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote . After the veto , Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W . Seward suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration , and he and James Burrill Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so . Congress passed a new law to that effect , the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , after Hayes had left office . Indian policy . Interior Secretary Carl Schurz carried out Hayess American Indian policy , beginning with preventing the War Department from taking over the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture , educational training , and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments . Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites . The allotment system under the Dawes Act , later signed by President Cleveland in 1887 , was favored by liberal reformers at the time , including Schurz , but instead proved detrimental to American Indians . They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as surplus lands , and more to unscrupulous white speculators who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments . Hayes and Schurz reformed the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations , but they were generally understaffed . Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes . The Nez Perce , led by Chief Joseph , began an uprising in June 1877 when Major General Oliver O . Howard ordered them to move to a reservation . Howards men defeated the Nez Perce in battle , and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to Canada . In October , after a decisive battle at Bear Paw , Montana , Chief Joseph surrendered and William T . Sherman ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in Kansas , where they were forced to remain until 1885 . The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West , as the Bannock rose up in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howards army in July . War with the Ute tribe broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker , who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity . The subsequent White River War ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meekers death . Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the Ponca tribe from Nebraska to Indian Territory ( present-day Oklahoma ) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration . The tribes problems came to Hayess attention after its chief , Standing Bear , filed a lawsuit to contest Schurzs demand that they stay in Indian Territory . Overruling Schurz , Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory . The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights , which had been previously granted to the Sioux . In a message to Congress in February 1881 , Hayes insisted he would give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity . Great Western Tour of 1880 . In 1880 , Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the American West , becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the Rocky Mountains . ( Hayess immediate predecessor , Ulysses Grant , visited Utah in 1875. ) Hayess traveling party included his wife and William T . Sherman , who helped organize the trip . Hayes began his trip in September 1880 , departing from Chicago on the transcontinental railroad . He journeyed across the continent , ultimately arriving in California , stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada , reaching Sacramento and San Francisco . By railroad and stagecoach , the party traveled north to Oregon , arriving in Portland , and from there to Vancouver , Washington . Going by steamship , they visited Seattle , and then returned to San Francisco . Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November , in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election . Hayess White House . Hayes and his wife Lucy were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House , giving rise to her nickname Lemonade Lucy . The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine , but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington , leading him to follow his wifes temperance leanings . Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House . Critics charged Hayes with parsimony , but Hayes spent more money ( which came out of his personal budget ) after the ban , ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment . His temperance policy also paid political dividends , strengthening his support among Protestant ministers . Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners , water flowed like wine , the policy was a success in convincing prohibitionists to vote Republican . Judicial appointments . Hayes appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court . The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876 . On taking office , Hayes appointed John Marshall Harlan to the seat . A former candidate for governor of Kentucky , Harlan had been Benjamin Bristows campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention , and Hayes had earlier considered him for attorney general . Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877 , but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlans limited experience in public office . Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years , voting ( usually in the minority ) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws . In 1880 , a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice William Strong . Hayes nominated William Burnham Woods , a carpetbagger Republican circuit court judge from Alabama . Woods served six years on the Court , ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayess own preferences . Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881 . Justice Noah Haynes Swayne resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing Stanley Matthews , a friend of both men . Many senators objected to the appointment , believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests , especially those of Jay Gould , and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination . The following year , when James A . Garfield entered the White House , he resubmitted Matthewss nomination to the Senate , which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote , 24 to 23 . Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889 . His opinion in Yick Wo v . Hopkins in 1886 advanced his and Hayess views on the protection of ethnic minorities rights . Later life and death ( 1881–1893 ) . Hayes declined to seek reelection in 1880 , keeping his pledge not to run for a second term . He was gratified with the election of fellow Ohio Republican James A . Garfield to succeed him , and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration . After Garfields inauguration , Hayes and his family returned to Spiegel Grove . In 1881 , he was elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . He served as commander-in-chief ( national president ) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893 . Although he remained a loyal Republican , Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat Grover Clevelands election to the presidency in 1884 , approving of Clevelands views on civil service reform . He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of William McKinley , his army comrade and political protégé . Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children . He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves . In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of The Ohio State University , the school he helped found as governor of Ohio . He emphasized the need for vocational , as well as academic , education : I preach the gospel of work , he wrote , I believe in skilled labor as a part of education . He urged Congress , unsuccessfully , to pass a bill written by Senator Henry W . Blair that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time . In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund , one of the charities with which he was affiliated . One such student , W . E . B . Du Bois , received a scholarship in 1892 . Hayes also advocated better prison conditions . In retirement , Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor , saying in an 1886 speech , free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes , education , and a support in old age . The next year , he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary : Hayes was greatly saddened by his wifes death in 1889 . When she died , he wrote , the soul had left [ Spiegel Grove ] . After Lucys death , Hayess daughter Fanny became his traveling companion , and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren . In 1890 , he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question , a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues . Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17 , 1893 , at the age of 70 . His last words were I know that Im going where Lucy is . President-elect Cleveland and Ohio Governor McKinley led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in Oakwood Cemetery . Legacy and honors . After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for Spiegel Grove State Park , Hayes was reinterred there in 1915 . The next year the Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum , the countrys first presidential library , opened on the site , funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayess family . An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay , giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory , led to the naming of a province in the region after him : Presidente Hayes Department ( capital : Villa Hayes ) ; an official holiday : Laudo Hayes Firm Day , the anniversary of the decision , celebrated in Presidente Hayes province ; a local soccer team : Club Presidente Hayes ( also known as Los Yanquis ) , based in the national capital , Asuncion ; a postage stamp , the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S . Embassy ; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont , Ohio . Also named for Hayes is Hayes County , Nebraska . Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890 . Rutherford B . Hayes High School in Hayess hometown of Delaware , Ohio , was named in his honor , as is Hayes Hall , built in 1893 , at the Ohio State University . It is Ohio States oldest remaining building , and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16 , 1970 , due to its front facade , which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance . Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor , but did not live to see it completed . External links . - White House biography - The Rutherford B . Hayes Presidential Center - Rutherford B . Hayes : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress - Extensive essays on Rutherford B . Hayes and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs - Life Portrait of Rutherford B . Hayes , from C-SPANs , July 19 , 1999 - Rutherford B . Hayes Personal Manuscripts & Letters |
[
"president of the United States"
] | easy | What was the position of Rutherford B. Hayes from Mar 1877 to 1878? | /wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes#P39#2 | Rutherford B . Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes ( ; October 4 , 1822 – January 17 , 1893 ) was an American politician and attorney who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881 , after serving in the U.S . House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio . A lawyer and staunch abolitionist , he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years . Hayes served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency . Historians consider his presidency the formal end of Reconstruction , as he ended federal efforts to bring racial equality to the South . An attorney in Ohio , Hayes served as city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861 . At the start of the Civil War , he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer . Hayes was wounded five times , most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 . He earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general . After the war , he served inCongress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican . Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms , from 1868 to 1872 . He served half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before being sworn in as President . In 1876 , the Electoral College made Hayes president in one of the most contentious elections in U.S . history . He lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J . Tilden , but won an intensely disputed electoral-college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877 . This compromise was a backroom deal whereby the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election on the condition that he withdraw direct federal support for Reconstruction in the former Confederate states . Hayes believed in meritocratic government and in equal treatment without regard to wealth , social standing or race . He ordered federal troops to guard federal buildings and in doing so restored order during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s . He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878 , which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices , insisting that maintenance of the gold standard was essential to economic recovery . Hayess policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887 . Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection , retired to his home in Ohio , and became an advocate of social and educational reform . Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayess greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and to reverse the deterioration of executive power that had set in after Abraham Lincolns assassination in 1865 . Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform . His critics deride his leniency on the former Confederate states and withdrawing federal support for the voting and civil rights of African-Americans . Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to slightly below-average president . Family and early life . Childhood and family history . Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware , Ohio , on October 4 , 1822 , to Rutherford Hayes , Jr . and Sophia Birchard . Hayess father , a Vermont storekeeper , had taken the family to Ohio in 1817 . He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth . Sophia took charge of the family , raising Hayes and his sister , Fanny , the only two of the four children to survive to adulthood . She never remarried , and Sophias younger brother , Sardis Birchard , lived with the family for a time . He was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him , contributing to his early education . Through each of his parents , Hayes was descended from New England colonists . His earliest immigrant ancestor came to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625 . Hayess great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War , but Ezekiels son ( Hayess grandfather , also named Rutherford ) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont . His mothers ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time . Most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there . John Noyes , an uncle by marriage , had been his fathers business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress . His first cousin , Mary Jane Mead , was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead . John Humphrey Noyes , the founder of the Oneida Community , was also a first cousin . Education and early law career . Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware , Ohio , and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk , Ohio . He did well at Norwalk , and the next year transferred to the Webb School , a preparatory school in Middletown , Connecticut , where he studied Latin and Ancient Greek . Returning to Ohio , he attended Kenyon College in Gambier in 1838 . He enjoyed his time at Kenyon , and was successful scholastically ; while there , he joined several student societies and became interested in Whig politics . His classmates included Stanley Matthews and John Celivergos Zachos . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and with highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its valedictorian . After briefly reading law in Columbus , Ohio , Hayes moved east to attend Harvard Law School in 1843 . Graduating with an LL.B , he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky ( now Fremont ) . Business was slow at first , but he gradually attracted clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation . In 1847 Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought was tuberculosis . Thinking a change in climate would help , he considered enlisting in the Mexican–American War , but on his doctors advice instead visited family in New England . Returning from there , Hayes and his uncle Sardis made a long journey to Texas , where Hayes visited with Guy M . Bryan , a Kenyon classmate and distant relative . Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky , and Hayes decided to move to Cincinnati . Cincinnati law practice and marriage . Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850 , and opened a law office with John W . Herron , a lawyer from Chillicothe . Herron later joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K . Rogers and Richard M . Corwine . He found business better in Cincinnati , and enjoyed its social attractions , joining the Cincinnati Literary Society and the Odd Fellows Club . He also attended the Episcopal Church in Cincinnati but did not become a member . Hayes courted his future wife , Lucy Webb , during his time there . His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier , but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women . Four years later , Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy . They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30 , 1852 , at Lucys mothers house . Over the next five years , Lucy gave birth to three sons : Birchard Austin ( 1853 ) , Webb Cook ( 1856 ) , and Rutherford Platt ( 1858 ) . A Methodist , Lucy was a teetotaler and abolitionist . She influenced her husbands views on those issues , though he never formally joined her church . Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial issues but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney , defending several people accused of murder . In one case , he used a form of the insanity defense that saved the accused from the gallows ; she was instead confined to a mental institution . Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky , a slave state , it was a destination for escaping slaves and many such cases were tried in its courts . A staunch abolitionist , Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful , as it raised his profile in the newly formed Republican Party . His political reputation rose with his professional plaudits . Hayes declined a Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856 . Two years later , some Republicans proposed Hayes to fill a vacancy on the bench and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of city solicitor also became vacant . The city council elected Hayes city solicitor to fill the vacancy , and voters elected him to a full two-year term in April 1859 with a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket . Civil War . West Virginia and South Mountain . As the Southern states quickly began to secede after Lincolns election to the presidency in 1860 , Hayes was lukewarm about civil war to restore the Union . Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable , he suggested that the Union [ l ] et them go . Though Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860 , Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession . Its residents included many from the South , and they voted for the Democrats and Know-Nothings , who combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861 , ejecting Hayes from the city solicitors office . Returning to private practice , Hayes formed a very brief law partnership with Leopold Markbreit , lasting three days before the war began . After the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter , Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends . That June , Governor William Dennison appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the 23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry . Hayes was promoted to major , and his friend and college classmate Stanley Matthews was appointed lieutenant colonel . Joining the regiment as a private was another future president , William McKinley . After a month of training , Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the Kanawha Division . They did not meet the enemy until September , when the regiment encountered Confederates at Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia and drove them back . In November , Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel ( Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment ) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia , where they entered winter quarters . The division resumed its advance the following spring , and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces , on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee . That September , Hayess regiment was called east to reinforce General John Popes Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle , but joined the Army of the Potomac as it hurried north to cut off Robert E . Lees Army of Northern Virginia , which was advancing into Maryland . Marching north , the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14 . Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm , fracturing the bone . He had one of his men tie a handkerchief above the wound in an effort to stop the bleeding , and continued to lead his men in the battle . While resting , he ordered his men to meet a flanking attack , but instead his entire command moved backward , leaving Hayes lying in between the lines . Eventually , his men brought Hayes back behind their lines , and he was taken to hospital . The regiment continued on to Antietam , but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign . In October , he was promoted to colonel and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a brevet brigadier general . Army of the Shenandoah . The division spent the following winter and spring near Charleston , Virginia ( present-day West Virginia ) , out of contact with the enemy . Hayes saw little action until July 1863 , when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgans cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island . Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer , Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to reenlist , and many did . In 1864 , the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized , and Hayess division was assigned to George Crooks Army of West Virginia . Advancing into southwestern Virginia , they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there . On May 9 , they engaged Confederate troops at Cloyds Mountain , where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field . Following the rout , the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and again successfully skirmished with the enemy . Hayes and his brigade moved to the Shenandoah Valley for the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Crooks corps was attached to Major General David Hunters Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces , capturing Lexington , Virginia on June 11 . They continued south toward Lynchburg , tearing up railroad track as they advanced , but Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful , and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia . Hayes thought Hunter lacked aggression , writing in a letter home that General Crook would have taken Lynchburg . Before the army could make another attempt , Confederate General Jubal Earlys raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north . Earlys army surprised them at Kernstown on July 24 , where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder . He also had a horse shot out from under him , and the army was defeated . Retreating to Maryland , the army was reorganized again , with Major General Philip Sheridan replacing Hunter . By August , Early was retreating up the valley , with Sheridan in pursuit . Hayess troops fended off a Confederate assault at Berryville and advanced to Opequon Creek , where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south . They followed up the victory with another at Fishers Hill on September 22 , and one more at Cedar Creek on October 19 . At Cedar Creek , Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round , which did not cause serious damage . His leadership and bravery drew his superiors attention , with Ulysses S . Grant later writing of Hayes , [ h ] is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring . Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign . Hayes was promoted to brigadier general in October 1864 and brevetted major general . Around this time , Hayes learned of the birth of his fourth son , George Crook Hayes . The army went into winter quarters once more , and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox . Hayes visited Washington , D.C . that May and observed the Grand Review of the Armies , after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service . Post-war politics . U.S . Congressman from Ohio . While serving in the Army of the Shenandoah in 1864 , Hayes was nominated by Republicans for the House of Representatives from Ohios 2nd congressional district . Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign , he refused , saying that an officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped . Instead , Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent , Democrat Alexander Long . When the 39th Congress assembled in December 1865 , Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority . Hayes identified with the partys moderate wing , but was willing to vote with the radicals for the sake of party unity . The major legislative effort of the Congress was the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866 . Hayess beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on Reconstruction issues : that the South should be restored to the Union , but not without adequate protections for freedmen and other black southerners . President Andrew Johnson , who succeeded to office following Lincolns assassination , to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves civil rights ; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates . Hayes , along with congressional Republicans , disagreed . They worked to reject Johnsons vision of Reconstruction and to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . Reelected in 1866 , Hayes returned to the lame-duck session to vote for the Tenure of Office Act , which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senates consent . He also unsuccessfully pressed for a civil service reform bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans . Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the 40th Congress on the Reconstruction Acts , but resigned in July 1867 to run for governor of Ohio . Governor of Ohio . A popular Congressman and former Army officer , Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the 1867 election campaign . His political views were more moderate than the Republican partys platform , although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee suffrage to black male Ohioans . Hayess opponent , Allen G . Thurman , made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign and opposed black suffrage . Both men campaigned vigorously , making speeches across the state , mostly focusing on the suffrage question . The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans , as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the state legislature . Hayes thought at first that he , too , had lost , but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast . As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature , Hayes had a limited role in governing , especially since Ohios governor had no veto power . Despite these constraints , he oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a reform school for girls . He endorsed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and urged his conviction , which failed by one vote in the United States Senate . Nominated for a second term in 1869 , Hayes campaigned again for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent , George H . Pendleton , with disunion and Confederate sympathies . Hayes was reelected with an increased majority , and the Republicans took the legislature , ensuring Ohios ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guaranteed black ( male ) suffrage . With a Republican legislature , Hayess second term was more enjoyable . Suffrage was expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College ( later to become The Ohio State University ) established . He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system . Choosing not to seek reelection , Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872 . Private life and return to politics . As Hayes prepared to leave office , several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run for United States Senate against the incumbent Republican , John Sherman . Hayes declined , preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life . He especially looked forward to spending time with his children , two of whom ( daughter Fanny and son Scott ) had been born in the past five years . Initially , Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown , Fremont . He also managed some real estate he had acquired in Duluth , Minnesota . Not entirely removed from politics , Hayes held out some hope of a cabinet appointment , but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S . treasurer at Cincinnati , which he turned down . He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was not disappointed when he lost the election to Henry B . Banning , a fellow Kenyon College alumnus . In 1873 , Lucy gave birth to another son , Manning Force Hayes . That same year , the Panic of 1873 hurt business prospects across the nation , including Hayess . His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year , and the Hayes family moved into Spiegel Grove , the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind . That year Hayes announced his uncles bequest of $50,000 in assets to endow a public library for Fremont , to be called the Birchard Library . It opened in 1874 on Front Street , and a new building was completed and opened in 1878 in Fort Stephenson State Park . ( This site was per the terms of the bequest. ) Hayes served as chairman of the librarys board of trustees until his death . Hayes hoped to stay out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic , but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875 , he accepted . His campaign against Democratic nominee William Allen focused primarily on Protestant fears about the possibility of state aid to Catholic schools . Hayes was against such funding and , while not known to be personally anti-Catholic , he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy . The campaign was a success , and on October 12 , 1875 Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority . The first person to earn a third term as governor of Ohio , Hayes reduced the state debt , reestablished the Board of Charities , and repealed the Geghan Bill , which had allowed for the appointment of Catholic priests to schools and penitentiaries . Election of 1876 . Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden . Hayess success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876 . The Ohio delegation to the 1876 Republican National Convention was united behind him , and Senator John Sherman did all in his power to get Hayes the nomination . In June 1876 , the convention assembled with James G . Blaine of Maine as the favorite . Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count , but could not muster a majority . As he failed to gain votes , the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot . The convention selected Representative William A . Wheeler from New York for vice president , a man about whom Hayes had recently asked , I am ashamed to say : who is Wheeler ? The Democratic nominee was Samuel J . Tilden , the governor of New York . Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who , like Hayes , had a reputation for honesty . Also like Hayes , Tilden was a hard-money man and supported civil service reform . In accordance with the custom of the time , the campaign was conducted by surrogates , with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective hometowns . The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect he would lose the election . Both candidates concentrated on the swing states of New York and Indiana , as well as the three southern states—Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida—where Reconstruction Republican governments still barely ruled , amid recurring political violence , including widespread efforts to suppress freedman voting . The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after southern Democrats had provoked the Civil War and , to a lesser extent , the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks . Democrats , for their part , trumpeted Tildens record of reform and contrasted it with the corruption of the incumbent Grant administration . As the returns were tallied on election day , it was clear that the race was close : Democrats had carried most of the South , as well as New York , Indiana , Connecticut , and New Jersey . In the Northeast , an increasing number of immigrants and their descendants voted Democratic . Although Tilden won the popular vote and claimed 184 electoral votes , Republican leaders challenged the results and charged Democrats with fraud and voter suppression of blacks ( who would otherwise have voted Republican ) in Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina . Republicans realized that if they held the three disputed unredeemed southern states together with some of the western states , they would emerge with an electoral college majority . Disputed electoral votes . On November 11 , three days after election day , Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes , one short of a majority . Hayes appeared to have 166 , with the 19 votes of Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina still in doubt . Republicans and Democrats each claimed victory in the three latter states , but the results in those states were rendered uncertain because of fraud by both parties . To further complicate matters , one of the three electors from Oregon ( a state Hayes had won ) was disqualified , reducing Hayess total to 165 , and raising the disputed votes to 20 . If Hayes was not awarded all 20 disputed votes , Tilden would be elected president . There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors , with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority . By January 1877 , with the question still unresolved , Congress and President Grant agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan Electoral Commission , which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes . The Commission was to be made up of five representatives , five senators , and five Supreme Court justices . To ensure partisan balance , there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans , with Justice David Davis , an independent respected by both parties , as the 15th member . The balance was upset when Democrats in the Illinois legislature elected Davis to the Senate , hoping to sway his vote . Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate . As all the remaining Justices were Republicans , Justice Joseph P . Bradley , believed to be the most independent-minded of them , was selected to take Daviss place on the Commission . The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes . Democrats , outraged by the result , attempted a filibuster to prevent Congress from accepting the Commissions findings . Eventually , the filibusterers gave up , allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2 . The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes . At 4:10 am on March 2 , Senator Thomas Ferry announced that Hayes and Wheeler had been elected to the presidency and vice presidency , by an electoral margin of 185–184 . As inauguration day neared , Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at Wormleys Hotel in Washington to negotiate a compromise . Republicans promised concessions in exchange for Democratic acquiescence to the Committees decision . The main concession Hayes promised was the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an acceptance of the election of Democratic governments in the remaining unredeemed southern states . The Democrats agreed , and on March 2 , the filibuster was ended . Hayes was elected , but Reconstruction was finished , and freedmen were left at the mercy of white Democrats who did not intend to preserve their rights . On April 3 , Hayes ordered Secretary of War George W . McCrary to withdraw federal troops stationed at the South Carolina State House to their barracks . On April 20 , he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at New Orleanss St . Louis Hotel to Jackson Barracks . Presidency ( 1877–1881 ) . Inauguration . Because March 4 , 1877 , was a Sunday , Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday , March 3 , in the Red Room of the White House , the first president to do so in the Executive Mansion . He took the oath publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the United States Capitol . In his inaugural address , Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months , saying that he serves his party best who serves his country best . He pledged to support wise , honest , and peaceful local self-government in the South , as well as reform of the civil service and a full return to the gold standard . Despite his message of conciliation , many Democrats never considered Hayess election legitimate and referred to him as Rutherfraud or His Fraudulency for the next four years . The South and the end of Reconstruction . Hayes had firmly supported Republican Reconstruction policies throughout his career , but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to home rule . Even without the conditions of the Wormleys Hotel agreement , Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue his predecessors policies . The House of Representatives in the 45th Congress was controlled by a majority of Democrats , and they refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South . Even among Republicans , devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading in the face of persistent Southern insurgency and violence . Only two states were still under Reconstructions sway when Hayes assumed the presidency and , without troops to enforce the voting rights laws , these soon fell to Democratic control . Hayess later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective , as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South . He did , however , defeat Congresss efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections . Democrats in Congress passed an army appropriation bill in 1879 with a rider that repealed the Enforcement Acts , which had been used to suppress the Ku Klux Klan . Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen . Those Acts , passed during Reconstruction , made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race . Other paramilitary groups , such as the Red Shirts in the Carolinas , however , had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote . Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters , and vetoed the appropriation . The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto , but they passed a new bill with the same rider . Hayes vetoed that bill too , and the process was repeated three times more . Finally , Hayes signed an appropriation without the offensive rider , but Congress refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals , who were vital to the enforcement of the Enforcement Acts . The election laws remained in effect , but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being . Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats . My task was to wipe out the color line , to abolish sectionalism , to end the war and bring peace , he wrote in his diary . To do this , I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country . All his efforts were in vain ; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws . Civil service reform . Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments , which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jacksons presidency . Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters , Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take . Hayess call for reform immediately brought him into conflict with the Stalwart , or pro-spoils , branch of the Republican party . Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes . Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator Roscoe Conkling , who fought Hayess reform efforts at every turn . To show his commitment to reform , Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform , Carl Schurz , to be Secretary of the Interior and asked Schurz and Secretary of State William M . Evarts to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments . Treasury Secretary John Sherman ordered John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House , which was stacked with Conklings spoilsmen . Jays report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable . Although he could not convince Congress to prohibit the spoils system , Hayes issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics . Chester A . Arthur , the Collector of the Port of New York , and his subordinates Alonzo B . Cornell and George H . Sharpe , all Conkling supporters , refused to obey the order . In September 1877 , Hayes demanded their resignations , which they refused to give . He submitted appointments of Theodore Roosevelt , Sr. , L . Bradford Prince , and Edwin Merritt—all supporters of Evarts , Conklings New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements . The Senates Commerce Committee , chaired by Conkling , voted unanimously to reject the nominees . The full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25 , and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpes term had expired . Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878 , when he fired Arthur and Cornell during a Congressional recess and replaced them with recess appointments of Merritt and Silas W . Burt , respectively . Conkling opposed confirmation of the appointees when the Senate reconvened in February 1879 , but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25 and Burt by 31–19 , giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory . For the remainder of his term , Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the United States Civil Service Commission , even using his last annual message to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform . Reform legislation did not pass during Hayess presidency , but his advocacy provided a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the Pendleton Act of 1883 , which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur . Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments , permitting George Congdon Gorham , secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee , to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878 . In 1880 , Hayes quickly forced Secretary of the Navy Richard W . Thompson to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps to promote a French canal in Panama . Hayes also dealt with corruption in the postal service . In 1880 , Schurz and Senator John A . Logan asked Hayes to shut down the star route rings , a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service , and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General Thomas J . Brady , the alleged ringleader . Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced . Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature , as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption . Historian Hans L . Trefousse later wrote that Hayes hardly knew the chief suspect [ Brady ] and certainly had no connection with the [ star route ] corruption . Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing , Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882 . After two trials , the defendants were acquitted in 1883 . Great Railroad Strike . In his first year in office , Hayes was faced with the United States largest labor uprising to date , the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873 , the major railroads had cut their employees wages several times in 1877 . In July of that year , workers at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad walked off the job in Martinsburg , West Virginia , to protest their reduction in pay . The strike quickly spread to workers of the New York Central , Erie , and Pennsylvania railroads , with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands . Fearing a riot , Governor Henry M . Mathews asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg , and Hayes did so , but when the troops arrived there was no riot , only a peaceful protest . In Baltimore , however , a riot did erupt on July 20 , and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort McHenry to assist the governor in suppressing it . Pittsburgh exploded into riots next , but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governors request . Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting . After a few days , Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General Winfield Scott Hancock overall command of the situation , marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company . The riots spread further , to Chicago and St . Louis , where strikers shut down railroad facilities . By July 29 , the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks . No federal troops had killed any of the strikers , or been killed themselves , but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides . The railroads were victorious in the short term , as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect . But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence , and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts . Business leaders praised Hayes , but his own opinion was more equivocal ; as he recorded in his diary : The strikes have been put down by force ; but now for the real remedy . Cant something [ be ] done by education of strikers , by judicious control of capitalists , by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil ? The railroad strikers , as a rule , are good men , sober , intelligent , and industrious . Currency debate . Hayes confronted two issues regarding the currency , the first of which was the coinage of silver , and its relation to gold . In 1873 , the Coinage Act of 1873 stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more , effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold . As a result , the money supply contracted and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse , making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable . Farmers and laborers , especially , clamored for the return of coinage in both metals , believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values . Democratic Representative Richard P . Bland of Missouri proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government , thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors . William B . Allison , a Republican from Iowa , offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month , and the resulting Bland–Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878 . Hayes feared the Act would cause inflation that would be ruinous to business , effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar , as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar . He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest , saying , [ e ] xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency . He vetoed the bill , but Congress overrode his veto , the only time it did so during his presidency . The second issue concerned United States Notes ( commonly called greenbacks ) , a form of fiat currency first issued during the Civil War . The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs , but unlike ordinary dollars , they were not redeemable in gold . The Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold , thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single , gold-backed currency . Sherman agreed with Hayess favorable opinion of the Act , and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold . But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie ( gold ) , few did so ; when the Act took effect in 1879 , only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed . Together with the Bland–Allison Act , the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and hard money men and , as the world economy began to improve , agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayess presidency . Foreign policy . Most of Hayess foreign-policy concerns involved Latin America . In 1878 , following the Paraguayan War , he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay . Hayes awarded the disputed land in the Gran Chaco region to Paraguay , and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city ( Villa Hayes ) and a department ( Presidente Hayes ) in his honor . Hayes became concerned over the plans of Ferdinand de Lesseps , the builder of the Suez Canal , to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama , then part of Colombia . Worried about a repetition of French adventurism in Mexico , Hayes interpreted the Monroe Doctrine firmly . In a message to Congress , Hayes explained his opinion on the canal : The policy of this country is a canal under American control .. . The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers . The Mexican border also drew Hayess attention . Throughout the 1870s , lawless bands often crossed the border on raids into Texas . Three months after taking office , Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue bandits , even if it required crossing into Mexican territory . Mexican president Porfirio Díaz protested the order and sent troops to the border . The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States . The violence along the border decreased , and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico . Outside the Western hemisphere , Hayess biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with China . In 1868 the Senate had ratified the Burlingame Treaty with China , allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the United States . As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873 , Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmens wages . During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco , and a third party , the Workingmans Party , formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration . In response , Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879 , abrogating the 1868 treaty . Hayes vetoed the bill , believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation . The veto drew praise from eastern liberals , but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the West . In the subsequent furor , Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach him , but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote . After the veto , Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W . Seward suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration , and he and James Burrill Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so . Congress passed a new law to that effect , the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , after Hayes had left office . Indian policy . Interior Secretary Carl Schurz carried out Hayess American Indian policy , beginning with preventing the War Department from taking over the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture , educational training , and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments . Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites . The allotment system under the Dawes Act , later signed by President Cleveland in 1887 , was favored by liberal reformers at the time , including Schurz , but instead proved detrimental to American Indians . They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as surplus lands , and more to unscrupulous white speculators who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments . Hayes and Schurz reformed the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations , but they were generally understaffed . Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes . The Nez Perce , led by Chief Joseph , began an uprising in June 1877 when Major General Oliver O . Howard ordered them to move to a reservation . Howards men defeated the Nez Perce in battle , and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to Canada . In October , after a decisive battle at Bear Paw , Montana , Chief Joseph surrendered and William T . Sherman ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in Kansas , where they were forced to remain until 1885 . The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West , as the Bannock rose up in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howards army in July . War with the Ute tribe broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker , who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity . The subsequent White River War ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meekers death . Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the Ponca tribe from Nebraska to Indian Territory ( present-day Oklahoma ) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration . The tribes problems came to Hayess attention after its chief , Standing Bear , filed a lawsuit to contest Schurzs demand that they stay in Indian Territory . Overruling Schurz , Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory . The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights , which had been previously granted to the Sioux . In a message to Congress in February 1881 , Hayes insisted he would give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity . Great Western Tour of 1880 . In 1880 , Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the American West , becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the Rocky Mountains . ( Hayess immediate predecessor , Ulysses Grant , visited Utah in 1875. ) Hayess traveling party included his wife and William T . Sherman , who helped organize the trip . Hayes began his trip in September 1880 , departing from Chicago on the transcontinental railroad . He journeyed across the continent , ultimately arriving in California , stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada , reaching Sacramento and San Francisco . By railroad and stagecoach , the party traveled north to Oregon , arriving in Portland , and from there to Vancouver , Washington . Going by steamship , they visited Seattle , and then returned to San Francisco . Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November , in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election . Hayess White House . Hayes and his wife Lucy were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House , giving rise to her nickname Lemonade Lucy . The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine , but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington , leading him to follow his wifes temperance leanings . Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House . Critics charged Hayes with parsimony , but Hayes spent more money ( which came out of his personal budget ) after the ban , ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment . His temperance policy also paid political dividends , strengthening his support among Protestant ministers . Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners , water flowed like wine , the policy was a success in convincing prohibitionists to vote Republican . Judicial appointments . Hayes appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court . The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876 . On taking office , Hayes appointed John Marshall Harlan to the seat . A former candidate for governor of Kentucky , Harlan had been Benjamin Bristows campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention , and Hayes had earlier considered him for attorney general . Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877 , but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlans limited experience in public office . Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years , voting ( usually in the minority ) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws . In 1880 , a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice William Strong . Hayes nominated William Burnham Woods , a carpetbagger Republican circuit court judge from Alabama . Woods served six years on the Court , ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayess own preferences . Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881 . Justice Noah Haynes Swayne resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing Stanley Matthews , a friend of both men . Many senators objected to the appointment , believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests , especially those of Jay Gould , and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination . The following year , when James A . Garfield entered the White House , he resubmitted Matthewss nomination to the Senate , which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote , 24 to 23 . Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889 . His opinion in Yick Wo v . Hopkins in 1886 advanced his and Hayess views on the protection of ethnic minorities rights . Later life and death ( 1881–1893 ) . Hayes declined to seek reelection in 1880 , keeping his pledge not to run for a second term . He was gratified with the election of fellow Ohio Republican James A . Garfield to succeed him , and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration . After Garfields inauguration , Hayes and his family returned to Spiegel Grove . In 1881 , he was elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . He served as commander-in-chief ( national president ) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893 . Although he remained a loyal Republican , Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat Grover Clevelands election to the presidency in 1884 , approving of Clevelands views on civil service reform . He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of William McKinley , his army comrade and political protégé . Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children . He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves . In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of The Ohio State University , the school he helped found as governor of Ohio . He emphasized the need for vocational , as well as academic , education : I preach the gospel of work , he wrote , I believe in skilled labor as a part of education . He urged Congress , unsuccessfully , to pass a bill written by Senator Henry W . Blair that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time . In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund , one of the charities with which he was affiliated . One such student , W . E . B . Du Bois , received a scholarship in 1892 . Hayes also advocated better prison conditions . In retirement , Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor , saying in an 1886 speech , free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes , education , and a support in old age . The next year , he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary : Hayes was greatly saddened by his wifes death in 1889 . When she died , he wrote , the soul had left [ Spiegel Grove ] . After Lucys death , Hayess daughter Fanny became his traveling companion , and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren . In 1890 , he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question , a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues . Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17 , 1893 , at the age of 70 . His last words were I know that Im going where Lucy is . President-elect Cleveland and Ohio Governor McKinley led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in Oakwood Cemetery . Legacy and honors . After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for Spiegel Grove State Park , Hayes was reinterred there in 1915 . The next year the Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum , the countrys first presidential library , opened on the site , funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayess family . An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay , giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory , led to the naming of a province in the region after him : Presidente Hayes Department ( capital : Villa Hayes ) ; an official holiday : Laudo Hayes Firm Day , the anniversary of the decision , celebrated in Presidente Hayes province ; a local soccer team : Club Presidente Hayes ( also known as Los Yanquis ) , based in the national capital , Asuncion ; a postage stamp , the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S . Embassy ; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont , Ohio . Also named for Hayes is Hayes County , Nebraska . Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890 . Rutherford B . Hayes High School in Hayess hometown of Delaware , Ohio , was named in his honor , as is Hayes Hall , built in 1893 , at the Ohio State University . It is Ohio States oldest remaining building , and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16 , 1970 , due to its front facade , which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance . Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor , but did not live to see it completed . External links . - White House biography - The Rutherford B . Hayes Presidential Center - Rutherford B . Hayes : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress - Extensive essays on Rutherford B . Hayes and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs - Life Portrait of Rutherford B . Hayes , from C-SPANs , July 19 , 1999 - Rutherford B . Hayes Personal Manuscripts & Letters |
[
"Union Minister of Education"
] | easy | Which position did Siddhartha Shankar Ray hold from 1971 to 1972? | /wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray#P39#0 | Siddhartha Shankar Ray Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 20 October 1920 – 6 November 2010 ) was an Indian lawyer , diplomat and Indian National Congress politician from West Bengal . In his political career he held a number of offices , including Union Minister of Education ( 1971–72 ) , Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1972–77 ) , Governor of Punjab ( 1986–89 ) and Indian Ambassador to the United States ( 1992–96 ) . He was at one point the main troubleshooter for the Congress Party . Biography . Ray was born in a Vaidya family . Rays father , Sudhir Kumar Ray , was a well known barrister of Calcutta High Court and a member of the Indian National Congress and his mother Aparna Devi , was the elder daughter of the barrister and nationalist leader Chittaranjan Das and Basanti Devi grew up in England . Rays sister is Justice Manjula Bose ( 1930–2016 ) who was a senior judge of the Calcutta High Court ; along with Padma Khastagir , she was one of the first female judges of the Calcutta High Court . Ray was also related to Sudhi Ranjan Das , a former Chief Justice of India and Satish Ranjan Das , a former Advocate General of Bengal and a Law Member of the Viceroys Executive Council . Ray studied at , Mitra Institution , Bhowanipore Branch , Calcutta , Presidency College , Calcutta and University Law College , of the University of Calcutta . In college and university , he was active in both sports and politics . In 1941 , he was elected as student Under-Secretary in the Calcutta University Institute Elections and was put in charge from time to time of various departments including Students Aid Fund , Debates , Sports and Socials . He was also the Debate Secretary and later the General Secretary of the Calcutta University Law College Union . As a sportsman he captained the Presidency College cricket team . He was the captain of the team that won the Inter Collegiate cricket Championship in 1944 . He had scored three double centuries and 1000 runs for three consecutive seasons . He was also a keen footballer in Calcutta playing for the Kalighat Club . He was a University Blue in this sport and represented the Calcutta University in inter-varsity matches . In 1939 , he was the captain of the victorious Presidency College football team which won both the Elliot and Hardinge Birthday Shields . He was also interested in lawn tennis and table tennis . Later Ray was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1947 . While in London he played cricket for the Indian Gymkhana Club . Career . Upon his return from England in 1946 , Ray joined the Calcutta Bar as a junior of Justice Ramaprasad Mukherjee , who later became a Judge and Chief Justice ( Acting ) of the High Court of Calcutta . In 1954 he became one of the three junior Central Government counsels in Calcutta . In 1957 he was elected to the Bhowanipore Assembly seat which he won by a large majority , becoming the youngest member of the West Bengal Cabinet under the leadership of Dr . Bidhan Chandra Roy . He was appointed as Minister of Tribal Welfare and Law Department , West Bengal . In 1962 , he was re-elected to the states Legislative Assembly as an Independent Candidate . In 1966 , he became the Union Cabinet Minister of Education & Youth Services for the Government of India . He was also the Union Cabinet Minister of West Bengal Affairs of the Government of India . After the Congress won the General Election of 1972 , he became the Chief Minister of West Bengal from March 19 , 1972 to June 21 , 1977 . He took office shortly after the Bangladesh Liberation War , and his administration was faced with the massive problem of resettling over a million refugees in various parts of the state . The crackdown on Naxalites also took place during this period . Later , he had the distinction of serving as the Governor of Punjab from April 2 , 1986 to December 8 , 1989 . When the Congress came back to power once again in Delhi in 1991 , Ray was sent as Indias Ambassador to the United States . He remained in the United States from 1992 to 1996 . Prior to that , he was the Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1991-1992 . Role in the emergency . Siddhartha Shankar Ray had a major role in the imposition of The Emergency from 1975 to 1977 . He proposed to the prime minister Indira Gandhi to impose an internal emergency and also drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation and showed her how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution . Retirement . During his retirement between 1996 and 2010 , Ray returned to his law practice as a Barrister of the High Court of Calcutta . Ray died of kidney failure on 6 November 2010 at the age of 90 . Legacy . A philanthropic society named Siddhartha Shankar Ray Foundation was formed by Mr . Rajesh Chirimar in memory of Ray with the due consent of Maya Ray . The society engages in various social activities and will be celebrating the Birth Centenary Year of Shri Siddhartha Shankar Ray . External links . - Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website - S.S . Ray - an administrator par excellence , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - S.S . Ray accorded a state funeral , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - Ray , Bengals last aristocrat politician , departs , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - A leader of many hues , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Sukharanjan Sengupta , Misunderstood for role in Naxal period , The Times of India , 6 November 2010 - Legal eagle with excellent court etiquette , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Ray : The Left’s whipping boy till the end , The Statesman , 6 November 2010 - Punjabs friendly troubleshooter , The Tribune , 7 November 2010 |
[
"Chief Minister of West Bengal"
] | easy | Which position did Siddhartha Shankar Ray hold from Mar 1972 to Apr 1977? | /wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray#P39#1 | Siddhartha Shankar Ray Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 20 October 1920 – 6 November 2010 ) was an Indian lawyer , diplomat and Indian National Congress politician from West Bengal . In his political career he held a number of offices , including Union Minister of Education ( 1971–72 ) , Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1972–77 ) , Governor of Punjab ( 1986–89 ) and Indian Ambassador to the United States ( 1992–96 ) . He was at one point the main troubleshooter for the Congress Party . Biography . Ray was born in a Vaidya family . Rays father , Sudhir Kumar Ray , was a well known barrister of Calcutta High Court and a member of the Indian National Congress and his mother Aparna Devi , was the elder daughter of the barrister and nationalist leader Chittaranjan Das and Basanti Devi grew up in England . Rays sister is Justice Manjula Bose ( 1930–2016 ) who was a senior judge of the Calcutta High Court ; along with Padma Khastagir , she was one of the first female judges of the Calcutta High Court . Ray was also related to Sudhi Ranjan Das , a former Chief Justice of India and Satish Ranjan Das , a former Advocate General of Bengal and a Law Member of the Viceroys Executive Council . Ray studied at , Mitra Institution , Bhowanipore Branch , Calcutta , Presidency College , Calcutta and University Law College , of the University of Calcutta . In college and university , he was active in both sports and politics . In 1941 , he was elected as student Under-Secretary in the Calcutta University Institute Elections and was put in charge from time to time of various departments including Students Aid Fund , Debates , Sports and Socials . He was also the Debate Secretary and later the General Secretary of the Calcutta University Law College Union . As a sportsman he captained the Presidency College cricket team . He was the captain of the team that won the Inter Collegiate cricket Championship in 1944 . He had scored three double centuries and 1000 runs for three consecutive seasons . He was also a keen footballer in Calcutta playing for the Kalighat Club . He was a University Blue in this sport and represented the Calcutta University in inter-varsity matches . In 1939 , he was the captain of the victorious Presidency College football team which won both the Elliot and Hardinge Birthday Shields . He was also interested in lawn tennis and table tennis . Later Ray was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1947 . While in London he played cricket for the Indian Gymkhana Club . Career . Upon his return from England in 1946 , Ray joined the Calcutta Bar as a junior of Justice Ramaprasad Mukherjee , who later became a Judge and Chief Justice ( Acting ) of the High Court of Calcutta . In 1954 he became one of the three junior Central Government counsels in Calcutta . In 1957 he was elected to the Bhowanipore Assembly seat which he won by a large majority , becoming the youngest member of the West Bengal Cabinet under the leadership of Dr . Bidhan Chandra Roy . He was appointed as Minister of Tribal Welfare and Law Department , West Bengal . In 1962 , he was re-elected to the states Legislative Assembly as an Independent Candidate . In 1966 , he became the Union Cabinet Minister of Education & Youth Services for the Government of India . He was also the Union Cabinet Minister of West Bengal Affairs of the Government of India . After the Congress won the General Election of 1972 , he became the Chief Minister of West Bengal from March 19 , 1972 to June 21 , 1977 . He took office shortly after the Bangladesh Liberation War , and his administration was faced with the massive problem of resettling over a million refugees in various parts of the state . The crackdown on Naxalites also took place during this period . Later , he had the distinction of serving as the Governor of Punjab from April 2 , 1986 to December 8 , 1989 . When the Congress came back to power once again in Delhi in 1991 , Ray was sent as Indias Ambassador to the United States . He remained in the United States from 1992 to 1996 . Prior to that , he was the Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1991-1992 . Role in the emergency . Siddhartha Shankar Ray had a major role in the imposition of The Emergency from 1975 to 1977 . He proposed to the prime minister Indira Gandhi to impose an internal emergency and also drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation and showed her how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution . Retirement . During his retirement between 1996 and 2010 , Ray returned to his law practice as a Barrister of the High Court of Calcutta . Ray died of kidney failure on 6 November 2010 at the age of 90 . Legacy . A philanthropic society named Siddhartha Shankar Ray Foundation was formed by Mr . Rajesh Chirimar in memory of Ray with the due consent of Maya Ray . The society engages in various social activities and will be celebrating the Birth Centenary Year of Shri Siddhartha Shankar Ray . External links . - Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website - S.S . Ray - an administrator par excellence , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - S.S . Ray accorded a state funeral , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - Ray , Bengals last aristocrat politician , departs , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - A leader of many hues , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Sukharanjan Sengupta , Misunderstood for role in Naxal period , The Times of India , 6 November 2010 - Legal eagle with excellent court etiquette , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Ray : The Left’s whipping boy till the end , The Statesman , 6 November 2010 - Punjabs friendly troubleshooter , The Tribune , 7 November 2010 |
[
"Indian Ambassador to the United States"
