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[
"Panionios"
] | easy | Giorgos Dedes played for which team from 1973 to 1974? | /wiki/Giorgos_Dedes#P54#2 | Giorgos Dedes Giorgos Dedes ( ; born 25 February 1943 ) is a Greek former footballer of Asia Minor descent who played as a forward . His main characteristics were his speed , his technique and his shooting . He competed in 430 games in total on the Greek Championship for Panionios and AEK Athens , scoring 181 goals . He was the top scorer of the league in 1970–71 and 1975–1976 . In 1971 , he was awarded the bronze boot after becoming the third best scorer in Europe . Club career . Early years . Son of Athanasios and Nikoleta , Giorgos was the fifth of their six children . Dedes was nephew of AEK Athens legendary goalkeeper , Christos Ribas , and his elder brother , Kostas played for Pannafpliakos . As a boy he supported AEK Athens and he was a great fan of Kostas Nestoridis . In 1957 his family moved to Athens and Giorgos played alongside his brother for Phivos Neou Kosmou . In 1960–61 , Phivos Neou Kosmou won the B1 league of Athens Football Clubs Association and Dedes was one of the basic scorers . Panionios . At the age of 17 he was discovered by Panagiotis Pallas of Panionios and he was recommended to the technical director of the team , Thanasis Papathanasiou . Dedes was transferred to Panionios ; the transfer fee was 1000 drachmas and some other players as an exchange . Two months later , the coach of the team , Ioannis Skordillis and Nikos Zakardis gave him the chance to play for the first time against Fostiras . On 28 March 1965 Dedes scored the fastest hat-trick in Alpha Ethniki in a period of 120 seconds after the 88th minute . In the 1969–70 season , Dedes scored five goals in a game in an 8–0 victory against Olympiakos Nicosia , which is the clubs largest victory . That was a rare record which only a few Greek footballers have achieved . Dedes has also scored four goals in a match on two occasions . He played for Panionios for 14 years , winning a Balkans Cup in 1971 . He was the top scorer of the Greek Championship with 28 goals , becoming the 3rd scorer in Europe behind the Croatian , Josip Skoblar of Olympique de Marseille with 39 and Keita of Saint-Étienne with 33 . AEK Athens . In 1974 Dedes transferred to the Greek giants AEK Athens of Loukas Barlos . Although he was a free agent , AEK Athens paid 500,000 drachmas to have him . In three years of playing for AEK Athens he achieved 80 caps scoring 35 goals . Furthermore , in season 1975-76 he once more became the top scorer of the Greek Championship , scoring 15 goals . Return to Panionios and retirement . Dedes returned to Panionios for the 1977–78 season to finish his career . He was honoured with the Golden Cross , the clubs greatest award . Dedes describes the award as priceless and it is the centerpiece of his medal collection . International career . In 1962 Dedes was called to the Greece U-18 , for which he played in two matches against Turkey , a 1–0 defeat in Athens and 1–0 win in Smyrni where he was the scorer in the 18th minute . With the U-19 team he competed in two games for the qualifying matches of UEFA European Under-19 Championship against Turkey . With a 2–1 victory in Athens and a 1–1 draw in Ankara , Greece managed to qualify for 1963 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in London . Dedes played in both 3 matches of the tournament in which he scored two goals in a 7–2 victory against Germany . Greece didnt qualify for the quarter finals as they finished third in the group . In 1969 Dedes played the only game for Greece U-21 against Israel . He managed 20 appearances and scored seven goals for the Greek national football team from 1966 to 1973 . He played his first match on 16 October 1966 in a 2–1 win against Finland for the UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying . He scored his first two goals for Greece on 21 November 1968 in a 4–1 home victory against Egypt . Dedes was a regular in the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification squad where he scored twice . His first goal for the tournament was in a historical 2–1 victory against Portugal on 11 December 1968 in Karaiskakis Stadium and the second was in a 2–2 draw against Romania on 16 April 1969 with Dedes taking the lead for Greece . He made his last appearance for Greece on 31 January 1973 in a match against Bulgaria as a second-half substitute in a match which ended 2–2 . Honours . Panionios - Balkans Cup : 1971 - Alpha Ethniki : Runner up 1970–71 - Greek Cup : Runner-up 1967 Individual . - Alpha Ethniki top scorer : 1970–71 , 1975–76 - European Golden Boot : Third Place 1971 - Panionios Golden Cross : 1978 |
[
"AEK Athens"
] | easy | Giorgos Dedes played for which team from 1974 to 1977? | /wiki/Giorgos_Dedes#P54#3 | Giorgos Dedes Giorgos Dedes ( ; born 25 February 1943 ) is a Greek former footballer of Asia Minor descent who played as a forward . His main characteristics were his speed , his technique and his shooting . He competed in 430 games in total on the Greek Championship for Panionios and AEK Athens , scoring 181 goals . He was the top scorer of the league in 1970–71 and 1975–1976 . In 1971 , he was awarded the bronze boot after becoming the third best scorer in Europe . Club career . Early years . Son of Athanasios and Nikoleta , Giorgos was the fifth of their six children . Dedes was nephew of AEK Athens legendary goalkeeper , Christos Ribas , and his elder brother , Kostas played for Pannafpliakos . As a boy he supported AEK Athens and he was a great fan of Kostas Nestoridis . In 1957 his family moved to Athens and Giorgos played alongside his brother for Phivos Neou Kosmou . In 1960–61 , Phivos Neou Kosmou won the B1 league of Athens Football Clubs Association and Dedes was one of the basic scorers . Panionios . At the age of 17 he was discovered by Panagiotis Pallas of Panionios and he was recommended to the technical director of the team , Thanasis Papathanasiou . Dedes was transferred to Panionios ; the transfer fee was 1000 drachmas and some other players as an exchange . Two months later , the coach of the team , Ioannis Skordillis and Nikos Zakardis gave him the chance to play for the first time against Fostiras . On 28 March 1965 Dedes scored the fastest hat-trick in Alpha Ethniki in a period of 120 seconds after the 88th minute . In the 1969–70 season , Dedes scored five goals in a game in an 8–0 victory against Olympiakos Nicosia , which is the clubs largest victory . That was a rare record which only a few Greek footballers have achieved . Dedes has also scored four goals in a match on two occasions . He played for Panionios for 14 years , winning a Balkans Cup in 1971 . He was the top scorer of the Greek Championship with 28 goals , becoming the 3rd scorer in Europe behind the Croatian , Josip Skoblar of Olympique de Marseille with 39 and Keita of Saint-Étienne with 33 . AEK Athens . In 1974 Dedes transferred to the Greek giants AEK Athens of Loukas Barlos . Although he was a free agent , AEK Athens paid 500,000 drachmas to have him . In three years of playing for AEK Athens he achieved 80 caps scoring 35 goals . Furthermore , in season 1975-76 he once more became the top scorer of the Greek Championship , scoring 15 goals . Return to Panionios and retirement . Dedes returned to Panionios for the 1977–78 season to finish his career . He was honoured with the Golden Cross , the clubs greatest award . Dedes describes the award as priceless and it is the centerpiece of his medal collection . International career . In 1962 Dedes was called to the Greece U-18 , for which he played in two matches against Turkey , a 1–0 defeat in Athens and 1–0 win in Smyrni where he was the scorer in the 18th minute . With the U-19 team he competed in two games for the qualifying matches of UEFA European Under-19 Championship against Turkey . With a 2–1 victory in Athens and a 1–1 draw in Ankara , Greece managed to qualify for 1963 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in London . Dedes played in both 3 matches of the tournament in which he scored two goals in a 7–2 victory against Germany . Greece didnt qualify for the quarter finals as they finished third in the group . In 1969 Dedes played the only game for Greece U-21 against Israel . He managed 20 appearances and scored seven goals for the Greek national football team from 1966 to 1973 . He played his first match on 16 October 1966 in a 2–1 win against Finland for the UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying . He scored his first two goals for Greece on 21 November 1968 in a 4–1 home victory against Egypt . Dedes was a regular in the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification squad where he scored twice . His first goal for the tournament was in a historical 2–1 victory against Portugal on 11 December 1968 in Karaiskakis Stadium and the second was in a 2–2 draw against Romania on 16 April 1969 with Dedes taking the lead for Greece . He made his last appearance for Greece on 31 January 1973 in a match against Bulgaria as a second-half substitute in a match which ended 2–2 . Honours . Panionios - Balkans Cup : 1971 - Alpha Ethniki : Runner up 1970–71 - Greek Cup : Runner-up 1967 Individual . - Alpha Ethniki top scorer : 1970–71 , 1975–76 - European Golden Boot : Third Place 1971 - Panionios Golden Cross : 1978 |
[
"Panionios"
] | easy | Which team did Giorgos Dedes play for from 1977 to 1978? | /wiki/Giorgos_Dedes#P54#4 | Giorgos Dedes Giorgos Dedes ( ; born 25 February 1943 ) is a Greek former footballer of Asia Minor descent who played as a forward . His main characteristics were his speed , his technique and his shooting . He competed in 430 games in total on the Greek Championship for Panionios and AEK Athens , scoring 181 goals . He was the top scorer of the league in 1970–71 and 1975–1976 . In 1971 , he was awarded the bronze boot after becoming the third best scorer in Europe . Club career . Early years . Son of Athanasios and Nikoleta , Giorgos was the fifth of their six children . Dedes was nephew of AEK Athens legendary goalkeeper , Christos Ribas , and his elder brother , Kostas played for Pannafpliakos . As a boy he supported AEK Athens and he was a great fan of Kostas Nestoridis . In 1957 his family moved to Athens and Giorgos played alongside his brother for Phivos Neou Kosmou . In 1960–61 , Phivos Neou Kosmou won the B1 league of Athens Football Clubs Association and Dedes was one of the basic scorers . Panionios . At the age of 17 he was discovered by Panagiotis Pallas of Panionios and he was recommended to the technical director of the team , Thanasis Papathanasiou . Dedes was transferred to Panionios ; the transfer fee was 1000 drachmas and some other players as an exchange . Two months later , the coach of the team , Ioannis Skordillis and Nikos Zakardis gave him the chance to play for the first time against Fostiras . On 28 March 1965 Dedes scored the fastest hat-trick in Alpha Ethniki in a period of 120 seconds after the 88th minute . In the 1969–70 season , Dedes scored five goals in a game in an 8–0 victory against Olympiakos Nicosia , which is the clubs largest victory . That was a rare record which only a few Greek footballers have achieved . Dedes has also scored four goals in a match on two occasions . He played for Panionios for 14 years , winning a Balkans Cup in 1971 . He was the top scorer of the Greek Championship with 28 goals , becoming the 3rd scorer in Europe behind the Croatian , Josip Skoblar of Olympique de Marseille with 39 and Keita of Saint-Étienne with 33 . AEK Athens . In 1974 Dedes transferred to the Greek giants AEK Athens of Loukas Barlos . Although he was a free agent , AEK Athens paid 500,000 drachmas to have him . In three years of playing for AEK Athens he achieved 80 caps scoring 35 goals . Furthermore , in season 1975-76 he once more became the top scorer of the Greek Championship , scoring 15 goals . Return to Panionios and retirement . Dedes returned to Panionios for the 1977–78 season to finish his career . He was honoured with the Golden Cross , the clubs greatest award . Dedes describes the award as priceless and it is the centerpiece of his medal collection . International career . In 1962 Dedes was called to the Greece U-18 , for which he played in two matches against Turkey , a 1–0 defeat in Athens and 1–0 win in Smyrni where he was the scorer in the 18th minute . With the U-19 team he competed in two games for the qualifying matches of UEFA European Under-19 Championship against Turkey . With a 2–1 victory in Athens and a 1–1 draw in Ankara , Greece managed to qualify for 1963 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in London . Dedes played in both 3 matches of the tournament in which he scored two goals in a 7–2 victory against Germany . Greece didnt qualify for the quarter finals as they finished third in the group . In 1969 Dedes played the only game for Greece U-21 against Israel . He managed 20 appearances and scored seven goals for the Greek national football team from 1966 to 1973 . He played his first match on 16 October 1966 in a 2–1 win against Finland for the UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying . He scored his first two goals for Greece on 21 November 1968 in a 4–1 home victory against Egypt . Dedes was a regular in the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification squad where he scored twice . His first goal for the tournament was in a historical 2–1 victory against Portugal on 11 December 1968 in Karaiskakis Stadium and the second was in a 2–2 draw against Romania on 16 April 1969 with Dedes taking the lead for Greece . He made his last appearance for Greece on 31 January 1973 in a match against Bulgaria as a second-half substitute in a match which ended 2–2 . Honours . Panionios - Balkans Cup : 1971 - Alpha Ethniki : Runner up 1970–71 - Greek Cup : Runner-up 1967 Individual . - Alpha Ethniki top scorer : 1970–71 , 1975–76 - European Golden Boot : Third Place 1971 - Panionios Golden Cross : 1978 |
[
"McGill University"
] | easy | Which school did Judith N. Shklar go to from 1948 to 1950? | /wiki/Judith_N._Shklar#P69#0 | Judith N . Shklar Judith Nisse Shklar ( September 24 , 1928 – September 17 , 1992 ) was a philosopher and political theorist who studied the history of political thought , notably that of the Enlightenment period . She was appointed the John Cowles Professor of Government at Harvard University in 1980 . Biography . Judith Shklar was born as Judita Nisse in Riga , Latvia to Jewish parents . Because of persecution during World War II , her family fled Europe over Japan to the US and finally to Canada in 1941 , when she was thirteen . She began her studies at McGill University at the age of 16 , receiving bachelor of art and master of art degrees in 1949 and 1950 , respectively . She later recalled that the entrance rules to McGill at the time required 750 points for Jews and 600 for everyone else . She received her PhD degree from Harvard University in 1955 . Her mentor was the famous political theorist Carl Joachim Friedrich , who , she later recalled , only ever offered her one compliment : Well , this isnt the usual thesis , but then I did not expect it to be . Eventually she became his successor . Shklar joined the Harvard faculty in 1956 , becoming the first woman to receive tenure in Harvards Government Department in 1971 . During her first year in the job , the Department permitted her to stay at home with her first child while writing her first book . When it came time for her tenure decision , the Department dithered , so Shklar proposed a half-time appointment with effective tenure and the title of lecturer , partly because she had three children by then . In 1980 , she was appointed to be the John Cowles Professor of Government . Her friend and colleague Stanley Hoffmann once remarked , “she was by far the biggest star of the department.” Hoffmann also called her the most devastatingly intelligent person I ever knew here . During her career , Shklar served in various academic and professional capacities . For example , she was active in the committee that integrated the American Repertory Theater into the Harvard community . A renowned teacher and advisor , many of Shklars former students and colleagues contributed to a volume of essays , Liberalism without Illusions : Essays on Liberal Theory and the Political Vision of Judith N . Shklar ( University of Chicago Press , 1996 ) , edited by Bernard Yack . Contributors include her celebrated former students Amy Gutmann , Patrick T . Riley , Nancy L . Rosenblum , Bernard Yack , Rogers Smith , Melissa Williams , and Tracy Strong . Throughout her life , Judith Shklar was known as Dita . She and her husband , Gerald Shklar , had three children , David , Michael , and Ruth . Views . Shklars thought centered on two main ideas : cruelty as the worst evil and the liberalism of fear . She discusses the first idea in her essay Putting Cruelty First , published in Daedalus ( 1982 ) and in Ordinary Vices ( 1984 ) . Her second main idea , expounded in her essay The Liberalism of Fear , is founded on the first idea and focuses on how governments are prone to abuse the inevitable inequalities in power that result from political organization . Based on these core ideas , Shklar advocated constitutional democracy , which she saw as flawed but still the best form of government possible . A constitutional democracy , in Shklars view , protects people from the abuses of the more powerful by restricting government and by dispersing power among a multiplicity of politically active groups . Her concern for possible governmental abuse stemmed from her focus on ordinary citizens instead of institutions and elites . In her mind , it was an average person who faced the brunt of institutional evil and injustice . Shklar believed that the original and only defensible meaning of liberalism is that every adult should be able to make as many effective decisions without fear or favor about as many aspects of his or her life as is compatible with the like freedom of every adult . Shklar described rights less as absolute moral liberties and more as licenses which citizens must have in order to protect themselves against abuse . Shklar was deeply interested in injustice and political evils , claiming that philosophy fails to give injustice its due ; that is , most past philosophers have ignored injustice and talked only about justice , likewise ignoring vice and talking only about virtue . Instead , Shklars writing avoided justice and virtue and focused on evil , fear , or injustice.Ordinary Vices and The Faces of Injustice articulate Shklars attempts to fill this gap in philosophical thought , drawing heavily on literature as well as philosophy to argue that injustice and the sense of injustice are historically and culturally universal and are critical concepts for modern political and philosophical theory . Awards and honors . She became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970 . She served as president of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy ( 1982 ) and then as vice president of the American Political Science Association ( 1983 ) . While serving as the vice president of the APSA , she was also the visiting Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University ( 1983–1984 ) . In 1984 , she received a MacArthur Fellowship for her work . She served as a visiting fellow at All Souls College , Oxford University , in 1983 and 1986 . Following this , she was the Carlyle Lecturer at Oxford in 1986 ; Storrs Lecturer , Yale Law School , 1988 ; Tanner Lecturer , University of Utah , 1989 ; and Charles Homer Haskins Lecturer of the American Council of Learned Societies , 1989 . Also in 1989 , she was elected the first female president of the APSA . In 1985 the Harvard University chapter of Phi Beta Kappa awarded her its teaching prize , calling her demanding , rewarding , forthright , fair , and reasonable , a model of intellectual and human qualities rarely combined . Works . Professor Shklar wrote many influential books and articles on political science , including the following : - After Utopia : The Decline of Political Faith ( Princeton University Press , 1957 ) – Analysis of the decline of political philosophy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - Legalism : Law , Morals , and Political Trials ( Harvard University Press , 1964 ) – A look into political theory and jurisprudence , thereby analyzing legalism - Men and Citizens : A Study of Rousseaus Social Theory ( Cambridge University Press , 1969 ) – A close look at Rousseau and his social theory - Freedom and Independence : A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegels Phenomenology of Mind ( Cambridge University Press , 1976 ) – A close look at Hegels Phenomenology of the Mind - Ordinary Vices ( Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1984 ) – A collection of six essays on the ordinary vices of cruelty , hypocrisy , snobbery , betrayal , and misanthropy . - Montesquieu ( Oxford University Press , 1987 ) – An introduction to the thought of Montesquieu - The Faces of Injustice ( Yale University Press , 1990 ) – Three essays on injustice : Giving Injustice Its Due , Misfortune and Injustice , and The Sense of Injustice . - American Citizenship : The Quest for Inclusion ( Harvard University Press , 1991 ) – A look at what constitutes American citizenship . - On Political Obligation ( Yale University Press , 2019 ) – A series of lectures published posthumously by Samantha Ashenden and Andreas Hess . Several of her essays , including the classic The Liberalism of Fear , have been collected in two posthumous volumes edited by Stanley Hoffmann and published by the University of Chicago Press : Redeeming American Political Thought ( 1998 ) and Political Thought and Political Thinkers ( 1998 ) . Further reading . Jacob T . Levy , Whos Afraid of Judith Sklar ? Foreign Policy ( 2018 ) at https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/whos-afraid-of-judith-shklar-liberalism/ . External links . - A Life of Learning by Shklar - Papers of Judith N . Shklar , Harvard University Archive - Is cruelty worse than hypocrisy ? The importance of ranking our vices in liberal democracies , accompanying webpage to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 53-minute Ideas radio programme episode on Shklar of January 2021 titled The Rising Star of Judith Shklar , the skeptical liberal . Includes a link to the audio recording of the programme . |
[
"Harvard University"
] | easy | Judith N. Shklar went to which school from 1950 to 1955? | /wiki/Judith_N._Shklar#P69#1 | Judith N . Shklar Judith Nisse Shklar ( September 24 , 1928 – September 17 , 1992 ) was a philosopher and political theorist who studied the history of political thought , notably that of the Enlightenment period . She was appointed the John Cowles Professor of Government at Harvard University in 1980 . Biography . Judith Shklar was born as Judita Nisse in Riga , Latvia to Jewish parents . Because of persecution during World War II , her family fled Europe over Japan to the US and finally to Canada in 1941 , when she was thirteen . She began her studies at McGill University at the age of 16 , receiving bachelor of art and master of art degrees in 1949 and 1950 , respectively . She later recalled that the entrance rules to McGill at the time required 750 points for Jews and 600 for everyone else . She received her PhD degree from Harvard University in 1955 . Her mentor was the famous political theorist Carl Joachim Friedrich , who , she later recalled , only ever offered her one compliment : Well , this isnt the usual thesis , but then I did not expect it to be . Eventually she became his successor . Shklar joined the Harvard faculty in 1956 , becoming the first woman to receive tenure in Harvards Government Department in 1971 . During her first year in the job , the Department permitted her to stay at home with her first child while writing her first book . When it came time for her tenure decision , the Department dithered , so Shklar proposed a half-time appointment with effective tenure and the title of lecturer , partly because she had three children by then . In 1980 , she was appointed to be the John Cowles Professor of Government . Her friend and colleague Stanley Hoffmann once remarked , “she was by far the biggest star of the department.” Hoffmann also called her the most devastatingly intelligent person I ever knew here . During her career , Shklar served in various academic and professional capacities . For example , she was active in the committee that integrated the American Repertory Theater into the Harvard community . A renowned teacher and advisor , many of Shklars former students and colleagues contributed to a volume of essays , Liberalism without Illusions : Essays on Liberal Theory and the Political Vision of Judith N . Shklar ( University of Chicago Press , 1996 ) , edited by Bernard Yack . Contributors include her celebrated former students Amy Gutmann , Patrick T . Riley , Nancy L . Rosenblum , Bernard Yack , Rogers Smith , Melissa Williams , and Tracy Strong . Throughout her life , Judith Shklar was known as Dita . She and her husband , Gerald Shklar , had three children , David , Michael , and Ruth . Views . Shklars thought centered on two main ideas : cruelty as the worst evil and the liberalism of fear . She discusses the first idea in her essay Putting Cruelty First , published in Daedalus ( 1982 ) and in Ordinary Vices ( 1984 ) . Her second main idea , expounded in her essay The Liberalism of Fear , is founded on the first idea and focuses on how governments are prone to abuse the inevitable inequalities in power that result from political organization . Based on these core ideas , Shklar advocated constitutional democracy , which she saw as flawed but still the best form of government possible . A constitutional democracy , in Shklars view , protects people from the abuses of the more powerful by restricting government and by dispersing power among a multiplicity of politically active groups . Her concern for possible governmental abuse stemmed from her focus on ordinary citizens instead of institutions and elites . In her mind , it was an average person who faced the brunt of institutional evil and injustice . Shklar believed that the original and only defensible meaning of liberalism is that every adult should be able to make as many effective decisions without fear or favor about as many aspects of his or her life as is compatible with the like freedom of every adult . Shklar described rights less as absolute moral liberties and more as licenses which citizens must have in order to protect themselves against abuse . Shklar was deeply interested in injustice and political evils , claiming that philosophy fails to give injustice its due ; that is , most past philosophers have ignored injustice and talked only about justice , likewise ignoring vice and talking only about virtue . Instead , Shklars writing avoided justice and virtue and focused on evil , fear , or injustice.Ordinary Vices and The Faces of Injustice articulate Shklars attempts to fill this gap in philosophical thought , drawing heavily on literature as well as philosophy to argue that injustice and the sense of injustice are historically and culturally universal and are critical concepts for modern political and philosophical theory . Awards and honors . She became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970 . She served as president of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy ( 1982 ) and then as vice president of the American Political Science Association ( 1983 ) . While serving as the vice president of the APSA , she was also the visiting Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University ( 1983–1984 ) . In 1984 , she received a MacArthur Fellowship for her work . She served as a visiting fellow at All Souls College , Oxford University , in 1983 and 1986 . Following this , she was the Carlyle Lecturer at Oxford in 1986 ; Storrs Lecturer , Yale Law School , 1988 ; Tanner Lecturer , University of Utah , 1989 ; and Charles Homer Haskins Lecturer of the American Council of Learned Societies , 1989 . Also in 1989 , she was elected the first female president of the APSA . In 1985 the Harvard University chapter of Phi Beta Kappa awarded her its teaching prize , calling her demanding , rewarding , forthright , fair , and reasonable , a model of intellectual and human qualities rarely combined . Works . Professor Shklar wrote many influential books and articles on political science , including the following : - After Utopia : The Decline of Political Faith ( Princeton University Press , 1957 ) – Analysis of the decline of political philosophy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - Legalism : Law , Morals , and Political Trials ( Harvard University Press , 1964 ) – A look into political theory and jurisprudence , thereby analyzing legalism - Men and Citizens : A Study of Rousseaus Social Theory ( Cambridge University Press , 1969 ) – A close look at Rousseau and his social theory - Freedom and Independence : A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegels Phenomenology of Mind ( Cambridge University Press , 1976 ) – A close look at Hegels Phenomenology of the Mind - Ordinary Vices ( Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1984 ) – A collection of six essays on the ordinary vices of cruelty , hypocrisy , snobbery , betrayal , and misanthropy . - Montesquieu ( Oxford University Press , 1987 ) – An introduction to the thought of Montesquieu - The Faces of Injustice ( Yale University Press , 1990 ) – Three essays on injustice : Giving Injustice Its Due , Misfortune and Injustice , and The Sense of Injustice . - American Citizenship : The Quest for Inclusion ( Harvard University Press , 1991 ) – A look at what constitutes American citizenship . - On Political Obligation ( Yale University Press , 2019 ) – A series of lectures published posthumously by Samantha Ashenden and Andreas Hess . Several of her essays , including the classic The Liberalism of Fear , have been collected in two posthumous volumes edited by Stanley Hoffmann and published by the University of Chicago Press : Redeeming American Political Thought ( 1998 ) and Political Thought and Political Thinkers ( 1998 ) . Further reading . Jacob T . Levy , Whos Afraid of Judith Sklar ? Foreign Policy ( 2018 ) at https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/whos-afraid-of-judith-shklar-liberalism/ . External links . - A Life of Learning by Shklar - Papers of Judith N . Shklar , Harvard University Archive - Is cruelty worse than hypocrisy ? The importance of ranking our vices in liberal democracies , accompanying webpage to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 53-minute Ideas radio programme episode on Shklar of January 2021 titled The Rising Star of Judith Shklar , the skeptical liberal . Includes a link to the audio recording of the programme . |
[
"Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre"
] | easy | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre was officially named what from 1981 to 2000? | /wiki/Irvine_Meadows_Amphitheatre#P1448#0 | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre ( formerly known as Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre ) was an amphitheatre located in Irvine , California . The establishment was built in 1980 by Irvine Meadows Partnership ( with 4 local investors ) and it opened in 1981 . In 2016 the amphitheatre was closed and demolished . It was the largest amphitheatre in Orange County , with 10,418 reserved seats and 5,667 on the lawn . The architect was Gin Wong Associates of Los Angeles . The unique design of this venue is that it was built on a hillside so the seats have a steep slope toward the stage . History . The site was previously part of the Lion Country Safari , one of seven such parks located in the United States . The owner of the safari park held a 29-year lease , and subleased a portion to the owners of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 1981 . The safari park closed in 1984 , with the owner still holding 13 years on the lease , which he then subleased to the operators of the Wild Rivers water park and the Camp Frasier ( later Camp James ) summer camp , which became the neighbors of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre . The water park and summer camp closed in 2011 , with the land turned into a housing development by the Irvine Company . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers were the first rock act to perform there , on September 18 , 1981 . They were joined onstage by surprise guest Stevie Nicks , who performed Stop Draggin My Heart Around with the band . Since 1987 , the establishment has been the summer home of the Pacific Symphony Orchestra , as well as the annual KROQ Weenie Roast . The amphitheatre was famous for hosting popular music festivals , which includes : Area2 Festival , Fishfest , Gigantour , Lilith Fair , Lollapalooza , Projekt Revolution and Uproar Festival , a benefit concert for the recently deceased Social Distortion guitarist Dennis Danell . Ozzy Osbourne recorded a performance called Speak of the Devil at the venue on June 12 , 1982 , for home video release in Japan ; said video was eventually released on DVD in the US in 2012 . Pop superstar Michael Jackson performed three concerts at the amphitheatre November 7-9 , 1988 during his Bad Tour . Phish performed two single-night engagements there in 1999 and 2000 . Oingo Boingo would play its annual Halloween concerts here from 1986 through 1991 , and one final time in 1993 , before moving the remaining 1994 and 1995 shows to Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Live Nation ( formerly SFX Entertainment ) bought the lease on the Amphitheatre in 1998 . Rush performed here on June 29 , 1990 for the band’s Presto tour . Tangerine Dream performed on June 6 , 1986 recorded on bootleg Sonambulistic Imagery . The Smiths performed on August 28 , 1986 on the bands The Queen is Dead tour . The Grateful Dead performed at the amphitheatre fifteen times from 1983 through 1989 . Because of the 1993 opening of the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim ( now Honda Center ) , Irvine Meadows became increasingly an alternative to the much larger Pond , in addition to being a venue for amphitheater tours . The Eagles performed six consecutive nights from May 27–June 1 , 1994 , for their reunion tour entitled ‘Hell Freezes Over’ . Prince and The New Power Generation performed at the amphitheatre during the Jam of the Year Tour on October 12 , 1997 . Kelly Clarkson performed at the amphitheatre on August 1 , 2006 , during her Addicted Tour . Once the show was over she wrote Irvine , a hidden track off her 2007 album My December , there at the venue . Miley Cyrus performed at the amphitheatre in October 2008 for the promotional show of the series Hannah Montana . Fall Out Boy performed on March 26 on their Winter is Coming Tour in 2016 . Bernie Sanders hosted a political rally here on May 22 , 2016 . The Amphitheatre was renamed to the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in April 2000 . The 7 year sponsorship deal between Verizon Wireless and SFX Entertainment , then owner of the amphitheatre , was a multimillion-dollar contract . Verizon renewed this contract for another 7 years , extending it to 2014 . It did not opt to renew a second time and the name reverted to its original Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 2015 . Gwen Stefani was the last performer for the venue on October 29 and 30 , 2016 . The Irvine Company had informed the operators of the amphitheatre that the land lease would not be renewed after 2016 , so the amphitheatre was closed and demolition started in November 2016 , shortly after the final concert . The Irvine Company chose to build housing on the terrain , such that the entire space of the original Irvine-based Lion Country Safari Park would become a 3,700-unit housing development . Live Nation and FivePoint built a temporary amphitheatre at the Orange County Great Park named FivePoint Amphitheater in 2017 , for a limited term of 3 years , based on the Conditional Use Permit process . |
[
"Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre"
] | easy | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre was officially named what from 2000 to 2015? | /wiki/Irvine_Meadows_Amphitheatre#P1448#1 | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre ( formerly known as Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre ) was an amphitheatre located in Irvine , California . The establishment was built in 1980 by Irvine Meadows Partnership ( with 4 local investors ) and it opened in 1981 . In 2016 the amphitheatre was closed and demolished . It was the largest amphitheatre in Orange County , with 10,418 reserved seats and 5,667 on the lawn . The architect was Gin Wong Associates of Los Angeles . The unique design of this venue is that it was built on a hillside so the seats have a steep slope toward the stage . History . The site was previously part of the Lion Country Safari , one of seven such parks located in the United States . The owner of the safari park held a 29-year lease , and subleased a portion to the owners of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 1981 . The safari park closed in 1984 , with the owner still holding 13 years on the lease , which he then subleased to the operators of the Wild Rivers water park and the Camp Frasier ( later Camp James ) summer camp , which became the neighbors of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre . The water park and summer camp closed in 2011 , with the land turned into a housing development by the Irvine Company . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers were the first rock act to perform there , on September 18 , 1981 . They were joined onstage by surprise guest Stevie Nicks , who performed Stop Draggin My Heart Around with the band . Since 1987 , the establishment has been the summer home of the Pacific Symphony Orchestra , as well as the annual KROQ Weenie Roast . The amphitheatre was famous for hosting popular music festivals , which includes : Area2 Festival , Fishfest , Gigantour , Lilith Fair , Lollapalooza , Projekt Revolution and Uproar Festival , a benefit concert for the recently deceased Social Distortion guitarist Dennis Danell . Ozzy Osbourne recorded a performance called Speak of the Devil at the venue on June 12 , 1982 , for home video release in Japan ; said video was eventually released on DVD in the US in 2012 . Pop superstar Michael Jackson performed three concerts at the amphitheatre November 7-9 , 1988 during his Bad Tour . Phish performed two single-night engagements there in 1999 and 2000 . Oingo Boingo would play its annual Halloween concerts here from 1986 through 1991 , and one final time in 1993 , before moving the remaining 1994 and 1995 shows to Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Live Nation ( formerly SFX Entertainment ) bought the lease on the Amphitheatre in 1998 . Rush performed here on June 29 , 1990 for the band’s Presto tour . Tangerine Dream performed on June 6 , 1986 recorded on bootleg Sonambulistic Imagery . The Smiths performed on August 28 , 1986 on the bands The Queen is Dead tour . The Grateful Dead performed at the amphitheatre fifteen times from 1983 through 1989 . Because of the 1993 opening of the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim ( now Honda Center ) , Irvine Meadows became increasingly an alternative to the much larger Pond , in addition to being a venue for amphitheater tours . The Eagles performed six consecutive nights from May 27–June 1 , 1994 , for their reunion tour entitled ‘Hell Freezes Over’ . Prince and The New Power Generation performed at the amphitheatre during the Jam of the Year Tour on October 12 , 1997 . Kelly Clarkson performed at the amphitheatre on August 1 , 2006 , during her Addicted Tour . Once the show was over she wrote Irvine , a hidden track off her 2007 album My December , there at the venue . Miley Cyrus performed at the amphitheatre in October 2008 for the promotional show of the series Hannah Montana . Fall Out Boy performed on March 26 on their Winter is Coming Tour in 2016 . Bernie Sanders hosted a political rally here on May 22 , 2016 . The Amphitheatre was renamed to the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in April 2000 . The 7 year sponsorship deal between Verizon Wireless and SFX Entertainment , then owner of the amphitheatre , was a multimillion-dollar contract . Verizon renewed this contract for another 7 years , extending it to 2014 . It did not opt to renew a second time and the name reverted to its original Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 2015 . Gwen Stefani was the last performer for the venue on October 29 and 30 , 2016 . The Irvine Company had informed the operators of the amphitheatre that the land lease would not be renewed after 2016 , so the amphitheatre was closed and demolition started in November 2016 , shortly after the final concert . The Irvine Company chose to build housing on the terrain , such that the entire space of the original Irvine-based Lion Country Safari Park would become a 3,700-unit housing development . Live Nation and FivePoint built a temporary amphitheatre at the Orange County Great Park named FivePoint Amphitheater in 2017 , for a limited term of 3 years , based on the Conditional Use Permit process . |
[
"Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre"
] | easy | What was the official name of Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Irvine_Meadows_Amphitheatre#P1448#2 | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre ( formerly known as Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre ) was an amphitheatre located in Irvine , California . The establishment was built in 1980 by Irvine Meadows Partnership ( with 4 local investors ) and it opened in 1981 . In 2016 the amphitheatre was closed and demolished . It was the largest amphitheatre in Orange County , with 10,418 reserved seats and 5,667 on the lawn . The architect was Gin Wong Associates of Los Angeles . The unique design of this venue is that it was built on a hillside so the seats have a steep slope toward the stage . History . The site was previously part of the Lion Country Safari , one of seven such parks located in the United States . The owner of the safari park held a 29-year lease , and subleased a portion to the owners of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 1981 . The safari park closed in 1984 , with the owner still holding 13 years on the lease , which he then subleased to the operators of the Wild Rivers water park and the Camp Frasier ( later Camp James ) summer camp , which became the neighbors of the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre . The water park and summer camp closed in 2011 , with the land turned into a housing development by the Irvine Company . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers were the first rock act to perform there , on September 18 , 1981 . They were joined onstage by surprise guest Stevie Nicks , who performed Stop Draggin My Heart Around with the band . Since 1987 , the establishment has been the summer home of the Pacific Symphony Orchestra , as well as the annual KROQ Weenie Roast . The amphitheatre was famous for hosting popular music festivals , which includes : Area2 Festival , Fishfest , Gigantour , Lilith Fair , Lollapalooza , Projekt Revolution and Uproar Festival , a benefit concert for the recently deceased Social Distortion guitarist Dennis Danell . Ozzy Osbourne recorded a performance called Speak of the Devil at the venue on June 12 , 1982 , for home video release in Japan ; said video was eventually released on DVD in the US in 2012 . Pop superstar Michael Jackson performed three concerts at the amphitheatre November 7-9 , 1988 during his Bad Tour . Phish performed two single-night engagements there in 1999 and 2000 . Oingo Boingo would play its annual Halloween concerts here from 1986 through 1991 , and one final time in 1993 , before moving the remaining 1994 and 1995 shows to Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Live Nation ( formerly SFX Entertainment ) bought the lease on the Amphitheatre in 1998 . Rush performed here on June 29 , 1990 for the band’s Presto tour . Tangerine Dream performed on June 6 , 1986 recorded on bootleg Sonambulistic Imagery . The Smiths performed on August 28 , 1986 on the bands The Queen is Dead tour . The Grateful Dead performed at the amphitheatre fifteen times from 1983 through 1989 . Because of the 1993 opening of the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim ( now Honda Center ) , Irvine Meadows became increasingly an alternative to the much larger Pond , in addition to being a venue for amphitheater tours . The Eagles performed six consecutive nights from May 27–June 1 , 1994 , for their reunion tour entitled ‘Hell Freezes Over’ . Prince and The New Power Generation performed at the amphitheatre during the Jam of the Year Tour on October 12 , 1997 . Kelly Clarkson performed at the amphitheatre on August 1 , 2006 , during her Addicted Tour . Once the show was over she wrote Irvine , a hidden track off her 2007 album My December , there at the venue . Miley Cyrus performed at the amphitheatre in October 2008 for the promotional show of the series Hannah Montana . Fall Out Boy performed on March 26 on their Winter is Coming Tour in 2016 . Bernie Sanders hosted a political rally here on May 22 , 2016 . The Amphitheatre was renamed to the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in April 2000 . The 7 year sponsorship deal between Verizon Wireless and SFX Entertainment , then owner of the amphitheatre , was a multimillion-dollar contract . Verizon renewed this contract for another 7 years , extending it to 2014 . It did not opt to renew a second time and the name reverted to its original Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in 2015 . Gwen Stefani was the last performer for the venue on October 29 and 30 , 2016 . The Irvine Company had informed the operators of the amphitheatre that the land lease would not be renewed after 2016 , so the amphitheatre was closed and demolition started in November 2016 , shortly after the final concert . The Irvine Company chose to build housing on the terrain , such that the entire space of the original Irvine-based Lion Country Safari Park would become a 3,700-unit housing development . Live Nation and FivePoint built a temporary amphitheatre at the Orange County Great Park named FivePoint Amphitheater in 2017 , for a limited term of 3 years , based on the Conditional Use Permit process . |
[
"Torpedo Squadron VT-20"
] | easy | VA-95 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Oct 1943 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/VA-95_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#0 | VA-95 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-95 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-20 on 15 October 1943 , and as VA-10A on 15 November 1946 . It was finally redesignated as VA-95 on 12 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . Its nickname is unknown . Two other squadrons , unrelated to this one , subsequently bore the VA-95 designation . Operational history . - 1 September 1944 : The squadrons first combat action involved strikes against shore installations on Chichi Jima in the Bonin Islands . - September 1944 : Squadron aircraft participated in strikes against the Palau Islands in preparation for and support for the invasion of Peleliu . - October 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against Okinawa , Formosa and Luzon in preparation for and support of the invasion of Leyte . - 15 October 1944 : Lieutenant Edward B . Holley , flying a squadron TBM , shot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter , over Luzon . - 24 October 1944 : The squadron participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . VT-20s TBM-1Cs flew sorties against a powerful Japanese surface force in the Sibuyan Sea . These attacks contributed to the sinking of the Japanese battleship Musashi , one of the two largest battleships in the world . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action against the Japanese task force : Ensigns W . T . Ross , W . J . Schaller , and G . Swint III ; Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge ; Lieutenants C . H . H . Dickey , E . B . Holley , and R . E . McHenry , and Lieutenant Commander S . L . Prickett . - 25 October 1944 : Squadron aircraft were part of the Fast Carrier Task Force that attacked the Japanese carrier force in the Battle off Cape Engaño . Four Japanese carriers were sunk during this engagement . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle off Cape Engaño : Ensigns T . E . Armour , J . L . Baxter , M . H . Krouse , and C . D . Leeper ; Lieutenant ( junior grades ) s P . H . Bradley and C . F . Schlegel ; and Lieutenants J . H . Howell , Jr. , M . L . Leedom , E . E . Rodenburg , and R . J . Savage . - November 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against a Japanese troop convoy in Ormoc Bay , Leyte and enemy positions on Luzon . - December 1944 : Strikes were flown against Luzon in preparation for the invasion of Lingayan Gulf , Luzon . - January 1945 : Squadron aircraft flew strikes against Luzon , Formosa , Hong Kong , Japanese convoys in South China Sea and along coast of French Indochina , and Okinawa . - 12 January 1945 : Lieutenant J . N . Howell , Jr and Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge were awarded the Silver Star Medal for their action against a Japanese cruiser that was protecting a convoy off the coast of French Indochina . Their attacks contributed to the sinking of the cruiser . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station San Diego – 15 Oct 1943 - Naval Air Station Barbers Point – 21 Apr 1944* - Naval Air Station Puʻunene – 17 Jun 1944* - Naval Air Station San Diego – 23 Feb 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston – 16 Apr 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton – Jun 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Elizabeth City – 02 Nov 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Charlestown – 21 Mar 1946 <NOWIKI>*</NOWIKI> Temporary shore assignment while the squadron conducted training in preparation for combat deployment . Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - TBF-1/TBM-1 Avenger – Nov 1943 - TBM-1C Avenger – Feb 1944 - TBM-3E Avenger – Jul 1945 - AD-1 Skyraider – 01 Aug 1949 |
[
"VA-10A on 15"
] | easy | VA-95 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Nov 1946 to Aug 1948? | /wiki/VA-95_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#1 | VA-95 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-95 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-20 on 15 October 1943 , and as VA-10A on 15 November 1946 . It was finally redesignated as VA-95 on 12 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . Its nickname is unknown . Two other squadrons , unrelated to this one , subsequently bore the VA-95 designation . Operational history . - 1 September 1944 : The squadrons first combat action involved strikes against shore installations on Chichi Jima in the Bonin Islands . - September 1944 : Squadron aircraft participated in strikes against the Palau Islands in preparation for and support for the invasion of Peleliu . - October 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against Okinawa , Formosa and Luzon in preparation for and support of the invasion of Leyte . - 15 October 1944 : Lieutenant Edward B . Holley , flying a squadron TBM , shot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter , over Luzon . - 24 October 1944 : The squadron participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . VT-20s TBM-1Cs flew sorties against a powerful Japanese surface force in the Sibuyan Sea . These attacks contributed to the sinking of the Japanese battleship Musashi , one of the two largest battleships in the world . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action against the Japanese task force : Ensigns W . T . Ross , W . J . Schaller , and G . Swint III ; Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge ; Lieutenants C . H . H . Dickey , E . B . Holley , and R . E . McHenry , and Lieutenant Commander S . L . Prickett . - 25 October 1944 : Squadron aircraft were part of the Fast Carrier Task Force that attacked the Japanese carrier force in the Battle off Cape Engaño . Four Japanese carriers were sunk during this engagement . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle off Cape Engaño : Ensigns T . E . Armour , J . L . Baxter , M . H . Krouse , and C . D . Leeper ; Lieutenant ( junior grades ) s P . H . Bradley and C . F . Schlegel ; and Lieutenants J . H . Howell , Jr. , M . L . Leedom , E . E . Rodenburg , and R . J . Savage . - November 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against a Japanese troop convoy in Ormoc Bay , Leyte and enemy positions on Luzon . - December 1944 : Strikes were flown against Luzon in preparation for the invasion of Lingayan Gulf , Luzon . - January 1945 : Squadron aircraft flew strikes against Luzon , Formosa , Hong Kong , Japanese convoys in South China Sea and along coast of French Indochina , and Okinawa . - 12 January 1945 : Lieutenant J . N . Howell , Jr and Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge were awarded the Silver Star Medal for their action against a Japanese cruiser that was protecting a convoy off the coast of French Indochina . Their attacks contributed to the sinking of the cruiser . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station San Diego – 15 Oct 1943 - Naval Air Station Barbers Point – 21 Apr 1944* - Naval Air Station Puʻunene – 17 Jun 1944* - Naval Air Station San Diego – 23 Feb 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston – 16 Apr 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton – Jun 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Elizabeth City – 02 Nov 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Charlestown – 21 Mar 1946 <NOWIKI>*</NOWIKI> Temporary shore assignment while the squadron conducted training in preparation for combat deployment . Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - TBF-1/TBM-1 Avenger – Nov 1943 - TBM-1C Avenger – Feb 1944 - TBM-3E Avenger – Jul 1945 - AD-1 Skyraider – 01 Aug 1949 |
[
"VA-95"
] | easy | What was the official name of VA-95 (U.S. Navy) from Aug 1948 to 1949? | /wiki/VA-95_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#2 | VA-95 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-95 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-20 on 15 October 1943 , and as VA-10A on 15 November 1946 . It was finally redesignated as VA-95 on 12 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . Its nickname is unknown . Two other squadrons , unrelated to this one , subsequently bore the VA-95 designation . Operational history . - 1 September 1944 : The squadrons first combat action involved strikes against shore installations on Chichi Jima in the Bonin Islands . - September 1944 : Squadron aircraft participated in strikes against the Palau Islands in preparation for and support for the invasion of Peleliu . - October 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against Okinawa , Formosa and Luzon in preparation for and support of the invasion of Leyte . - 15 October 1944 : Lieutenant Edward B . Holley , flying a squadron TBM , shot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter , over Luzon . - 24 October 1944 : The squadron participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . VT-20s TBM-1Cs flew sorties against a powerful Japanese surface force in the Sibuyan Sea . These attacks contributed to the sinking of the Japanese battleship Musashi , one of the two largest battleships in the world . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action against the Japanese task force : Ensigns W . T . Ross , W . J . Schaller , and G . Swint III ; Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge ; Lieutenants C . H . H . Dickey , E . B . Holley , and R . E . McHenry , and Lieutenant Commander S . L . Prickett . - 25 October 1944 : Squadron aircraft were part of the Fast Carrier Task Force that attacked the Japanese carrier force in the Battle off Cape Engaño . Four Japanese carriers were sunk during this engagement . The following squadron personnel were awarded the Navy Cross for their action during the Battle off Cape Engaño : Ensigns T . E . Armour , J . L . Baxter , M . H . Krouse , and C . D . Leeper ; Lieutenant ( junior grades ) s P . H . Bradley and C . F . Schlegel ; and Lieutenants J . H . Howell , Jr. , M . L . Leedom , E . E . Rodenburg , and R . J . Savage . - November 1944 : The squadron participated in strikes against a Japanese troop convoy in Ormoc Bay , Leyte and enemy positions on Luzon . - December 1944 : Strikes were flown against Luzon in preparation for the invasion of Lingayan Gulf , Luzon . - January 1945 : Squadron aircraft flew strikes against Luzon , Formosa , Hong Kong , Japanese convoys in South China Sea and along coast of French Indochina , and Okinawa . - 12 January 1945 : Lieutenant J . N . Howell , Jr and Lieutenant ( junior grade ) M . Throwbridge were awarded the Silver Star Medal for their action against a Japanese cruiser that was protecting a convoy off the coast of French Indochina . Their attacks contributed to the sinking of the cruiser . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station San Diego – 15 Oct 1943 - Naval Air Station Barbers Point – 21 Apr 1944* - Naval Air Station Puʻunene – 17 Jun 1944* - Naval Air Station San Diego – 23 Feb 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston – 16 Apr 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton – Jun 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Elizabeth City – 02 Nov 1945 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Charlestown – 21 Mar 1946 <NOWIKI>*</NOWIKI> Temporary shore assignment while the squadron conducted training in preparation for combat deployment . Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - TBF-1/TBM-1 Avenger – Nov 1943 - TBM-1C Avenger – Feb 1944 - TBM-3E Avenger – Jul 1945 - AD-1 Skyraider – 01 Aug 1949 |
[
"Hilltop Park"
] | easy | What was the home venue of New York Yankees from 1903 to 1912? | /wiki/New_York_Yankees#P115#0 | New York Yankees The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National Leagues ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the teams general manager , and Aaron Boone is the teams field manager . The teams home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance . Arguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States , the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles , 40 American League pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues - after briefly trailing the NHLs Montreal Canadiens by one or two titles in the 1990s . Forty-four Yankees players and 11 Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , Whitey Ford , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter , with Rivera and Jeter having the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $5 billion . The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The teams rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports . From 1903 to 2020 , the Yankees overall win-loss record is 10,411–7,867 ( a winning percentage ) . History . 1901–1902 : Origins in Baltimore . In 1900 , Ban Johnson , the president of a minor league known as the Western League ( 1894–1899 ) , changed the Western League name to the American League ( AL ) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league . Johnson held that his league would operate in friendly terms with the National League , but the National League ridiculed the plan . Johnson declared official major league status for his league in 1901 . Plans to add a team in New York City were blocked by the NLs New York Giants . A team was instead placed in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1901 named the Orioles . Between 1901 and 1903 , many players and coaches on the Orioles roster jumped to the Giants . In January 1903 , a peace conference was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NLs Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it . The Orioles new owners , Frank J . Farrell and William S . Devery moved the team to New York in 1903 . 1903–1912 : Move to New York and the Highlanders years . The teams new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as American League Park ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattans highest points—between 165th and 168th Streets . The team was named the New York Highlanders . Fans believed the name was chosen because of the teams elevated location in Upper Manhattan , or as a nod to team president Joseph Gordons Scottish-Irish heritage ( the Gordon Highlanders were a well known Scottish military unit ) . Initially , the team was commonly referred to as the New York Americans . The team was also referred to as the Invaders in the Evening Journal . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or Yanks ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines . The Highlanders finished second in the AL in 1904 , 1906 , and 1910 . In 1904 , they lost the deciding game to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . That year , Highlander pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41 . At this time there was no formal World Series agreement wherein the AL and NL winners would play each other . 1913–1922 : New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds . The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders shared Hilltop Park with the Giants during a two-month renovation period . Later , from 1913 to 1922 , the Highlanders shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants . While playing at the Polo Grounds , the name Highlanders fell into disuse among the press . In 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and in need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert , a brewer , and Captain Tillinghast LHommedieu Huston , a contractor-engineer . 1923–1935 : Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderers Row . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ball clubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname The Insurrectos . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who later contributed to the teams success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of that trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it was not until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruths multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 — the year after acquiring Ruth — the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should move to some out-of-the-way place , like Queens , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow were important newcomers in this period . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 caused a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium , which took 11 months to build and cost $2.5 million . The team announced that 99,200 fans showed up on Opening Day and 25,000 were turned away . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Ruth hit a home run . The stadium was nicknamed The House That Ruth Built , due mainly to the fact that Ruth had doubled Yankees attendance , which helped the team pay for the new stadium . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year and won their first championship . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as Murderers Row , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . That season , the Yankees became the first team in baseball to occupy first place every day of the season , winning 110 games . The team also swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruths home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single-season home run record that stood until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 , although Maris had eight additional games in which to break the record . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting .373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBI , beating Ruths single-season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the teams streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruths Called Shot in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting swan song to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth left the Yankees to join the NLs Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . 1936–1951 : Joltin Joe DiMaggio . After Ruth left the Yankees following the 1934 season , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team won an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup on May 2 and retired due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which was later known as Lou Gehrigs Disease in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be Lou Gehrig Day , on which they retired his number 4 , the first retired number in baseball . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be the luckiest man on the face of the earth . He died two years later on June 2 , 1941 . The 1941 season was often described as the last year of the Golden Era before the United States entered World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive .400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series—the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles—the United States naval fleet was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , entered the military during World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St . Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard-fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankees field manager , however , was marked with success . The underdog Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face-off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggios career was winding down , and the Yankee Clipper retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the Oklahoma Kid , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars to fill the gap . 1951–1959 : Stengels Squad . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from – under Stengel , which remains an MLB record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengels teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his 12 seasons as the Yankees manager . The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won 103 games , but the Cleveland Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them . The Yankees came back strong the next year . In Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and the only postseason no-hitter until 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for San Francisco and Los Angeles , respectively . This left the Yankees as New Yorks only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves and became the second team to win the Series after being down 3–1 . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1958 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus 1955 and 1957 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees first African-American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . 1960–1964 : Mantle and Maris . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then-Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this special relationship with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankees farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O . Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . At that point , however , the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBI , and extra-base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mickey Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 was one of the most memorable in Yankees history . Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace and became known as the M&M Boys . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup . Maris continued though , and on October 1 , the last day of the regular season , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruths single-season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162-game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154-game season , two separate records would be kept for 30 years , until MLB reversed course and Maris held the record alone . His record would be broken by Mark McGwire , who hit 70 home runs in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109–53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a record 240 home runs . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League added an expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . This restored New York as a city with more than one team , as it had been from the late 1800s until 1957 . The Yankees won the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 . It was the Yankees last championship until 1977 . The Yankees easily reached the 1963 World Series when they won the pennant by 10.5 games , but they scored only four runs in the series and were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher , Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten 4–3 by the St . Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees last World Series appearance until 1976 . 1965–1972 : New ownership and a steep decline . After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80% of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . The 1965 edition of the team posted a record of 77–85 — the Yankees first losing record in 40 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished in last place in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next-to-last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ownership , in 1970 . The Yankees were not able to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961–62 off-season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . 1973–1981 : Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo . A group of investors , led by Cleveland-based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930–2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS in 1973 , for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the teams principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenners major goals was to renovate Yankee Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two-year renovation period . Since the city also owned Shea Stadium , the Mets were forced to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . In 1973 , Steinbrenner started the rule as the second MLB team with a personal appearance policy that includes being clean-shaven , with long hair slicked back or trimmed . This rule is still in effect today , and enforced by his sons after Georges passing . The Cincinnati Reds had the same personal appearance policy from 1967 until 1999 . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , the team hired former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed Big Red Machine . After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson—who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles—to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jacksons Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jacksons 5-year contract . Martin was hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankees organization and stadium being referred to as the Bronx Zoo . Despite the turmoil , Jackson hit four home runs in 1977 World Series and earned the Series MVP Award , and the nickname Mr . October . Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for defiance after he bunted while Martin had the swing signal on . Upon Jacksons return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : They deserve each other . Ones a born liar ; the others convicted . Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September . Going into the series , the Yankees were four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the Boston Massacre , winning the games 15–3 , 13–2 , 7–0 , and 7–4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by Louisiana Lightning Ron Guidry , who led the majors with nine shutouts , a 25–3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a tiebreaker game was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2–0 lead . In the seventh inning , light-hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three-run home run over the Fenway Parks Green Monster , putting the Yankees up 3–2 . Reggie Jacksons solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5–4 win that gave the Yankees their one-hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title . Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After defeating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series . They lost the first two games in Los Angeles , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and Game 6 back in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , catcher Thurman Munson died when his private plane crashed while he was practicing touch-and-go landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio , for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munsons , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munsons bat ( which he gave to his fallen friends wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the teams runs in a dramatic 5–4 walk-off victory . Before the game , Munsons locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankees clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munsons locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadiums museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Reggie Jackson hit .300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas Citys George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10-year contract . The team fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split-season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second-half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After defeating Milwaukee 3–2 , they swept the Oakland Athletics in a three-game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees won the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back to win the next four games to claim the World Series title . 1982–1995 : Struggles during the Mattingly years . Following the teams loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St . Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine , Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the Bronx Burners , increasing the Yankees ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of waiting around for a 3 run home run . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off-season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All-Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the 1980s were the first decade since the 1910s in which the Yankees did not win at least two Series ) and had only two playoff appearances . Although they consistently had a powerful offense —Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title through most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led MLB in runs scored for the decade — the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22–6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no-hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland As in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox , respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East both years . By the end of the decade , the Yankees offense declined . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire 1989 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfields tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the California Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free-agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last-place finish in franchise history . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant 1918 ! to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , chants of 1918 ! echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying CURSE OF THE BAMBINO , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing 1918 ! T-shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and early 1990s soon changed . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day-to-day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition/development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the clubs emphasis from high-priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the season was cut short by a players strike . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between these two Yankees teams , which included both teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the postseason would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike-shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and lost the next three in Seattle . Although Mattingly batted .417 with a home run and six RBI in the only postseason series of his career , his back problems led him to retire after the 1995 season . 1996–2007 : Core Four : Jeter , Posada , Pettitte , and Rivera . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( Clueless Joe was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenners ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who formed the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second-year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second-year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles 4–1 , which included a notable fan interference by Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0–2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18-year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians 3–2 . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a record of 114–48 , a then–AL record for the most wins in a season . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins . The Yankees went on to sweep the San Diego Padres in the World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins remains an MLB single-season record . On July 18 , 1999 , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees first postseason meeting with the rival Red Sox . The 1999 Yankees defeated the Red Sox 4–1 and swept the Braves in the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–99 Yankees a combined 22–3 record in the ( including four series sweeps ) in the six post-season series those years . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the Mets in the first New York City Subway World Series in 44 years . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of consecutive games won in World Series contests at 14 , surpassing the clubs previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankees teams of 1936–39 and 1949–53 , as well as the 1972–74 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . In aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–24 New York Giants , and the Yankees teams of 1936–39 , 1949–53 , 1955–58 and 1960–64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under .200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , Mr . November , echoing comparisons to Reggie Jacksons Mr . October , for his walk-off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled Prayer for America . A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL-best record of 103–58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels 3–1 . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101–61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven-game series , which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins . In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American professional sports history , to lose a best-of-seven series after taking a 3–0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS 3–2 to the Angels . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5-game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the Second Boston Massacre ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49–26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 , the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the Peoples Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees , 3–1 , in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced-length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2008–2016 : Championship run , followed by losing streak . After Torres departure , the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three-year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played there . The final regular-season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . During the off-season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A . J . Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error-free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they swept the Minnesota Twins before defeating the Los Angeles Angels in the ALCS , 4–2 . They Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies , in the World Series 4–2 , their 27th World Series title . The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torres Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All-Star break , public address announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the ALCS , 4–2 . In a 22–9 win over the Oakland Athletics on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers , 3–2 , in the ALDS . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the ALs best record at 95–67 . In mid-July , the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the ALDS . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk-off home run , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees 3–2 win . The Yankees defeated the Orioles in five games . However , in the ALCS , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four-game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season-ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the World Baseball Classic prior to the start of the season and played only 15 games for the Yankees . Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS , and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever . It was scored as 4–6–5–6–5–3–4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild-card era , eliminated them from playoff contention . They ended the season 85–77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013–14 off-season , the Yankees signed Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84–78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162-game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Jeter – playing his final home game – hit a walk-off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The Yankees would return to the playoffs in 2015 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aarons record of fifteen 30-home-run seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit-by-pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeiras place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5–3 with a 2.89 ERA in innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87–75 and in 2nd place . They were defeated by the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . In the off-season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman was later suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season with a record of 9–17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted .200 and .204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6–12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th-highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52–52 , and traded Chapman and Miller . 