] | easy | What was the position of Siddhartha Shankar Ray from 1992 to 1996? | /wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray#P39#2 | Siddhartha Shankar Ray Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 20 October 1920 – 6 November 2010 ) was an Indian lawyer , diplomat and Indian National Congress politician from West Bengal . In his political career he held a number of offices , including Union Minister of Education ( 1971–72 ) , Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1972–77 ) , Governor of Punjab ( 1986–89 ) and Indian Ambassador to the United States ( 1992–96 ) . He was at one point the main troubleshooter for the Congress Party . Biography . Ray was born in a Vaidya family . Rays father , Sudhir Kumar Ray , was a well known barrister of Calcutta High Court and a member of the Indian National Congress and his mother Aparna Devi , was the elder daughter of the barrister and nationalist leader Chittaranjan Das and Basanti Devi grew up in England . Rays sister is Justice Manjula Bose ( 1930–2016 ) who was a senior judge of the Calcutta High Court ; along with Padma Khastagir , she was one of the first female judges of the Calcutta High Court . Ray was also related to Sudhi Ranjan Das , a former Chief Justice of India and Satish Ranjan Das , a former Advocate General of Bengal and a Law Member of the Viceroys Executive Council . Ray studied at , Mitra Institution , Bhowanipore Branch , Calcutta , Presidency College , Calcutta and University Law College , of the University of Calcutta . In college and university , he was active in both sports and politics . In 1941 , he was elected as student Under-Secretary in the Calcutta University Institute Elections and was put in charge from time to time of various departments including Students Aid Fund , Debates , Sports and Socials . He was also the Debate Secretary and later the General Secretary of the Calcutta University Law College Union . As a sportsman he captained the Presidency College cricket team . He was the captain of the team that won the Inter Collegiate cricket Championship in 1944 . He had scored three double centuries and 1000 runs for three consecutive seasons . He was also a keen footballer in Calcutta playing for the Kalighat Club . He was a University Blue in this sport and represented the Calcutta University in inter-varsity matches . In 1939 , he was the captain of the victorious Presidency College football team which won both the Elliot and Hardinge Birthday Shields . He was also interested in lawn tennis and table tennis . Later Ray was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1947 . While in London he played cricket for the Indian Gymkhana Club . Career . Upon his return from England in 1946 , Ray joined the Calcutta Bar as a junior of Justice Ramaprasad Mukherjee , who later became a Judge and Chief Justice ( Acting ) of the High Court of Calcutta . In 1954 he became one of the three junior Central Government counsels in Calcutta . In 1957 he was elected to the Bhowanipore Assembly seat which he won by a large majority , becoming the youngest member of the West Bengal Cabinet under the leadership of Dr . Bidhan Chandra Roy . He was appointed as Minister of Tribal Welfare and Law Department , West Bengal . In 1962 , he was re-elected to the states Legislative Assembly as an Independent Candidate . In 1966 , he became the Union Cabinet Minister of Education & Youth Services for the Government of India . He was also the Union Cabinet Minister of West Bengal Affairs of the Government of India . After the Congress won the General Election of 1972 , he became the Chief Minister of West Bengal from March 19 , 1972 to June 21 , 1977 . He took office shortly after the Bangladesh Liberation War , and his administration was faced with the massive problem of resettling over a million refugees in various parts of the state . The crackdown on Naxalites also took place during this period . Later , he had the distinction of serving as the Governor of Punjab from April 2 , 1986 to December 8 , 1989 . When the Congress came back to power once again in Delhi in 1991 , Ray was sent as Indias Ambassador to the United States . He remained in the United States from 1992 to 1996 . Prior to that , he was the Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1991-1992 . Role in the emergency . Siddhartha Shankar Ray had a major role in the imposition of The Emergency from 1975 to 1977 . He proposed to the prime minister Indira Gandhi to impose an internal emergency and also drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation and showed her how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution . Retirement . During his retirement between 1996 and 2010 , Ray returned to his law practice as a Barrister of the High Court of Calcutta . Ray died of kidney failure on 6 November 2010 at the age of 90 . Legacy . A philanthropic society named Siddhartha Shankar Ray Foundation was formed by Mr . Rajesh Chirimar in memory of Ray with the due consent of Maya Ray . The society engages in various social activities and will be celebrating the Birth Centenary Year of Shri Siddhartha Shankar Ray . External links . - Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website - S.S . Ray - an administrator par excellence , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - S.S . Ray accorded a state funeral , Indo-Asian News Service , 7 November 2010 - Ray , Bengals last aristocrat politician , departs , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - A leader of many hues , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Sukharanjan Sengupta , Misunderstood for role in Naxal period , The Times of India , 6 November 2010 - Legal eagle with excellent court etiquette , The Times of India , 7 November 2010 - Ray : The Left’s whipping boy till the end , The Statesman , 6 November 2010 - Punjabs friendly troubleshooter , The Tribune , 7 November 2010 |
[
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] | easy | Svante Pääbo became a member of what organization or association in Feb 2004? | /wiki/Svante_Pääbo#P463#0 | Svante Pääbo Svante Pääbo ( ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Education and early life . Pääbo was born in Stockholm and grew up with his mother , Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo . His father was biochemist Sune Bergström , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I . Samuelsson and John R . Vane in 1982 . He earned his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 for research investigating how the E19 protein of adenoviruses modulates the immune system . Research and career . Pääbo is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics , a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations . In 1997 , Pääbo and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley . In 2020 , Pääbo determined that more severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements , and vulnerability to the COVID-19 disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3 , features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage . That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease . The findings are from Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institutet . This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe . In August 2002 , Pääbos department published findings about the language gene , FOXP2 , which is lacking or damaged in some individuals with language disabilities . In 2006 , Pääbo announced a plan to reconstruct the entire genome of Neanderthals . In 2007 , he was named one of Time magazines 100 most influential people of the year . In February 2009 , at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) in Chicago , it was announced that the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology had completed the first draft version of the Neanderthal genome . Over 3 billion base pairs were sequenced in collaboration with the 454 Life Sciences Corporation . This project , led by Pääbo , will shed new light on the recent evolutionary history of modern humans . In March 2010 , Pääbo and his coworkers published a report about the DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia ; the results suggest that the bone belonged to an extinct member of the genus Homo that had not yet been recognized , the Denisova hominin . In May 2010 , Pääbo and his colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome in the journal Science . He and his team also concluded that there was probably interbreeding between Neanderthals and Eurasian ( but not Sub-Saharan African ) humans . There is growing support in the scientific community for this theory of admixture between archaic and anatomically-modern humans , though some archaeologists remain skeptical about this conclusion . In 2014 , he published the book where he in the mixed form of a memoir and popular science tells the story of the research effort to map the Neanderthal genome combined with thought on human evolution . Awards and honours . In 1992 , he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , which is the highest honour awarded in German research . Pääbo was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2000 . In 2005 , he received the prestigious Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine . In 2008 , Pääbo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . In October 2009 , the Foundation For the Future announced that Pääbo had been awarded the 2009 Kistler Prize for his work isolating and sequencing ancient DNA , beginning in 1984 with a 2,400-year-old mummy . In June 2010 , the Federation of European Biochemical Societies ( FEBS ) awarded him the Theodor Bücher Medal for outstanding achievements in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . In 2013 , he received Gruber Prize in Genetics for ground breaking research in evolutionary genetics . In June 2015 , he was awarded the degree of DSc ( honoris causa ) at NUI Galway . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2016 , and in 2017 , was awarded the Dan David Prize . In 2018 , he received the Princess of Asturias Awards in the category of Scientific Research and in 2020 , the Japan Prize . Personal life . According to Neanderthal Man : In Search of Lost Genomes , Pääbo is openly bisexual – he assumed he was gay until he met Linda Vigilant , an American primatologist and geneticist whose boyish charms attracted him . They have co-authored many papers . They are married and raising a son and a daughter together in Leipzig . |
[
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] | easy | What organization did Svante Pääbo join in 2001? | /wiki/Svante_Pääbo#P463#1 | Svante Pääbo Svante Pääbo ( ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Education and early life . Pääbo was born in Stockholm and grew up with his mother , Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo . His father was biochemist Sune Bergström , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I . Samuelsson and John R . Vane in 1982 . He earned his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 for research investigating how the E19 protein of adenoviruses modulates the immune system . Research and career . Pääbo is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics , a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations . In 1997 , Pääbo and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley . In 2020 , Pääbo determined that more severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements , and vulnerability to the COVID-19 disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3 , features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage . That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease . The findings are from Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institutet . This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe . In August 2002 , Pääbos department published findings about the language gene , FOXP2 , which is lacking or damaged in some individuals with language disabilities . In 2006 , Pääbo announced a plan to reconstruct the entire genome of Neanderthals . In 2007 , he was named one of Time magazines 100 most influential people of the year . In February 2009 , at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) in Chicago , it was announced that the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology had completed the first draft version of the Neanderthal genome . Over 3 billion base pairs were sequenced in collaboration with the 454 Life Sciences Corporation . This project , led by Pääbo , will shed new light on the recent evolutionary history of modern humans . In March 2010 , Pääbo and his coworkers published a report about the DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia ; the results suggest that the bone belonged to an extinct member of the genus Homo that had not yet been recognized , the Denisova hominin . In May 2010 , Pääbo and his colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome in the journal Science . He and his team also concluded that there was probably interbreeding between Neanderthals and Eurasian ( but not Sub-Saharan African ) humans . There is growing support in the scientific community for this theory of admixture between archaic and anatomically-modern humans , though some archaeologists remain skeptical about this conclusion . In 2014 , he published the book where he in the mixed form of a memoir and popular science tells the story of the research effort to map the Neanderthal genome combined with thought on human evolution . Awards and honours . In 1992 , he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , which is the highest honour awarded in German research . Pääbo was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2000 . In 2005 , he received the prestigious Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine . In 2008 , Pääbo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . In October 2009 , the Foundation For the Future announced that Pääbo had been awarded the 2009 Kistler Prize for his work isolating and sequencing ancient DNA , beginning in 1984 with a 2,400-year-old mummy . In June 2010 , the Federation of European Biochemical Societies ( FEBS ) awarded him the Theodor Bücher Medal for outstanding achievements in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . In 2013 , he received Gruber Prize in Genetics for ground breaking research in evolutionary genetics . In June 2015 , he was awarded the degree of DSc ( honoris causa ) at NUI Galway . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2016 , and in 2017 , was awarded the Dan David Prize . In 2018 , he received the Princess of Asturias Awards in the category of Scientific Research and in 2020 , the Japan Prize . Personal life . According to Neanderthal Man : In Search of Lost Genomes , Pääbo is openly bisexual – he assumed he was gay until he met Linda Vigilant , an American primatologist and geneticist whose boyish charms attracted him . They have co-authored many papers . They are married and raising a son and a daughter together in Leipzig . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Svante Pääbo join in 2004? | /wiki/Svante_Pääbo#P463#2 | Svante Pääbo Svante Pääbo ( ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Education and early life . Pääbo was born in Stockholm and grew up with his mother , Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo . His father was biochemist Sune Bergström , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I . Samuelsson and John R . Vane in 1982 . He earned his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 for research investigating how the E19 protein of adenoviruses modulates the immune system . Research and career . Pääbo is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics , a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations . In 1997 , Pääbo and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley . In 2020 , Pääbo determined that more severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements , and vulnerability to the COVID-19 disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3 , features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage . That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease . The findings are from Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institutet . This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe . In August 2002 , Pääbos department published findings about the language gene , FOXP2 , which is lacking or damaged in some individuals with language disabilities . In 2006 , Pääbo announced a plan to reconstruct the entire genome of Neanderthals . In 2007 , he was named one of Time magazines 100 most influential people of the year . In February 2009 , at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) in Chicago , it was announced that the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology had completed the first draft version of the Neanderthal genome . Over 3 billion base pairs were sequenced in collaboration with the 454 Life Sciences Corporation . This project , led by Pääbo , will shed new light on the recent evolutionary history of modern humans . In March 2010 , Pääbo and his coworkers published a report about the DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia ; the results suggest that the bone belonged to an extinct member of the genus Homo that had not yet been recognized , the Denisova hominin . In May 2010 , Pääbo and his colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome in the journal Science . He and his team also concluded that there was probably interbreeding between Neanderthals and Eurasian ( but not Sub-Saharan African ) humans . There is growing support in the scientific community for this theory of admixture between archaic and anatomically-modern humans , though some archaeologists remain skeptical about this conclusion . In 2014 , he published the book where he in the mixed form of a memoir and popular science tells the story of the research effort to map the Neanderthal genome combined with thought on human evolution . Awards and honours . In 1992 , he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , which is the highest honour awarded in German research . Pääbo was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2000 . In 2005 , he received the prestigious Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine . In 2008 , Pääbo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . In October 2009 , the Foundation For the Future announced that Pääbo had been awarded the 2009 Kistler Prize for his work isolating and sequencing ancient DNA , beginning in 1984 with a 2,400-year-old mummy . In June 2010 , the Federation of European Biochemical Societies ( FEBS ) awarded him the Theodor Bücher Medal for outstanding achievements in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . In 2013 , he received Gruber Prize in Genetics for ground breaking research in evolutionary genetics . In June 2015 , he was awarded the degree of DSc ( honoris causa ) at NUI Galway . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2016 , and in 2017 , was awarded the Dan David Prize . In 2018 , he received the Princess of Asturias Awards in the category of Scientific Research and in 2020 , the Japan Prize . Personal life . According to Neanderthal Man : In Search of Lost Genomes , Pääbo is openly bisexual – he assumed he was gay until he met Linda Vigilant , an American primatologist and geneticist whose boyish charms attracted him . They have co-authored many papers . They are married and raising a son and a daughter together in Leipzig . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Svante Pääbo join in 1998? | /wiki/Svante_Pääbo#P463#3 | Svante Pääbo Svante Pääbo ( ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Education and early life . Pääbo was born in Stockholm and grew up with his mother , Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo . His father was biochemist Sune Bergström , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I . Samuelsson and John R . Vane in 1982 . He earned his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 for research investigating how the E19 protein of adenoviruses modulates the immune system . Research and career . Pääbo is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics , a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations . In 1997 , Pääbo and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley . In 2020 , Pääbo determined that more severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements , and vulnerability to the COVID-19 disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3 , features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage . That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease . The findings are from Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institutet . This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe . In August 2002 , Pääbos department published findings about the language gene , FOXP2 , which is lacking or damaged in some individuals with language disabilities . In 2006 , Pääbo announced a plan to reconstruct the entire genome of Neanderthals . In 2007 , he was named one of Time magazines 100 most influential people of the year . In February 2009 , at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) in Chicago , it was announced that the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology had completed the first draft version of the Neanderthal genome . Over 3 billion base pairs were sequenced in collaboration with the 454 Life Sciences Corporation . This project , led by Pääbo , will shed new light on the recent evolutionary history of modern humans . In March 2010 , Pääbo and his coworkers published a report about the DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia ; the results suggest that the bone belonged to an extinct member of the genus Homo that had not yet been recognized , the Denisova hominin . In May 2010 , Pääbo and his colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome in the journal Science . He and his team also concluded that there was probably interbreeding between Neanderthals and Eurasian ( but not Sub-Saharan African ) humans . There is growing support in the scientific community for this theory of admixture between archaic and anatomically-modern humans , though some archaeologists remain skeptical about this conclusion . In 2014 , he published the book where he in the mixed form of a memoir and popular science tells the story of the research effort to map the Neanderthal genome combined with thought on human evolution . Awards and honours . In 1992 , he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , which is the highest honour awarded in German research . Pääbo was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2000 . In 2005 , he received the prestigious Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine . In 2008 , Pääbo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . In October 2009 , the Foundation For the Future announced that Pääbo had been awarded the 2009 Kistler Prize for his work isolating and sequencing ancient DNA , beginning in 1984 with a 2,400-year-old mummy . In June 2010 , the Federation of European Biochemical Societies ( FEBS ) awarded him the Theodor Bücher Medal for outstanding achievements in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . In 2013 , he received Gruber Prize in Genetics for ground breaking research in evolutionary genetics . In June 2015 , he was awarded the degree of DSc ( honoris causa ) at NUI Galway . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2016 , and in 2017 , was awarded the Dan David Prize . In 2018 , he received the Princess of Asturias Awards in the category of Scientific Research and in 2020 , the Japan Prize . Personal life . According to Neanderthal Man : In Search of Lost Genomes , Pääbo is openly bisexual – he assumed he was gay until he met Linda Vigilant , an American primatologist and geneticist whose boyish charms attracted him . They have co-authored many papers . They are married and raising a son and a daughter together in Leipzig . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Svante Pääbo join in 2016? | /wiki/Svante_Pääbo#P463#4 | Svante Pääbo Svante Pääbo ( ; born 20 April 1955 ) is a Swedish geneticist specialising in the field of evolutionary genetics . As one of the founders of paleogenetics , he has worked extensively on the neanderthal genome . Education and early life . Pääbo was born in Stockholm and grew up with his mother , Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo . His father was biochemist Sune Bergström , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I . Samuelsson and John R . Vane in 1982 . He earned his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 for research investigating how the E19 protein of adenoviruses modulates the immune system . Research and career . Pääbo is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics , a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations . In 1997 , Pääbo and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley . In 2020 , Pääbo determined that more severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements , and vulnerability to the COVID-19 disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3 , features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage . That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease . The findings are from Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institutet . This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe . In August 2002 , Pääbos department published findings about the language gene , FOXP2 , which is lacking or damaged in some individuals with language disabilities . In 2006 , Pääbo announced a plan to reconstruct the entire genome of Neanderthals . In 2007 , he was named one of Time magazines 100 most influential people of the year . In February 2009 , at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) in Chicago , it was announced that the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology had completed the first draft version of the Neanderthal genome . Over 3 billion base pairs were sequenced in collaboration with the 454 Life Sciences Corporation . This project , led by Pääbo , will shed new light on the recent evolutionary history of modern humans . In March 2010 , Pääbo and his coworkers published a report about the DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia ; the results suggest that the bone belonged to an extinct member of the genus Homo that had not yet been recognized , the Denisova hominin . In May 2010 , Pääbo and his colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome in the journal Science . He and his team also concluded that there was probably interbreeding between Neanderthals and Eurasian ( but not Sub-Saharan African ) humans . There is growing support in the scientific community for this theory of admixture between archaic and anatomically-modern humans , though some archaeologists remain skeptical about this conclusion . In 2014 , he published the book where he in the mixed form of a memoir and popular science tells the story of the research effort to map the Neanderthal genome combined with thought on human evolution . Awards and honours . In 1992 , he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , which is the highest honour awarded in German research . Pääbo was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2000 . In 2005 , he received the prestigious Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine . In 2008 , Pääbo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . In October 2009 , the Foundation For the Future announced that Pääbo had been awarded the 2009 Kistler Prize for his work isolating and sequencing ancient DNA , beginning in 1984 with a 2,400-year-old mummy . In June 2010 , the Federation of European Biochemical Societies ( FEBS ) awarded him the Theodor Bücher Medal for outstanding achievements in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . In 2013 , he received Gruber Prize in Genetics for ground breaking research in evolutionary genetics . In June 2015 , he was awarded the degree of DSc ( honoris causa ) at NUI Galway . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2016 , and in 2017 , was awarded the Dan David Prize . In 2018 , he received the Princess of Asturias Awards in the category of Scientific Research and in 2020 , the Japan Prize . Personal life . According to Neanderthal Man : In Search of Lost Genomes , Pääbo is openly bisexual – he assumed he was gay until he met Linda Vigilant , an American primatologist and geneticist whose boyish charms attracted him . They have co-authored many papers . They are married and raising a son and a daughter together in Leipzig . |
[
"China under-17 national football team",
"Wuhan Optics Valley"
] | easy | Which team did the player Deng Zhuoxiang belong to from 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/Deng_Zhuoxiang#P54#0 | Deng Zhuoxiang Deng Zhuoxiang ( , born 24 October 1988 ) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Wuhan Three Towns in the China League One . Club career . Deng Zhuoxiang started his football career in the 2005 league season playing for Wuhan Optics Valley ; however , he would have to wait until the 2006 league season to make his debut against Tianjin Teda on 12 July 2006 in a 4-3 loss . Throughout the season , he would steadily establish himself within the squad by playing in 10 league games , though this was often as a substitute . By the 2007 league season , Deng would establish himself within the team and even score his first goal against Qingdao Jonoon in a 1-0 win on 27 March 2007 . While now a regular starter for Wuhan , he found that they were controversially relegated then subsequently disbanded during the 2008 season after the clubs management did not accept the punishment given to them by the Chinese Football Association after a scuffle broke out during a match against Beijing Guoan on 27 September 2008 . Without a club , Deng would be loaned to the newly promoted Jiangsu Sainty by Hubei F.A . at the beginning of the 2009 league season . He would go on to play in 29 league games in the season , scoring five goals and providing six assists . On 4 December 2009 , he was named as the Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year and would then transfer to Shandong Luneng shortly after . He would go on to make his debut on 24 February 2010 against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in an AFC Champions League game that Shandong won 1-0 . In his debut season for Shandong , he would have to fight for his position against Wang Yongpo ; however , he quickly established himself as an integral member of the team and aid the club to the 2010 league title by the end of his first season . Deng transferred back to Jiangsu on 6 February 2012 . However , Deng did not play during the 2012 season , missing out after doctors found fractured bone fragments in his knee . He was flown to Germany to get surgery and recover for most of the season . Deng finally made his debut for Jiangsu in the final game of the season , coming off the bench in a 1-1 draw against Guangzhou R&F . He would miss the beginning of the 2013 season with a fear of a possible leg inflammation . Deng returned in his first appearance of the season on 22 June 2013 in a 2-1 win against Shandong Luneng . He scored his first goal for Jiangsu on 19 October 2013 against Shandong in a 1-1 draw . On 16 February 2015 , Deng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . He made his debut for the club on 8 March 2015 in a 6-2 win against Shanghai Shenxin . Throughout the season Deng was limited to only three games after his 2012 knee injury made a recurrence . It was discovered that there was fragments of cartilage causing him discomfort and he needed more surgery on his knee . On 22 February 2017 , Deng was loaned to China League One side Qingdao Huanghai until 31 December 2017 . On 28 February 2018 , Deng transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises . On 5 August 2020 , Wuhan Three Towns announced his joining . In his first season with the club he would go on to aid them in winning the division title and promotion into the second tier . International career . Deng made his international debut on 18 July 2009 in a 3-1 win against Palestine . He would go on to be mainly used in friendlies until he was given a run of games in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . On 10 February 2010 , he scored his first goal in a 3-0 win against South Korea and help China beat them for the first time , ending the teams Koreaphobia . On 4 June 2010 , Deng scored from a direct free kick in a 1-0 win against France , condemning the latter to a shock defeat . Career statistics . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020 . Honours . Club . - Shandong Luneng - Chinese Super League : 2010 Wuhan Three Towns - China League Two : 2020 International . - China under-17 national football team - AFC U-17 Championship : 2004 - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship : 2010 Individual . - Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year : 2009 External links . - Player profile at Sohu.com |
[
"Wuhan Optics Valley"
] | easy | Which team did the player Deng Zhuoxiang belong to from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Deng_Zhuoxiang#P54#1 | Deng Zhuoxiang Deng Zhuoxiang ( , born 24 October 1988 ) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Wuhan Three Towns in the China League One . Club career . Deng Zhuoxiang started his football career in the 2005 league season playing for Wuhan Optics Valley ; however , he would have to wait until the 2006 league season to make his debut against Tianjin Teda on 12 July 2006 in a 4-3 loss . Throughout the season , he would steadily establish himself within the squad by playing in 10 league games , though this was often as a substitute . By the 2007 league season , Deng would establish himself within the team and even score his first goal against Qingdao Jonoon in a 1-0 win on 27 March 2007 . While now a regular starter for Wuhan , he found that they were controversially relegated then subsequently disbanded during the 2008 season after the clubs management did not accept the punishment given to them by the Chinese Football Association after a scuffle broke out during a match against Beijing Guoan on 27 September 2008 . Without a club , Deng would be loaned to the newly promoted Jiangsu Sainty by Hubei F.A . at the beginning of the 2009 league season . He would go on to play in 29 league games in the season , scoring five goals and providing six assists . On 4 December 2009 , he was named as the Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year and would then transfer to Shandong Luneng shortly after . He would go on to make his debut on 24 February 2010 against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in an AFC Champions League game that Shandong won 1-0 . In his debut season for Shandong , he would have to fight for his position against Wang Yongpo ; however , he quickly established himself as an integral member of the team and aid the club to the 2010 league title by the end of his first season . Deng transferred back to Jiangsu on 6 February 2012 . However , Deng did not play during the 2012 season , missing out after doctors found fractured bone fragments in his knee . He was flown to Germany to get surgery and recover for most of the season . Deng finally made his debut for Jiangsu in the final game of the season , coming off the bench in a 1-1 draw against Guangzhou R&F . He would miss the beginning of the 2013 season with a fear of a possible leg inflammation . Deng returned in his first appearance of the season on 22 June 2013 in a 2-1 win against Shandong Luneng . He scored his first goal for Jiangsu on 19 October 2013 against Shandong in a 1-1 draw . On 16 February 2015 , Deng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . He made his debut for the club on 8 March 2015 in a 6-2 win against Shanghai Shenxin . Throughout the season Deng was limited to only three games after his 2012 knee injury made a recurrence . It was discovered that there was fragments of cartilage causing him discomfort and he needed more surgery on his knee . On 22 February 2017 , Deng was loaned to China League One side Qingdao Huanghai until 31 December 2017 . On 28 February 2018 , Deng transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises . On 5 August 2020 , Wuhan Three Towns announced his joining . In his first season with the club he would go on to aid them in winning the division title and promotion into the second tier . International career . Deng made his international debut on 18 July 2009 in a 3-1 win against Palestine . He would go on to be mainly used in friendlies until he was given a run of games in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . On 10 February 2010 , he scored his first goal in a 3-0 win against South Korea and help China beat them for the first time , ending the teams Koreaphobia . On 4 June 2010 , Deng scored from a direct free kick in a 1-0 win against France , condemning the latter to a shock defeat . Career statistics . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020 . Honours . Club . - Shandong Luneng - Chinese Super League : 2010 Wuhan Three Towns - China League Two : 2020 International . - China under-17 national football team - AFC U-17 Championship : 2004 - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship : 2010 Individual . - Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year : 2009 External links . - Player profile at Sohu.com |
[
"Shandong Luneng",
"Chinese Super League"
] | easy | Which team did Deng Zhuoxiang play for from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Deng_Zhuoxiang#P54#2 | Deng Zhuoxiang Deng Zhuoxiang ( , born 24 October 1988 ) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Wuhan Three Towns in the China League One . Club career . Deng Zhuoxiang started his football career in the 2005 league season playing for Wuhan Optics Valley ; however , he would have to wait until the 2006 league season to make his debut against Tianjin Teda on 12 July 2006 in a 4-3 loss . Throughout the season , he would steadily establish himself within the squad by playing in 10 league games , though this was often as a substitute . By the 2007 league season , Deng would establish himself within the team and even score his first goal against Qingdao Jonoon in a 1-0 win on 27 March 2007 . While now a regular starter for Wuhan , he found that they were controversially relegated then subsequently disbanded during the 2008 season after the clubs management did not accept the punishment given to them by the Chinese Football Association after a scuffle broke out during a match against Beijing Guoan on 27 September 2008 . Without a club , Deng would be loaned to the newly promoted Jiangsu Sainty by Hubei F.A . at the beginning of the 2009 league season . He would go on to play in 29 league games in the season , scoring five goals and providing six assists . On 4 December 2009 , he was named as the Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year and would then transfer to Shandong Luneng shortly after . He would go on to make his debut on 24 February 2010 against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in an AFC Champions League game that Shandong won 1-0 . In his debut season for Shandong , he would have to fight for his position against Wang Yongpo ; however , he quickly established himself as an integral member of the team and aid the club to the 2010 league title by the end of his first season . Deng transferred back to Jiangsu on 6 February 2012 . However , Deng did not play during the 2012 season , missing out after doctors found fractured bone fragments in his knee . He was flown to Germany to get surgery and recover for most of the season . Deng finally made his debut for Jiangsu in the final game of the season , coming off the bench in a 1-1 draw against Guangzhou R&F . He would miss the beginning of the 2013 season with a fear of a possible leg inflammation . Deng returned in his first appearance of the season on 22 June 2013 in a 2-1 win against Shandong Luneng . He scored his first goal for Jiangsu on 19 October 2013 against Shandong in a 1-1 draw . On 16 February 2015 , Deng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . He made his debut for the club on 8 March 2015 in a 6-2 win against Shanghai Shenxin . Throughout the season Deng was limited to only three games after his 2012 knee injury made a recurrence . It was discovered that there was fragments of cartilage causing him discomfort and he needed more surgery on his knee . On 22 February 2017 , Deng was loaned to China League One side Qingdao Huanghai until 31 December 2017 . On 28 February 2018 , Deng transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises . On 5 August 2020 , Wuhan Three Towns announced his joining . In his first season with the club he would go on to aid them in winning the division title and promotion into the second tier . International career . Deng made his international debut on 18 July 2009 in a 3-1 win against Palestine . He would go on to be mainly used in friendlies until he was given a run of games in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . On 10 February 2010 , he scored his first goal in a 3-0 win against South Korea and help China beat them for the first time , ending the teams Koreaphobia . On 4 June 2010 , Deng scored from a direct free kick in a 1-0 win against France , condemning the latter to a shock defeat . Career statistics . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020 . Honours . Club . - Shandong Luneng - Chinese Super League : 2010 Wuhan Three Towns - China League Two : 2020 International . - China under-17 national football team - AFC U-17 Championship : 2004 - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship : 2010 Individual . - Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year : 2009 External links . - Player profile at Sohu.com |
[
"Jiangsu"
] | easy | Which team did Deng Zhuoxiang play for from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Deng_Zhuoxiang#P54#3 | Deng Zhuoxiang Deng Zhuoxiang ( , born 24 October 1988 ) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Wuhan Three Towns in the China League One . Club career . Deng Zhuoxiang started his football career in the 2005 league season playing for Wuhan Optics Valley ; however , he would have to wait until the 2006 league season to make his debut against Tianjin Teda on 12 July 2006 in a 4-3 loss . Throughout the season , he would steadily establish himself within the squad by playing in 10 league games , though this was often as a substitute . By the 2007 league season , Deng would establish himself within the team and even score his first goal against Qingdao Jonoon in a 1-0 win on 27 March 2007 . While now a regular starter for Wuhan , he found that they were controversially relegated then subsequently disbanded during the 2008 season after the clubs management did not accept the punishment given to them by the Chinese Football Association after a scuffle broke out during a match against Beijing Guoan on 27 September 2008 . Without a club , Deng would be loaned to the newly promoted Jiangsu Sainty by Hubei F.A . at the beginning of the 2009 league season . He would go on to play in 29 league games in the season , scoring five goals and providing six assists . On 4 December 2009 , he was named as the Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year and would then transfer to Shandong Luneng shortly after . He would go on to make his debut on 24 February 2010 against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in an AFC Champions League game that Shandong won 1-0 . In his debut season for Shandong , he would have to fight for his position against Wang Yongpo ; however , he quickly established himself as an integral member of the team and aid the club to the 2010 league title by the end of his first season . Deng transferred back to Jiangsu on 6 February 2012 . However , Deng did not play during the 2012 season , missing out after doctors found fractured bone fragments in his knee . He was flown to Germany to get surgery and recover for most of the season . Deng finally made his debut for Jiangsu in the final game of the season , coming off the bench in a 1-1 draw against Guangzhou R&F . He would miss the beginning of the 2013 season with a fear of a possible leg inflammation . Deng returned in his first appearance of the season on 22 June 2013 in a 2-1 win against Shandong Luneng . He scored his first goal for Jiangsu on 19 October 2013 against Shandong in a 1-1 draw . On 16 February 2015 , Deng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . He made his debut for the club on 8 March 2015 in a 6-2 win against Shanghai Shenxin . Throughout the season Deng was limited to only three games after his 2012 knee injury made a recurrence . It was discovered that there was fragments of cartilage causing him discomfort and he needed more surgery on his knee . On 22 February 2017 , Deng was loaned to China League One side Qingdao Huanghai until 31 December 2017 . On 28 February 2018 , Deng transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises . On 5 August 2020 , Wuhan Three Towns announced his joining . In his first season with the club he would go on to aid them in winning the division title and promotion into the second tier . International career . Deng made his international debut on 18 July 2009 in a 3-1 win against Palestine . He would go on to be mainly used in friendlies until he was given a run of games in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . On 10 February 2010 , he scored his first goal in a 3-0 win against South Korea and help China beat them for the first time , ending the teams Koreaphobia . On 4 June 2010 , Deng scored from a direct free kick in a 1-0 win against France , condemning the latter to a shock defeat . Career statistics . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020 . Honours . Club . - Shandong Luneng - Chinese Super League : 2010 Wuhan Three Towns - China League Two : 2020 International . - China under-17 national football team - AFC U-17 Championship : 2004 - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship : 2010 Individual . - Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year : 2009 External links . - Player profile at Sohu.com |
[
"Shanghai Shenhua"
] | easy | Deng Zhuoxiang played for which team from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Deng_Zhuoxiang#P54#4 | Deng Zhuoxiang Deng Zhuoxiang ( , born 24 October 1988 ) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Wuhan Three Towns in the China League One . Club career . Deng Zhuoxiang started his football career in the 2005 league season playing for Wuhan Optics Valley ; however , he would have to wait until the 2006 league season to make his debut against Tianjin Teda on 12 July 2006 in a 4-3 loss . Throughout the season , he would steadily establish himself within the squad by playing in 10 league games , though this was often as a substitute . By the 2007 league season , Deng would establish himself within the team and even score his first goal against Qingdao Jonoon in a 1-0 win on 27 March 2007 . While now a regular starter for Wuhan , he found that they were controversially relegated then subsequently disbanded during the 2008 season after the clubs management did not accept the punishment given to them by the Chinese Football Association after a scuffle broke out during a match against Beijing Guoan on 27 September 2008 . Without a club , Deng would be loaned to the newly promoted Jiangsu Sainty by Hubei F.A . at the beginning of the 2009 league season . He would go on to play in 29 league games in the season , scoring five goals and providing six assists . On 4 December 2009 , he was named as the Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year and would then transfer to Shandong Luneng shortly after . He would go on to make his debut on 24 February 2010 against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in an AFC Champions League game that Shandong won 1-0 . In his debut season for Shandong , he would have to fight for his position against Wang Yongpo ; however , he quickly established himself as an integral member of the team and aid the club to the 2010 league title by the end of his first season . Deng transferred back to Jiangsu on 6 February 2012 . However , Deng did not play during the 2012 season , missing out after doctors found fractured bone fragments in his knee . He was flown to Germany to get surgery and recover for most of the season . Deng finally made his debut for Jiangsu in the final game of the season , coming off the bench in a 1-1 draw against Guangzhou R&F . He would miss the beginning of the 2013 season with a fear of a possible leg inflammation . Deng returned in his first appearance of the season on 22 June 2013 in a 2-1 win against Shandong Luneng . He scored his first goal for Jiangsu on 19 October 2013 against Shandong in a 1-1 draw . On 16 February 2015 , Deng transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . He made his debut for the club on 8 March 2015 in a 6-2 win against Shanghai Shenxin . Throughout the season Deng was limited to only three games after his 2012 knee injury made a recurrence . It was discovered that there was fragments of cartilage causing him discomfort and he needed more surgery on his knee . On 22 February 2017 , Deng was loaned to China League One side Qingdao Huanghai until 31 December 2017 . On 28 February 2018 , Deng transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises . On 5 August 2020 , Wuhan Three Towns announced his joining . In his first season with the club he would go on to aid them in winning the division title and promotion into the second tier . International career . Deng made his international debut on 18 July 2009 in a 3-1 win against Palestine . He would go on to be mainly used in friendlies until he was given a run of games in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . On 10 February 2010 , he scored his first goal in a 3-0 win against South Korea and help China beat them for the first time , ending the teams Koreaphobia . On 4 June 2010 , Deng scored from a direct free kick in a 1-0 win against France , condemning the latter to a shock defeat . Career statistics . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020 . Honours . Club . - Shandong Luneng - Chinese Super League : 2010 Wuhan Three Towns - China League Two : 2020 International . - China under-17 national football team - AFC U-17 Championship : 2004 - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship : 2010 Individual . - Chinese Football Association Young Player of the Year : 2009 External links . - Player profile at Sohu.com |
[
""
] | easy | Which country did Sopot, Plovdiv Province belong to from Jun 1877 to Jun 1878? | /wiki/Sopot,_Plovdiv_Province#P17#0 | Sopot , Plovdiv Province Sopot ( ) is a Bulgarian town situated in the fertile sub-Balkan mountain valley of Karlovo ( which is the western part of the famous Rose Valley ) , immediately below the steep southern slopes of the Troyan Balkan Mountain ( Central Stara Planina ) . Sopot is part of Plovdiv Province and is the administrative centre of a municipality . Geography . It lies 2 km west of Karlovo , 136 km east of Sofia , 63 km north of Plovdiv and 61 km south of Troyan . It is the birthplace of arguably the best known and most renowned Bulgarian novelist , Ivan Vazov . Sopot is also a machine building centre . History . According to Konstantin Jireček , the toponym is of Proto-Slavic origin , as indicated by the large number of identical placenames all around the Slavic world . There is information about the locality dating back to the Ottoman rule . During the Bulgarian National Revival ( 18th and 19th centuries ) it was called Golden Sopot because of its flourishing development in the crafts and trade . The citizens of Sopot manufactured homespun , braids , fur and leather of high quality and traded predominantly round the Ottoman Empire . During the struggle for liberation in 1877 the town was largely destroyed by fire and its population was slaughtered or expelled . The town was named Vazovgrad between 1950 and 1965 after which it obtained its present name again . The pioneering Bulgarian educator Nedelya Petkova ( 1826–1894 ) began her career a student at the monastery school of the Holy presentation of the Blessed Virgin convent in Sopot . Population . The population is almost exclusively Christian , mostly Eastern Orthodox but with some Evangelical and Roman Catholic families . According to the 2011 census , 7,973 out of 8,754 inhabitants declared their ethnicity . Around 96.2% of those , or 7,669 people , are ethnic Bulgarians . There are 145 Roma people ( 1.8% ) and 20 ethnic Turks ( 0.3% ) living in the town of Sopot . Religion . The population of Sopot professes mostly Eastern Orthodox Christianity . There are several families Roman Catholics and evangelicals . No Muslims . - Sopot monastery St . Spas or Sopot monastery for men Vaznesenie Gospodne ( Ascension Day ) ( in its present form since 1879 ) , in which on 7 December 1858 Vasil Levski became a monk . – The exact date of the occurrence of the monastery is not known . It is believed that was founded in the 13th century . Most likely St . Spas is the successor of the previous monastery in the Sopot area – St . Trinity , extinct about the 11th or 12th century . The St . Spas monastery was royal- i.e . it was endowed with rights and property by Smilets of Bulgaria himself . These certificates were kept in the monastery until 1870 . After that they were transmitted to Nayden Gerov for publishing . During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria the church was burned and destroyed many times . After its restoration in 1870 it was painted by the artist George Danchev , a close friend of Vasil Levski . During the Russo-Turkish War ( 1877–78 ) , the church was destroyed again as only the altar survived , but the eyes of the saints were gouged by the bayonets of the Turks . The Church and the fountain of the monastery were restored again in 1879 by Abbot Raphail , whose grave is now behind the altar . By the south wall the church can be seen the great bell , cast in Craiova in 1873 and donated to the monastery by Sopot citizens living in Romania . - Nunnery Vavedenie Bogorodichno ( Blessed Virgin ) ,dating from 1665 – one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria of the Bulgarian Tourist Union . – The monastery church Blessed Virgin was built in the 15th century on the site of an old chapel . The monastery itself was founded in 1665 when living quarters were built around the temple . In the southern cell , on the second floor of the monastery , a primary school was housed . On the first floor of the monastery was located the cell of the Abbess – Hristina . Her cell was the entrance to Vasil Levskis hideout . In 1877 the monastery and the town were burnt down and the Abbess was brutally slaughtered by the Turks . From the monastery survived the temple , the hiding place of Vasil Levski , the fountain ( 1852 ) , part of the cells and the old vine , which is considered to be one of the oldest in Bulgaria and is over 350 years old . The monastery was rebuilt after the Liberation of Bulgaria . Education . - General Vladimir Zaimov`s high school ( est . 1967 ) - Ivan Vazov`s high school - Nedelya Petkova`s school Culture center Ivan Vazov . The culture center is established in 1871 . Since 1944 became a culture institute . The library had more than 14500 books . In 1970 were created a monument of Ivan Vazov . Attractions . - House-Museum of Ivan Vazov . Ivan Vazov was born on 9 July 1850 in Sopot in the old house of his kind built in the 18th century by his grandfather . It was burned in July 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War ( 1877–78 ) . In 1920 , the eve of the anniversary celebrations to commemorate the 70th anniversary and 50 years of literary activity of Vazov , among the poets friends in Sofia started the idea to restore his native home . The construction of the house began in 1931 . The interior was designed under the leadership of Stefan Kostov – the Director of the Ethnographic Museum in Sofia . It was based on information from the Vazov brothers and Vala-Vazova Fetvadzhieva . On 6 June 1935 the house was officially opened as a museum . In 1964 , the house-museum Ivan Vazov in Sopot was declared a cultural monument with national importance . On the occasion of 120th birth anniversary of the poet , on 8 July 1970 opened the exposure to the life and creative time in his home , built next to the house building . The rich fund , which has the house-museum Ivan Vazov , recalls the most important periods in the life of the writer : his childhood in Sopot , where he completed his education , his work as assistant teacher in Kalofer with Botyo Petkov and teaching in the Diocese school in Plovdiv with Yoakim Gruev . The exhibited manuscripts present his rich literary works created in 1876–1877 , when he was a refugee in Romania and published his first poetry works . - Sopot Craft’s center Esnaf ( founded in 2005 ) The ethnographic and craft center Sopots Esnaf is located in two Bulgarian Renaissance houses – Budinata House and House Zagubanski in the center of the city , where the descendants of the old masters demonstrate and share their experience . It is managed by the Ivan Vazov museum and the Association of the Sopots masters and connoisseurs of arts and crafts . Visitors can review 4 thematic ethnographic collections , and observe the work of the local artisans – engraving , incrustation , weaving and more . Particularly original is the arrangement the living room in the urban style from the late 19th century . In the center of the esnaf there is a cozy shop for traditional crafts from the Sopot School . On the second floor there is an equipped workshop for young people who are interested to learn old crafts . Interest provokes the arrangement of a typical Sopot living room , replicating the style and lifestyle of the late 19th and early 20th century . Visitors can observe craftsmen at work and to learn about customs and traditions of Sopot . - Grandpa Stoyanova water mill Honour . Sopot Ice Piedmont on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Sopot . Economy . - VAZOVSKI MASHINOSTROITELNI ZAVODI – ( On English:Vazov mashice factory ) – was established in 1940 as a military factory . In the first years the factory start to produce:hand grenades , howitzer rounds , fuzes and others . External links . - Sopot site |
[
""
] | easy | Which country did Sopot, Plovdiv Province belong to from Jul 1878 to Nov 1991? | /wiki/Sopot,_Plovdiv_Province#P17#1 | Sopot , Plovdiv Province Sopot ( ) is a Bulgarian town situated in the fertile sub-Balkan mountain valley of Karlovo ( which is the western part of the famous Rose Valley ) , immediately below the steep southern slopes of the Troyan Balkan Mountain ( Central Stara Planina ) . Sopot is part of Plovdiv Province and is the administrative centre of a municipality . Geography . It lies 2 km west of Karlovo , 136 km east of Sofia , 63 km north of Plovdiv and 61 km south of Troyan . It is the birthplace of arguably the best known and most renowned Bulgarian novelist , Ivan Vazov . Sopot is also a machine building centre . History . According to Konstantin Jireček , the toponym is of Proto-Slavic origin , as indicated by the large number of identical placenames all around the Slavic world . There is information about the locality dating back to the Ottoman rule . During the Bulgarian National Revival ( 18th and 19th centuries ) it was called Golden Sopot because of its flourishing development in the crafts and trade . The citizens of Sopot manufactured homespun , braids , fur and leather of high quality and traded predominantly round the Ottoman Empire . During the struggle for liberation in 1877 the town was largely destroyed by fire and its population was slaughtered or expelled . The town was named Vazovgrad between 1950 and 1965 after which it obtained its present name again . The pioneering Bulgarian educator Nedelya Petkova ( 1826–1894 ) began her career a student at the monastery school of the Holy presentation of the Blessed Virgin convent in Sopot . Population . The population is almost exclusively Christian , mostly Eastern Orthodox but with some Evangelical and Roman Catholic families . According to the 2011 census , 7,973 out of 8,754 inhabitants declared their ethnicity . Around 96.2% of those , or 7,669 people , are ethnic Bulgarians . There are 145 Roma people ( 1.8% ) and 20 ethnic Turks ( 0.3% ) living in the town of Sopot . Religion . The population of Sopot professes mostly Eastern Orthodox Christianity . There are several families Roman Catholics and evangelicals . No Muslims . - Sopot monastery St . Spas or Sopot monastery for men Vaznesenie Gospodne ( Ascension Day ) ( in its present form since 1879 ) , in which on 7 December 1858 Vasil Levski became a monk . – The exact date of the occurrence of the monastery is not known . It is believed that was founded in the 13th century . Most likely St . Spas is the successor of the previous monastery in the Sopot area – St . Trinity , extinct about the 11th or 12th century . The St . Spas monastery was royal- i.e . it was endowed with rights and property by Smilets of Bulgaria himself . These certificates were kept in the monastery until 1870 . After that they were transmitted to Nayden Gerov for publishing . During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria the church was burned and destroyed many times . After its restoration in 1870 it was painted by the artist George Danchev , a close friend of Vasil Levski . During the Russo-Turkish War ( 1877–78 ) , the church was destroyed again as only the altar survived , but the eyes of the saints were gouged by the bayonets of the Turks . The Church and the fountain of the monastery were restored again in 1879 by Abbot Raphail , whose grave is now behind the altar . By the south wall the church can be seen the great bell , cast in Craiova in 1873 and donated to the monastery by Sopot citizens living in Romania . - Nunnery Vavedenie Bogorodichno ( Blessed Virgin ) ,dating from 1665 – one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria of the Bulgarian Tourist Union . – The monastery church Blessed Virgin was built in the 15th century on the site of an old chapel . The monastery itself was founded in 1665 when living quarters were built around the temple . In the southern cell , on the second floor of the monastery , a primary school was housed . On the first floor of the monastery was located the cell of the Abbess – Hristina . Her cell was the entrance to Vasil Levskis hideout . In 1877 the monastery and the town were burnt down and the Abbess was brutally slaughtered by the Turks . From the monastery survived the temple , the hiding place of Vasil Levski , the fountain ( 1852 ) , part of the cells and the old vine , which is considered to be one of the oldest in Bulgaria and is over 350 years old . The monastery was rebuilt after the Liberation of Bulgaria . Education . - General Vladimir Zaimov`s high school ( est . 1967 ) - Ivan Vazov`s high school - Nedelya Petkova`s school Culture center Ivan Vazov . The culture center is established in 1871 . Since 1944 became a culture institute . The library had more than 14500 books . In 1970 were created a monument of Ivan Vazov . Attractions . - House-Museum of Ivan Vazov . Ivan Vazov was born on 9 July 1850 in Sopot in the old house of his kind built in the 18th century by his grandfather . It was burned in July 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War ( 1877–78 ) . In 1920 , the eve of the anniversary celebrations to commemorate the 70th anniversary and 50 years of literary activity of Vazov , among the poets friends in Sofia started the idea to restore his native home . The construction of the house began in 1931 . The interior was designed under the leadership of Stefan Kostov – the Director of the Ethnographic Museum in Sofia . It was based on information from the Vazov brothers and Vala-Vazova Fetvadzhieva . On 6 June 1935 the house was officially opened as a museum . In 1964 , the house-museum Ivan Vazov in Sopot was declared a cultural monument with national importance . On the occasion of 120th birth anniversary of the poet , on 8 July 1970 opened the exposure to the life and creative time in his home , built next to the house building . The rich fund , which has the house-museum Ivan Vazov , recalls the most important periods in the life of the writer : his childhood in Sopot , where he completed his education , his work as assistant teacher in Kalofer with Botyo Petkov and teaching in the Diocese school in Plovdiv with Yoakim Gruev . The exhibited manuscripts present his rich literary works created in 1876–1877 , when he was a refugee in Romania and published his first poetry works . - Sopot Craft’s center Esnaf ( founded in 2005 ) The ethnographic and craft center Sopots Esnaf is located in two Bulgarian Renaissance houses – Budinata House and House Zagubanski in the center of the city , where the descendants of the old masters demonstrate and share their experience . It is managed by the Ivan Vazov museum and the Association of the Sopots masters and connoisseurs of arts and crafts . Visitors can review 4 thematic ethnographic collections , and observe the work of the local artisans – engraving , incrustation , weaving and more . Particularly original is the arrangement the living room in the urban style from the late 19th century . In the center of the esnaf there is a cozy shop for traditional crafts from the Sopot School . On the second floor there is an equipped workshop for young people who are interested to learn old crafts . Interest provokes the arrangement of a typical Sopot living room , replicating the style and lifestyle of the late 19th and early 20th century . Visitors can observe craftsmen at work and to learn about customs and traditions of Sopot . - Grandpa Stoyanova water mill Honour . Sopot Ice Piedmont on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Sopot . Economy . - VAZOVSKI MASHINOSTROITELNI ZAVODI – ( On English:Vazov mashice factory ) – was established in 1940 as a military factory . In the first years the factory start to produce:hand grenades , howitzer rounds , fuzes and others . External links . - Sopot site |
[
"George Peter"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Newton D. Baker House from 1811 to 1827? | /wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House#P466#0 | Newton D . Baker House Newton D . Baker House , also known as Jacqueline Kennedy House , is a historic house at 3017 N Street NW in Washington , D.C. . Built in 1794 , it was home of Newton D . Baker , who was Secretary of War , during 1916-1920 , while he presided over Americas mass mobilization of men and material in World War I . After the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived here for about a year . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . History . The house was built in 1794 by Thomas Beall . During its early years , the house was situated on a large plot of land and was said to have had a servants wing attached to the east side . At that time N Street was known as Gay Street and was situated higher than today . In 1796 , John Laird , a wealthy merchant , lived in the house , and later Maj . George Peter , a War of 1812 commander and Maryland Congressman , purchased the house who lived there until 1827 , when the same Laird bought the house for his son . In 1834 , William Redin , the first auditor of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia , purchased it . In 1868 , Redins unmarried daughter inherited and sold the dwelling , which became the Georgetown Female Seminary . The Seminary had a student body of boarders and day students totaling 105 . In approximately 1890 , John H . Smoot bought the building and converted it back to a private residence again . In 1915 , Col . William E . Pattison French purchased the house , and began renting it to Newton D . Baker in 1916 . When Baker returned to Cleveland in 1920 , French either leased or lived in the house himself for more than two decades . During the World War II , the British military attache occupied the house and rented rooms to British officers . After the World War II , Vice Admiral Alan Kirk , later Ambassador to Belgium and to the Soviet Union , purchased the property . Three years later , Dr . E . H . Gushing bought the home along with his wife . They sold the attached servants wing as a separate residence to Mr . and Mrs . Stanley Woodward who built a new front entrance and lived in the home . The Cushings updated the main houses electrical wiring and plumbing and removed some of the interior walls therefore enlarging the living room . In 1954 , James McMillan Gibson bought the dwelling , added a small rear wing , and installed an elevator and lived there with his wife . In 1964 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived in it shortly after the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 . The Kennedy family lived here for about a year . In 1965 , Michael Whitney Straight purchased the home for $200,000 ( ) , from Kennedy when she moved to New York City . While living in the home , Straight married his second wife , Nina G . Auchincloss Steers in 1974 . Nina was the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D . Auchincloss . She was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and coincidentally , a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Straight and his wife spent $125,000 ( ) renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda , Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Straight and his wife lived in the home from until 1976 . In 1976 , Yolande Bebeze Fox , the former Miss America 1951 , bought the home from Straight . Fox lived in the home until her death in February 2016 . Architectural details . The home is considered more representative of New England architecture than other contemporary Georgetown homes . The house has many architectural details including a wide limestone stairway , pink-painted lintels with keystones , brick voussoirs , Doric pilasters , and a semi-elliptical fanlight . Resident timeline . - 1794-1796 - Thomas Beall - 1796- ? - John Laird - ?-1827 - George Peter - ?-1834 - John Lairds son - 1834-1868 - William Redin - 1868-1890 - Georgetown Female Seminary - 1890-1915 - John H . Smoot - 1915-1916 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1916-1920 - Newton D . Baker - 1920-1941 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1941-1945 - British military attache - 1945-1948 - Vice Admiral Alan Kirk - 1948-1954 - Dr . E . H . Gushing ( who sold the old servants wing to Stanley Woodward ) - 1954-1964 - James McMillan Gibson - 1964-1965 - Jacqueline Kennedy , Caroline Kennedy , John F . Kennedy , Jr . - 1965-1976 - Michael Whitney Straight and Nina G . Auchincloss Steers - 1974-2016 - Yolande Bebeze Fox - 2017-present - David W . Hudgens , performed extensive renovations |
[
"Newton D . Baker"
] | easy | Who occupied Newton D. Baker House from 1916 to 1920? | /wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House#P466#1 | Newton D . Baker House Newton D . Baker House , also known as Jacqueline Kennedy House , is a historic house at 3017 N Street NW in Washington , D.C. . Built in 1794 , it was home of Newton D . Baker , who was Secretary of War , during 1916-1920 , while he presided over Americas mass mobilization of men and material in World War I . After the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived here for about a year . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . History . The house was built in 1794 by Thomas Beall . During its early years , the house was situated on a large plot of land and was said to have had a servants wing attached to the east side . At that time N Street was known as Gay Street and was situated higher than today . In 1796 , John Laird , a wealthy merchant , lived in the house , and later Maj . George Peter , a War of 1812 commander and Maryland Congressman , purchased the house who lived there until 1827 , when the same Laird bought the house for his son . In 1834 , William Redin , the first auditor of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia , purchased it . In 1868 , Redins unmarried daughter inherited and sold the dwelling , which became the Georgetown Female Seminary . The Seminary had a student body of boarders and day students totaling 105 . In approximately 1890 , John H . Smoot bought the building and converted it back to a private residence again . In 1915 , Col . William E . Pattison French purchased the house , and began renting it to Newton D . Baker in 1916 . When Baker returned to Cleveland in 1920 , French either leased or lived in the house himself for more than two decades . During the World War II , the British military attache occupied the house and rented rooms to British officers . After the World War II , Vice Admiral Alan Kirk , later Ambassador to Belgium and to the Soviet Union , purchased the property . Three years later , Dr . E . H . Gushing bought the home along with his wife . They sold the attached servants wing as a separate residence to Mr . and Mrs . Stanley Woodward who built a new front entrance and lived in the home . The Cushings updated the main houses electrical wiring and plumbing and removed some of the interior walls therefore enlarging the living room . In 1954 , James McMillan Gibson bought the dwelling , added a small rear wing , and installed an elevator and lived there with his wife . In 1964 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived in it shortly after the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 . The Kennedy family lived here for about a year . In 1965 , Michael Whitney Straight purchased the home for $200,000 ( ) , from Kennedy when she moved to New York City . While living in the home , Straight married his second wife , Nina G . Auchincloss Steers in 1974 . Nina was the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D . Auchincloss . She was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and coincidentally , a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Straight and his wife spent $125,000 ( ) renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda , Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Straight and his wife lived in the home from until 1976 . In 1976 , Yolande Bebeze Fox , the former Miss America 1951 , bought the home from Straight . Fox lived in the home until her death in February 2016 . Architectural details . The home is considered more representative of New England architecture than other contemporary Georgetown homes . The house has many architectural details including a wide limestone stairway , pink-painted lintels with keystones , brick voussoirs , Doric pilasters , and a semi-elliptical fanlight . Resident timeline . - 1794-1796 - Thomas Beall - 1796- ? - John Laird - ?-1827 - George Peter - ?-1834 - John Lairds son - 1834-1868 - William Redin - 1868-1890 - Georgetown Female Seminary - 1890-1915 - John H . Smoot - 1915-1916 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1916-1920 - Newton D . Baker - 1920-1941 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1941-1945 - British military attache - 1945-1948 - Vice Admiral Alan Kirk - 1948-1954 - Dr . E . H . Gushing ( who sold the old servants wing to Stanley Woodward ) - 1954-1964 - James McMillan Gibson - 1964-1965 - Jacqueline Kennedy , Caroline Kennedy , John F . Kennedy , Jr . - 1965-1976 - Michael Whitney Straight and Nina G . Auchincloss Steers - 1974-2016 - Yolande Bebeze Fox - 2017-present - David W . Hudgens , performed extensive renovations |
[
"Jacqueline Kennedy",
"Caroline Kennedy",
"John F . Kennedy , Jr ."