2017–present : Baby Bombers . On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39-year-old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees decision to be sellers , rather than buyers , at the trade deadline was unusual , given the Yankees typical win-now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the need to look toward the future . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the seasons end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , 2016 . In his fourth-to-last game , Teixeira hit a walk-off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back-to-back home runs in their first career at-bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the Baby Bombers . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016–17 off-season ; Chapman agreed to a five-year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative in history for a relief pitcher . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91–71 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Boston Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwires major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players in history to win a Home Run Derby . After the 2017 All-Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankees reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017–18 off-season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Girardi as their new manager . The Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right-handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs—both major league highs—in 2017 ; his contract was the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America at the time . The Yankees also traded third baseman Chase Headley and pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade create [ d ] payroll flexibility . On September 29 , 2018 Gleyber Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of the season which broke the record of the most home runs in a season , previously held by the 1997 Seattle Mariners . The Yankees ended the 2018 season with 267 home runs as well as a record of 100–62 . In the 2018 playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the Wild Card game , advancing to face the 108-win Red Sox in the ALDS . The Yankees fell to the Red Sox in the ALDS 3–1 . In Game 3 , the Yankees suffered their worst playoff defeat in team history , by a score of 16–1 . On June 25 , 2019 , the Yankees broke the record for the most home runs in consecutive games against the Toronto Blue Jays . On September 27 , the Yankees became the second team to reach 300 homers in a season , achieved by their ALDS opponent , the Minnesota Twins , a day earlier . The Yankees ended the 2019 season with a record of 103–59 , winning the AL East division title for the first time since 2012 . During the 2019 offseason , on December 18 , 2019 , the Yankees signed Gerrit Cole to a nine-year , $324 million contract . On August 28 , 2020 , the Yankees gave up a walk-off home run to Amed Rosario of the Mets in Yankee Stadium . The Mets were the home team because they were making up for a previously cancelled game . It was the first time a visiting player had hit a walk-off home run since Ed McKean hit one for the St . Louis Perfectos against the Cleveland Spiders in 1899 . The Yankees finished the shortened 2020 season with a record of 33–27 , finishing second in AL East . In the first round of the playoffs they swept the Cleveland Indians beating them in 2 games in the wild card series . In the ALDS , however , the Yankees were defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in five games , marking four consecutive playoff exits . Distinctions . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St . Louis Cardinals are in second place with 11 World Series championships . The Yankees number of World Series losses , 13 , is also an MLB record . The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in total World Series appearances with 20 . The Yankees have faced the Dodgers 11 times , going 8–3 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2018 , the Yankees have an all-time regular season winning percentage of .569 ( a 10,275 – 7,781 record ) , the best of any team in MLB history . On June 25 , 2019 , they set a new major league record for homering in 28 consecutive games , breaking the record set by the 2002 Texas Rangers . With the walk-off solo home run by DJ LeMahieu to win the game against the Oakland Athletics on August 31 , 2019 , the Yankees ended the month of August that year now holding a new record of 74 home runs hit in the month alone , a new record for the most home runs hit in a month by a single MLB team . World Series championships . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came when the new stadium opened in 2009 ; they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games under manager Joe Girardi . Team nicknames . The Yankees name is often shortened to the Yanks . Their most prominently used nickname is the Bronx Bombers or simply the Bombers , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is the Pinstripes , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as the Evil Empire , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the teams tumultuous late 1970s , the Bronx Zoo , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the Damn Yankees , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the Evil Empire as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play the villain . Popularity . Fan support . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road-trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home-town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million-fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million-fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record-setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular-season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in road attendance each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as Freddy Sez . For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 , at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees players use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees players , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures . The Bleacher Creatures are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right-field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing teams right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The creatures got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip Flip Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . The Judges Chambers at Yankee Stadium . In 2017 , team management ordered the creation of a special cheer section within Section 104 for fans of Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge , called the Judges Chambers . They were the second AL team to create a special cheering section , following the Seattle Mariners . The Judges Chambers was added in response to his rise as one of the leagues most popular young stars . The sections 18 seats are given to lucky ticketholders and their families , along with black judicial robes with the team logo on the front and Judges 99 jersey number on the back ; prior to the addition of the section , fans were wearing white wigs and judicial robes to games in support of Judge . Occasionally , community organizations , charities and Little League teams are given precedence when selecting participants . The seats , which are close to his position in right field , are surrounded by mahogany wood to emulate the appearance of the citys courthouses . Global expansion and business model . The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , which owns the teams regional YES sports network . The club has claimed that it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million , but this figure is attributed only to the ballclubs finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left-field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in-depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys to form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9% from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . In 2019 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $4.6 billion , up 15% from 2018 , which is currently the 2nd most valuable sports franchise only behind the Dallas Cowboys . Criticism . With the long-term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as the Bronx Zoo ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyles book ) or the Evil Empire . When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant Yankees Suck , and T-shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . Fight and theme songs . The official fight song for the Yankees is Here Come the Yankees , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts , until 1990 it was played as the theme for television broadcasts in several versions . Another song strongly linked to the team is New York , New York , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , regardless of the result of the game played in the stadium it is the Sinatra version that is played to close it out . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimiteds Get Ready For This is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimiteds Workaholic containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played ( whenever Aaron Judge scores a run the snippet is replaced by with The Clang tone by veteran composer Mike Post , used in the Law & Order franchise ) . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadiums Hammond organ . God Bless America has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played for many years since 2001 was an abbreviated version of Kate Smiths rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play-off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a cappella and includes a longer introduction , in 2019 the tradition of playing her version officially ended due to racial controversy involving Smith and the tune is now played live by the stadium organist during the stretch . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to Y.M.C.A. . Cotton-Eyed Joe , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmers garb is shown dancing in the stadiums control room , with the words Cotton-Eyed Joey at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the Zorba the Greek Theme , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television . The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network was launched in 2002 and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play-by-play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul ONeill working as commentators as part of a three-man , or occasionally two-man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on-site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR-TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play-by-play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish-language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939–40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944–57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958–60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961–66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967–70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971–77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978–80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981–2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002–2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN-FM 101.9 ( 2014–present ) . Past announcers . - Mel Allen was the teams lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . He was known as The voice of the Yankees . - Russ Hodges had a brief stint with Mel Allen before he took over as the lead announcer with the New York Giants . - Red Barber called Yankees games for 13 seasons ( 1954–1966 ) . - Jerry Coleman called Yankees games from 1963 to 1970 . - Joe Garagiola called Yankees games from 1965 to 1967 . - Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , was the longest-serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster . Retired numbers . The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadiums left-field fence and in front of the opposing teams bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left-field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrigs number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and was later observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No . 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodgers style , and on September 22 , 2013 , a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickeys number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have previously never issued , as the only single-digit number available for future Yankees . In 2019 the team signed Adam Ottavino and issued him the number 0 , which he previously wore as a member of the Colorado Rockies . At least two Yankees numbers have not been formally retired , but have been kept out of circulation . The New York Yankees have not re-issued Paul ONeills #21 since he ended his career at the end of 2001 , except for a brief period of a few days in 2008 when Morgan Ensberg and then LaTroy Hawkins wore #21 , before fan complaints led Hawkins to change his number to #22 in April . Additionally , the Yankees have held Alex Rodriguezs #13 out of circulation since his retirement in 2016 . Rivalries . Boston Red Sox . The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous , and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Yankees and Boston Red Sox Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed the best and greatest rivalry in all of sports . Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the rivals have met in the playoffs four times ( with the Yankees winning the 1999 and 2003 American League Championship Series and the Red Sox winning in 2004 American League Championship Series and the 2018 American League Division Series ) In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular-season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high-profile tiebreaker game for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing the next four games and the series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in MLB history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series . The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The terms historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11–3 record in the 14 championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations . The New York Yankees farm system consists of six minor league affiliates . Front office . The Yankees front office , as of 2019 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner/Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A . Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . |
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"Polo Grounds"
] | easy | What was the home venue of New York Yankees from 1913 to 1922? | /wiki/New_York_Yankees#P115#1 | New York Yankees The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National Leagues ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the teams general manager , and Aaron Boone is the teams field manager . The teams home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance . Arguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States , the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles , 40 American League pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues - after briefly trailing the NHLs Montreal Canadiens by one or two titles in the 1990s . Forty-four Yankees players and 11 Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , Whitey Ford , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter , with Rivera and Jeter having the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $5 billion . The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The teams rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports . From 1903 to 2020 , the Yankees overall win-loss record is 10,411–7,867 ( a winning percentage ) . History . 1901–1902 : Origins in Baltimore . In 1900 , Ban Johnson , the president of a minor league known as the Western League ( 1894–1899 ) , changed the Western League name to the American League ( AL ) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league . Johnson held that his league would operate in friendly terms with the National League , but the National League ridiculed the plan . Johnson declared official major league status for his league in 1901 . Plans to add a team in New York City were blocked by the NLs New York Giants . A team was instead placed in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1901 named the Orioles . Between 1901 and 1903 , many players and coaches on the Orioles roster jumped to the Giants . In January 1903 , a peace conference was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NLs Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it . The Orioles new owners , Frank J . Farrell and William S . Devery moved the team to New York in 1903 . 1903–1912 : Move to New York and the Highlanders years . The teams new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as American League Park ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattans highest points—between 165th and 168th Streets . The team was named the New York Highlanders . Fans believed the name was chosen because of the teams elevated location in Upper Manhattan , or as a nod to team president Joseph Gordons Scottish-Irish heritage ( the Gordon Highlanders were a well known Scottish military unit ) . Initially , the team was commonly referred to as the New York Americans . The team was also referred to as the Invaders in the Evening Journal . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or Yanks ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines . The Highlanders finished second in the AL in 1904 , 1906 , and 1910 . In 1904 , they lost the deciding game to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . That year , Highlander pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41 . At this time there was no formal World Series agreement wherein the AL and NL winners would play each other . 1913–1922 : New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds . The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders shared Hilltop Park with the Giants during a two-month renovation period . Later , from 1913 to 1922 , the Highlanders shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants . While playing at the Polo Grounds , the name Highlanders fell into disuse among the press . In 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and in need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert , a brewer , and Captain Tillinghast LHommedieu Huston , a contractor-engineer . 1923–1935 : Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderers Row . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ball clubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname The Insurrectos . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who later contributed to the teams success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of that trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it was not until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruths multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 — the year after acquiring Ruth — the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should move to some out-of-the-way place , like Queens , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow were important newcomers in this period . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 caused a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium , which took 11 months to build and cost $2.5 million . The team announced that 99,200 fans showed up on Opening Day and 25,000 were turned away . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Ruth hit a home run . The stadium was nicknamed The House That Ruth Built , due mainly to the fact that Ruth had doubled Yankees attendance , which helped the team pay for the new stadium . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year and won their first championship . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as Murderers Row , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . That season , the Yankees became the first team in baseball to occupy first place every day of the season , winning 110 games . The team also swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruths home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single-season home run record that stood until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 , although Maris had eight additional games in which to break the record . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting .373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBI , beating Ruths single-season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the teams streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruths Called Shot in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting swan song to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth left the Yankees to join the NLs Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . 1936–1951 : Joltin Joe DiMaggio . After Ruth left the Yankees following the 1934 season , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team won an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup on May 2 and retired due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which was later known as Lou Gehrigs Disease in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be Lou Gehrig Day , on which they retired his number 4 , the first retired number in baseball . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be the luckiest man on the face of the earth . He died two years later on June 2 , 1941 . The 1941 season was often described as the last year of the Golden Era before the United States entered World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive .400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series—the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles—the United States naval fleet was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , entered the military during World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St . Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard-fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankees field manager , however , was marked with success . The underdog Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face-off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggios career was winding down , and the Yankee Clipper retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the Oklahoma Kid , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars to fill the gap . 1951–1959 : Stengels Squad . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from – under Stengel , which remains an MLB record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengels teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his 12 seasons as the Yankees manager . The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won 103 games , but the Cleveland Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them . The Yankees came back strong the next year . In Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and the only postseason no-hitter until 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for San Francisco and Los Angeles , respectively . This left the Yankees as New Yorks only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves and became the second team to win the Series after being down 3–1 . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1958 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus 1955 and 1957 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees first African-American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . 1960–1964 : Mantle and Maris . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then-Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this special relationship with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankees farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O . Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . At that point , however , the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBI , and extra-base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mickey Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 was one of the most memorable in Yankees history . Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace and became known as the M&M Boys . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup . Maris continued though , and on October 1 , the last day of the regular season , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruths single-season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162-game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154-game season , two separate records would be kept for 30 years , until MLB reversed course and Maris held the record alone . His record would be broken by Mark McGwire , who hit 70 home runs in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109–53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a record 240 home runs . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League added an expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . This restored New York as a city with more than one team , as it had been from the late 1800s until 1957 . The Yankees won the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 . It was the Yankees last championship until 1977 . The Yankees easily reached the 1963 World Series when they won the pennant by 10.5 games , but they scored only four runs in the series and were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher , Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten 4–3 by the St . Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees last World Series appearance until 1976 . 1965–1972 : New ownership and a steep decline . After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80% of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . The 1965 edition of the team posted a record of 77–85 — the Yankees first losing record in 40 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished in last place in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next-to-last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ownership , in 1970 . The Yankees were not able to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961–62 off-season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . 1973–1981 : Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo . A group of investors , led by Cleveland-based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930–2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS in 1973 , for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the teams principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenners major goals was to renovate Yankee Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two-year renovation period . Since the city also owned Shea Stadium , the Mets were forced to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . In 1973 , Steinbrenner started the rule as the second MLB team with a personal appearance policy that includes being clean-shaven , with long hair slicked back or trimmed . This rule is still in effect today , and enforced by his sons after Georges passing . The Cincinnati Reds had the same personal appearance policy from 1967 until 1999 . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , the team hired former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed Big Red Machine . After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson—who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles—to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jacksons Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jacksons 5-year contract . Martin was hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankees organization and stadium being referred to as the Bronx Zoo . Despite the turmoil , Jackson hit four home runs in 1977 World Series and earned the Series MVP Award , and the nickname Mr . October . Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for defiance after he bunted while Martin had the swing signal on . Upon Jacksons return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : They deserve each other . Ones a born liar ; the others convicted . Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September . Going into the series , the Yankees were four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the Boston Massacre , winning the games 15–3 , 13–2 , 7–0 , and 7–4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by Louisiana Lightning Ron Guidry , who led the majors with nine shutouts , a 25–3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a tiebreaker game was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2–0 lead . In the seventh inning , light-hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three-run home run over the Fenway Parks Green Monster , putting the Yankees up 3–2 . Reggie Jacksons solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5–4 win that gave the Yankees their one-hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title . Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After defeating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series . They lost the first two games in Los Angeles , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and Game 6 back in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , catcher Thurman Munson died when his private plane crashed while he was practicing touch-and-go landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio , for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munsons , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munsons bat ( which he gave to his fallen friends wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the teams runs in a dramatic 5–4 walk-off victory . Before the game , Munsons locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankees clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munsons locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadiums museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Reggie Jackson hit .300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas Citys George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10-year contract . The team fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split-season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second-half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After defeating Milwaukee 3–2 , they swept the Oakland Athletics in a three-game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees won the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back to win the next four games to claim the World Series title . 1982–1995 : Struggles during the Mattingly years . Following the teams loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St . Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine , Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the Bronx Burners , increasing the Yankees ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of waiting around for a 3 run home run . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off-season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All-Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the 1980s were the first decade since the 1910s in which the Yankees did not win at least two Series ) and had only two playoff appearances . Although they consistently had a powerful offense —Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title through most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led MLB in runs scored for the decade — the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22–6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no-hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland As in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox , respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East both years . By the end of the decade , the Yankees offense declined . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire 1989 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfields tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the California Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free-agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last-place finish in franchise history . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant 1918 ! to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , chants of 1918 ! echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying CURSE OF THE BAMBINO , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing 1918 ! T-shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and early 1990s soon changed . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day-to-day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition/development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the clubs emphasis from high-priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the season was cut short by a players strike . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between these two Yankees teams , which included both teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the postseason would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike-shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and lost the next three in Seattle . Although Mattingly batted .417 with a home run and six RBI in the only postseason series of his career , his back problems led him to retire after the 1995 season . 1996–2007 : Core Four : Jeter , Posada , Pettitte , and Rivera . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( Clueless Joe was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenners ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who formed the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second-year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second-year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles 4–1 , which included a notable fan interference by Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0–2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18-year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians 3–2 . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a record of 114–48 , a then–AL record for the most wins in a season . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins . The Yankees went on to sweep the San Diego Padres in the World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins remains an MLB single-season record . On July 18 , 1999 , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees first postseason meeting with the rival Red Sox . The 1999 Yankees defeated the Red Sox 4–1 and swept the Braves in the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–99 Yankees a combined 22–3 record in the ( including four series sweeps ) in the six post-season series those years . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the Mets in the first New York City Subway World Series in 44 years . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of consecutive games won in World Series contests at 14 , surpassing the clubs previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankees teams of 1936–39 and 1949–53 , as well as the 1972–74 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . In aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–24 New York Giants , and the Yankees teams of 1936–39 , 1949–53 , 1955–58 and 1960–64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under .200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , Mr . November , echoing comparisons to Reggie Jacksons Mr . October , for his walk-off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled Prayer for America . A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL-best record of 103–58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels 3–1 . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101–61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven-game series , which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins . In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American professional sports history , to lose a best-of-seven series after taking a 3–0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS 3–2 to the Angels . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5-game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the Second Boston Massacre ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49–26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 , the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the Peoples Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees , 3–1 , in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced-length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2008–2016 : Championship run , followed by losing streak . After Torres departure , the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three-year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played there . The final regular-season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . During the off-season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A . J . Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error-free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they swept the Minnesota Twins before defeating the Los Angeles Angels in the ALCS , 4–2 . They Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies , in the World Series 4–2 , their 27th World Series title . The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torres Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All-Star break , public address announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the ALCS , 4–2 . In a 22–9 win over the Oakland Athletics on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers , 3–2 , in the ALDS . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the ALs best record at 95–67 . In mid-July , the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the ALDS . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk-off home run , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees 3–2 win . The Yankees defeated the Orioles in five games . However , in the ALCS , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four-game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season-ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the World Baseball Classic prior to the start of the season and played only 15 games for the Yankees . Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS , and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever . It was scored as 4–6–5–6–5–3–4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild-card era , eliminated them from playoff contention . They ended the season 85–77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013–14 off-season , the Yankees signed Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84–78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162-game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Jeter – playing his final home game – hit a walk-off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The Yankees would return to the playoffs in 2015 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aarons record of fifteen 30-home-run seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit-by-pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeiras place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5–3 with a 2.89 ERA in innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87–75 and in 2nd place . They were defeated by the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . In the off-season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman was later suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season with a record of 9–17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted .200 and .204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6–12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th-highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52–52 , and traded Chapman and Miller . 2017–present : Baby Bombers . On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39-year-old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees decision to be sellers , rather than buyers , at the trade deadline was unusual , given the Yankees typical win-now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the need to look toward the future . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the seasons end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , 2016 . In his fourth-to-last game , Teixeira hit a walk-off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back-to-back home runs in their first career at-bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the Baby Bombers . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016–17 off-season ; Chapman agreed to a five-year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative in history for a relief pitcher . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91–71 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Boston Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwires major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players in history to win a Home Run Derby . After the 2017 All-Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankees reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017–18 off-season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Girardi as their new manager . The Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right-handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs—both major league highs—in 2017 ; his contract was the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America at the time . The Yankees also traded third baseman Chase Headley and pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade create [ d ] payroll flexibility . On September 29 , 2018 Gleyber Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of the season which broke the record of the most home runs in a season , previously held by the 1997 Seattle Mariners . The Yankees ended the 2018 season with 267 home runs as well as a record of 100–62 . In the 2018 playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the Wild Card game , advancing to face the 108-win Red Sox in the ALDS . The Yankees fell to the Red Sox in the ALDS 3–1 . In Game 3 , the Yankees suffered their worst playoff defeat in team history , by a score of 16–1 . On June 25 , 2019 , the Yankees broke the record for the most home runs in consecutive games against the Toronto Blue Jays . On September 27 , the Yankees became the second team to reach 300 homers in a season , achieved by their ALDS opponent , the Minnesota Twins , a day earlier . The Yankees ended the 2019 season with a record of 103–59 , winning the AL East division title for the first time since 2012 . During the 2019 offseason , on December 18 , 2019 , the Yankees signed Gerrit Cole to a nine-year , $324 million contract . On August 28 , 2020 , the Yankees gave up a walk-off home run to Amed Rosario of the Mets in Yankee Stadium . The Mets were the home team because they were making up for a previously cancelled game . It was the first time a visiting player had hit a walk-off home run since Ed McKean hit one for the St . Louis Perfectos against the Cleveland Spiders in 1899 . The Yankees finished the shortened 2020 season with a record of 33–27 , finishing second in AL East . In the first round of the playoffs they swept the Cleveland Indians beating them in 2 games in the wild card series . In the ALDS , however , the Yankees were defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in five games , marking four consecutive playoff exits . Distinctions . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St . Louis Cardinals are in second place with 11 World Series championships . The Yankees number of World Series losses , 13 , is also an MLB record . The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in total World Series appearances with 20 . The Yankees have faced the Dodgers 11 times , going 8–3 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2018 , the Yankees have an all-time regular season winning percentage of .569 ( a 10,275 – 7,781 record ) , the best of any team in MLB history . On June 25 , 2019 , they set a new major league record for homering in 28 consecutive games , breaking the record set by the 2002 Texas Rangers . With the walk-off solo home run by DJ LeMahieu to win the game against the Oakland Athletics on August 31 , 2019 , the Yankees ended the month of August that year now holding a new record of 74 home runs hit in the month alone , a new record for the most home runs hit in a month by a single MLB team . World Series championships . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came when the new stadium opened in 2009 ; they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games under manager Joe Girardi . Team nicknames . The Yankees name is often shortened to the Yanks . Their most prominently used nickname is the Bronx Bombers or simply the Bombers , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is the Pinstripes , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as the Evil Empire , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the teams tumultuous late 1970s , the Bronx Zoo , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the Damn Yankees , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the Evil Empire as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play the villain . Popularity . Fan support . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road-trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home-town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million-fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million-fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record-setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular-season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in road attendance each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as Freddy Sez . For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 , at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees players use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees players , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures . The Bleacher Creatures are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right-field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing teams right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The creatures got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip Flip Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . The Judges Chambers at Yankee Stadium . In 2017 , team management ordered the creation of a special cheer section within Section 104 for fans of Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge , called the Judges Chambers . They were the second AL team to create a special cheering section , following the Seattle Mariners . The Judges Chambers was added in response to his rise as one of the leagues most popular young stars . The sections 18 seats are given to lucky ticketholders and their families , along with black judicial robes with the team logo on the front and Judges 99 jersey number on the back ; prior to the addition of the section , fans were wearing white wigs and judicial robes to games in support of Judge . Occasionally , community organizations , charities and Little League teams are given precedence when selecting participants . The seats , which are close to his position in right field , are surrounded by mahogany wood to emulate the appearance of the citys courthouses . Global expansion and business model . The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , which owns the teams regional YES sports network . The club has claimed that it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million , but this figure is attributed only to the ballclubs finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left-field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in-depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys to form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9% from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . In 2019 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $4.6 billion , up 15% from 2018 , which is currently the 2nd most valuable sports franchise only behind the Dallas Cowboys . Criticism . With the long-term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as the Bronx Zoo ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyles book ) or the Evil Empire . When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant Yankees Suck , and T-shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . Fight and theme songs . The official fight song for the Yankees is Here Come the Yankees , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts , until 1990 it was played as the theme for television broadcasts in several versions . Another song strongly linked to the team is New York , New York , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , regardless of the result of the game played in the stadium it is the Sinatra version that is played to close it out . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimiteds Get Ready For This is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimiteds Workaholic containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played ( whenever Aaron Judge scores a run the snippet is replaced by with The Clang tone by veteran composer Mike Post , used in the Law & Order franchise ) . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadiums Hammond organ . God Bless America has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played for many years since 2001 was an abbreviated version of Kate Smiths rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play-off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a cappella and includes a longer introduction , in 2019 the tradition of playing her version officially ended due to racial controversy involving Smith and the tune is now played live by the stadium organist during the stretch . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to Y.M.C.A. . Cotton-Eyed Joe , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmers garb is shown dancing in the stadiums control room , with the words Cotton-Eyed Joey at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the Zorba the Greek Theme , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television . The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network was launched in 2002 and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play-by-play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul ONeill working as commentators as part of a three-man , or occasionally two-man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on-site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR-TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play-by-play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish-language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939–40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944–57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958–60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961–66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967–70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971–77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978–80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981–2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002–2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN-FM 101.9 ( 2014–present ) . Past announcers . - Mel Allen was the teams lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . He was known as The voice of the Yankees . - Russ Hodges had a brief stint with Mel Allen before he took over as the lead announcer with the New York Giants . - Red Barber called Yankees games for 13 seasons ( 1954–1966 ) . - Jerry Coleman called Yankees games from 1963 to 1970 . - Joe Garagiola called Yankees games from 1965 to 1967 . - Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , was the longest-serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster . Retired numbers . The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadiums left-field fence and in front of the opposing teams bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left-field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrigs number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and was later observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No . 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodgers style , and on September 22 , 2013 , a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickeys number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have previously never issued , as the only single-digit number available for future Yankees . In 2019 the team signed Adam Ottavino and issued him the number 0 , which he previously wore as a member of the Colorado Rockies . At least two Yankees numbers have not been formally retired , but have been kept out of circulation . The New York Yankees have not re-issued Paul ONeills #21 since he ended his career at the end of 2001 , except for a brief period of a few days in 2008 when Morgan Ensberg and then LaTroy Hawkins wore #21 , before fan complaints led Hawkins to change his number to #22 in April . Additionally , the Yankees have held Alex Rodriguezs #13 out of circulation since his retirement in 2016 . Rivalries . Boston Red Sox . The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous , and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Yankees and Boston Red Sox Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed the best and greatest rivalry in all of sports . Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the rivals have met in the playoffs four times ( with the Yankees winning the 1999 and 2003 American League Championship Series and the Red Sox winning in 2004 American League Championship Series and the 2018 American League Division Series ) In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular-season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high-profile tiebreaker game for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing the next four games and the series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in MLB history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series . The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The terms historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11–3 record in the 14 championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations . The New York Yankees farm system consists of six minor league affiliates . Front office . The Yankees front office , as of 2019 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner/Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A . Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . |
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] | easy | What was the home venue of New York Yankees from 1923 to 1974? | /wiki/New_York_Yankees#P115#2 | New York Yankees The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National Leagues ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the teams general manager , and Aaron Boone is the teams field manager . The teams home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance . Arguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States , the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles , 40 American League pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues - after briefly trailing the NHLs Montreal Canadiens by one or two titles in the 1990s . Forty-four Yankees players and 11 Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , Whitey Ford , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter , with Rivera and Jeter having the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $5 billion . The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The teams rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports . From 1903 to 2020 , the Yankees overall win-loss record is 10,411–7,867 ( a winning percentage ) . History . 1901–1902 : Origins in Baltimore . In 1900 , Ban Johnson , the president of a minor league known as the Western League ( 1894–1899 ) , changed the Western League name to the American League ( AL ) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league . Johnson held that his league would operate in friendly terms with the National League , but the National League ridiculed the plan . Johnson declared official major league status for his league in 1901 . Plans to add a team in New York City were blocked by the NLs New York Giants . A team was instead placed in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1901 named the Orioles . Between 1901 and 1903 , many players and coaches on the Orioles roster jumped to the Giants . In January 1903 , a peace conference was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NLs Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it . The Orioles new owners , Frank J . Farrell and William S . Devery moved the team to New York in 1903 . 1903–1912 : Move to New York and the Highlanders years . The teams new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as American League Park ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattans highest points—between 165th and 168th Streets . The team was named the New York Highlanders . Fans believed the name was chosen because of the teams elevated location in Upper Manhattan , or as a nod to team president Joseph Gordons Scottish-Irish heritage ( the Gordon Highlanders were a well known Scottish military unit ) . Initially , the team was commonly referred to as the New York Americans . The team was also referred to as the Invaders in the Evening Journal . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or Yanks ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines . The Highlanders finished second in the AL in 1904 , 1906 , and 1910 . In 1904 , they lost the deciding game to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . That year , Highlander pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41 . At this time there was no formal World Series agreement wherein the AL and NL winners would play each other . 1913–1922 : New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds . The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders shared Hilltop Park with the Giants during a two-month renovation period . Later , from 1913 to 1922 , the Highlanders shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants . While playing at the Polo Grounds , the name Highlanders fell into disuse among the press . In 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and in need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert , a brewer , and Captain Tillinghast LHommedieu Huston , a contractor-engineer . 1923–1935 : Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderers Row . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ball clubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname The Insurrectos . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who later contributed to the teams success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of that trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it was not until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruths multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 — the year after acquiring Ruth — the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should move to some out-of-the-way place , like Queens , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow were important newcomers in this period . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 caused a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium , which took 11 months to build and cost $2.5 million . The team announced that 99,200 fans showed up on Opening Day and 25,000 were turned away . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Ruth hit a home run . The stadium was nicknamed The House That Ruth Built , due mainly to the fact that Ruth had doubled Yankees attendance , which helped the team pay for the new stadium . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year and won their first championship . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as Murderers Row , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . That season , the Yankees became the first team in baseball to occupy first place every day of the season , winning 110 games . The team also swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruths home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single-season home run record that stood until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 , although Maris had eight additional games in which to break the record . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting .373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBI , beating Ruths single-season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the teams streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruths Called Shot in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting swan song to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth left the Yankees to join the NLs Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . 1936–1951 : Joltin Joe DiMaggio . After Ruth left the Yankees following the 1934 season , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team won an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup on May 2 and retired due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which was later known as Lou Gehrigs Disease in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be Lou Gehrig Day , on which they retired his number 4 , the first retired number in baseball . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be the luckiest man on the face of the earth . He died two years later on June 2 , 1941 . The 1941 season was often described as the last year of the Golden Era before the United States entered World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive .400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series—the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles—the United States naval fleet was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , entered the military during World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St . Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard-fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankees field manager , however , was marked with success . The underdog Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face-off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggios career was winding down , and the Yankee Clipper retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the Oklahoma Kid , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars to fill the gap . 1951–1959 : Stengels Squad . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from – under Stengel , which remains an MLB record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengels teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his 12 seasons as the Yankees manager . The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won 103 games , but the Cleveland Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them . The Yankees came back strong the next year . In Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and the only postseason no-hitter until 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for San Francisco and Los Angeles , respectively . This left the Yankees as New Yorks only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves and became the second team to win the Series after being down 3–1 . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1958 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus 1955 and 1957 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees first African-American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . 1960–1964 : Mantle and Maris . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then-Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this special relationship with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankees farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O . Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . At that point , however , the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBI , and extra-base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mickey Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 was one of the most memorable in Yankees history . Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace and became known as the M&M Boys . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup . Maris continued though , and on October 1 , the last day of the regular season , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruths single-season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162-game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154-game season , two separate records would be kept for 30 years , until MLB reversed course and Maris held the record alone . His record would be broken by Mark McGwire , who hit 70 home runs in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109–53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a record 240 home runs . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League added an expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . This restored New York as a city with more than one team , as it had been from the late 1800s until 1957 . The Yankees won the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 . It was the Yankees last championship until 1977 . The Yankees easily reached the 1963 World Series when they won the pennant by 10.5 games , but they scored only four runs in the series and were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher , Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten 4–3 by the St . Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees last World Series appearance until 1976 . 1965–1972 : New ownership and a steep decline . After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80% of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . The 1965 edition of the team posted a record of 77–85 — the Yankees first losing record in 40 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished in last place in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next-to-last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ownership , in 1970 . The Yankees were not able to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961–62 off-season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . 1973–1981 : Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo . A group of investors , led by Cleveland-based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930–2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS in 1973 , for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the teams principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenners major goals was to renovate Yankee Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two-year renovation period . Since the city also owned Shea Stadium , the Mets were forced to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . In 1973 , Steinbrenner started the rule as the second MLB team with a personal appearance policy that includes being clean-shaven , with long hair slicked back or trimmed . This rule is still in effect today , and enforced by his sons after Georges passing . The Cincinnati Reds had the same personal appearance policy from 1967 until 1999 . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , the team hired former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed Big Red Machine . After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson—who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles—to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jacksons Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jacksons 5-year contract . Martin was hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankees organization and stadium being referred to as the Bronx Zoo . Despite the turmoil , Jackson hit four home runs in 1977 World Series and earned the Series MVP Award , and the nickname Mr . October . Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for defiance after he bunted while Martin had the swing signal on . Upon Jacksons return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : They deserve each other . Ones a born liar ; the others convicted . Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September . Going into the series , the Yankees were four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the Boston Massacre , winning the games 15–3 , 13–2 , 7–0 , and 7–4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by Louisiana Lightning Ron Guidry , who led the majors with nine shutouts , a 25–3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a tiebreaker game was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2–0 lead . In the seventh inning , light-hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three-run home run over the Fenway Parks Green Monster , putting the Yankees up 3–2 . Reggie Jacksons solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5–4 win that gave the Yankees their one-hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title . Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After defeating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series . They lost the first two games in Los Angeles , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and Game 6 back in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , catcher Thurman Munson died when his private plane crashed while he was practicing touch-and-go landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio , for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munsons , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munsons bat ( which he gave to his fallen friends wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the teams runs in a dramatic 5–4 walk-off victory . Before the game , Munsons locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankees clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munsons locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadiums museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Reggie Jackson hit .300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas Citys George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10-year contract . The team fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split-season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second-half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After defeating Milwaukee 3–2 , they swept the Oakland Athletics in a three-game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees won the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back to win the next four games to claim the World Series title . 1982–1995 : Struggles during the Mattingly years . Following the teams loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St . Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine , Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the Bronx Burners , increasing the Yankees ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of waiting around for a 3 run home run . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off-season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All-Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the 1980s were the first decade since the 1910s in which the Yankees did not win at least two Series ) and had only two playoff appearances . Although they consistently had a powerful offense —Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title through most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led MLB in runs scored for the decade — the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22–6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no-hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland As in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox , respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East both years . By the end of the decade , the Yankees offense declined . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire 1989 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfields tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the California Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free-agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last-place finish in franchise history . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant 1918 ! to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , chants of 1918 ! echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying CURSE OF THE BAMBINO , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing 1918 ! T-shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and early 1990s soon changed . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day-to-day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition/development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the clubs emphasis from high-priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the season was cut short by a players strike . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between these two Yankees teams , which included both teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the postseason would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike-shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and lost the next three in Seattle . Although Mattingly batted .417 with a home run and six RBI in the only postseason series of his career , his back problems led him to retire after the 1995 season . 1996–2007 : Core Four : Jeter , Posada , Pettitte , and Rivera . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( Clueless Joe was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenners ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who formed the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second-year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second-year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles 4–1 , which included a notable fan interference by Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0–2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18-year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians 3–2 . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a record of 114–48 , a then–AL record for the most wins in a season . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins . The Yankees went on to sweep the San Diego Padres in the World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins remains an MLB single-season record . On July 18 , 1999 , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees first postseason meeting with the rival Red Sox . The 1999 Yankees defeated the Red Sox 4–1 and swept the Braves in the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–99 Yankees a combined 22–3 record in the ( including four series sweeps ) in the six post-season series those years . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the Mets in the first New York City Subway World Series in 44 years . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of consecutive games won in World Series contests at 14 , surpassing the clubs previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankees teams of 1936–39 and 1949–53 , as well as the 1972–74 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . In aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–24 New York Giants , and the Yankees teams of 1936–39 , 1949–53 , 1955–58 and 1960–64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under .200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , Mr . November , echoing comparisons to Reggie Jacksons Mr . October , for his walk-off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled Prayer for America . A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL-best record of 103–58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels 3–1 . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101–61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven-game series , which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins . In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American professional sports history , to lose a best-of-seven series after taking a 3–0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS 3–2 to the Angels . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5-game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the Second Boston Massacre ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49–26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 , the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the Peoples Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees , 3–1 , in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced-length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2008–2016 : Championship run , followed by losing streak . After Torres departure , the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three-year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played there . The final regular-season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . During the off-season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A . J . Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error-free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they swept the Minnesota Twins before defeating the Los Angeles Angels in the ALCS , 4–2 . They Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies , in the World Series 4–2 , their 27th World Series title . The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torres Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All-Star break , public address announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the ALCS , 4–2 . In a 22–9 win over the Oakland Athletics on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers , 3–2 , in the ALDS . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the ALs best record at 95–67 . In mid-July , the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the ALDS . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk-off home run , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees 3–2 win . The Yankees defeated the Orioles in five games . However , in the ALCS , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four-game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season-ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the World Baseball Classic prior to the start of the season and played only 15 games for the Yankees . Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS , and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever . It was scored as 4–6–5–6–5–3–4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild-card era , eliminated them from playoff contention . They ended the season 85–77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013–14 off-season , the Yankees signed Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84–78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162-game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Jeter – playing his final home game – hit a walk-off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The Yankees would return to the playoffs in 2015 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aarons record of fifteen 30-home-run seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit-by-pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeiras place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5–3 with a 2.89 ERA in innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87–75 and in 2nd place . They were defeated by the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . In the off-season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman was later suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season with a record of 9–17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted .200 and .204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6–12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th-highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52–52 , and traded Chapman and Miller . 2017–present : Baby Bombers . On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39-year-old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees decision to be sellers , rather than buyers , at the trade deadline was unusual , given the Yankees typical win-now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the need to look toward the future . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the seasons end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , 2016 . In his fourth-to-last game , Teixeira hit a walk-off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back-to-back home runs in their first career at-bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the Baby Bombers . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016–17 off-season ; Chapman agreed to a five-year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative in history for a relief pitcher . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91–71 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Boston Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwires major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players in history to win a Home Run Derby . After the 2017 All-Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankees reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017–18 off-season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Girardi as their new manager . The Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right-handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs—both major league highs—in 2017 ; his contract was the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America at the time . The Yankees also traded third baseman Chase Headley and pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade create [ d ] payroll flexibility . On September 29 , 2018 Gleyber Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of the season which broke the record of the most home runs in a season , previously held by the 1997 Seattle Mariners . The Yankees ended the 2018 season with 267 home runs as well as a record of 100–62 . In the 2018 playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the Wild Card game , advancing to face the 108-win Red Sox in the ALDS . The Yankees fell to the Red Sox in the ALDS 3–1 . In Game 3 , the Yankees suffered their worst playoff defeat in team history , by a score of 16–1 . On June 25 , 2019 , the Yankees broke the record for the most home runs in consecutive games against the Toronto Blue Jays . On September 27 , the Yankees became the second team to reach 300 homers in a season , achieved by their ALDS opponent , the Minnesota Twins , a day earlier . The Yankees ended the 2019 season with a record of 103–59 , winning the AL East division title for the first time since 2012 . During the 2019 offseason , on December 18 , 2019 , the Yankees signed Gerrit Cole to a nine-year , $324 million contract . On August 28 , 2020 , the Yankees gave up a walk-off home run to Amed Rosario of the Mets in Yankee Stadium . The Mets were the home team because they were making up for a previously cancelled game . It was the first time a visiting player had hit a walk-off home run since Ed McKean hit one for the St . Louis Perfectos against the Cleveland Spiders in 1899 . The Yankees finished the shortened 2020 season with a record of 33–27 , finishing second in AL East . In the first round of the playoffs they swept the Cleveland Indians beating them in 2 games in the wild card series . In the ALDS , however , the Yankees were defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in five games , marking four consecutive playoff exits . Distinctions . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St . Louis Cardinals are in second place with 11 World Series championships . The Yankees number of World Series losses , 13 , is also an MLB record . The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in total World Series appearances with 20 . The Yankees have faced the Dodgers 11 times , going 8–3 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2018 , the Yankees have an all-time regular season winning percentage of .569 ( a 10,275 – 7,781 record ) , the best of any team in MLB history . On June 25 , 2019 , they set a new major league record for homering in 28 consecutive games , breaking the record set by the 2002 Texas Rangers . With the walk-off solo home run by DJ LeMahieu to win the game against the Oakland Athletics on August 31 , 2019 , the Yankees ended the month of August that year now holding a new record of 74 home runs hit in the month alone , a new record for the most home runs hit in a month by a single MLB team . World Series championships . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came when the new stadium opened in 2009 ; they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games under manager Joe Girardi . Team nicknames . The Yankees name is often shortened to the Yanks . Their most prominently used nickname is the Bronx Bombers or simply the Bombers , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is the Pinstripes , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as the Evil Empire , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the teams tumultuous late 1970s , the Bronx Zoo , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the Damn Yankees , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the Evil Empire as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play the villain . Popularity . Fan support . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road-trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home-town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million-fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million-fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record-setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular-season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in road attendance each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as Freddy Sez . For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 , at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees players use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees players , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures . The Bleacher Creatures are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right-field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing teams right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The creatures got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip Flip Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . The Judges Chambers at Yankee Stadium . In 2017 , team management ordered the creation of a special cheer section within Section 104 for fans of Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge , called the Judges Chambers . They were the second AL team to create a special cheering section , following the Seattle Mariners . The Judges Chambers was added in response to his rise as one of the leagues most popular young stars . The sections 18 seats are given to lucky ticketholders and their families , along with black judicial robes with the team logo on the front and Judges 99 jersey number on the back ; prior to the addition of the section , fans were wearing white wigs and judicial robes to games in support of Judge . Occasionally , community organizations , charities and Little League teams are given precedence when selecting participants . The seats , which are close to his position in right field , are surrounded by mahogany wood to emulate the appearance of the citys courthouses . Global expansion and business model . The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , which owns the teams regional YES sports network . The club has claimed that it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million , but this figure is attributed only to the ballclubs finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left-field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in-depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys to form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9% from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . In 2019 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $4.6 billion , up 15% from 2018 , which is currently the 2nd most valuable sports franchise only behind the Dallas Cowboys . Criticism . With the long-term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as the Bronx Zoo ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyles book ) or the Evil Empire . When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant Yankees Suck , and T-shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . Fight and theme songs . The official fight song for the Yankees is Here Come the Yankees , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts , until 1990 it was played as the theme for television broadcasts in several versions . Another song strongly linked to the team is New York , New York , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , regardless of the result of the game played in the stadium it is the Sinatra version that is played to close it out . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimiteds Get Ready For This is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimiteds Workaholic containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played ( whenever Aaron Judge scores a run the snippet is replaced by with The Clang tone by veteran composer Mike Post , used in the Law & Order franchise ) . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadiums Hammond organ . God Bless America has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played for many years since 2001 was an abbreviated version of Kate Smiths rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play-off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a cappella and includes a longer introduction , in 2019 the tradition of playing her version officially ended due to racial controversy involving Smith and the tune is now played live by the stadium organist during the stretch . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to Y.M.C.A. . Cotton-Eyed Joe , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmers garb is shown dancing in the stadiums control room , with the words Cotton-Eyed Joey at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the Zorba the Greek Theme , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television . The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network was launched in 2002 and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play-by-play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul ONeill working as commentators as part of a three-man , or occasionally two-man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on-site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR-TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play-by-play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish-language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939–40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944–57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958–60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961–66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967–70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971–77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978–80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981–2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002–2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN-FM 101.9 ( 2014–present ) . Past announcers . - Mel Allen was the teams lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . He was known as The voice of the Yankees . - Russ Hodges had a brief stint with Mel Allen before he took over as the lead announcer with the New York Giants . - Red Barber called Yankees games for 13 seasons ( 1954–1966 ) . - Jerry Coleman called Yankees games from 1963 to 1970 . - Joe Garagiola called Yankees games from 1965 to 1967 . - Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , was the longest-serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster . Retired numbers . The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadiums left-field fence and in front of the opposing teams bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left-field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrigs number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and was later observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No . 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodgers style , and on September 22 , 2013 , a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickeys number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have previously never issued , as the only single-digit number available for future Yankees . In 2019 the team signed Adam Ottavino and issued him the number 0 , which he previously wore as a member of the Colorado Rockies . At least two Yankees numbers have not been formally retired , but have been kept out of circulation . The New York Yankees have not re-issued Paul ONeills #21 since he ended his career at the end of 2001 , except for a brief period of a few days in 2008 when Morgan Ensberg and then LaTroy Hawkins wore #21 , before fan complaints led Hawkins to change his number to #22 in April . Additionally , the Yankees have held Alex Rodriguezs #13 out of circulation since his retirement in 2016 . Rivalries . Boston Red Sox . The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous , and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Yankees and Boston Red Sox Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed the best and greatest rivalry in all of sports . Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the rivals have met in the playoffs four times ( with the Yankees winning the 1999 and 2003 American League Championship Series and the Red Sox winning in 2004 American League Championship Series and the 2018 American League Division Series ) In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular-season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high-profile tiebreaker game for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing the next four games and the series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in MLB history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series . The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The terms historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11–3 record in the 14 championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations . The New York Yankees farm system consists of six minor league affiliates . Front office . The Yankees front office , as of 2019 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner/Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A . Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . |
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"Shea Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of New York Yankees from 1974 to 1975? | /wiki/New_York_Yankees#P115#3 | New York Yankees The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National Leagues ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the teams general manager , and Aaron Boone is the teams field manager . The teams home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance . Arguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States , the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles , 40 American League pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues - after briefly trailing the NHLs Montreal Canadiens by one or two titles in the 1990s . Forty-four Yankees players and 11 Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , Whitey Ford , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter , with Rivera and Jeter having the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $5 billion . The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The teams rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports . From 1903 to 2020 , the Yankees overall win-loss record is 10,411–7,867 ( a winning percentage ) . History . 1901–1902 : Origins in Baltimore . In 1900 , Ban Johnson , the president of a minor league known as the Western League ( 1894–1899 ) , changed the Western League name to the American League ( AL ) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league . Johnson held that his league would operate in friendly terms with the National League , but the National League ridiculed the plan . Johnson declared official major league status for his league in 1901 . Plans to add a team in New York City were blocked by the NLs New York Giants . A team was instead placed in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1901 named the Orioles . Between 1901 and 1903 , many players and coaches on the Orioles roster jumped to the Giants . In January 1903 , a peace conference was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NLs Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it . The Orioles new owners , Frank J . Farrell and William S . Devery moved the team to New York in 1903 . 1903–1912 : Move to New York and the Highlanders years . The teams new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as American League Park ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattans highest points—between 165th and 168th Streets . The team was named the New York Highlanders . Fans believed the name was chosen because of the teams elevated location in Upper Manhattan , or as a nod to team president Joseph Gordons Scottish-Irish heritage ( the Gordon Highlanders were a well known Scottish military unit ) . Initially , the team was commonly referred to as the New York Americans . The team was also referred to as the Invaders in the Evening Journal . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or Yanks ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines . The Highlanders finished second in the AL in 1904 , 1906 , and 1910 . In 1904 , they lost the deciding game to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . That year , Highlander pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41 . At this time there was no formal World Series agreement wherein the AL and NL winners would play each other . 1913–1922 : New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds . The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders shared Hilltop Park with the Giants during a two-month renovation period . Later , from 1913 to 1922 , the Highlanders shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants . While playing at the Polo Grounds , the name Highlanders fell into disuse among the press . In 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and in need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert , a brewer , and Captain Tillinghast LHommedieu Huston , a contractor-engineer . 1923–1935 : Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderers Row . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ball clubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname The Insurrectos . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who later contributed to the teams success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of that trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it was not until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruths multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 — the year after acquiring Ruth — the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should move to some out-of-the-way place , like Queens , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow were important newcomers in this period . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 caused a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium , which took 11 months to build and cost $2.5 million . The team announced that 99,200 fans showed up on Opening Day and 25,000 were turned away . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Ruth hit a home run . The stadium was nicknamed The House That Ruth Built , due mainly to the fact that Ruth had doubled Yankees attendance , which helped the team pay for the new stadium . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year and won their first championship . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as Murderers Row , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . That season , the Yankees became the first team in baseball to occupy first place every day of the season , winning 110 games . The team also swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruths home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single-season home run record that stood until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 , although Maris had eight additional games in which to break the record . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting .373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBI , beating Ruths single-season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the teams streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruths Called Shot in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting swan song to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth left the Yankees to join the NLs Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . 1936–1951 : Joltin Joe DiMaggio . After Ruth left the Yankees following the 1934 season , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team won an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup on May 2 and retired due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which was later known as Lou Gehrigs Disease in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be Lou Gehrig Day , on which they retired his number 4 , the first retired number in baseball . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be the luckiest man on the face of the earth . He died two years later on June 2 , 1941 . The 1941 season was often described as the last year of the Golden Era before the United States entered World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive .400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series—the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles—the United States naval fleet was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , entered the military during World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St . Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard-fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankees field manager , however , was marked with success . The underdog Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face-off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggios career was winding down , and the Yankee Clipper retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the Oklahoma Kid , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars to fill the gap . 1951–1959 : Stengels Squad . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from – under Stengel , which remains an MLB record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengels teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his 12 seasons as the Yankees manager . The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won 103 games , but the Cleveland Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them . The Yankees came back strong the next year . In Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and the only postseason no-hitter until 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for San Francisco and Los Angeles , respectively . This left the Yankees as New Yorks only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves and became the second team to win the Series after being down 3–1 . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1958 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus 1955 and 1957 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees first African-American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . 1960–1964 : Mantle and Maris . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then-Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this special relationship with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankees farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O . Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . At that point , however , the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBI , and extra-base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mickey Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 was one of the most memorable in Yankees history . Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace and became known as the M&M Boys . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup . Maris continued though , and on October 1 , the last day of the regular season , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruths single-season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162-game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154-game season , two separate records would be kept for 30 years , until MLB reversed course and Maris held the record alone . His record would be broken by Mark McGwire , who hit 70 home runs in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109–53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a record 240 home runs . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League added an expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . This restored New York as a city with more than one team , as it had been from the late 1800s until 1957 . The Yankees won the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 . It was the Yankees last championship until 1977 . The Yankees easily reached the 1963 World Series when they won the pennant by 10.5 games , but they scored only four runs in the series and were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher , Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten 4–3 by the St . Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees last World Series appearance until 1976 . 1965–1972 : New ownership and a steep decline . After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80% of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . The 1965 edition of the team posted a record of 77–85 — the Yankees first losing record in 40 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished in last place in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next-to-last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ownership , in 1970 . The Yankees were not able to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961–62 off-season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . 1973–1981 : Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo . A group of investors , led by Cleveland-based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930–2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS in 1973 , for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the teams principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenners major goals was to renovate Yankee Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two-year renovation period . Since the city also owned Shea Stadium , the Mets were forced to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . In 1973 , Steinbrenner started the rule as the second MLB team with a personal appearance policy that includes being clean-shaven , with long hair slicked back or trimmed . This rule is still in effect today , and enforced by his sons after Georges passing . The Cincinnati Reds had the same personal appearance policy from 1967 until 1999 . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , the team hired former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed Big Red Machine . After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson—who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles—to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jacksons Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jacksons 5-year contract . Martin was hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankees organization and stadium being referred to as the Bronx Zoo . Despite the turmoil , Jackson hit four home runs in 1977 World Series and earned the Series MVP Award , and the nickname Mr . October . Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for defiance after he bunted while Martin had the swing signal on . Upon Jacksons return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : They deserve each other . Ones a born liar ; the others convicted . Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September . Going into the series , the Yankees were four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the Boston Massacre , winning the games 15–3 , 13–2 , 7–0 , and 7–4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by Louisiana Lightning Ron Guidry , who led the majors with nine shutouts , a 25–3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a tiebreaker game was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2–0 lead . In the seventh inning , light-hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three-run home run over the Fenway Parks Green Monster , putting the Yankees up 3–2 . Reggie Jacksons solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5–4 win that gave the Yankees their one-hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title . Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After defeating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series . They lost the first two games in Los Angeles , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and Game 6 back in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , catcher Thurman Munson died when his private plane crashed while he was practicing touch-and-go landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio , for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munsons , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munsons bat ( which he gave to his fallen friends wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the teams runs in a dramatic 5–4 walk-off victory . Before the game , Munsons locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankees clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munsons locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadiums museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Reggie Jackson hit .300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas Citys George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10-year contract . The team fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split-season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second-half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After defeating Milwaukee 3–2 , they swept the Oakland Athletics in a three-game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees won the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back to win the next four games to claim the World Series title . 1982–1995 : Struggles during the Mattingly years . Following the teams loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St . Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine , Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the Bronx Burners , increasing the Yankees ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of waiting around for a 3 run home run . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off-season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All-Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the 1980s were the first decade since the 1910s in which the Yankees did not win at least two Series ) and had only two playoff appearances . Although they consistently had a powerful offense —Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title through most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led MLB in runs scored for the decade — the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22–6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no-hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland As in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox , respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East both years . By the end of the decade , the Yankees offense declined . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire 1989 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfields tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the California Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free-agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last-place finish in franchise history . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant 1918 ! to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , chants of 1918 ! echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying CURSE OF THE BAMBINO , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing 1918 ! T-shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and early 1990s soon changed . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day-to-day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition/development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the clubs emphasis from high-priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the season was cut short by a players strike . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between these two Yankees teams , which included both teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the postseason would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike-shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and lost the next three in Seattle . Although Mattingly batted .417 with a home run and six RBI in the only postseason series of his career , his back problems led him to retire after the 1995 season . 1996–2007 : Core Four : Jeter , Posada , Pettitte , and Rivera . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( Clueless Joe was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenners ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who formed the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second-year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second-year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles 4–1 , which included a notable fan interference by Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0–2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18-year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians 3–2 . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a record of 114–48 , a then–AL record for the most wins in a season . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins . The Yankees went on to sweep the San Diego Padres in the World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins remains an MLB single-season record . On July 18 , 1999 , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees first postseason meeting with the rival Red Sox . The 1999 Yankees defeated the Red Sox 4–1 and swept the Braves in the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–99 Yankees a combined 22–3 record in the ( including four series sweeps ) in the six post-season series those years . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the Mets in the first New York City Subway World Series in 44 years . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of consecutive games won in World Series contests at 14 , surpassing the clubs previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankees teams of 1936–39 and 1949–53 , as well as the 1972–74 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . In aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–24 New York Giants , and the Yankees teams of 1936–39 , 1949–53 , 1955–58 and 1960–64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under .200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , Mr . November , echoing comparisons to Reggie Jacksons Mr . October , for his walk-off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled Prayer for America . A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL-best record of 103–58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels 3–1 . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101–61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven-game series , which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins . In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American professional sports history , to lose a best-of-seven series after taking a 3–0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS 3–2 to the Angels . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5-game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the Second Boston Massacre ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49–26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 , the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the Peoples Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees , 3–1 , in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced-length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2008–2016 : Championship run , followed by losing streak . After Torres departure , the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three-year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played there . The final regular-season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . During the off-season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A . J . Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error-free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they swept the Minnesota Twins before defeating the Los Angeles Angels in the ALCS , 4–2 . They Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies , in the World Series 4–2 , their 27th World Series title . The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torres Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All-Star break , public address announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the ALCS , 4–2 . In a 22–9 win over the Oakland Athletics on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers , 3–2 , in the ALDS . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the ALs best record at 95–67 . In mid-July , the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the ALDS . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk-off home run , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees 3–2 win . The Yankees defeated the Orioles in five games . However , in the ALCS , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four-game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season-ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the World Baseball Classic prior to the start of the season and played only 15 games for the Yankees . Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS , and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever . It was scored as 4–6–5–6–5–3–4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild-card era , eliminated them from playoff contention . They ended the season 85–77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013–14 off-season , the Yankees signed Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84–78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162-game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Jeter – playing his final home game – hit a walk-off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The Yankees would return to the playoffs in 2015 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aarons record of fifteen 30-home-run seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit-by-pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeiras place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5–3 with a 2.89 ERA in innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87–75 and in 2nd place . They were defeated by the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . In the off-season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman was later suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season with a record of 9–17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted .200 and .204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6–12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th-highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52–52 , and traded Chapman and Miller . 2017–present : Baby Bombers . On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39-year-old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees decision to be sellers , rather than buyers , at the trade deadline was unusual , given the Yankees typical win-now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the need to look toward the future . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the seasons end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , 2016 . In his fourth-to-last game , Teixeira hit a walk-off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back-to-back home runs in their first career at-bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the Baby Bombers . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016–17 off-season ; Chapman agreed to a five-year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative in history for a relief pitcher . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91–71 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Boston Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwires major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players in history to win a Home Run Derby . After the 2017 All-Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankees reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017–18 off-season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Girardi as their new manager . The Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right-handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs—both major league highs—in 2017 ; his contract was the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America at the time . The Yankees also traded third baseman Chase Headley and pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade create [ d ] payroll flexibility . On September 29 , 2018 Gleyber Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of the season which broke the record of the most home runs in a season , previously held by the 1997 Seattle Mariners . The Yankees ended the 2018 season with 267 home runs as well as a record of 100–62 . In the 2018 playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the Wild Card game , advancing to face the 108-win Red Sox in the ALDS . The Yankees fell to the Red Sox in the ALDS 3–1 . In Game 3 , the Yankees suffered their worst playoff defeat in team history , by a score of 16–1 . On June 25 , 2019 , the Yankees broke the record for the most home runs in consecutive games against the Toronto Blue Jays . On September 27 , the Yankees became the second team to reach 300 homers in a season , achieved by their ALDS opponent , the Minnesota Twins , a day earlier . The Yankees ended the 2019 season with a record of 103–59 , winning the AL East division title for the first time since 2012 . During the 2019 offseason , on December 18 , 2019 , the Yankees signed Gerrit Cole to a nine-year , $324 million contract . On August 28 , 2020 , the Yankees gave up a walk-off home run to Amed Rosario of the Mets in Yankee Stadium . The Mets were the home team because they were making up for a previously cancelled game . It was the first time a visiting player had hit a walk-off home run since Ed McKean hit one for the St . Louis Perfectos against the Cleveland Spiders in 1899 . The Yankees finished the shortened 2020 season with a record of 33–27 , finishing second in AL East . In the first round of the playoffs they swept the Cleveland Indians beating them in 2 games in the wild card series . In the ALDS , however , the Yankees were defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in five games , marking four consecutive playoff exits . Distinctions . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St . Louis Cardinals are in second place with 11 World Series championships . The Yankees number of World Series losses , 13 , is also an MLB record . The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in total World Series appearances with 20 . The Yankees have faced the Dodgers 11 times , going 8–3 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2018 , the Yankees have an all-time regular season winning percentage of .569 ( a 10,275 – 7,781 record ) , the best of any team in MLB history . On June 25 , 2019 , they set a new major league record for homering in 28 consecutive games , breaking the record set by the 2002 Texas Rangers . With the walk-off solo home run by DJ LeMahieu to win the game against the Oakland Athletics on August 31 , 2019 , the Yankees ended the month of August that year now holding a new record of 74 home runs hit in the month alone , a new record for the most home runs hit in a month by a single MLB team . World Series championships . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came when the new stadium opened in 2009 ; they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games under manager Joe Girardi . Team nicknames . The Yankees name is often shortened to the Yanks . Their most prominently used nickname is the Bronx Bombers or simply the Bombers , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is the Pinstripes , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as the Evil Empire , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the teams tumultuous late 1970s , the Bronx Zoo , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the Damn Yankees , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the Evil Empire as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play the villain . Popularity . Fan support . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road-trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home-town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million-fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million-fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record-setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular-season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in road attendance each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as Freddy Sez . For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 , at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees players use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees players , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures . The Bleacher Creatures are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right-field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing teams right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The creatures got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip Flip Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . The Judges Chambers at Yankee Stadium . In 2017 , team management ordered the creation of a special cheer section within Section 104 for fans of Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge , called the Judges Chambers . They were the second AL team to create a special cheering section , following the Seattle Mariners . The Judges Chambers was added in response to his rise as one of the leagues most popular young stars . The sections 18 seats are given to lucky ticketholders and their families , along with black judicial robes with the team logo on the front and Judges 99 jersey number on the back ; prior to the addition of the section , fans were wearing white wigs and judicial robes to games in support of Judge . Occasionally , community organizations , charities and Little League teams are given precedence when selecting participants . The seats , which are close to his position in right field , are surrounded by mahogany wood to emulate the appearance of the citys courthouses . Global expansion and business model . The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , which owns the teams regional YES sports network . The club has claimed that it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million , but this figure is attributed only to the ballclubs finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left-field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in-depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys to form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9% from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . In 2019 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $4.6 billion , up 15% from 2018 , which is currently the 2nd most valuable sports franchise only behind the Dallas Cowboys . Criticism . With the long-term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as the Bronx Zoo ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyles book ) or the Evil Empire . When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant Yankees Suck , and T-shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . Fight and theme songs . The official fight song for the Yankees is Here Come the Yankees , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts , until 1990 it was played as the theme for television broadcasts in several versions . Another song strongly linked to the team is New York , New York , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , regardless of the result of the game played in the stadium it is the Sinatra version that is played to close it out . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimiteds Get Ready For This is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimiteds Workaholic containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played ( whenever Aaron Judge scores a run the snippet is replaced by with The Clang tone by veteran composer Mike Post , used in the Law & Order franchise ) . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadiums Hammond organ . God Bless America has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played for many years since 2001 was an abbreviated version of Kate Smiths rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play-off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a cappella and includes a longer introduction , in 2019 the tradition of playing her version officially ended due to racial controversy involving Smith and the tune is now played live by the stadium organist during the stretch . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to Y.M.C.A. . Cotton-Eyed Joe , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmers garb is shown dancing in the stadiums control room , with the words Cotton-Eyed Joey at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the Zorba the Greek Theme , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television . The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network was launched in 2002 and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play-by-play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul ONeill working as commentators as part of a three-man , or occasionally two-man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on-site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR-TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play-by-play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish-language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939–40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944–57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958–60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961–66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967–70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971–77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978–80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981–2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002–2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN-FM 101.9 ( 2014–present ) . Past announcers . - Mel Allen was the teams lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . He was known as The voice of the Yankees . - Russ Hodges had a brief stint with Mel Allen before he took over as the lead announcer with the New York Giants . - Red Barber called Yankees games for 13 seasons ( 1954–1966 ) . - Jerry Coleman called Yankees games from 1963 to 1970 . - Joe Garagiola called Yankees games from 1965 to 1967 . - Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , was the longest-serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster . Retired numbers . The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadiums left-field fence and in front of the opposing teams bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left-field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrigs number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and was later observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No . 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodgers style , and on September 22 , 2013 , a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickeys number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have previously never issued , as the only single-digit number available for future Yankees . In 2019 the team signed Adam Ottavino and issued him the number 0 , which he previously wore as a member of the Colorado Rockies . At least two Yankees numbers have not been formally retired , but have been kept out of circulation . The New York Yankees have not re-issued Paul ONeills #21 since he ended his career at the end of 2001 , except for a brief period of a few days in 2008 when Morgan Ensberg and then LaTroy Hawkins wore #21 , before fan complaints led Hawkins to change his number to #22 in April . Additionally , the Yankees have held Alex Rodriguezs #13 out of circulation since his retirement in 2016 . Rivalries . Boston Red Sox . The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous , and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Yankees and Boston Red Sox Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed the best and greatest rivalry in all of sports . Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the rivals have met in the playoffs four times ( with the Yankees winning the 1999 and 2003 American League Championship Series and the Red Sox winning in 2004 American League Championship Series and the 2018 American League Division Series ) In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular-season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high-profile tiebreaker game for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing the next four games and the series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in MLB history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series . The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The terms historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11–3 record in the 14 championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations . The New York Yankees farm system consists of six minor league affiliates . Front office . The Yankees front office , as of 2019 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner/Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A . Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . |
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"Yankee Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of New York Yankees from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/New_York_Yankees#P115#4 | New York Yankees The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National Leagues ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the teams general manager , and Aaron Boone is the teams field manager . The teams home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance . Arguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States , the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles , 40 American League pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues - after briefly trailing the NHLs Montreal Canadiens by one or two titles in the 1990s . Forty-four Yankees players and 11 Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , Whitey Ford , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter , with Rivera and Jeter having the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $5 billion . The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The teams rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports . From 1903 to 2020 , the Yankees overall win-loss record is 10,411–7,867 ( a winning percentage ) . History . 1901–1902 : Origins in Baltimore . In 1900 , Ban Johnson , the president of a minor league known as the Western League ( 1894–1899 ) , changed the Western League name to the American League ( AL ) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league . Johnson held that his league would operate in friendly terms with the National League , but the National League ridiculed the plan . Johnson declared official major league status for his league in 1901 . Plans to add a team in New York City were blocked by the NLs New York Giants . A team was instead placed in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1901 named the Orioles . Between 1901 and 1903 , many players and coaches on the Orioles roster jumped to the Giants . In January 1903 , a peace conference was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NLs Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it . The Orioles new owners , Frank J . Farrell and William S . Devery moved the team to New York in 1903 . 1903–1912 : Move to New York and the Highlanders years . The teams new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as American League Park ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattans highest points—between 165th and 168th Streets . The team was named the New York Highlanders . Fans believed the name was chosen because of the teams elevated location in Upper Manhattan , or as a nod to team president Joseph Gordons Scottish-Irish heritage ( the Gordon Highlanders were a well known Scottish military unit ) . Initially , the team was commonly referred to as the New York Americans . The team was also referred to as the Invaders in the Evening Journal . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or Yanks ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines . The Highlanders finished second in the AL in 1904 , 1906 , and 1910 . In 1904 , they lost the deciding game to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . That year , Highlander pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41 . At this time there was no formal World Series agreement wherein the AL and NL winners would play each other . 1913–1922 : New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds . The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders shared Hilltop Park with the Giants during a two-month renovation period . Later , from 1913 to 1922 , the Highlanders shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants . While playing at the Polo Grounds , the name Highlanders fell into disuse among the press . In 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and in need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert , a brewer , and Captain Tillinghast LHommedieu Huston , a contractor-engineer . 1923–1935 : Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderers Row . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ball clubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname The Insurrectos . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who later contributed to the teams success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of that trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it was not until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruths multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 — the year after acquiring Ruth — the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should move to some out-of-the-way place , like Queens , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow were important newcomers in this period . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 caused a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium , which took 11 months to build and cost $2.5 million . The team announced that 99,200 fans showed up on Opening Day and 25,000 were turned away . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Ruth hit a home run . The stadium was nicknamed The House That Ruth Built , due mainly to the fact that Ruth had doubled Yankees attendance , which helped the team pay for the new stadium . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year and won their first championship . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as Murderers Row , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . That season , the Yankees became the first team in baseball to occupy first place every day of the season , winning 110 games . The team also swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruths home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single-season home run record that stood until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 , although Maris had eight additional games in which to break the record . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting .373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBI , beating Ruths single-season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the teams streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruths Called Shot in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting swan song to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth left the Yankees to join the NLs Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . 1936–1951 : Joltin Joe DiMaggio . After Ruth left the Yankees following the 1934 season , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team won an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup on May 2 and retired due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which was later known as Lou Gehrigs Disease in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be Lou Gehrig Day , on which they retired his number 4 , the first retired number in baseball . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be the luckiest man on the face of the earth . He died two years later on June 2 , 1941 . The 1941 season was often described as the last year of the Golden Era before the United States entered World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive .400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series—the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles—the United States naval fleet was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , entered the military during World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St . Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard-fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankees field manager , however , was marked with success . The underdog Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face-off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggios career was winding down , and the Yankee Clipper retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the Oklahoma Kid , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars to fill the gap . 1951–1959 : Stengels Squad . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from – under Stengel , which remains an MLB record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengels teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his 12 seasons as the Yankees manager . The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won 103 games , but the Cleveland Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them . The Yankees came back strong the next year . In Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and the only postseason no-hitter until 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for San Francisco and Los Angeles , respectively . This left the Yankees as New Yorks only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves and became the second team to win the Series after being down 3–1 . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1958 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus 1955 and 1957 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees first African-American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . 1960–1964 : Mantle and Maris . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then-Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this special relationship with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankees farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O . Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . At that point , however , the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBI , and extra-base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mickey Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 was one of the most memorable in Yankees history . Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace and became known as the M&M Boys . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup . Maris continued though , and on October 1 , the last day of the regular season , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruths single-season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162-game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154-game season , two separate records would be kept for 30 years , until MLB reversed course and Maris held the record alone . His record would be broken by Mark McGwire , who hit 70 home runs in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109–53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a record 240 home runs . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League added an expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . This restored New York as a city with more than one team , as it had been from the late 1800s until 1957 . The Yankees won the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 . It was the Yankees last championship until 1977 . The Yankees easily reached the 1963 World Series when they won the pennant by 10.5 games , but they scored only four runs in the series and were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher , Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten 4–3 by the St . Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees last World Series appearance until 1976 . 1965–1972 : New ownership and a steep decline . After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80% of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . The 1965 edition of the team posted a record of 77–85 — the Yankees first losing record in 40 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished in last place in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next-to-last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ownership , in 1970 . The Yankees were not able to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961–62 off-season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . 1973–1981 : Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo . A group of investors , led by Cleveland-based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930–2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS in 1973 , for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the teams principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenners major goals was to renovate Yankee Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two-year renovation period . Since the city also owned Shea Stadium , the Mets were forced to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . In 1973 , Steinbrenner started the rule as the second MLB team with a personal appearance policy that includes being clean-shaven , with long hair slicked back or trimmed . This rule is still in effect today , and enforced by his sons after Georges passing . The Cincinnati Reds had the same personal appearance policy from 1967 until 1999 . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , the team hired former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed Big Red Machine . After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson—who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles—to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jacksons Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jacksons 5-year contract . Martin was hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankees organization and stadium being referred to as the Bronx Zoo . Despite the turmoil , Jackson hit four home runs in 1977 World Series and earned the Series MVP Award , and the nickname Mr . October . Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for defiance after he bunted while Martin had the swing signal on . Upon Jacksons return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : They deserve each other . Ones a born liar ; the others convicted . Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September . Going into the series , the Yankees were four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the Boston Massacre , winning the games 15–3 , 13–2 , 7–0 , and 7–4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by Louisiana Lightning Ron Guidry , who led the majors with nine shutouts , a 25–3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a tiebreaker game was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2–0 lead . In the seventh inning , light-hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three-run home run over the Fenway Parks Green Monster , putting the Yankees up 3–2 . Reggie Jacksons solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5–4 win that gave the Yankees their one-hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title . Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After defeating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series . They lost the first two games in Los Angeles , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and Game 6 back in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , catcher Thurman Munson died when his private plane crashed while he was practicing touch-and-go landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio , for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munsons , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munsons bat ( which he gave to his fallen friends wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the teams runs in a dramatic 5–4 walk-off victory . Before the game , Munsons locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankees clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munsons locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadiums museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Reggie Jackson hit .300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas Citys George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10-year contract . The team fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split-season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second-half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After defeating Milwaukee 3–2 , they swept the Oakland Athletics in a three-game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees won the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back to win the next four games to claim the World Series title . 1982–1995 : Struggles during the Mattingly years . Following the teams loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St . Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine , Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the Bronx Burners , increasing the Yankees ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of waiting around for a 3 run home run . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off-season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All-Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All-Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the 1980s were the first decade since the 1910s in which the Yankees did not win at least two Series ) and had only two playoff appearances . Although they consistently had a powerful offense —Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title through most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led MLB in runs scored for the decade — the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22–6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no-hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value – he was traded to the Oakland As in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox , respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East both years . By the end of the decade , the Yankees offense declined . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire 1989 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfields tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the California Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free-agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last-place finish in franchise history . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant 1918 ! to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , chants of 1918 ! echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying CURSE OF THE BAMBINO , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing 1918 ! T-shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and early 1990s soon changed . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day-to-day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition/development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the clubs emphasis from high-priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the season was cut short by a players strike . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between these two Yankees teams , which included both teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the postseason would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike-shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and lost the next three in Seattle . Although Mattingly batted .417 with a home run and six RBI in the only postseason series of his career , his back problems led him to retire after the 1995 season . 1996–2007 : Core Four : Jeter , Posada , Pettitte , and Rivera . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( Clueless Joe was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenners ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who formed the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second-year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second-year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles 4–1 , which included a notable fan interference by Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0–2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18-year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians 3–2 . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a record of 114–48 , a then–AL record for the most wins in a season . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins . The Yankees went on to sweep the San Diego Padres in the World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins remains an MLB single-season record . On July 18 , 1999 , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees first postseason meeting with the rival Red Sox . The 1999 Yankees defeated the Red Sox 4–1 and swept the Braves in the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–99 Yankees a combined 22–3 record in the ( including four series sweeps ) in the six post-season series those years . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the Mets in the first New York City Subway World Series in 44 years . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of consecutive games won in World Series contests at 14 , surpassing the clubs previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankees teams of 1936–39 and 1949–53 , as well as the 1972–74 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . In aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–24 New York Giants , and the Yankees teams of 1936–39 , 1949–53 , 1955–58 and 1960–64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under .200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , Mr . November , echoing comparisons to Reggie Jacksons Mr . October , for his walk-off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled Prayer for America . A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL-best record of 103–58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels 3–1 . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101–61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven-game series , which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins . In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American professional sports history , to lose a best-of-seven series after taking a 3–0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS 3–2 to the Angels . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5-game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the Second Boston Massacre ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49–26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 , the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the Peoples Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees , 3–1 , in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced-length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2008–2016 : Championship run , followed by losing streak . After Torres departure , the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three-year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played there . The final regular-season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . During the off-season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A . J . Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error-free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they swept the Minnesota Twins before defeating the Los Angeles Angels in the ALCS , 4–2 . They Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies , in the World Series 4–2 , their 27th World Series title . The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torres Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All-Star break , public address announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the ALCS , 4–2 . In a 22–9 win over the Oakland Athletics on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers , 3–2 , in the ALDS . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the ALs best record at 95–67 . In mid-July , the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the ALDS . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk-off home run , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees 3–2 win . The Yankees defeated the Orioles in five games . However , in the ALCS , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four-game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season-ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the World Baseball Classic prior to the start of the season and played only 15 games for the Yankees . Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS , and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever . It was scored as 4–6–5–6–5–3–4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild-card era , eliminated them from playoff contention . They ended the season 85–77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013–14 off-season , the Yankees signed Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84–78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162-game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Jeter – playing his final home game – hit a walk-off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The Yankees would return to the playoffs in 2015 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aarons record of fifteen 30-home-run seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit-by-pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeiras place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5–3 with a 2.89 ERA in innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87–75 and in 2nd place . They were defeated by the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . In the off-season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman was later suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season with a record of 9–17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted .200 and .204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6–12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th-highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52–52 , and traded Chapman and Miller . 2017–present : Baby Bombers . On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39-year-old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees decision to be sellers , rather than buyers , at the trade deadline was unusual , given the Yankees typical win-now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the need to look toward the future . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the seasons end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , 2016 . In his fourth-to-last game , Teixeira hit a walk-off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back-to-back home runs in their first career at-bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the Baby Bombers . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016–17 off-season ; Chapman agreed to a five-year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative in history for a relief pitcher . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91–71 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Boston Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwires major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players in history to win a Home Run Derby . After the 2017 All-Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankees reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017–18 off-season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Girardi as their new manager . The Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right-handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs—both major league highs—in 2017 ; his contract was the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America at the time . The Yankees also traded third baseman Chase Headley and pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade create [ d ] payroll flexibility . On September 29 , 2018 Gleyber Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of the season which broke the record of the most home runs in a season , previously held by the 1997 Seattle Mariners . The Yankees ended the 2018 season with 267 home runs as well as a record of 100–62 . In the 2018 playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Oakland Athletics in the Wild Card game , advancing to face the 108-win Red Sox in the ALDS . The Yankees fell to the Red Sox in the ALDS 3–1 . In Game 3 , the Yankees suffered their worst playoff defeat in team history , by a score of 16–1 . On June 25 , 2019 , the Yankees broke the record for the most home runs in consecutive games against the Toronto Blue Jays . On September 27 , the Yankees became the second team to reach 300 homers in a season , achieved by their ALDS opponent , the Minnesota Twins , a day earlier . The Yankees ended the 2019 season with a record of 103–59 , winning the AL East division title for the first time since 2012 . During the 2019 offseason , on December 18 , 2019 , the Yankees signed Gerrit Cole to a nine-year , $324 million contract . On August 28 , 2020 , the Yankees gave up a walk-off home run to Amed Rosario of the Mets in Yankee Stadium . The Mets were the home team because they were making up for a previously cancelled game . It was the first time a visiting player had hit a walk-off home run since Ed McKean hit one for the St . Louis Perfectos against the Cleveland Spiders in 1899 . The Yankees finished the shortened 2020 season with a record of 33–27 , finishing second in AL East . In the first round of the playoffs they swept the Cleveland Indians beating them in 2 games in the wild card series . In the ALDS , however , the Yankees were defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in five games , marking four consecutive playoff exits . Distinctions . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St . Louis Cardinals are in second place with 11 World Series championships . The Yankees number of World Series losses , 13 , is also an MLB record . The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers are second in total World Series appearances with 20 . The Yankees have faced the Dodgers 11 times , going 8–3 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2018 , the Yankees have an all-time regular season winning percentage of .569 ( a 10,275 – 7,781 record ) , the best of any team in MLB history . On June 25 , 2019 , they set a new major league record for homering in 28 consecutive games , breaking the record set by the 2002 Texas Rangers . With the walk-off solo home run by DJ LeMahieu to win the game against the Oakland Athletics on August 31 , 2019 , the Yankees ended the month of August that year now holding a new record of 74 home runs hit in the month alone , a new record for the most home runs hit in a month by a single MLB team . World Series championships . The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came when the new stadium opened in 2009 ; they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games under manager Joe Girardi . Team nicknames . The Yankees name is often shortened to the Yanks . Their most prominently used nickname is the Bronx Bombers or simply the Bombers , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is the Pinstripes , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as the Evil Empire , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the teams tumultuous late 1970s , the Bronx Zoo , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the Damn Yankees , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the Evil Empire as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play the villain . Popularity . Fan support . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road-trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home-town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million-fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million-fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record-setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular-season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in road attendance each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as Freddy Sez . For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 , at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees players use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees players , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures . The Bleacher Creatures are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right-field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing teams right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The creatures got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip Flip Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . The Judges Chambers at Yankee Stadium . In 2017 , team management ordered the creation of a special cheer section within Section 104 for fans of Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge , called the Judges Chambers . They were the second AL team to create a special cheering section , following the Seattle Mariners . The Judges Chambers was added in response to his rise as one of the leagues most popular young stars . The sections 18 seats are given to lucky ticketholders and their families , along with black judicial robes with the team logo on the front and Judges 99 jersey number on the back ; prior to the addition of the section , fans were wearing white wigs and judicial robes to games in support of Judge . Occasionally , community organizations , charities and Little League teams are given precedence when selecting participants . The seats , which are close to his position in right field , are surrounded by mahogany wood to emulate the appearance of the citys courthouses . Global expansion and business model . The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , which owns the teams regional YES sports network . The club has claimed that it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million , but this figure is attributed only to the ballclubs finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left-field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in-depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys to form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9% from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . In 2019 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $4.6 billion , up 15% from 2018 , which is currently the 2nd most valuable sports franchise only behind the Dallas Cowboys . Criticism . With the long-term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as the Bronx Zoo ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyles book ) or the Evil Empire . When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant Yankees Suck , and T-shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . Fight and theme songs . The official fight song for the Yankees is Here Come the Yankees , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts , until 1990 it was played as the theme for television broadcasts in several versions . Another song strongly linked to the team is New York , New York , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , regardless of the result of the game played in the stadium it is the Sinatra version that is played to close it out . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimiteds Get Ready For This is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimiteds Workaholic containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played ( whenever Aaron Judge scores a run the snippet is replaced by with The Clang tone by veteran composer Mike Post , used in the Law & Order franchise ) . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadiums Hammond organ . God Bless America has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played for many years since 2001 was an abbreviated version of Kate Smiths rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play-off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a cappella and includes a longer introduction , in 2019 the tradition of playing her version officially ended due to racial controversy involving Smith and the tune is now played live by the stadium organist during the stretch . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to Y.M.C.A. . Cotton-Eyed Joe , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmers garb is shown dancing in the stadiums control room , with the words Cotton-Eyed Joey at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the Zorba the Greek Theme , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television . The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network was launched in 2002 and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play-by-play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul ONeill working as commentators as part of a three-man , or occasionally two-man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on-site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR-TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play-by-play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish-language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939–40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944–57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958–60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961–66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967–70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971–77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978–80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981–2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002–2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN-FM 101.9 ( 2014–present ) . Past announcers . - Mel Allen was the teams lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . He was known as The voice of the Yankees . - Russ Hodges had a brief stint with Mel Allen before he took over as the lead announcer with the New York Giants . - Red Barber called Yankees games for 13 seasons ( 1954–1966 ) . - Jerry Coleman called Yankees games from 1963 to 1970 . - Joe Garagiola called Yankees games from 1965 to 1967 . - Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , was the longest-serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster . Retired numbers . The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadiums left-field fence and in front of the opposing teams bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left-field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrigs number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and was later observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No . 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodgers style , and on September 22 , 2013 , a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickeys number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have previously never issued , as the only single-digit number available for future Yankees . In 2019 the team signed Adam Ottavino and issued him the number 0 , which he previously wore as a member of the Colorado Rockies . At least two Yankees numbers have not been formally retired , but have been kept out of circulation . The New York Yankees have not re-issued Paul ONeills #21 since he ended his career at the end of 2001 , except for a brief period of a few days in 2008 when Morgan Ensberg and then LaTroy Hawkins wore #21 , before fan complaints led Hawkins to change his number to #22 in April . Additionally , the Yankees have held Alex Rodriguezs #13 out of circulation since his retirement in 2016 . Rivalries . Boston Red Sox . The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous , and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Yankees and Boston Red Sox Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed the best and greatest rivalry in all of sports . Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the rivals have met in the playoffs four times ( with the Yankees winning the 1999 and 2003 American League Championship Series and the Red Sox winning in 2004 American League Championship Series and the 2018 American League Division Series ) In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular-season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high-profile tiebreaker game for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing the next four games and the series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in MLB history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series . The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The terms historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11–3 record in the 14 championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations . The New York Yankees farm system consists of six minor league affiliates . Front office . The Yankees front office , as of 2019 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner/Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A . Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . |
[
"legislator",
"Vice Premier of the Republic of China"
] | easy | What was the position of Eric Chu from Feb 1999 to Dec 2001? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#0 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"magistrate of Taoyuan County"
] | easy | Eric Chu took which position from Dec 2001 to Nov 2008? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#1 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"Vice Chairman of Kuomintang"
] | easy | What position did Eric Chu take from Nov 2008 to Sep 2009? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#2 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"vice premier"
] | easy | Eric Chu took which position from Sep 2009 to May 2010? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#3 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"mayor of New Taipei"
] | easy | Eric Chu took which position from Dec 2010 to Apr 2014? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#4 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"New Taipei City mayoralty"
] | easy | What position did Eric Chu take from Apr 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#5 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
"Kuomintang Chairmanship"
] | easy | What was the position of Eric Chu from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Eric_Chu#P39#6 | Eric Chu Eric Chu Li-luan ( ; born on 7 June 1961 ) is a Taiwanese politician . He was born into a political family with strong Kuomintang ( KMT ) ties , and served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China , under Premier Wu Den-yih . Prior to this , Chu served as legislator ( 1999 to 2001 ) and as the magistrate of Taoyuan County ( 2001 to 2009 ) . He was elected as the first mayor of the newly established city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010 . On 17 January 2015 , he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang , succeeding Ma Ying-jeou . On 17 October 2015 , he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu . Chu was defeated by his opponent Tsai Ing-wen , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chairman . He was succeeded as mayor of New Taipei by Hou You-yi in 2018 . Early life . Chu was born in Bade City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan , son of a local Taoyuan County politician who served in the local legislature and also in the National Assembly . Chus mother is from Daxi Township . Chu is married to Kao Wan-ching ( ) ; his father-in-law , Kao Yu-jen , is former speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly , chairman of Twinhead International Corp and founder of FiberLogic Communications . Chu studied at the National Taiwan University , earning a bachelors degree in management in 1983 . After completing compulsory military service in the Republic of China Armed Forces , Chu then went abroad to study at New York University in the United States where he completed a masters degree in finance in 1987 and a PhD in accounting in 1991 . Early career . After graduation , Chu taught as an assistant professor at City University of New York before returning to teach in Taiwan in 1992 . He initially taught as an associate professor in accounting at National Taiwan University and was promoted to a tenured professor in 1997 . Early political career . He ran in the Republic of China legislative election held on 5 December 1998 , was elected as a Kuomintang legislator , and took office on 1 February 1999 . During his office term , he focused on financial and economic issues of Taiwan . In 2000 , he was appointed as the Chairman of Budgetary Committee and Finance Committee of the Legislative Yuan . He served the position for one year until 2001 . Taoyuan County magistrate . 2001 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu won the 2001 Taoyuan County Magistrate election held on 1 December 2001 as a member of then-opposition Kuomintang , defeating Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) candidate Perng Shaw-jiin . 2005 Taoyuan County magistrate election . Chu ran for re-election in the 2005 Republic of China local election on 3 December 2005 and defeated DPP challenger Cheng Pao-ching , CEO of Taiwan Salt Company . He then took office for his second term as magistrate on 20 December 2005 . 2009 Founders Awards . In March 2009 , Magistrate Chu , with other three local government officials , was named by the Intelligent Community Forum as the recipient of its annual Founders Awards for his effort in digital and technology development . The forum studies the impact of technology on communities . Grandmothers house named historic site . According to the Liberty Times , while Chu was serving as magistrate , his grandmothers home in Daxi was designated a historic architectural site ; in 2014 , after Chu registered to run for chairmanship of the KMT , just prior to the transfer of power to the DPP , the Taoyuan County Government Cultural Affairs Bureau signed contracts of NT$30.17 million ( US$1 mil ) of public spending to renovate the site . Resignation from position as County Magistrate . Chu did not complete his second term . He resigned his post as Taoyuan County Magistrate when he was named vice premier in 2009 . He was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon ( 黃敏恭 ) as acting magistrate on 10 September 2009 . Kuomintang Vice Chairmanship . During his second term as Magistrate of Taoyuan County , Chu concurrently served as the Vice Chairman of Kuomintang from November 2008 until October 2009 . 2009 Straits Forum . Addressing the audience as KMT Vice Chairman during the first Straits Forum in May 2009 held in Xiamen , Fujian , Chu stressed the importance of mindset change in boosting economic development across the strait , choose common development and jointly create a mutual benefit situation for both sides . ROC Vice Premiership . Vice Premier appointment . Chu was tapped by President Ma Ying-jeou to be the Vice Premier to Wu Den-yih on 7 September 2009 , in a reshuffling of the Executive Yuan due to the slow disaster response to Typhoon Morakot . Chus position as Magistrate of Taoyuan County was succeeded by Deputy Magistrate Huang Min-kon . At the age of 48 , Chu was the youngest Vice Premier in ROC history . Vice Premier resignation . On 13 May 2010 , Chu submitted his resignation to Premier Wu to run for mayor of the newly created New Taipei City , the successor of Taipei County . Financial Supervisory Commission chairperson Sean Chen was tapped to succeed Chu as deputy premier . New Taipei City Mayoralty . 2010 New Taipei City mayoralty election . In May 2010 before the New Taipei City Mayor election , Chu outlined his vision for the city . Noting the gap between New Taipei and Taipei , Chu promised to transform New Taipei if he was elected , where completing the mass rapid transit network in New Taipei will be his top priority . Chu defeated DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen on 27 November 2010 , to become the first mayor of New Taipei on 25 December 2010 . He named Hou You-yi , Hsu Chih-chien , and Lee Shih-chuan deputy mayors of the city . Hou and Chen Shen-hsien shared the deputy mayoral post soon after Lee was named Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan on 25 February 2014 and Hsu had stepped down on 30 June 2014 due to health concerns . Wikileaks . The content of some of Chus conversations with Stephen Young of the American Institute in Taiwan was included in US diplomatic cables that were released by WikiLeaks in 2011 . Chu claims that those cables do not accurately reflect the content of his conversations with Young . Taiwanese fisherman shooting incident . The Guang Da Xing No . 28 was fishing in disputed water in the South China Sea on 9 May 2013 when the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire on the Taiwanese fishing boat . Chu condemned the shooting and said that he would suspend all of the exchanges between New Taipei City and the Philippines until the Philippine government apologized for the incident , compensated the victims family and persecuted the perpetrators . 2014 New Taipei City mayoralty election . On 29 November 2014 , Chu won the New Taipei City mayoralty election , defeating his opponent Yu Shyi-kun of the Democratic Progressive Party . He had been expected to win a landslide victory , but he won by slightly more than 1% of the vote total . His second mayoral term started on 25 December 2014 . Kuomintang Chairmanship . Election . On 17 January 2015 , Chu ran unopposed in the KMT chairmanship election . He was the only candidate to have registered and paid the NT$2 million registration fee . He succeeded Ma Ying-jeou , who had resigned on 3 December 2014 to take responsibility for KMT losses in the ROC local election on 29 November 2014 . Cross-strait relations . Prior to the election , Chu said he had not yet decided on meeting with Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping after being elected as KMT chairman . Furthermore , he said that Cross-strait relations must stick to the current peaceful , open and mutually beneficial path , no matter which party is in power...but the economic benefits brought about by cross-strait development must not only go to a few vested groups... ( and ) We will pay special attention to an equitable distribution of wealth . On 4 May 2015 , Chu met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in Beijing . KMT Party Assets . Chu also acknowledged that the KMT has accumulated much of its wealth illegally , and that these assets should be returned to the nation . In 2000 Chu claimed that these assets total US$3.15 billion ; they include 146 plots of land , many in prime locations , as well as 157 houses and buildings . the majority of which were seized from Japanese and Taiwanese in 1945 and subsequently treated as belonging to the party , not the nation . After Chu announced his candidacy for KMT Chairmanship , however , he claimed not to know what assets are held or what their value might be . 2016 Republic of China presidential election . KMT candidate nomination . Though Chu had repeatedly refused to run in the 2016 presidential election , he was chosen to be the preferred candidate over the incumbent Hung Hsiu-chu in a KMT congress held at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on 17 October 2015 . KMT members in attendance overwhelmingly voted 812 of 891 to replace Hung over Chu . In a post-election speech , Chu apologized to Hung for her dismissal , but continued by saying the KMT has reached a crucial point where it needs to adjust its pace and start anew . He also apologized to New Taipei residents for breaking his promise to serve the city mayor until his term ends . The partys decision to replace Hung had been made prior to the meeting , and Chu had apologized to Hung multiple times for the way the party had treated her . Presidential campaign . On 19 October 2015 , Chu announced his intention to temporarily leave mayoral duties to Deputy Mayor Hou You-yi starting the next day . Chu planned to take three months of leave , to focus on his presidential campaign . The monthly salary of NT$190,500 Chu would have collected during this time was to be donated to the New Taipei City treasury . Election result . Chu suffered enormous defeat in the 2016 presidential election , losing 18 of 23 counties . He resigned the KMT chairmanship , and returned to the New Taipei City mayorship on 18 January 2016 . Family assets . According to a Control Yuan report issued in 2014 , the four members of Chus immediate family have combined savings of $23.5 million New Taiwan dollars . Chu also has securities and 11 plots of land in Taipei , Taoyuan City and Tainan ; furthermore , he has three homes in Taipeis Shilin District and Neihu District that are worth more than $100 million New Taiwan dollars . This same report reveals that from 2012 to 2014 , while serving as New Taipei City mayor , his assets grew by NT$7.5 million ( $251,200 United States dollars ) . External links . - New Taipei Mayor – New Taipei Government Portal |
[
""
] | easy | Where did Pieter Langendijk work from 1697 to 1704? | /wiki/Pieter_Langendijk#P937#0 | Pieter Langendijk Pieter Langendijk ( Haarlem , 25 July 1683 – Haarlem , 9 or 18 July 1756 ) was a damask weaver , city artist , dramatist , and poet . Life . Pieter was the son of Arend Kort , a mason born in Langedijk . His father died in 1689 so he temporarily came under the protection of the Amsterdam poet William Sewell . In 1695 , they moved to The Hague and his mother began a linen business . Pieter became a weaver and pattern draughtsman and joined artist circles , where he began to write poetry . Around 1708 Pieter took a course in drawing and painting with Frans van Steenwijk . On his 28th birthday his Don Quichot op de Bruiloft van Kamacho appeared . It proved a success and began a permanent run at the Schouwberg of Van Campen . The farces De zwetser and The mutual marriage-deception appeared the next year . Pieter wrote yet more comedies in the style of Molière , who he also translated and wrote about . With Hermanus Angelkot , he wrote Cato , dedicated to the mayor Nicolaes Witsen . Quincampoix , or the gamblers on the Stock Exchange became very famous , written in the notorious year 1720 that John Law ruined many investors in Paris . Arlequin Actionist was a commedia dellarte farce on the stockjobbery , one act long , with a real fight , dance and music . In 1721 he became Factor of the Haarlem Society Trou Moet Blycken and he moved back to Haarlem with his mother in 1722 . In the same year he was appointed as city-artist to Haarlem , and wrote yearly poems for the city from 1724-1744 . He had a house outside the city , while he could still get out the city . After his mother died in 1727 , he married a sickly and moody woman who died eleven years later . In 1747 , he had to sell a large part of its books and possessions . Pieter lived in Haarlems Proveniershuis , where he was given free accommodation in return for writing a history of the city . The previous description of the city was from 1628 , written by Samuel Ampzing . On his sickbed he wanted to be baptized at home , and only five days did Pieter survive after this religious performance.. . Works . Pieter wrote five pieces of comparable length , in which symmetry played a role . With exposition , intrigue and crisis , he respected the unities of time , place and action , using this classicist form to hold a mirror up to the bourgeoisie . Nowhere did the tone become moralizing , but was more a comedy of manners ( comédies des moeurs ) , showing the hypocrisy of those in the higher positions ( i.e. , the higher bourgeoisie or the impoverished middle-classes ) . Pieter wrote only a single tragedy , at the end of his life . Het wederzijds huwelijksbedrog ( The Mutual Marriage Deception ) . In this comedy , Lodewijk meets Charlotte . Lodewijk is an aristocrat , in great financial difficulties but acting as if he is a rich Polish count . He has a friend called Jan , who proposes to act out one of his barons , so to flirt with the maid of Charlotte : Klaartje . Jan served under Karel in the army , but left as a traitor . Charlotte also comes from the impoverished aristocracy , and acts as if her situation is more prosperous as well . It is very comical to see how both sides try to convince the other that they are extremely wealthy . This mutual marriage deception comes to light when Karel , the brother of Charlotte , unmasks everybody at the theatre . Charlotte and Lodewijk get married anyway , because they have fallen in love with each other . As for Klaartje and Jan , she is disgusted with Jan for lying to her , so she breaks up with him . After that , she tries to get back with her former lover , Hans ( who she broke up with when Jan started flirting with her ) but he wants nothing of her . In the end , the traitor Jan takes flight from the group , as to avoid punishment from his captain : Karel . De spiegel der vaderlandse kooplieden ( The Mirror of Dutch Merchants ) . This work also holds up a mirror to the audience . Two generations are placed opposite each other : those born in the 17th and 18th centuries . Ernst and Hendrik are conscientious seventeenth-century merchants who , through hard work , gain position . Their sons represent the following , 18th century generations , and are called Lichthart ( light heart ) , husband to Kwistgoed , and Losbol ( loose-liver ) , husband of Zoetje . They waste all the money that their fathers have made and the whole family fortune is lost . De Graaven van Holland , in jaardichten beschreven . Bundle of his yearly poems for the city of Haarlem , which formed a series on the Counts of Holland , were compiled with engravings by his nephew Hendrik Spilman in 1745 . His work on the history of Haarlem was never published , but his manuscript was used by Gerrit Willem van Oosten de Bruyn in 1765 . Works . - Spiegel der Vaderlandsche Kooplieden door Pieter Langendijk . Waar agter gevoegd is het Leeven van den Dichter . Uitgegeven met inleiding en aantekeningen door dr . G.A . van Es , ( 1979 ) External links . - Pieter Langendijk author page in the Digitale Bibliotheek Nederlandse Letteren |
[
"Amsterdam"
] | easy | What was the working location for Pieter Langendijk from 1704 to 1722? | /wiki/Pieter_Langendijk#P937#1 | Pieter Langendijk Pieter Langendijk ( Haarlem , 25 July 1683 – Haarlem , 9 or 18 July 1756 ) was a damask weaver , city artist , dramatist , and poet . Life . Pieter was the son of Arend Kort , a mason born in Langedijk . His father died in 1689 so he temporarily came under the protection of the Amsterdam poet William Sewell . In 1695 , they moved to The Hague and his mother began a linen business . Pieter became a weaver and pattern draughtsman and joined artist circles , where he began to write poetry . Around 1708 Pieter took a course in drawing and painting with Frans van Steenwijk . On his 28th birthday his Don Quichot op de Bruiloft van Kamacho appeared . It proved a success and began a permanent run at the Schouwberg of Van Campen . The farces De zwetser and The mutual marriage-deception appeared the next year . Pieter wrote yet more comedies in the style of Molière , who he also translated and wrote about . With Hermanus Angelkot , he wrote Cato , dedicated to the mayor Nicolaes Witsen . Quincampoix , or the gamblers on the Stock Exchange became very famous , written in the notorious year 1720 that John Law ruined many investors in Paris . Arlequin Actionist was a commedia dellarte farce on the stockjobbery , one act long , with a real fight , dance and music . In 1721 he became Factor of the Haarlem Society Trou Moet Blycken and he moved back to Haarlem with his mother in 1722 . In the same year he was appointed as city-artist to Haarlem , and wrote yearly poems for the city from 1724-1744 . He had a house outside the city , while he could still get out the city . After his mother died in 1727 , he married a sickly and moody woman who died eleven years later . In 1747 , he had to sell a large part of its books and possessions . Pieter lived in Haarlems Proveniershuis , where he was given free accommodation in return for writing a history of the city . The previous description of the city was from 1628 , written by Samuel Ampzing . On his sickbed he wanted to be baptized at home , and only five days did Pieter survive after this religious performance.. . Works . Pieter wrote five pieces of comparable length , in which symmetry played a role . With exposition , intrigue and crisis , he respected the unities of time , place and action , using this classicist form to hold a mirror up to the bourgeoisie . Nowhere did the tone become moralizing , but was more a comedy of manners ( comédies des moeurs ) , showing the hypocrisy of those in the higher positions ( i.e. , the higher bourgeoisie or the impoverished middle-classes ) . Pieter wrote only a single tragedy , at the end of his life . Het wederzijds huwelijksbedrog ( The Mutual Marriage Deception ) . In this comedy , Lodewijk meets Charlotte . Lodewijk is an aristocrat , in great financial difficulties but acting as if he is a rich Polish count . He has a friend called Jan , who proposes to act out one of his barons , so to flirt with the maid of Charlotte : Klaartje . Jan served under Karel in the army , but left as a traitor . Charlotte also comes from the impoverished aristocracy , and acts as if her situation is more prosperous as well . It is very comical to see how both sides try to convince the other that they are extremely wealthy . This mutual marriage deception comes to light when Karel , the brother of Charlotte , unmasks everybody at the theatre . Charlotte and Lodewijk get married anyway , because they have fallen in love with each other . As for Klaartje and Jan , she is disgusted with Jan for lying to her , so she breaks up with him . After that , she tries to get back with her former lover , Hans ( who she broke up with when Jan started flirting with her ) but he wants nothing of her . In the end , the traitor Jan takes flight from the group , as to avoid punishment from his captain : Karel . De spiegel der vaderlandse kooplieden ( The Mirror of Dutch Merchants ) . This work also holds up a mirror to the audience . Two generations are placed opposite each other : those born in the 17th and 18th centuries . Ernst and Hendrik are conscientious seventeenth-century merchants who , through hard work , gain position . Their sons represent the following , 18th century generations , and are called Lichthart ( light heart ) , husband to Kwistgoed , and Losbol ( loose-liver ) , husband of Zoetje . They waste all the money that their fathers have made and the whole family fortune is lost . De Graaven van Holland , in jaardichten beschreven . Bundle of his yearly poems for the city of Haarlem , which formed a series on the Counts of Holland , were compiled with engravings by his nephew Hendrik Spilman in 1745 . His work on the history of Haarlem was never published , but his manuscript was used by Gerrit Willem van Oosten de Bruyn in 1765 . Works . - Spiegel der Vaderlandsche Kooplieden door Pieter Langendijk . Waar agter gevoegd is het Leeven van den Dichter . Uitgegeven met inleiding en aantekeningen door dr . G.A . van Es , ( 1979 ) External links . - Pieter Langendijk author page in the Digitale Bibliotheek Nederlandse Letteren |
[
"Haarlem"
] | easy | Where did Pieter Langendijk work from 1722 to 1756? | /wiki/Pieter_Langendijk#P937#2 | Pieter Langendijk Pieter Langendijk ( Haarlem , 25 July 1683 – Haarlem , 9 or 18 July 1756 ) was a damask weaver , city artist , dramatist , and poet . Life . Pieter was the son of Arend Kort , a mason born in Langedijk . His father died in 1689 so he temporarily came under the protection of the Amsterdam poet William Sewell . In 1695 , they moved to The Hague and his mother began a linen business . Pieter became a weaver and pattern draughtsman and joined artist circles , where he began to write poetry . Around 1708 Pieter took a course in drawing and painting with Frans van Steenwijk . On his 28th birthday his Don Quichot op de Bruiloft van Kamacho appeared . It proved a success and began a permanent run at the Schouwberg of Van Campen . The farces De zwetser and The mutual marriage-deception appeared the next year . Pieter wrote yet more comedies in the style of Molière , who he also translated and wrote about . With Hermanus Angelkot , he wrote Cato , dedicated to the mayor Nicolaes Witsen . Quincampoix , or the gamblers on the Stock Exchange became very famous , written in the notorious year 1720 that John Law ruined many investors in Paris . Arlequin Actionist was a commedia dellarte farce on the stockjobbery , one act long , with a real fight , dance and music . In 1721 he became Factor of the Haarlem Society Trou Moet Blycken and he moved back to Haarlem with his mother in 1722 . In the same year he was appointed as city-artist to Haarlem , and wrote yearly poems for the city from 1724-1744 . He had a house outside the city , while he could still get out the city . After his mother died in 1727 , he married a sickly and moody woman who died eleven years later . In 1747 , he had to sell a large part of its books and possessions . Pieter lived in Haarlems Proveniershuis , where he was given free accommodation in return for writing a history of the city . The previous description of the city was from 1628 , written by Samuel Ampzing . On his sickbed he wanted to be baptized at home , and only five days did Pieter survive after this religious performance.. . Works . Pieter wrote five pieces of comparable length , in which symmetry played a role . With exposition , intrigue and crisis , he respected the unities of time , place and action , using this classicist form to hold a mirror up to the bourgeoisie . Nowhere did the tone become moralizing , but was more a comedy of manners ( comédies des moeurs ) , showing the hypocrisy of those in the higher positions ( i.e. , the higher bourgeoisie or the impoverished middle-classes ) . Pieter wrote only a single tragedy , at the end of his life . Het wederzijds huwelijksbedrog ( The Mutual Marriage Deception ) . In this comedy , Lodewijk meets Charlotte . Lodewijk is an aristocrat , in great financial difficulties but acting as if he is a rich Polish count . He has a friend called Jan , who proposes to act out one of his barons , so to flirt with the maid of Charlotte : Klaartje . Jan served under Karel in the army , but left as a traitor . Charlotte also comes from the impoverished aristocracy , and acts as if her situation is more prosperous as well . It is very comical to see how both sides try to convince the other that they are extremely wealthy . This mutual marriage deception comes to light when Karel , the brother of Charlotte , unmasks everybody at the theatre . Charlotte and Lodewijk get married anyway , because they have fallen in love with each other . As for Klaartje and Jan , she is disgusted with Jan for lying to her , so she breaks up with him . After that , she tries to get back with her former lover , Hans ( who she broke up with when Jan started flirting with her ) but he wants nothing of her . In the end , the traitor Jan takes flight from the group , as to avoid punishment from his captain : Karel . De spiegel der vaderlandse kooplieden ( The Mirror of Dutch Merchants ) . This work also holds up a mirror to the audience . Two generations are placed opposite each other : those born in the 17th and 18th centuries . Ernst and Hendrik are conscientious seventeenth-century merchants who , through hard work , gain position . Their sons represent the following , 18th century generations , and are called Lichthart ( light heart ) , husband to Kwistgoed , and Losbol ( loose-liver ) , husband of Zoetje . They waste all the money that their fathers have made and the whole family fortune is lost . De Graaven van Holland , in jaardichten beschreven . Bundle of his yearly poems for the city of Haarlem , which formed a series on the Counts of Holland , were compiled with engravings by his nephew Hendrik Spilman in 1745 . His work on the history of Haarlem was never published , but his manuscript was used by Gerrit Willem van Oosten de Bruyn in 1765 . Works . - Spiegel der Vaderlandsche Kooplieden door Pieter Langendijk . Waar agter gevoegd is het Leeven van den Dichter . Uitgegeven met inleiding en aantekeningen door dr . G.A . van Es , ( 1979 ) External links . - Pieter Langendijk author page in the Digitale Bibliotheek Nederlandse Letteren |
[
"Heart of Midlothian"
] | easy | Lee Wallace played for which team from 2004 to 2008? | /wiki/Lee_Wallace#P54#0 | Lee Wallace Lee Wallace ( born 1 August 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left back for Queens Park Rangers . He previously represented the Scotland national team with 10 caps . Wallace started his career Heart of Midlothian , making his debut in 2005 at age seventeen , and joined Rangers seven years later . He remained with the club upon its liquidation in 2012 and was awarded the club captaincy by the then-manager Mark Warburton in 2015 . He re-joined Warburton at Queens Park Rangers in June 2019 . Wallace has represented Scotland at both youth and full international level . Club career . Heart of Midlothian . Wallace signed professional terms with Heart of Midlothian in July 2004 , having progressed from the clubs youth team . Wallace made his debut in the 2004–05 season against Kilmarnock in the Scottish Cup on 5 February 2005 and became a regular member of the first team squad although he found it hard to dislodge Takis Fyssas from the left back position . Wallace scored his first goal in the replay of the cup tie against Kilmarnock in which he had made his debut . He was not selected in the match squad for the 2006 Scottish Cup Final . In the summer of 2006 fellow Scottish Premier League club Dundee United had a loan bid for Wallace rejected . A month later , Wallace signed a five-year contract with Hearts . Wallace was made Hearts vice-captain at the start of the 2010–11 season , however , a month later while representing Scotland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury following a late challenge by Martin Stocklasa . Despite returning at the start of 2011 , he continued to be blighted by injury and he made only seven appearances for the rest of the season . Rangers . On 22 June 2011 , Hearts rejected a bid of £300,000 from Rangers , deeming it as derisory . A week later Rangers made an improved offer of £1m , which was also rejected . Hearts then placed a £3m price tag on Wallace . Wolverhampton Wanderers , then a Premier League side , had also expressed an interest in Wallace but did not make any offers . On 21 July 2011 , a bid of £1.5m from Rangers was accepted by Hearts . Wallace signed a five-year deal with the club , becoming Ally McCoists second signing of the summer . Wallace made his Rangers debut in the Champions League qualifier on 26 July 2011 , in a 1–0 defeat , at the hands of Swedish side Malmo . Wallace scored his first goal for Rangers on Christmas Eve 2011 in a 2–1 defeat to St Mirren . Four days later he thought he had scored again on his Old Firm debut , but the goal was not given as it judged not to have crossed the line . Wallace scored his second goal for the club on 25 March 2012 , against Old Firm rivals Celtic , it was the third goal in a 3–2 win for Rangers . Following the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club plc , Wallace opted to transfer his contract to the new company . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season Wallace was appointed vice-captain . On 14 September 2012 , Wallace signed a new five-year contract with Rangers . Wallace was sent off during a game against Annan on 18 December 2012 , conceding a penalty which was saved by Rangers goalkeeper Neil Alexander . This red card was rescinded on appeal . Wallace started the first game of the 2013–14 season in a 4–0 win over Albion Rovers in the Scottish Challenge Cup . Wallace played in the first league game of the season in a 4–1 win over Brechin City at Ibrox . Wallace was the subject of much transfer speculation and both Nottingham Forest and West Ham United have been credited with interest in him . Forest manager Billy Davies made a pair of cash bids for Wallace in a bid to take him to The City Ground in January 2014 , but each approach was turned down by the then Rangers chief executive Graham Wallace as the offers did not match the clubs valuation . On 21 July 2015 , Wallace assumed the captaincy following the departure of previous captain Lee McCulloch . He was later named club captain by new Rangers manager Mark Warburton on 16 August . Wallace opened the 2015–16 season campaign by scoring a brace in Rangers 3–1 home victory over St Mirren on 7 August 2015 . Wallace was officially appointed captain on a permanent basis prior to Rangers 5–1 win over Alloa Athletic at Recreation Park on 16 August 2015 . On 5 April 2016 , Wallace captained Rangers to a 1–0 home victory against Dumbarton to win the Scottish Championship and earn promotion to the top flight of Scottish football . He also led out the team in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , the first major final in five years for Rangers . The match ended in a 3–2 win for opponents Hibernian , whose supporters staged a pitch invasion at the final whistle ; some Rangers players were confronted in the process of leaving the field , with Wallace a particular target due to his association with their Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts , and he appeared to be struck by at least one person during the disturbance . On 20 June 2016 , Wallace signed a contract extension with Rangers until 2019 . After signing , Wallace stated that he wanted to finish his career at Rangers . Wallace missed a 2016–17 Scottish League Cup match against Peterhead on 9 August 2016 , which ended a run of consecutive competitive appearances at 69 that had begun in February 2015 . In September 2017 , Wallace sustained a double hernia injury during a match against Partick Thistle . Initially ruled out for a few months , he did not play again in the 2017–18 season . Following a 4–0 defeat by Celtic in the 2017–18 Scottish Cup semi-finals , Wallace and teammate Kenny Miller were suspended by Rangers due to an alleged altercation with manager Graeme Murty . After an internal investigation Wallace was fined four weeks wages by Rangers , the maximum amount permitted . Wallace returned to the Rangers squad for pre-season activities in June 2018 . New manager Steven Gerrard said that he hoped the dispute would be resolved , and that Wallace would fully recover from his long-term injury . At the outset of the campaign , he was replaced as club captain by James Tavernier . In early September , he was not included in the Rangers squad for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage ; two days later , it was announced that he and Kenny Miller had won an appeal at a SPFL tribunal against the disciplinary action taken against them five months earlier , with the expectation they would make a financial claim against the club for the fines imposed . He would go on to make 3 substitute appearances in the 2018–19 season , getting a great reception from the Rangers supporters . Queens Park Rangers . On 14 June 2019 , Wallace joined English Championship team Queens Park Rangers on a two-year deal upon the expiry of his Rangers contract . Wallace made his debut in a 2-0 loss against Leeds United where he played as a left-side centre-back . He scored his first goal for QPR on 5 January 2020 in the FA Cup against Swansea City . Wallaces off-field involvements included helping midfielder-turned-defender Ryan Manning who kept Wallace out of the left-back role in the team . His time during his first season at QPR was mainly hampered by injuries . During the 2020-21 season , Wallace became a key figure in QPRs success during the second half of the season where they finished 9th in the Championship . For the month of March , Wallace was named Player of the Month as he helped keep 2 clean sheets and chipped in with assists in the games against Millwall and Reading . On 6 March 2021 , Wallace captained his first QPR game in a 2-0 win against Bristol City due to the absence of Geoff Cameron and captained 9 games after that . On 15 May 2021 , Wallace agreed a new one-year contact keeping him at QPR until 2022 . International career . Alongside Hearts team-mate Calum Elliot , Wallace was an integral part of the Scotland under-19 team that reached the final of the 2006 European Championships , where they lost 2–1 to Spain . He started every match at left back . Wallace made his full international debut for Scotland in October 2009 , playing in a friendly against Japan in Yokohama . He continued to feature for Scotland under manager Craig Levein . In the Euro 2012 Qualifying match against Liechtenstein , Wallace suffered a serious injury to his posterior cruciate knee ligament . Following Rangers demotion to the Scottish Third Division , doubt was cast on Wallaces future international career by Craig Levein . However , on 31 January 2013 , Wallace was named in the first squad of newly appointed Scotland manager Gordon Strachan . Wallace was named in the Scotland squad to face Croatia but late pulled out due to injury . In August 2013 , Rangers teammate David Templeton expressed his surprise at the omission of Wallace from the Scotland squad for the special challenge match with England . Manager Ally McCoist urged Wallace to use being overlooked for the international at Wembley as motivation to push into future Scotland squads . Wallace was recalled to the Scotland squad for the 2014 World Cup qualifiers with Belgium and Macedonia . Wallace was left out of the squad in March 2014 , as Strachan gave Andrew Robertson a first selection . After over two years out of the national team , Wallace was recalled for friendlies against Italy and France in May 2016 . He subsequently pulled out of the squad , along with teammates Chris Martin and Alan Hutton , for unknown reasons . Wallace played in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against England at Wembley in November 2016 , due to injuries to Robertson and Kieran Tierney . Coaching career . On 27 March 2015 , Wallace joined the coaching team at East of Scotland Football League side Tynecastle . Although his playing career will take precedence , Wallace aimed to combine both roles . He was in the away dugout as Rangers Under-20s played Tynecastle at Rangers Training Centre in July 2015 . Wallace is now an assistant coach for the under-20 team at Kelty Hearts . Personal life . In August 2006 , Wallace was charged with a firearms offence . Three months later , he admitted being in possession of an airgun and was fined £1,500 . In May 2009 , he was arrested and charged with breach of the peace outside an Edinburgh nightclub after allegedly threatening to shoot the doormen , however , this charge was later dropped and Wallace was fined £1,100 after admitting two charges of breach of the peace . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month : February 2009 - Heart of Midlothian Players Player of the Year : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Rangers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Rangers Players Player of the Year : 2012–13 , 2013–14 - John Greig Special Achievement Award : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Third Division Player of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland Third Division Team of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland League One Player of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland League One Team of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Championship Player of the Year : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Championship Team of the Year : 2015–16 External links . - Appearances at londonhearts.com - Scotland U21 stats at Fitbastats - Rangers F.C . profile |
[
""
] | easy | Lee Wallace played for which team from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Lee_Wallace#P54#1 | Lee Wallace Lee Wallace ( born 1 August 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left back for Queens Park Rangers . He previously represented the Scotland national team with 10 caps . Wallace started his career Heart of Midlothian , making his debut in 2005 at age seventeen , and joined Rangers seven years later . He remained with the club upon its liquidation in 2012 and was awarded the club captaincy by the then-manager Mark Warburton in 2015 . He re-joined Warburton at Queens Park Rangers in June 2019 . Wallace has represented Scotland at both youth and full international level . Club career . Heart of Midlothian . Wallace signed professional terms with Heart of Midlothian in July 2004 , having progressed from the clubs youth team . Wallace made his debut in the 2004–05 season against Kilmarnock in the Scottish Cup on 5 February 2005 and became a regular member of the first team squad although he found it hard to dislodge Takis Fyssas from the left back position . Wallace scored his first goal in the replay of the cup tie against Kilmarnock in which he had made his debut . He was not selected in the match squad for the 2006 Scottish Cup Final . In the summer of 2006 fellow Scottish Premier League club Dundee United had a loan bid for Wallace rejected . A month later , Wallace signed a five-year contract with Hearts . Wallace was made Hearts vice-captain at the start of the 2010–11 season , however , a month later while representing Scotland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury following a late challenge by Martin Stocklasa . Despite returning at the start of 2011 , he continued to be blighted by injury and he made only seven appearances for the rest of the season . Rangers . On 22 June 2011 , Hearts rejected a bid of £300,000 from Rangers , deeming it as derisory . A week later Rangers made an improved offer of £1m , which was also rejected . Hearts then placed a £3m price tag on Wallace . Wolverhampton Wanderers , then a Premier League side , had also expressed an interest in Wallace but did not make any offers . On 21 July 2011 , a bid of £1.5m from Rangers was accepted by Hearts . Wallace signed a five-year deal with the club , becoming Ally McCoists second signing of the summer . Wallace made his Rangers debut in the Champions League qualifier on 26 July 2011 , in a 1–0 defeat , at the hands of Swedish side Malmo . Wallace scored his first goal for Rangers on Christmas Eve 2011 in a 2–1 defeat to St Mirren . Four days later he thought he had scored again on his Old Firm debut , but the goal was not given as it judged not to have crossed the line . Wallace scored his second goal for the club on 25 March 2012 , against Old Firm rivals Celtic , it was the third goal in a 3–2 win for Rangers . Following the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club plc , Wallace opted to transfer his contract to the new company . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season Wallace was appointed vice-captain . On 14 September 2012 , Wallace signed a new five-year contract with Rangers . Wallace was sent off during a game against Annan on 18 December 2012 , conceding a penalty which was saved by Rangers goalkeeper Neil Alexander . This red card was rescinded on appeal . Wallace started the first game of the 2013–14 season in a 4–0 win over Albion Rovers in the Scottish Challenge Cup . Wallace played in the first league game of the season in a 4–1 win over Brechin City at Ibrox . Wallace was the subject of much transfer speculation and both Nottingham Forest and West Ham United have been credited with interest in him . Forest manager Billy Davies made a pair of cash bids for Wallace in a bid to take him to The City Ground in January 2014 , but each approach was turned down by the then Rangers chief executive Graham Wallace as the offers did not match the clubs valuation . On 21 July 2015 , Wallace assumed the captaincy following the departure of previous captain Lee McCulloch . He was later named club captain by new Rangers manager Mark Warburton on 16 August . Wallace opened the 2015–16 season campaign by scoring a brace in Rangers 3–1 home victory over St Mirren on 7 August 2015 . Wallace was officially appointed captain on a permanent basis prior to Rangers 5–1 win over Alloa Athletic at Recreation Park on 16 August 2015 . On 5 April 2016 , Wallace captained Rangers to a 1–0 home victory against Dumbarton to win the Scottish Championship and earn promotion to the top flight of Scottish football . He also led out the team in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , the first major final in five years for Rangers . The match ended in a 3–2 win for opponents Hibernian , whose supporters staged a pitch invasion at the final whistle ; some Rangers players were confronted in the process of leaving the field , with Wallace a particular target due to his association with their Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts , and he appeared to be struck by at least one person during the disturbance . On 20 June 2016 , Wallace signed a contract extension with Rangers until 2019 . After signing , Wallace stated that he wanted to finish his career at Rangers . Wallace missed a 2016–17 Scottish League Cup match against Peterhead on 9 August 2016 , which ended a run of consecutive competitive appearances at 69 that had begun in February 2015 . In September 2017 , Wallace sustained a double hernia injury during a match against Partick Thistle . Initially ruled out for a few months , he did not play again in the 2017–18 season . Following a 4–0 defeat by Celtic in the 2017–18 Scottish Cup semi-finals , Wallace and teammate Kenny Miller were suspended by Rangers due to an alleged altercation with manager Graeme Murty . After an internal investigation Wallace was fined four weeks wages by Rangers , the maximum amount permitted . Wallace returned to the Rangers squad for pre-season activities in June 2018 . New manager Steven Gerrard said that he hoped the dispute would be resolved , and that Wallace would fully recover from his long-term injury . At the outset of the campaign , he was replaced as club captain by James Tavernier . In early September , he was not included in the Rangers squad for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage ; two days later , it was announced that he and Kenny Miller had won an appeal at a SPFL tribunal against the disciplinary action taken against them five months earlier , with the expectation they would make a financial claim against the club for the fines imposed . He would go on to make 3 substitute appearances in the 2018–19 season , getting a great reception from the Rangers supporters . Queens Park Rangers . On 14 June 2019 , Wallace joined English Championship team Queens Park Rangers on a two-year deal upon the expiry of his Rangers contract . Wallace made his debut in a 2-0 loss against Leeds United where he played as a left-side centre-back . He scored his first goal for QPR on 5 January 2020 in the FA Cup against Swansea City . Wallaces off-field involvements included helping midfielder-turned-defender Ryan Manning who kept Wallace out of the left-back role in the team . His time during his first season at QPR was mainly hampered by injuries . During the 2020-21 season , Wallace became a key figure in QPRs success during the second half of the season where they finished 9th in the Championship . For the month of March , Wallace was named Player of the Month as he helped keep 2 clean sheets and chipped in with assists in the games against Millwall and Reading . On 6 March 2021 , Wallace captained his first QPR game in a 2-0 win against Bristol City due to the absence of Geoff Cameron and captained 9 games after that . On 15 May 2021 , Wallace agreed a new one-year contact keeping him at QPR until 2022 . International career . Alongside Hearts team-mate Calum Elliot , Wallace was an integral part of the Scotland under-19 team that reached the final of the 2006 European Championships , where they lost 2–1 to Spain . He started every match at left back . Wallace made his full international debut for Scotland in October 2009 , playing in a friendly against Japan in Yokohama . He continued to feature for Scotland under manager Craig Levein . In the Euro 2012 Qualifying match against Liechtenstein , Wallace suffered a serious injury to his posterior cruciate knee ligament . Following Rangers demotion to the Scottish Third Division , doubt was cast on Wallaces future international career by Craig Levein . However , on 31 January 2013 , Wallace was named in the first squad of newly appointed Scotland manager Gordon Strachan . Wallace was named in the Scotland squad to face Croatia but late pulled out due to injury . In August 2013 , Rangers teammate David Templeton expressed his surprise at the omission of Wallace from the Scotland squad for the special challenge match with England . Manager Ally McCoist urged Wallace to use being overlooked for the international at Wembley as motivation to push into future Scotland squads . Wallace was recalled to the Scotland squad for the 2014 World Cup qualifiers with Belgium and Macedonia . Wallace was left out of the squad in March 2014 , as Strachan gave Andrew Robertson a first selection . After over two years out of the national team , Wallace was recalled for friendlies against Italy and France in May 2016 . He subsequently pulled out of the squad , along with teammates Chris Martin and Alan Hutton , for unknown reasons . Wallace played in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against England at Wembley in November 2016 , due to injuries to Robertson and Kieran Tierney . Coaching career . On 27 March 2015 , Wallace joined the coaching team at East of Scotland Football League side Tynecastle . Although his playing career will take precedence , Wallace aimed to combine both roles . He was in the away dugout as Rangers Under-20s played Tynecastle at Rangers Training Centre in July 2015 . Wallace is now an assistant coach for the under-20 team at Kelty Hearts . Personal life . In August 2006 , Wallace was charged with a firearms offence . Three months later , he admitted being in possession of an airgun and was fined £1,500 . In May 2009 , he was arrested and charged with breach of the peace outside an Edinburgh nightclub after allegedly threatening to shoot the doormen , however , this charge was later dropped and Wallace was fined £1,100 after admitting two charges of breach of the peace . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month : February 2009 - Heart of Midlothian Players Player of the Year : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Rangers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Rangers Players Player of the Year : 2012–13 , 2013–14 - John Greig Special Achievement Award : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Third Division Player of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland Third Division Team of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland League One Player of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland League One Team of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Championship Player of the Year : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Championship Team of the Year : 2015–16 External links . - Appearances at londonhearts.com - Scotland U21 stats at Fitbastats - Rangers F.C . profile |
[
"Rangers"
] | easy | Lee Wallace played for which team from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Lee_Wallace#P54#2 | Lee Wallace Lee Wallace ( born 1 August 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left back for Queens Park Rangers . He previously represented the Scotland national team with 10 caps . Wallace started his career Heart of Midlothian , making his debut in 2005 at age seventeen , and joined Rangers seven years later . He remained with the club upon its liquidation in 2012 and was awarded the club captaincy by the then-manager Mark Warburton in 2015 . He re-joined Warburton at Queens Park Rangers in June 2019 . Wallace has represented Scotland at both youth and full international level . Club career . Heart of Midlothian . Wallace signed professional terms with Heart of Midlothian in July 2004 , having progressed from the clubs youth team . Wallace made his debut in the 2004–05 season against Kilmarnock in the Scottish Cup on 5 February 2005 and became a regular member of the first team squad although he found it hard to dislodge Takis Fyssas from the left back position . Wallace scored his first goal in the replay of the cup tie against Kilmarnock in which he had made his debut . He was not selected in the match squad for the 2006 Scottish Cup Final . In the summer of 2006 fellow Scottish Premier League club Dundee United had a loan bid for Wallace rejected . A month later , Wallace signed a five-year contract with Hearts . Wallace was made Hearts vice-captain at the start of the 2010–11 season , however , a month later while representing Scotland in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury following a late challenge by Martin Stocklasa . Despite returning at the start of 2011 , he continued to be blighted by injury and he made only seven appearances for the rest of the season . Rangers . On 22 June 2011 , Hearts rejected a bid of £300,000 from Rangers , deeming it as derisory . A week later Rangers made an improved offer of £1m , which was also rejected . Hearts then placed a £3m price tag on Wallace . Wolverhampton Wanderers , then a Premier League side , had also expressed an interest in Wallace but did not make any offers . On 21 July 2011 , a bid of £1.5m from Rangers was accepted by Hearts . Wallace signed a five-year deal with the club , becoming Ally McCoists second signing of the summer . Wallace made his Rangers debut in the Champions League qualifier on 26 July 2011 , in a 1–0 defeat , at the hands of Swedish side Malmo . Wallace scored his first goal for Rangers on Christmas Eve 2011 in a 2–1 defeat to St Mirren . Four days later he thought he had scored again on his Old Firm debut , but the goal was not given as it judged not to have crossed the line . Wallace scored his second goal for the club on 25 March 2012 , against Old Firm rivals Celtic , it was the third goal in a 3–2 win for Rangers . Following the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club plc , Wallace opted to transfer his contract to the new company . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season Wallace was appointed vice-captain . On 14 September 2012 , Wallace signed a new five-year contract with Rangers . Wallace was sent off during a game against Annan on 18 December 2012 , conceding a penalty which was saved by Rangers goalkeeper Neil Alexander . This red card was rescinded on appeal . Wallace started the first game of the 2013–14 season in a 4–0 win over Albion Rovers in the Scottish Challenge Cup . Wallace played in the first league game of the season in a 4–1 win over Brechin City at Ibrox . Wallace was the subject of much transfer speculation and both Nottingham Forest and West Ham United have been credited with interest in him . Forest manager Billy Davies made a pair of cash bids for Wallace in a bid to take him to The City Ground in January 2014 , but each approach was turned down by the then Rangers chief executive Graham Wallace as the offers did not match the clubs valuation . On 21 July 2015 , Wallace assumed the captaincy following the departure of previous captain Lee McCulloch . He was later named club captain by new Rangers manager Mark Warburton on 16 August . Wallace opened the 2015–16 season campaign by scoring a brace in Rangers 3–1 home victory over St Mirren on 7 August 2015 . Wallace was officially appointed captain on a permanent basis prior to Rangers 5–1 win over Alloa Athletic at Recreation Park on 16 August 2015 . On 5 April 2016 , Wallace captained Rangers to a 1–0 home victory against Dumbarton to win the Scottish Championship and earn promotion to the top flight of Scottish football . He also led out the team in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , the first major final in five years for Rangers . The match ended in a 3–2 win for opponents Hibernian , whose supporters staged a pitch invasion at the final whistle ; some Rangers players were confronted in the process of leaving the field , with Wallace a particular target due to his association with their Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts , and he appeared to be struck by at least one person during the disturbance . On 20 June 2016 , Wallace signed a contract extension with Rangers until 2019 . After signing , Wallace stated that he wanted to finish his career at Rangers . Wallace missed a 2016–17 Scottish League Cup match against Peterhead on 9 August 2016 , which ended a run of consecutive competitive appearances at 69 that had begun in February 2015 . In September 2017 , Wallace sustained a double hernia injury during a match against Partick Thistle . Initially ruled out for a few months , he did not play again in the 2017–18 season . Following a 4–0 defeat by Celtic in the 2017–18 Scottish Cup semi-finals , Wallace and teammate Kenny Miller were suspended by Rangers due to an alleged altercation with manager Graeme Murty . After an internal investigation Wallace was fined four weeks wages by Rangers , the maximum amount permitted . Wallace returned to the Rangers squad for pre-season activities in June 2018 . New manager Steven Gerrard said that he hoped the dispute would be resolved , and that Wallace would fully recover from his long-term injury . At the outset of the campaign , he was replaced as club captain by James Tavernier . In early September , he was not included in the Rangers squad for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage ; two days later , it was announced that he and Kenny Miller had won an appeal at a SPFL tribunal against the disciplinary action taken against them five months earlier , with the expectation they would make a financial claim against the club for the fines imposed . He would go on to make 3 substitute appearances in the 2018–19 season , getting a great reception from the Rangers supporters . Queens Park Rangers . On 14 June 2019 , Wallace joined English Championship team Queens Park Rangers on a two-year deal upon the expiry of his Rangers contract . Wallace made his debut in a 2-0 loss against Leeds United where he played as a left-side centre-back . He scored his first goal for QPR on 5 January 2020 in the FA Cup against Swansea City . Wallaces off-field involvements included helping midfielder-turned-defender Ryan Manning who kept Wallace out of the left-back role in the team . His time during his first season at QPR was mainly hampered by injuries . During the 2020-21 season , Wallace became a key figure in QPRs success during the second half of the season where they finished 9th in the Championship . For the month of March , Wallace was named Player of the Month as he helped keep 2 clean sheets and chipped in with assists in the games against Millwall and Reading . On 6 March 2021 , Wallace captained his first QPR game in a 2-0 win against Bristol City due to the absence of Geoff Cameron and captained 9 games after that . On 15 May 2021 , Wallace agreed a new one-year contact keeping him at QPR until 2022 . International career . Alongside Hearts team-mate Calum Elliot , Wallace was an integral part of the Scotland under-19 team that reached the final of the 2006 European Championships , where they lost 2–1 to Spain . He started every match at left back . Wallace made his full international debut for Scotland in October 2009 , playing in a friendly against Japan in Yokohama . He continued to feature for Scotland under manager Craig Levein . In the Euro 2012 Qualifying match against Liechtenstein , Wallace suffered a serious injury to his posterior cruciate knee ligament . Following Rangers demotion to the Scottish Third Division , doubt was cast on Wallaces future international career by Craig Levein . However , on 31 January 2013 , Wallace was named in the first squad of newly appointed Scotland manager Gordon Strachan . Wallace was named in the Scotland squad to face Croatia but late pulled out due to injury . In August 2013 , Rangers teammate David Templeton expressed his surprise at the omission of Wallace from the Scotland squad for the special challenge match with England . Manager Ally McCoist urged Wallace to use being overlooked for the international at Wembley as motivation to push into future Scotland squads . Wallace was recalled to the Scotland squad for the 2014 World Cup qualifiers with Belgium and Macedonia . Wallace was left out of the squad in March 2014 , as Strachan gave Andrew Robertson a first selection . After over two years out of the national team , Wallace was recalled for friendlies against Italy and France in May 2016 . He subsequently pulled out of the squad , along with teammates Chris Martin and Alan Hutton , for unknown reasons . Wallace played in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against England at Wembley in November 2016 , due to injuries to Robertson and Kieran Tierney . Coaching career . On 27 March 2015 , Wallace joined the coaching team at East of Scotland Football League side Tynecastle . Although his playing career will take precedence , Wallace aimed to combine both roles . He was in the away dugout as Rangers Under-20s played Tynecastle at Rangers Training Centre in July 2015 . Wallace is now an assistant coach for the under-20 team at Kelty Hearts . Personal life . In August 2006 , Wallace was charged with a firearms offence . Three months later , he admitted being in possession of an airgun and was fined £1,500 . In May 2009 , he was arrested and charged with breach of the peace outside an Edinburgh nightclub after allegedly threatening to shoot the doormen , however , this charge was later dropped and Wallace was fined £1,100 after admitting two charges of breach of the peace . Honours . Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month : February 2009 - Heart of Midlothian Players Player of the Year : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - Rangers Player of the Year : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Rangers Players Player of the Year : 2012–13 , 2013–14 - John Greig Special Achievement Award : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Third Division Player of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland Third Division Team of the Year : 2012–13 - PFA Scotland League One Player of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland League One Team of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Championship Player of the Year : 2015–16 - PFA Scotland Championship Team of the Year : 2015–16 External links . - Appearances at londonhearts.com - Scotland U21 stats at Fitbastats - Rangers F.C . profile |
[
"California State Treasurer"
] | easy | Romualdo Pacheco took which position from Oct 1863 to Dec 1867? | /wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco#P39#0 | Romualdo Pacheco José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco ( October 31 , 1831January 23 , 1899 ) was a California statesman and diplomat . He is best known as the only Hispanic to serve as Governor of California since statehood and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state , federal , and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career , including serving as a California State Treasurer , California State Senator , and three terms in the U.S . House of Representatives . Early life . José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio , born in Santa Barbara , California to a family with prominent connections . His father , José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco , had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825 , and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as Governor of Alta California . Pachecos father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831 , when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old . His father had shot Jose Maria Avila , who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance , but died when Avilas lance struck him . His mother , Maria Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco , was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo , the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa . After the death of his father , Romualdos mother married Captain John D . Wilson , a Scotsman , who sent Pacheco to Honolulu , Hawaii for his education . At age twelve , Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel . The Mexican–American War broke out two years later , and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846 , as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena ( modern day San Francisco ) . The ship he was on was searched , and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released . Politics . Pachecos association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s . He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area . Early in his political career in the 1850s , he was a Democrat . He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s , but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party . In 1853 , at age 22 , Pacheco successfully sought the position of judge in San Luis Obispo County . Pacheco was elected to the state senate in 1857 , succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra . He was re-elected two times , serving until 1863 . During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union . Pacheco served as state treasurer from 1863 to 1867 , then returned to the State Senate until becoming lieutenant governor . He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1875 . Pacheco then served as governor from February 27 , 1875 to December 9 , 1875 , when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin , winner in the September elections that year , was inaugurated . After briefly serving as governor , Pacheco ran for a U.S . House seat , defeating incumbent Peter D . Wigginton by just one vote . Wigginton contested the election , eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pachecos certificate of election . Returning to California , he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879 . He was reelected in 1880 . Diplomacy and death . After leaving Congress , Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S . Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890 . He returned to California in 1893 , and died in Oakland at the home of his brother-in-law in 1899 . He is buried in at Mountain View Cemetery . Personal life . On October 31 , 1863 he married Mary McIntire , a 22-year-old playwright . They had three children , Maybella Ramona Mabel ( 1863-1921 ) , Romualdo Waldo ( 1865-1871 ) , and Enrique Henry ( born 1868 ) . In 1889 Maybella married Will Tevis , the son of a powerful business family , in San Francisco . Maybella and Will would give Romualdo and Mary Pacheco four grandsons . Legacy . Pacheco served not only as the first Hispanic to hold the office of Governor of California , but the only one to do so in Californias history as a state . He is also remembered for being the first Hispanic to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Hispanics had served as non-voting delegates of territories before , but Pacheco was the first full-voting Hispanic member of congress . He was the last Hispanic Republican to represent California in the U.S . House of Representatives until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020 . |
[
"Lieutenant Governor of California"
] | easy | What position did Romualdo Pacheco take from Dec 1871 to Feb 1875? | /wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco#P39#1 | Romualdo Pacheco José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco ( October 31 , 1831January 23 , 1899 ) was a California statesman and diplomat . He is best known as the only Hispanic to serve as Governor of California since statehood and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state , federal , and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career , including serving as a California State Treasurer , California State Senator , and three terms in the U.S . House of Representatives . Early life . José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio , born in Santa Barbara , California to a family with prominent connections . His father , José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco , had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825 , and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as Governor of Alta California . Pachecos father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831 , when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old . His father had shot Jose Maria Avila , who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance , but died when Avilas lance struck him . His mother , Maria Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco , was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo , the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa . After the death of his father , Romualdos mother married Captain John D . Wilson , a Scotsman , who sent Pacheco to Honolulu , Hawaii for his education . At age twelve , Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel . The Mexican–American War broke out two years later , and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846 , as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena ( modern day San Francisco ) . The ship he was on was searched , and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released . Politics . Pachecos association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s . He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area . Early in his political career in the 1850s , he was a Democrat . He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s , but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party . In 1853 , at age 22 , Pacheco successfully sought the position of judge in San Luis Obispo County . Pacheco was elected to the state senate in 1857 , succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra . He was re-elected two times , serving until 1863 . During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union . Pacheco served as state treasurer from 1863 to 1867 , then returned to the State Senate until becoming lieutenant governor . He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1875 . Pacheco then served as governor from February 27 , 1875 to December 9 , 1875 , when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin , winner in the September elections that year , was inaugurated . After briefly serving as governor , Pacheco ran for a U.S . House seat , defeating incumbent Peter D . Wigginton by just one vote . Wigginton contested the election , eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pachecos certificate of election . Returning to California , he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879 . He was reelected in 1880 . Diplomacy and death . After leaving Congress , Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S . Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890 . He returned to California in 1893 , and died in Oakland at the home of his brother-in-law in 1899 . He is buried in at Mountain View Cemetery . Personal life . On October 31 , 1863 he married Mary McIntire , a 22-year-old playwright . They had three children , Maybella Ramona Mabel ( 1863-1921 ) , Romualdo Waldo ( 1865-1871 ) , and Enrique Henry ( born 1868 ) . In 1889 Maybella married Will Tevis , the son of a powerful business family , in San Francisco . Maybella and Will would give Romualdo and Mary Pacheco four grandsons . Legacy . Pacheco served not only as the first Hispanic to hold the office of Governor of California , but the only one to do so in Californias history as a state . He is also remembered for being the first Hispanic to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Hispanics had served as non-voting delegates of territories before , but Pacheco was the first full-voting Hispanic member of congress . He was the last Hispanic Republican to represent California in the U.S . House of Representatives until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020 . |
[
"Governor of California"
] | easy | Romualdo Pacheco took which position from Feb 1875 to Dec 1875? | /wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco#P39#2 | Romualdo Pacheco José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco ( October 31 , 1831January 23 , 1899 ) was a California statesman and diplomat . He is best known as the only Hispanic to serve as Governor of California since statehood and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state , federal , and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career , including serving as a California State Treasurer , California State Senator , and three terms in the U.S . House of Representatives . Early life . José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio , born in Santa Barbara , California to a family with prominent connections . His father , José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco , had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825 , and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as Governor of Alta California . Pachecos father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831 , when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old . His father had shot Jose Maria Avila , who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance , but died when Avilas lance struck him . His mother , Maria Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco , was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo , the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa . After the death of his father , Romualdos mother married Captain John D . Wilson , a Scotsman , who sent Pacheco to Honolulu , Hawaii for his education . At age twelve , Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel . The Mexican–American War broke out two years later , and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846 , as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena ( modern day San Francisco ) . The ship he was on was searched , and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released . Politics . Pachecos association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s . He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area . Early in his political career in the 1850s , he was a Democrat . He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s , but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party . In 1853 , at age 22 , Pacheco successfully sought the position of judge in San Luis Obispo County . Pacheco was elected to the state senate in 1857 , succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra . He was re-elected two times , serving until 1863 . During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union . Pacheco served as state treasurer from 1863 to 1867 , then returned to the State Senate until becoming lieutenant governor . He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1875 . Pacheco then served as governor from February 27 , 1875 to December 9 , 1875 , when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin , winner in the September elections that year , was inaugurated . After briefly serving as governor , Pacheco ran for a U.S . House seat , defeating incumbent Peter D . Wigginton by just one vote . Wigginton contested the election , eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pachecos certificate of election . Returning to California , he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879 . He was reelected in 1880 . Diplomacy and death . After leaving Congress , Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S . Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890 . He returned to California in 1893 , and died in Oakland at the home of his brother-in-law in 1899 . He is buried in at Mountain View Cemetery . Personal life . On October 31 , 1863 he married Mary McIntire , a 22-year-old playwright . They had three children , Maybella Ramona Mabel ( 1863-1921 ) , Romualdo Waldo ( 1865-1871 ) , and Enrique Henry ( born 1868 ) . In 1889 Maybella married Will Tevis , the son of a powerful business family , in San Francisco . Maybella and Will would give Romualdo and Mary Pacheco four grandsons . Legacy . Pacheco served not only as the first Hispanic to hold the office of Governor of California , but the only one to do so in Californias history as a state . He is also remembered for being the first Hispanic to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Hispanics had served as non-voting delegates of territories before , but Pacheco was the first full-voting Hispanic member of congress . He was the last Hispanic Republican to represent California in the U.S . House of Representatives until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020 . |