] | easy | Who occupied Newton D. Baker House from 1964 to 1965? | /wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House#P466#2 | Newton D . Baker House Newton D . Baker House , also known as Jacqueline Kennedy House , is a historic house at 3017 N Street NW in Washington , D.C. . Built in 1794 , it was home of Newton D . Baker , who was Secretary of War , during 1916-1920 , while he presided over Americas mass mobilization of men and material in World War I . After the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived here for about a year . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . History . The house was built in 1794 by Thomas Beall . During its early years , the house was situated on a large plot of land and was said to have had a servants wing attached to the east side . At that time N Street was known as Gay Street and was situated higher than today . In 1796 , John Laird , a wealthy merchant , lived in the house , and later Maj . George Peter , a War of 1812 commander and Maryland Congressman , purchased the house who lived there until 1827 , when the same Laird bought the house for his son . In 1834 , William Redin , the first auditor of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia , purchased it . In 1868 , Redins unmarried daughter inherited and sold the dwelling , which became the Georgetown Female Seminary . The Seminary had a student body of boarders and day students totaling 105 . In approximately 1890 , John H . Smoot bought the building and converted it back to a private residence again . In 1915 , Col . William E . Pattison French purchased the house , and began renting it to Newton D . Baker in 1916 . When Baker returned to Cleveland in 1920 , French either leased or lived in the house himself for more than two decades . During the World War II , the British military attache occupied the house and rented rooms to British officers . After the World War II , Vice Admiral Alan Kirk , later Ambassador to Belgium and to the Soviet Union , purchased the property . Three years later , Dr . E . H . Gushing bought the home along with his wife . They sold the attached servants wing as a separate residence to Mr . and Mrs . Stanley Woodward who built a new front entrance and lived in the home . The Cushings updated the main houses electrical wiring and plumbing and removed some of the interior walls therefore enlarging the living room . In 1954 , James McMillan Gibson bought the dwelling , added a small rear wing , and installed an elevator and lived there with his wife . In 1964 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived in it shortly after the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 . The Kennedy family lived here for about a year . In 1965 , Michael Whitney Straight purchased the home for $200,000 ( ) , from Kennedy when she moved to New York City . While living in the home , Straight married his second wife , Nina G . Auchincloss Steers in 1974 . Nina was the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D . Auchincloss . She was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and coincidentally , a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Straight and his wife spent $125,000 ( ) renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda , Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Straight and his wife lived in the home from until 1976 . In 1976 , Yolande Bebeze Fox , the former Miss America 1951 , bought the home from Straight . Fox lived in the home until her death in February 2016 . Architectural details . The home is considered more representative of New England architecture than other contemporary Georgetown homes . The house has many architectural details including a wide limestone stairway , pink-painted lintels with keystones , brick voussoirs , Doric pilasters , and a semi-elliptical fanlight . Resident timeline . - 1794-1796 - Thomas Beall - 1796- ? - John Laird - ?-1827 - George Peter - ?-1834 - John Lairds son - 1834-1868 - William Redin - 1868-1890 - Georgetown Female Seminary - 1890-1915 - John H . Smoot - 1915-1916 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1916-1920 - Newton D . Baker - 1920-1941 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1941-1945 - British military attache - 1945-1948 - Vice Admiral Alan Kirk - 1948-1954 - Dr . E . H . Gushing ( who sold the old servants wing to Stanley Woodward ) - 1954-1964 - James McMillan Gibson - 1964-1965 - Jacqueline Kennedy , Caroline Kennedy , John F . Kennedy , Jr . - 1965-1976 - Michael Whitney Straight and Nina G . Auchincloss Steers - 1974-2016 - Yolande Bebeze Fox - 2017-present - David W . Hudgens , performed extensive renovations |
[
"Michael Whitney Straight",
"Nina G . Auchincloss Steers"
] | easy | Who occupied Newton D. Baker House from 1965 to 1975? | /wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House#P466#3 | Newton D . Baker House Newton D . Baker House , also known as Jacqueline Kennedy House , is a historic house at 3017 N Street NW in Washington , D.C. . Built in 1794 , it was home of Newton D . Baker , who was Secretary of War , during 1916-1920 , while he presided over Americas mass mobilization of men and material in World War I . After the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived here for about a year . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . History . The house was built in 1794 by Thomas Beall . During its early years , the house was situated on a large plot of land and was said to have had a servants wing attached to the east side . At that time N Street was known as Gay Street and was situated higher than today . In 1796 , John Laird , a wealthy merchant , lived in the house , and later Maj . George Peter , a War of 1812 commander and Maryland Congressman , purchased the house who lived there until 1827 , when the same Laird bought the house for his son . In 1834 , William Redin , the first auditor of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia , purchased it . In 1868 , Redins unmarried daughter inherited and sold the dwelling , which became the Georgetown Female Seminary . The Seminary had a student body of boarders and day students totaling 105 . In approximately 1890 , John H . Smoot bought the building and converted it back to a private residence again . In 1915 , Col . William E . Pattison French purchased the house , and began renting it to Newton D . Baker in 1916 . When Baker returned to Cleveland in 1920 , French either leased or lived in the house himself for more than two decades . During the World War II , the British military attache occupied the house and rented rooms to British officers . After the World War II , Vice Admiral Alan Kirk , later Ambassador to Belgium and to the Soviet Union , purchased the property . Three years later , Dr . E . H . Gushing bought the home along with his wife . They sold the attached servants wing as a separate residence to Mr . and Mrs . Stanley Woodward who built a new front entrance and lived in the home . The Cushings updated the main houses electrical wiring and plumbing and removed some of the interior walls therefore enlarging the living room . In 1954 , James McMillan Gibson bought the dwelling , added a small rear wing , and installed an elevator and lived there with his wife . In 1964 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived in it shortly after the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 . The Kennedy family lived here for about a year . In 1965 , Michael Whitney Straight purchased the home for $200,000 ( ) , from Kennedy when she moved to New York City . While living in the home , Straight married his second wife , Nina G . Auchincloss Steers in 1974 . Nina was the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D . Auchincloss . She was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and coincidentally , a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Straight and his wife spent $125,000 ( ) renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda , Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Straight and his wife lived in the home from until 1976 . In 1976 , Yolande Bebeze Fox , the former Miss America 1951 , bought the home from Straight . Fox lived in the home until her death in February 2016 . Architectural details . The home is considered more representative of New England architecture than other contemporary Georgetown homes . The house has many architectural details including a wide limestone stairway , pink-painted lintels with keystones , brick voussoirs , Doric pilasters , and a semi-elliptical fanlight . Resident timeline . - 1794-1796 - Thomas Beall - 1796- ? - John Laird - ?-1827 - George Peter - ?-1834 - John Lairds son - 1834-1868 - William Redin - 1868-1890 - Georgetown Female Seminary - 1890-1915 - John H . Smoot - 1915-1916 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1916-1920 - Newton D . Baker - 1920-1941 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1941-1945 - British military attache - 1945-1948 - Vice Admiral Alan Kirk - 1948-1954 - Dr . E . H . Gushing ( who sold the old servants wing to Stanley Woodward ) - 1954-1964 - James McMillan Gibson - 1964-1965 - Jacqueline Kennedy , Caroline Kennedy , John F . Kennedy , Jr . - 1965-1976 - Michael Whitney Straight and Nina G . Auchincloss Steers - 1974-2016 - Yolande Bebeze Fox - 2017-present - David W . Hudgens , performed extensive renovations |
[
"Yolande Bebeze Fox"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of Newton D. Baker House from 1975 to Feb 2016? | /wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House#P466#4 | Newton D . Baker House Newton D . Baker House , also known as Jacqueline Kennedy House , is a historic house at 3017 N Street NW in Washington , D.C. . Built in 1794 , it was home of Newton D . Baker , who was Secretary of War , during 1916-1920 , while he presided over Americas mass mobilization of men and material in World War I . After the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived here for about a year . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . History . The house was built in 1794 by Thomas Beall . During its early years , the house was situated on a large plot of land and was said to have had a servants wing attached to the east side . At that time N Street was known as Gay Street and was situated higher than today . In 1796 , John Laird , a wealthy merchant , lived in the house , and later Maj . George Peter , a War of 1812 commander and Maryland Congressman , purchased the house who lived there until 1827 , when the same Laird bought the house for his son . In 1834 , William Redin , the first auditor of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia , purchased it . In 1868 , Redins unmarried daughter inherited and sold the dwelling , which became the Georgetown Female Seminary . The Seminary had a student body of boarders and day students totaling 105 . In approximately 1890 , John H . Smoot bought the building and converted it back to a private residence again . In 1915 , Col . William E . Pattison French purchased the house , and began renting it to Newton D . Baker in 1916 . When Baker returned to Cleveland in 1920 , French either leased or lived in the house himself for more than two decades . During the World War II , the British military attache occupied the house and rented rooms to British officers . After the World War II , Vice Admiral Alan Kirk , later Ambassador to Belgium and to the Soviet Union , purchased the property . Three years later , Dr . E . H . Gushing bought the home along with his wife . They sold the attached servants wing as a separate residence to Mr . and Mrs . Stanley Woodward who built a new front entrance and lived in the home . The Cushings updated the main houses electrical wiring and plumbing and removed some of the interior walls therefore enlarging the living room . In 1954 , James McMillan Gibson bought the dwelling , added a small rear wing , and installed an elevator and lived there with his wife . In 1964 , Jacqueline Kennedy purchased the house and lived in it shortly after the assassination of president John F . Kennedy in 1963 . The Kennedy family lived here for about a year . In 1965 , Michael Whitney Straight purchased the home for $200,000 ( ) , from Kennedy when she moved to New York City . While living in the home , Straight married his second wife , Nina G . Auchincloss Steers in 1974 . Nina was the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D . Auchincloss . She was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and coincidentally , a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Straight and his wife spent $125,000 ( ) renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda , Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Straight and his wife lived in the home from until 1976 . In 1976 , Yolande Bebeze Fox , the former Miss America 1951 , bought the home from Straight . Fox lived in the home until her death in February 2016 . Architectural details . The home is considered more representative of New England architecture than other contemporary Georgetown homes . The house has many architectural details including a wide limestone stairway , pink-painted lintels with keystones , brick voussoirs , Doric pilasters , and a semi-elliptical fanlight . Resident timeline . - 1794-1796 - Thomas Beall - 1796- ? - John Laird - ?-1827 - George Peter - ?-1834 - John Lairds son - 1834-1868 - William Redin - 1868-1890 - Georgetown Female Seminary - 1890-1915 - John H . Smoot - 1915-1916 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1916-1920 - Newton D . Baker - 1920-1941 - Col . William E . Pattison French - 1941-1945 - British military attache - 1945-1948 - Vice Admiral Alan Kirk - 1948-1954 - Dr . E . H . Gushing ( who sold the old servants wing to Stanley Woodward ) - 1954-1964 - James McMillan Gibson - 1964-1965 - Jacqueline Kennedy , Caroline Kennedy , John F . Kennedy , Jr . - 1965-1976 - Michael Whitney Straight and Nina G . Auchincloss Steers - 1974-2016 - Yolande Bebeze Fox - 2017-present - David W . Hudgens , performed extensive renovations |
[
"independent for constituency of Newry",
"parliamentary candidate"
] | easy | Which position did William Kirk (MP) hold from Jul 1852 to Mar 1857? | /wiki/William_Kirk_(MP)#P39#0 | William Kirk ( MP ) William Kirk ( 179520 December 1870 ) was an Irish linen-mill entrepreneur and Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . He was elected , with the endorsement of the Tenant Right League , as an independent for constituency of Newry in 1852 , and again in 1857 . He stood down as a candidate for re-election in 1859 . In 1865 he entered the arena as a Liberal candidate for Armagh , but he failed to win the seat . His final appearance on the political stage was in 1868 , when , returning to Newry as a Liberal , he successfully contested his old seat . Despite failing health , he continued to attend parliament , and maintained his support for tenant rights and for mixed ( Catholic , Protestant ) education . Linen entrepreneur and progressive employer . William was born to Mr . Hugh Kirk and the former Miss Eliza Miller in Larne , in 1795 , and followed his father into business : the manufacture of linen . In 1820 he married Ann McKean , of Darkley House , whose father , James , was also in the trade . Presiding over the transition from farmhouse to factory production , Kirk introduced water-powered looms . In 1837 he bought the Annvale finishing mill in 1837 in Keady , south Armagh , and expanded it to include weaving as well as bleaching and dyeing . In 1845 , after the death of his brother-in-law Henry McKean , he assumed control of a spinning mill at Darkley . The Darkley works eventually expanded to cover 137 acres , boasting 200 power looms , and 8,000 spindles , manned by 700 persons . The mill was operated by the second largest , if not the largest , water wheel in Europe . Kirk was very interested in the technical side of the industry , and by 1848 had designed and installed the first water turbine in one of his own beetling mills near Keady . It was this innovative approach that ensured success for the Annvale-Darkley operation . His business holdings would eventually expand to include an imposing warehouse in the centre of Belfast , and branches or agencies in London , Manchester , New York and Paris . The workers houses that still shape the profile of Darkley village were constructed with the assistance of a government grant secured by Kirk . He also established a shop , a dairy , and a small farm . In 1857 he added a school , and later a reading room with evening classes for adults . Kirk was deeply involved in the Presbyterian Church : he helped found the Presbyterian Orphan Society , and was a trustee of the General Assembly’s College in Belfast . He was also an important figure in local government , serving as a Justice of the Peace , a member of the County Armagh Grand Jury and Deputy-Lieutenant of the County . Member of Parliament . Encouraged by his friends , in 1852 he stood as a parliamentary candidate in nearby Newry . In his local Armagh constituency Conservative landlords and their Orange Order allies were too strong a force . He refused to align himself with any party , saying he would join no party which will not be a party to serve the people , and declaring himself ready to support the government or the opposition , or an independent member who will propose and strive to carry out measures to benefit this neglected country . It was not until 1865 that he declared his support for the Liberals . In the House of Commons Kirk was declare that as a merchant and a free-trader , he should be ashamed of himself to argue for a compulsory valuation of rents . He argued , however , that the tenant right , or custom , of Ulster should be given the force of law . Where the landlord and tenant could not between themselves agree upon the price of the land , permission should be given to the tenant to resign his holding to the landlord , and get from him the value of the improvements he had made upon it . This , he proposed , would completely destroy all cause of agrarian crime . Together with his pleas for religious toleration , Kirks championing of tenant right gave him credibility with both Catholics and Presbyterians . Together with the fact that much of his business was carried on via the port of Newry , it enabled him carry the seat in 1852 and again in 1857 . In parliament , in addition to tenant right and religious equality , Kirk committed himself to free trade , the secret ballot ( which would give tenants and employees greater political independence from their landlords and masters ) and non-denominational education . Locally , he outlined a scheme to introduce cotton manufacture to Newry , arguing that Ulster was importing a fabric which it had the skills to make , promoted initiatives to create jobs for women and was instrumental in getting the railway system from Newry extended and the harbour improved . In the campaign of 1859 , discouraged by the deep-seated opposition from his conservative co-religionists , he withdrew his candidacy for re-election . There were reports of Conservative landlords serving notice to quit on his tenant supporters . In 1865 he unsuccessfully challenged his conservative opponents in Armagh while his son William Millar Kirk contested , but failed to carry , the Newry seat . Kirk was returned to Parliament as a Liberal from Newry in 1868 due , almost entirely , to the Catholic vote . In his nomination speech Kirk had focussed on his support for the disestablishment of the [ Anglican ] Church of Ireland and reasserted his commitment to religious equality . I am now , as I ever have been , he declared , the advocate of Civil and Religious Liberty . What I claim for myself I concede to others , as I cannot but feel that if my neighbour’s liberty is infringed , my own is in danger . He defeated the Conservative candidate , Francis Needham , Viscount Newry and Mourne , by just seven votes . Death and family . In the January 1871 by-election that followed Kiriks death in December 1870 , Lord Newry was returned unopposed . Later that same year a large memorial to Kirk was erected in the centre of Keady . His son Thomas Sinclair Kirk ( 1869–1940 ) was a prominent Belfast surgeon , President of the Ulster Medical Society 1908–09 , and during the First World War a noted pioneer in the use of urea for sterilising wounds . External links . References |
[
"parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of William Kirk (MP) from Mar 1857 to Apr 1859? | /wiki/William_Kirk_(MP)#P39#1 | William Kirk ( MP ) William Kirk ( 179520 December 1870 ) was an Irish linen-mill entrepreneur and Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . He was elected , with the endorsement of the Tenant Right League , as an independent for constituency of Newry in 1852 , and again in 1857 . He stood down as a candidate for re-election in 1859 . In 1865 he entered the arena as a Liberal candidate for Armagh , but he failed to win the seat . His final appearance on the political stage was in 1868 , when , returning to Newry as a Liberal , he successfully contested his old seat . Despite failing health , he continued to attend parliament , and maintained his support for tenant rights and for mixed ( Catholic , Protestant ) education . Linen entrepreneur and progressive employer . William was born to Mr . Hugh Kirk and the former Miss Eliza Miller in Larne , in 1795 , and followed his father into business : the manufacture of linen . In 1820 he married Ann McKean , of Darkley House , whose father , James , was also in the trade . Presiding over the transition from farmhouse to factory production , Kirk introduced water-powered looms . In 1837 he bought the Annvale finishing mill in 1837 in Keady , south Armagh , and expanded it to include weaving as well as bleaching and dyeing . In 1845 , after the death of his brother-in-law Henry McKean , he assumed control of a spinning mill at Darkley . The Darkley works eventually expanded to cover 137 acres , boasting 200 power looms , and 8,000 spindles , manned by 700 persons . The mill was operated by the second largest , if not the largest , water wheel in Europe . Kirk was very interested in the technical side of the industry , and by 1848 had designed and installed the first water turbine in one of his own beetling mills near Keady . It was this innovative approach that ensured success for the Annvale-Darkley operation . His business holdings would eventually expand to include an imposing warehouse in the centre of Belfast , and branches or agencies in London , Manchester , New York and Paris . The workers houses that still shape the profile of Darkley village were constructed with the assistance of a government grant secured by Kirk . He also established a shop , a dairy , and a small farm . In 1857 he added a school , and later a reading room with evening classes for adults . Kirk was deeply involved in the Presbyterian Church : he helped found the Presbyterian Orphan Society , and was a trustee of the General Assembly’s College in Belfast . He was also an important figure in local government , serving as a Justice of the Peace , a member of the County Armagh Grand Jury and Deputy-Lieutenant of the County . Member of Parliament . Encouraged by his friends , in 1852 he stood as a parliamentary candidate in nearby Newry . In his local Armagh constituency Conservative landlords and their Orange Order allies were too strong a force . He refused to align himself with any party , saying he would join no party which will not be a party to serve the people , and declaring himself ready to support the government or the opposition , or an independent member who will propose and strive to carry out measures to benefit this neglected country . It was not until 1865 that he declared his support for the Liberals . In the House of Commons Kirk was declare that as a merchant and a free-trader , he should be ashamed of himself to argue for a compulsory valuation of rents . He argued , however , that the tenant right , or custom , of Ulster should be given the force of law . Where the landlord and tenant could not between themselves agree upon the price of the land , permission should be given to the tenant to resign his holding to the landlord , and get from him the value of the improvements he had made upon it . This , he proposed , would completely destroy all cause of agrarian crime . Together with his pleas for religious toleration , Kirks championing of tenant right gave him credibility with both Catholics and Presbyterians . Together with the fact that much of his business was carried on via the port of Newry , it enabled him carry the seat in 1852 and again in 1857 . In parliament , in addition to tenant right and religious equality , Kirk committed himself to free trade , the secret ballot ( which would give tenants and employees greater political independence from their landlords and masters ) and non-denominational education . Locally , he outlined a scheme to introduce cotton manufacture to Newry , arguing that Ulster was importing a fabric which it had the skills to make , promoted initiatives to create jobs for women and was instrumental in getting the railway system from Newry extended and the harbour improved . In the campaign of 1859 , discouraged by the deep-seated opposition from his conservative co-religionists , he withdrew his candidacy for re-election . There were reports of Conservative landlords serving notice to quit on his tenant supporters . In 1865 he unsuccessfully challenged his conservative opponents in Armagh while his son William Millar Kirk contested , but failed to carry , the Newry seat . Kirk was returned to Parliament as a Liberal from Newry in 1868 due , almost entirely , to the Catholic vote . In his nomination speech Kirk had focussed on his support for the disestablishment of the [ Anglican ] Church of Ireland and reasserted his commitment to religious equality . I am now , as I ever have been , he declared , the advocate of Civil and Religious Liberty . What I claim for myself I concede to others , as I cannot but feel that if my neighbour’s liberty is infringed , my own is in danger . He defeated the Conservative candidate , Francis Needham , Viscount Newry and Mourne , by just seven votes . Death and family . In the January 1871 by-election that followed Kiriks death in December 1870 , Lord Newry was returned unopposed . Later that same year a large memorial to Kirk was erected in the centre of Keady . His son Thomas Sinclair Kirk ( 1869–1940 ) was a prominent Belfast surgeon , President of the Ulster Medical Society 1908–09 , and during the First World War a noted pioneer in the use of urea for sterilising wounds . External links . References |
[
"Liberal from Newry"
] | easy | Which position did William Kirk (MP) hold from Nov 1868 to Dec 1870? | /wiki/William_Kirk_(MP)#P39#2 | William Kirk ( MP ) William Kirk ( 179520 December 1870 ) was an Irish linen-mill entrepreneur and Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . He was elected , with the endorsement of the Tenant Right League , as an independent for constituency of Newry in 1852 , and again in 1857 . He stood down as a candidate for re-election in 1859 . In 1865 he entered the arena as a Liberal candidate for Armagh , but he failed to win the seat . His final appearance on the political stage was in 1868 , when , returning to Newry as a Liberal , he successfully contested his old seat . Despite failing health , he continued to attend parliament , and maintained his support for tenant rights and for mixed ( Catholic , Protestant ) education . Linen entrepreneur and progressive employer . William was born to Mr . Hugh Kirk and the former Miss Eliza Miller in Larne , in 1795 , and followed his father into business : the manufacture of linen . In 1820 he married Ann McKean , of Darkley House , whose father , James , was also in the trade . Presiding over the transition from farmhouse to factory production , Kirk introduced water-powered looms . In 1837 he bought the Annvale finishing mill in 1837 in Keady , south Armagh , and expanded it to include weaving as well as bleaching and dyeing . In 1845 , after the death of his brother-in-law Henry McKean , he assumed control of a spinning mill at Darkley . The Darkley works eventually expanded to cover 137 acres , boasting 200 power looms , and 8,000 spindles , manned by 700 persons . The mill was operated by the second largest , if not the largest , water wheel in Europe . Kirk was very interested in the technical side of the industry , and by 1848 had designed and installed the first water turbine in one of his own beetling mills near Keady . It was this innovative approach that ensured success for the Annvale-Darkley operation . His business holdings would eventually expand to include an imposing warehouse in the centre of Belfast , and branches or agencies in London , Manchester , New York and Paris . The workers houses that still shape the profile of Darkley village were constructed with the assistance of a government grant secured by Kirk . He also established a shop , a dairy , and a small farm . In 1857 he added a school , and later a reading room with evening classes for adults . Kirk was deeply involved in the Presbyterian Church : he helped found the Presbyterian Orphan Society , and was a trustee of the General Assembly’s College in Belfast . He was also an important figure in local government , serving as a Justice of the Peace , a member of the County Armagh Grand Jury and Deputy-Lieutenant of the County . Member of Parliament . Encouraged by his friends , in 1852 he stood as a parliamentary candidate in nearby Newry . In his local Armagh constituency Conservative landlords and their Orange Order allies were too strong a force . He refused to align himself with any party , saying he would join no party which will not be a party to serve the people , and declaring himself ready to support the government or the opposition , or an independent member who will propose and strive to carry out measures to benefit this neglected country . It was not until 1865 that he declared his support for the Liberals . In the House of Commons Kirk was declare that as a merchant and a free-trader , he should be ashamed of himself to argue for a compulsory valuation of rents . He argued , however , that the tenant right , or custom , of Ulster should be given the force of law . Where the landlord and tenant could not between themselves agree upon the price of the land , permission should be given to the tenant to resign his holding to the landlord , and get from him the value of the improvements he had made upon it . This , he proposed , would completely destroy all cause of agrarian crime . Together with his pleas for religious toleration , Kirks championing of tenant right gave him credibility with both Catholics and Presbyterians . Together with the fact that much of his business was carried on via the port of Newry , it enabled him carry the seat in 1852 and again in 1857 . In parliament , in addition to tenant right and religious equality , Kirk committed himself to free trade , the secret ballot ( which would give tenants and employees greater political independence from their landlords and masters ) and non-denominational education . Locally , he outlined a scheme to introduce cotton manufacture to Newry , arguing that Ulster was importing a fabric which it had the skills to make , promoted initiatives to create jobs for women and was instrumental in getting the railway system from Newry extended and the harbour improved . In the campaign of 1859 , discouraged by the deep-seated opposition from his conservative co-religionists , he withdrew his candidacy for re-election . There were reports of Conservative landlords serving notice to quit on his tenant supporters . In 1865 he unsuccessfully challenged his conservative opponents in Armagh while his son William Millar Kirk contested , but failed to carry , the Newry seat . Kirk was returned to Parliament as a Liberal from Newry in 1868 due , almost entirely , to the Catholic vote . In his nomination speech Kirk had focussed on his support for the disestablishment of the [ Anglican ] Church of Ireland and reasserted his commitment to religious equality . I am now , as I ever have been , he declared , the advocate of Civil and Religious Liberty . What I claim for myself I concede to others , as I cannot but feel that if my neighbour’s liberty is infringed , my own is in danger . He defeated the Conservative candidate , Francis Needham , Viscount Newry and Mourne , by just seven votes . Death and family . In the January 1871 by-election that followed Kiriks death in December 1870 , Lord Newry was returned unopposed . Later that same year a large memorial to Kirk was erected in the centre of Keady . His son Thomas Sinclair Kirk ( 1869–1940 ) was a prominent Belfast surgeon , President of the Ulster Medical Society 1908–09 , and during the First World War a noted pioneer in the use of urea for sterilising wounds . External links . References |
[
"Cablevision",
"owner of the New York Knicks"