[
""
] | easy | Romualdo Pacheco took which position from Mar 1877 to Feb 1878? | /wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco#P39#3 | Romualdo Pacheco José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco ( October 31 , 1831January 23 , 1899 ) was a California statesman and diplomat . He is best known as the only Hispanic to serve as Governor of California since statehood and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state , federal , and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career , including serving as a California State Treasurer , California State Senator , and three terms in the U.S . House of Representatives . Early life . José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio , born in Santa Barbara , California to a family with prominent connections . His father , José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco , had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825 , and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as Governor of Alta California . Pachecos father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831 , when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old . His father had shot Jose Maria Avila , who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance , but died when Avilas lance struck him . His mother , Maria Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco , was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo , the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa . After the death of his father , Romualdos mother married Captain John D . Wilson , a Scotsman , who sent Pacheco to Honolulu , Hawaii for his education . At age twelve , Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel . The Mexican–American War broke out two years later , and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846 , as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena ( modern day San Francisco ) . The ship he was on was searched , and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released . Politics . Pachecos association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s . He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area . Early in his political career in the 1850s , he was a Democrat . He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s , but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party . In 1853 , at age 22 , Pacheco successfully sought the position of judge in San Luis Obispo County . Pacheco was elected to the state senate in 1857 , succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra . He was re-elected two times , serving until 1863 . During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union . Pacheco served as state treasurer from 1863 to 1867 , then returned to the State Senate until becoming lieutenant governor . He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1875 . Pacheco then served as governor from February 27 , 1875 to December 9 , 1875 , when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin , winner in the September elections that year , was inaugurated . After briefly serving as governor , Pacheco ran for a U.S . House seat , defeating incumbent Peter D . Wigginton by just one vote . Wigginton contested the election , eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pachecos certificate of election . Returning to California , he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879 . He was reelected in 1880 . Diplomacy and death . After leaving Congress , Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S . Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890 . He returned to California in 1893 , and died in Oakland at the home of his brother-in-law in 1899 . He is buried in at Mountain View Cemetery . Personal life . On October 31 , 1863 he married Mary McIntire , a 22-year-old playwright . They had three children , Maybella Ramona Mabel ( 1863-1921 ) , Romualdo Waldo ( 1865-1871 ) , and Enrique Henry ( born 1868 ) . In 1889 Maybella married Will Tevis , the son of a powerful business family , in San Francisco . Maybella and Will would give Romualdo and Mary Pacheco four grandsons . Legacy . Pacheco served not only as the first Hispanic to hold the office of Governor of California , but the only one to do so in Californias history as a state . He is also remembered for being the first Hispanic to represent a state in the U.S . Congress . Hispanics had served as non-voting delegates of territories before , but Pacheco was the first full-voting Hispanic member of congress . He was the last Hispanic Republican to represent California in the U.S . House of Representatives until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020 . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Mohd Farizal Marlias belong to from 2006 to 2010? | /wiki/Mohd_Farizal_Marlias#P54#0 | Mohd Farizal Marlias Mohd Farizal bin Marlias ( born 29 June 1986 ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Johor Darul Tazim and the Malaysia national team . He also played for the Malaysian Pre-Olympic squad . Club career . Farizal started his professional career with Shahzan Muda FC . He spent two seasons playing in the Premier League Malaysia . He transferred to Perlis and wore the number one jersey for two seasons . In 2011 , he joined Negeri Sembilan FA . Initially he became second-choice goalkeeper to Mohd Farizal Harun , but Farizal gradually becomes the number one goalkeeper after recovering from injury and subsequently helped his team winning the 2011 Malaysia Cup . He joined Perak FA at the end of 2012 . And in 2013 he joins Selangor . Now he joins Johor Darul Tazim FC for the 2015 season . International career . Farizal was selected as the third choice goalkeeper for the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup after Badrulzaman Abdul Halim was dropped because of injury . On 12 July 2009 , Farizal earned his first senior international appearance in an unofficial matches against Zimbabwe . He later made his full international debut against Kenya . He also featured with Malaysia Selection in the exhibition match against Manchester United in which he conceded three goals in the first game and two goals in the second game . In the first game , he assisted Mohd Amri Yahyah who scored a beautiful volley outside the penalty box . In 2010 , Malaysian coach K . Rajagobal called up Farizal for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup , but he was later ruled out by injury during a league match with Perlis . He was later replaced by Mohd Sharbinee Allawee Ramli . In 2011 , Farizal made his international comeback when he came on as a substitute against Hong Kong in February . In July , he was selected to play for Malaysia Selection in a match against Chelsea . He keep a clean sheet for the Malaysian side before being replaced by Harimau Muda A keeper Mohd Izham Tarmizi in the 75th minute . Honours . Club . - Negeri Sembilan - Malaysia Cup : 2011 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2012 - Johor Darul Tazim - Malaysia Cup : 2017 , 2019 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2015 , 2016 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 - Malaysia Super League : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Malaysia FA Cup : 2016 - AFC Cup : 2015 International . - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Gold - AFF Championship : 2014 , Runners-up : 2018 Individual . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2009 – Perlis FA - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2015 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2018 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2019 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . External links . - Profile at ifball.com - Farizal Marlias Statistics |
[
"Negeri Sembilan FA"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mohd Farizal Marlias belong to from 2010 to 2012? | /wiki/Mohd_Farizal_Marlias#P54#1 | Mohd Farizal Marlias Mohd Farizal bin Marlias ( born 29 June 1986 ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Johor Darul Tazim and the Malaysia national team . He also played for the Malaysian Pre-Olympic squad . Club career . Farizal started his professional career with Shahzan Muda FC . He spent two seasons playing in the Premier League Malaysia . He transferred to Perlis and wore the number one jersey for two seasons . In 2011 , he joined Negeri Sembilan FA . Initially he became second-choice goalkeeper to Mohd Farizal Harun , but Farizal gradually becomes the number one goalkeeper after recovering from injury and subsequently helped his team winning the 2011 Malaysia Cup . He joined Perak FA at the end of 2012 . And in 2013 he joins Selangor . Now he joins Johor Darul Tazim FC for the 2015 season . International career . Farizal was selected as the third choice goalkeeper for the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup after Badrulzaman Abdul Halim was dropped because of injury . On 12 July 2009 , Farizal earned his first senior international appearance in an unofficial matches against Zimbabwe . He later made his full international debut against Kenya . He also featured with Malaysia Selection in the exhibition match against Manchester United in which he conceded three goals in the first game and two goals in the second game . In the first game , he assisted Mohd Amri Yahyah who scored a beautiful volley outside the penalty box . In 2010 , Malaysian coach K . Rajagobal called up Farizal for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup , but he was later ruled out by injury during a league match with Perlis . He was later replaced by Mohd Sharbinee Allawee Ramli . In 2011 , Farizal made his international comeback when he came on as a substitute against Hong Kong in February . In July , he was selected to play for Malaysia Selection in a match against Chelsea . He keep a clean sheet for the Malaysian side before being replaced by Harimau Muda A keeper Mohd Izham Tarmizi in the 75th minute . Honours . Club . - Negeri Sembilan - Malaysia Cup : 2011 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2012 - Johor Darul Tazim - Malaysia Cup : 2017 , 2019 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2015 , 2016 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 - Malaysia Super League : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Malaysia FA Cup : 2016 - AFC Cup : 2015 International . - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Gold - AFF Championship : 2014 , Runners-up : 2018 Individual . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2009 – Perlis FA - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2015 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2018 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2019 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . External links . - Profile at ifball.com - Farizal Marlias Statistics |
[
"Perak FA"
] | easy | Which team did Mohd Farizal Marlias play for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Mohd_Farizal_Marlias#P54#2 | Mohd Farizal Marlias Mohd Farizal bin Marlias ( born 29 June 1986 ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Johor Darul Tazim and the Malaysia national team . He also played for the Malaysian Pre-Olympic squad . Club career . Farizal started his professional career with Shahzan Muda FC . He spent two seasons playing in the Premier League Malaysia . He transferred to Perlis and wore the number one jersey for two seasons . In 2011 , he joined Negeri Sembilan FA . Initially he became second-choice goalkeeper to Mohd Farizal Harun , but Farizal gradually becomes the number one goalkeeper after recovering from injury and subsequently helped his team winning the 2011 Malaysia Cup . He joined Perak FA at the end of 2012 . And in 2013 he joins Selangor . Now he joins Johor Darul Tazim FC for the 2015 season . International career . Farizal was selected as the third choice goalkeeper for the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup after Badrulzaman Abdul Halim was dropped because of injury . On 12 July 2009 , Farizal earned his first senior international appearance in an unofficial matches against Zimbabwe . He later made his full international debut against Kenya . He also featured with Malaysia Selection in the exhibition match against Manchester United in which he conceded three goals in the first game and two goals in the second game . In the first game , he assisted Mohd Amri Yahyah who scored a beautiful volley outside the penalty box . In 2010 , Malaysian coach K . Rajagobal called up Farizal for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup , but he was later ruled out by injury during a league match with Perlis . He was later replaced by Mohd Sharbinee Allawee Ramli . In 2011 , Farizal made his international comeback when he came on as a substitute against Hong Kong in February . In July , he was selected to play for Malaysia Selection in a match against Chelsea . He keep a clean sheet for the Malaysian side before being replaced by Harimau Muda A keeper Mohd Izham Tarmizi in the 75th minute . Honours . Club . - Negeri Sembilan - Malaysia Cup : 2011 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2012 - Johor Darul Tazim - Malaysia Cup : 2017 , 2019 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2015 , 2016 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 - Malaysia Super League : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Malaysia FA Cup : 2016 - AFC Cup : 2015 International . - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Gold - AFF Championship : 2014 , Runners-up : 2018 Individual . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2009 – Perlis FA - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2015 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2018 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2019 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . External links . - Profile at ifball.com - Farizal Marlias Statistics |
[
"Selangor"
] | easy | Mohd Farizal Marlias played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Mohd_Farizal_Marlias#P54#3 | Mohd Farizal Marlias Mohd Farizal bin Marlias ( born 29 June 1986 ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Johor Darul Tazim and the Malaysia national team . He also played for the Malaysian Pre-Olympic squad . Club career . Farizal started his professional career with Shahzan Muda FC . He spent two seasons playing in the Premier League Malaysia . He transferred to Perlis and wore the number one jersey for two seasons . In 2011 , he joined Negeri Sembilan FA . Initially he became second-choice goalkeeper to Mohd Farizal Harun , but Farizal gradually becomes the number one goalkeeper after recovering from injury and subsequently helped his team winning the 2011 Malaysia Cup . He joined Perak FA at the end of 2012 . And in 2013 he joins Selangor . Now he joins Johor Darul Tazim FC for the 2015 season . International career . Farizal was selected as the third choice goalkeeper for the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup after Badrulzaman Abdul Halim was dropped because of injury . On 12 July 2009 , Farizal earned his first senior international appearance in an unofficial matches against Zimbabwe . He later made his full international debut against Kenya . He also featured with Malaysia Selection in the exhibition match against Manchester United in which he conceded three goals in the first game and two goals in the second game . In the first game , he assisted Mohd Amri Yahyah who scored a beautiful volley outside the penalty box . In 2010 , Malaysian coach K . Rajagobal called up Farizal for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup , but he was later ruled out by injury during a league match with Perlis . He was later replaced by Mohd Sharbinee Allawee Ramli . In 2011 , Farizal made his international comeback when he came on as a substitute against Hong Kong in February . In July , he was selected to play for Malaysia Selection in a match against Chelsea . He keep a clean sheet for the Malaysian side before being replaced by Harimau Muda A keeper Mohd Izham Tarmizi in the 75th minute . Honours . Club . - Negeri Sembilan - Malaysia Cup : 2011 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2012 - Johor Darul Tazim - Malaysia Cup : 2017 , 2019 - Malaysia Charity Shield : 2015 , 2016 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 - Malaysia Super League : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Malaysia FA Cup : 2016 - AFC Cup : 2015 International . - Southeast Asian Games : 2009 Gold - AFF Championship : 2014 , Runners-up : 2018 Individual . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2009 – Perlis FA - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2015 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2018 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . - FAM Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper Award : 2019 – Johor Darul Tazim F.C . External links . - Profile at ifball.com - Farizal Marlias Statistics |
[
"seat of electoral district of Camden for the Liberal Party",
"New South Wales Legislative Assembly",
"Minister for Industrial Relations"
] | easy | Which position did John Fahey (politician) hold from Mar 1984 to Jun 1992? | /wiki/John_Fahey_(politician)#P39#0 | John Fahey ( politician ) John Joseph Fahey AC ( 10 January 194512 September 2020 ) was an Australian politician who served as Premier of New South Wales from 1992 to 1995 and as the federal Minister for Finance from 1996 to 2001 . He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1984 to 1996 and the federal House of Representatives from 1996 to 2001 . Fahey also served as president of the World Anti-Doping Agency and later became chancellor of the Australian Catholic University . Early life . Fahey was born in Wellington , New Zealand , the son of Stephen Fahey , a farmer , and his wife Annie Fahey of Galway , Ireland . In 1956 , Fahey migrated with his family to Picton , New South Wales . He was educated at Chevalier College in Bowral and the University of Sydney . He married Colleen Maree McGurren in 1968 and they had two daughters and one son . He became a naturalised Australian in 1973 . Fahey also played 37 lower grade matches for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NSWRL . State politics . Fahey won the seat of electoral district of Camden for the Liberal Party in 1984 . Fahey was elected member for Southern Highlands at the 1988 general election , and re-elected at the 1991 and 1995 state elections . During this period , Fahey was Minister for Industrial Relations from March 1988 and Minister for Further Education , Training and Employment from July 1990 in the Premier Nick Greiner led coalition government . In June 1992 , Fahey was appointed Premier of New South Wales after Greiner was forced to resign as a result of an Independent Commission Against Corruption of New South Wales investigation . Among those that Fahey defeated for the Liberal leadership in order to become premier was Bruce Baird , who was then elected as Faheys Liberal deputy and whose son Mike would become premier in 2014 . On the day that he had replaced Greiner , Fahey described it as the saddest day of his life . In 1994 , NSW Parliament was prorogued on 7 December when the Fahey government was attempting to stop a committees work . In March 1995 , Faheys government was narrowly defeated in a state election by the Labor opposition , led by Bob Carr . Fahey is noted for having thwarted an assassination attempt on Charles , Prince of Wales . On Australia Day 1994 , Prince Charles was about to commence handing out awards at a ceremony in Sydneys Darling Harbour when a former anthropology student , David Kang , lunged onto the stage towards the prince , simultaneously firing two shots from a starters pistol . Fahey , sitting next to the prince , subsequently assisted by the then Australian of the Year , Ian Kiernan , tackled Kang and wrestled him to the ground , after which Kang was subdued and arrested . Although the attack proved less dangerous than it was first thought to be , Fahey was nonetheless widely praised for his unthinking bravery . Fahey played a key role in the bidding process for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and is also noted for his reaction when Sydney won , jumping up and down enthusiastically . Federal politics . Fahey resigned from state politics just under a year after his state government was defeated at the polls and successfully sought endorsement for the Liberal Party , to serve in the federal House of Representatives in the seat of Macarthur . Fahey was elected at the 1996 federal election and served as Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government . A redistribution in late 2000 radically altered Macarthur , cutting out most of the Southern Highlands and turning it into a notionally Labor seat centered on southwest Sydney . Believing this made Macarthur impossible to hold , Fahey sought to contest neighbouring Hume , which had absorbed much of his old Southern Highlands base . Hume was held by first-term MP Alby Schultz , a fellow Liberal who had also served in state parliament alongside Fahey . As a minister , Fahey was entitled to a seat under internal party convention . However , Schultz refused to hand Hume to Fahey , triggering a fight between the two . Prime Minister John Howard ordered an end to the feud . Soon afterward , Fahey announced in May 2001 that he was retiring , citing family , personal and health reasons , after having one of his lungs removed in February due to cancer . He retired in October 2001 , prior to the November 2001 election . Career after politics . Fahey became director of the Bradman Foundation when he left politics in 2001 . On 17 October 2007 , he was confirmed as the next president of the World Anti-Doping Agency , a position that he held until November 2013 . In 2010 , Fahey gave the 12th annual Tom Brock Lecture . Fahey was appointed as the fourth chancellor of the Australian Catholic University in Sydney for a five-year term from 4 September 2014 . He was appointed to a second five-year term in May 2019 , but died in September 2020 . Personal life and death . A devout Roman Catholic , he was married to a former Anglican , Colleen , and stirred some controversy when he declared his opposition to both abortion and birth control . John and Colleen Faheys daughter , Tiffany , was killed in a road accident , at the age of 27 , on 26 December 2006 . John and Colleen Fahey became the legal guardians of Tiffanys children , Campbell and Amber . His son , the eldest of three children , is Matthew Fahey and his elder daughter is Melanie Fahey . Fahey died on the morning of 12 September 2020 after a battle with leukaemia . He was 75 years old . The Government of New South Wales said it would hold a state funeral for the former premier . It was celebrated on 25 September by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Marys Cathedral , Sydney . Honours . Fahey was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia in 2002 for service to the Australian and New South Wales Parliaments , particularly through landmark reform of industrial relations , facilitation of high technology and industry growth , and for raising the international profile of Australia as Chairman of the Bid for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . Pope Francis made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great in 2019 . In 2016 , Fahey was also awarded the Esprit du Chevalier Medal by his alma mater Chevalier College , that institutions highest public honour . External links . - WADA Executive Committee Members |
[
"Premier of New South Wales"
] | easy | What position did John Fahey (politician) take from Jun 1992 to Apr 1995? | /wiki/John_Fahey_(politician)#P39#1 | John Fahey ( politician ) John Joseph Fahey AC ( 10 January 194512 September 2020 ) was an Australian politician who served as Premier of New South Wales from 1992 to 1995 and as the federal Minister for Finance from 1996 to 2001 . He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1984 to 1996 and the federal House of Representatives from 1996 to 2001 . Fahey also served as president of the World Anti-Doping Agency and later became chancellor of the Australian Catholic University . Early life . Fahey was born in Wellington , New Zealand , the son of Stephen Fahey , a farmer , and his wife Annie Fahey of Galway , Ireland . In 1956 , Fahey migrated with his family to Picton , New South Wales . He was educated at Chevalier College in Bowral and the University of Sydney . He married Colleen Maree McGurren in 1968 and they had two daughters and one son . He became a naturalised Australian in 1973 . Fahey also played 37 lower grade matches for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NSWRL . State politics . Fahey won the seat of electoral district of Camden for the Liberal Party in 1984 . Fahey was elected member for Southern Highlands at the 1988 general election , and re-elected at the 1991 and 1995 state elections . During this period , Fahey was Minister for Industrial Relations from March 1988 and Minister for Further Education , Training and Employment from July 1990 in the Premier Nick Greiner led coalition government . In June 1992 , Fahey was appointed Premier of New South Wales after Greiner was forced to resign as a result of an Independent Commission Against Corruption of New South Wales investigation . Among those that Fahey defeated for the Liberal leadership in order to become premier was Bruce Baird , who was then elected as Faheys Liberal deputy and whose son Mike would become premier in 2014 . On the day that he had replaced Greiner , Fahey described it as the saddest day of his life . In 1994 , NSW Parliament was prorogued on 7 December when the Fahey government was attempting to stop a committees work . In March 1995 , Faheys government was narrowly defeated in a state election by the Labor opposition , led by Bob Carr . Fahey is noted for having thwarted an assassination attempt on Charles , Prince of Wales . On Australia Day 1994 , Prince Charles was about to commence handing out awards at a ceremony in Sydneys Darling Harbour when a former anthropology student , David Kang , lunged onto the stage towards the prince , simultaneously firing two shots from a starters pistol . Fahey , sitting next to the prince , subsequently assisted by the then Australian of the Year , Ian Kiernan , tackled Kang and wrestled him to the ground , after which Kang was subdued and arrested . Although the attack proved less dangerous than it was first thought to be , Fahey was nonetheless widely praised for his unthinking bravery . Fahey played a key role in the bidding process for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and is also noted for his reaction when Sydney won , jumping up and down enthusiastically . Federal politics . Fahey resigned from state politics just under a year after his state government was defeated at the polls and successfully sought endorsement for the Liberal Party , to serve in the federal House of Representatives in the seat of Macarthur . Fahey was elected at the 1996 federal election and served as Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government . A redistribution in late 2000 radically altered Macarthur , cutting out most of the Southern Highlands and turning it into a notionally Labor seat centered on southwest Sydney . Believing this made Macarthur impossible to hold , Fahey sought to contest neighbouring Hume , which had absorbed much of his old Southern Highlands base . Hume was held by first-term MP Alby Schultz , a fellow Liberal who had also served in state parliament alongside Fahey . As a minister , Fahey was entitled to a seat under internal party convention . However , Schultz refused to hand Hume to Fahey , triggering a fight between the two . Prime Minister John Howard ordered an end to the feud . Soon afterward , Fahey announced in May 2001 that he was retiring , citing family , personal and health reasons , after having one of his lungs removed in February due to cancer . He retired in October 2001 , prior to the November 2001 election . Career after politics . Fahey became director of the Bradman Foundation when he left politics in 2001 . On 17 October 2007 , he was confirmed as the next president of the World Anti-Doping Agency , a position that he held until November 2013 . In 2010 , Fahey gave the 12th annual Tom Brock Lecture . Fahey was appointed as the fourth chancellor of the Australian Catholic University in Sydney for a five-year term from 4 September 2014 . He was appointed to a second five-year term in May 2019 , but died in September 2020 . Personal life and death . A devout Roman Catholic , he was married to a former Anglican , Colleen , and stirred some controversy when he declared his opposition to both abortion and birth control . John and Colleen Faheys daughter , Tiffany , was killed in a road accident , at the age of 27 , on 26 December 2006 . John and Colleen Fahey became the legal guardians of Tiffanys children , Campbell and Amber . His son , the eldest of three children , is Matthew Fahey and his elder daughter is Melanie Fahey . Fahey died on the morning of 12 September 2020 after a battle with leukaemia . He was 75 years old . The Government of New South Wales said it would hold a state funeral for the former premier . It was celebrated on 25 September by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Marys Cathedral , Sydney . Honours . Fahey was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia in 2002 for service to the Australian and New South Wales Parliaments , particularly through landmark reform of industrial relations , facilitation of high technology and industry growth , and for raising the international profile of Australia as Chairman of the Bid for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . Pope Francis made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great in 2019 . In 2016 , Fahey was also awarded the Esprit du Chevalier Medal by his alma mater Chevalier College , that institutions highest public honour . External links . - WADA Executive Committee Members |
[
"New South Wales Legislative Assembly"
] | easy | Which position did John Fahey (politician) hold from Apr 1995 to Feb 1996? | /wiki/John_Fahey_(politician)#P39#2 | John Fahey ( politician ) John Joseph Fahey AC ( 10 January 194512 September 2020 ) was an Australian politician who served as Premier of New South Wales from 1992 to 1995 and as the federal Minister for Finance from 1996 to 2001 . He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1984 to 1996 and the federal House of Representatives from 1996 to 2001 . Fahey also served as president of the World Anti-Doping Agency and later became chancellor of the Australian Catholic University . Early life . Fahey was born in Wellington , New Zealand , the son of Stephen Fahey , a farmer , and his wife Annie Fahey of Galway , Ireland . In 1956 , Fahey migrated with his family to Picton , New South Wales . He was educated at Chevalier College in Bowral and the University of Sydney . He married Colleen Maree McGurren in 1968 and they had two daughters and one son . He became a naturalised Australian in 1973 . Fahey also played 37 lower grade matches for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NSWRL . State politics . Fahey won the seat of electoral district of Camden for the Liberal Party in 1984 . Fahey was elected member for Southern Highlands at the 1988 general election , and re-elected at the 1991 and 1995 state elections . During this period , Fahey was Minister for Industrial Relations from March 1988 and Minister for Further Education , Training and Employment from July 1990 in the Premier Nick Greiner led coalition government . In June 1992 , Fahey was appointed Premier of New South Wales after Greiner was forced to resign as a result of an Independent Commission Against Corruption of New South Wales investigation . Among those that Fahey defeated for the Liberal leadership in order to become premier was Bruce Baird , who was then elected as Faheys Liberal deputy and whose son Mike would become premier in 2014 . On the day that he had replaced Greiner , Fahey described it as the saddest day of his life . In 1994 , NSW Parliament was prorogued on 7 December when the Fahey government was attempting to stop a committees work . In March 1995 , Faheys government was narrowly defeated in a state election by the Labor opposition , led by Bob Carr . Fahey is noted for having thwarted an assassination attempt on Charles , Prince of Wales . On Australia Day 1994 , Prince Charles was about to commence handing out awards at a ceremony in Sydneys Darling Harbour when a former anthropology student , David Kang , lunged onto the stage towards the prince , simultaneously firing two shots from a starters pistol . Fahey , sitting next to the prince , subsequently assisted by the then Australian of the Year , Ian Kiernan , tackled Kang and wrestled him to the ground , after which Kang was subdued and arrested . Although the attack proved less dangerous than it was first thought to be , Fahey was nonetheless widely praised for his unthinking bravery . Fahey played a key role in the bidding process for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and is also noted for his reaction when Sydney won , jumping up and down enthusiastically . Federal politics . Fahey resigned from state politics just under a year after his state government was defeated at the polls and successfully sought endorsement for the Liberal Party , to serve in the federal House of Representatives in the seat of Macarthur . Fahey was elected at the 1996 federal election and served as Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government . A redistribution in late 2000 radically altered Macarthur , cutting out most of the Southern Highlands and turning it into a notionally Labor seat centered on southwest Sydney . Believing this made Macarthur impossible to hold , Fahey sought to contest neighbouring Hume , which had absorbed much of his old Southern Highlands base . Hume was held by first-term MP Alby Schultz , a fellow Liberal who had also served in state parliament alongside Fahey . As a minister , Fahey was entitled to a seat under internal party convention . However , Schultz refused to hand Hume to Fahey , triggering a fight between the two . Prime Minister John Howard ordered an end to the feud . Soon afterward , Fahey announced in May 2001 that he was retiring , citing family , personal and health reasons , after having one of his lungs removed in February due to cancer . He retired in October 2001 , prior to the November 2001 election . Career after politics . Fahey became director of the Bradman Foundation when he left politics in 2001 . On 17 October 2007 , he was confirmed as the next president of the World Anti-Doping Agency , a position that he held until November 2013 . In 2010 , Fahey gave the 12th annual Tom Brock Lecture . Fahey was appointed as the fourth chancellor of the Australian Catholic University in Sydney for a five-year term from 4 September 2014 . He was appointed to a second five-year term in May 2019 , but died in September 2020 . Personal life and death . A devout Roman Catholic , he was married to a former Anglican , Colleen , and stirred some controversy when he declared his opposition to both abortion and birth control . John and Colleen Faheys daughter , Tiffany , was killed in a road accident , at the age of 27 , on 26 December 2006 . John and Colleen Fahey became the legal guardians of Tiffanys children , Campbell and Amber . His son , the eldest of three children , is Matthew Fahey and his elder daughter is Melanie Fahey . Fahey died on the morning of 12 September 2020 after a battle with leukaemia . He was 75 years old . The Government of New South Wales said it would hold a state funeral for the former premier . It was celebrated on 25 September by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Marys Cathedral , Sydney . Honours . Fahey was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia in 2002 for service to the Australian and New South Wales Parliaments , particularly through landmark reform of industrial relations , facilitation of high technology and industry growth , and for raising the international profile of Australia as Chairman of the Bid for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . Pope Francis made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great in 2019 . In 2016 , Fahey was also awarded the Esprit du Chevalier Medal by his alma mater Chevalier College , that institutions highest public honour . External links . - WADA Executive Committee Members |
[
"federal House of Representatives",
"Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government"
] | easy | What was the position of John Fahey (politician) from Mar 1996 to Nov 2001? | /wiki/John_Fahey_(politician)#P39#3 | John Fahey ( politician ) John Joseph Fahey AC ( 10 January 194512 September 2020 ) was an Australian politician who served as Premier of New South Wales from 1992 to 1995 and as the federal Minister for Finance from 1996 to 2001 . He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1984 to 1996 and the federal House of Representatives from 1996 to 2001 . Fahey also served as president of the World Anti-Doping Agency and later became chancellor of the Australian Catholic University . Early life . Fahey was born in Wellington , New Zealand , the son of Stephen Fahey , a farmer , and his wife Annie Fahey of Galway , Ireland . In 1956 , Fahey migrated with his family to Picton , New South Wales . He was educated at Chevalier College in Bowral and the University of Sydney . He married Colleen Maree McGurren in 1968 and they had two daughters and one son . He became a naturalised Australian in 1973 . Fahey also played 37 lower grade matches for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NSWRL . State politics . Fahey won the seat of electoral district of Camden for the Liberal Party in 1984 . Fahey was elected member for Southern Highlands at the 1988 general election , and re-elected at the 1991 and 1995 state elections . During this period , Fahey was Minister for Industrial Relations from March 1988 and Minister for Further Education , Training and Employment from July 1990 in the Premier Nick Greiner led coalition government . In June 1992 , Fahey was appointed Premier of New South Wales after Greiner was forced to resign as a result of an Independent Commission Against Corruption of New South Wales investigation . Among those that Fahey defeated for the Liberal leadership in order to become premier was Bruce Baird , who was then elected as Faheys Liberal deputy and whose son Mike would become premier in 2014 . On the day that he had replaced Greiner , Fahey described it as the saddest day of his life . In 1994 , NSW Parliament was prorogued on 7 December when the Fahey government was attempting to stop a committees work . In March 1995 , Faheys government was narrowly defeated in a state election by the Labor opposition , led by Bob Carr . Fahey is noted for having thwarted an assassination attempt on Charles , Prince of Wales . On Australia Day 1994 , Prince Charles was about to commence handing out awards at a ceremony in Sydneys Darling Harbour when a former anthropology student , David Kang , lunged onto the stage towards the prince , simultaneously firing two shots from a starters pistol . Fahey , sitting next to the prince , subsequently assisted by the then Australian of the Year , Ian Kiernan , tackled Kang and wrestled him to the ground , after which Kang was subdued and arrested . Although the attack proved less dangerous than it was first thought to be , Fahey was nonetheless widely praised for his unthinking bravery . Fahey played a key role in the bidding process for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and is also noted for his reaction when Sydney won , jumping up and down enthusiastically . Federal politics . Fahey resigned from state politics just under a year after his state government was defeated at the polls and successfully sought endorsement for the Liberal Party , to serve in the federal House of Representatives in the seat of Macarthur . Fahey was elected at the 1996 federal election and served as Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government . A redistribution in late 2000 radically altered Macarthur , cutting out most of the Southern Highlands and turning it into a notionally Labor seat centered on southwest Sydney . Believing this made Macarthur impossible to hold , Fahey sought to contest neighbouring Hume , which had absorbed much of his old Southern Highlands base . Hume was held by first-term MP Alby Schultz , a fellow Liberal who had also served in state parliament alongside Fahey . As a minister , Fahey was entitled to a seat under internal party convention . However , Schultz refused to hand Hume to Fahey , triggering a fight between the two . Prime Minister John Howard ordered an end to the feud . Soon afterward , Fahey announced in May 2001 that he was retiring , citing family , personal and health reasons , after having one of his lungs removed in February due to cancer . He retired in October 2001 , prior to the November 2001 election . Career after politics . Fahey became director of the Bradman Foundation when he left politics in 2001 . On 17 October 2007 , he was confirmed as the next president of the World Anti-Doping Agency , a position that he held until November 2013 . In 2010 , Fahey gave the 12th annual Tom Brock Lecture . Fahey was appointed as the fourth chancellor of the Australian Catholic University in Sydney for a five-year term from 4 September 2014 . He was appointed to a second five-year term in May 2019 , but died in September 2020 . Personal life and death . A devout Roman Catholic , he was married to a former Anglican , Colleen , and stirred some controversy when he declared his opposition to both abortion and birth control . John and Colleen Faheys daughter , Tiffany , was killed in a road accident , at the age of 27 , on 26 December 2006 . John and Colleen Fahey became the legal guardians of Tiffanys children , Campbell and Amber . His son , the eldest of three children , is Matthew Fahey and his elder daughter is Melanie Fahey . Fahey died on the morning of 12 September 2020 after a battle with leukaemia . He was 75 years old . The Government of New South Wales said it would hold a state funeral for the former premier . It was celebrated on 25 September by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Marys Cathedral , Sydney . Honours . Fahey was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia in 2002 for service to the Australian and New South Wales Parliaments , particularly through landmark reform of industrial relations , facilitation of high technology and industry growth , and for raising the international profile of Australia as Chairman of the Bid for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . Pope Francis made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great in 2019 . In 2016 , Fahey was also awarded the Esprit du Chevalier Medal by his alma mater Chevalier College , that institutions highest public honour . External links . - WADA Executive Committee Members |
[
"University of Michigan"
] | easy | Benjamin Aaron went to which school from 1936 to 1937? | /wiki/Benjamin_Aaron#P69#0 | Benjamin Aaron Benjamin Aaron ( September 2 , 1915 – August 25 , 2007 ) was an American attorney , labor law scholar and civil servant . He is known for his work as an arbitrator and mediator , and for helping to advance the development of the field of comparative labor law in the United States . Early life . Aaron was born in Chicago , Illinois . His parents were Henry and Rose ( Weinstein ) Aaron , and he was the youngest of five children . His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five years old , and his father died soon thereafter of multiple sclerosis . Aaron was brought up by an aunt and uncle . He received a bachelors degree from the University of Michigan in 1937 . Aaron later said he became a lawyer because his father and two uncles had also been attorneys . He decided on practicing labor law after taking a class on the subject in his third year . Aaron received his law degree from Harvard University in 1940 . He married the former Eleanor Opsahl , and the couple had two daughters . Federal service . Aaron served as a mediator with the War Labor Board early in World War II . President Franklin D . Roosevelt appointed Aaron executive director of the Board , and he served until the end of 1946 . In the immediate post-war period , Aaron served as a conciliator with the United States Conciliation Service and helped settle a number of labor disputes—particularly in Californias aircraft industry during the post-war wave of strikes . President Harry S . Truman appointed him to be a public member of the Wage Stabilization Board on July 5 , 1951 . He was a strong critic of the Boards case-by-case method of awarding pay increases . During the 1952 steel strike , he played a role as a go-between for the United Steelworkers of America and the Board . President Truman appointed him vice chairman of the Board on May 29 , 1952 . Aaron was deeply critical of congressional efforts to cut the Boards budget , and declared that Congress should either fully fund the Boards activities or have the courage to legislate the Board out of existence . Post-war career . Aaron joined UCLAs Institute of Industrial Relations in 1946 . He was appointed the Institutes director in 1960 and served until 1975 . In 1960 , Aaron was elected a vice president of the National Academy of Arbitrators . He was elected president of the organization in 1962 . Throughout the 1960s , Aaron helped mediate a large number of labor disagreements , including disputes between workers and employers in the transit , railroad transportation , longshore , aerospace , health care , airline and agricultural industries . He helped negotiate the first contract between a county and a public employee union in California history in 1968 . He later assisted the County of Los Angeles in drafting a public employee collective bargaining ordinance , and served as the mediator during the first contract negotiations between the county and its public employee unions . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed Aaron to the National Commission on Technology , Automation and Economic Progress in 1965 . As a member of the commission , Aaron studied the effect automation , computer technology and robotics had on patterns of employment , job training and unemployment . The commissions 1966 report called for higher funding of the Job Corps vocational training programs and concluded that the disruptions caused by technological change would not be as serious as many feared . The same year , Secretary of Labor W . Willard Wirtz appointed Aaron to a national panel to study the need for reinstating the Bracero Program in order to ease a national agricultural labor shortage . Although the panel recommended relaxation of immigration rules to permit larger numbers of guest workers and Wirtz accepted the plan , Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach overruled Wirtz just a month later and shut the bracero program down . In 1970 , Aaron mediated an end to a five-week strike by 14,000 members of the United Teachers of Los Angeles , AFT , against the Los Angeles Unified School District . Aarons efforts helped end what is still ( as of 2007 ) the longest teachers strike in the history of California . At the age of 68 , Aaron helped mediate an end to a strike by pilots at Continental Airlines in 1983 . Legal contributions . In 1966 , Aaron helped form the Comparative Labor Law Group . Aaron invited prominent labor law scholars from the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Sweden , Germany and Italy to discuss each countrys unique approach to labor and industrial relations . Over the next 12 years , the Comparative Labor Law Group produced three books and helped establish the legal discipline of comparative labor law in the United States . Due to his work in the field , Aaron became editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal . Despite his advanced age , at the time of his death Aaron still served as Senior Editor of the publication . Aaron was also a strong critic of American labor law . He contended that most judges lack experience in how the modern workplace functions and the specialized nature of labor law , and advocated the creation of labor courts to adjudicate employer-union legal disputes . He also argued that the Taft-Hartley Act was deeply flawed , although union members rights needed additional protection not offered under the National Labor Relations Act , Taft-Hartley , or the Landrum-Griffin Act . In an article in the Comparative Labor Law Journal in 1979 , Aaron argued that the National Labor Relations Act failed to protect the rights of the vast majority of unorganized workers and advocated major reform of the act . Death . Aaron continued to teach and write into his 90s . He died on August 25 , 2007 , at UCLA Medical Center from a cerebral hemorrhage suffered in a fall . External links . - Benjamin Aaron : Biography , UCLA School of Law |
[
"Harvard University"
] | easy | Where was Benjamin Aaron educated from 1937 to 1940? | /wiki/Benjamin_Aaron#P69#1 | Benjamin Aaron Benjamin Aaron ( September 2 , 1915 – August 25 , 2007 ) was an American attorney , labor law scholar and civil servant . He is known for his work as an arbitrator and mediator , and for helping to advance the development of the field of comparative labor law in the United States . Early life . Aaron was born in Chicago , Illinois . His parents were Henry and Rose ( Weinstein ) Aaron , and he was the youngest of five children . His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five years old , and his father died soon thereafter of multiple sclerosis . Aaron was brought up by an aunt and uncle . He received a bachelors degree from the University of Michigan in 1937 . Aaron later said he became a lawyer because his father and two uncles had also been attorneys . He decided on practicing labor law after taking a class on the subject in his third year . Aaron received his law degree from Harvard University in 1940 . He married the former Eleanor Opsahl , and the couple had two daughters . Federal service . Aaron served as a mediator with the War Labor Board early in World War II . President Franklin D . Roosevelt appointed Aaron executive director of the Board , and he served until the end of 1946 . In the immediate post-war period , Aaron served as a conciliator with the United States Conciliation Service and helped settle a number of labor disputes—particularly in Californias aircraft industry during the post-war wave of strikes . President Harry S . Truman appointed him to be a public member of the Wage Stabilization Board on July 5 , 1951 . He was a strong critic of the Boards case-by-case method of awarding pay increases . During the 1952 steel strike , he played a role as a go-between for the United Steelworkers of America and the Board . President Truman appointed him vice chairman of the Board on May 29 , 1952 . Aaron was deeply critical of congressional efforts to cut the Boards budget , and declared that Congress should either fully fund the Boards activities or have the courage to legislate the Board out of existence . Post-war career . Aaron joined UCLAs Institute of Industrial Relations in 1946 . He was appointed the Institutes director in 1960 and served until 1975 . In 1960 , Aaron was elected a vice president of the National Academy of Arbitrators . He was elected president of the organization in 1962 . Throughout the 1960s , Aaron helped mediate a large number of labor disagreements , including disputes between workers and employers in the transit , railroad transportation , longshore , aerospace , health care , airline and agricultural industries . He helped negotiate the first contract between a county and a public employee union in California history in 1968 . He later assisted the County of Los Angeles in drafting a public employee collective bargaining ordinance , and served as the mediator during the first contract negotiations between the county and its public employee unions . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed Aaron to the National Commission on Technology , Automation and Economic Progress in 1965 . As a member of the commission , Aaron studied the effect automation , computer technology and robotics had on patterns of employment , job training and unemployment . The commissions 1966 report called for higher funding of the Job Corps vocational training programs and concluded that the disruptions caused by technological change would not be as serious as many feared . The same year , Secretary of Labor W . Willard Wirtz appointed Aaron to a national panel to study the need for reinstating the Bracero Program in order to ease a national agricultural labor shortage . Although the panel recommended relaxation of immigration rules to permit larger numbers of guest workers and Wirtz accepted the plan , Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach overruled Wirtz just a month later and shut the bracero program down . In 1970 , Aaron mediated an end to a five-week strike by 14,000 members of the United Teachers of Los Angeles , AFT , against the Los Angeles Unified School District . Aarons efforts helped end what is still ( as of 2007 ) the longest teachers strike in the history of California . At the age of 68 , Aaron helped mediate an end to a strike by pilots at Continental Airlines in 1983 . Legal contributions . In 1966 , Aaron helped form the Comparative Labor Law Group . Aaron invited prominent labor law scholars from the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Sweden , Germany and Italy to discuss each countrys unique approach to labor and industrial relations . Over the next 12 years , the Comparative Labor Law Group produced three books and helped establish the legal discipline of comparative labor law in the United States . Due to his work in the field , Aaron became editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal . Despite his advanced age , at the time of his death Aaron still served as Senior Editor of the publication . Aaron was also a strong critic of American labor law . He contended that most judges lack experience in how the modern workplace functions and the specialized nature of labor law , and advocated the creation of labor courts to adjudicate employer-union legal disputes . He also argued that the Taft-Hartley Act was deeply flawed , although union members rights needed additional protection not offered under the National Labor Relations Act , Taft-Hartley , or the Landrum-Griffin Act . In an article in the Comparative Labor Law Journal in 1979 , Aaron argued that the National Labor Relations Act failed to protect the rights of the vast majority of unorganized workers and advocated major reform of the act . Death . Aaron continued to teach and write into his 90s . He died on August 25 , 2007 , at UCLA Medical Center from a cerebral hemorrhage suffered in a fall . External links . - Benjamin Aaron : Biography , UCLA School of Law |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Benjamin Aaron go to from 1940 to 1941? | /wiki/Benjamin_Aaron#P69#2 | Benjamin Aaron Benjamin Aaron ( September 2 , 1915 – August 25 , 2007 ) was an American attorney , labor law scholar and civil servant . He is known for his work as an arbitrator and mediator , and for helping to advance the development of the field of comparative labor law in the United States . Early life . Aaron was born in Chicago , Illinois . His parents were Henry and Rose ( Weinstein ) Aaron , and he was the youngest of five children . His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five years old , and his father died soon thereafter of multiple sclerosis . Aaron was brought up by an aunt and uncle . He received a bachelors degree from the University of Michigan in 1937 . Aaron later said he became a lawyer because his father and two uncles had also been attorneys . He decided on practicing labor law after taking a class on the subject in his third year . Aaron received his law degree from Harvard University in 1940 . He married the former Eleanor Opsahl , and the couple had two daughters . Federal service . Aaron served as a mediator with the War Labor Board early in World War II . President Franklin D . Roosevelt appointed Aaron executive director of the Board , and he served until the end of 1946 . In the immediate post-war period , Aaron served as a conciliator with the United States Conciliation Service and helped settle a number of labor disputes—particularly in Californias aircraft industry during the post-war wave of strikes . President Harry S . Truman appointed him to be a public member of the Wage Stabilization Board on July 5 , 1951 . He was a strong critic of the Boards case-by-case method of awarding pay increases . During the 1952 steel strike , he played a role as a go-between for the United Steelworkers of America and the Board . President Truman appointed him vice chairman of the Board on May 29 , 1952 . Aaron was deeply critical of congressional efforts to cut the Boards budget , and declared that Congress should either fully fund the Boards activities or have the courage to legislate the Board out of existence . Post-war career . Aaron joined UCLAs Institute of Industrial Relations in 1946 . He was appointed the Institutes director in 1960 and served until 1975 . In 1960 , Aaron was elected a vice president of the National Academy of Arbitrators . He was elected president of the organization in 1962 . Throughout the 1960s , Aaron helped mediate a large number of labor disagreements , including disputes between workers and employers in the transit , railroad transportation , longshore , aerospace , health care , airline and agricultural industries . He helped negotiate the first contract between a county and a public employee union in California history in 1968 . He later assisted the County of Los Angeles in drafting a public employee collective bargaining ordinance , and served as the mediator during the first contract negotiations between the county and its public employee unions . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed Aaron to the National Commission on Technology , Automation and Economic Progress in 1965 . As a member of the commission , Aaron studied the effect automation , computer technology and robotics had on patterns of employment , job training and unemployment . The commissions 1966 report called for higher funding of the Job Corps vocational training programs and concluded that the disruptions caused by technological change would not be as serious as many feared . The same year , Secretary of Labor W . Willard Wirtz appointed Aaron to a national panel to study the need for reinstating the Bracero Program in order to ease a national agricultural labor shortage . Although the panel recommended relaxation of immigration rules to permit larger numbers of guest workers and Wirtz accepted the plan , Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach overruled Wirtz just a month later and shut the bracero program down . In 1970 , Aaron mediated an end to a five-week strike by 14,000 members of the United Teachers of Los Angeles , AFT , against the Los Angeles Unified School District . Aarons efforts helped end what is still ( as of 2007 ) the longest teachers strike in the history of California . At the age of 68 , Aaron helped mediate an end to a strike by pilots at Continental Airlines in 1983 . Legal contributions . In 1966 , Aaron helped form the Comparative Labor Law Group . Aaron invited prominent labor law scholars from the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Sweden , Germany and Italy to discuss each countrys unique approach to labor and industrial relations . Over the next 12 years , the Comparative Labor Law Group produced three books and helped establish the legal discipline of comparative labor law in the United States . Due to his work in the field , Aaron became editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal . Despite his advanced age , at the time of his death Aaron still served as Senior Editor of the publication . Aaron was also a strong critic of American labor law . He contended that most judges lack experience in how the modern workplace functions and the specialized nature of labor law , and advocated the creation of labor courts to adjudicate employer-union legal disputes . He also argued that the Taft-Hartley Act was deeply flawed , although union members rights needed additional protection not offered under the National Labor Relations Act , Taft-Hartley , or the Landrum-Griffin Act . In an article in the Comparative Labor Law Journal in 1979 , Aaron argued that the National Labor Relations Act failed to protect the rights of the vast majority of unorganized workers and advocated major reform of the act . Death . Aaron continued to teach and write into his 90s . He died on August 25 , 2007 , at UCLA Medical Center from a cerebral hemorrhage suffered in a fall . External links . - Benjamin Aaron : Biography , UCLA School of Law |
[
"Editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology"
] | easy | H. Bentley Glass took which position from 1944 to 1954? | /wiki/H._Bentley_Glass#P39#0 | H . Bentley Glass Hiram Bentley Glass ( January 17 , 1906 – January 16 , 2005 ) was an American geneticist and noted columnist . Career . Born in China to missionary parents , he attended college at Baylor University in Texas . He then furthered his education at the University of Texas , where he received his Ph.D . degree under the mentorship of geneticist Hermann Joseph Muller . His first major academic appointment was at Johns Hopkins University , at which time he was also a regular columnist for the Baltimore Evening Sun newspaper . He taught at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri and at Goucher College in Maryland before joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins . Glass was a frequent attendee of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Symposia . In 1965 , Glass became the first Academic Vice-President and Professor of Biological Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook . Glass was a critic of creationism . He was an honorary member of the National Association of Biology Teachers . Glass scientific papers were donated to and are available at the American Philosophical Society . Throughout his long scientific career , he held many distinguished academic titles , including - Editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology , 1944-1986 - Editor of Science , 1953 - President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences ( AIBS ) , 1954-1956 - President of the Maryland Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , 1955-1965 - President of the American Association of University Professors ( AAUP ) , 1958-1960 - Chairman of the Board of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study ( BSCS ) , 1959-1965 - President of the American Society of Human Genetics ( ASHG ) , 1967 - President of Phi Beta Kappa , 1967-1970 - President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , 1969 - President of the National Association of Biology Teachers ( NABT ) , 1971 Glass on Genetic Determinism . Like his doctoral mentor H . J . Muller , Bentley Glass was deeply concerned about eugenics . In response to the views of Charles Davenport , Morris Steggerda and others , Glass wrote Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s . The following excerpt is emblematic : Let us remember that the genes which are passed down in the egg and sperm from one generation to another are simply molecules of DNA , selected over eons as providing individuals to survive in a real world and to reproduce when mature . The genes control only the kinds of proteins that are actually made in the cell and tissues of the growing , developing individual , or control the turning on and turning off of these synthetic processes at appropriate times and in appropriate tissues during development . Their effects , whether fortunate or unfortunate , depend on the circumstances of the environment , biological , social cultural . Behavior reflects the changes in state and attitude assumed by a growing , developing being as its situation becomes altered . Darwinian evolution is based on the selection ( read “preservation” or “perpetuation” ) of whatever genetic differences promote survival and reproduction , although that may include even such forms of behavior as altruism if thereby genes like those of the self-sacrificing individual are preserved in the related beings saved from death or infertility . But the circumstances—-that is , the environment—-define what is a “good” gene and what is a “bad” one . The flaw in Social Darwinism , and likewise in the over-extended sociobiology , is to ignore the interdependency of genes and environment—-to think in absolute terms of good or bad genes , good or bad phenotypes . Selected bibliography . - Bentley Glass Progress or Catastrophe : The Nature of Biological Science and Its Impact on Human Society ( Praeger Publishers , 1985 ) . - Bentley Glass , Owsei Temkin , William L . Straus , Jr . Forerunners of Darwin , 1745-1859 ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1968 ) - Bentley Glass The Biology of Nuclear War , The American Biology Teacher , Vol . 24 , No . 6 ( Oct . 1962 ) , pp . 407–425 . - Bentley Glass Ethical Basis of Science ( Haifa , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 1969 ) - Bentley Glass Science and ethical values ( Greenwood Press , 1981 ) - Bentley Glass “Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 130 , No . 1 ( 1986 ) pp . 130–155 External links . - Audra Wolfe . Bentley Glass , Centurys Son . Mendel Newsletter n.s . 12 ( 2003 ) . A publication of the American Philosophical Society Library . - Boston Globe Obituary |
[
"President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences"
] | easy | What position did H. Bentley Glass take from 1954 to 1956? | /wiki/H._Bentley_Glass#P39#1 | H . Bentley Glass Hiram Bentley Glass ( January 17 , 1906 – January 16 , 2005 ) was an American geneticist and noted columnist . Career . Born in China to missionary parents , he attended college at Baylor University in Texas . He then furthered his education at the University of Texas , where he received his Ph.D . degree under the mentorship of geneticist Hermann Joseph Muller . His first major academic appointment was at Johns Hopkins University , at which time he was also a regular columnist for the Baltimore Evening Sun newspaper . He taught at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri and at Goucher College in Maryland before joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins . Glass was a frequent attendee of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Symposia . In 1965 , Glass became the first Academic Vice-President and Professor of Biological Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook . Glass was a critic of creationism . He was an honorary member of the National Association of Biology Teachers . Glass scientific papers were donated to and are available at the American Philosophical Society . Throughout his long scientific career , he held many distinguished academic titles , including - Editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology , 1944-1986 - Editor of Science , 1953 - President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences ( AIBS ) , 1954-1956 - President of the Maryland Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , 1955-1965 - President of the American Association of University Professors ( AAUP ) , 1958-1960 - Chairman of the Board of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study ( BSCS ) , 1959-1965 - President of the American Society of Human Genetics ( ASHG ) , 1967 - President of Phi Beta Kappa , 1967-1970 - President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , 1969 - President of the National Association of Biology Teachers ( NABT ) , 1971 Glass on Genetic Determinism . Like his doctoral mentor H . J . Muller , Bentley Glass was deeply concerned about eugenics . In response to the views of Charles Davenport , Morris Steggerda and others , Glass wrote Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s . The following excerpt is emblematic : Let us remember that the genes which are passed down in the egg and sperm from one generation to another are simply molecules of DNA , selected over eons as providing individuals to survive in a real world and to reproduce when mature . The genes control only the kinds of proteins that are actually made in the cell and tissues of the growing , developing individual , or control the turning on and turning off of these synthetic processes at appropriate times and in appropriate tissues during development . Their effects , whether fortunate or unfortunate , depend on the circumstances of the environment , biological , social cultural . Behavior reflects the changes in state and attitude assumed by a growing , developing being as its situation becomes altered . Darwinian evolution is based on the selection ( read “preservation” or “perpetuation” ) of whatever genetic differences promote survival and reproduction , although that may include even such forms of behavior as altruism if thereby genes like those of the self-sacrificing individual are preserved in the related beings saved from death or infertility . But the circumstances—-that is , the environment—-define what is a “good” gene and what is a “bad” one . The flaw in Social Darwinism , and likewise in the over-extended sociobiology , is to ignore the interdependency of genes and environment—-to think in absolute terms of good or bad genes , good or bad phenotypes . Selected bibliography . - Bentley Glass Progress or Catastrophe : The Nature of Biological Science and Its Impact on Human Society ( Praeger Publishers , 1985 ) . - Bentley Glass , Owsei Temkin , William L . Straus , Jr . Forerunners of Darwin , 1745-1859 ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1968 ) - Bentley Glass The Biology of Nuclear War , The American Biology Teacher , Vol . 24 , No . 6 ( Oct . 1962 ) , pp . 407–425 . - Bentley Glass Ethical Basis of Science ( Haifa , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 1969 ) - Bentley Glass Science and ethical values ( Greenwood Press , 1981 ) - Bentley Glass “Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 130 , No . 1 ( 1986 ) pp . 130–155 External links . - Audra Wolfe . Bentley Glass , Centurys Son . Mendel Newsletter n.s . 12 ( 2003 ) . A publication of the American Philosophical Society Library . - Boston Globe Obituary |
[
"President of the American Association of University Professors"
] | easy | What was the position of H. Bentley Glass from 1958 to 1960? | /wiki/H._Bentley_Glass#P39#2 | H . Bentley Glass Hiram Bentley Glass ( January 17 , 1906 – January 16 , 2005 ) was an American geneticist and noted columnist . Career . Born in China to missionary parents , he attended college at Baylor University in Texas . He then furthered his education at the University of Texas , where he received his Ph.D . degree under the mentorship of geneticist Hermann Joseph Muller . His first major academic appointment was at Johns Hopkins University , at which time he was also a regular columnist for the Baltimore Evening Sun newspaper . He taught at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri and at Goucher College in Maryland before joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins . Glass was a frequent attendee of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Symposia . In 1965 , Glass became the first Academic Vice-President and Professor of Biological Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook . Glass was a critic of creationism . He was an honorary member of the National Association of Biology Teachers . Glass scientific papers were donated to and are available at the American Philosophical Society . Throughout his long scientific career , he held many distinguished academic titles , including - Editor of The Quarterly Review of Biology , 1944-1986 - Editor of Science , 1953 - President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences ( AIBS ) , 1954-1956 - President of the Maryland Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , 1955-1965 - President of the American Association of University Professors ( AAUP ) , 1958-1960 - Chairman of the Board of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study ( BSCS ) , 1959-1965 - President of the American Society of Human Genetics ( ASHG ) , 1967 - President of Phi Beta Kappa , 1967-1970 - President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , 1969 - President of the National Association of Biology Teachers ( NABT ) , 1971 Glass on Genetic Determinism . Like his doctoral mentor H . J . Muller , Bentley Glass was deeply concerned about eugenics . In response to the views of Charles Davenport , Morris Steggerda and others , Glass wrote Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s . The following excerpt is emblematic : Let us remember that the genes which are passed down in the egg and sperm from one generation to another are simply molecules of DNA , selected over eons as providing individuals to survive in a real world and to reproduce when mature . The genes control only the kinds of proteins that are actually made in the cell and tissues of the growing , developing individual , or control the turning on and turning off of these synthetic processes at appropriate times and in appropriate tissues during development . Their effects , whether fortunate or unfortunate , depend on the circumstances of the environment , biological , social cultural . Behavior reflects the changes in state and attitude assumed by a growing , developing being as its situation becomes altered . Darwinian evolution is based on the selection ( read “preservation” or “perpetuation” ) of whatever genetic differences promote survival and reproduction , although that may include even such forms of behavior as altruism if thereby genes like those of the self-sacrificing individual are preserved in the related beings saved from death or infertility . But the circumstances—-that is , the environment—-define what is a “good” gene and what is a “bad” one . The flaw in Social Darwinism , and likewise in the over-extended sociobiology , is to ignore the interdependency of genes and environment—-to think in absolute terms of good or bad genes , good or bad phenotypes . Selected bibliography . - Bentley Glass Progress or Catastrophe : The Nature of Biological Science and Its Impact on Human Society ( Praeger Publishers , 1985 ) . - Bentley Glass , Owsei Temkin , William L . Straus , Jr . Forerunners of Darwin , 1745-1859 ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1968 ) - Bentley Glass The Biology of Nuclear War , The American Biology Teacher , Vol . 24 , No . 6 ( Oct . 1962 ) , pp . 407–425 . - Bentley Glass Ethical Basis of Science ( Haifa , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 1969 ) - Bentley Glass Science and ethical values ( Greenwood Press , 1981 ) - Bentley Glass “Geneticists Embattled : Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 130 , No . 1 ( 1986 ) pp . 130–155 External links . - Audra Wolfe . Bentley Glass , Centurys Son . Mendel Newsletter n.s . 12 ( 2003 ) . A publication of the American Philosophical Society Library . - Boston Globe Obituary |
[
"Diego Simeone"