] | easy | Who owned New York Liberty from 1997 to 2009? | /wiki/New_York_Liberty#P127#0 | New York Liberty The New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn , New York City , which plays in the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) as part of the Eastern Conference . The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league . The team is owned by Joe Tsai , the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets . The teams home games are played at Barclays Center . The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years . The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon , Rebecca Lobo , Becky Hammon , Leilani Mitchell , Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter , Tina Charles , and the teams first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu . The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times , falling to the Houston Comets in 1997 , 1999 , and 2000 , and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002 . They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship . Franchise history . Early success ( 1997–2002 ) . Prior to the teams first season , to avoid potential trademark infringement , the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association . When the WNBA opened in 1997 , the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player , and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo ( UConn ) to a contract . Lobo was a starter for two seasons , but was injured in 1999 . Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later . Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star , and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game , where the team lost to the Houston Comets . In 1999 , they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals , where they again faced the Comets . In Game 2 , Teresa Weatherspoons halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece . However , the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time . In 2000 , the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams . In 2001 , Weatherspoon became the WNBAs all-time assist leader . Teamed with Robinson , Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks , who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game , Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002 , but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks , respectively . The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001 . Transition seasons ( 2003–2009 ) . The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoons WNBA career winding down , fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player . The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the teams starting point guard . The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention . These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr . boxing match held in 1999 . With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets , Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the teams starting center position in 2005 . However , she was unfortunately injured midway through the season . The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs . The Liberty had a poor 2006 season , winning only 11 games , the fewest in franchise history . At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season , the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport , a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft . They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting . The 2007 Liberty started out 5–0 , then lost 7 straight games , then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games , beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record . In the Eastern Conference semifinals , the Liberty , as huge underdogs , faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series . The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York . In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit , 76–73 and 71–70 ( OT ) respectively . In 2008 , the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins , and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason . Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team , the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008 , to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action , and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals . Again , the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1 , followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3 . The 2008 season also featured the Liberty Outdoor Classic , the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors , on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center . The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic . In the 2009 WNBA Draft , the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers . With a solid core group , the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again . In the 2009 season , however , they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle . To replace Coyle , the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis . Despite the coaching change , the franchise continued to struggle , finishing 13–21 , their second worst record in franchise history . The Cappie Pondexter era ( 2010–2014 ) . The New York Liberty fared better in 2010 , during Donovans first and only full season as head coach . Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter ( formerly of the Phoenix Mercury ) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell , the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost to the Atlanta Dream . The team had high hopes for 2011 , after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant . Janel McCarville did not report to training camp , seeking time with her family , and as such , was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season . This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase . Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center . The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009 . However , the renovation plans were delayed , and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010 . The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey for their 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing . Pondexter and Plenette Pierson , along with improved play from Vaughn , allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season . The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference . In August , Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . By maintaining a fairly even standard of play , the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs . However , the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Isiah Thomas takes over ( 2015–2018 ) . On May 5 , 2015 , the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise . Under Thomas leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach , the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season . On August 2 , 2015 , during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm , the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Libertys Ring of Honor . Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden . Hammon , a former New York Liberty point guard , is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs . After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs , the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round . In November 2017 , the Madison Square Garden Company and James L . Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise . After not immediately finding a buyer , MSG relocated most of the Libertys 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains , New York , the home of MSGs NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks , while still continuing to pursue a sale . Joseph Tsai buys team . On January 23 , 2019 , the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai , co-founder of the Alibaba Group , a Chinese internet company , who then owned 49% of the NBAs Brooklyn Nets . During the 2019 season , the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets home of the Barclays Center , with the rest still in White Plains . Later that year , Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center . For the 2020 season , Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis . The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft , entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round . Shortly before the draft , they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings . They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick , with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round . The team also introduced a new logo , featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding . The color black was also made one of the primary colors , echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad , the Brooklyn Nets . The Liberty began the 2020 season , held in a bubble in Bradenton , Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic , with seven rookies on their opening-night roster . The team suffered a major blow in their third game , in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season . The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2–20 record . Statistics . ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% Former players . - Elena Baranova ( 2003–2005 ) - Sherill Baker ( 2006–2007 ) - Kelsey Bone ( 2013 ) , now a member of the Las Vegas Aces - Essence Carson ( 2008–2015 ) , now a member of the Connecticut Sun - Swin Cash ( 2014–2016 ) - Tina Charles ( 2014–2019 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Shameka Christon ( 2004–2009 ) - Jessica Davenport ( 2007–2008 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2006–2007 ) - Kisha Ford ( 1997–1998 ) - Becky Hammon ( 1999–2006 ) , now an assistant coach of the San Antonio Spurs - Kym Hampton ( 1997–1999 ) , now Fan Development Leader for the Liberty - Lindsey Harding ( 2016 ) - Tiffany Jackson Jones ( 2007–2010 ) - Vickie Johnson ( 1997–2005 ) , now a head coach of the Dallas Wings - Cathrine Kraayeveld ( 2005–2009 ) - Rebecca Lobo ( 1997–2001 ) - Janel McCarville ( 2007–2010 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2010 ) - DeLisha Milton-Jones ( 2013–2014 ) - Leilani Mitchell ( 2008–2013 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Loree Moore ( 2005–2009 ) - Tari Phillips ( 2000–2004 ) - Cappie Pondexter ( 2010–2014 ) - Crystal Robinson ( 1999–2005 ) - Katie Smith ( 2013 ) , now an assistant coach of the Minnesota Lynx - Erin Thorn ( 2003–2008 ) - Teresa Weatherspoon ( 1997–2003 ) , now an assistant coach of the New Orleans Pelicans - Tamika Whitmore ( 1999–2003 ) - Sue Wicks ( 1997–2002 ) - Sophia Witherspoon ( 1997–1999 ) Coaches and staff . Owners . - Cablevision , owner of the New York Knicks ( 1997–2009 ) - Madison Square Garden , Inc. , owner of the New York Knicks ( 2010–2019 ) - Joe Tsai ( 2019–Present ) General Managers . - Carol Blazejowski ( 1996–2010 ) - John Whisenant ( 2011–2012 ) - Bill Laimbeer ( 2013–2014 , 2017 ) - Kristin Bernert ( 2015–2016 ) - Jonathan Kolb ( 2019–present ) Head coaches . Assistant coaches . - Melissa McFerrin ( 1997–1998 ) - Pat Coyle ( 1998–2004 ) - Jeff House ( 1999–2004 ) - Marianne Stanley ( 2004–2006 ) - Nick DiPillo ( 2005–2008 ) - Bruce Hamburger ( 2007–2008 ) - Anne Donovan ( 2009 ) - Laurie Byrd ( 2009–2010 ) - Monique Ambers ( 2011–2012 ) - Lady Grooms ( 2011–2012 ) - Norm Ellenberger ( 2012 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2013–2014 , 2018–2019 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2013 ) - Katie Smith ( 2014–2017 ) - Herb Williams ( 2015–2019 ) - Charmin Smith ( 2019 ) - Kelly Schumacher ( 2020 ) - Shelley Patterson ( 2020–present ) - Dustin Gray ( 2020–present ) - Jacki Gemelos ( 2021-present ) All-time notes . Regular season attendance . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 1997–2010 ) is 19,563 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Prudential Center ( 2011–2013 ) is 18,711 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 2013–2017 ) is 19,812 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Westchester County Center ( 2018–2019 ) is 5,000 . - A sellout for a Liberty game at Barclays Center ( 2021–future ) is considered to be 8,000 , the teams initial cap on ticket sales at that venue . The full capacity for basketball is 17,732 . Draft picks . - 1997 Elite : Kym Hampton ( 4 ) , Vickie Johnson ( 12 ) - 1997 : Sue Wicks ( 6 ) , Sophia Witherspoon ( 11 ) , Trena Trice ( 22 ) , Kisha Ford ( 27 ) - 1998 : Alicia Thompson ( 9 ) , Nadine Domond ( 19 ) , Albena Branzova ( 29 ) , Vanessa Nygaard ( 39 ) - 1999 : Crystal Robinson ( 6 ) , Michele Van Gorp ( 18 ) , Tamika Whitmore ( 30 ) , Carolyn Jones-Young ( 42 ) - 2000 : Olga Firsova ( 13 ) , Desiree Francis ( 29 ) , Jessica Bibby ( 45 ) , Natalie Porter ( 61 ) - 2001 : Taru Tuukkanen ( 57 ) , Tara Mitchem ( 60 ) - 2002 : Linda Frohlich ( 26 ) , Tracy Gahan ( 46 ) , Dee Dee Warley ( 62 ) - 2003 Miami/Portland Dispersal Draft : Elena Baranova ( 11 ) - 2003 : Molly Creamer ( 10 ) , Erin Thorn ( 17 ) , Sonja Mallory ( 24 ) , Kristen Brook Sharp ( 26 ) , Nicole Kaczmarski ( 39 ) - 2004 Cleveland Dispersal Draft : Ann Wauters ( 4 ) - 2004 : Shameka Christon ( 5 ) , Amisha Carter ( 17 ) , Cathy Joens ( 30 ) - 2005 : Loree Moore ( 10 ) , Tabitha Pool ( 23 ) , Rebecca Richman ( 36 ) - 2006 : Sherill Baker ( 12 ) , Brooke Queenan ( 23 ) , Christelle NGarsanet ( 37 ) - 2007 Charlotte Dispersal Draft : Janel McCarville ( 3 ) - 2007 : Tiffany Jackson ( 5 ) , Shay Doron ( 16 ) , Martina Weber ( 29 ) - 2008 : Essence Carson ( 7 ) , Erlana Larkins ( 14 ) , Wanisha Smith ( 27 ) , Alberta Auguste ( 35 ) - 2009 Houston Dispersal Draft : selection waived - 2009 : Kia Vaughn ( 8 ) , Abby Waner ( 21 ) - 2010 Sacramento Dispersal Draft : Nicole Powell ( 1 ) - 2010 : Kalana Greene ( 13 ) , Ashley Houts ( 16 ) , Cory Montgomery ( 25 ) - 2011 : Alex Montgomery ( 10 ) , Angel Robinson ( 22 ) , Mekia Valentine ( 34 ) - 2012 : Kelley Cain ( 7 ) , Katelan Redmon ( 36 ) - 2013 : Kelsey Bone ( 5 ) , Toni Young ( 7 ) , Kamiko Williams ( 15 ) , Shenneika Smith ( 25 ) , Olcay Çakır ( 27 ) - 2014 : Alyssa Thomas ( 4 ) , Tyaunna Marshall ( 14 ) , Meighan Simmons ( 26 ) - 2015 : Brittany Boyd ( 9 ) , Kiah Stokes ( 11 ) , Amber Orrange ( 23 ) , Laurin Mincy ( 27 ) , Michala Johnson ( 28 ) - 2016 : Adut Bulgak ( 12 ) , Ameryst Alston ( 24 ) , Shacobia Barbee ( 36 ) - 2017 : Lindsay Allen ( 14 ) , Kai James ( 34 ) - 2018 : Kia Nurse ( 10 ) , Mercedes Russell ( 22 ) , Leslie Robinson ( 34 ) - 2019 : Asia Durr ( 2 ) , Han Xu ( 14 ) , Megan Huff ( 26 ) - 2020 : Sabrina Ionescu ( 1 ) , Megan Walker ( 9 ) , Jazmine Jones ( 12 ) , Kylee Shook ( 13 ) , Leaonna Odom ( 15 ) , Erica Ogwumike ( 26 ; traded to Minnesota ) - 2021 : Michaela Onyenwere ( 6 ) , DiDi Richards ( 17 ) , Valerie Higgins ( 25 ) , Marine Fauthoux ( 29 ) Trades . - December 15 , 1999 : The Liberty acquired Michele Van Gorp from the Portland Fire in exchange for Portland agreeing to select Sophia Witherspoon and Coquese Washington in the expansion draft . - May 28 , 2000 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Jones-Young to the Portland Fire in exchange for Tari Phillips . - February 24 , 2006 : The Liberty traded the 9th overall pick in the 2006 Draft to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Kelly Schumacher and the 12th overall pick in the 2006 Draft . - April 4 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Becky Hammon and a second-round pick in the 2008 Draft to the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for draft rights to Jessica Davenport and a first-round pick in the 2008 Draft . - June 20 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Sherill Baker to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Lisa Willis . - May 7 , 2008 : The Liberty traded a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Leilani Mitchell . - May 5 , 2009 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Sidney Spencer . - March 30 , 2010 : The Liberty traded Shameka Christon and Cathrine Kraayeveld to the Chicago Sky in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2010 Draft and Cappie Pondexter and Kelly Mazzante from the Phoenix Mercury . Phoenix received Candice Dupree from Chicago as part of this trade . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Angel Robinson to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Jessica Breland and a second-round pick in the 2012 Draft . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Kalana Greene to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Sydney Colson . - May 27 , 2011 : The Liberty acquired Quanitra Hollingsworth from the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the right to swap third-round picks in the 2012 Draft . - August 4 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Sidney Spencer to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . - February 27 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Kia Vaughn to the Washington Mystics in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - March 1 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Janel McCarville to the Minnesota Lynx and Nicole Powell plus a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft to the Tulsa Shock . In exchange , the Liberty received Deanna Nolan , a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft , and a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 15 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Quanitra Hollingsworth to the Washington Mystics in exchange for the 25th overall pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 14 , 2014 : The Liberty traded Kelsey Bone , Alyssa Thomas , and a first-round pick in the 2015 Draft to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Tina Charles . - July 9 , 2014 : The Liberty traded DeLisha Milton-Jones to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Swin Cash . - February 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Cappie Pondexter to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Epiphanny Prince . - April 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Alex Montgomery to the San Antonio Stars in exchange for the 9th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . The Liberty also traded Anna Cruz and 16th and 35th overall pick to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the 11th , 23rd and 28th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . - May 2 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Shoni Schimmel . - May 11 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Dallas Wings in exchange for Amanda Zahui B . and a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft . - January 30 , 2017 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Swords , a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Kia Vaughn and Bria Hartley . - April 11 , 2019 : The Liberty traded their second round pick in the 2020 Draft to Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Tanisha Wright . - April 11 , 2020 : The Liberty engaged in a three team trade where the team acquired the 13th pick in the 2020 Draft and sent Sugar Rodgers to Las Vegas . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty traded the draft rights to Erica Ogwumike to Minneosta in exchnage for Stephanie Talbot . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty acquired the draft rights for Jocelyn Willoughby from Phoenix in exchange for Shatori Walker-Kimbrough . All-Stars . - 1999 : Kym Hampton , Vickie Johnson , Rebecca Lobo , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon , Sue Wicks - 2001 : Vickie Johnson , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2002 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2003 : Becky Hammon , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2004 : Becky Hammon - 2005 : Becky Hammon , Ann Wauters - 2006 : None - 2007 : None - 2008 : No All-Star Game - 2009 : Shameka Christon - 2010 : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 : Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter - 2012 : No All-Star Game - 2013 : Cappie Pondexter - 2014 : Tina Charles , Cappie Pondexter - 2015 : Tina Charles - 2016 : No All-Star Game - 2017 : Tina Charles , Sugar Rodgers - 2018 : Tina Charles - 2019 : Tina Charles , Kia Nurse - 2020 : No All-Star Game Honors and awards . - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Rebecca Lobo - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1997 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1999 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 Most Improved Player : Tari Phillips - 2001 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award : Sue Wicks - 2002 All-WNBA Second Team : Tari Phillips - 2005 All-WNBA Second Team : Becky Hammon - 2007 Most Improved Player : Janel McCarville - 2007 All-Defensive Second Team : Loree Moore - 2010 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 Most Improved Player : Leilani Mitchell - 2010 All-Defensive First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 All-Rookie Team : Kalana Greene - 2011 All-WNBA Second Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 Most Improved Player : Kia Vaughn - 2012 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2013 All-Rookie Team : Kelsey Bone - 2014 All-WNBA Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 Coach of the Year : Bill Laimbeer - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Brittany Boyd - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2015 All-WNBA First Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-WNBA Second Team : Epiphanny Prince - 2016 Peak Performer ( Points ) : Tina Charles - 2016 Peak Performer ( Rebounds ) : Tina Charles - 2016 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2017 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year : Sugar Rodgers Media coverage . Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network , which is a regional sports network based in New York City . More often than not , NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast , which is shown nationally . Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino , Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani . All games ( excluding blackout games , which are available on ESPN3.com ) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website . Furthermore , some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 and ABC . The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN , which will pay right fees to the Liberty , as well as other teams in the league . On May 22 , 2019 , the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season , adding to the networks existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets . Previously , games had been broadcast on MSG Network . |
[
"Madison Square Garden , Inc.",
"owner of the New York Knicks"
] | easy | New York Liberty was owned by whom from 2010 to 2019? | /wiki/New_York_Liberty#P127#1 | New York Liberty The New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn , New York City , which plays in the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) as part of the Eastern Conference . The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league . The team is owned by Joe Tsai , the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets . The teams home games are played at Barclays Center . The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years . The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon , Rebecca Lobo , Becky Hammon , Leilani Mitchell , Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter , Tina Charles , and the teams first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu . The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times , falling to the Houston Comets in 1997 , 1999 , and 2000 , and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002 . They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship . Franchise history . Early success ( 1997–2002 ) . Prior to the teams first season , to avoid potential trademark infringement , the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association . When the WNBA opened in 1997 , the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player , and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo ( UConn ) to a contract . Lobo was a starter for two seasons , but was injured in 1999 . Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later . Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star , and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game , where the team lost to the Houston Comets . In 1999 , they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals , where they again faced the Comets . In Game 2 , Teresa Weatherspoons halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece . However , the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time . In 2000 , the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams . In 2001 , Weatherspoon became the WNBAs all-time assist leader . Teamed with Robinson , Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks , who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game , Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002 , but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks , respectively . The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001 . Transition seasons ( 2003–2009 ) . The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoons WNBA career winding down , fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player . The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the teams starting point guard . The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention . These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr . boxing match held in 1999 . With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets , Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the teams starting center position in 2005 . However , she was unfortunately injured midway through the season . The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs . The Liberty had a poor 2006 season , winning only 11 games , the fewest in franchise history . At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season , the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport , a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft . They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting . The 2007 Liberty started out 5–0 , then lost 7 straight games , then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games , beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record . In the Eastern Conference semifinals , the Liberty , as huge underdogs , faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series . The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York . In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit , 76–73 and 71–70 ( OT ) respectively . In 2008 , the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins , and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason . Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team , the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008 , to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action , and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals . Again , the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1 , followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3 . The 2008 season also featured the Liberty Outdoor Classic , the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors , on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center . The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic . In the 2009 WNBA Draft , the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers . With a solid core group , the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again . In the 2009 season , however , they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle . To replace Coyle , the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis . Despite the coaching change , the franchise continued to struggle , finishing 13–21 , their second worst record in franchise history . The Cappie Pondexter era ( 2010–2014 ) . The New York Liberty fared better in 2010 , during Donovans first and only full season as head coach . Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter ( formerly of the Phoenix Mercury ) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell , the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost to the Atlanta Dream . The team had high hopes for 2011 , after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant . Janel McCarville did not report to training camp , seeking time with her family , and as such , was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season . This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase . Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center . The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009 . However , the renovation plans were delayed , and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010 . The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey for their 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing . Pondexter and Plenette Pierson , along with improved play from Vaughn , allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season . The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference . In August , Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . By maintaining a fairly even standard of play , the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs . However , the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Isiah Thomas takes over ( 2015–2018 ) . On May 5 , 2015 , the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise . Under Thomas leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach , the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season . On August 2 , 2015 , during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm , the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Libertys Ring of Honor . Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden . Hammon , a former New York Liberty point guard , is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs . After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs , the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round . In November 2017 , the Madison Square Garden Company and James L . Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise . After not immediately finding a buyer , MSG relocated most of the Libertys 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains , New York , the home of MSGs NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks , while still continuing to pursue a sale . Joseph Tsai buys team . On January 23 , 2019 , the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai , co-founder of the Alibaba Group , a Chinese internet company , who then owned 49% of the NBAs Brooklyn Nets . During the 2019 season , the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets home of the Barclays Center , with the rest still in White Plains . Later that year , Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center . For the 2020 season , Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis . The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft , entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round . Shortly before the draft , they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings . They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick , with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round . The team also introduced a new logo , featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding . The color black was also made one of the primary colors , echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad , the Brooklyn Nets . The Liberty began the 2020 season , held in a bubble in Bradenton , Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic , with seven rookies on their opening-night roster . The team suffered a major blow in their third game , in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season . The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2–20 record . Statistics . ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% Former players . - Elena Baranova ( 2003–2005 ) - Sherill Baker ( 2006–2007 ) - Kelsey Bone ( 2013 ) , now a member of the Las Vegas Aces - Essence Carson ( 2008–2015 ) , now a member of the Connecticut Sun - Swin Cash ( 2014–2016 ) - Tina Charles ( 2014–2019 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Shameka Christon ( 2004–2009 ) - Jessica Davenport ( 2007–2008 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2006–2007 ) - Kisha Ford ( 1997–1998 ) - Becky Hammon ( 1999–2006 ) , now an assistant coach of the San Antonio Spurs - Kym Hampton ( 1997–1999 ) , now Fan Development Leader for the Liberty - Lindsey Harding ( 2016 ) - Tiffany Jackson Jones ( 2007–2010 ) - Vickie Johnson ( 1997–2005 ) , now a head coach of the Dallas Wings - Cathrine Kraayeveld ( 2005–2009 ) - Rebecca Lobo ( 1997–2001 ) - Janel McCarville ( 2007–2010 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2010 ) - DeLisha Milton-Jones ( 2013–2014 ) - Leilani Mitchell ( 2008–2013 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Loree Moore ( 2005–2009 ) - Tari Phillips ( 2000–2004 ) - Cappie Pondexter ( 2010–2014 ) - Crystal Robinson ( 1999–2005 ) - Katie Smith ( 2013 ) , now an assistant coach of the Minnesota Lynx - Erin Thorn ( 2003–2008 ) - Teresa Weatherspoon ( 1997–2003 ) , now an assistant coach of the New Orleans Pelicans - Tamika Whitmore ( 1999–2003 ) - Sue Wicks ( 1997–2002 ) - Sophia Witherspoon ( 1997–1999 ) Coaches and staff . Owners . - Cablevision , owner of the New York Knicks ( 1997–2009 ) - Madison Square Garden , Inc. , owner of the New York Knicks ( 2010–2019 ) - Joe Tsai ( 2019–Present ) General Managers . - Carol Blazejowski ( 1996–2010 ) - John Whisenant ( 2011–2012 ) - Bill Laimbeer ( 2013–2014 , 2017 ) - Kristin Bernert ( 2015–2016 ) - Jonathan Kolb ( 2019–present ) Head coaches . Assistant coaches . - Melissa McFerrin ( 1997–1998 ) - Pat Coyle ( 1998–2004 ) - Jeff House ( 1999–2004 ) - Marianne Stanley ( 2004–2006 ) - Nick DiPillo ( 2005–2008 ) - Bruce Hamburger ( 2007–2008 ) - Anne Donovan ( 2009 ) - Laurie Byrd ( 2009–2010 ) - Monique Ambers ( 2011–2012 ) - Lady Grooms ( 2011–2012 ) - Norm Ellenberger ( 2012 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2013–2014 , 2018–2019 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2013 ) - Katie Smith ( 2014–2017 ) - Herb Williams ( 2015–2019 ) - Charmin Smith ( 2019 ) - Kelly Schumacher ( 2020 ) - Shelley Patterson ( 2020–present ) - Dustin Gray ( 2020–present ) - Jacki Gemelos ( 2021-present ) All-time notes . Regular season attendance . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 1997–2010 ) is 19,563 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Prudential Center ( 2011–2013 ) is 18,711 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 2013–2017 ) is 19,812 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Westchester County Center ( 2018–2019 ) is 5,000 . - A sellout for a Liberty game at Barclays Center ( 2021–future ) is considered to be 8,000 , the teams initial cap on ticket sales at that venue . The full capacity for basketball is 17,732 . Draft picks . - 1997 Elite : Kym Hampton ( 4 ) , Vickie Johnson ( 12 ) - 1997 : Sue Wicks ( 6 ) , Sophia Witherspoon ( 11 ) , Trena Trice ( 22 ) , Kisha Ford ( 27 ) - 1998 : Alicia Thompson ( 9 ) , Nadine Domond ( 19 ) , Albena Branzova ( 29 ) , Vanessa Nygaard ( 39 ) - 1999 : Crystal Robinson ( 6 ) , Michele Van Gorp ( 18 ) , Tamika Whitmore ( 30 ) , Carolyn Jones-Young ( 42 ) - 2000 : Olga Firsova ( 13 ) , Desiree Francis ( 29 ) , Jessica Bibby ( 45 ) , Natalie Porter ( 61 ) - 2001 : Taru Tuukkanen ( 57 ) , Tara Mitchem ( 60 ) - 2002 : Linda Frohlich ( 26 ) , Tracy Gahan ( 46 ) , Dee Dee Warley ( 62 ) - 2003 Miami/Portland Dispersal Draft : Elena Baranova ( 11 ) - 2003 : Molly Creamer ( 10 ) , Erin Thorn ( 17 ) , Sonja Mallory ( 24 ) , Kristen Brook Sharp ( 26 ) , Nicole Kaczmarski ( 39 ) - 2004 Cleveland Dispersal Draft : Ann Wauters ( 4 ) - 2004 : Shameka Christon ( 5 ) , Amisha Carter ( 17 ) , Cathy Joens ( 30 ) - 2005 : Loree Moore ( 10 ) , Tabitha Pool ( 23 ) , Rebecca Richman ( 36 ) - 2006 : Sherill Baker ( 12 ) , Brooke Queenan ( 23 ) , Christelle NGarsanet ( 37 ) - 2007 Charlotte Dispersal Draft : Janel McCarville ( 3 ) - 2007 : Tiffany Jackson ( 5 ) , Shay Doron ( 16 ) , Martina Weber ( 29 ) - 2008 : Essence Carson ( 7 ) , Erlana Larkins ( 14 ) , Wanisha Smith ( 27 ) , Alberta Auguste ( 35 ) - 2009 Houston Dispersal Draft : selection waived - 2009 : Kia Vaughn ( 8 ) , Abby Waner ( 21 ) - 2010 Sacramento Dispersal Draft : Nicole Powell ( 1 ) - 2010 : Kalana Greene ( 13 ) , Ashley Houts ( 16 ) , Cory Montgomery ( 25 ) - 2011 : Alex Montgomery ( 10 ) , Angel Robinson ( 22 ) , Mekia Valentine ( 34 ) - 2012 : Kelley Cain ( 7 ) , Katelan Redmon ( 36 ) - 2013 : Kelsey Bone ( 5 ) , Toni Young ( 7 ) , Kamiko Williams ( 15 ) , Shenneika Smith ( 25 ) , Olcay Çakır ( 27 ) - 2014 : Alyssa Thomas ( 4 ) , Tyaunna Marshall ( 14 ) , Meighan Simmons ( 26 ) - 2015 : Brittany Boyd ( 9 ) , Kiah Stokes ( 11 ) , Amber Orrange ( 23 ) , Laurin Mincy ( 27 ) , Michala Johnson ( 28 ) - 2016 : Adut Bulgak ( 12 ) , Ameryst Alston ( 24 ) , Shacobia Barbee ( 36 ) - 2017 : Lindsay Allen ( 14 ) , Kai James ( 34 ) - 2018 : Kia Nurse ( 10 ) , Mercedes Russell ( 22 ) , Leslie Robinson ( 34 ) - 2019 : Asia Durr ( 2 ) , Han Xu ( 14 ) , Megan Huff ( 26 ) - 2020 : Sabrina Ionescu ( 1 ) , Megan Walker ( 9 ) , Jazmine Jones ( 12 ) , Kylee Shook ( 13 ) , Leaonna Odom ( 15 ) , Erica Ogwumike ( 26 ; traded to Minnesota ) - 2021 : Michaela Onyenwere ( 6 ) , DiDi Richards ( 17 ) , Valerie Higgins ( 25 ) , Marine Fauthoux ( 29 ) Trades . - December 15 , 1999 : The Liberty acquired Michele Van Gorp from the Portland Fire in exchange for Portland agreeing to select Sophia Witherspoon and Coquese Washington in the expansion draft . - May 28 , 2000 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Jones-Young to the Portland Fire in exchange for Tari Phillips . - February 24 , 2006 : The Liberty traded the 9th overall pick in the 2006 Draft to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Kelly Schumacher and the 12th overall pick in the 2006 Draft . - April 4 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Becky Hammon and a second-round pick in the 2008 Draft to the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for draft rights to Jessica Davenport and a first-round pick in the 2008 Draft . - June 20 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Sherill Baker to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Lisa Willis . - May 7 , 2008 : The Liberty traded a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Leilani Mitchell . - May 5 , 2009 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Sidney Spencer . - March 30 , 2010 : The Liberty traded Shameka Christon and Cathrine Kraayeveld to the Chicago Sky in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2010 Draft and Cappie Pondexter and Kelly Mazzante from the Phoenix Mercury . Phoenix received Candice Dupree from Chicago as part of this trade . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Angel Robinson to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Jessica Breland and a second-round pick in the 2012 Draft . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Kalana Greene to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Sydney Colson . - May 27 , 2011 : The Liberty acquired Quanitra Hollingsworth from the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the right to swap third-round picks in the 2012 Draft . - August 4 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Sidney Spencer to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . - February 27 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Kia Vaughn to the Washington Mystics in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - March 1 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Janel McCarville to the Minnesota Lynx and Nicole Powell plus a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft to the Tulsa Shock . In exchange , the Liberty received Deanna Nolan , a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft , and a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 15 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Quanitra Hollingsworth to the Washington Mystics in exchange for the 25th overall pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 14 , 2014 : The Liberty traded Kelsey Bone , Alyssa Thomas , and a first-round pick in the 2015 Draft to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Tina Charles . - July 9 , 2014 : The Liberty traded DeLisha Milton-Jones to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Swin Cash . - February 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Cappie Pondexter to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Epiphanny Prince . - April 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Alex Montgomery to the San Antonio Stars in exchange for the 9th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . The Liberty also traded Anna Cruz and 16th and 35th overall pick to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the 11th , 23rd and 28th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . - May 2 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Shoni Schimmel . - May 11 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Dallas Wings in exchange for Amanda Zahui B . and a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft . - January 30 , 2017 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Swords , a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Kia Vaughn and Bria Hartley . - April 11 , 2019 : The Liberty traded their second round pick in the 2020 Draft to Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Tanisha Wright . - April 11 , 2020 : The Liberty engaged in a three team trade where the team acquired the 13th pick in the 2020 Draft and sent Sugar Rodgers to Las Vegas . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty traded the draft rights to Erica Ogwumike to Minneosta in exchnage for Stephanie Talbot . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty acquired the draft rights for Jocelyn Willoughby from Phoenix in exchange for Shatori Walker-Kimbrough . All-Stars . - 1999 : Kym Hampton , Vickie Johnson , Rebecca Lobo , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon , Sue Wicks - 2001 : Vickie Johnson , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2002 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2003 : Becky Hammon , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2004 : Becky Hammon - 2005 : Becky Hammon , Ann Wauters - 2006 : None - 2007 : None - 2008 : No All-Star Game - 2009 : Shameka Christon - 2010 : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 : Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter - 2012 : No All-Star Game - 2013 : Cappie Pondexter - 2014 : Tina Charles , Cappie Pondexter - 2015 : Tina Charles - 2016 : No All-Star Game - 2017 : Tina Charles , Sugar Rodgers - 2018 : Tina Charles - 2019 : Tina Charles , Kia Nurse - 2020 : No All-Star Game Honors and awards . - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Rebecca Lobo - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1997 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1999 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 Most Improved Player : Tari Phillips - 2001 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award : Sue Wicks - 2002 All-WNBA Second Team : Tari Phillips - 2005 All-WNBA Second Team : Becky Hammon - 2007 Most Improved Player : Janel McCarville - 2007 All-Defensive Second Team : Loree Moore - 2010 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 Most Improved Player : Leilani Mitchell - 2010 All-Defensive First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 All-Rookie Team : Kalana Greene - 2011 All-WNBA Second Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 Most Improved Player : Kia Vaughn - 2012 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2013 All-Rookie Team : Kelsey Bone - 2014 All-WNBA Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 Coach of the Year : Bill Laimbeer - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Brittany Boyd - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2015 All-WNBA First Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-WNBA Second Team : Epiphanny Prince - 2016 Peak Performer ( Points ) : Tina Charles - 2016 Peak Performer ( Rebounds ) : Tina Charles - 2016 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2017 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year : Sugar Rodgers Media coverage . Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network , which is a regional sports network based in New York City . More often than not , NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast , which is shown nationally . Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino , Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani . All games ( excluding blackout games , which are available on ESPN3.com ) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website . Furthermore , some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 and ABC . The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN , which will pay right fees to the Liberty , as well as other teams in the league . On May 22 , 2019 , the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season , adding to the networks existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets . Previously , games had been broadcast on MSG Network . |
[
"Joe Tsai"
] | easy | Who owned New York Liberty from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/New_York_Liberty#P127#2 | New York Liberty The New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn , New York City , which plays in the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) as part of the Eastern Conference . The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league . The team is owned by Joe Tsai , the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets . The teams home games are played at Barclays Center . The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years . The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon , Rebecca Lobo , Becky Hammon , Leilani Mitchell , Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter , Tina Charles , and the teams first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu . The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times , falling to the Houston Comets in 1997 , 1999 , and 2000 , and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002 . They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship . Franchise history . Early success ( 1997–2002 ) . Prior to the teams first season , to avoid potential trademark infringement , the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association . When the WNBA opened in 1997 , the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player , and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo ( UConn ) to a contract . Lobo was a starter for two seasons , but was injured in 1999 . Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later . Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star , and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game , where the team lost to the Houston Comets . In 1999 , they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals , where they again faced the Comets . In Game 2 , Teresa Weatherspoons halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece . However , the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time . In 2000 , the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams . In 2001 , Weatherspoon became the WNBAs all-time assist leader . Teamed with Robinson , Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks , who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game , Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002 , but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks , respectively . The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001 . Transition seasons ( 2003–2009 ) . The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoons WNBA career winding down , fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player . The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the teams starting point guard . The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention . These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr . boxing match held in 1999 . With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets , Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the teams starting center position in 2005 . However , she was unfortunately injured midway through the season . The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs . The Liberty had a poor 2006 season , winning only 11 games , the fewest in franchise history . At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season , the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport , a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft . They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting . The 2007 Liberty started out 5–0 , then lost 7 straight games , then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games , beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record . In the Eastern Conference semifinals , the Liberty , as huge underdogs , faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series . The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York . In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit , 76–73 and 71–70 ( OT ) respectively . In 2008 , the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins , and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason . Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team , the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008 , to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action , and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals . Again , the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1 , followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3 . The 2008 season also featured the Liberty Outdoor Classic , the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors , on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center . The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic . In the 2009 WNBA Draft , the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers . With a solid core group , the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again . In the 2009 season , however , they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle . To replace Coyle , the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis . Despite the coaching change , the franchise continued to struggle , finishing 13–21 , their second worst record in franchise history . The Cappie Pondexter era ( 2010–2014 ) . The New York Liberty fared better in 2010 , during Donovans first and only full season as head coach . Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter ( formerly of the Phoenix Mercury ) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell , the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost to the Atlanta Dream . The team had high hopes for 2011 , after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant . Janel McCarville did not report to training camp , seeking time with her family , and as such , was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season . This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase . Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center . The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009 . However , the renovation plans were delayed , and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010 . The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey for their 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing . Pondexter and Plenette Pierson , along with improved play from Vaughn , allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season . The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference . In August , Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . By maintaining a fairly even standard of play , the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs . However , the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Isiah Thomas takes over ( 2015–2018 ) . On May 5 , 2015 , the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise . Under Thomas leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach , the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season . On August 2 , 2015 , during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm , the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Libertys Ring of Honor . Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden . Hammon , a former New York Liberty point guard , is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs . After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs , the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round . In November 2017 , the Madison Square Garden Company and James L . Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise . After not immediately finding a buyer , MSG relocated most of the Libertys 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains , New York , the home of MSGs NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks , while still continuing to pursue a sale . Joseph Tsai buys team . On January 23 , 2019 , the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai , co-founder of the Alibaba Group , a Chinese internet company , who then owned 49% of the NBAs Brooklyn Nets . During the 2019 season , the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets home of the Barclays Center , with the rest still in White Plains . Later that year , Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center . For the 2020 season , Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis . The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft , entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round . Shortly before the draft , they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings . They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick , with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round . The team also introduced a new logo , featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding . The color black was also made one of the primary colors , echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad , the Brooklyn Nets . The Liberty began the 2020 season , held in a bubble in Bradenton , Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic , with seven rookies on their opening-night roster . The team suffered a major blow in their third game , in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season . The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2–20 record . Statistics . ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |APG ! |PPG ! |RPG ! |FG% Former players . - Elena Baranova ( 2003–2005 ) - Sherill Baker ( 2006–2007 ) - Kelsey Bone ( 2013 ) , now a member of the Las Vegas Aces - Essence Carson ( 2008–2015 ) , now a member of the Connecticut Sun - Swin Cash ( 2014–2016 ) - Tina Charles ( 2014–2019 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Shameka Christon ( 2004–2009 ) - Jessica Davenport ( 2007–2008 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2006–2007 ) - Kisha Ford ( 1997–1998 ) - Becky Hammon ( 1999–2006 ) , now an assistant coach of the San Antonio Spurs - Kym Hampton ( 1997–1999 ) , now Fan Development Leader for the Liberty - Lindsey Harding ( 2016 ) - Tiffany Jackson Jones ( 2007–2010 ) - Vickie Johnson ( 1997–2005 ) , now a head coach of the Dallas Wings - Cathrine Kraayeveld ( 2005–2009 ) - Rebecca Lobo ( 1997–2001 ) - Janel McCarville ( 2007–2010 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2010 ) - DeLisha Milton-Jones ( 2013–2014 ) - Leilani Mitchell ( 2008–2013 ) , now a member of the Washington Mystics - Loree Moore ( 2005–2009 ) - Tari Phillips ( 2000–2004 ) - Cappie Pondexter ( 2010–2014 ) - Crystal Robinson ( 1999–2005 ) - Katie Smith ( 2013 ) , now an assistant coach of the Minnesota Lynx - Erin Thorn ( 2003–2008 ) - Teresa Weatherspoon ( 1997–2003 ) , now an assistant coach of the New Orleans Pelicans - Tamika Whitmore ( 1999–2003 ) - Sue Wicks ( 1997–2002 ) - Sophia Witherspoon ( 1997–1999 ) Coaches and staff . Owners . - Cablevision , owner of the New York Knicks ( 1997–2009 ) - Madison Square Garden , Inc. , owner of the New York Knicks ( 2010–2019 ) - Joe Tsai ( 2019–Present ) General Managers . - Carol Blazejowski ( 1996–2010 ) - John Whisenant ( 2011–2012 ) - Bill Laimbeer ( 2013–2014 , 2017 ) - Kristin Bernert ( 2015–2016 ) - Jonathan Kolb ( 2019–present ) Head coaches . Assistant coaches . - Melissa McFerrin ( 1997–1998 ) - Pat Coyle ( 1998–2004 ) - Jeff House ( 1999–2004 ) - Marianne Stanley ( 2004–2006 ) - Nick DiPillo ( 2005–2008 ) - Bruce Hamburger ( 2007–2008 ) - Anne Donovan ( 2009 ) - Laurie Byrd ( 2009–2010 ) - Monique Ambers ( 2011–2012 ) - Lady Grooms ( 2011–2012 ) - Norm Ellenberger ( 2012 ) - Barbara Farris ( 2013–2014 , 2018–2019 ) - Taj McWilliams-Franklin ( 2013 ) - Katie Smith ( 2014–2017 ) - Herb Williams ( 2015–2019 ) - Charmin Smith ( 2019 ) - Kelly Schumacher ( 2020 ) - Shelley Patterson ( 2020–present ) - Dustin Gray ( 2020–present ) - Jacki Gemelos ( 2021-present ) All-time notes . Regular season attendance . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 1997–2010 ) is 19,563 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Prudential Center ( 2011–2013 ) is 18,711 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden ( 2013–2017 ) is 19,812 . - A sellout for a basketball game at Westchester County Center ( 2018–2019 ) is 5,000 . - A sellout for a Liberty game at Barclays Center ( 2021–future ) is considered to be 8,000 , the teams initial cap on ticket sales at that venue . The full capacity for basketball is 17,732 . Draft picks . - 1997 Elite : Kym Hampton ( 4 ) , Vickie Johnson ( 12 ) - 1997 : Sue Wicks ( 6 ) , Sophia Witherspoon ( 11 ) , Trena Trice ( 22 ) , Kisha Ford ( 27 ) - 1998 : Alicia Thompson ( 9 ) , Nadine Domond ( 19 ) , Albena Branzova ( 29 ) , Vanessa Nygaard ( 39 ) - 1999 : Crystal Robinson ( 6 ) , Michele Van Gorp ( 18 ) , Tamika Whitmore ( 30 ) , Carolyn Jones-Young ( 42 ) - 2000 : Olga Firsova ( 13 ) , Desiree Francis ( 29 ) , Jessica Bibby ( 45 ) , Natalie Porter ( 61 ) - 2001 : Taru Tuukkanen ( 57 ) , Tara Mitchem ( 60 ) - 2002 : Linda Frohlich ( 26 ) , Tracy Gahan ( 46 ) , Dee Dee Warley ( 62 ) - 2003 Miami/Portland Dispersal Draft : Elena Baranova ( 11 ) - 2003 : Molly Creamer ( 10 ) , Erin Thorn ( 17 ) , Sonja Mallory ( 24 ) , Kristen Brook Sharp ( 26 ) , Nicole Kaczmarski ( 39 ) - 2004 Cleveland Dispersal Draft : Ann Wauters ( 4 ) - 2004 : Shameka Christon ( 5 ) , Amisha Carter ( 17 ) , Cathy Joens ( 30 ) - 2005 : Loree Moore ( 10 ) , Tabitha Pool ( 23 ) , Rebecca Richman ( 36 ) - 2006 : Sherill Baker ( 12 ) , Brooke Queenan ( 23 ) , Christelle NGarsanet ( 37 ) - 2007 Charlotte Dispersal Draft : Janel McCarville ( 3 ) - 2007 : Tiffany Jackson ( 5 ) , Shay Doron ( 16 ) , Martina Weber ( 29 ) - 2008 : Essence Carson ( 7 ) , Erlana Larkins ( 14 ) , Wanisha Smith ( 27 ) , Alberta Auguste ( 35 ) - 2009 Houston Dispersal Draft : selection waived - 2009 : Kia Vaughn ( 8 ) , Abby Waner ( 21 ) - 2010 Sacramento Dispersal Draft : Nicole Powell ( 1 ) - 2010 : Kalana Greene ( 13 ) , Ashley Houts ( 16 ) , Cory Montgomery ( 25 ) - 2011 : Alex Montgomery ( 10 ) , Angel Robinson ( 22 ) , Mekia Valentine ( 34 ) - 2012 : Kelley Cain ( 7 ) , Katelan Redmon ( 36 ) - 2013 : Kelsey Bone ( 5 ) , Toni Young ( 7 ) , Kamiko Williams ( 15 ) , Shenneika Smith ( 25 ) , Olcay Çakır ( 27 ) - 2014 : Alyssa Thomas ( 4 ) , Tyaunna Marshall ( 14 ) , Meighan Simmons ( 26 ) - 2015 : Brittany Boyd ( 9 ) , Kiah Stokes ( 11 ) , Amber Orrange ( 23 ) , Laurin Mincy ( 27 ) , Michala Johnson ( 28 ) - 2016 : Adut Bulgak ( 12 ) , Ameryst Alston ( 24 ) , Shacobia Barbee ( 36 ) - 2017 : Lindsay Allen ( 14 ) , Kai James ( 34 ) - 2018 : Kia Nurse ( 10 ) , Mercedes Russell ( 22 ) , Leslie Robinson ( 34 ) - 2019 : Asia Durr ( 2 ) , Han Xu ( 14 ) , Megan Huff ( 26 ) - 2020 : Sabrina Ionescu ( 1 ) , Megan Walker ( 9 ) , Jazmine Jones ( 12 ) , Kylee Shook ( 13 ) , Leaonna Odom ( 15 ) , Erica Ogwumike ( 26 ; traded to Minnesota ) - 2021 : Michaela Onyenwere ( 6 ) , DiDi Richards ( 17 ) , Valerie Higgins ( 25 ) , Marine Fauthoux ( 29 ) Trades . - December 15 , 1999 : The Liberty acquired Michele Van Gorp from the Portland Fire in exchange for Portland agreeing to select Sophia Witherspoon and Coquese Washington in the expansion draft . - May 28 , 2000 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Jones-Young to the Portland Fire in exchange for Tari Phillips . - February 24 , 2006 : The Liberty traded the 9th overall pick in the 2006 Draft to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Kelly Schumacher and the 12th overall pick in the 2006 Draft . - April 4 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Becky Hammon and a second-round pick in the 2008 Draft to the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for draft rights to Jessica Davenport and a first-round pick in the 2008 Draft . - June 20 , 2007 : The Liberty traded Sherill Baker to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Lisa Willis . - May 7 , 2008 : The Liberty traded a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Leilani Mitchell . - May 5 , 2009 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Sidney Spencer . - March 30 , 2010 : The Liberty traded Shameka Christon and Cathrine Kraayeveld to the Chicago Sky in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2010 Draft and Cappie Pondexter and Kelly Mazzante from the Phoenix Mercury . Phoenix received Candice Dupree from Chicago as part of this trade . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Angel Robinson to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Jessica Breland and a second-round pick in the 2012 Draft . - April 11 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Kalana Greene to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Sydney Colson . - May 27 , 2011 : The Liberty acquired Quanitra Hollingsworth from the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the right to swap third-round picks in the 2012 Draft . - August 4 , 2011 : The Liberty traded Sidney Spencer to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton . - February 27 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Kia Vaughn to the Washington Mystics in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - March 1 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Janel McCarville to the Minnesota Lynx and Nicole Powell plus a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft to the Tulsa Shock . In exchange , the Liberty received Deanna Nolan , a second-round pick in the 2013 Draft , and a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 15 , 2013 : The Liberty traded Quanitra Hollingsworth to the Washington Mystics in exchange for the 25th overall pick in the 2013 Draft . - April 14 , 2014 : The Liberty traded Kelsey Bone , Alyssa Thomas , and a first-round pick in the 2015 Draft to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Tina Charles . - July 9 , 2014 : The Liberty traded DeLisha Milton-Jones to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Swin Cash . - February 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Cappie Pondexter to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Epiphanny Prince . - April 16 , 2015 : The Liberty traded Alex Montgomery to the San Antonio Stars in exchange for the 9th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . The Liberty also traded Anna Cruz and 16th and 35th overall pick to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the 11th , 23rd and 28th overall pick in the 2015 Draft . - May 2 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Shoni Schimmel . - May 11 , 2016 : The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Dallas Wings in exchange for Amanda Zahui B . and a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft . - January 30 , 2017 : The Liberty traded Carolyn Swords , a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Kia Vaughn and Bria Hartley . - April 11 , 2019 : The Liberty traded their second round pick in the 2020 Draft to Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Tanisha Wright . - April 11 , 2020 : The Liberty engaged in a three team trade where the team acquired the 13th pick in the 2020 Draft and sent Sugar Rodgers to Las Vegas . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty traded the draft rights to Erica Ogwumike to Minneosta in exchnage for Stephanie Talbot . - April 17 , 2020 : The Liberty acquired the draft rights for Jocelyn Willoughby from Phoenix in exchange for Shatori Walker-Kimbrough . All-Stars . - 1999 : Kym Hampton , Vickie Johnson , Rebecca Lobo , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon , Sue Wicks - 2001 : Vickie Johnson , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2002 : Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2003 : Becky Hammon , Tari Phillips , Teresa Weatherspoon - 2004 : Becky Hammon - 2005 : Becky Hammon , Ann Wauters - 2006 : None - 2007 : None - 2008 : No All-Star Game - 2009 : Shameka Christon - 2010 : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 : Essence Carson , Cappie Pondexter - 2012 : No All-Star Game - 2013 : Cappie Pondexter - 2014 : Tina Charles , Cappie Pondexter - 2015 : Tina Charles - 2016 : No All-Star Game - 2017 : Tina Charles , Sugar Rodgers - 2018 : Tina Charles - 2019 : Tina Charles , Kia Nurse - 2020 : No All-Star Game Honors and awards . - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Rebecca Lobo - 1997 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1997 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1998 Defensive Player of the Year : Teresa Weatherspoon - 1999 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 All-WNBA Second Team : Teresa Weatherspoon - 2000 Most Improved Player : Tari Phillips - 2001 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award : Sue Wicks - 2002 All-WNBA Second Team : Tari Phillips - 2005 All-WNBA Second Team : Becky Hammon - 2007 Most Improved Player : Janel McCarville - 2007 All-Defensive Second Team : Loree Moore - 2010 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 Most Improved Player : Leilani Mitchell - 2010 All-Defensive First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2010 All-Rookie Team : Kalana Greene - 2011 All-WNBA Second Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2011 Most Improved Player : Kia Vaughn - 2012 All-WNBA First Team : Cappie Pondexter - 2013 All-Rookie Team : Kelsey Bone - 2014 All-WNBA Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 Coach of the Year : Bill Laimbeer - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Brittany Boyd - 2015 All-Rookie Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Kiah Stokes - 2015 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2015 All-WNBA First Team : Tina Charles - 2015 All-WNBA Second Team : Epiphanny Prince - 2016 Peak Performer ( Points ) : Tina Charles - 2016 Peak Performer ( Rebounds ) : Tina Charles - 2016 All-Defensive Second Team : Tanisha Wright - 2017 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year : Sugar Rodgers Media coverage . Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network , which is a regional sports network based in New York City . More often than not , NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast , which is shown nationally . Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino , Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani . All games ( excluding blackout games , which are available on ESPN3.com ) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website . Furthermore , some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 and ABC . The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN , which will pay right fees to the Liberty , as well as other teams in the league . On May 22 , 2019 , the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season , adding to the networks existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets . Previously , games had been broadcast on MSG Network . |
[
"Tallinn Ballet School"
] | easy | Where was Laine Mägi educated from 1968 to 1973? | /wiki/Laine_Mägi#P69#0 | Laine Mägi Laine Mägi ( born Laine Michelson-Adamson ; 3 February 1959 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress , dancer and choreographer and dance pedagogue who began her career as a teenager . She is the founder of the Laine Mägi School of Dance , based in Pärnu . Early life . Laine Michelson-Adamson was born in Kehra to Peeter and Elli-Anniki Michelson-Adamson ( née Pennie ) . She has one brother who is two years younger . Her first cousin is actress Terje Pennie-Kolberg . She became interested in ballet at an early age and began taking lessons at the Tallinn Ballet School the age of nine , taking the train from Kehra to Tallinn . She made her debut at the Estonia Theatre at the age of ten in a stage production of Astrid Lindgrens Pippi Longstocking . She later had to abandon ballet classes in 1973 due to poor health . From 1976 until 1981 , she performed as a dancer in various venues throughout Tallinn . She attended secondary school in Tallinn , graduating in 1977 , then enrolling in the Tallinn State Conservatory ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) to study acting under instruction of Aarne Üksküla , graduating in 1982 . Among her graduating classmates were Margus Oopkaup , Jaan Rekkor , Anu Lamp , Sulev Teppart , Andrus Vaarik , and Viire Valdma . Stage career . In 1982 , shortly after graduation from the Tallinn State Conservatory , she began an engagement at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu that would last until 1999 . She made her stage debut in the role of Susan at the Endla in a production of Stephen Poliakoffs City Sugar in 1982 . Other notable roles at the Endla have been in works by : August Strindberg , Selma Lagerlöf , Oskar Luts , Alexandre Dumas , Jean-Paul Sartre and Brian Friel . Since 1999 , she has been engaged as an actress and choreographer at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn . Prominent roles as an actress at the Estonian Drama Theatre have been in works by : William Shakespeare , Anton Hansen Tammsaare , Enn Vetemaa , Madis Kõiv , Oskar Luts , Peter Shaffer , Juan Rulfo and Jane Bowles . She has also appeared in stage productions at the R.A.A.A.M . theatre and the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn , as well as smaller theaters throughout Estonia . Dance . Since 1982 , Mägi has been teaching dance ; initially with a small number of students . In 1989 , Mägi founded the dance troupe Lancy . In 1996 , she founded the Laine Mägi Dance School ( Laine Mägi Tantsukool ) where she acts as an instructor . Based in Pärnu , the school grew to over three hundred students and another school was opened in Tallinn . Since 1993 , she has been faculty member at the Estonian Drama Theatres school of dance and choreography and an associate professor at the school since 1998 . Mägi has also worked as a choreographer for stage productions at the Endla Theatre , Estonian Drama Theatre , Vanalinnastuudio , Vanemuine , Ugala and smaller theatres . Film and television . Laine Mägi made her television film debut as Miili in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical drama Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . This was followed by the role of Mimi in the Peeter Urbla directed drama Ma pole turist , ma elan siin in 1989 ; the role of Lagle in the 1991 Roman Baskin directed drama Rahu tänav ; and in the Rao Heidmets directed comedy Kallis härra Q in 1998 . Some of Mägis more prominent film roles were in Ilmar Raags 2007 film Klass as Laine , the teacher , which explores school bullying and violence ; and a starring role as Anne in Ilmar Raags 2012 drama Eestlanna Pariisis ( French : Une Estonienne à Paris ) , which paired Mägi opposite French actress Jeanne Moreau . Mägis performance in Une Estonienne à Paris garnered her a Best Actress award at the 2012 Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz . Some of her more notable television appearances have been the recurring role of Eve in the popular ETV dramatic series Õnne 13 in 2003 ; as Sirje Kadak in the historical comedy ENSV : Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik , which reflects on life during the 1980s in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic ; and as Helve in the 2015 Kanal 2 drama series Restart . Personal life . Laine Mägi was married to musician and actor Tõnis Mägi from 1980 until they divorced in 1988 ; they have one daughter , Liis-Katrin , born in 1983 , who is married to actor Märt Avandi . She is a grandmother . Acknowledgments . - Estonian Theatre Award ( 2000 ) - 2000 Helmi Tohvelmann award ( 2000 ) - Pärnu Womens award ( 2000 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2008 ) - Order of the White Star , Class IV ( 2012 ) - Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz Best Actress Award ( 2012 ) - Foreign Ministry of Culture award ( 2012 ) - Cultural Endowment of Estonia ( 2012 ) - Pärnu Coat of Arms ( 2012 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2014 ) |
[
"Tallinn Ballet School",
"secondary school in Tallinn",
"Tallinn State Conservatory"