] | easy | Who coached the team San Lorenzo de Almagro from Apr 2009 to Apr 2010? | /wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro#P286#0 | San Lorenzo de Almagro Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro , commonly known as San Lorenzo de Almagro or simply San Lorenzo ( in English : Saint Lawrence ) , is an Argentine sports club in the Boedo district of Buenos Aires . It is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División , the first tier of the Argentine football league system . San Lorenzo is also considered one of the big five ( Los 5 Grandes ) of Argentine football by Argentine press , with Independiente , River Plate , Boca Juniors , and Racing Club . San Lorenzo plays its home games at Estadio Pedro Bidegain , popularly known as Nuevo Gasómetro . The stadium and sports facilities are located in the Bajo Flores district of the Buenos Aires . The clubs previous stadium was the Viejo Gasómetro , located in the Boedo district . In 1979 , the Gasómetro was expropriated by the de facto Government of Argentina and then sold to supermarket chain Carrefour . The club currently has six headquarters : three in Boedo , one in Monserrat , one at Bajo Flores , and one in villa Gesell . San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue , while a 15-hectare campus in Ezeiza is projected to develop an olympic football program . San Lorenzos historical rival is Huracán , located in Parque Patricios . The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina . Some supporters consider this derby as the third-most important after Superclásico and Clásico de Avellaneda , in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Football . Other sports practised at the club are artistic roller skating , basketball , field hockey , futsal , handball , martial arts , roller hockey , swimming , tennis , and volleyball . Some years ago , San Lorenzo had also opened a rugby union section , but it is no longer active . San Lorenzo gained international recognition in March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis , a supporter of the club . The players played with the Popes photo on their shirts during a league match against Colón Santa Fe on 16 March 2013 . History . Origins of the club . The roots of the institution can be found in a team formed by a group of kids that used to play football in the corner of México and Treinta y Tres Orientales streets of Buenos Aires . Due to increasing traffic in the city , playing football in the streets became a risky activity for the boys . Lorenzo Massa , the Catholic priest of the neighborhoods church , saw how a tram almost knocked down one of the boys while they were playing in the streets . As a way to prevent more accidents , he offered the boys to play in the churchs backyard , under the condition they go to mass on Sundays . On 1 April 1908 , an assembly was held in the Almagro district of Buenos Aires with the purpose of establishing a club . During the meeting , several names were proposed . The first option was Los Forzosos de Almagro ( The Strongmen of Almagro , the name used by the boys for their street football squad ) , which did not sound good to Father Massa ( who was present ) . The other proposal was to name the club San Lorenzo as an homage to Massa , but he refused to be honored that way . Nevertheless , the name was finally accepted by the priest , explaining that the name would not honor himself but both Lawrence of Rome ( San Lorenzo in Spanish ) and the Battle of San Lorenzo , one of the most significative combats for the Independence of Argentina . Another founding member , Federico Monti , suggested to add the name of the neighbourhood , Almagro where most of the members lived in , which was accepted by the assembly . Due to the team not having its own a stadium , San Lorenzo began to play its home games in a field property of the Club Martínez , placed in the nearby town of the same name . The squad played its first match on 26 April 1914 . At the end of the season , San Lorenzo had to play a final match against Excursionistas to declare a champion . San Lorenzo won the series ( the results were 0–0 and 5–0 ) . This title allowed San Lorenzo to enter the playoffs in for promotion to the Argentine Primera División , which was finally obtained after beating Club Honor y Patria by a score of 3–0 . First years in Primera . San Lorenzo began to play in the Argentine Football Association tournaments on 26 April 1914 in the second division , where the team finished sharing first place with Excursionistas . As a result , both teams played a two-match series to determine which team would proceed to the playoffs . San Lorenzo won the series after thrashing Excursionistas 5–0 in the second game . In playoffs , San Lorenzo eliminated other teams before playing the final against Honor y Patria , winning 3–0 and being promoted to Primera División.´ San Lorenzo made its debut in Primera on 4 April 1915 , losing to Platense by 5–1 . The first match won in the top division was the 7th fixture , when the team defeated Floresta by 3–1 . San Lorenzo finished 12th at the end of the season , tied with Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires . On 7 May 1916 the club inaugurated its first stadium ( popularly known as Viejo Gasómetro during a match against Estudiantes de La Plata , which San Lorenzo won by 2–1 . That same year , the team finished 7th in the Primera División championship . In subsequent tournaments the team did not wage good campaigns , finishing 12th and 13th . In 1919 the Argentine league split into two leagues , the official Asociación Argentina and dissident Asociación Amateur ( AAm ) , in which San Lorenzo took part , along with Racing Club , River Plate and Independiente , among other teams . San Lorenzo finished 9th . The success begins . In 1920 and 1922 , San Lorenzo finished third , finally winning its first title in 1923 . The squad won 17 of 20 games , only losing 2 . San Lorenzo scored 34 goals in 20 fixtures , conceding 13 . That same year the squad also won its first international title , The Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata after beating Montevideo Wanderers 1–0 in the final . San Lorenzo won its second consecutive Primera División title one year later . The team played 23 matches winning 18 with 2 losses , with a total of 48 goals scored and 15 conceded . In the following two seasons ( 1925 and 1926 ) San Lorenzo would make great performances finishing 2nd to Racing Club and Independiente respectively finally achieving its 3rd title in 1927 , when both leagues AAF and AAm had joined again . The squad totaled 57 points in 33 matches played with an outstanding mark of 86 goals scored ( 2,60 per game ) and conceding only 26 . Apart of winning the domestic league , in 1927 San Lorenzo won its first and only Copa Aldao , after defeating Uruguayan team ( Rampla Juniors ) by 1–0 . The club soon became one of the most popular institutions in Argentina , increasing its number of followers and being counted in the top five ( cinco grandes ) together with Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate and Racing Club . In the 1930s , Isidro Lángara and other players of Basque descent endeared San Lorenzo to the Basque community . The team also relied on players from the provinces , known as los gauchos . San Lorenzo returned to success in 1933 , when the team won its 4th league championship . The squad totaled 50 points with 22 wins , 6 losses and 6 draws . San Lorenzo scored 81 goals and conceded 48 . Boca Juniors was the runner-up while Racing Club finished 3rd . In 1936 , there were two championships within the year , in a format of single-robin tournaments . San Lorenzo won the first round ( named Copa de Honor for the occasion ) while River Plate won the second round ( Copa Campeonato ) . Although titles were recognised as official by the Association , both champions , San Lorenzo and River Plate , had to play a match ( named Copa de Oro ) in order to define which team would play the Copa Aldao match v . the Uruguayan Primera División champion . Finally , River Plate won the game by 4–2 and qualified to play Peñarol . The 1940s : The best team in the world . In 1943 , San Lorenzo won the national cup , the Copa General Pedro Ramírez , named in honor of Pedro Pablo Ramírez , the de facto president of Argentina by then . San Lorenzo won the trophy by defeating General Paz Juniors 8–3 . After the 1936 success , San Lorenzo would not win a league title for ten years , when in 1946 proclaimed champion with a total of 46 points ( the runner-up , Boca Juniors , finished 2nd . with 42 ) . San Lorenzo also scored a record of 90 goals in 30 games played , only conceding 37 . That same year ( 1946 ) , the team went on to a tour of Spain and Portugal that was one of the highlights of the clubs history . The team debuted playing Atlético Aviación winning 4–1 . San Lorenzo played a total of 10 matches in Europe , with some extraordinary victories over the Spanish national team ( 7–5 and 6–1 ) . The Spanish crowd at the stadium acclaimed San Lorenzo as Son els millor del mon ( You are the best in the world in Catalan ) . San Lorenzo then moved to Portugal where the squad showed its skilled play , thrashing Porto ( 9–4 ) and the Portugal national team by 10–4 . The only team that defeated San Lorenzo was Real Madrid by 4–1 . As a result of the successful tour , player René Pontoni was offered a contract with Barcelona , but declined to leave Argentina ( Barcelona then drafted River Plates Alfredo Di Stéfano ) . Fellow player Rinaldo Martino did stay in European football and would later become a star with Juventus . The 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . In the 1960s , a generation of players known as carasucias ( literally : dirty faces ) were the darling of Argentine fans because of their offensive , careless playing and their bad-boy antics off the pitch . The 1968 team was nicknamed los matadores as it won the championship without losing a single game . This team was recognized as the best team in the world by many journalists . In the years 1968–1974 San Lorenzo won four league titles , its best harvest ever . In 1972 , the club became the first Argentine team to win two league titles in one year . Poor administrations , however , led San Lorenzo to a huge economic crisis . Argentinas military government coerced the club into selling the historic stadium located in Boedo . The team was relegated in 1981 , only to return to the top division with great fanfare in the 1982 season , which set all-time attendance records for the club . The 1990s . By that time , the club had no stadium and was plagued by debt and irregularities . Controversial president Fernando Miele ( 1986–2001 ) delivered both the new stadium and two league titles : the Clausura 95 ( after 21 years without winning a first division title ) and the Clausura 2001 ( in which the team achieved 11 consecutive victories ) . San Lorenzo finished the Clausura 2001 with 47 points in a tournament of 19 matches , setting the record for the highest points haul since the inception of the Apertura and Clausura system in 1990 . The New Millennium . In late 2001 , San Lorenzo won their first international title : the Copa Mercosur 2001 , becoming the only Argentine team to win that international cup , because the others champions were all from Brazil . San Lorenzo also won the first edition of the Copa Sudamericana in December 2002 , claiming their second international title , and getting the opportunity to play the Recopa against the Copa Libertadores champion Olimpia . San Lorenzo is identified with the middle class atmosphere of the Boedo neighborhood . Its derby rival from the southern part of Buenos Aires are Huracán , who were promoted back to the first division for the 2007–08 season , only to be relegated again in 2011 . In 2007 , San Lorenzo won the First Division League , Clausura 2007 beating Boca Juniors in the race for the title . Led by manager Ramón Díaz , San Lorenzo secured the title after the 17th round of fixtures , with two games still to play . They finished the tournament with 45 points . Six years later , and only one year after being relegation-threatened , the club managed to win the Torneo Inicial 2013 . In 2014 , San Lorenzo won their first Copa Libertadores . In the final , they defeated Nacional of Paraguay 2–1 on aggregate , concluding their championship run with a 1–0 victory in the second leg at Estadio Pedro Bidegain . This earned the club a berth in the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco , their first trip to FIFAs premier club tournament . They would ultimately lose in the finals to Real Madrid , and finish as runners-up . Stadium . The Viejo Gasómetro stadium in what nowadays is known as Boedo was a venue of great renown , where many international games were held . During the military government in 1979 San Lorenzo was forced to sell the stadium for a small amount of money , and a few years later the supermarket chain Carrefour bought it . The price had mysteriously surged eightfold , but the Club did not get any extra money . After 14 years of renting the stadium , San Lorenzo , with the help of fans , inaugurated the new stadium , Estadio Pedro Bidegain ( nicknamed Nuevo Gasómetro ) , which opened in December 1993 at the intersection of the Perito Moreno and Varela avenues in the Flores neighborhood . The fans , however , never forgot the old stadium , and its former lot is claimed by San Lorenzo and its fans to this day . On 8 March 2012 , there was a demonstration attended by over 100,000 people in favour of reclaiming the place for the club , and on 15 November the Buenos Aires City Legislature passed a bill stipulating that , in the course of six months , Carrefour should negotiate a deal with San Lorenzo in order to share the land lot , and if no accommodation was reached then the city would expropriate it with San Lorenzos funds . First , an extension was agreed to and one-and-a-half years later , it signed an agreement establishing that the multinational retailer will build a smaller new store on a corner of its current property , financed by funds provided by San Lorenzo . The rest of the lot will be handed over to the club , and there are plans to build another new stadium there . The current stadium has a capacity of 47,964 and the pitch size is 110 x 70 m , among the biggest in Argentina . Nicknames . - Los Gauchos de Boedo ( Boedos Gauchos ) : In 1932 , San Lorenzo brought players from different provinces from Argentina ( principally from Santa Fe Province ) . Among them are , Alberto Chividini , Gabriel Magán y Genaro Cantelli . - Los Santos ( The Saints ) : The nickname emerged , because the club used The San Antonios Oratory to make his activities from Soccer . - Los Cuervos ( The Crows ) : Was called so , because of the attire of the Cures ( black ) - El Ciclón ( The Cyclone ) : San Lorenzos historical rival is Club Atlético Huracán , which means hurricane . The nickname is adopted since cyclones are stronger than hurricanes . - Los Azulgrana ( The Blue and Red ) : The color of the club ( Blue and Red ) . - Los Matadores ( The Killers ) , originally used for the unbeaten 1968 champions . - The fans collective calls itself La Gloriosa ( The Glorious ) . Players . Notable former players . - Alfredo Carricaberry ( 1920–30 ) - Luis Monti ( 1922–30 ) - Diego García ( 1925–40 ) - Clotardo Dendi ( 1931 ) - Waldemar de Brito ( 1934–36 ) - Alberto Zarzur ( 1935 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1939–43 ) - Ángel Zubieta ( 1939–52 ) - Rinaldo Martino ( 1941–48 ) - René Pontoni ( 1945–48 ) , ( 1954 ) - José Sanfilippo ( 1953–62 ) , ( 1972 ) - Ángel Berni ( 1953–59 ) - Norberto Boggio ( 1957–62 ) - Raúl Páez ( 1958–67 ) - Héctor Facundo ( 1959–63 ) - Oscar Rossi ( 1960–64 ) - Alberto Mariotti ( 1962–64 ) - Narciso Doval ( 1962–68 ) , ( 1979 ) - Roberto Telch ( 1962–75 ) - Rafael Albrecht ( 1963–70 ) - Agustín Irusta ( 1963–76 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1963–69 ) , ( 1973 ) - Alberto Rendo ( 1965–69 ) - Rodolfo Fischer ( 1965–72 ) , ( 1977–78 ) - Mario Chaldú ( 1966–67 ) - José Varacka ( 1966–67 ) - Oscar Calics ( 1966–70 ) - Antonio García Ameijenda ( 1967–74 ) - Rubén Ayala ( 1968–73 ) - Antonio Rosl ( 1968–73 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1968–74 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–74 ) - Carlos Veglio ( 1968–75 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–75 ) - Sergio Villar ( 1968–81 ) - Enrique Chazarreta ( 1970–75 ) - Héctor Scotta ( 1971–75 ) , ( 1979 ) , ( 1981 ) - Oscar Ortiz ( 1971–76 ) - Jorge Olguín ( 1971–79 ) - Ricardo Lavolpe ( 1975–79 ) - José Luis Ceballos ( 1975 ) , ( 1981 ) - Claudio Marangoni ( 1976–79 ) - Rubén Darío Insúa ( 1978–86 ) - Walter Perazzo ( 1979–88 ) - Jorge Higuaín ( 1982–86 ) - Jorge Rinaldi ( 1983–85 ) , ( 1991–92 ) - Blas Giunta ( 1983–88 ) - José Luis Chilavert ( 1985–88 ) - Norberto Ortega Sánchez ( 1985–88 ) , ( 1994–96 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 1988–89 ) , ( 1992–93 ) , ( 1996–99 ) - Alberto Acosta ( 1988–90 ) , ( 1992 ) , ( 1998 ) , ( 2001–03 ) - Leonardo Rodríguez ( 1990–91 ) , ( 2001–02 ) - Jorge Borelli ( 1992–96 ) - Oscar Passet ( 1992–99 ) - Eduardo Bennet ( 1993–95 ) - Paulo Silas ( 1993–97 ) - Esteban González ( 1994–95 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1994–97 ) - Gilberto Angelucci ( 1994–98 ) - Fernando Galetto ( 1994–99 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 1994–99 ) - Sebastián Abreu ( 1996–97 ) , ( 2000–01 ) - Guillermo Franco ( 1996–02 ) - Iván Córdoba ( 1998–00 ) - Walter Erviti ( 1998–02 ) - Claudio Morel Rodríguez ( 1998–04 ) - Bernardo Romeo ( 1998–01 ) , ( 2007–10 ) , ( 2012 ) - Leandro Romagnoli ( 1999–05 ) , ( 2009–18 ) - Sebastián Saja ( 2000–03 ) , ( 2005–06 ) - Fabricio Coloccini ( 2000–01 ) , ( 2016–present ) - Agustín Orion ( 2001–09 ) - Gonzalo Rodríguez ( 2002–04 ) , ( 2017–20 ) - Pablo Zabaleta ( 2002–05 ) - Pablo Barrientos ( 2003–06 ) , ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2014–16 ) - Ezequiel Lavezzi ( 2004–07 ) - Paolo Montero ( 2005–06 ) - José Cardozo ( 2005–06 ) - Claudio Husaín ( 2006 ) - Andrés DAlessandro ( 2008 ) - Diego Placente ( 2008 ) , ( 2010–11 ) - Gonzalo Bergessio ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2016–17 ) - Néstor Ortigoza ( 2011–12 ) , ( 2013–17 ) - Carlos Bueno ( 2012 ) - Julio Buffarini ( 2012–16 ) - Juan Mercier ( 2012–18 ) - Ignacio Piatti ( 2012–14 ) , ( 2020–present ) - Ángel Correa ( 2013–14 ) - Emmanuel Más ( 2013–16 ) - Sebastian Torrico ( 2013–present ) - Mario Yepes ( 2014–15 ) - Fernando Belluschi ( 2016–20 ) - Paulo Díaz ( 2016–18 ) - Tino Costa ( 2016–17 ) Managers . - Máximo Garay ( 1938 ) - Guillermo Stábile ( 1939–40 ) - György Orth ( 1944 ) - Victor Cuadros ( 1954 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1955 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1961–62 ) - René Pontoni ( 1962 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1965 ) - Tim ( 1967–68 ) - Pedro Dellacha ( 1969–70 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1971 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1972 ) - Luis Carniglia ( 1973 ) - Osvaldo Zubeldía ( 1974 ) - Roberto Scarone ( 1975 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1977 ) - Carlos Bilardo ( 1979 ) - Delém ( 1980 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1980 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1981 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1981–82 ) - José Yudica ( 1982 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1983–84 ) - Oscar López ( 1985 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1985 ) - Bora Milutinović ( 1987 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1987–90 ) - Roberto Saporiti ( 1989–90 ) - Ricardo Rezza ( 1990–91 ) - Fernando Areán ( 1991–92 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1992 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1992–96 ) - Carlos Aimar ( 1996 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1997–98 ) - Alfio Basile ( 1998 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1998–01 ) - Manuel Pellegrini ( 1 January 2001 – 18 May 2002 ) - Rubén Insúa ( 1 June 2002 – 5 July 2003 ) - Gustavo Quinteros ( 6 July 2003 – 29 July 2003 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 30 July 2003 – 25 August 2004 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 26 August 2004 – 2 September 2004 ) - Héctor Veira ( 3 September 2004 – 22 April 2005 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 23 April 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Gustavo Alfaro ( 1 July 2005 – 5 February 2006 ) - Fernando Berón ( interim ) ( 6 February 2006 – 14 February 2006 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 15 February 2006 – 20 December 2006 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 January 2007 – 12 June 2008 ) - Norberto Batista ( 7 June 2008 – 30 June 2008 ) - Miguel Ángel Russo ( 1 July 2008 – 9 April 2009 ) - Alberto Fanesi ( interim ) ( 9 April 2009 – 13 April 2009 ) - Diego Simeone ( 20 April 2009 – 3 April 2010 ) - Sebastián Méndez ( interim ) ( 7 April 2010 – 30 June 2010 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 July 2010 – 24 April 2011 ) - Omar Asad ( 12 May 2011 – 21 November 2011 ) - Leonardo Carol Madelón ( 22 November 2011 – 1 April 2012 ) - Ricardo Caruso Lombardi ( 4 April 2012 – 8 October 2012 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 9 October 2012 – 20 December 2013 ) - Edgardo Bauza ( 26 December 2013 – 30 November 2015 ) - Pablo Guede ( 4 January 2016 – 15 June 2016 ) - Diego Aguirre ( 22 June 2016 – 22 September 2017 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 22 September 2017 – 31 October 2018 ) - Jorge Almirón ( 5 November 2018 – 13 May 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( interim ) ( 13 May 2019 – 23 May 2019 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 1 July 2019 – 31 October 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( 1 November 2019 – 23 February 2020 ) - Hugo Tocalli ( interim ) ( 24 February 2020 – 15 March 2020 ) - Mariano Soso ( 16 March 2020 – Present ) Records . - The first Argentine soccer club to win two league titles in the same year , picking up the Metropolitano and Nacional championships in 1972 . - The first undefeated champion in 1968 Primera División . - The first club to win the Copa Sudamericana . - The only Argentine club to win the Copa Mercosur . - The first Argentine club to participate in the Copa Libertadores in 1960 - San Lorenzo is also considered as one of the FIFA Classic Clubs . - The first champion of a Unified Championship , in 1927 . - The first club who was undefeated champion two times in history : 1968 and 1972 . Honours . National . League . - Primera División ( 15 ) : 1923 , 1924 , 1927 , 1933 , 1936 ( Copa de Honor ) 1946 , 1959 , 1968 Metropolitano , 1972 Metropolitano , 1972 Nacional , 1974 Nacional , 1995 Clausura , 2001 Clausura , 2007 Clausura , 2013 Inicial - Primera División B ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1982 National cups . - Copa de la República ( 1 ) : 1943 - Supercopa Argentina ( 1 ) : 2015 Unofficial cups . Not recognized as official titles by the Argentine Football Association . - Copa San Martín de Tours ( 1 ) : 1994 - Copa Jorge Newbery ( 1 ) : 1964 International . - Copa Libertadores ( 1 ) : 2014 - Copa Mercosur ( 1 ) : 2001 - Copa Sudamericana ( 1 ) : 2002 - Copa Aldao ( 1 ) : 1927 - Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata ( 1 ) : 1923 - Notes Women . The womens team has won the national championship , Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino in 2008/09 and 2015 . They finished fourth of five in the group stage of the 2009 Copa Libertadores Femenina . Basketball . San Lorenzo has played basketball since 1930 when the club affiliated to the association . On 26 April 1985 , San Lorenzo played the opening game of the recently created Liga Nacional de Básquetbol ( LNB ) , facing Argentino de Firmat at Obras Sanitarias venue . The team returned to LNB in 2015 . External links . - Unofficial website - Mundo Azulgrana |
[
"Jorge Almirón"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team San Lorenzo de Almagro from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro#P286#1 | San Lorenzo de Almagro Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro , commonly known as San Lorenzo de Almagro or simply San Lorenzo ( in English : Saint Lawrence ) , is an Argentine sports club in the Boedo district of Buenos Aires . It is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División , the first tier of the Argentine football league system . San Lorenzo is also considered one of the big five ( Los 5 Grandes ) of Argentine football by Argentine press , with Independiente , River Plate , Boca Juniors , and Racing Club . San Lorenzo plays its home games at Estadio Pedro Bidegain , popularly known as Nuevo Gasómetro . The stadium and sports facilities are located in the Bajo Flores district of the Buenos Aires . The clubs previous stadium was the Viejo Gasómetro , located in the Boedo district . In 1979 , the Gasómetro was expropriated by the de facto Government of Argentina and then sold to supermarket chain Carrefour . The club currently has six headquarters : three in Boedo , one in Monserrat , one at Bajo Flores , and one in villa Gesell . San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue , while a 15-hectare campus in Ezeiza is projected to develop an olympic football program . San Lorenzos historical rival is Huracán , located in Parque Patricios . The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina . Some supporters consider this derby as the third-most important after Superclásico and Clásico de Avellaneda , in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Football . Other sports practised at the club are artistic roller skating , basketball , field hockey , futsal , handball , martial arts , roller hockey , swimming , tennis , and volleyball . Some years ago , San Lorenzo had also opened a rugby union section , but it is no longer active . San Lorenzo gained international recognition in March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis , a supporter of the club . The players played with the Popes photo on their shirts during a league match against Colón Santa Fe on 16 March 2013 . History . Origins of the club . The roots of the institution can be found in a team formed by a group of kids that used to play football in the corner of México and Treinta y Tres Orientales streets of Buenos Aires . Due to increasing traffic in the city , playing football in the streets became a risky activity for the boys . Lorenzo Massa , the Catholic priest of the neighborhoods church , saw how a tram almost knocked down one of the boys while they were playing in the streets . As a way to prevent more accidents , he offered the boys to play in the churchs backyard , under the condition they go to mass on Sundays . On 1 April 1908 , an assembly was held in the Almagro district of Buenos Aires with the purpose of establishing a club . During the meeting , several names were proposed . The first option was Los Forzosos de Almagro ( The Strongmen of Almagro , the name used by the boys for their street football squad ) , which did not sound good to Father Massa ( who was present ) . The other proposal was to name the club San Lorenzo as an homage to Massa , but he refused to be honored that way . Nevertheless , the name was finally accepted by the priest , explaining that the name would not honor himself but both Lawrence of Rome ( San Lorenzo in Spanish ) and the Battle of San Lorenzo , one of the most significative combats for the Independence of Argentina . Another founding member , Federico Monti , suggested to add the name of the neighbourhood , Almagro where most of the members lived in , which was accepted by the assembly . Due to the team not having its own a stadium , San Lorenzo began to play its home games in a field property of the Club Martínez , placed in the nearby town of the same name . The squad played its first match on 26 April 1914 . At the end of the season , San Lorenzo had to play a final match against Excursionistas to declare a champion . San Lorenzo won the series ( the results were 0–0 and 5–0 ) . This title allowed San Lorenzo to enter the playoffs in for promotion to the Argentine Primera División , which was finally obtained after beating Club Honor y Patria by a score of 3–0 . First years in Primera . San Lorenzo began to play in the Argentine Football Association tournaments on 26 April 1914 in the second division , where the team finished sharing first place with Excursionistas . As a result , both teams played a two-match series to determine which team would proceed to the playoffs . San Lorenzo won the series after thrashing Excursionistas 5–0 in the second game . In playoffs , San Lorenzo eliminated other teams before playing the final against Honor y Patria , winning 3–0 and being promoted to Primera División.´ San Lorenzo made its debut in Primera on 4 April 1915 , losing to Platense by 5–1 . The first match won in the top division was the 7th fixture , when the team defeated Floresta by 3–1 . San Lorenzo finished 12th at the end of the season , tied with Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires . On 7 May 1916 the club inaugurated its first stadium ( popularly known as Viejo Gasómetro during a match against Estudiantes de La Plata , which San Lorenzo won by 2–1 . That same year , the team finished 7th in the Primera División championship . In subsequent tournaments the team did not wage good campaigns , finishing 12th and 13th . In 1919 the Argentine league split into two leagues , the official Asociación Argentina and dissident Asociación Amateur ( AAm ) , in which San Lorenzo took part , along with Racing Club , River Plate and Independiente , among other teams . San Lorenzo finished 9th . The success begins . In 1920 and 1922 , San Lorenzo finished third , finally winning its first title in 1923 . The squad won 17 of 20 games , only losing 2 . San Lorenzo scored 34 goals in 20 fixtures , conceding 13 . That same year the squad also won its first international title , The Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata after beating Montevideo Wanderers 1–0 in the final . San Lorenzo won its second consecutive Primera División title one year later . The team played 23 matches winning 18 with 2 losses , with a total of 48 goals scored and 15 conceded . In the following two seasons ( 1925 and 1926 ) San Lorenzo would make great performances finishing 2nd to Racing Club and Independiente respectively finally achieving its 3rd title in 1927 , when both leagues AAF and AAm had joined again . The squad totaled 57 points in 33 matches played with an outstanding mark of 86 goals scored ( 2,60 per game ) and conceding only 26 . Apart of winning the domestic league , in 1927 San Lorenzo won its first and only Copa Aldao , after defeating Uruguayan team ( Rampla Juniors ) by 1–0 . The club soon became one of the most popular institutions in Argentina , increasing its number of followers and being counted in the top five ( cinco grandes ) together with Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate and Racing Club . In the 1930s , Isidro Lángara and other players of Basque descent endeared San Lorenzo to the Basque community . The team also relied on players from the provinces , known as los gauchos . San Lorenzo returned to success in 1933 , when the team won its 4th league championship . The squad totaled 50 points with 22 wins , 6 losses and 6 draws . San Lorenzo scored 81 goals and conceded 48 . Boca Juniors was the runner-up while Racing Club finished 3rd . In 1936 , there were two championships within the year , in a format of single-robin tournaments . San Lorenzo won the first round ( named Copa de Honor for the occasion ) while River Plate won the second round ( Copa Campeonato ) . Although titles were recognised as official by the Association , both champions , San Lorenzo and River Plate , had to play a match ( named Copa de Oro ) in order to define which team would play the Copa Aldao match v . the Uruguayan Primera División champion . Finally , River Plate won the game by 4–2 and qualified to play Peñarol . The 1940s : The best team in the world . In 1943 , San Lorenzo won the national cup , the Copa General Pedro Ramírez , named in honor of Pedro Pablo Ramírez , the de facto president of Argentina by then . San Lorenzo won the trophy by defeating General Paz Juniors 8–3 . After the 1936 success , San Lorenzo would not win a league title for ten years , when in 1946 proclaimed champion with a total of 46 points ( the runner-up , Boca Juniors , finished 2nd . with 42 ) . San Lorenzo also scored a record of 90 goals in 30 games played , only conceding 37 . That same year ( 1946 ) , the team went on to a tour of Spain and Portugal that was one of the highlights of the clubs history . The team debuted playing Atlético Aviación winning 4–1 . San Lorenzo played a total of 10 matches in Europe , with some extraordinary victories over the Spanish national team ( 7–5 and 6–1 ) . The Spanish crowd at the stadium acclaimed San Lorenzo as Son els millor del mon ( You are the best in the world in Catalan ) . San Lorenzo then moved to Portugal where the squad showed its skilled play , thrashing Porto ( 9–4 ) and the Portugal national team by 10–4 . The only team that defeated San Lorenzo was Real Madrid by 4–1 . As a result of the successful tour , player René Pontoni was offered a contract with Barcelona , but declined to leave Argentina ( Barcelona then drafted River Plates Alfredo Di Stéfano ) . Fellow player Rinaldo Martino did stay in European football and would later become a star with Juventus . The 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . In the 1960s , a generation of players known as carasucias ( literally : dirty faces ) were the darling of Argentine fans because of their offensive , careless playing and their bad-boy antics off the pitch . The 1968 team was nicknamed los matadores as it won the championship without losing a single game . This team was recognized as the best team in the world by many journalists . In the years 1968–1974 San Lorenzo won four league titles , its best harvest ever . In 1972 , the club became the first Argentine team to win two league titles in one year . Poor administrations , however , led San Lorenzo to a huge economic crisis . Argentinas military government coerced the club into selling the historic stadium located in Boedo . The team was relegated in 1981 , only to return to the top division with great fanfare in the 1982 season , which set all-time attendance records for the club . The 1990s . By that time , the club had no stadium and was plagued by debt and irregularities . Controversial president Fernando Miele ( 1986–2001 ) delivered both the new stadium and two league titles : the Clausura 95 ( after 21 years without winning a first division title ) and the Clausura 2001 ( in which the team achieved 11 consecutive victories ) . San Lorenzo finished the Clausura 2001 with 47 points in a tournament of 19 matches , setting the record for the highest points haul since the inception of the Apertura and Clausura system in 1990 . The New Millennium . In late 2001 , San Lorenzo won their first international title : the Copa Mercosur 2001 , becoming the only Argentine team to win that international cup , because the others champions were all from Brazil . San Lorenzo also won the first edition of the Copa Sudamericana in December 2002 , claiming their second international title , and getting the opportunity to play the Recopa against the Copa Libertadores champion Olimpia . San Lorenzo is identified with the middle class atmosphere of the Boedo neighborhood . Its derby rival from the southern part of Buenos Aires are Huracán , who were promoted back to the first division for the 2007–08 season , only to be relegated again in 2011 . In 2007 , San Lorenzo won the First Division League , Clausura 2007 beating Boca Juniors in the race for the title . Led by manager Ramón Díaz , San Lorenzo secured the title after the 17th round of fixtures , with two games still to play . They finished the tournament with 45 points . Six years later , and only one year after being relegation-threatened , the club managed to win the Torneo Inicial 2013 . In 2014 , San Lorenzo won their first Copa Libertadores . In the final , they defeated Nacional of Paraguay 2–1 on aggregate , concluding their championship run with a 1–0 victory in the second leg at Estadio Pedro Bidegain . This earned the club a berth in the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco , their first trip to FIFAs premier club tournament . They would ultimately lose in the finals to Real Madrid , and finish as runners-up . Stadium . The Viejo Gasómetro stadium in what nowadays is known as Boedo was a venue of great renown , where many international games were held . During the military government in 1979 San Lorenzo was forced to sell the stadium for a small amount of money , and a few years later the supermarket chain Carrefour bought it . The price had mysteriously surged eightfold , but the Club did not get any extra money . After 14 years of renting the stadium , San Lorenzo , with the help of fans , inaugurated the new stadium , Estadio Pedro Bidegain ( nicknamed Nuevo Gasómetro ) , which opened in December 1993 at the intersection of the Perito Moreno and Varela avenues in the Flores neighborhood . The fans , however , never forgot the old stadium , and its former lot is claimed by San Lorenzo and its fans to this day . On 8 March 2012 , there was a demonstration attended by over 100,000 people in favour of reclaiming the place for the club , and on 15 November the Buenos Aires City Legislature passed a bill stipulating that , in the course of six months , Carrefour should negotiate a deal with San Lorenzo in order to share the land lot , and if no accommodation was reached then the city would expropriate it with San Lorenzos funds . First , an extension was agreed to and one-and-a-half years later , it signed an agreement establishing that the multinational retailer will build a smaller new store on a corner of its current property , financed by funds provided by San Lorenzo . The rest of the lot will be handed over to the club , and there are plans to build another new stadium there . The current stadium has a capacity of 47,964 and the pitch size is 110 x 70 m , among the biggest in Argentina . Nicknames . - Los Gauchos de Boedo ( Boedos Gauchos ) : In 1932 , San Lorenzo brought players from different provinces from Argentina ( principally from Santa Fe Province ) . Among them are , Alberto Chividini , Gabriel Magán y Genaro Cantelli . - Los Santos ( The Saints ) : The nickname emerged , because the club used The San Antonios Oratory to make his activities from Soccer . - Los Cuervos ( The Crows ) : Was called so , because of the attire of the Cures ( black ) - El Ciclón ( The Cyclone ) : San Lorenzos historical rival is Club Atlético Huracán , which means hurricane . The nickname is adopted since cyclones are stronger than hurricanes . - Los Azulgrana ( The Blue and Red ) : The color of the club ( Blue and Red ) . - Los Matadores ( The Killers ) , originally used for the unbeaten 1968 champions . - The fans collective calls itself La Gloriosa ( The Glorious ) . Players . Notable former players . - Alfredo Carricaberry ( 1920–30 ) - Luis Monti ( 1922–30 ) - Diego García ( 1925–40 ) - Clotardo Dendi ( 1931 ) - Waldemar de Brito ( 1934–36 ) - Alberto Zarzur ( 1935 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1939–43 ) - Ángel Zubieta ( 1939–52 ) - Rinaldo Martino ( 1941–48 ) - René Pontoni ( 1945–48 ) , ( 1954 ) - José Sanfilippo ( 1953–62 ) , ( 1972 ) - Ángel Berni ( 1953–59 ) - Norberto Boggio ( 1957–62 ) - Raúl Páez ( 1958–67 ) - Héctor Facundo ( 1959–63 ) - Oscar Rossi ( 1960–64 ) - Alberto Mariotti ( 1962–64 ) - Narciso Doval ( 1962–68 ) , ( 1979 ) - Roberto Telch ( 1962–75 ) - Rafael Albrecht ( 1963–70 ) - Agustín Irusta ( 1963–76 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1963–69 ) , ( 1973 ) - Alberto Rendo ( 1965–69 ) - Rodolfo Fischer ( 1965–72 ) , ( 1977–78 ) - Mario Chaldú ( 1966–67 ) - José Varacka ( 1966–67 ) - Oscar Calics ( 1966–70 ) - Antonio García Ameijenda ( 1967–74 ) - Rubén Ayala ( 1968–73 ) - Antonio Rosl ( 1968–73 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1968–74 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–74 ) - Carlos Veglio ( 1968–75 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–75 ) - Sergio Villar ( 1968–81 ) - Enrique Chazarreta ( 1970–75 ) - Héctor Scotta ( 1971–75 ) , ( 1979 ) , ( 1981 ) - Oscar Ortiz ( 1971–76 ) - Jorge Olguín ( 1971–79 ) - Ricardo Lavolpe ( 1975–79 ) - José Luis Ceballos ( 1975 ) , ( 1981 ) - Claudio Marangoni ( 1976–79 ) - Rubén Darío Insúa ( 1978–86 ) - Walter Perazzo ( 1979–88 ) - Jorge Higuaín ( 1982–86 ) - Jorge Rinaldi ( 1983–85 ) , ( 1991–92 ) - Blas Giunta ( 1983–88 ) - José Luis Chilavert ( 1985–88 ) - Norberto Ortega Sánchez ( 1985–88 ) , ( 1994–96 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 1988–89 ) , ( 1992–93 ) , ( 1996–99 ) - Alberto Acosta ( 1988–90 ) , ( 1992 ) , ( 1998 ) , ( 2001–03 ) - Leonardo Rodríguez ( 1990–91 ) , ( 2001–02 ) - Jorge Borelli ( 1992–96 ) - Oscar Passet ( 1992–99 ) - Eduardo Bennet ( 1993–95 ) - Paulo Silas ( 1993–97 ) - Esteban González ( 1994–95 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1994–97 ) - Gilberto Angelucci ( 1994–98 ) - Fernando Galetto ( 1994–99 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 1994–99 ) - Sebastián Abreu ( 1996–97 ) , ( 2000–01 ) - Guillermo Franco ( 1996–02 ) - Iván Córdoba ( 1998–00 ) - Walter Erviti ( 1998–02 ) - Claudio Morel Rodríguez ( 1998–04 ) - Bernardo Romeo ( 1998–01 ) , ( 2007–10 ) , ( 2012 ) - Leandro Romagnoli ( 1999–05 ) , ( 2009–18 ) - Sebastián Saja ( 2000–03 ) , ( 2005–06 ) - Fabricio Coloccini ( 2000–01 ) , ( 2016–present ) - Agustín Orion ( 2001–09 ) - Gonzalo Rodríguez ( 2002–04 ) , ( 2017–20 ) - Pablo Zabaleta ( 2002–05 ) - Pablo Barrientos ( 2003–06 ) , ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2014–16 ) - Ezequiel Lavezzi ( 2004–07 ) - Paolo Montero ( 2005–06 ) - José Cardozo ( 2005–06 ) - Claudio Husaín ( 2006 ) - Andrés DAlessandro ( 2008 ) - Diego Placente ( 2008 ) , ( 2010–11 ) - Gonzalo Bergessio ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2016–17 ) - Néstor Ortigoza ( 2011–12 ) , ( 2013–17 ) - Carlos Bueno ( 2012 ) - Julio Buffarini ( 2012–16 ) - Juan Mercier ( 2012–18 ) - Ignacio Piatti ( 2012–14 ) , ( 2020–present ) - Ángel Correa ( 2013–14 ) - Emmanuel Más ( 2013–16 ) - Sebastian Torrico ( 2013–present ) - Mario Yepes ( 2014–15 ) - Fernando Belluschi ( 2016–20 ) - Paulo Díaz ( 2016–18 ) - Tino Costa ( 2016–17 ) Managers . - Máximo Garay ( 1938 ) - Guillermo Stábile ( 1939–40 ) - György Orth ( 1944 ) - Victor Cuadros ( 1954 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1955 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1961–62 ) - René Pontoni ( 1962 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1965 ) - Tim ( 1967–68 ) - Pedro Dellacha ( 1969–70 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1971 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1972 ) - Luis Carniglia ( 1973 ) - Osvaldo Zubeldía ( 1974 ) - Roberto Scarone ( 1975 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1977 ) - Carlos Bilardo ( 1979 ) - Delém ( 1980 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1980 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1981 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1981–82 ) - José Yudica ( 1982 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1983–84 ) - Oscar López ( 1985 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1985 ) - Bora Milutinović ( 1987 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1987–90 ) - Roberto Saporiti ( 1989–90 ) - Ricardo Rezza ( 1990–91 ) - Fernando Areán ( 1991–92 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1992 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1992–96 ) - Carlos Aimar ( 1996 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1997–98 ) - Alfio Basile ( 1998 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1998–01 ) - Manuel Pellegrini ( 1 January 2001 – 18 May 2002 ) - Rubén Insúa ( 1 June 2002 – 5 July 2003 ) - Gustavo Quinteros ( 6 July 2003 – 29 July 2003 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 30 July 2003 – 25 August 2004 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 26 August 2004 – 2 September 2004 ) - Héctor Veira ( 3 September 2004 – 22 April 2005 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 23 April 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Gustavo Alfaro ( 1 July 2005 – 5 February 2006 ) - Fernando Berón ( interim ) ( 6 February 2006 – 14 February 2006 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 15 February 2006 – 20 December 2006 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 January 2007 – 12 June 2008 ) - Norberto Batista ( 7 June 2008 – 30 June 2008 ) - Miguel Ángel Russo ( 1 July 2008 – 9 April 2009 ) - Alberto Fanesi ( interim ) ( 9 April 2009 – 13 April 2009 ) - Diego Simeone ( 20 April 2009 – 3 April 2010 ) - Sebastián Méndez ( interim ) ( 7 April 2010 – 30 June 2010 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 July 2010 – 24 April 2011 ) - Omar Asad ( 12 May 2011 – 21 November 2011 ) - Leonardo Carol Madelón ( 22 November 2011 – 1 April 2012 ) - Ricardo Caruso Lombardi ( 4 April 2012 – 8 October 2012 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 9 October 2012 – 20 December 2013 ) - Edgardo Bauza ( 26 December 2013 – 30 November 2015 ) - Pablo Guede ( 4 January 2016 – 15 June 2016 ) - Diego Aguirre ( 22 June 2016 – 22 September 2017 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 22 September 2017 – 31 October 2018 ) - Jorge Almirón ( 5 November 2018 – 13 May 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( interim ) ( 13 May 2019 – 23 May 2019 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 1 July 2019 – 31 October 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( 1 November 2019 – 23 February 2020 ) - Hugo Tocalli ( interim ) ( 24 February 2020 – 15 March 2020 ) - Mariano Soso ( 16 March 2020 – Present ) Records . - The first Argentine soccer club to win two league titles in the same year , picking up the Metropolitano and Nacional championships in 1972 . - The first undefeated champion in 1968 Primera División . - The first club to win the Copa Sudamericana . - The only Argentine club to win the Copa Mercosur . - The first Argentine club to participate in the Copa Libertadores in 1960 - San Lorenzo is also considered as one of the FIFA Classic Clubs . - The first champion of a Unified Championship , in 1927 . - The first club who was undefeated champion two times in history : 1968 and 1972 . Honours . National . League . - Primera División ( 15 ) : 1923 , 1924 , 1927 , 1933 , 1936 ( Copa de Honor ) 1946 , 1959 , 1968 Metropolitano , 1972 Metropolitano , 1972 Nacional , 1974 Nacional , 1995 Clausura , 2001 Clausura , 2007 Clausura , 2013 Inicial - Primera División B ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1982 National cups . - Copa de la República ( 1 ) : 1943 - Supercopa Argentina ( 1 ) : 2015 Unofficial cups . Not recognized as official titles by the Argentine Football Association . - Copa San Martín de Tours ( 1 ) : 1994 - Copa Jorge Newbery ( 1 ) : 1964 International . - Copa Libertadores ( 1 ) : 2014 - Copa Mercosur ( 1 ) : 2001 - Copa Sudamericana ( 1 ) : 2002 - Copa Aldao ( 1 ) : 1927 - Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata ( 1 ) : 1923 - Notes Women . The womens team has won the national championship , Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino in 2008/09 and 2015 . They finished fourth of five in the group stage of the 2009 Copa Libertadores Femenina . Basketball . San Lorenzo has played basketball since 1930 when the club affiliated to the association . On 26 April 1985 , San Lorenzo played the opening game of the recently created Liga Nacional de Básquetbol ( LNB ) , facing Argentino de Firmat at Obras Sanitarias venue . The team returned to LNB in 2015 . External links . - Unofficial website - Mundo Azulgrana |
[
"Mariano Soso"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team San Lorenzo de Almagro from 2020 to 2021? | /wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro#P286#2 | San Lorenzo de Almagro Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro , commonly known as San Lorenzo de Almagro or simply San Lorenzo ( in English : Saint Lawrence ) , is an Argentine sports club in the Boedo district of Buenos Aires . It is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División , the first tier of the Argentine football league system . San Lorenzo is also considered one of the big five ( Los 5 Grandes ) of Argentine football by Argentine press , with Independiente , River Plate , Boca Juniors , and Racing Club . San Lorenzo plays its home games at Estadio Pedro Bidegain , popularly known as Nuevo Gasómetro . The stadium and sports facilities are located in the Bajo Flores district of the Buenos Aires . The clubs previous stadium was the Viejo Gasómetro , located in the Boedo district . In 1979 , the Gasómetro was expropriated by the de facto Government of Argentina and then sold to supermarket chain Carrefour . The club currently has six headquarters : three in Boedo , one in Monserrat , one at Bajo Flores , and one in villa Gesell . San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue , while a 15-hectare campus in Ezeiza is projected to develop an olympic football program . San Lorenzos historical rival is Huracán , located in Parque Patricios . The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina . Some supporters consider this derby as the third-most important after Superclásico and Clásico de Avellaneda , in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Football . Other sports practised at the club are artistic roller skating , basketball , field hockey , futsal , handball , martial arts , roller hockey , swimming , tennis , and volleyball . Some years ago , San Lorenzo had also opened a rugby union section , but it is no longer active . San Lorenzo gained international recognition in March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis , a supporter of the club . The players played with the Popes photo on their shirts during a league match against Colón Santa Fe on 16 March 2013 . History . Origins of the club . The roots of the institution can be found in a team formed by a group of kids that used to play football in the corner of México and Treinta y Tres Orientales streets of Buenos Aires . Due to increasing traffic in the city , playing football in the streets became a risky activity for the boys . Lorenzo Massa , the Catholic priest of the neighborhoods church , saw how a tram almost knocked down one of the boys while they were playing in the streets . As a way to prevent more accidents , he offered the boys to play in the churchs backyard , under the condition they go to mass on Sundays . On 1 April 1908 , an assembly was held in the Almagro district of Buenos Aires with the purpose of establishing a club . During the meeting , several names were proposed . The first option was Los Forzosos de Almagro ( The Strongmen of Almagro , the name used by the boys for their street football squad ) , which did not sound good to Father Massa ( who was present ) . The other proposal was to name the club San Lorenzo as an homage to Massa , but he refused to be honored that way . Nevertheless , the name was finally accepted by the priest , explaining that the name would not honor himself but both Lawrence of Rome ( San Lorenzo in Spanish ) and the Battle of San Lorenzo , one of the most significative combats for the Independence of Argentina . Another founding member , Federico Monti , suggested to add the name of the neighbourhood , Almagro where most of the members lived in , which was accepted by the assembly . Due to the team not having its own a stadium , San Lorenzo began to play its home games in a field property of the Club Martínez , placed in the nearby town of the same name . The squad played its first match on 26 April 1914 . At the end of the season , San Lorenzo had to play a final match against Excursionistas to declare a champion . San Lorenzo won the series ( the results were 0–0 and 5–0 ) . This title allowed San Lorenzo to enter the playoffs in for promotion to the Argentine Primera División , which was finally obtained after beating Club Honor y Patria by a score of 3–0 . First years in Primera . San Lorenzo began to play in the Argentine Football Association tournaments on 26 April 1914 in the second division , where the team finished sharing first place with Excursionistas . As a result , both teams played a two-match series to determine which team would proceed to the playoffs . San Lorenzo won the series after thrashing Excursionistas 5–0 in the second game . In playoffs , San Lorenzo eliminated other teams before playing the final against Honor y Patria , winning 3–0 and being promoted to Primera División.´ San Lorenzo made its debut in Primera on 4 April 1915 , losing to Platense by 5–1 . The first match won in the top division was the 7th fixture , when the team defeated Floresta by 3–1 . San Lorenzo finished 12th at the end of the season , tied with Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires . On 7 May 1916 the club inaugurated its first stadium ( popularly known as Viejo Gasómetro during a match against Estudiantes de La Plata , which San Lorenzo won by 2–1 . That same year , the team finished 7th in the Primera División championship . In subsequent tournaments the team did not wage good campaigns , finishing 12th and 13th . In 1919 the Argentine league split into two leagues , the official Asociación Argentina and dissident Asociación Amateur ( AAm ) , in which San Lorenzo took part , along with Racing Club , River Plate and Independiente , among other teams . San Lorenzo finished 9th . The success begins . In 1920 and 1922 , San Lorenzo finished third , finally winning its first title in 1923 . The squad won 17 of 20 games , only losing 2 . San Lorenzo scored 34 goals in 20 fixtures , conceding 13 . That same year the squad also won its first international title , The Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata after beating Montevideo Wanderers 1–0 in the final . San Lorenzo won its second consecutive Primera División title one year later . The team played 23 matches winning 18 with 2 losses , with a total of 48 goals scored and 15 conceded . In the following two seasons ( 1925 and 1926 ) San Lorenzo would make great performances finishing 2nd to Racing Club and Independiente respectively finally achieving its 3rd title in 1927 , when both leagues AAF and AAm had joined again . The squad totaled 57 points in 33 matches played with an outstanding mark of 86 goals scored ( 2,60 per game ) and conceding only 26 . Apart of winning the domestic league , in 1927 San Lorenzo won its first and only Copa Aldao , after defeating Uruguayan team ( Rampla Juniors ) by 1–0 . The club soon became one of the most popular institutions in Argentina , increasing its number of followers and being counted in the top five ( cinco grandes ) together with Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate and Racing Club . In the 1930s , Isidro Lángara and other players of Basque descent endeared San Lorenzo to the Basque community . The team also relied on players from the provinces , known as los gauchos . San Lorenzo returned to success in 1933 , when the team won its 4th league championship . The squad totaled 50 points with 22 wins , 6 losses and 6 draws . San Lorenzo scored 81 goals and conceded 48 . Boca Juniors was the runner-up while Racing Club finished 3rd . In 1936 , there were two championships within the year , in a format of single-robin tournaments . San Lorenzo won the first round ( named Copa de Honor for the occasion ) while River Plate won the second round ( Copa Campeonato ) . Although titles were recognised as official by the Association , both champions , San Lorenzo and River Plate , had to play a match ( named Copa de Oro ) in order to define which team would play the Copa Aldao match v . the Uruguayan Primera División champion . Finally , River Plate won the game by 4–2 and qualified to play Peñarol . The 1940s : The best team in the world . In 1943 , San Lorenzo won the national cup , the Copa General Pedro Ramírez , named in honor of Pedro Pablo Ramírez , the de facto president of Argentina by then . San Lorenzo won the trophy by defeating General Paz Juniors 8–3 . After the 1936 success , San Lorenzo would not win a league title for ten years , when in 1946 proclaimed champion with a total of 46 points ( the runner-up , Boca Juniors , finished 2nd . with 42 ) . San Lorenzo also scored a record of 90 goals in 30 games played , only conceding 37 . That same year ( 1946 ) , the team went on to a tour of Spain and Portugal that was one of the highlights of the clubs history . The team debuted playing Atlético Aviación winning 4–1 . San Lorenzo played a total of 10 matches in Europe , with some extraordinary victories over the Spanish national team ( 7–5 and 6–1 ) . The Spanish crowd at the stadium acclaimed San Lorenzo as Son els millor del mon ( You are the best in the world in Catalan ) . San Lorenzo then moved to Portugal where the squad showed its skilled play , thrashing Porto ( 9–4 ) and the Portugal national team by 10–4 . The only team that defeated San Lorenzo was Real Madrid by 4–1 . As a result of the successful tour , player René Pontoni was offered a contract with Barcelona , but declined to leave Argentina ( Barcelona then drafted River Plates Alfredo Di Stéfano ) . Fellow player Rinaldo Martino did stay in European football and would later become a star with Juventus . The 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . In the 1960s , a generation of players known as carasucias ( literally : dirty faces ) were the darling of Argentine fans because of their offensive , careless playing and their bad-boy antics off the pitch . The 1968 team was nicknamed los matadores as it won the championship without losing a single game . This team was recognized as the best team in the world by many journalists . In the years 1968–1974 San Lorenzo won four league titles , its best harvest ever . In 1972 , the club became the first Argentine team to win two league titles in one year . Poor administrations , however , led San Lorenzo to a huge economic crisis . Argentinas military government coerced the club into selling the historic stadium located in Boedo . The team was relegated in 1981 , only to return to the top division with great fanfare in the 1982 season , which set all-time attendance records for the club . The 1990s . By that time , the club had no stadium and was plagued by debt and irregularities . Controversial president Fernando Miele ( 1986–2001 ) delivered both the new stadium and two league titles : the Clausura 95 ( after 21 years without winning a first division title ) and the Clausura 2001 ( in which the team achieved 11 consecutive victories ) . San Lorenzo finished the Clausura 2001 with 47 points in a tournament of 19 matches , setting the record for the highest points haul since the inception of the Apertura and Clausura system in 1990 . The New Millennium . In late 2001 , San Lorenzo won their first international title : the Copa Mercosur 2001 , becoming the only Argentine team to win that international cup , because the others champions were all from Brazil . San Lorenzo also won the first edition of the Copa Sudamericana in December 2002 , claiming their second international title , and getting the opportunity to play the Recopa against the Copa Libertadores champion Olimpia . San Lorenzo is identified with the middle class atmosphere of the Boedo neighborhood . Its derby rival from the southern part of Buenos Aires are Huracán , who were promoted back to the first division for the 2007–08 season , only to be relegated again in 2011 . In 2007 , San Lorenzo won the First Division League , Clausura 2007 beating Boca Juniors in the race for the title . Led by manager Ramón Díaz , San Lorenzo secured the title after the 17th round of fixtures , with two games still to play . They finished the tournament with 45 points . Six years later , and only one year after being relegation-threatened , the club managed to win the Torneo Inicial 2013 . In 2014 , San Lorenzo won their first Copa Libertadores . In the final , they defeated Nacional of Paraguay 2–1 on aggregate , concluding their championship run with a 1–0 victory in the second leg at Estadio Pedro Bidegain . This earned the club a berth in the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco , their first trip to FIFAs premier club tournament . They would ultimately lose in the finals to Real Madrid , and finish as runners-up . Stadium . The Viejo Gasómetro stadium in what nowadays is known as Boedo was a venue of great renown , where many international games were held . During the military government in 1979 San Lorenzo was forced to sell the stadium for a small amount of money , and a few years later the supermarket chain Carrefour bought it . The price had mysteriously surged eightfold , but the Club did not get any extra money . After 14 years of renting the stadium , San Lorenzo , with the help of fans , inaugurated the new stadium , Estadio Pedro Bidegain ( nicknamed Nuevo Gasómetro ) , which opened in December 1993 at the intersection of the Perito Moreno and Varela avenues in the Flores neighborhood . The fans , however , never forgot the old stadium , and its former lot is claimed by San Lorenzo and its fans to this day . On 8 March 2012 , there was a demonstration attended by over 100,000 people in favour of reclaiming the place for the club , and on 15 November the Buenos Aires City Legislature passed a bill stipulating that , in the course of six months , Carrefour should negotiate a deal with San Lorenzo in order to share the land lot , and if no accommodation was reached then the city would expropriate it with San Lorenzos funds . First , an extension was agreed to and one-and-a-half years later , it signed an agreement establishing that the multinational retailer will build a smaller new store on a corner of its current property , financed by funds provided by San Lorenzo . The rest of the lot will be handed over to the club , and there are plans to build another new stadium there . The current stadium has a capacity of 47,964 and the pitch size is 110 x 70 m , among the biggest in Argentina . Nicknames . - Los Gauchos de Boedo ( Boedos Gauchos ) : In 1932 , San Lorenzo brought players from different provinces from Argentina ( principally from Santa Fe Province ) . Among them are , Alberto Chividini , Gabriel Magán y Genaro Cantelli . - Los Santos ( The Saints ) : The nickname emerged , because the club used The San Antonios Oratory to make his activities from Soccer . - Los Cuervos ( The Crows ) : Was called so , because of the attire of the Cures ( black ) - El Ciclón ( The Cyclone ) : San Lorenzos historical rival is Club Atlético Huracán , which means hurricane . The nickname is adopted since cyclones are stronger than hurricanes . - Los Azulgrana ( The Blue and Red ) : The color of the club ( Blue and Red ) . - Los Matadores ( The Killers ) , originally used for the unbeaten 1968 champions . - The fans collective calls itself La Gloriosa ( The Glorious ) . Players . Notable former players . - Alfredo Carricaberry ( 1920–30 ) - Luis Monti ( 1922–30 ) - Diego García ( 1925–40 ) - Clotardo Dendi ( 1931 ) - Waldemar de Brito ( 1934–36 ) - Alberto Zarzur ( 1935 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1939–43 ) - Ángel Zubieta ( 1939–52 ) - Rinaldo Martino ( 1941–48 ) - René Pontoni ( 1945–48 ) , ( 1954 ) - José Sanfilippo ( 1953–62 ) , ( 1972 ) - Ángel Berni ( 1953–59 ) - Norberto Boggio ( 1957–62 ) - Raúl Páez ( 1958–67 ) - Héctor Facundo ( 1959–63 ) - Oscar Rossi ( 1960–64 ) - Alberto Mariotti ( 1962–64 ) - Narciso Doval ( 1962–68 ) , ( 1979 ) - Roberto Telch ( 1962–75 ) - Rafael Albrecht ( 1963–70 ) - Agustín Irusta ( 1963–76 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1963–69 ) , ( 1973 ) - Alberto Rendo ( 1965–69 ) - Rodolfo Fischer ( 1965–72 ) , ( 1977–78 ) - Mario Chaldú ( 1966–67 ) - José Varacka ( 1966–67 ) - Oscar Calics ( 1966–70 ) - Antonio García Ameijenda ( 1967–74 ) - Rubén Ayala ( 1968–73 ) - Antonio Rosl ( 1968–73 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1968–74 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–74 ) - Carlos Veglio ( 1968–75 ) - Rubén Glaria ( 1968–75 ) - Sergio Villar ( 1968–81 ) - Enrique Chazarreta ( 1970–75 ) - Héctor Scotta ( 1971–75 ) , ( 1979 ) , ( 1981 ) - Oscar Ortiz ( 1971–76 ) - Jorge Olguín ( 1971–79 ) - Ricardo Lavolpe ( 1975–79 ) - José Luis Ceballos ( 1975 ) , ( 1981 ) - Claudio Marangoni ( 1976–79 ) - Rubén Darío Insúa ( 1978–86 ) - Walter Perazzo ( 1979–88 ) - Jorge Higuaín ( 1982–86 ) - Jorge Rinaldi ( 1983–85 ) , ( 1991–92 ) - Blas Giunta ( 1983–88 ) - José Luis Chilavert ( 1985–88 ) - Norberto Ortega Sánchez ( 1985–88 ) , ( 1994–96 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 1988–89 ) , ( 1992–93 ) , ( 1996–99 ) - Alberto Acosta ( 1988–90 ) , ( 1992 ) , ( 1998 ) , ( 2001–03 ) - Leonardo Rodríguez ( 1990–91 ) , ( 2001–02 ) - Jorge Borelli ( 1992–96 ) - Oscar Passet ( 1992–99 ) - Eduardo Bennet ( 1993–95 ) - Paulo Silas ( 1993–97 ) - Esteban González ( 1994–95 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1994–97 ) - Gilberto Angelucci ( 1994–98 ) - Fernando Galetto ( 1994–99 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 1994–99 ) - Sebastián Abreu ( 1996–97 ) , ( 2000–01 ) - Guillermo Franco ( 1996–02 ) - Iván Córdoba ( 1998–00 ) - Walter Erviti ( 1998–02 ) - Claudio Morel Rodríguez ( 1998–04 ) - Bernardo Romeo ( 1998–01 ) , ( 2007–10 ) , ( 2012 ) - Leandro Romagnoli ( 1999–05 ) , ( 2009–18 ) - Sebastián Saja ( 2000–03 ) , ( 2005–06 ) - Fabricio Coloccini ( 2000–01 ) , ( 2016–present ) - Agustín Orion ( 2001–09 ) - Gonzalo Rodríguez ( 2002–04 ) , ( 2017–20 ) - Pablo Zabaleta ( 2002–05 ) - Pablo Barrientos ( 2003–06 ) , ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2014–16 ) - Ezequiel Lavezzi ( 2004–07 ) - Paolo Montero ( 2005–06 ) - José Cardozo ( 2005–06 ) - Claudio Husaín ( 2006 ) - Andrés DAlessandro ( 2008 ) - Diego Placente ( 2008 ) , ( 2010–11 ) - Gonzalo Bergessio ( 2008–09 ) , ( 2016–17 ) - Néstor Ortigoza ( 2011–12 ) , ( 2013–17 ) - Carlos Bueno ( 2012 ) - Julio Buffarini ( 2012–16 ) - Juan Mercier ( 2012–18 ) - Ignacio Piatti ( 2012–14 ) , ( 2020–present ) - Ángel Correa ( 2013–14 ) - Emmanuel Más ( 2013–16 ) - Sebastian Torrico ( 2013–present ) - Mario Yepes ( 2014–15 ) - Fernando Belluschi ( 2016–20 ) - Paulo Díaz ( 2016–18 ) - Tino Costa ( 2016–17 ) Managers . - Máximo Garay ( 1938 ) - Guillermo Stábile ( 1939–40 ) - György Orth ( 1944 ) - Victor Cuadros ( 1954 ) - Isidro Lángara ( 1955 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1961–62 ) - René Pontoni ( 1962 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1965 ) - Tim ( 1967–68 ) - Pedro Dellacha ( 1969–70 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1971 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1972 ) - Luis Carniglia ( 1973 ) - Osvaldo Zubeldía ( 1974 ) - Roberto Scarone ( 1975 ) - Rogelio Domínguez ( 1977 ) - Carlos Bilardo ( 1979 ) - Delém ( 1980 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1980 ) - Victorio Cocco ( 1981 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1981–82 ) - José Yudica ( 1982 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1983–84 ) - Oscar López ( 1985 ) - Juan Carlos Lorenzo ( 1985 ) - Bora Milutinović ( 1987 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1987–90 ) - Roberto Saporiti ( 1989–90 ) - Ricardo Rezza ( 1990–91 ) - Fernando Areán ( 1991–92 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1992 ) - Héctor Veira ( 1992–96 ) - Carlos Aimar ( 1996 ) - Jorge Castelli ( 1997–98 ) - Alfio Basile ( 1998 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 1998–01 ) - Manuel Pellegrini ( 1 January 2001 – 18 May 2002 ) - Rubén Insúa ( 1 June 2002 – 5 July 2003 ) - Gustavo Quinteros ( 6 July 2003 – 29 July 2003 ) - Néstor Gorosito ( 30 July 2003 – 25 August 2004 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 26 August 2004 – 2 September 2004 ) - Héctor Veira ( 3 September 2004 – 22 April 2005 ) - Gabriel Rodríguez ( 23 April 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Gustavo Alfaro ( 1 July 2005 – 5 February 2006 ) - Fernando Berón ( interim ) ( 6 February 2006 – 14 February 2006 ) - Oscar Ruggeri ( 15 February 2006 – 20 December 2006 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 January 2007 – 12 June 2008 ) - Norberto Batista ( 7 June 2008 – 30 June 2008 ) - Miguel Ángel Russo ( 1 July 2008 – 9 April 2009 ) - Alberto Fanesi ( interim ) ( 9 April 2009 – 13 April 2009 ) - Diego Simeone ( 20 April 2009 – 3 April 2010 ) - Sebastián Méndez ( interim ) ( 7 April 2010 – 30 June 2010 ) - Ramón Díaz ( 1 July 2010 – 24 April 2011 ) - Omar Asad ( 12 May 2011 – 21 November 2011 ) - Leonardo Carol Madelón ( 22 November 2011 – 1 April 2012 ) - Ricardo Caruso Lombardi ( 4 April 2012 – 8 October 2012 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 9 October 2012 – 20 December 2013 ) - Edgardo Bauza ( 26 December 2013 – 30 November 2015 ) - Pablo Guede ( 4 January 2016 – 15 June 2016 ) - Diego Aguirre ( 22 June 2016 – 22 September 2017 ) - Claudio Biaggio ( 22 September 2017 – 31 October 2018 ) - Jorge Almirón ( 5 November 2018 – 13 May 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( interim ) ( 13 May 2019 – 23 May 2019 ) - Juan Antonio Pizzi ( 1 July 2019 – 31 October 2019 ) - Diego Monarriz ( 1 November 2019 – 23 February 2020 ) - Hugo Tocalli ( interim ) ( 24 February 2020 – 15 March 2020 ) - Mariano Soso ( 16 March 2020 – Present ) Records . - The first Argentine soccer club to win two league titles in the same year , picking up the Metropolitano and Nacional championships in 1972 . - The first undefeated champion in 1968 Primera División . - The first club to win the Copa Sudamericana . - The only Argentine club to win the Copa Mercosur . - The first Argentine club to participate in the Copa Libertadores in 1960 - San Lorenzo is also considered as one of the FIFA Classic Clubs . - The first champion of a Unified Championship , in 1927 . - The first club who was undefeated champion two times in history : 1968 and 1972 . Honours . National . League . - Primera División ( 15 ) : 1923 , 1924 , 1927 , 1933 , 1936 ( Copa de Honor ) 1946 , 1959 , 1968 Metropolitano , 1972 Metropolitano , 1972 Nacional , 1974 Nacional , 1995 Clausura , 2001 Clausura , 2007 Clausura , 2013 Inicial - Primera División B ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1982 National cups . - Copa de la República ( 1 ) : 1943 - Supercopa Argentina ( 1 ) : 2015 Unofficial cups . Not recognized as official titles by the Argentine Football Association . - Copa San Martín de Tours ( 1 ) : 1994 - Copa Jorge Newbery ( 1 ) : 1964 International . - Copa Libertadores ( 1 ) : 2014 - Copa Mercosur ( 1 ) : 2001 - Copa Sudamericana ( 1 ) : 2002 - Copa Aldao ( 1 ) : 1927 - Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata ( 1 ) : 1923 - Notes Women . The womens team has won the national championship , Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino in 2008/09 and 2015 . They finished fourth of five in the group stage of the 2009 Copa Libertadores Femenina . Basketball . San Lorenzo has played basketball since 1930 when the club affiliated to the association . On 26 April 1985 , San Lorenzo played the opening game of the recently created Liga Nacional de Básquetbol ( LNB ) , facing Argentino de Firmat at Obras Sanitarias venue . The team returned to LNB in 2015 . External links . - Unofficial website - Mundo Azulgrana |
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] | easy | Jae Crowder went to which school from 2004 to 2009? | /wiki/Jae_Crowder#P69#0 | Jae Crowder Corey Jae Crowder ( born July 6 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is the son of former NBA player Corey Crowder . Not being heavily recruited out of high school , Crowder committed to South Georgia Technical College and later Howard College , where he led the team to an NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in his sophomore season . While at Howard College , Crowder was also named State Farm Junior College Player of the Year . Later , he transferred to Marquette , where he was named Big East Player of the Year in his senior season . After his senior year ended , he became eligible for the 2012 NBA draft , where he was drafted 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers and traded to the Dallas Mavericks on draft night . In 2014 , Crowder was traded to the Boston Celtics . He spent three years in Boston before being traded back to his draft team , the Cavaliers , in August 2017 . In 2018 , he was traded to the Utah Jazz and he has also played for the Memphis Grizzlies . Early life and high school career . Jae Crowder was born on July 6 , 1990 , in Villa Rica , Georgia , to Helen Thompson and basketball player Corey Crowder . Crowder attended Villa Rica High School , where he played as starting quarterback for the football team and as starting point guard for the basketball team . Crowder spent the summer holidays in Florida , working out and training with his father , then a professional basketball player , with 2 years experience in the NBA playing in Europe . Growing up , he was undersized and overweight , weighing nearly 200 pounds in his junior year . Eventually , he called his father to help him lose weight . By the end of his junior year , he had grown to 64 and had significantly improved his physical conditioning . College career . Crowder was not heavily recruited out of high school , although he had some offers in football . He committed to South Georgia Technical College , a college in Americus , Georgia . He later transferred to Howard College for his sophomore season . After his junior college eligibility ended , he transferred to Marquette . South Georgia Tech . In his only season with South Georgia Tech , he led the Jets to their first-ever NJCAA national tournament appearance in his freshman season , under head coach Steven Wright , with the team finishing with a 21–7 record . He was named Georgia Junior College Athletic Association Player of the Year that season . Howard College . In his sophomore season with the Howard Hawks in 2010 , Crowder was not only named Junior College Player of the Year but also helped the team win its first-ever NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship . In the final game he registered 27 points and 12 rebounds in an 85–80 overtime victory against Three Rivers Community College . He averaged 18.9 points , 9.0 rebounds , 2.5 assists and 2.4 steals per game as a sophomore while shooting 46.0 percent from the field and 76.0 percent from the free throw line . Marquette . After his season with the Howard Hawks , Crowder transferred to Marquette University , selecting the Golden Eagles over UNLV , Georgia Tech , Texas Tech and Illinois State , among others . He averaged 11.8 points and 6.8 rebounds in his first season with Marquette . Some basketball statisticians believe Crowder was statistically the best all-around player during the 2010–11 season . On January 1 , 2011 , Crowder recorded a career-high 29 points and 8 rebounds in a game against the West Virginia Mountaineers . On March 30 , 2012 , Crowder was named East Perfect Player of the Game in the Reeses College All-Star Game . For the 2011–2012 season , Crowder averaged 17.5 points and 8.4 rebounds per game . Crowder led Marquette to a second-place finish in the Big East , as well as their second consecutive Sweet 16 . During the same season , he was named Big East Player of the Year , as well as an AP Second-Team All American . College awards and honors . - Second-team All-American – AP , TSN ( 2012 ) - Third-team All-American – NABC ( 2012 ) - Big East Player of the Year ( 2012 ) - All-Big East First Team ( 2012 ) - NABC Junior College Player of the Year ( 2010 ) - NJCAA Mens Division I champion ( 2010 ) Professional career . NBA draft . After finishing his college career , Jae Crowder decided to enter the 2012 NBA draft , where he was projected to be a second round draft pick . Crowder was taken 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers ; however , a draft night-trade with the Mavericks sent him to Dallas , along with 24th overall pick Jared Cunningham and 33rd overall pick Bernard James , in exchange for 17th overall pick Tyler Zeller and Kelenna Azubuike . He was officially signed on July 20 , 2012 on a non-guaranteed two-year contract , like all second round draft picks . His Marquette teammate Darius Johnson-Odom was also drafted with the 55th overall pick . Dallas Mavericks ( 2012–2014 ) . Rookie season . Due to his strong showing in NBA Summer League and preseason games , he was described as the steal of the NBA draft , averaging 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds , 1.9 steals , 1.6 assists and 0.8 blocks in 22 minutes per game in the preseason and 16.6 points , 1.6 assists , 5.4 rebounds , 0.8 blocks , 2.0 steals and 41.7 percent shooting in Summer League , where he was also voted into the All-Summer League team . This strong showing raised expectations in the young player , as he was viewed as possibly the Mavericks new franchise player and possibly a future All-Star . His stellar play earned him a spot in coach Rick Carlisles rotation . He debuted in the season-opening win against the Los Angeles Lakers . After Dirk Nowitzki missed most of the early season with an arthroscopic knee surgery and starting small forward Shawn Marion was also injured , Crowder became the teams starting small forward . With Marion and Nowitzkis returns , Crowders minutes decreased . His contribution started to dwindle a bit starting around the all-star break , when he admitted that he hit the rookie wall . The Mavericks were never able to recover from Nowitzkis injury and missed the playoffs for the first time in 12 years , with Crowder averaging 5 points and 2.4 rebounds per game in 17.3 minutes . 2013–14 season . On November 5 , 2013 , Crowder scored a then career-high 18 points in a 123–104 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . On February 27 , 2014 , Crowder was assigned to the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League . He was recalled by the Mavericks on February 28 , reassigned on March 1 , and recalled again on March 2 . 2014–15 season . On June 10 , 2014 , the Mavericks exercised their team option on Crowders contract . With the offseason additions of forwards Al-Farouq Aminu and Richard Jefferson , Crowders minutes subsequently dropped to start the 2014–15 season , falling out of coach Rick Carlisles frontcourt rotation . On November 9 , 2014 , he scored a season-high 15 points on 5-of-6 shooting in a 105–96 loss to the Miami Heat . Boston Celtics ( 2014–2017 ) . On December 18 , 2014 , Crowder was traded , along with Jameer Nelson , Brandan Wright , a 2015 first-round pick , a 2016 second-round pick and a $12.9 million trade exception , to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Rajon Rondo and Dwight Powell . On January 12 , 2015 , he scored a then career-high 22 points in a 108–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . On April 14 , 2015 , he hit an off-balance fall-away two-point shot from deep on the right wing with 0.8 seconds left , lifting Boston to a 95–93 win over the Toronto Raptors . After averaging just 3.6 points in 10.6 minutes per game with Dallas to start the 2014–15 season , Crowder became an important role player for the Celtics in Brad Stevens rotation , and subsequently lifted his averages to 9.5 points in 24.2 minutes per game . On July 27 , 2015 , Crowder re-signed with the Celtics to a reported five-year , $35 million contract . On December 18 , 2015 , he scored a career-high 24 points in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks . He topped that mark on January 4 , 2016 , scoring 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Brooklyn Nets . On January 13 , he tied his career high of 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Indiana Pacers . On March 14 , he was ruled out for two weeks with a right ankle sprain . He returned to action on March 31 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing eight games . In the Celtics season opener on October 26 , 2016 , Crowder scored 21 points in a 122–117 win over the Brooklyn Nets . He appeared in the teams first four games of the season , but then missed eight straight games with a sprained left ankle . He returned to action on November 19 , scoring nine points in a 94–92 win over the Detroit Pistons . On March 17 , 2017 , he recorded season highs with 24 points and 12 rebounds in a 98–95 win over Brooklyn . On March 26 , 2017 , he set a new season high with 25 points in a 112–108 win over the Miami Heat . In Game 1 of the Celtics Eastern Conference semifinal match-up with the Washington Wizards , Crowder scored a playoff career-high 24 points , helping the Celtics win 123–111 . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017–2018 ) . On August 22 , 2017 , Crowder was traded , along with Isaiah Thomas , Ante Žižić and the Brooklyn Nets 2018 unprotected first round pick , to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . Eight days later , the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade . On November 20 , 2017 , Crowder scored a season-high 18 points against the Detroit Pistons . Utah Jazz ( 2018–2019 ) . On February 8 , 2018 , Crowder was acquired by the Utah Jazz in a three-team trade that also involved the Cavaliers and the Sacramento Kings . In his debut for the Jazz three days later , Crowder scored 15 points in a 115–96 win over the Portland Trail Blazers . On March 9 , 2018 , he scored a season-high 22 points in a 95–78 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . In Game 5 of the Jazzs first-round playoff series against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Crowder scored a career playoff-high 27 points in a 107–99 loss . On January 1 , 2019 , Crowder scored a career-high 30 points in a 122–116 loss to the Toronto Raptors . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–2020 ) . On July 6 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies acquired Crowder from the Jazz as part of a package for Mike Conley Jr . On October 27 , Crowder hit the game-winning buzzer beating three-pointer to defeat the Brooklyn Nets 134–133 in overtime . Miami Heat ( 2020 ) . On February 6 , 2020 , Crowder was traded to the Miami Heat in a 3-team trade . This reunited Crowder with his former college teammate Jimmy Butler . Crowder helped the Heat reach the 2020 NBA Finals , but lost in 6 games to the Los Angeles Lakers . Phoenix Suns ( 2020–present ) . On November 28 , 2020 , Crowder signed with the Phoenix Suns . Player profile . Crowder is known for his good all around-play and his positional flexibility . He is a rugged defender with a strong , muscular stature and a good rebounder . He has a good three point shot and postplay , as well as being solid from long range , averaging .498 from the field and .345 from the three-point line in his senior season at Marquette . Crowder has a tremendous work ethic , growing from a chubby kid into a muscular player , training with intense will and commitment to improve his skills . Rick Carlisle compared him to Tayshaun Prince , whom he coached while with the Detroit Pistons , stating : Jae just has a maturity beyond his years . He’s got a natural motor and a natural , real , pure basketball energy . He’s the kind of guy who would fit in on any team . Personal life . Crowders father , Corey , played in the NBA for the Utah Jazz and the San Antonio Spurs and had a 14-year professional basketball career , mostly playing in Europe . Crowder has seven siblings . He majored in communication studies at Marquettes Diederich College of Communication . Jae’s mother Helen Thompson died of cancer in August 2017 . She died the same night he was traded to Cleveland from Boston . At his introductory press conference in Cleveland , he said , The good thing about the whole ordeal was I was able to whisper it to my mom before she passed . I was with her . I just told her , Were going to Cleveland . Five minutes later , she passed . |
[
"Howard College"