] | easy | Which school did Laine Mägi go to from 1973 to 1977? | /wiki/Laine_Mägi#P69#1 | Laine Mägi Laine Mägi ( born Laine Michelson-Adamson ; 3 February 1959 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress , dancer and choreographer and dance pedagogue who began her career as a teenager . She is the founder of the Laine Mägi School of Dance , based in Pärnu . Early life . Laine Michelson-Adamson was born in Kehra to Peeter and Elli-Anniki Michelson-Adamson ( née Pennie ) . She has one brother who is two years younger . Her first cousin is actress Terje Pennie-Kolberg . She became interested in ballet at an early age and began taking lessons at the Tallinn Ballet School the age of nine , taking the train from Kehra to Tallinn . She made her debut at the Estonia Theatre at the age of ten in a stage production of Astrid Lindgrens Pippi Longstocking . She later had to abandon ballet classes in 1973 due to poor health . From 1976 until 1981 , she performed as a dancer in various venues throughout Tallinn . She attended secondary school in Tallinn , graduating in 1977 , then enrolling in the Tallinn State Conservatory ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) to study acting under instruction of Aarne Üksküla , graduating in 1982 . Among her graduating classmates were Margus Oopkaup , Jaan Rekkor , Anu Lamp , Sulev Teppart , Andrus Vaarik , and Viire Valdma . Stage career . In 1982 , shortly after graduation from the Tallinn State Conservatory , she began an engagement at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu that would last until 1999 . She made her stage debut in the role of Susan at the Endla in a production of Stephen Poliakoffs City Sugar in 1982 . Other notable roles at the Endla have been in works by : August Strindberg , Selma Lagerlöf , Oskar Luts , Alexandre Dumas , Jean-Paul Sartre and Brian Friel . Since 1999 , she has been engaged as an actress and choreographer at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn . Prominent roles as an actress at the Estonian Drama Theatre have been in works by : William Shakespeare , Anton Hansen Tammsaare , Enn Vetemaa , Madis Kõiv , Oskar Luts , Peter Shaffer , Juan Rulfo and Jane Bowles . She has also appeared in stage productions at the R.A.A.A.M . theatre and the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn , as well as smaller theaters throughout Estonia . Dance . Since 1982 , Mägi has been teaching dance ; initially with a small number of students . In 1989 , Mägi founded the dance troupe Lancy . In 1996 , she founded the Laine Mägi Dance School ( Laine Mägi Tantsukool ) where she acts as an instructor . Based in Pärnu , the school grew to over three hundred students and another school was opened in Tallinn . Since 1993 , she has been faculty member at the Estonian Drama Theatres school of dance and choreography and an associate professor at the school since 1998 . Mägi has also worked as a choreographer for stage productions at the Endla Theatre , Estonian Drama Theatre , Vanalinnastuudio , Vanemuine , Ugala and smaller theatres . Film and television . Laine Mägi made her television film debut as Miili in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical drama Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . This was followed by the role of Mimi in the Peeter Urbla directed drama Ma pole turist , ma elan siin in 1989 ; the role of Lagle in the 1991 Roman Baskin directed drama Rahu tänav ; and in the Rao Heidmets directed comedy Kallis härra Q in 1998 . Some of Mägis more prominent film roles were in Ilmar Raags 2007 film Klass as Laine , the teacher , which explores school bullying and violence ; and a starring role as Anne in Ilmar Raags 2012 drama Eestlanna Pariisis ( French : Une Estonienne à Paris ) , which paired Mägi opposite French actress Jeanne Moreau . Mägis performance in Une Estonienne à Paris garnered her a Best Actress award at the 2012 Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz . Some of her more notable television appearances have been the recurring role of Eve in the popular ETV dramatic series Õnne 13 in 2003 ; as Sirje Kadak in the historical comedy ENSV : Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik , which reflects on life during the 1980s in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic ; and as Helve in the 2015 Kanal 2 drama series Restart . Personal life . Laine Mägi was married to musician and actor Tõnis Mägi from 1980 until they divorced in 1988 ; they have one daughter , Liis-Katrin , born in 1983 , who is married to actor Märt Avandi . She is a grandmother . Acknowledgments . - Estonian Theatre Award ( 2000 ) - 2000 Helmi Tohvelmann award ( 2000 ) - Pärnu Womens award ( 2000 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2008 ) - Order of the White Star , Class IV ( 2012 ) - Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz Best Actress Award ( 2012 ) - Foreign Ministry of Culture award ( 2012 ) - Cultural Endowment of Estonia ( 2012 ) - Pärnu Coat of Arms ( 2012 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2014 ) |
[
"secondary school in Tallinn",
"Tallinn State Conservatory"
] | easy | Laine Mägi went to which school from 1977 to 1982? | /wiki/Laine_Mägi#P69#2 | Laine Mägi Laine Mägi ( born Laine Michelson-Adamson ; 3 February 1959 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress , dancer and choreographer and dance pedagogue who began her career as a teenager . She is the founder of the Laine Mägi School of Dance , based in Pärnu . Early life . Laine Michelson-Adamson was born in Kehra to Peeter and Elli-Anniki Michelson-Adamson ( née Pennie ) . She has one brother who is two years younger . Her first cousin is actress Terje Pennie-Kolberg . She became interested in ballet at an early age and began taking lessons at the Tallinn Ballet School the age of nine , taking the train from Kehra to Tallinn . She made her debut at the Estonia Theatre at the age of ten in a stage production of Astrid Lindgrens Pippi Longstocking . She later had to abandon ballet classes in 1973 due to poor health . From 1976 until 1981 , she performed as a dancer in various venues throughout Tallinn . She attended secondary school in Tallinn , graduating in 1977 , then enrolling in the Tallinn State Conservatory ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) to study acting under instruction of Aarne Üksküla , graduating in 1982 . Among her graduating classmates were Margus Oopkaup , Jaan Rekkor , Anu Lamp , Sulev Teppart , Andrus Vaarik , and Viire Valdma . Stage career . In 1982 , shortly after graduation from the Tallinn State Conservatory , she began an engagement at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu that would last until 1999 . She made her stage debut in the role of Susan at the Endla in a production of Stephen Poliakoffs City Sugar in 1982 . Other notable roles at the Endla have been in works by : August Strindberg , Selma Lagerlöf , Oskar Luts , Alexandre Dumas , Jean-Paul Sartre and Brian Friel . Since 1999 , she has been engaged as an actress and choreographer at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn . Prominent roles as an actress at the Estonian Drama Theatre have been in works by : William Shakespeare , Anton Hansen Tammsaare , Enn Vetemaa , Madis Kõiv , Oskar Luts , Peter Shaffer , Juan Rulfo and Jane Bowles . She has also appeared in stage productions at the R.A.A.A.M . theatre and the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn , as well as smaller theaters throughout Estonia . Dance . Since 1982 , Mägi has been teaching dance ; initially with a small number of students . In 1989 , Mägi founded the dance troupe Lancy . In 1996 , she founded the Laine Mägi Dance School ( Laine Mägi Tantsukool ) where she acts as an instructor . Based in Pärnu , the school grew to over three hundred students and another school was opened in Tallinn . Since 1993 , she has been faculty member at the Estonian Drama Theatres school of dance and choreography and an associate professor at the school since 1998 . Mägi has also worked as a choreographer for stage productions at the Endla Theatre , Estonian Drama Theatre , Vanalinnastuudio , Vanemuine , Ugala and smaller theatres . Film and television . Laine Mägi made her television film debut as Miili in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical drama Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . This was followed by the role of Mimi in the Peeter Urbla directed drama Ma pole turist , ma elan siin in 1989 ; the role of Lagle in the 1991 Roman Baskin directed drama Rahu tänav ; and in the Rao Heidmets directed comedy Kallis härra Q in 1998 . Some of Mägis more prominent film roles were in Ilmar Raags 2007 film Klass as Laine , the teacher , which explores school bullying and violence ; and a starring role as Anne in Ilmar Raags 2012 drama Eestlanna Pariisis ( French : Une Estonienne à Paris ) , which paired Mägi opposite French actress Jeanne Moreau . Mägis performance in Une Estonienne à Paris garnered her a Best Actress award at the 2012 Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz . Some of her more notable television appearances have been the recurring role of Eve in the popular ETV dramatic series Õnne 13 in 2003 ; as Sirje Kadak in the historical comedy ENSV : Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik , which reflects on life during the 1980s in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic ; and as Helve in the 2015 Kanal 2 drama series Restart . Personal life . Laine Mägi was married to musician and actor Tõnis Mägi from 1980 until they divorced in 1988 ; they have one daughter , Liis-Katrin , born in 1983 , who is married to actor Märt Avandi . She is a grandmother . Acknowledgments . - Estonian Theatre Award ( 2000 ) - 2000 Helmi Tohvelmann award ( 2000 ) - Pärnu Womens award ( 2000 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2008 ) - Order of the White Star , Class IV ( 2012 ) - Le Festival International des Jeunes Réalisateurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz Best Actress Award ( 2012 ) - Foreign Ministry of Culture award ( 2012 ) - Cultural Endowment of Estonia ( 2012 ) - Pärnu Coat of Arms ( 2012 ) - Väike Ants , Estonian Drama Theatre Prize ( 2014 ) |
[
"Henschel",
"Sächsische Maschinenfabrik",
"Berliner Maschinenbau"
] | easy | What was the manufacturer of DSB class D from 1902 to 1906? | /wiki/DSB_class_D#P176#0 | DSB class D The Danish State Railways ( DSB ) class D steam locomotive was a 2-6-0 freight steam locomotive developed in co-oporation between the DSB central engineering department and the German locomotive manufacturer Henschel . Class D with 100 units became the backbone of the DSB freight locomotives from the start of its delivery in 1902 until the start of the 1950s when the significance of the railway traffic started to decline . Together with the previous deliveries of the heavier 2-8-0 class H freight locomotive and then in 1952 purchased 10 Belgian-built German class 50ÜK locomotives ( DSB class N ) , pushed the class D to the sidelines . When the light GM diesel locomotive class MX was delivered in the start of the 1960s , it was the swansong for class D . Only two class D engines were serviceable when DSB abandoned steam in 1970 ; D 825 and D 826 . History . The need for stronger freight train locomotives in the start of the 20th century made DSB order five 2-8-0 tender locomotives by Henschel in the very start of the century . The so far strongest DSB freight locomotive was the 0-6-0 G class tender locomotive which started to be delivered in the 1880s and actually the final units were delivered when the first D class engine was ordered in 1901 . Class D was a 2-6-0 , two-cylinder , saturated steam tender locomotive with cylinder bore , driving wheel diameter and 47 tons serviceable weight . The engine yielded approx . DSB acquired in total 100 D class engines between 1902 and 1922 to be numbered D 801 – 900 . They were delivered from such different manufacturers as ; Henschel , Sächsische Maschinenfabrik and Berliner Maschinenbau ( Germany ) , Tubize ( Belgium ) , Nydquist ( Sweden ) , Baldwin ( USA ) and Frichs ( Denmark ) . The delivery from Baldwin was quite a special story . The State of Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to The US in 1917 and part of the money was used to buy 16 class D engines from Baldwin . The first version called class D I ( one ) , was quite an old fashioned construction without a superheater . It including the engines D 801 – 841 . The next series of engines delivered from 1910–1922 , were delivered in two versions : One version numbered 842 – 851 and 865 – 900 , was provided with a superheater ( the very first DSB superheated locomotives ) to be called D II ( two ) . Another version numbered 852 – 864 to be called D III ( three ) , had a larger boiler but no superheater . The engines with superheater made good experience as well as the series with the larger boiler , so DSB decided between 1925 and 1950 to modernize all D I and some D II engines into a modernized version with superheater , larger boiler and larger cab which version was called D IV ( four ) . Class D was a dedicated freight locomotive and became the backbone of DSB freight traffic on main and branch lines for half a century , though the class was also seen on passenger trains after World War 2 because of the serious lack of traction power . Its popularity earned the class , as one of the few in Denmark , a nickname ; Dagmar which is a traditionally Danish ladies name . When the heavy ex . DR 50 class N arrived in 1952 and later the large deliveries of MY and MX diesels started in the end of the 1950s it was the swansong for class D . The first non modernized locomotives of class D III started to be withdrawn already in the 1950s followed by a massive withdrawal of the class in the first half of the 1960s . Few class D engines could still be found in service on the minor DSB branch lines until around 1967 . Preservation . Five class D locomotives have survived . D 802 ( Henschel 5982 of 1902 ) and D 871 ( Baldwin 52434 of 1919 ) are owned by The DSB Railway Museum . D 825 ( Sächsische Maschinenfabrik 2944 of 1905 ) and D 826 ( Sächsische Maschinenfabrik 294 5of 1905 ) are owned by The Danish Railway Club ( DJK ) , and D 857 ( BMAG 4374 of 1909 ) is owned by Kolding Locomotive Club ( KLK ) . References . Notes Bibliography - Bay , William . Danmarks damplokomotiver . 1977 . Publisher herluf Andersen . - Christiansen , Hans Gerner ( Danish ) . Dagmar og hendes tog . 2008 . - Koed , Jan ( Danish ) . Danmarks jernbaner i 150 aar . 1997 . - Voldmester , Vilhelm ( Danish ) . Damplokomotivet og dets betjening . Publisher DSB Maskinafdelingen . 1948 . External links . - Jernbanen.dk - European Steam Locomotives |
[
"Henschel",
"Sächsische Maschinenfabrik",
"Berliner Maschinenbau"
] | easy | What was the manufacturer of DSB class D from 1909 to 1920? | /wiki/DSB_class_D#P176#1 | DSB class D The Danish State Railways ( DSB ) class D steam locomotive was a 2-6-0 freight steam locomotive developed in co-oporation between the DSB central engineering department and the German locomotive manufacturer Henschel . Class D with 100 units became the backbone of the DSB freight locomotives from the start of its delivery in 1902 until the start of the 1950s when the significance of the railway traffic started to decline . Together with the previous deliveries of the heavier 2-8-0 class H freight locomotive and then in 1952 purchased 10 Belgian-built German class 50ÜK locomotives ( DSB class N ) , pushed the class D to the sidelines . When the light GM diesel locomotive class MX was delivered in the start of the 1960s , it was the swansong for class D . Only two class D engines were serviceable when DSB abandoned steam in 1970 ; D 825 and D 826 . History . The need for stronger freight train locomotives in the start of the 20th century made DSB order five 2-8-0 tender locomotives by Henschel in the very start of the century . The so far strongest DSB freight locomotive was the 0-6-0 G class tender locomotive which started to be delivered in the 1880s and actually the final units were delivered when the first D class engine was ordered in 1901 . Class D was a 2-6-0 , two-cylinder , saturated steam tender locomotive with cylinder bore , driving wheel diameter and 47 tons serviceable weight . The engine yielded approx . DSB acquired in total 100 D class engines between 1902 and 1922 to be numbered D 801 – 900 . They were delivered from such different manufacturers as ; Henschel , Sächsische Maschinenfabrik and Berliner Maschinenbau ( Germany ) , Tubize ( Belgium ) , Nydquist ( Sweden ) , Baldwin ( USA ) and Frichs ( Denmark ) . The delivery from Baldwin was quite a special story . The State of Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to The US in 1917 and part of the money was used to buy 16 class D engines from Baldwin . The first version called class D I ( one ) , was quite an old fashioned construction without a superheater . It including the engines D 801 – 841 . The next series of engines delivered from 1910–1922 , were delivered in two versions : One version numbered 842 – 851 and 865 – 900 , was provided with a superheater ( the very first DSB superheated locomotives ) to be called D II ( two ) . Another version numbered 852 – 864 to be called D III ( three ) , had a larger boiler but no superheater . The engines with superheater made good experience as well as the series with the larger boiler , so DSB decided between 1925 and 1950 to modernize all D I and some D II engines into a modernized version with superheater , larger boiler and larger cab which version was called D IV ( four ) . Class D was a dedicated freight locomotive and became the backbone of DSB freight traffic on main and branch lines for half a century , though the class was also seen on passenger trains after World War 2 because of the serious lack of traction power . Its popularity earned the class , as one of the few in Denmark , a nickname ; Dagmar which is a traditionally Danish ladies name . When the heavy ex . DR 50 class N arrived in 1952 and later the large deliveries of MY and MX diesels started in the end of the 1950s it was the swansong for class D . The first non modernized locomotives of class D III started to be withdrawn already in the 1950s followed by a massive withdrawal of the class in the first half of the 1960s . Few class D engines could still be found in service on the minor DSB branch lines until around 1967 . Preservation . Five class D locomotives have survived . D 802 ( Henschel 5982 of 1902 ) and D 871 ( Baldwin 52434 of 1919 ) are owned by The DSB Railway Museum . D 825 ( Sächsische Maschinenfabrik 2944 of 1905 ) and D 826 ( Sächsische Maschinenfabrik 294 5of 1905 ) are owned by The Danish Railway Club ( DJK ) , and D 857 ( BMAG 4374 of 1909 ) is owned by Kolding Locomotive Club ( KLK ) . References . Notes Bibliography - Bay , William . Danmarks damplokomotiver . 1977 . Publisher herluf Andersen . - Christiansen , Hans Gerner ( Danish ) . Dagmar og hendes tog . 2008 . - Koed , Jan ( Danish ) . Danmarks jernbaner i 150 aar . 1997 . - Voldmester , Vilhelm ( Danish ) . Damplokomotivet og dets betjening . Publisher DSB Maskinafdelingen . 1948 . External links . - Jernbanen.dk - European Steam Locomotives |
[
"grandmaster"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Ushenina in 2012? | /wiki/Anna_Ushenina#P2962#0 | Anna Ushenina Anna Yuriyivna Ushenina ( ; born 30 August 1985 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster who was Womens World Chess Champion from November 2012 to September 2013 . Personal life . Ushenina lives in Kharkiv , where she was born . She is of Jewish ethnicity . Determined that the young Ushenina should develop intellectual and creative talents , her mother introduced her to chess at the age of seven , along with painting and music . She became the Ukrainian Girls ( under 20 ) champion at 15 years . Many of her chess skills have been self-taught , although in 2000–2002 , she studied chess in the Kharkiv sports school of Olympic reserve . During this period , her coach was International Master Artiom Tsepotan . Afterwards she received more coaching at a specialist facility in Kramatorsk . National success . At the national Ukrainian Womens Championship , her progress and achievements have been noteworthy . In 2003 ( Mykolaiv ) and 2004 ( Alushta ) , she finished in fourth and sixth places respectively , thereafter becoming the champion at Alushta in 2005 , and outperforming top seed Tatjana Vasilevich along the way . She almost repeated this success at Odessa in 2006 , finishing second , but ahead of the higher rated Natalia Zhukova and Inna Gaponenko . At these combined ( men and women ) events , she has defeated grandmasters of the calibre of Anton Korobov and Oleg Romanishin and in Ukraine was endowed with the title Honored Master of Sports . Team performances . Her many successes in team chess reached an early pinnacle in 2006 . At the Turin Womens Olympiad she was a part of the victorious Ukrainian team and remained undefeated throughout the contest . Ushenina and her compatriots Natalia Zhukova ( also undefeated ) , Kateryna Lagno and Inna Gaponenko each scored between 70 and 80% , in what was a commanding performance , earning them team gold medals and much adulation in chess circles . In 2008 , at the Dresden Olympiad , Ukraines ladies took home the team silver medals , after failing to oust the powerful Georgian team from the top spot . For Ushenina , her earliest major medal-winning performance occurred in Balatonlelle , at the European Team Championship for Girls ( under 18 ) in 2002 , where she took team gold and individual silver on board 1 . On another occasion at the 2007 Womens World Team Chess Championship in Yekaterinburg , she helped Ukraine to a bronze medal finish and added an individual bronze to her tally . She has also played twice at the European Team Chess Championship , in 2005 and 2007 . The team finished outside of the medal places each time , but for her personal performance , Ushenina took individual gold at the latter event , held in Heraklion , with 5/7 . A very active league chess player , she regularly plays in the national leagues of France , Russia , Serbia , Montenegro and Slovenia . Tournaments and titles . Tournament successes at Kiev in 2001 and Odessa in 2003 , earned her the title Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , awarded in 2003 . Her performance at the 2006 Womens Chess Olympiad and subsequent results in Pardubice and Abu Dhabi in the same year then qualified her for the International Master ( IM ) title , awarded in January 2007 . In the A2 section of the prestigious Aeroflot Open in Moscow 2007 , she scored 5 points from the first 7 rounds , defeating three male grandmasters for a part performance rating of 2672 . In January 2008 , she played in the Group C of the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee scoring 4½/13 points . Soon after , at the womens section of the Moscow Open , she took second place , behind Anna Muzychuk , and ahead of Natalia Zhukova and Kateryna Lagno . Later that year , at the Womens European Individual Chess Championship , held in Plovdiv , she took the bronze medal , losing out 1–2 to Viktorija Čmilytė in the playoffs for silver . In 2010 , she won the Rector Cup in Kharkiv with a performance rating of 2649 . In 2016 , she won the European Womens Championship in Mamaia , edging out on tie-break score Sabrina Vega , after both players had scored 8.5/11 points . She won the silver medal in the second GM group at the 2017 Maccabiah Games in Israel . Womens World Champion . In the final of the Womens World Chess Championship 2012 she achieved a tiebreak victory over Antoaneta Stefanova to become the 14th Womens World Chess Champion . This automatically entitled her to the title of grandmaster and also qualified her to the 2013 Chess World Cup . She is Ukraines first womens world chess champion and thanks to this victory Ushenina was voted Ukraines best female chess player of 2012 . She lost her title against Hou Yifan in the Womens World Chess Championship 2013 . |
[
"Woman Grandmaster"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Ushenina in 2003? | /wiki/Anna_Ushenina#P2962#1 | Anna Ushenina Anna Yuriyivna Ushenina ( ; born 30 August 1985 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster who was Womens World Chess Champion from November 2012 to September 2013 . Personal life . Ushenina lives in Kharkiv , where she was born . She is of Jewish ethnicity . Determined that the young Ushenina should develop intellectual and creative talents , her mother introduced her to chess at the age of seven , along with painting and music . She became the Ukrainian Girls ( under 20 ) champion at 15 years . Many of her chess skills have been self-taught , although in 2000–2002 , she studied chess in the Kharkiv sports school of Olympic reserve . During this period , her coach was International Master Artiom Tsepotan . Afterwards she received more coaching at a specialist facility in Kramatorsk . National success . At the national Ukrainian Womens Championship , her progress and achievements have been noteworthy . In 2003 ( Mykolaiv ) and 2004 ( Alushta ) , she finished in fourth and sixth places respectively , thereafter becoming the champion at Alushta in 2005 , and outperforming top seed Tatjana Vasilevich along the way . She almost repeated this success at Odessa in 2006 , finishing second , but ahead of the higher rated Natalia Zhukova and Inna Gaponenko . At these combined ( men and women ) events , she has defeated grandmasters of the calibre of Anton Korobov and Oleg Romanishin and in Ukraine was endowed with the title Honored Master of Sports . Team performances . Her many successes in team chess reached an early pinnacle in 2006 . At the Turin Womens Olympiad she was a part of the victorious Ukrainian team and remained undefeated throughout the contest . Ushenina and her compatriots Natalia Zhukova ( also undefeated ) , Kateryna Lagno and Inna Gaponenko each scored between 70 and 80% , in what was a commanding performance , earning them team gold medals and much adulation in chess circles . In 2008 , at the Dresden Olympiad , Ukraines ladies took home the team silver medals , after failing to oust the powerful Georgian team from the top spot . For Ushenina , her earliest major medal-winning performance occurred in Balatonlelle , at the European Team Championship for Girls ( under 18 ) in 2002 , where she took team gold and individual silver on board 1 . On another occasion at the 2007 Womens World Team Chess Championship in Yekaterinburg , she helped Ukraine to a bronze medal finish and added an individual bronze to her tally . She has also played twice at the European Team Chess Championship , in 2005 and 2007 . The team finished outside of the medal places each time , but for her personal performance , Ushenina took individual gold at the latter event , held in Heraklion , with 5/7 . A very active league chess player , she regularly plays in the national leagues of France , Russia , Serbia , Montenegro and Slovenia . Tournaments and titles . Tournament successes at Kiev in 2001 and Odessa in 2003 , earned her the title Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , awarded in 2003 . Her performance at the 2006 Womens Chess Olympiad and subsequent results in Pardubice and Abu Dhabi in the same year then qualified her for the International Master ( IM ) title , awarded in January 2007 . In the A2 section of the prestigious Aeroflot Open in Moscow 2007 , she scored 5 points from the first 7 rounds , defeating three male grandmasters for a part performance rating of 2672 . In January 2008 , she played in the Group C of the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee scoring 4½/13 points . Soon after , at the womens section of the Moscow Open , she took second place , behind Anna Muzychuk , and ahead of Natalia Zhukova and Kateryna Lagno . Later that year , at the Womens European Individual Chess Championship , held in Plovdiv , she took the bronze medal , losing out 1–2 to Viktorija Čmilytė in the playoffs for silver . In 2010 , she won the Rector Cup in Kharkiv with a performance rating of 2649 . In 2016 , she won the European Womens Championship in Mamaia , edging out on tie-break score Sabrina Vega , after both players had scored 8.5/11 points . She won the silver medal in the second GM group at the 2017 Maccabiah Games in Israel . Womens World Champion . In the final of the Womens World Chess Championship 2012 she achieved a tiebreak victory over Antoaneta Stefanova to become the 14th Womens World Chess Champion . This automatically entitled her to the title of grandmaster and also qualified her to the 2013 Chess World Cup . She is Ukraines first womens world chess champion and thanks to this victory Ushenina was voted Ukraines best female chess player of 2012 . She lost her title against Hou Yifan in the Womens World Chess Championship 2013 . |
[
"International Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Ushenina in 2007? | /wiki/Anna_Ushenina#P2962#2 | Anna Ushenina Anna Yuriyivna Ushenina ( ; born 30 August 1985 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster who was Womens World Chess Champion from November 2012 to September 2013 . Personal life . Ushenina lives in Kharkiv , where she was born . She is of Jewish ethnicity . Determined that the young Ushenina should develop intellectual and creative talents , her mother introduced her to chess at the age of seven , along with painting and music . She became the Ukrainian Girls ( under 20 ) champion at 15 years . Many of her chess skills have been self-taught , although in 2000–2002 , she studied chess in the Kharkiv sports school of Olympic reserve . During this period , her coach was International Master Artiom Tsepotan . Afterwards she received more coaching at a specialist facility in Kramatorsk . National success . At the national Ukrainian Womens Championship , her progress and achievements have been noteworthy . In 2003 ( Mykolaiv ) and 2004 ( Alushta ) , she finished in fourth and sixth places respectively , thereafter becoming the champion at Alushta in 2005 , and outperforming top seed Tatjana Vasilevich along the way . She almost repeated this success at Odessa in 2006 , finishing second , but ahead of the higher rated Natalia Zhukova and Inna Gaponenko . At these combined ( men and women ) events , she has defeated grandmasters of the calibre of Anton Korobov and Oleg Romanishin and in Ukraine was endowed with the title Honored Master of Sports . Team performances . Her many successes in team chess reached an early pinnacle in 2006 . At the Turin Womens Olympiad she was a part of the victorious Ukrainian team and remained undefeated throughout the contest . Ushenina and her compatriots Natalia Zhukova ( also undefeated ) , Kateryna Lagno and Inna Gaponenko each scored between 70 and 80% , in what was a commanding performance , earning them team gold medals and much adulation in chess circles . In 2008 , at the Dresden Olympiad , Ukraines ladies took home the team silver medals , after failing to oust the powerful Georgian team from the top spot . For Ushenina , her earliest major medal-winning performance occurred in Balatonlelle , at the European Team Championship for Girls ( under 18 ) in 2002 , where she took team gold and individual silver on board 1 . On another occasion at the 2007 Womens World Team Chess Championship in Yekaterinburg , she helped Ukraine to a bronze medal finish and added an individual bronze to her tally . She has also played twice at the European Team Chess Championship , in 2005 and 2007 . The team finished outside of the medal places each time , but for her personal performance , Ushenina took individual gold at the latter event , held in Heraklion , with 5/7 . A very active league chess player , she regularly plays in the national leagues of France , Russia , Serbia , Montenegro and Slovenia . Tournaments and titles . Tournament successes at Kiev in 2001 and Odessa in 2003 , earned her the title Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , awarded in 2003 . Her performance at the 2006 Womens Chess Olympiad and subsequent results in Pardubice and Abu Dhabi in the same year then qualified her for the International Master ( IM ) title , awarded in January 2007 . In the A2 section of the prestigious Aeroflot Open in Moscow 2007 , she scored 5 points from the first 7 rounds , defeating three male grandmasters for a part performance rating of 2672 . In January 2008 , she played in the Group C of the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee scoring 4½/13 points . Soon after , at the womens section of the Moscow Open , she took second place , behind Anna Muzychuk , and ahead of Natalia Zhukova and Kateryna Lagno . Later that year , at the Womens European Individual Chess Championship , held in Plovdiv , she took the bronze medal , losing out 1–2 to Viktorija Čmilytė in the playoffs for silver . In 2010 , she won the Rector Cup in Kharkiv with a performance rating of 2649 . In 2016 , she won the European Womens Championship in Mamaia , edging out on tie-break score Sabrina Vega , after both players had scored 8.5/11 points . She won the silver medal in the second GM group at the 2017 Maccabiah Games in Israel . Womens World Champion . In the final of the Womens World Chess Championship 2012 she achieved a tiebreak victory over Antoaneta Stefanova to become the 14th Womens World Chess Champion . This automatically entitled her to the title of grandmaster and also qualified her to the 2013 Chess World Cup . She is Ukraines first womens world chess champion and thanks to this victory Ushenina was voted Ukraines best female chess player of 2012 . She lost her title against Hou Yifan in the Womens World Chess Championship 2013 . |
[
""
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Ushenina in 2001? | /wiki/Anna_Ushenina#P2962#3 | Anna Ushenina Anna Yuriyivna Ushenina ( ; born 30 August 1985 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster who was Womens World Chess Champion from November 2012 to September 2013 . Personal life . Ushenina lives in Kharkiv , where she was born . She is of Jewish ethnicity . Determined that the young Ushenina should develop intellectual and creative talents , her mother introduced her to chess at the age of seven , along with painting and music . She became the Ukrainian Girls ( under 20 ) champion at 15 years . Many of her chess skills have been self-taught , although in 2000–2002 , she studied chess in the Kharkiv sports school of Olympic reserve . During this period , her coach was International Master Artiom Tsepotan . Afterwards she received more coaching at a specialist facility in Kramatorsk . National success . At the national Ukrainian Womens Championship , her progress and achievements have been noteworthy . In 2003 ( Mykolaiv ) and 2004 ( Alushta ) , she finished in fourth and sixth places respectively , thereafter becoming the champion at Alushta in 2005 , and outperforming top seed Tatjana Vasilevich along the way . She almost repeated this success at Odessa in 2006 , finishing second , but ahead of the higher rated Natalia Zhukova and Inna Gaponenko . At these combined ( men and women ) events , she has defeated grandmasters of the calibre of Anton Korobov and Oleg Romanishin and in Ukraine was endowed with the title Honored Master of Sports . Team performances . Her many successes in team chess reached an early pinnacle in 2006 . At the Turin Womens Olympiad she was a part of the victorious Ukrainian team and remained undefeated throughout the contest . Ushenina and her compatriots Natalia Zhukova ( also undefeated ) , Kateryna Lagno and Inna Gaponenko each scored between 70 and 80% , in what was a commanding performance , earning them team gold medals and much adulation in chess circles . In 2008 , at the Dresden Olympiad , Ukraines ladies took home the team silver medals , after failing to oust the powerful Georgian team from the top spot . For Ushenina , her earliest major medal-winning performance occurred in Balatonlelle , at the European Team Championship for Girls ( under 18 ) in 2002 , where she took team gold and individual silver on board 1 . On another occasion at the 2007 Womens World Team Chess Championship in Yekaterinburg , she helped Ukraine to a bronze medal finish and added an individual bronze to her tally . She has also played twice at the European Team Chess Championship , in 2005 and 2007 . The team finished outside of the medal places each time , but for her personal performance , Ushenina took individual gold at the latter event , held in Heraklion , with 5/7 . A very active league chess player , she regularly plays in the national leagues of France , Russia , Serbia , Montenegro and Slovenia . Tournaments and titles . Tournament successes at Kiev in 2001 and Odessa in 2003 , earned her the title Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) , awarded in 2003 . Her performance at the 2006 Womens Chess Olympiad and subsequent results in Pardubice and Abu Dhabi in the same year then qualified her for the International Master ( IM ) title , awarded in January 2007 . In the A2 section of the prestigious Aeroflot Open in Moscow 2007 , she scored 5 points from the first 7 rounds , defeating three male grandmasters for a part performance rating of 2672 . In January 2008 , she played in the Group C of the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee scoring 4½/13 points . Soon after , at the womens section of the Moscow Open , she took second place , behind Anna Muzychuk , and ahead of Natalia Zhukova and Kateryna Lagno . Later that year , at the Womens European Individual Chess Championship , held in Plovdiv , she took the bronze medal , losing out 1–2 to Viktorija Čmilytė in the playoffs for silver . In 2010 , she won the Rector Cup in Kharkiv with a performance rating of 2649 . In 2016 , she won the European Womens Championship in Mamaia , edging out on tie-break score Sabrina Vega , after both players had scored 8.5/11 points . She won the silver medal in the second GM group at the 2017 Maccabiah Games in Israel . Womens World Champion . In the final of the Womens World Chess Championship 2012 she achieved a tiebreak victory over Antoaneta Stefanova to become the 14th Womens World Chess Champion . This automatically entitled her to the title of grandmaster and also qualified her to the 2013 Chess World Cup . She is Ukraines first womens world chess champion and thanks to this victory Ushenina was voted Ukraines best female chess player of 2012 . She lost her title against Hou Yifan in the Womens World Chess Championship 2013 . |
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