] | easy | Where was Jae Crowder educated from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Jae_Crowder#P69#1 | Jae Crowder Corey Jae Crowder ( born July 6 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is the son of former NBA player Corey Crowder . Not being heavily recruited out of high school , Crowder committed to South Georgia Technical College and later Howard College , where he led the team to an NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in his sophomore season . While at Howard College , Crowder was also named State Farm Junior College Player of the Year . Later , he transferred to Marquette , where he was named Big East Player of the Year in his senior season . After his senior year ended , he became eligible for the 2012 NBA draft , where he was drafted 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers and traded to the Dallas Mavericks on draft night . In 2014 , Crowder was traded to the Boston Celtics . He spent three years in Boston before being traded back to his draft team , the Cavaliers , in August 2017 . In 2018 , he was traded to the Utah Jazz and he has also played for the Memphis Grizzlies . Early life and high school career . Jae Crowder was born on July 6 , 1990 , in Villa Rica , Georgia , to Helen Thompson and basketball player Corey Crowder . Crowder attended Villa Rica High School , where he played as starting quarterback for the football team and as starting point guard for the basketball team . Crowder spent the summer holidays in Florida , working out and training with his father , then a professional basketball player , with 2 years experience in the NBA playing in Europe . Growing up , he was undersized and overweight , weighing nearly 200 pounds in his junior year . Eventually , he called his father to help him lose weight . By the end of his junior year , he had grown to 64 and had significantly improved his physical conditioning . College career . Crowder was not heavily recruited out of high school , although he had some offers in football . He committed to South Georgia Technical College , a college in Americus , Georgia . He later transferred to Howard College for his sophomore season . After his junior college eligibility ended , he transferred to Marquette . South Georgia Tech . In his only season with South Georgia Tech , he led the Jets to their first-ever NJCAA national tournament appearance in his freshman season , under head coach Steven Wright , with the team finishing with a 21–7 record . He was named Georgia Junior College Athletic Association Player of the Year that season . Howard College . In his sophomore season with the Howard Hawks in 2010 , Crowder was not only named Junior College Player of the Year but also helped the team win its first-ever NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship . In the final game he registered 27 points and 12 rebounds in an 85–80 overtime victory against Three Rivers Community College . He averaged 18.9 points , 9.0 rebounds , 2.5 assists and 2.4 steals per game as a sophomore while shooting 46.0 percent from the field and 76.0 percent from the free throw line . Marquette . After his season with the Howard Hawks , Crowder transferred to Marquette University , selecting the Golden Eagles over UNLV , Georgia Tech , Texas Tech and Illinois State , among others . He averaged 11.8 points and 6.8 rebounds in his first season with Marquette . Some basketball statisticians believe Crowder was statistically the best all-around player during the 2010–11 season . On January 1 , 2011 , Crowder recorded a career-high 29 points and 8 rebounds in a game against the West Virginia Mountaineers . On March 30 , 2012 , Crowder was named East Perfect Player of the Game in the Reeses College All-Star Game . For the 2011–2012 season , Crowder averaged 17.5 points and 8.4 rebounds per game . Crowder led Marquette to a second-place finish in the Big East , as well as their second consecutive Sweet 16 . During the same season , he was named Big East Player of the Year , as well as an AP Second-Team All American . College awards and honors . - Second-team All-American – AP , TSN ( 2012 ) - Third-team All-American – NABC ( 2012 ) - Big East Player of the Year ( 2012 ) - All-Big East First Team ( 2012 ) - NABC Junior College Player of the Year ( 2010 ) - NJCAA Mens Division I champion ( 2010 ) Professional career . NBA draft . After finishing his college career , Jae Crowder decided to enter the 2012 NBA draft , where he was projected to be a second round draft pick . Crowder was taken 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers ; however , a draft night-trade with the Mavericks sent him to Dallas , along with 24th overall pick Jared Cunningham and 33rd overall pick Bernard James , in exchange for 17th overall pick Tyler Zeller and Kelenna Azubuike . He was officially signed on July 20 , 2012 on a non-guaranteed two-year contract , like all second round draft picks . His Marquette teammate Darius Johnson-Odom was also drafted with the 55th overall pick . Dallas Mavericks ( 2012–2014 ) . Rookie season . Due to his strong showing in NBA Summer League and preseason games , he was described as the steal of the NBA draft , averaging 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds , 1.9 steals , 1.6 assists and 0.8 blocks in 22 minutes per game in the preseason and 16.6 points , 1.6 assists , 5.4 rebounds , 0.8 blocks , 2.0 steals and 41.7 percent shooting in Summer League , where he was also voted into the All-Summer League team . This strong showing raised expectations in the young player , as he was viewed as possibly the Mavericks new franchise player and possibly a future All-Star . His stellar play earned him a spot in coach Rick Carlisles rotation . He debuted in the season-opening win against the Los Angeles Lakers . After Dirk Nowitzki missed most of the early season with an arthroscopic knee surgery and starting small forward Shawn Marion was also injured , Crowder became the teams starting small forward . With Marion and Nowitzkis returns , Crowders minutes decreased . His contribution started to dwindle a bit starting around the all-star break , when he admitted that he hit the rookie wall . The Mavericks were never able to recover from Nowitzkis injury and missed the playoffs for the first time in 12 years , with Crowder averaging 5 points and 2.4 rebounds per game in 17.3 minutes . 2013–14 season . On November 5 , 2013 , Crowder scored a then career-high 18 points in a 123–104 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . On February 27 , 2014 , Crowder was assigned to the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League . He was recalled by the Mavericks on February 28 , reassigned on March 1 , and recalled again on March 2 . 2014–15 season . On June 10 , 2014 , the Mavericks exercised their team option on Crowders contract . With the offseason additions of forwards Al-Farouq Aminu and Richard Jefferson , Crowders minutes subsequently dropped to start the 2014–15 season , falling out of coach Rick Carlisles frontcourt rotation . On November 9 , 2014 , he scored a season-high 15 points on 5-of-6 shooting in a 105–96 loss to the Miami Heat . Boston Celtics ( 2014–2017 ) . On December 18 , 2014 , Crowder was traded , along with Jameer Nelson , Brandan Wright , a 2015 first-round pick , a 2016 second-round pick and a $12.9 million trade exception , to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Rajon Rondo and Dwight Powell . On January 12 , 2015 , he scored a then career-high 22 points in a 108–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . On April 14 , 2015 , he hit an off-balance fall-away two-point shot from deep on the right wing with 0.8 seconds left , lifting Boston to a 95–93 win over the Toronto Raptors . After averaging just 3.6 points in 10.6 minutes per game with Dallas to start the 2014–15 season , Crowder became an important role player for the Celtics in Brad Stevens rotation , and subsequently lifted his averages to 9.5 points in 24.2 minutes per game . On July 27 , 2015 , Crowder re-signed with the Celtics to a reported five-year , $35 million contract . On December 18 , 2015 , he scored a career-high 24 points in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks . He topped that mark on January 4 , 2016 , scoring 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Brooklyn Nets . On January 13 , he tied his career high of 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Indiana Pacers . On March 14 , he was ruled out for two weeks with a right ankle sprain . He returned to action on March 31 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing eight games . In the Celtics season opener on October 26 , 2016 , Crowder scored 21 points in a 122–117 win over the Brooklyn Nets . He appeared in the teams first four games of the season , but then missed eight straight games with a sprained left ankle . He returned to action on November 19 , scoring nine points in a 94–92 win over the Detroit Pistons . On March 17 , 2017 , he recorded season highs with 24 points and 12 rebounds in a 98–95 win over Brooklyn . On March 26 , 2017 , he set a new season high with 25 points in a 112–108 win over the Miami Heat . In Game 1 of the Celtics Eastern Conference semifinal match-up with the Washington Wizards , Crowder scored a playoff career-high 24 points , helping the Celtics win 123–111 . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017–2018 ) . On August 22 , 2017 , Crowder was traded , along with Isaiah Thomas , Ante Žižić and the Brooklyn Nets 2018 unprotected first round pick , to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . Eight days later , the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade . On November 20 , 2017 , Crowder scored a season-high 18 points against the Detroit Pistons . Utah Jazz ( 2018–2019 ) . On February 8 , 2018 , Crowder was acquired by the Utah Jazz in a three-team trade that also involved the Cavaliers and the Sacramento Kings . In his debut for the Jazz three days later , Crowder scored 15 points in a 115–96 win over the Portland Trail Blazers . On March 9 , 2018 , he scored a season-high 22 points in a 95–78 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . In Game 5 of the Jazzs first-round playoff series against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Crowder scored a career playoff-high 27 points in a 107–99 loss . On January 1 , 2019 , Crowder scored a career-high 30 points in a 122–116 loss to the Toronto Raptors . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–2020 ) . On July 6 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies acquired Crowder from the Jazz as part of a package for Mike Conley Jr . On October 27 , Crowder hit the game-winning buzzer beating three-pointer to defeat the Brooklyn Nets 134–133 in overtime . Miami Heat ( 2020 ) . On February 6 , 2020 , Crowder was traded to the Miami Heat in a 3-team trade . This reunited Crowder with his former college teammate Jimmy Butler . Crowder helped the Heat reach the 2020 NBA Finals , but lost in 6 games to the Los Angeles Lakers . Phoenix Suns ( 2020–present ) . On November 28 , 2020 , Crowder signed with the Phoenix Suns . Player profile . Crowder is known for his good all around-play and his positional flexibility . He is a rugged defender with a strong , muscular stature and a good rebounder . He has a good three point shot and postplay , as well as being solid from long range , averaging .498 from the field and .345 from the three-point line in his senior season at Marquette . Crowder has a tremendous work ethic , growing from a chubby kid into a muscular player , training with intense will and commitment to improve his skills . Rick Carlisle compared him to Tayshaun Prince , whom he coached while with the Detroit Pistons , stating : Jae just has a maturity beyond his years . He’s got a natural motor and a natural , real , pure basketball energy . He’s the kind of guy who would fit in on any team . Personal life . Crowders father , Corey , played in the NBA for the Utah Jazz and the San Antonio Spurs and had a 14-year professional basketball career , mostly playing in Europe . Crowder has seven siblings . He majored in communication studies at Marquettes Diederich College of Communication . Jae’s mother Helen Thompson died of cancer in August 2017 . She died the same night he was traded to Cleveland from Boston . At his introductory press conference in Cleveland , he said , The good thing about the whole ordeal was I was able to whisper it to my mom before she passed . I was with her . I just told her , Were going to Cleveland . Five minutes later , she passed . |
[
"Marquette University"
] | easy | Where was Jae Crowder educated from 2010 to 2012? | /wiki/Jae_Crowder#P69#2 | Jae Crowder Corey Jae Crowder ( born July 6 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is the son of former NBA player Corey Crowder . Not being heavily recruited out of high school , Crowder committed to South Georgia Technical College and later Howard College , where he led the team to an NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in his sophomore season . While at Howard College , Crowder was also named State Farm Junior College Player of the Year . Later , he transferred to Marquette , where he was named Big East Player of the Year in his senior season . After his senior year ended , he became eligible for the 2012 NBA draft , where he was drafted 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers and traded to the Dallas Mavericks on draft night . In 2014 , Crowder was traded to the Boston Celtics . He spent three years in Boston before being traded back to his draft team , the Cavaliers , in August 2017 . In 2018 , he was traded to the Utah Jazz and he has also played for the Memphis Grizzlies . Early life and high school career . Jae Crowder was born on July 6 , 1990 , in Villa Rica , Georgia , to Helen Thompson and basketball player Corey Crowder . Crowder attended Villa Rica High School , where he played as starting quarterback for the football team and as starting point guard for the basketball team . Crowder spent the summer holidays in Florida , working out and training with his father , then a professional basketball player , with 2 years experience in the NBA playing in Europe . Growing up , he was undersized and overweight , weighing nearly 200 pounds in his junior year . Eventually , he called his father to help him lose weight . By the end of his junior year , he had grown to 64 and had significantly improved his physical conditioning . College career . Crowder was not heavily recruited out of high school , although he had some offers in football . He committed to South Georgia Technical College , a college in Americus , Georgia . He later transferred to Howard College for his sophomore season . After his junior college eligibility ended , he transferred to Marquette . South Georgia Tech . In his only season with South Georgia Tech , he led the Jets to their first-ever NJCAA national tournament appearance in his freshman season , under head coach Steven Wright , with the team finishing with a 21–7 record . He was named Georgia Junior College Athletic Association Player of the Year that season . Howard College . In his sophomore season with the Howard Hawks in 2010 , Crowder was not only named Junior College Player of the Year but also helped the team win its first-ever NJCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship . In the final game he registered 27 points and 12 rebounds in an 85–80 overtime victory against Three Rivers Community College . He averaged 18.9 points , 9.0 rebounds , 2.5 assists and 2.4 steals per game as a sophomore while shooting 46.0 percent from the field and 76.0 percent from the free throw line . Marquette . After his season with the Howard Hawks , Crowder transferred to Marquette University , selecting the Golden Eagles over UNLV , Georgia Tech , Texas Tech and Illinois State , among others . He averaged 11.8 points and 6.8 rebounds in his first season with Marquette . Some basketball statisticians believe Crowder was statistically the best all-around player during the 2010–11 season . On January 1 , 2011 , Crowder recorded a career-high 29 points and 8 rebounds in a game against the West Virginia Mountaineers . On March 30 , 2012 , Crowder was named East Perfect Player of the Game in the Reeses College All-Star Game . For the 2011–2012 season , Crowder averaged 17.5 points and 8.4 rebounds per game . Crowder led Marquette to a second-place finish in the Big East , as well as their second consecutive Sweet 16 . During the same season , he was named Big East Player of the Year , as well as an AP Second-Team All American . College awards and honors . - Second-team All-American – AP , TSN ( 2012 ) - Third-team All-American – NABC ( 2012 ) - Big East Player of the Year ( 2012 ) - All-Big East First Team ( 2012 ) - NABC Junior College Player of the Year ( 2010 ) - NJCAA Mens Division I champion ( 2010 ) Professional career . NBA draft . After finishing his college career , Jae Crowder decided to enter the 2012 NBA draft , where he was projected to be a second round draft pick . Crowder was taken 34th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers ; however , a draft night-trade with the Mavericks sent him to Dallas , along with 24th overall pick Jared Cunningham and 33rd overall pick Bernard James , in exchange for 17th overall pick Tyler Zeller and Kelenna Azubuike . He was officially signed on July 20 , 2012 on a non-guaranteed two-year contract , like all second round draft picks . His Marquette teammate Darius Johnson-Odom was also drafted with the 55th overall pick . Dallas Mavericks ( 2012–2014 ) . Rookie season . Due to his strong showing in NBA Summer League and preseason games , he was described as the steal of the NBA draft , averaging 11.4 points , 4.5 rebounds , 1.9 steals , 1.6 assists and 0.8 blocks in 22 minutes per game in the preseason and 16.6 points , 1.6 assists , 5.4 rebounds , 0.8 blocks , 2.0 steals and 41.7 percent shooting in Summer League , where he was also voted into the All-Summer League team . This strong showing raised expectations in the young player , as he was viewed as possibly the Mavericks new franchise player and possibly a future All-Star . His stellar play earned him a spot in coach Rick Carlisles rotation . He debuted in the season-opening win against the Los Angeles Lakers . After Dirk Nowitzki missed most of the early season with an arthroscopic knee surgery and starting small forward Shawn Marion was also injured , Crowder became the teams starting small forward . With Marion and Nowitzkis returns , Crowders minutes decreased . His contribution started to dwindle a bit starting around the all-star break , when he admitted that he hit the rookie wall . The Mavericks were never able to recover from Nowitzkis injury and missed the playoffs for the first time in 12 years , with Crowder averaging 5 points and 2.4 rebounds per game in 17.3 minutes . 2013–14 season . On November 5 , 2013 , Crowder scored a then career-high 18 points in a 123–104 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . On February 27 , 2014 , Crowder was assigned to the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League . He was recalled by the Mavericks on February 28 , reassigned on March 1 , and recalled again on March 2 . 2014–15 season . On June 10 , 2014 , the Mavericks exercised their team option on Crowders contract . With the offseason additions of forwards Al-Farouq Aminu and Richard Jefferson , Crowders minutes subsequently dropped to start the 2014–15 season , falling out of coach Rick Carlisles frontcourt rotation . On November 9 , 2014 , he scored a season-high 15 points on 5-of-6 shooting in a 105–96 loss to the Miami Heat . Boston Celtics ( 2014–2017 ) . On December 18 , 2014 , Crowder was traded , along with Jameer Nelson , Brandan Wright , a 2015 first-round pick , a 2016 second-round pick and a $12.9 million trade exception , to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Rajon Rondo and Dwight Powell . On January 12 , 2015 , he scored a then career-high 22 points in a 108–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . On April 14 , 2015 , he hit an off-balance fall-away two-point shot from deep on the right wing with 0.8 seconds left , lifting Boston to a 95–93 win over the Toronto Raptors . After averaging just 3.6 points in 10.6 minutes per game with Dallas to start the 2014–15 season , Crowder became an important role player for the Celtics in Brad Stevens rotation , and subsequently lifted his averages to 9.5 points in 24.2 minutes per game . On July 27 , 2015 , Crowder re-signed with the Celtics to a reported five-year , $35 million contract . On December 18 , 2015 , he scored a career-high 24 points in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks . He topped that mark on January 4 , 2016 , scoring 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Brooklyn Nets . On January 13 , he tied his career high of 25 points in a 103–94 win over the Indiana Pacers . On March 14 , he was ruled out for two weeks with a right ankle sprain . He returned to action on March 31 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing eight games . In the Celtics season opener on October 26 , 2016 , Crowder scored 21 points in a 122–117 win over the Brooklyn Nets . He appeared in the teams first four games of the season , but then missed eight straight games with a sprained left ankle . He returned to action on November 19 , scoring nine points in a 94–92 win over the Detroit Pistons . On March 17 , 2017 , he recorded season highs with 24 points and 12 rebounds in a 98–95 win over Brooklyn . On March 26 , 2017 , he set a new season high with 25 points in a 112–108 win over the Miami Heat . In Game 1 of the Celtics Eastern Conference semifinal match-up with the Washington Wizards , Crowder scored a playoff career-high 24 points , helping the Celtics win 123–111 . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017–2018 ) . On August 22 , 2017 , Crowder was traded , along with Isaiah Thomas , Ante Žižić and the Brooklyn Nets 2018 unprotected first round pick , to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . Eight days later , the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade . On November 20 , 2017 , Crowder scored a season-high 18 points against the Detroit Pistons . Utah Jazz ( 2018–2019 ) . On February 8 , 2018 , Crowder was acquired by the Utah Jazz in a three-team trade that also involved the Cavaliers and the Sacramento Kings . In his debut for the Jazz three days later , Crowder scored 15 points in a 115–96 win over the Portland Trail Blazers . On March 9 , 2018 , he scored a season-high 22 points in a 95–78 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . In Game 5 of the Jazzs first-round playoff series against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Crowder scored a career playoff-high 27 points in a 107–99 loss . On January 1 , 2019 , Crowder scored a career-high 30 points in a 122–116 loss to the Toronto Raptors . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–2020 ) . On July 6 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies acquired Crowder from the Jazz as part of a package for Mike Conley Jr . On October 27 , Crowder hit the game-winning buzzer beating three-pointer to defeat the Brooklyn Nets 134–133 in overtime . Miami Heat ( 2020 ) . On February 6 , 2020 , Crowder was traded to the Miami Heat in a 3-team trade . This reunited Crowder with his former college teammate Jimmy Butler . Crowder helped the Heat reach the 2020 NBA Finals , but lost in 6 games to the Los Angeles Lakers . Phoenix Suns ( 2020–present ) . On November 28 , 2020 , Crowder signed with the Phoenix Suns . Player profile . Crowder is known for his good all around-play and his positional flexibility . He is a rugged defender with a strong , muscular stature and a good rebounder . He has a good three point shot and postplay , as well as being solid from long range , averaging .498 from the field and .345 from the three-point line in his senior season at Marquette . Crowder has a tremendous work ethic , growing from a chubby kid into a muscular player , training with intense will and commitment to improve his skills . Rick Carlisle compared him to Tayshaun Prince , whom he coached while with the Detroit Pistons , stating : Jae just has a maturity beyond his years . He’s got a natural motor and a natural , real , pure basketball energy . He’s the kind of guy who would fit in on any team . Personal life . Crowders father , Corey , played in the NBA for the Utah Jazz and the San Antonio Spurs and had a 14-year professional basketball career , mostly playing in Europe . Crowder has seven siblings . He majored in communication studies at Marquettes Diederich College of Communication . Jae’s mother Helen Thompson died of cancer in August 2017 . She died the same night he was traded to Cleveland from Boston . At his introductory press conference in Cleveland , he said , The good thing about the whole ordeal was I was able to whisper it to my mom before she passed . I was with her . I just told her , Were going to Cleveland . Five minutes later , she passed . |
[
"Tsarina Alexandra"
] | easy | Imperial Coronation (Fabergé egg) was owned by whom from 1897 to 1917? | /wiki/Imperial_Coronation_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#0 | Imperial Coronation ( Fabergé egg ) The Imperial Coronation egg is a jewelled Fabergé egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1897 by Fabergé ateliers , Mikhail Perkhin and Henrik Wigstrom . The egg was made to commemorate Tsarina , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna . It was frequently on exhibition at The Hermitage Museum ( specifically the Winter Palace ) in St . Petersburg , Russia , and also materialized in various museums worldwide , placed in temporary exhibits there . It is currently owned by one of the Russian oligarchs , Viktor Vekselberg . Design . The egg is made from gold with translucent lime yellow enamel on a guilloché field of starbursts and is in reference to the cloth-of-gold robe worn by the Tsarina at her Coronation . It is trellised with bands of greenish gold laurel leaves mounted at each intersection by a gold Imperial double-headed eagle enamelled opaque black , and set with a rose diamond on its chest . This pattern was also drawn from the Coronation robe worn by the Empress . A large portrait diamond is set in the top of the egg within a cluster of ten brilliant diamonds ; through the table of this stone , the monogram of the Empress can be seen . At the other , more narrow end , a smaller portrait diamond is set within a cluster of rose diamonds surrounded by a flower motif made of 20 narrow gold petals . At this end of the egg the portrait diamond covers the date 1897 inscribed on a plaque similar to that of the monogram . The egg was presented together with a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage at a cost of 5650 rubles . Surprise . Fitted inside a velvet-lined compartment is a precise replica , less than four inches long , of the 18th-century Imperial coach that carried the Tsarina Alexandra to her coronation at Moscows Uspensky Cathedral . The red colour of the original coach was recreated using strawberry coloured translucent enamel and the blue upholstery of the interior was also reproduced in enamels . The coach is surmounted by the Imperial Crown in rose diamonds and six double-headed eagles on the roof ; it is fitted with engraved rock crystal windows and platinum tyres decorated with a diamond-set trellis in gold and an Imperial eagle in diamonds at either door . The miniature is complete with moving wheels , opening doors , actual C-spring shock absorbers and a tiny folding step-stair . Missing surprises include an emerald or diamond pendant that hung inside the replica coach , a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage as well as a stand made of silver-gilt wire . History . The coronation of Tsar Nicholas II and his spouse , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna was the catalyst for the Imperial Coronation Eggs creation , to celebrate the historical event . The coronation on May 14 , 1896 , was a day of jubilance and pride in the Romanovs , celebrated by throngs of spectators . The Russian nobility and guests gathered on the Eastern Orthodox day of Dormition , the death of Mary , inside Uspensky Cathedral for the actual coronation . The throne of the Czar , the former throne of Michael I of Russia was inset with 870 diamonds , rubies , and pearls . The throne of the Tsarina , the famous ivory throne of Ivan the Great , also was inset with a vast collection of jewels and rare gemstones . The gold miniature coach , which is removable from the interior of the Coronation Egg , is a replica of Catherine the Greats Gold Coach of 1793 used to transport the last Romanov rulers from ceremony to ceremony on the coronation week . Another artifact used in the coronation from the reign of Catherine was the Imperial Crown of Russia diamond crown made by Jérémie Pauzié in 1762 . Past and present ownerships . Royal origin . The Egg was first given to Tsarina Alexandra of Imperial Russia on Easter of 1897 . The egg was displayed in the Empress apartment at the Winter Palace in St . Petersburg , resting in a jewelled carriage . Upon the fall of the Romanov Dynasty , the egg was confiscated by the Provisional Government in 1917 and was listed among the treasures removed from the Anichkov Palace . It was then dispatched to the Kremlin and finally transferred to the Sovnarkom in 1922 for sale . Further transactions . The egg was purchased in 1927 by Emanuel Snowman for Wartski a family-owned firm of art and antique dealers in London . The egg was then sold to the collector Charles Parsons in 1934 , but then reacquired by Wartski in 1945 and remained with the company until early 1979 . Late twentieth century . In March 1979 , the egg was sold to Malcolm Forbes for $2.16 million USD along with the Lilies of the Valley Fabergé Egg . In 2004 , nine Fabergé eggs , including the Imperial Coronation Egg , were to be sold by Sothebys Auction House , however on February 4 , 2004 , Sothebys announced that more than 180 Fabergé art pieces , including the 9 rare Fabergé eggs , had been withdrawn from auction and privately sold to Viktor Vekselberg . The official selling price of the Coronation Egg to Vekselberg was never publicly disclosed by Sothebys , fueling much speculation . However , CNN reported the day after the sale that ...it was a very serious offer that the Forbes family accepted . In a 2013 BBC Four documentary , Vekselberg revealed he had spent just over $100 Million purchasing the 9 Fabergé eggs . Representation in film . The James Bond film , Octopussy ( 1983 ) , encompasses the mysterious appearance of a fabricated Coronation Egg at a party in the British Embassy of West Berlin . The plot for the film is adapted from Ian Flemings 1963 short story The Property of a Lady . An accurate model of the Imperial Coronation Egg was depicted in the 2004 crime film Oceans Twelve . The replica was produced by design studio Vivian Alexander , popular for recreating famous items of jewelry for public and private purposes . The replica is worth approximately USD4,000 . In the film , the egg was stolen in a grand heist from a museum in Rome . A replica of the Imperial Coronation Egg , along with the surprise coach , appear in the first episode of the Amazon.com series The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) . |
[
"Malcolm Forbes"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Imperial Coronation (Fabergé egg) from 1979 to 2004? | /wiki/Imperial_Coronation_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#1 | Imperial Coronation ( Fabergé egg ) The Imperial Coronation egg is a jewelled Fabergé egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1897 by Fabergé ateliers , Mikhail Perkhin and Henrik Wigstrom . The egg was made to commemorate Tsarina , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna . It was frequently on exhibition at The Hermitage Museum ( specifically the Winter Palace ) in St . Petersburg , Russia , and also materialized in various museums worldwide , placed in temporary exhibits there . It is currently owned by one of the Russian oligarchs , Viktor Vekselberg . Design . The egg is made from gold with translucent lime yellow enamel on a guilloché field of starbursts and is in reference to the cloth-of-gold robe worn by the Tsarina at her Coronation . It is trellised with bands of greenish gold laurel leaves mounted at each intersection by a gold Imperial double-headed eagle enamelled opaque black , and set with a rose diamond on its chest . This pattern was also drawn from the Coronation robe worn by the Empress . A large portrait diamond is set in the top of the egg within a cluster of ten brilliant diamonds ; through the table of this stone , the monogram of the Empress can be seen . At the other , more narrow end , a smaller portrait diamond is set within a cluster of rose diamonds surrounded by a flower motif made of 20 narrow gold petals . At this end of the egg the portrait diamond covers the date 1897 inscribed on a plaque similar to that of the monogram . The egg was presented together with a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage at a cost of 5650 rubles . Surprise . Fitted inside a velvet-lined compartment is a precise replica , less than four inches long , of the 18th-century Imperial coach that carried the Tsarina Alexandra to her coronation at Moscows Uspensky Cathedral . The red colour of the original coach was recreated using strawberry coloured translucent enamel and the blue upholstery of the interior was also reproduced in enamels . The coach is surmounted by the Imperial Crown in rose diamonds and six double-headed eagles on the roof ; it is fitted with engraved rock crystal windows and platinum tyres decorated with a diamond-set trellis in gold and an Imperial eagle in diamonds at either door . The miniature is complete with moving wheels , opening doors , actual C-spring shock absorbers and a tiny folding step-stair . Missing surprises include an emerald or diamond pendant that hung inside the replica coach , a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage as well as a stand made of silver-gilt wire . History . The coronation of Tsar Nicholas II and his spouse , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna was the catalyst for the Imperial Coronation Eggs creation , to celebrate the historical event . The coronation on May 14 , 1896 , was a day of jubilance and pride in the Romanovs , celebrated by throngs of spectators . The Russian nobility and guests gathered on the Eastern Orthodox day of Dormition , the death of Mary , inside Uspensky Cathedral for the actual coronation . The throne of the Czar , the former throne of Michael I of Russia was inset with 870 diamonds , rubies , and pearls . The throne of the Tsarina , the famous ivory throne of Ivan the Great , also was inset with a vast collection of jewels and rare gemstones . The gold miniature coach , which is removable from the interior of the Coronation Egg , is a replica of Catherine the Greats Gold Coach of 1793 used to transport the last Romanov rulers from ceremony to ceremony on the coronation week . Another artifact used in the coronation from the reign of Catherine was the Imperial Crown of Russia diamond crown made by Jérémie Pauzié in 1762 . Past and present ownerships . Royal origin . The Egg was first given to Tsarina Alexandra of Imperial Russia on Easter of 1897 . The egg was displayed in the Empress apartment at the Winter Palace in St . Petersburg , resting in a jewelled carriage . Upon the fall of the Romanov Dynasty , the egg was confiscated by the Provisional Government in 1917 and was listed among the treasures removed from the Anichkov Palace . It was then dispatched to the Kremlin and finally transferred to the Sovnarkom in 1922 for sale . Further transactions . The egg was purchased in 1927 by Emanuel Snowman for Wartski a family-owned firm of art and antique dealers in London . The egg was then sold to the collector Charles Parsons in 1934 , but then reacquired by Wartski in 1945 and remained with the company until early 1979 . Late twentieth century . In March 1979 , the egg was sold to Malcolm Forbes for $2.16 million USD along with the Lilies of the Valley Fabergé Egg . In 2004 , nine Fabergé eggs , including the Imperial Coronation Egg , were to be sold by Sothebys Auction House , however on February 4 , 2004 , Sothebys announced that more than 180 Fabergé art pieces , including the 9 rare Fabergé eggs , had been withdrawn from auction and privately sold to Viktor Vekselberg . The official selling price of the Coronation Egg to Vekselberg was never publicly disclosed by Sothebys , fueling much speculation . However , CNN reported the day after the sale that ...it was a very serious offer that the Forbes family accepted . In a 2013 BBC Four documentary , Vekselberg revealed he had spent just over $100 Million purchasing the 9 Fabergé eggs . Representation in film . The James Bond film , Octopussy ( 1983 ) , encompasses the mysterious appearance of a fabricated Coronation Egg at a party in the British Embassy of West Berlin . The plot for the film is adapted from Ian Flemings 1963 short story The Property of a Lady . An accurate model of the Imperial Coronation Egg was depicted in the 2004 crime film Oceans Twelve . The replica was produced by design studio Vivian Alexander , popular for recreating famous items of jewelry for public and private purposes . The replica is worth approximately USD4,000 . In the film , the egg was stolen in a grand heist from a museum in Rome . A replica of the Imperial Coronation Egg , along with the surprise coach , appear in the first episode of the Amazon.com series The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) . |
[
"Viktor Vekselberg"
] | easy | Who owned Imperial Coronation (Fabergé egg) from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Imperial_Coronation_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#2 | Imperial Coronation ( Fabergé egg ) The Imperial Coronation egg is a jewelled Fabergé egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1897 by Fabergé ateliers , Mikhail Perkhin and Henrik Wigstrom . The egg was made to commemorate Tsarina , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna . It was frequently on exhibition at The Hermitage Museum ( specifically the Winter Palace ) in St . Petersburg , Russia , and also materialized in various museums worldwide , placed in temporary exhibits there . It is currently owned by one of the Russian oligarchs , Viktor Vekselberg . Design . The egg is made from gold with translucent lime yellow enamel on a guilloché field of starbursts and is in reference to the cloth-of-gold robe worn by the Tsarina at her Coronation . It is trellised with bands of greenish gold laurel leaves mounted at each intersection by a gold Imperial double-headed eagle enamelled opaque black , and set with a rose diamond on its chest . This pattern was also drawn from the Coronation robe worn by the Empress . A large portrait diamond is set in the top of the egg within a cluster of ten brilliant diamonds ; through the table of this stone , the monogram of the Empress can be seen . At the other , more narrow end , a smaller portrait diamond is set within a cluster of rose diamonds surrounded by a flower motif made of 20 narrow gold petals . At this end of the egg the portrait diamond covers the date 1897 inscribed on a plaque similar to that of the monogram . The egg was presented together with a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage at a cost of 5650 rubles . Surprise . Fitted inside a velvet-lined compartment is a precise replica , less than four inches long , of the 18th-century Imperial coach that carried the Tsarina Alexandra to her coronation at Moscows Uspensky Cathedral . The red colour of the original coach was recreated using strawberry coloured translucent enamel and the blue upholstery of the interior was also reproduced in enamels . The coach is surmounted by the Imperial Crown in rose diamonds and six double-headed eagles on the roof ; it is fitted with engraved rock crystal windows and platinum tyres decorated with a diamond-set trellis in gold and an Imperial eagle in diamonds at either door . The miniature is complete with moving wheels , opening doors , actual C-spring shock absorbers and a tiny folding step-stair . Missing surprises include an emerald or diamond pendant that hung inside the replica coach , a glass-enclosed jadeite stand for the display of the carriage as well as a stand made of silver-gilt wire . History . The coronation of Tsar Nicholas II and his spouse , Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna was the catalyst for the Imperial Coronation Eggs creation , to celebrate the historical event . The coronation on May 14 , 1896 , was a day of jubilance and pride in the Romanovs , celebrated by throngs of spectators . The Russian nobility and guests gathered on the Eastern Orthodox day of Dormition , the death of Mary , inside Uspensky Cathedral for the actual coronation . The throne of the Czar , the former throne of Michael I of Russia was inset with 870 diamonds , rubies , and pearls . The throne of the Tsarina , the famous ivory throne of Ivan the Great , also was inset with a vast collection of jewels and rare gemstones . The gold miniature coach , which is removable from the interior of the Coronation Egg , is a replica of Catherine the Greats Gold Coach of 1793 used to transport the last Romanov rulers from ceremony to ceremony on the coronation week . Another artifact used in the coronation from the reign of Catherine was the Imperial Crown of Russia diamond crown made by Jérémie Pauzié in 1762 . Past and present ownerships . Royal origin . The Egg was first given to Tsarina Alexandra of Imperial Russia on Easter of 1897 . The egg was displayed in the Empress apartment at the Winter Palace in St . Petersburg , resting in a jewelled carriage . Upon the fall of the Romanov Dynasty , the egg was confiscated by the Provisional Government in 1917 and was listed among the treasures removed from the Anichkov Palace . It was then dispatched to the Kremlin and finally transferred to the Sovnarkom in 1922 for sale . Further transactions . The egg was purchased in 1927 by Emanuel Snowman for Wartski a family-owned firm of art and antique dealers in London . The egg was then sold to the collector Charles Parsons in 1934 , but then reacquired by Wartski in 1945 and remained with the company until early 1979 . Late twentieth century . In March 1979 , the egg was sold to Malcolm Forbes for $2.16 million USD along with the Lilies of the Valley Fabergé Egg . In 2004 , nine Fabergé eggs , including the Imperial Coronation Egg , were to be sold by Sothebys Auction House , however on February 4 , 2004 , Sothebys announced that more than 180 Fabergé art pieces , including the 9 rare Fabergé eggs , had been withdrawn from auction and privately sold to Viktor Vekselberg . The official selling price of the Coronation Egg to Vekselberg was never publicly disclosed by Sothebys , fueling much speculation . However , CNN reported the day after the sale that ...it was a very serious offer that the Forbes family accepted . In a 2013 BBC Four documentary , Vekselberg revealed he had spent just over $100 Million purchasing the 9 Fabergé eggs . Representation in film . The James Bond film , Octopussy ( 1983 ) , encompasses the mysterious appearance of a fabricated Coronation Egg at a party in the British Embassy of West Berlin . The plot for the film is adapted from Ian Flemings 1963 short story The Property of a Lady . An accurate model of the Imperial Coronation Egg was depicted in the 2004 crime film Oceans Twelve . The replica was produced by design studio Vivian Alexander , popular for recreating famous items of jewelry for public and private purposes . The replica is worth approximately USD4,000 . In the film , the egg was stolen in a grand heist from a museum in Rome . A replica of the Imperial Coronation Egg , along with the surprise coach , appear in the first episode of the Amazon.com series The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) . |
[
"Secretary of State for Scotland"
] | easy | John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan took which position from May 1999 to 2001? | /wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan#P39#0 | John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan PC ( born 8 May 1947 ) , is a British Labour Party politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 , and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions . He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005 , Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006 , and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007 . Born in Bellshill to working-class , Roman Catholic parents , Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972 . He later joined the Labour Party , working for them as a senior researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North . He retired from frontline politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister , taking on a role as the Chairman of Celtic Football Club . After stepping down as an MP in 2010 , he was nominated for a life peerage in the Dissolution Honours and elevated to the House of Lords . Reid took a leading role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum , appearing alongside Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron , and also took a leading role in the campaign opposing Scottish independence . Background . Reid was born in Bellshill Maternity Hospital , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , to working-class Roman Catholic parents ; his grandparents were of mixed denomination . His grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant . His mother , Mary , was a factory worker and his father , Thomas , was a postman . Reid attended St Patricks Secondary School , Coatbridge . The adolescent Reid showed an early talent for organisation and political activism by leading a student strike in protest at a school rule . Reid initially decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs , including construction work on an oil pipeline and another in insurance ; at the latter job , which Reid later claimed opened his eyes politically , he was assigned to the tenements in the East End of Glasgow after the city was hit by storms in late-1968 and saw poverty of a kind he did not know existed . Soon after this experience , he joined the Labour Party . Around this time Reids passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend ( and later wife ) , Cathie McGowan , bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L . Shirer . Reid was spellbound . Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling , becoming rector of the Students Union and gaining a BA in history and a PhD in economic history , with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change , entitled Warrior Aristocrats in Crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey . From 1979 to 1983 , Reid was a research officer for the Labour Party in Scotland , and from 1983 to 1985 , was a political adviser to Labour leader Neil Kinnock . From 1986 to 1987 , he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour . He entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency . After boundary changes , he was returned at the 1997 election for the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill ; and after further boundary changes in 2005 , he was returned at the 2005 election for the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts with 59% of the votes cast . Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her sudden death from a heart attack in 1998 . They had two sons , Kevin and Mark . In 2002 , he married film director Carine Adler . According to The Guardian , in 1991 , Reid arrived at the House of Commons drunk one day and tried to force his way on to the floor to vote . When an attendant stepped forward to stop him , Reid threw a punch . Reid stopped drinking in 1994 and gave up his 60-a-day cigarette habit in 2003 . Political ideology . At university , Reid was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . With the support of Communist and Labour students , he became president of the students union . After leaving university , he became a researcher for Scottish Labour . Reid believes that any socialist , or indeed any rational person , should be a revisionist on principle . As an advisor to Neil Kinnock , Reid was one of the earliest advocates for reforms to the Labour Party . In 1983 , after the Labour Partys worst electoral defeat in 65 years , and at Kinnocks request , he put on a single sheet of paper what he thought had made Labour unelectable : Leaderless , unpatriotic , dominated by demagogues , policies fifteen years out of date . Elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Member of Parliament for Motherwell North , within two years he was appointed to the Shadow Front Bench as spokesperson for Children . In 1990 , Reid was appointed as Defence spokesperson . When the former Yugoslavia was breaking up in the 1990s , Reid was in dialogue with the Bosnian Serbs . During the Bosnian War , Reid struck up a friendship with Radovan Karadžić , later to be indicted as a war criminal . Reid admitted he spent three days at a luxury Geneva lakeside hotel as a guest of Karadžić in 1993 . Government career . Minister of State for the Armed Forces . After Labour came to power at the 1997 general election , Reid became Armed Forces Minister , where he played a key role in the Defence Secretary George Robertsons Strategic Defence Review . Reid gained considerable praise for the review ; with some commentators going so far as to describe his success in cutting military expenditure at the same time as winning over the defence chiefs as brilliant . As Minister he lobbied for the release of two Scots Guards convicted of murdering teenager Peter McBride in Belfast in 1992 . At the same time he refused requests to meet the McBride family . Reid eventually met with the McBride family whilst he was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Minister for Transport . In 1998 , Reid moved from Defence to become Minister of State for Transport . Prime Minister Tony Blair then sent Reid to the Department of Transport to ensure the late-running and over-budget London Underground Jubilee Line Extension was completed by the end of 2000 . He and John Prescott brought in Bechtel as Project Managers , ensuring Phase 1 was opened on 1 May 1999 , and the whole Jubilee line with the exception of one station ( Westminster ) was ultimately open for business by the Millennium . Reid demonstrated several aspects : he negotiated strongly ; he was a political fighter ; he had a capacity for non-dogmatic adaptability and reliability ; and was described as a safe pair of hands . Secretary of State for Scotland . Having impressed at both Transport and Defence Reid was promoted to Secretary of State for Scotland on 17 May 1999 and a full place at the cabinet table . In his first month , the Scottish Parliament was re-established after an interval of 300 years . The reconstituted Scotland Office had been much reduced in importance with devolution but Reid used the position to build his profile , prepared to put the governments case on any issue against TV interviewers . After Donald Dewar , Scotlands respected First Minister , died in 2000 Reids name was even mentioned as a possible replacement . In fact Reid was left to deal with much of the fall-out after the death and would be increasingly at loggerheads with the new Labour First Minister , Henry McLeish , whom Reid felt was taking the Parliament down a nationalist path . The situation became so strained between the two that in an unguarded moment McLeish publicly labelled Reid a patronising bastard . Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Reid became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in January 2001 following the resignation of Peter Mandelson . He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the position . While dismissing the personal significance of this , he used it to insist that every person in Northern Ireland , from whatever background or tradition , wanted a prosperous future . Throughout his period of office he was continually engaged in talks with all side of the community in an attempt to reduce the level of inter-community troubles . He blamed Paramilitaries from both sides of the community for on-going violence . He confronted both , on the ground , at a violent east Belfast interface , where he met loyalist residents of Cluan Place and then had talks with nationalist residents in the nearby Short Strand . Reid ruled that ceasefires proclaimed by the Ulster Defence Association and the Loyalist Volunteer Force could no longer be recognised by the government because of their involvement in sectarian attacks and murders . At the same time he put pressure on the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to make a move on arms decommissioning to help end the political impasse , whilst acknowledging that putting its weapons beyond use would be a difficult step to take . It was in this context that , in October 2001 he welcomed a Gerry Adams speech as a highly significant step which he hoped would pave the way for a groundbreaking move by the IRA to disarm which would transform the political situation . And following the IRAs decision Reid responded by announcing the immediate demolition of British Army security bases and announcing a reduction in troop levels as the security situation improved , effectively beginning a process which culminated in September 2005 , when the disarmament monitor for Northern Ireland , the Canadian General John de Chastelain announced that the IRA had given up its entire arsenal of weapons after more than three decades of armed struggle against British rule . Reid oversaw the final stages of the transformation of the RUC into the Police Service Northern Ireland , and the first endorsement of the service by representatives of the Nationalist community . Political problems continued , resulting in the suspension of the Northern Ireland Assembly a year later in October 2002 . The peace process was to be put on hold until there was a clear and unequivocal commitment that the IRA would disband . Reid made an emergency statement to Parliament announcing direct rule in the interim . In the interim , Reid also had to deal with continuing domestic problems ; including those with loyalist ceasefires , sectarian murders and the tinderbox of Holy Cross primary school in north Belfast ( that ignited the worst rioting in the city in years ) . But , so far as 10 Downing Street was concerned , Reid had gone a long way to delivering the rarest of political commodities – success in Northern Ireland . Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister without Portfolio . Reid was appointed Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister Without Portfolio on 24 October 2002 . As a purely political post his trouble-shooting skills were employed as the Labour Governments chief spokesperson earning him the nickname Minister for the Today Programme . One of Reids key challenges was to keep the trade unions ( the Labour Partys main funders ) on-side despite the antipathy shown by the Unions to many of the Governments proposals . As part of this Reid agreed to look at proposals to stop private contractors exploiting low paid workers ( a key Union demand ) . Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . In March 2003 , Robin Cook resigned as Leader of the House of Commons due to his objections to the legality of Britains involvement in the Iraq War . Reid was appointed to take over the Office brief on 4 April as a heavyweight figure was more likely to ensure the Commons continued support for the war . He held the position for only just under three months and was succeeded by a more junior member of the Government , Peter Hain . Secretary of State for Health . Reid was made Secretary of State for Health in June 2003 , replacing Alan Milburn after the latters resignation . He was reportedly less than happy with the appointment . He was reported by Private Eye at the time as reacting Oh fuck , not health . But Reid had established himself as one of Tony Blairs most trusted ministers and his appointment as Health Secretary took him into his fourth cabinet job in less than a year . At Health Reid saw himself as a reformer , controversially increasing capacity by introducing private companies to run treatment centres for knee , hip and eye operations . He claimed this provided extra staff and extra capacity to help treat more patients in the NHS at an unprecedented rate . Reid also introduced plans to increase the number of smoke-free workplaces and improve diet and sexual health as part of a major drive to improve public health in England and began a major public consultation as a precursor to parliamentary proposals aimed at improving the nations health . He also encouraged volunteer engagement in the health service . Many of his changes caused criticism and controversy , which Reid was not afraid to take head on , delivering a staunch defence of Labours reform programme to the partys annual conference . He made the case for extending to all the choices normally only available to those who could afford them . Reids management style was considered autocratic by some and he came under considerable fire from National Health Service ( NHS ) leaders . He was criticized for giving GPs a 22% pay rise while also allowing them to opt out of providing weekend and evening treatment . As Health Secretary , Reid had been in favour of limiting the governments proposed smoking ban as much as possible . In their 2005 election manifesto , he introduced a pledge to ban smoking in all places where food was served . His successor Patricia Hewitt favoured a complete ban . Reid won in the cabinet , gaining an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food . The House of Commons rebels proposing a complete ban were successful when MPs were given a free vote on the issue . Patricia Hewitt voted with the rebels against the Cabinets proposals . Secretary of State for Defence . Following the incumbent Labour Partys 2005 general election victory , Reid was appointed Secretary of State for Defence . He replaced Geoff Hoon . At Defence , Reid questioned the adequacy of the international legal framework in the light of modern developments in conflict . He suggested that the body of relevant international rules and conventions should , where beneficial , be strengthened , especially to cope with conflict against non-state actors such as the international terrorist… this means extending , not reducing , such conventions . Reid committed 3,300 troops to Helmand province , Afghanistan in January 2006 . Despite a lack of detailed intelligence , the Army anticipated the Helmand mission would be straightforward compared to its difficult mission in Basra it was withdrawing from , with short small patrols from fixed bases . In speaking to the media Reid said We would be perfectly happy to leave in three years and without firing one shot because our job is to protect the reconstruction . In the first year about 4 million bullets and 25,000 artillery rounds had been fired by the British armed forces . Reid took an aggressive approach to defending his governments international policy . Speaking ahead of a conference on NATO modernisation in Germany on 4 February 2006 , Reid asserted in a press interview that no institution has the divine right to exist . Similarly on 19 March 2006 , in response to former interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawis claim that Iraq is in the grip of civil war , Reid defended the British Governments contrary view . He stated : Every single politician I have met here [ in Iraq ] from the prime minister to the president , the defence minister and indeed Iyad Allawi himself said to me theres an increase in the sectarian killing , but theres not a civil war and we will not allow a civil war to develop . By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict , Reid was no longer Defence Secretary , having been succeeded by Des Browne . On 3 February 2010 , Reid gave evidence about his role as Defense Secretary to the Iraq Inquiry . He said that Americas experience of the Vietnam War had impacted negatively on US post-invasion planning in Iraq because US military chiefs werent thinking of detailed nation-building . Reid also said he had deep sadness at the loss of life in Iraq . Home Secretary . Reid was appointed Home Secretary on 5 May 2006 , replacing Charles Clarke after the latter was removed in the wake of a Home Office scandal involving the release of foreign national prisoners . On 2 July 2006 , Reid proposed a Bill for the autumn Queens Speech , to be brought into law at the next session of Parliament . He proposed a new Official Secrets Act , the first since the 1989 OSA , to punish intelligence officers with longer prison sentences , who blow the whistle on government policy by leaking secret information . To remove their key legal defence of necessity and/or defence of public interest . By the time he arrived at the Home Office , Reid was seen as one of the governments most effective performers over the previous decade , being described by many commentators as a bruiser , but with a strong academic leaning . At the Home Office Reid hit the ground running . He contended that rapid global change and the associated challenges of mass migration , terrorism and organised crime had overwhelmed the outdated Home Office approach . Reid caused considerable controversy by attacking the leadership and management systems previously in place in the Home Office . He infamously declared it to be not fit for purpose , adding the phrase to the British political lexicon , and vowed to make the public feel safe . Reids comments were rebuffed by Clarke , who criticised his comments in a defence of his own period in office . Within 100 days of joining the Department , he had published three reform plans for a radical transformation . They included 8,000 more prison places ; a 40 per cent reduction in headquarters staff by 2010 ; a commitment to making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate an agency with a uniformed border staff and tough new powers . radical overhaul of the core systems and structures within the Home Office itself , reform of IND , re-balancing of the criminal justice system , reform of the probation service and the review of counter-terrorist capabilities . He condemned the probation service for letting people down , and argued for fundamental reform . An early decision during his time at the Home Office was to move child molesters living in hostels near schools further away from them . Reid also caused controversy in August 2006 by calling for the creation of an independent committee to impose a national annual limit on the number of immigrants entering the UK . The Guardian claimed that Reid was playing to the racist gallery and compared his plans to Soviet-style central planning of the economy . Because of the prisons overcrowding crisis in Birmingham , on 9 October 2006 he announced emergency measures amid fears that the prison population was nearing maximum capacity . Reid has announced his support of measures to restrict the ability of extremist messages to be disseminated on the Internet so as to make the web a more hostile place for terrorists . In 2006 Reid and the Home Office lost their appeal against the High Court ruling in the Afghan hijackers case 2006 . In this controversial case , a group of nine Afghan men who hijacked a Boeing 727 in February 2000 , while fleeing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , were granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom . The original ruling in 2004 ruled that returning the men to Afghanistan would breach their human rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 . The Home Office granted the men temporary leave to remain , which involved restricting their freedom of movement and did not allow them to work ; in 2006 , the High Court ruled that the men must be granted discretionary leave to remain , which includes the right to work . Reid challenged the ruling in the Court of Appeal , arguing that the Home Office should have the power to grant only temporary admission to failed asylum seekers who are only allowed to stay in the UK due to their human rights . Reid accused governments critics of putting national security at risk by their failure to recognise the serious nature of the threat facing Britain . and called for reform of the human rights laws . From 1 August 2006 , Reid introduced a new warning system to alert the public to the threat of attacks by al-Qaeda and other terror groups in order to increase public understanding and awareness of the terrorist threat . Announcing the plans , Reid told MPs that the terrorist threat would only be overcome by united action by all of us and urged the public to remain vigilant at all times . The threat level , already at Severe , the second highest level , then moved even higher . On 10 August , Reid announced that the UK had been put on its highest state of security alert , after police said theyd thwarted a terrorist plot to simultaneously blow up several aircraft flying between the UK and the US using explosives smuggled in carry-on luggage . Extreme security measures had been put in place at all the countrys airports . Reid revealed that the alleged terror plot could have caused civilian casualties on an unprecedented scale and security sources said an attack was believed to have been imminent . With 21 people in custody , Reid said he believed the main players had been accounted for but emphasised that that still left possible unknown players . Reid also revealed that at least four major plots had been thwarted in the previous year and security sources confirmed that two dozen major terrorist conspiracies were under investigation . Reid issued a dire warning against losing the battle of ideas with al-Qaeda , and called for an urgent but controversial escalation in the propaganda war , saying that the government needed to do much more to win the battle of ideas . Reid then led European Ministers in efforts to make the Internet a more hostile place for terrorists and crack down on people using the web to share information on explosives or spread propaganda . In September 2006 , Reid addressed Muslims in a run-down part of east London , warning them that fanatics were looking to groom and brainwash children for suicide bombings . During the speech he was confronted and barracked by Abu Izzadeen , also known as Omar or Trevor Brooks . Mr Brooks is a leader of the UK-banned Al Ghurabaa , an offshoot of the terrorist-supporting Al-Muhajiroun – a man who many accuse of glorifying terrorism and inciting racial hatred during nightly conversations ( often using the nom de plume Abu Baraa ) on a New York-based chatroom service . After the high-profile at the Home Office , his tough stance on terrorism and his domination of the headlines in the aftermath of the alleged terror plot , Reid was increasingly tipped by Labour MPs to run for the partys leadership . In fact , Reid kept everyone guessing about his leadership intentions until the very end . Ultimately the surprise was that , having decided not to stand , he announced his intention to quit frontline politics and return to the backbenches . It was speculated that , as a true Blairite believer , he either wanted to carry the torch of reform himself as Labour leader or else quit the scene altogether to make way for new blood . Resignation from government . In May 2007 , Reid announced his intention to resign from the Cabinet when Tony Blair left office , and stated his plans to return to the Labour backbenches . He stated he would support Gordon Brown in the leadership election and his administration . Reid left office as Home Secretary on 27 June 2007 and was replaced by Jacqui Smith the next day . In September 2007 he announced that he would not seek re-election at the next general election . Reid was linked with a return to cabinet in June 2009 under Gordon Brown but reportedly turned down the offer . Votes . In December 2004 and October 2005 , Reid voted in favour of a bill to introduce a compulsory British national identity card . He voted for the NHS Foundation Trust proposal . He also voted in favour of allowing unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples to adopt , and for lowering the age of consent for gay sex to 16 . Reid voted for the replacement of the Trident system . He voted against all the House of Lords reform options except a fully appointed House of Lords . On the introduction of Labours anti-terrorism laws , he opposed an amendment that would have limited the fingerprinting and strip-searching of persons detained at a police station to those detained in connection with a terrorism investigation . He voted against changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual to The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order.. . In March 2003 , he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for war against Iraq , and voted for the declaration of war against Iraq . In June 2007 , he voted against a motion calling for an independent inquiry by a committee of Privy Counsellors into the Iraq War . After cabinet . On 10 May 2010 , Reid argued on BBC television that David Cameron should become the next Prime Minister in the interests of honouring the democratic wishes of the British people , with the Conservative Party having received more votes than any other party . Had Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed an alliance , their combined votes would outnumber Conservative votes at the 2010 General Election , but Reid noted that a Labour/Liberal Democrat alliance would not have the numbers to form a parliamentary majority by themselves . The same month , it was announced that Reid had been made a life peer in the dissolution honours after the 2010 election . He was created Baron Reid of Cardowan , of Stepps in Lanarkshire on 16 July 2010 . In April 2011 , to the discomfort of Labour colleagues , he campaigned with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron and others against changes to the UKs voting system . During the campaign , he made the claim that the Alternative Vote would violate the principle of 1 person 1 vote . He wrote that it gives the supporters of unpopular fringe candidates numerous votes , while mainstream voters only get one . The referendum on the Alternative Vote was won decisively by Reids No side . In April 2013 , Reid said that Labour had made a mistake with immigration while in government , and now in opposition was not providing an alternative . In June 2014 , Reid appeared in a full-page advert in the Scottish Catholic Observer , encouraging readers to vote against Scottish independence in the September referendum . The advert failed to state who had paid for it , which is a breach of Electoral Commission rules , and following complaints , Reid revealed that it had been paid for by an organisation led by Willie Haughey . The referendum resulted in a No vote . Expenses . Following the political scandal over MP expenses in 2009 , Sir Thomas Legg requested Reid repay £2,731.88 of his claimed expenses . Reid chose to repay a total of £7,336.51 . He was later one of 23 MPs who asked for a refund of some of the money they had repaid , and received £4,604.63 back . Outside politics . Football . On 28 September 2007 , it was announced Reid would become Chairman of Celtic Football Club taking over from Brian Quinn . His appointment was ratified by Celtics shareholders on 19 November 2007 . Sports journalist Graham Spiers found him an engaging and intriguing Celtic chairman . Reid is a lifelong supporter of the club and described the appointment as an honour and a privilege . University of London . In late 2008 it was announced that Reid would be taking up the post of honorary Professor at the University College London and become the chairman of the newly created Institute of Security and Resilience Studies ( ISRS ) at UCL . G4S . On 18 December 2008 , G4S ( Group 4 Securicor ) announced that Reid would be taking up a post with the company as group consultant . Top Level Group . Reid is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Awards . In June 2009 , Reid was awarded an honorary degree from Stirling University for his contribution to public affairs . External links . - Official biography , Prime Ministers Office - Profile of John Reid MP SourceWatch |
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"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland"
] | easy | Which position did John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan hold from 2001 to Apr 2003? | /wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan#P39#1 | John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan PC ( born 8 May 1947 ) , is a British Labour Party politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 , and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions . He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005 , Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006 , and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007 . Born in Bellshill to working-class , Roman Catholic parents , Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972 . He later joined the Labour Party , working for them as a senior researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North . He retired from frontline politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister , taking on a role as the Chairman of Celtic Football Club . After stepping down as an MP in 2010 , he was nominated for a life peerage in the Dissolution Honours and elevated to the House of Lords . Reid took a leading role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum , appearing alongside Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron , and also took a leading role in the campaign opposing Scottish independence . Background . Reid was born in Bellshill Maternity Hospital , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , to working-class Roman Catholic parents ; his grandparents were of mixed denomination . His grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant . His mother , Mary , was a factory worker and his father , Thomas , was a postman . Reid attended St Patricks Secondary School , Coatbridge . The adolescent Reid showed an early talent for organisation and political activism by leading a student strike in protest at a school rule . Reid initially decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs , including construction work on an oil pipeline and another in insurance ; at the latter job , which Reid later claimed opened his eyes politically , he was assigned to the tenements in the East End of Glasgow after the city was hit by storms in late-1968 and saw poverty of a kind he did not know existed . Soon after this experience , he joined the Labour Party . Around this time Reids passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend ( and later wife ) , Cathie McGowan , bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L . Shirer . Reid was spellbound . Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling , becoming rector of the Students Union and gaining a BA in history and a PhD in economic history , with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change , entitled Warrior Aristocrats in Crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey . From 1979 to 1983 , Reid was a research officer for the Labour Party in Scotland , and from 1983 to 1985 , was a political adviser to Labour leader Neil Kinnock . From 1986 to 1987 , he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour . He entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency . After boundary changes , he was returned at the 1997 election for the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill ; and after further boundary changes in 2005 , he was returned at the 2005 election for the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts with 59% of the votes cast . Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her sudden death from a heart attack in 1998 . They had two sons , Kevin and Mark . In 2002 , he married film director Carine Adler . According to The Guardian , in 1991 , Reid arrived at the House of Commons drunk one day and tried to force his way on to the floor to vote . When an attendant stepped forward to stop him , Reid threw a punch . Reid stopped drinking in 1994 and gave up his 60-a-day cigarette habit in 2003 . Political ideology . At university , Reid was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . With the support of Communist and Labour students , he became president of the students union . After leaving university , he became a researcher for Scottish Labour . Reid believes that any socialist , or indeed any rational person , should be a revisionist on principle . As an advisor to Neil Kinnock , Reid was one of the earliest advocates for reforms to the Labour Party . In 1983 , after the Labour Partys worst electoral defeat in 65 years , and at Kinnocks request , he put on a single sheet of paper what he thought had made Labour unelectable : Leaderless , unpatriotic , dominated by demagogues , policies fifteen years out of date . Elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Member of Parliament for Motherwell North , within two years he was appointed to the Shadow Front Bench as spokesperson for Children . In 1990 , Reid was appointed as Defence spokesperson . When the former Yugoslavia was breaking up in the 1990s , Reid was in dialogue with the Bosnian Serbs . During the Bosnian War , Reid struck up a friendship with Radovan Karadžić , later to be indicted as a war criminal . Reid admitted he spent three days at a luxury Geneva lakeside hotel as a guest of Karadžić in 1993 . Government career . Minister of State for the Armed Forces . After Labour came to power at the 1997 general election , Reid became Armed Forces Minister , where he played a key role in the Defence Secretary George Robertsons Strategic Defence Review . Reid gained considerable praise for the review ; with some commentators going so far as to describe his success in cutting military expenditure at the same time as winning over the defence chiefs as brilliant . As Minister he lobbied for the release of two Scots Guards convicted of murdering teenager Peter McBride in Belfast in 1992 . At the same time he refused requests to meet the McBride family . Reid eventually met with the McBride family whilst he was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Minister for Transport . In 1998 , Reid moved from Defence to become Minister of State for Transport . Prime Minister Tony Blair then sent Reid to the Department of Transport to ensure the late-running and over-budget London Underground Jubilee Line Extension was completed by the end of 2000 . He and John Prescott brought in Bechtel as Project Managers , ensuring Phase 1 was opened on 1 May 1999 , and the whole Jubilee line with the exception of one station ( Westminster ) was ultimately open for business by the Millennium . Reid demonstrated several aspects : he negotiated strongly ; he was a political fighter ; he had a capacity for non-dogmatic adaptability and reliability ; and was described as a safe pair of hands . Secretary of State for Scotland . Having impressed at both Transport and Defence Reid was promoted to Secretary of State for Scotland on 17 May 1999 and a full place at the cabinet table . In his first month , the Scottish Parliament was re-established after an interval of 300 years . The reconstituted Scotland Office had been much reduced in importance with devolution but Reid used the position to build his profile , prepared to put the governments case on any issue against TV interviewers . After Donald Dewar , Scotlands respected First Minister , died in 2000 Reids name was even mentioned as a possible replacement . In fact Reid was left to deal with much of the fall-out after the death and would be increasingly at loggerheads with the new Labour First Minister , Henry McLeish , whom Reid felt was taking the Parliament down a nationalist path . The situation became so strained between the two that in an unguarded moment McLeish publicly labelled Reid a patronising bastard . Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Reid became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in January 2001 following the resignation of Peter Mandelson . He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the position . While dismissing the personal significance of this , he used it to insist that every person in Northern Ireland , from whatever background or tradition , wanted a prosperous future . Throughout his period of office he was continually engaged in talks with all side of the community in an attempt to reduce the level of inter-community troubles . He blamed Paramilitaries from both sides of the community for on-going violence . He confronted both , on the ground , at a violent east Belfast interface , where he met loyalist residents of Cluan Place and then had talks with nationalist residents in the nearby Short Strand . Reid ruled that ceasefires proclaimed by the Ulster Defence Association and the Loyalist Volunteer Force could no longer be recognised by the government because of their involvement in sectarian attacks and murders . At the same time he put pressure on the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to make a move on arms decommissioning to help end the political impasse , whilst acknowledging that putting its weapons beyond use would be a difficult step to take . It was in this context that , in October 2001 he welcomed a Gerry Adams speech as a highly significant step which he hoped would pave the way for a groundbreaking move by the IRA to disarm which would transform the political situation . And following the IRAs decision Reid responded by announcing the immediate demolition of British Army security bases and announcing a reduction in troop levels as the security situation improved , effectively beginning a process which culminated in September 2005 , when the disarmament monitor for Northern Ireland , the Canadian General John de Chastelain announced that the IRA had given up its entire arsenal of weapons after more than three decades of armed struggle against British rule . Reid oversaw the final stages of the transformation of the RUC into the Police Service Northern Ireland , and the first endorsement of the service by representatives of the Nationalist community . Political problems continued , resulting in the suspension of the Northern Ireland Assembly a year later in October 2002 . The peace process was to be put on hold until there was a clear and unequivocal commitment that the IRA would disband . Reid made an emergency statement to Parliament announcing direct rule in the interim . In the interim , Reid also had to deal with continuing domestic problems ; including those with loyalist ceasefires , sectarian murders and the tinderbox of Holy Cross primary school in north Belfast ( that ignited the worst rioting in the city in years ) . But , so far as 10 Downing Street was concerned , Reid had gone a long way to delivering the rarest of political commodities – success in Northern Ireland . Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister without Portfolio . Reid was appointed Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister Without Portfolio on 24 October 2002 . As a purely political post his trouble-shooting skills were employed as the Labour Governments chief spokesperson earning him the nickname Minister for the Today Programme . One of Reids key challenges was to keep the trade unions ( the Labour Partys main funders ) on-side despite the antipathy shown by the Unions to many of the Governments proposals . As part of this Reid agreed to look at proposals to stop private contractors exploiting low paid workers ( a key Union demand ) . Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . In March 2003 , Robin Cook resigned as Leader of the House of Commons due to his objections to the legality of Britains involvement in the Iraq War . Reid was appointed to take over the Office brief on 4 April as a heavyweight figure was more likely to ensure the Commons continued support for the war . He held the position for only just under three months and was succeeded by a more junior member of the Government , Peter Hain . Secretary of State for Health . Reid was made Secretary of State for Health in June 2003 , replacing Alan Milburn after the latters resignation . He was reportedly less than happy with the appointment . He was reported by Private Eye at the time as reacting Oh fuck , not health . But Reid had established himself as one of Tony Blairs most trusted ministers and his appointment as Health Secretary took him into his fourth cabinet job in less than a year . At Health Reid saw himself as a reformer , controversially increasing capacity by introducing private companies to run treatment centres for knee , hip and eye operations . He claimed this provided extra staff and extra capacity to help treat more patients in the NHS at an unprecedented rate . Reid also introduced plans to increase the number of smoke-free workplaces and improve diet and sexual health as part of a major drive to improve public health in England and began a major public consultation as a precursor to parliamentary proposals aimed at improving the nations health . He also encouraged volunteer engagement in the health service . Many of his changes caused criticism and controversy , which Reid was not afraid to take head on , delivering a staunch defence of Labours reform programme to the partys annual conference . He made the case for extending to all the choices normally only available to those who could afford them . Reids management style was considered autocratic by some and he came under considerable fire from National Health Service ( NHS ) leaders . He was criticized for giving GPs a 22% pay rise while also allowing them to opt out of providing weekend and evening treatment . As Health Secretary , Reid had been in favour of limiting the governments proposed smoking ban as much as possible . In their 2005 election manifesto , he introduced a pledge to ban smoking in all places where food was served . His successor Patricia Hewitt favoured a complete ban . Reid won in the cabinet , gaining an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food . The House of Commons rebels proposing a complete ban were successful when MPs were given a free vote on the issue . Patricia Hewitt voted with the rebels against the Cabinets proposals . Secretary of State for Defence . Following the incumbent Labour Partys 2005 general election victory , Reid was appointed Secretary of State for Defence . He replaced Geoff Hoon . At Defence , Reid questioned the adequacy of the international legal framework in the light of modern developments in conflict . He suggested that the body of relevant international rules and conventions should , where beneficial , be strengthened , especially to cope with conflict against non-state actors such as the international terrorist… this means extending , not reducing , such conventions . Reid committed 3,300 troops to Helmand province , Afghanistan in January 2006 . Despite a lack of detailed intelligence , the Army anticipated the Helmand mission would be straightforward compared to its difficult mission in Basra it was withdrawing from , with short small patrols from fixed bases . In speaking to the media Reid said We would be perfectly happy to leave in three years and without firing one shot because our job is to protect the reconstruction . In the first year about 4 million bullets and 25,000 artillery rounds had been fired by the British armed forces . Reid took an aggressive approach to defending his governments international policy . Speaking ahead of a conference on NATO modernisation in Germany on 4 February 2006 , Reid asserted in a press interview that no institution has the divine right to exist . Similarly on 19 March 2006 , in response to former interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawis claim that Iraq is in the grip of civil war , Reid defended the British Governments contrary view . He stated : Every single politician I have met here [ in Iraq ] from the prime minister to the president , the defence minister and indeed Iyad Allawi himself said to me theres an increase in the sectarian killing , but theres not a civil war and we will not allow a civil war to develop . By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict , Reid was no longer Defence Secretary , having been succeeded by Des Browne . On 3 February 2010 , Reid gave evidence about his role as Defense Secretary to the Iraq Inquiry . He said that Americas experience of the Vietnam War had impacted negatively on US post-invasion planning in Iraq because US military chiefs werent thinking of detailed nation-building . Reid also said he had deep sadness at the loss of life in Iraq . Home Secretary . Reid was appointed Home Secretary on 5 May 2006 , replacing Charles Clarke after the latter was removed in the wake of a Home Office scandal involving the release of foreign national prisoners . On 2 July 2006 , Reid proposed a Bill for the autumn Queens Speech , to be brought into law at the next session of Parliament . He proposed a new Official Secrets Act , the first since the 1989 OSA , to punish intelligence officers with longer prison sentences , who blow the whistle on government policy by leaking secret information . To remove their key legal defence of necessity and/or defence of public interest . By the time he arrived at the Home Office , Reid was seen as one of the governments most effective performers over the previous decade , being described by many commentators as a bruiser , but with a strong academic leaning . At the Home Office Reid hit the ground running . He contended that rapid global change and the associated challenges of mass migration , terrorism and organised crime had overwhelmed the outdated Home Office approach . Reid caused considerable controversy by attacking the leadership and management systems previously in place in the Home Office . He infamously declared it to be not fit for purpose , adding the phrase to the British political lexicon , and vowed to make the public feel safe . Reids comments were rebuffed by Clarke , who criticised his comments in a defence of his own period in office . Within 100 days of joining the Department , he had published three reform plans for a radical transformation . They included 8,000 more prison places ; a 40 per cent reduction in headquarters staff by 2010 ; a commitment to making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate an agency with a uniformed border staff and tough new powers . radical overhaul of the core systems and structures within the Home Office itself , reform of IND , re-balancing of the criminal justice system , reform of the probation service and the review of counter-terrorist capabilities . He condemned the probation service for letting people down , and argued for fundamental reform . An early decision during his time at the Home Office was to move child molesters living in hostels near schools further away from them . Reid also caused controversy in August 2006 by calling for the creation of an independent committee to impose a national annual limit on the number of immigrants entering the UK . The Guardian claimed that Reid was playing to the racist gallery and compared his plans to Soviet-style central planning of the economy . Because of the prisons overcrowding crisis in Birmingham , on 9 October 2006 he announced emergency measures amid fears that the prison population was nearing maximum capacity . Reid has announced his support of measures to restrict the ability of extremist messages to be disseminated on the Internet so as to make the web a more hostile place for terrorists . In 2006 Reid and the Home Office lost their appeal against the High Court ruling in the Afghan hijackers case 2006 . In this controversial case , a group of nine Afghan men who hijacked a Boeing 727 in February 2000 , while fleeing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , were granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom . The original ruling in 2004 ruled that returning the men to Afghanistan would breach their human rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 . The Home Office granted the men temporary leave to remain , which involved restricting their freedom of movement and did not allow them to work ; in 2006 , the High Court ruled that the men must be granted discretionary leave to remain , which includes the right to work . Reid challenged the ruling in the Court of Appeal , arguing that the Home Office should have the power to grant only temporary admission to failed asylum seekers who are only allowed to stay in the UK due to their human rights . Reid accused governments critics of putting national security at risk by their failure to recognise the serious nature of the threat facing Britain . and called for reform of the human rights laws . From 1 August 2006 , Reid introduced a new warning system to alert the public to the threat of attacks by al-Qaeda and other terror groups in order to increase public understanding and awareness of the terrorist threat . Announcing the plans , Reid told MPs that the terrorist threat would only be overcome by united action by all of us and urged the public to remain vigilant at all times . The threat level , already at Severe , the second highest level , then moved even higher . On 10 August , Reid announced that the UK had been put on its highest state of security alert , after police said theyd thwarted a terrorist plot to simultaneously blow up several aircraft flying between the UK and the US using explosives smuggled in carry-on luggage . Extreme security measures had been put in place at all the countrys airports . Reid revealed that the alleged terror plot could have caused civilian casualties on an unprecedented scale and security sources said an attack was believed to have been imminent . With 21 people in custody , Reid said he believed the main players had been accounted for but emphasised that that still left possible unknown players . Reid also revealed that at least four major plots had been thwarted in the previous year and security sources confirmed that two dozen major terrorist conspiracies were under investigation . Reid issued a dire warning against losing the battle of ideas with al-Qaeda , and called for an urgent but controversial escalation in the propaganda war , saying that the government needed to do much more to win the battle of ideas . Reid then led European Ministers in efforts to make the Internet a more hostile place for terrorists and crack down on people using the web to share information on explosives or spread propaganda . In September 2006 , Reid addressed Muslims in a run-down part of east London , warning them that fanatics were looking to groom and brainwash children for suicide bombings . During the speech he was confronted and barracked by Abu Izzadeen , also known as Omar or Trevor Brooks . Mr Brooks is a leader of the UK-banned Al Ghurabaa , an offshoot of the terrorist-supporting Al-Muhajiroun – a man who many accuse of glorifying terrorism and inciting racial hatred during nightly conversations ( often using the nom de plume Abu Baraa ) on a New York-based chatroom service . After the high-profile at the Home Office , his tough stance on terrorism and his domination of the headlines in the aftermath of the alleged terror plot , Reid was increasingly tipped by Labour MPs to run for the partys leadership . In fact , Reid kept everyone guessing about his leadership intentions until the very end . Ultimately the surprise was that , having decided not to stand , he announced his intention to quit frontline politics and return to the backbenches . It was speculated that , as a true Blairite believer , he either wanted to carry the torch of reform himself as Labour leader or else quit the scene altogether to make way for new blood . Resignation from government . In May 2007 , Reid announced his intention to resign from the Cabinet when Tony Blair left office , and stated his plans to return to the Labour backbenches . He stated he would support Gordon Brown in the leadership election and his administration . Reid left office as Home Secretary on 27 June 2007 and was replaced by Jacqui Smith the next day . In September 2007 he announced that he would not seek re-election at the next general election . Reid was linked with a return to cabinet in June 2009 under Gordon Brown but reportedly turned down the offer . Votes . In December 2004 and October 2005 , Reid voted in favour of a bill to introduce a compulsory British national identity card . He voted for the NHS Foundation Trust proposal . He also voted in favour of allowing unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples to adopt , and for lowering the age of consent for gay sex to 16 . Reid voted for the replacement of the Trident system . He voted against all the House of Lords reform options except a fully appointed House of Lords . On the introduction of Labours anti-terrorism laws , he opposed an amendment that would have limited the fingerprinting and strip-searching of persons detained at a police station to those detained in connection with a terrorism investigation . He voted against changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual to The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order.. . In March 2003 , he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for war against Iraq , and voted for the declaration of war against Iraq . In June 2007 , he voted against a motion calling for an independent inquiry by a committee of Privy Counsellors into the Iraq War . After cabinet . On 10 May 2010 , Reid argued on BBC television that David Cameron should become the next Prime Minister in the interests of honouring the democratic wishes of the British people , with the Conservative Party having received more votes than any other party . Had Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed an alliance , their combined votes would outnumber Conservative votes at the 2010 General Election , but Reid noted that a Labour/Liberal Democrat alliance would not have the numbers to form a parliamentary majority by themselves . The same month , it was announced that Reid had been made a life peer in the dissolution honours after the 2010 election . He was created Baron Reid of Cardowan , of Stepps in Lanarkshire on 16 July 2010 . In April 2011 , to the discomfort of Labour colleagues , he campaigned with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron and others against changes to the UKs voting system . During the campaign , he made the claim that the Alternative Vote would violate the principle of 1 person 1 vote . He wrote that it gives the supporters of unpopular fringe candidates numerous votes , while mainstream voters only get one . The referendum on the Alternative Vote was won decisively by Reids No side . In April 2013 , Reid said that Labour had made a mistake with immigration while in government , and now in opposition was not providing an alternative . In June 2014 , Reid appeared in a full-page advert in the Scottish Catholic Observer , encouraging readers to vote against Scottish independence in the September referendum . The advert failed to state who had paid for it , which is a breach of Electoral Commission rules , and following complaints , Reid revealed that it had been paid for by an organisation led by Willie Haughey . The referendum resulted in a No vote . Expenses . Following the political scandal over MP expenses in 2009 , Sir Thomas Legg requested Reid repay £2,731.88 of his claimed expenses . Reid chose to repay a total of £7,336.51 . He was later one of 23 MPs who asked for a refund of some of the money they had repaid , and received £4,604.63 back . Outside politics . Football . On 28 September 2007 , it was announced Reid would become Chairman of Celtic Football Club taking over from Brian Quinn . His appointment was ratified by Celtics shareholders on 19 November 2007 . Sports journalist Graham Spiers found him an engaging and intriguing Celtic chairman . Reid is a lifelong supporter of the club and described the appointment as an honour and a privilege . University of London . In late 2008 it was announced that Reid would be taking up the post of honorary Professor at the University College London and become the chairman of the newly created Institute of Security and Resilience Studies ( ISRS ) at UCL . G4S . On 18 December 2008 , G4S ( Group 4 Securicor ) announced that Reid would be taking up a post with the company as group consultant . Top Level Group . Reid is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Awards . In June 2009 , Reid was awarded an honorary degree from Stirling University for his contribution to public affairs . External links . - Official biography , Prime Ministers Office - Profile of John Reid MP SourceWatch |
[
"Leader of the House of Commons"
] | easy | What position did John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan take in Apr 2003? | /wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan#P39#2 | John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan PC ( born 8 May 1947 ) , is a British Labour Party politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 , and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions . He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005 , Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006 , and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007 . Born in Bellshill to working-class , Roman Catholic parents , Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972 . He later joined the Labour Party , working for them as a senior researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North . He retired from frontline politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister , taking on a role as the Chairman of Celtic Football Club . After stepping down as an MP in 2010 , he was nominated for a life peerage in the Dissolution Honours and elevated to the House of Lords . Reid took a leading role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum , appearing alongside Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron , and also took a leading role in the campaign opposing Scottish independence . Background . Reid was born in Bellshill Maternity Hospital , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , to working-class Roman Catholic parents ; his grandparents were of mixed denomination . His grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant . His mother , Mary , was a factory worker and his father , Thomas , was a postman . Reid attended St Patricks Secondary School , Coatbridge . The adolescent Reid showed an early talent for organisation and political activism by leading a student strike in protest at a school rule . Reid initially decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs , including construction work on an oil pipeline and another in insurance ; at the latter job , which Reid later claimed opened his eyes politically , he was assigned to the tenements in the East End of Glasgow after the city was hit by storms in late-1968 and saw poverty of a kind he did not know existed . Soon after this experience , he joined the Labour Party . Around this time Reids passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend ( and later wife ) , Cathie McGowan , bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L . Shirer . Reid was spellbound . Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling , becoming rector of the Students Union and gaining a BA in history and a PhD in economic history , with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change , entitled Warrior Aristocrats in Crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey . From 1979 to 1983 , Reid was a research officer for the Labour Party in Scotland , and from 1983 to 1985 , was a political adviser to Labour leader Neil Kinnock . From 1986 to 1987 , he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour . He entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency . After boundary changes , he was returned at the 1997 election for the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill ; and after further boundary changes in 2005 , he was returned at the 2005 election for the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts with 59% of the votes cast . Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her sudden death from a heart attack in 1998 . They had two sons , Kevin and Mark . In 2002 , he married film director Carine Adler . According to The Guardian , in 1991 , Reid arrived at the House of Commons drunk one day and tried to force his way on to the floor to vote . When an attendant stepped forward to stop him , Reid threw a punch . Reid stopped drinking in 1994 and gave up his 60-a-day cigarette habit in 2003 . Political ideology . At university , Reid was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . With the support of Communist and Labour students , he became president of the students union . After leaving university , he became a researcher for Scottish Labour . Reid believes that any socialist , or indeed any rational person , should be a revisionist on principle . As an advisor to Neil Kinnock , Reid was one of the earliest advocates for reforms to the Labour Party . In 1983 , after the Labour Partys worst electoral defeat in 65 years , and at Kinnocks request , he put on a single sheet of paper what he thought had made Labour unelectable : Leaderless , unpatriotic , dominated by demagogues , policies fifteen years out of date . Elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Member of Parliament for Motherwell North , within two years he was appointed to the Shadow Front Bench as spokesperson for Children . In 1990 , Reid was appointed as Defence spokesperson . When the former Yugoslavia was breaking up in the 1990s , Reid was in dialogue with the Bosnian Serbs . During the Bosnian War , Reid struck up a friendship with Radovan Karadžić , later to be indicted as a war criminal . Reid admitted he spent three days at a luxury Geneva lakeside hotel as a guest of Karadžić in 1993 . Government career . Minister of State for the Armed Forces . After Labour came to power at the 1997 general election , Reid became Armed Forces Minister , where he played a key role in the Defence Secretary George Robertsons Strategic Defence Review . Reid gained considerable praise for the review ; with some commentators going so far as to describe his success in cutting military expenditure at the same time as winning over the defence chiefs as brilliant . As Minister he lobbied for the release of two Scots Guards convicted of murdering teenager Peter McBride in Belfast in 1992 . At the same time he refused requests to meet the McBride family . Reid eventually met with the McBride family whilst he was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Minister for Transport . In 1998 , Reid moved from Defence to become Minister of State for Transport . Prime Minister Tony Blair then sent Reid to the Department of Transport to ensure the late-running and over-budget London Underground Jubilee Line Extension was completed by the end of 2000 . He and John Prescott brought in Bechtel as Project Managers , ensuring Phase 1 was opened on 1 May 1999 , and the whole Jubilee line with the exception of one station ( Westminster ) was ultimately open for business by the Millennium . Reid demonstrated several aspects : he negotiated strongly ; he was a political fighter ; he had a capacity for non-dogmatic adaptability and reliability ; and was described as a safe pair of hands . Secretary of State for Scotland . Having impressed at both Transport and Defence Reid was promoted to Secretary of State for Scotland on 17 May 1999 and a full place at the cabinet table . In his first month , the Scottish Parliament was re-established after an interval of 300 years . The reconstituted Scotland Office had been much reduced in importance with devolution but Reid used the position to build his profile , prepared to put the governments case on any issue against TV interviewers . After Donald Dewar , Scotlands respected First Minister , died in 2000 Reids name was even mentioned as a possible replacement . In fact Reid was left to deal with much of the fall-out after the death and would be increasingly at loggerheads with the new Labour First Minister , Henry McLeish , whom Reid felt was taking the Parliament down a nationalist path . The situation became so strained between the two that in an unguarded moment McLeish publicly labelled Reid a patronising bastard . Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Reid became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in January 2001 following the resignation of Peter Mandelson . He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the position . While dismissing the personal significance of this , he used it to insist that every person in Northern Ireland , from whatever background or tradition , wanted a prosperous future . Throughout his period of office he was continually engaged in talks with all side of the community in an attempt to reduce the level of inter-community troubles . He blamed Paramilitaries from both sides of the community for on-going violence . He confronted both , on the ground , at a violent east Belfast interface , where he met loyalist residents of Cluan Place and then had talks with nationalist residents in the nearby Short Strand . Reid ruled that ceasefires proclaimed by the Ulster Defence Association and the Loyalist Volunteer Force could no longer be recognised by the government because of their involvement in sectarian attacks and murders . At the same time he put pressure on the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to make a move on arms decommissioning to help end the political impasse , whilst acknowledging that putting its weapons beyond use would be a difficult step to take . It was in this context that , in October 2001 he welcomed a Gerry Adams speech as a highly significant step which he hoped would pave the way for a groundbreaking move by the IRA to disarm which would transform the political situation . And following the IRAs decision Reid responded by announcing the immediate demolition of British Army security bases and announcing a reduction in troop levels as the security situation improved , effectively beginning a process which culminated in September 2005 , when the disarmament monitor for Northern Ireland , the Canadian General John de Chastelain announced that the IRA had given up its entire arsenal of weapons after more than three decades of armed struggle against British rule . Reid oversaw the final stages of the transformation of the RUC into the Police Service Northern Ireland , and the first endorsement of the service by representatives of the Nationalist community . Political problems continued , resulting in the suspension of the Northern Ireland Assembly a year later in October 2002 . The peace process was to be put on hold until there was a clear and unequivocal commitment that the IRA would disband . Reid made an emergency statement to Parliament announcing direct rule in the interim . In the interim , Reid also had to deal with continuing domestic problems ; including those with loyalist ceasefires , sectarian murders and the tinderbox of Holy Cross primary school in north Belfast ( that ignited the worst rioting in the city in years ) . But , so far as 10 Downing Street was concerned , Reid had gone a long way to delivering the rarest of political commodities – success in Northern Ireland . Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister without Portfolio . Reid was appointed Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister Without Portfolio on 24 October 2002 . As a purely political post his trouble-shooting skills were employed as the Labour Governments chief spokesperson earning him the nickname Minister for the Today Programme . One of Reids key challenges was to keep the trade unions ( the Labour Partys main funders ) on-side despite the antipathy shown by the Unions to many of the Governments proposals . As part of this Reid agreed to look at proposals to stop private contractors exploiting low paid workers ( a key Union demand ) . Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . In March 2003 , Robin Cook resigned as Leader of the House of Commons due to his objections to the legality of Britains involvement in the Iraq War . Reid was appointed to take over the Office brief on 4 April as a heavyweight figure was more likely to ensure the Commons continued support for the war . He held the position for only just under three months and was succeeded by a more junior member of the Government , Peter Hain . Secretary of State for Health . Reid was made Secretary of State for Health in June 2003 , replacing Alan Milburn after the latters resignation . He was reportedly less than happy with the appointment . He was reported by Private Eye at the time as reacting Oh fuck , not health . But Reid had established himself as one of Tony Blairs most trusted ministers and his appointment as Health Secretary took him into his fourth cabinet job in less than a year . At Health Reid saw himself as a reformer , controversially increasing capacity by introducing private companies to run treatment centres for knee , hip and eye operations . He claimed this provided extra staff and extra capacity to help treat more patients in the NHS at an unprecedented rate . Reid also introduced plans to increase the number of smoke-free workplaces and improve diet and sexual health as part of a major drive to improve public health in England and began a major public consultation as a precursor to parliamentary proposals aimed at improving the nations health . He also encouraged volunteer engagement in the health service . Many of his changes caused criticism and controversy , which Reid was not afraid to take head on , delivering a staunch defence of Labours reform programme to the partys annual conference . He made the case for extending to all the choices normally only available to those who could afford them . Reids management style was considered autocratic by some and he came under considerable fire from National Health Service ( NHS ) leaders . He was criticized for giving GPs a 22% pay rise while also allowing them to opt out of providing weekend and evening treatment . As Health Secretary , Reid had been in favour of limiting the governments proposed smoking ban as much as possible . In their 2005 election manifesto , he introduced a pledge to ban smoking in all places where food was served . His successor Patricia Hewitt favoured a complete ban . Reid won in the cabinet , gaining an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food . The House of Commons rebels proposing a complete ban were successful when MPs were given a free vote on the issue . Patricia Hewitt voted with the rebels against the Cabinets proposals . Secretary of State for Defence . Following the incumbent Labour Partys 2005 general election victory , Reid was appointed Secretary of State for Defence . He replaced Geoff Hoon . At Defence , Reid questioned the adequacy of the international legal framework in the light of modern developments in conflict . He suggested that the body of relevant international rules and conventions should , where beneficial , be strengthened , especially to cope with conflict against non-state actors such as the international terrorist… this means extending , not reducing , such conventions . Reid committed 3,300 troops to Helmand province , Afghanistan in January 2006 . Despite a lack of detailed intelligence , the Army anticipated the Helmand mission would be straightforward compared to its difficult mission in Basra it was withdrawing from , with short small patrols from fixed bases . In speaking to the media Reid said We would be perfectly happy to leave in three years and without firing one shot because our job is to protect the reconstruction . In the first year about 4 million bullets and 25,000 artillery rounds had been fired by the British armed forces . Reid took an aggressive approach to defending his governments international policy . Speaking ahead of a conference on NATO modernisation in Germany on 4 February 2006 , Reid asserted in a press interview that no institution has the divine right to exist . Similarly on 19 March 2006 , in response to former interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawis claim that Iraq is in the grip of civil war , Reid defended the British Governments contrary view . He stated : Every single politician I have met here [ in Iraq ] from the prime minister to the president , the defence minister and indeed Iyad Allawi himself said to me theres an increase in the sectarian killing , but theres not a civil war and we will not allow a civil war to develop . By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict , Reid was no longer Defence Secretary , having been succeeded by Des Browne . On 3 February 2010 , Reid gave evidence about his role as Defense Secretary to the Iraq Inquiry . He said that Americas experience of the Vietnam War had impacted negatively on US post-invasion planning in Iraq because US military chiefs werent thinking of detailed nation-building . Reid also said he had deep sadness at the loss of life in Iraq . Home Secretary . Reid was appointed Home Secretary on 5 May 2006 , replacing Charles Clarke after the latter was removed in the wake of a Home Office scandal involving the release of foreign national prisoners . On 2 July 2006 , Reid proposed a Bill for the autumn Queens Speech , to be brought into law at the next session of Parliament . He proposed a new Official Secrets Act , the first since the 1989 OSA , to punish intelligence officers with longer prison sentences , who blow the whistle on government policy by leaking secret information . To remove their key legal defence of necessity and/or defence of public interest . By the time he arrived at the Home Office , Reid was seen as one of the governments most effective performers over the previous decade , being described by many commentators as a bruiser , but with a strong academic leaning . At the Home Office Reid hit the ground running . He contended that rapid global change and the associated challenges of mass migration , terrorism and organised crime had overwhelmed the outdated Home Office approach . Reid caused considerable controversy by attacking the leadership and management systems previously in place in the Home Office . He infamously declared it to be not fit for purpose , adding the phrase to the British political lexicon , and vowed to make the public feel safe . Reids comments were rebuffed by Clarke , who criticised his comments in a defence of his own period in office . Within 100 days of joining the Department , he had published three reform plans for a radical transformation . They included 8,000 more prison places ; a 40 per cent reduction in headquarters staff by 2010 ; a commitment to making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate an agency with a uniformed border staff and tough new powers . radical overhaul of the core systems and structures within the Home Office itself , reform of IND , re-balancing of the criminal justice system , reform of the probation service and the review of counter-terrorist capabilities . He condemned the probation service for letting people down , and argued for fundamental reform . An early decision during his time at the Home Office was to move child molesters living in hostels near schools further away from them . Reid also caused controversy in August 2006 by calling for the creation of an independent committee to impose a national annual limit on the number of immigrants entering the UK . The Guardian claimed that Reid was playing to the racist gallery and compared his plans to Soviet-style central planning of the economy . Because of the prisons overcrowding crisis in Birmingham , on 9 October 2006 he announced emergency measures amid fears that the prison population was nearing maximum capacity . Reid has announced his support of measures to restrict the ability of extremist messages to be disseminated on the Internet so as to make the web a more hostile place for terrorists . In 2006 Reid and the Home Office lost their appeal against the High Court ruling in the Afghan hijackers case 2006 . In this controversial case , a group of nine Afghan men who hijacked a Boeing 727 in February 2000 , while fleeing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , were granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom . The original ruling in 2004 ruled that returning the men to Afghanistan would breach their human rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 . The Home Office granted the men temporary leave to remain , which involved restricting their freedom of movement and did not allow them to work ; in 2006 , the High Court ruled that the men must be granted discretionary leave to remain , which includes the right to work . Reid challenged the ruling in the Court of Appeal , arguing that the Home Office should have the power to grant only temporary admission to failed asylum seekers who are only allowed to stay in the UK due to their human rights . Reid accused governments critics of putting national security at risk by their failure to recognise the serious nature of the threat facing Britain . and called for reform of the human rights laws . From 1 August 2006 , Reid introduced a new warning system to alert the public to the threat of attacks by al-Qaeda and other terror groups in order to increase public understanding and awareness of the terrorist threat . Announcing the plans , Reid told MPs that the terrorist threat would only be overcome by united action by all of us and urged the public to remain vigilant at all times . The threat level , already at Severe , the second highest level , then moved even higher . On 10 August , Reid announced that the UK had been put on its highest state of security alert , after police said theyd thwarted a terrorist plot to simultaneously blow up several aircraft flying between the UK and the US using explosives smuggled in carry-on luggage . Extreme security measures had been put in place at all the countrys airports . Reid revealed that the alleged terror plot could have caused civilian casualties on an unprecedented scale and security sources said an attack was believed to have been imminent . With 21 people in custody , Reid said he believed the main players had been accounted for but emphasised that that still left possible unknown players . Reid also revealed that at least four major plots had been thwarted in the previous year and security sources confirmed that two dozen major terrorist conspiracies were under investigation . Reid issued a dire warning against losing the battle of ideas with al-Qaeda , and called for an urgent but controversial escalation in the propaganda war , saying that the government needed to do much more to win the battle of ideas . Reid then led European Ministers in efforts to make the Internet a more hostile place for terrorists and crack down on people using the web to share information on explosives or spread propaganda . In September 2006 , Reid addressed Muslims in a run-down part of east London , warning them that fanatics were looking to groom and brainwash children for suicide bombings . During the speech he was confronted and barracked by Abu Izzadeen , also known as Omar or Trevor Brooks . Mr Brooks is a leader of the UK-banned Al Ghurabaa , an offshoot of the terrorist-supporting Al-Muhajiroun – a man who many accuse of glorifying terrorism and inciting racial hatred during nightly conversations ( often using the nom de plume Abu Baraa ) on a New York-based chatroom service . After the high-profile at the Home Office , his tough stance on terrorism and his domination of the headlines in the aftermath of the alleged terror plot , Reid was increasingly tipped by Labour MPs to run for the partys leadership . In fact , Reid kept everyone guessing about his leadership intentions until the very end . Ultimately the surprise was that , having decided not to stand , he announced his intention to quit frontline politics and return to the backbenches . It was speculated that , as a true Blairite believer , he either wanted to carry the torch of reform himself as Labour leader or else quit the scene altogether to make way for new blood . Resignation from government . In May 2007 , Reid announced his intention to resign from the Cabinet when Tony Blair left office , and stated his plans to return to the Labour backbenches . He stated he would support Gordon Brown in the leadership election and his administration . Reid left office as Home Secretary on 27 June 2007 and was replaced by Jacqui Smith the next day . In September 2007 he announced that he would not seek re-election at the next general election . Reid was linked with a return to cabinet in June 2009 under Gordon Brown but reportedly turned down the offer . Votes . In December 2004 and October 2005 , Reid voted in favour of a bill to introduce a compulsory British national identity card . He voted for the NHS Foundation Trust proposal . He also voted in favour of allowing unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples to adopt , and for lowering the age of consent for gay sex to 16 . Reid voted for the replacement of the Trident system . He voted against all the House of Lords reform options except a fully appointed House of Lords . On the introduction of Labours anti-terrorism laws , he opposed an amendment that would have limited the fingerprinting and strip-searching of persons detained at a police station to those detained in connection with a terrorism investigation . He voted against changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual to The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order.. . In March 2003 , he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for war against Iraq , and voted for the declaration of war against Iraq . In June 2007 , he voted against a motion calling for an independent inquiry by a committee of Privy Counsellors into the Iraq War . After cabinet . On 10 May 2010 , Reid argued on BBC television that David Cameron should become the next Prime Minister in the interests of honouring the democratic wishes of the British people , with the Conservative Party having received more votes than any other party . Had Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed an alliance , their combined votes would outnumber Conservative votes at the 2010 General Election , but Reid noted that a Labour/Liberal Democrat alliance would not have the numbers to form a parliamentary majority by themselves . The same month , it was announced that Reid had been made a life peer in the dissolution honours after the 2010 election . He was created Baron Reid of Cardowan , of Stepps in Lanarkshire on 16 July 2010 . In April 2011 , to the discomfort of Labour colleagues , he campaigned with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron and others against changes to the UKs voting system . During the campaign , he made the claim that the Alternative Vote would violate the principle of 1 person 1 vote . He wrote that it gives the supporters of unpopular fringe candidates numerous votes , while mainstream voters only get one . The referendum on the Alternative Vote was won decisively by Reids No side . In April 2013 , Reid said that Labour had made a mistake with immigration while in government , and now in opposition was not providing an alternative . In June 2014 , Reid appeared in a full-page advert in the Scottish Catholic Observer , encouraging readers to vote against Scottish independence in the September referendum . The advert failed to state who had paid for it , which is a breach of Electoral Commission rules , and following complaints , Reid revealed that it had been paid for by an organisation led by Willie Haughey . The referendum resulted in a No vote . Expenses . Following the political scandal over MP expenses in 2009 , Sir Thomas Legg requested Reid repay £2,731.88 of his claimed expenses . Reid chose to repay a total of £7,336.51 . He was later one of 23 MPs who asked for a refund of some of the money they had repaid , and received £4,604.63 back . Outside politics . Football . On 28 September 2007 , it was announced Reid would become Chairman of Celtic Football Club taking over from Brian Quinn . His appointment was ratified by Celtics shareholders on 19 November 2007 . Sports journalist Graham Spiers found him an engaging and intriguing Celtic chairman . Reid is a lifelong supporter of the club and described the appointment as an honour and a privilege . University of London . In late 2008 it was announced that Reid would be taking up the post of honorary Professor at the University College London and become the chairman of the newly created Institute of Security and Resilience Studies ( ISRS ) at UCL . G4S . On 18 December 2008 , G4S ( Group 4 Securicor ) announced that Reid would be taking up a post with the company as group consultant . Top Level Group . Reid is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Awards . In June 2009 , Reid was awarded an honorary degree from Stirling University for his contribution to public affairs . External links . - Official biography , Prime Ministers Office - Profile of John Reid MP SourceWatch |
[
"Secretary of State for Health"
] | easy | John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan took which position from Jun 2003 to Apr 2005? | /wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan#P39#3 | John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan PC ( born 8 May 1947 ) , is a British Labour Party politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 , and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions . He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005 , Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006 , and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007 . Born in Bellshill to working-class , Roman Catholic parents , Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972 . He later joined the Labour Party , working for them as a senior researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North . He retired from frontline politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister , taking on a role as the Chairman of Celtic Football Club . After stepping down as an MP in 2010 , he was nominated for a life peerage in the Dissolution Honours and elevated to the House of Lords . Reid took a leading role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum , appearing alongside Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron , and also took a leading role in the campaign opposing Scottish independence . Background . Reid was born in Bellshill Maternity Hospital , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , to working-class Roman Catholic parents ; his grandparents were of mixed denomination . His grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant . His mother , Mary , was a factory worker and his father , Thomas , was a postman . Reid attended St Patricks Secondary School , Coatbridge . The adolescent Reid showed an early talent for organisation and political activism by leading a student strike in protest at a school rule . Reid initially decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs , including construction work on an oil pipeline and another in insurance ; at the latter job , which Reid later claimed opened his eyes politically , he was assigned to the tenements in the East End of Glasgow after the city was hit by storms in late-1968 and saw poverty of a kind he did not know existed . Soon after this experience , he joined the Labour Party . Around this time Reids passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend ( and later wife ) , Cathie McGowan , bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L . Shirer . Reid was spellbound . Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling , becoming rector of the Students Union and gaining a BA in history and a PhD in economic history , with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change , entitled Warrior Aristocrats in Crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey . From 1979 to 1983 , Reid was a research officer for the Labour Party in Scotland , and from 1983 to 1985 , was a political adviser to Labour leader Neil Kinnock . From 1986 to 1987 , he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour . He entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency . After boundary changes , he was returned at the 1997 election for the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill ; and after further boundary changes in 2005 , he was returned at the 2005 election for the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts with 59% of the votes cast . Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her sudden death from a heart attack in 1998 . They had two sons , Kevin and Mark . In 2002 , he married film director Carine Adler . According to The Guardian , in 1991 , Reid arrived at the House of Commons drunk one day and tried to force his way on to the floor to vote . When an attendant stepped forward to stop him , Reid threw a punch . Reid stopped drinking in 1994 and gave up his 60-a-day cigarette habit in 2003 . Political ideology . At university , Reid was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . With the support of Communist and Labour students , he became president of the students union . After leaving university , he became a researcher for Scottish Labour . Reid believes that any socialist , or indeed any rational person , should be a revisionist on principle . As an advisor to Neil Kinnock , Reid was one of the earliest advocates for reforms to the Labour Party . In 1983 , after the Labour Partys worst electoral defeat in 65 years , and at Kinnocks request , he put on a single sheet of paper what he thought had made Labour unelectable : Leaderless , unpatriotic , dominated by demagogues , policies fifteen years out of date . Elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Member of Parliament for Motherwell North , within two years he was appointed to the Shadow Front Bench as spokesperson for Children . In 1990 , Reid was appointed as Defence spokesperson . When the former Yugoslavia was breaking up in the 1990s , Reid was in dialogue with the Bosnian Serbs . During the Bosnian War , Reid struck up a friendship with Radovan Karadžić , later to be indicted as a war criminal . Reid admitted he spent three days at a luxury Geneva lakeside hotel as a guest of Karadžić in 1993 . Government career . Minister of State for the Armed Forces . After Labour came to power at the 1997 general election , Reid became Armed Forces Minister , where he played a key role in the Defence Secretary George Robertsons Strategic Defence Review . Reid gained considerable praise for the review ; with some commentators going so far as to describe his success in cutting military expenditure at the same time as winning over the defence chiefs as brilliant . As Minister he lobbied for the release of two Scots Guards convicted of murdering teenager Peter McBride in Belfast in 1992 . At the same time he refused requests to meet the McBride family . Reid eventually met with the McBride family whilst he was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Minister for Transport . In 1998 , Reid moved from Defence to become Minister of State for Transport . Prime Minister Tony Blair then sent Reid to the Department of Transport to ensure the late-running and over-budget London Underground Jubilee Line Extension was completed by the end of 2000 . He and John Prescott brought in Bechtel as Project Managers , ensuring Phase 1 was opened on 1 May 1999 , and the whole Jubilee line with the exception of one station ( Westminster ) was ultimately open for business by the Millennium . Reid demonstrated several aspects : he negotiated strongly ; he was a political fighter ; he had a capacity for non-dogmatic adaptability and reliability ; and was described as a safe pair of hands . Secretary of State for Scotland . Having impressed at both Transport and Defence Reid was promoted to Secretary of State for Scotland on 17 May 1999 and a full place at the cabinet table . In his first month , the Scottish Parliament was re-established after an interval of 300 years . The reconstituted Scotland Office had been much reduced in importance with devolution but Reid used the position to build his profile , prepared to put the governments case on any issue against TV interviewers . After Donald Dewar , Scotlands respected First Minister , died in 2000 Reids name was even mentioned as a possible replacement . In fact Reid was left to deal with much of the fall-out after the death and would be increasingly at loggerheads with the new Labour First Minister , Henry McLeish , whom Reid felt was taking the Parliament down a nationalist path . The situation became so strained between the two that in an unguarded moment McLeish publicly labelled Reid a patronising bastard . Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Reid became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in January 2001 following the resignation of Peter Mandelson . He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the position . While dismissing the personal significance of this , he used it to insist that every person in Northern Ireland , from whatever background or tradition , wanted a prosperous future . Throughout his period of office he was continually engaged in talks with all side of the community in an attempt to reduce the level of inter-community troubles . He blamed Paramilitaries from both sides of the community for on-going violence . He confronted both , on the ground , at a violent east Belfast interface , where he met loyalist residents of Cluan Place and then had talks with nationalist residents in the nearby Short Strand . Reid ruled that ceasefires proclaimed by the Ulster Defence Association and the Loyalist Volunteer Force could no longer be recognised by the government because of their involvement in sectarian attacks and murders . At the same time he put pressure on the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to make a move on arms decommissioning to help end the political impasse , whilst acknowledging that putting its weapons beyond use would be a difficult step to take . It was in this context that , in October 2001 he welcomed a Gerry Adams speech as a highly significant step which he hoped would pave the way for a groundbreaking move by the IRA to disarm which would transform the political situation . And following the IRAs decision Reid responded by announcing the immediate demolition of British Army security bases and announcing a reduction in troop levels as the security situation improved , effectively beginning a process which culminated in September 2005 , when the disarmament monitor for Northern Ireland , the Canadian General John de Chastelain announced that the IRA had given up its entire arsenal of weapons after more than three decades of armed struggle against British rule . Reid oversaw the final stages of the transformation of the RUC into the Police Service Northern Ireland , and the first endorsement of the service by representatives of the Nationalist community . Political problems continued , resulting in the suspension of the Northern Ireland Assembly a year later in October 2002 . The peace process was to be put on hold until there was a clear and unequivocal commitment that the IRA would disband . Reid made an emergency statement to Parliament announcing direct rule in the interim . In the interim , Reid also had to deal with continuing domestic problems ; including those with loyalist ceasefires , sectarian murders and the tinderbox of Holy Cross primary school in north Belfast ( that ignited the worst rioting in the city in years ) . But , so far as 10 Downing Street was concerned , Reid had gone a long way to delivering the rarest of political commodities – success in Northern Ireland . Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister without Portfolio . Reid was appointed Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister Without Portfolio on 24 October 2002 . As a purely political post his trouble-shooting skills were employed as the Labour Governments chief spokesperson earning him the nickname Minister for the Today Programme . One of Reids key challenges was to keep the trade unions ( the Labour Partys main funders ) on-side despite the antipathy shown by the Unions to many of the Governments proposals . As part of this Reid agreed to look at proposals to stop private contractors exploiting low paid workers ( a key Union demand ) . Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . In March 2003 , Robin Cook resigned as Leader of the House of Commons due to his objections to the legality of Britains involvement in the Iraq War . Reid was appointed to take over the Office brief on 4 April as a heavyweight figure was more likely to ensure the Commons continued support for the war . He held the position for only just under three months and was succeeded by a more junior member of the Government , Peter Hain . Secretary of State for Health . Reid was made Secretary of State for Health in June 2003 , replacing Alan Milburn after the latters resignation . He was reportedly less than happy with the appointment . He was reported by Private Eye at the time as reacting Oh fuck , not health . But Reid had established himself as one of Tony Blairs most trusted ministers and his appointment as Health Secretary took him into his fourth cabinet job in less than a year . At Health Reid saw himself as a reformer , controversially increasing capacity by introducing private companies to run treatment centres for knee , hip and eye operations . He claimed this provided extra staff and extra capacity to help treat more patients in the NHS at an unprecedented rate . Reid also introduced plans to increase the number of smoke-free workplaces and improve diet and sexual health as part of a major drive to improve public health in England and began a major public consultation as a precursor to parliamentary proposals aimed at improving the nations health . He also encouraged volunteer engagement in the health service . Many of his changes caused criticism and controversy , which Reid was not afraid to take head on , delivering a staunch defence of Labours reform programme to the partys annual conference . He made the case for extending to all the choices normally only available to those who could afford them . Reids management style was considered autocratic by some and he came under considerable fire from National Health Service ( NHS ) leaders . He was criticized for giving GPs a 22% pay rise while also allowing them to opt out of providing weekend and evening treatment . As Health Secretary , Reid had been in favour of limiting the governments proposed smoking ban as much as possible . In their 2005 election manifesto , he introduced a pledge to ban smoking in all places where food was served . His successor Patricia Hewitt favoured a complete ban . Reid won in the cabinet , gaining an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food . The House of Commons rebels proposing a complete ban were successful when MPs were given a free vote on the issue . Patricia Hewitt voted with the rebels against the Cabinets proposals . Secretary of State for Defence . Following the incumbent Labour Partys 2005 general election victory , Reid was appointed Secretary of State for Defence . He replaced Geoff Hoon . At Defence , Reid questioned the adequacy of the international legal framework in the light of modern developments in conflict . He suggested that the body of relevant international rules and conventions should , where beneficial , be strengthened , especially to cope with conflict against non-state actors such as the international terrorist… this means extending , not reducing , such conventions . Reid committed 3,300 troops to Helmand province , Afghanistan in January 2006 . Despite a lack of detailed intelligence , the Army anticipated the Helmand mission would be straightforward compared to its difficult mission in Basra it was withdrawing from , with short small patrols from fixed bases . In speaking to the media Reid said We would be perfectly happy to leave in three years and without firing one shot because our job is to protect the reconstruction . In the first year about 4 million bullets and 25,000 artillery rounds had been fired by the British armed forces . Reid took an aggressive approach to defending his governments international policy . Speaking ahead of a conference on NATO modernisation in Germany on 4 February 2006 , Reid asserted in a press interview that no institution has the divine right to exist . Similarly on 19 March 2006 , in response to former interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawis claim that Iraq is in the grip of civil war , Reid defended the British Governments contrary view . He stated : Every single politician I have met here [ in Iraq ] from the prime minister to the president , the defence minister and indeed Iyad Allawi himself said to me theres an increase in the sectarian killing , but theres not a civil war and we will not allow a civil war to develop . By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict , Reid was no longer Defence Secretary , having been succeeded by Des Browne . On 3 February 2010 , Reid gave evidence about his role as Defense Secretary to the Iraq Inquiry . He said that Americas experience of the Vietnam War had impacted negatively on US post-invasion planning in Iraq because US military chiefs werent thinking of detailed nation-building . Reid also said he had deep sadness at the loss of life in Iraq . Home Secretary . Reid was appointed Home Secretary on 5 May 2006 , replacing Charles Clarke after the latter was removed in the wake of a Home Office scandal involving the release of foreign national prisoners . On 2 July 2006 , Reid proposed a Bill for the autumn Queens Speech , to be brought into law at the next session of Parliament . He proposed a new Official Secrets Act , the first since the 1989 OSA , to punish intelligence officers with longer prison sentences , who blow the whistle on government policy by leaking secret information . To remove their key legal defence of necessity and/or defence of public interest . By the time he arrived at the Home Office , Reid was seen as one of the governments most effective performers over the previous decade , being described by many commentators as a bruiser , but with a strong academic leaning . At the Home Office Reid hit the ground running . He contended that rapid global change and the associated challenges of mass migration , terrorism and organised crime had overwhelmed the outdated Home Office approach . Reid caused considerable controversy by attacking the leadership and management systems previously in place in the Home Office . He infamously declared it to be not fit for purpose , adding the phrase to the British political lexicon , and vowed to make the public feel safe . Reids comments were rebuffed by Clarke , who criticised his comments in a defence of his own period in office . Within 100 days of joining the Department , he had published three reform plans for a radical transformation . They included 8,000 more prison places ; a 40 per cent reduction in headquarters staff by 2010 ; a commitment to making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate an agency with a uniformed border staff and tough new powers . radical overhaul of the core systems and structures within the Home Office itself , reform of IND , re-balancing of the criminal justice system , reform of the probation service and the review of counter-terrorist capabilities . He condemned the probation service for letting people down , and argued for fundamental reform . An early decision during his time at the Home Office was to move child molesters living in hostels near schools further away from them . Reid also caused controversy in August 2006 by calling for the creation of an independent committee to impose a national annual limit on the number of immigrants entering the UK . The Guardian claimed that Reid was playing to the racist gallery and compared his plans to Soviet-style central planning of the economy . Because of the prisons overcrowding crisis in Birmingham , on 9 October 2006 he announced emergency measures amid fears that the prison population was nearing maximum capacity . Reid has announced his support of measures to restrict the ability of extremist messages to be disseminated on the Internet so as to make the web a more hostile place for terrorists . In 2006 Reid and the Home Office lost their appeal against the High Court ruling in the Afghan hijackers case 2006 . In this controversial case , a group of nine Afghan men who hijacked a Boeing 727 in February 2000 , while fleeing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , were granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom . The original ruling in 2004 ruled that returning the men to Afghanistan would breach their human rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 . The Home Office granted the men temporary leave to remain , which involved restricting their freedom of movement and did not allow them to work ; in 2006 , the High Court ruled that the men must be granted discretionary leave to remain , which includes the right to work . Reid challenged the ruling in the Court of Appeal , arguing that the Home Office should have the power to grant only temporary admission to failed asylum seekers who are only allowed to stay in the UK due to their human rights . Reid accused governments critics of putting national security at risk by their failure to recognise the serious nature of the threat facing Britain . and called for reform of the human rights laws . From 1 August 2006 , Reid introduced a new warning system to alert the public to the threat of attacks by al-Qaeda and other terror groups in order to increase public understanding and awareness of the terrorist threat . Announcing the plans , Reid told MPs that the terrorist threat would only be overcome by united action by all of us and urged the public to remain vigilant at all times . The threat level , already at Severe , the second highest level , then moved even higher . On 10 August , Reid announced that the UK had been put on its highest state of security alert , after police said theyd thwarted a terrorist plot to simultaneously blow up several aircraft flying between the UK and the US using explosives smuggled in carry-on luggage . Extreme security measures had been put in place at all the countrys airports . Reid revealed that the alleged terror plot could have caused civilian casualties on an unprecedented scale and security sources said an attack was believed to have been imminent . With 21 people in custody , Reid said he believed the main players had been accounted for but emphasised that that still left possible unknown players . Reid also revealed that at least four major plots had been thwarted in the previous year and security sources confirmed that two dozen major terrorist conspiracies were under investigation . Reid issued a dire warning against losing the battle of ideas with al-Qaeda , and called for an urgent but controversial escalation in the propaganda war , saying that the government needed to do much more to win the battle of ideas . Reid then led European Ministers in efforts to make the Internet a more hostile place for terrorists and crack down on people using the web to share information on explosives or spread propaganda . In September 2006 , Reid addressed Muslims in a run-down part of east London , warning them that fanatics were looking to groom and brainwash children for suicide bombings . During the speech he was confronted and barracked by Abu Izzadeen , also known as Omar or Trevor Brooks . Mr Brooks is a leader of the UK-banned Al Ghurabaa , an offshoot of the terrorist-supporting Al-Muhajiroun – a man who many accuse of glorifying terrorism and inciting racial hatred during nightly conversations ( often using the nom de plume Abu Baraa ) on a New York-based chatroom service . After the high-profile at the Home Office , his tough stance on terrorism and his domination of the headlines in the aftermath of the alleged terror plot , Reid was increasingly tipped by Labour MPs to run for the partys leadership . In fact , Reid kept everyone guessing about his leadership intentions until the very end . Ultimately the surprise was that , having decided not to stand , he announced his intention to quit frontline politics and return to the backbenches . It was speculated that , as a true Blairite believer , he either wanted to carry the torch of reform himself as Labour leader or else quit the scene altogether to make way for new blood . Resignation from government . In May 2007 , Reid announced his intention to resign from the Cabinet when Tony Blair left office , and stated his plans to return to the Labour backbenches . He stated he would support Gordon Brown in the leadership election and his administration . Reid left office as Home Secretary on 27 June 2007 and was replaced by Jacqui Smith the next day . In September 2007 he announced that he would not seek re-election at the next general election . Reid was linked with a return to cabinet in June 2009 under Gordon Brown but reportedly turned down the offer . Votes . In December 2004 and October 2005 , Reid voted in favour of a bill to introduce a compulsory British national identity card . He voted for the NHS Foundation Trust proposal . He also voted in favour of allowing unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples to adopt , and for lowering the age of consent for gay sex to 16 . Reid voted for the replacement of the Trident system . He voted against all the House of Lords reform options except a fully appointed House of Lords . On the introduction of Labours anti-terrorism laws , he opposed an amendment that would have limited the fingerprinting and strip-searching of persons detained at a police station to those detained in connection with a terrorism investigation . He voted against changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual to The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order.. . In March 2003 , he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for war against Iraq , and voted for the declaration of war against Iraq . In June 2007 , he voted against a motion calling for an independent inquiry by a committee of Privy Counsellors into the Iraq War . After cabinet . On 10 May 2010 , Reid argued on BBC television that David Cameron should become the next Prime Minister in the interests of honouring the democratic wishes of the British people , with the Conservative Party having received more votes than any other party . Had Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed an alliance , their combined votes would outnumber Conservative votes at the 2010 General Election , but Reid noted that a Labour/Liberal Democrat alliance would not have the numbers to form a parliamentary majority by themselves . The same month , it was announced that Reid had been made a life peer in the dissolution honours after the 2010 election . He was created Baron Reid of Cardowan , of Stepps in Lanarkshire on 16 July 2010 . In April 2011 , to the discomfort of Labour colleagues , he campaigned with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron and others against changes to the UKs voting system . During the campaign , he made the claim that the Alternative Vote would violate the principle of 1 person 1 vote . He wrote that it gives the supporters of unpopular fringe candidates numerous votes , while mainstream voters only get one . The referendum on the Alternative Vote was won decisively by Reids No side . In April 2013 , Reid said that Labour had made a mistake with immigration while in government , and now in opposition was not providing an alternative . In June 2014 , Reid appeared in a full-page advert in the Scottish Catholic Observer , encouraging readers to vote against Scottish independence in the September referendum . The advert failed to state who had paid for it , which is a breach of Electoral Commission rules , and following complaints , Reid revealed that it had been paid for by an organisation led by Willie Haughey . The referendum resulted in a No vote . Expenses . Following the political scandal over MP expenses in 2009 , Sir Thomas Legg requested Reid repay £2,731.88 of his claimed expenses . Reid chose to repay a total of £7,336.51 . He was later one of 23 MPs who asked for a refund of some of the money they had repaid , and received £4,604.63 back . Outside politics . Football . On 28 September 2007 , it was announced Reid would become Chairman of Celtic Football Club taking over from Brian Quinn . His appointment was ratified by Celtics shareholders on 19 November 2007 . Sports journalist Graham Spiers found him an engaging and intriguing Celtic chairman . Reid is a lifelong supporter of the club and described the appointment as an honour and a privilege . University of London . In late 2008 it was announced that Reid would be taking up the post of honorary Professor at the University College London and become the chairman of the newly created Institute of Security and Resilience Studies ( ISRS ) at UCL . G4S . On 18 December 2008 , G4S ( Group 4 Securicor ) announced that Reid would be taking up a post with the company as group consultant . Top Level Group . Reid is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Awards . In June 2009 , Reid was awarded an honorary degree from Stirling University for his contribution to public affairs . External links . - Official biography , Prime Ministers Office - Profile of John Reid MP SourceWatch |
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"Secretary of State for Defence"
] | easy | John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan took which position from May 2005 to May 2006? | /wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan#P39#4 | John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan PC ( born 8 May 1947 ) , is a British Labour Party politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 , and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions . He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005 , Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006 , and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007 . Born in Bellshill to working-class , Roman Catholic parents , Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972 . He later joined the Labour Party , working for them as a senior researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North . He retired from frontline politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister , taking on a role as the Chairman of Celtic Football Club . After stepping down as an MP in 2010 , he was nominated for a life peerage in the Dissolution Honours and elevated to the House of Lords . Reid took a leading role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum , appearing alongside Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron , and also took a leading role in the campaign opposing Scottish independence . Background . Reid was born in Bellshill Maternity Hospital , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , to working-class Roman Catholic parents ; his grandparents were of mixed denomination . His grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant . His mother , Mary , was a factory worker and his father , Thomas , was a postman . Reid attended St Patricks Secondary School , Coatbridge . The adolescent Reid showed an early talent for organisation and political activism by leading a student strike in protest at a school rule . Reid initially decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs , including construction work on an oil pipeline and another in insurance ; at the latter job , which Reid later claimed opened his eyes politically , he was assigned to the tenements in the East End of Glasgow after the city was hit by storms in late-1968 and saw poverty of a kind he did not know existed . Soon after this experience , he joined the Labour Party . Around this time Reids passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend ( and later wife ) , Cathie McGowan , bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L . Shirer . Reid was spellbound . Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling , becoming rector of the Students Union and gaining a BA in history and a PhD in economic history , with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change , entitled Warrior Aristocrats in Crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey . From 1979 to 1983 , Reid was a research officer for the Labour Party in Scotland , and from 1983 to 1985 , was a political adviser to Labour leader Neil Kinnock . From 1986 to 1987 , he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour . He entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency . After boundary changes , he was returned at the 1997 election for the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill ; and after further boundary changes in 2005 , he was returned at the 2005 election for the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts with 59% of the votes cast . Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her sudden death from a heart attack in 1998 . They had two sons , Kevin and Mark . In 2002 , he married film director Carine Adler . According to The Guardian , in 1991 , Reid arrived at the House of Commons drunk one day and tried to force his way on to the floor to vote . When an attendant stepped forward to stop him , Reid threw a punch . Reid stopped drinking in 1994 and gave up his 60-a-day cigarette habit in 2003 . Political ideology . At university , Reid was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . With the support of Communist and Labour students , he became president of the students union . After leaving university , he became a researcher for Scottish Labour . Reid believes that any socialist , or indeed any rational person , should be a revisionist on principle . As an advisor to Neil Kinnock , Reid was one of the earliest advocates for reforms to the Labour Party . In 1983 , after the Labour Partys worst electoral defeat in 65 years , and at Kinnocks request , he put on a single sheet of paper what he thought had made Labour unelectable : Leaderless , unpatriotic , dominated by demagogues , policies fifteen years out of date . Elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Member of Parliament for Motherwell North , within two years he was appointed to the Shadow Front Bench as spokesperson for Children . In 1990 , Reid was appointed as Defence spokesperson . When the former Yugoslavia was breaking up in the 1990s , Reid was in dialogue with the Bosnian Serbs . During the Bosnian War , Reid struck up a friendship with Radovan Karadžić , later to be indicted as a war criminal . Reid admitted he spent three days at a luxury Geneva lakeside hotel as a guest of Karadžić in 1993 . Government career . Minister of State for the Armed Forces . After Labour came to power at the 1997 general election , Reid became Armed Forces Minister , where he played a key role in the Defence Secretary George Robertsons Strategic Defence Review . Reid gained considerable praise for the review ; with some commentators going so far as to describe his success in cutting military expenditure at the same time as winning over the defence chiefs as brilliant . As Minister he lobbied for the release of two Scots Guards convicted of murdering teenager Peter McBride in Belfast in 1992 . At the same time he refused requests to meet the McBride family . Reid eventually met with the McBride family whilst he was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Minister for Transport . In 1998 , Reid moved from Defence to become Minister of State for Transport . Prime Minister Tony Blair then sent Reid to the Department of Transport to ensure the late-running and over-budget London Underground Jubilee Line Extension was completed by the end of 2000 . He and John Prescott brought in Bechtel as Project Managers , ensuring Phase 1 was opened on 1 May 1999 , and the whole Jubilee line with the exception of one station ( Westminster ) was ultimately open for business by the Millennium . Reid demonstrated several aspects : he negotiated strongly ; he was a political fighter ; he had a capacity for non-dogmatic adaptability and reliability ; and was described as a safe pair of hands . Secretary of State for Scotland . Having impressed at both Transport and Defence Reid was promoted to Secretary of State for Scotland on 17 May 1999 and a full place at the cabinet table . In his first month , the Scottish Parliament was re-established after an interval of 300 years . The reconstituted Scotland Office had been much reduced in importance with devolution but Reid used the position to build his profile , prepared to put the governments case on any issue against TV interviewers . After Donald Dewar , Scotlands respected First Minister , died in 2000 Reids name was even mentioned as a possible replacement . In fact Reid was left to deal with much of the fall-out after the death and would be increasingly at loggerheads with the new Labour First Minister , Henry McLeish , whom Reid felt was taking the Parliament down a nationalist path . The situation became so strained between the two that in an unguarded moment McLeish publicly labelled Reid a patronising bastard . Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Reid became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in January 2001 following the resignation of Peter Mandelson . He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the position . While dismissing the personal significance of this , he used it to insist that every person in Northern Ireland , from whatever background or tradition , wanted a prosperous future . Throughout his period of office he was continually engaged in talks with all side of the community in an attempt to reduce the level of inter-community troubles . He blamed Paramilitaries from both sides of the community for on-going violence . He confronted both , on the ground , at a violent east Belfast interface , where he met loyalist residents of Cluan Place and then had talks with nationalist residents in the nearby Short Strand . Reid ruled that ceasefires proclaimed by the Ulster Defence Association and the Loyalist Volunteer Force could no longer be recognised by the government because of their involvement in sectarian attacks and murders . At the same time he put pressure on the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to make a move on arms decommissioning to help end the political impasse , whilst acknowledging that putting its weapons beyond use would be a difficult step to take . It was in this context that , in October 2001 he welcomed a Gerry Adams speech as a highly significant step which he hoped would pave the way for a groundbreaking move by the IRA to disarm which would transform the political situation . And following the IRAs decision Reid responded by announcing the immediate demolition of British Army security bases and announcing a reduction in troop levels as the security situation improved , effectively beginning a process which culminated in September 2005 , when the disarmament monitor for Northern Ireland , the Canadian General John de Chastelain announced that the IRA had given up its entire arsenal of weapons after more than three decades of armed struggle against British rule . Reid oversaw the final stages of the transformation of the RUC into the Police Service Northern Ireland , and the first endorsement of the service by representatives of the Nationalist community . Political problems continued , resulting in the suspension of the Northern Ireland Assembly a year later in October 2002 . The peace process was to be put on hold until there was a clear and unequivocal commitment that the IRA would disband . Reid made an emergency statement to Parliament announcing direct rule in the interim . In the interim , Reid also had to deal with continuing domestic problems ; including those with loyalist ceasefires , sectarian murders and the tinderbox of Holy Cross primary school in north Belfast ( that ignited the worst rioting in the city in years ) . But , so far as 10 Downing Street was concerned , Reid had gone a long way to delivering the rarest of political commodities – success in Northern Ireland . Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister without Portfolio . Reid was appointed Chairman of the Labour Party and Minister Without Portfolio on 24 October 2002 . As a purely political post his trouble-shooting skills were employed as the Labour Governments chief spokesperson earning him the nickname Minister for the Today Programme . One of Reids key challenges was to keep the trade unions ( the Labour Partys main funders ) on-side despite the antipathy shown by the Unions to many of the Governments proposals . As part of this Reid agreed to look at proposals to stop private contractors exploiting low paid workers ( a key Union demand ) . Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . In March 2003 , Robin Cook resigned as Leader of the House of Commons due to his objections to the legality of Britains involvement in the Iraq War . Reid was appointed to take over the Office brief on 4 April as a heavyweight figure was more likely to ensure the Commons continued support for the war . He held the position for only just under three months and was succeeded by a more junior member of the Government , Peter Hain . Secretary of State for Health . Reid was made Secretary of State for Health in June 2003 , replacing Alan Milburn after the latters resignation . He was reportedly less than happy with the appointment . He was reported by Private Eye at the time as reacting Oh fuck , not health . But Reid had established himself as one of Tony Blairs most trusted ministers and his appointment as Health Secretary took him into his fourth cabinet job in less than a year . At Health Reid saw himself as a reformer , controversially increasing capacity by introducing private companies to run treatment centres for knee , hip and eye operations . He claimed this provided extra staff and extra capacity to help treat more patients in the NHS at an unprecedented rate . Reid also introduced plans to increase the number of smoke-free workplaces and improve diet and sexual health as part of a major drive to improve public health in England and began a major public consultation as a precursor to parliamentary proposals aimed at improving the nations health . He also encouraged volunteer engagement in the health service . Many of his changes caused criticism and controversy , which Reid was not afraid to take head on , delivering a staunch defence of Labours reform programme to the partys annual conference . He made the case for extending to all the choices normally only available to those who could afford them . Reids management style was considered autocratic by some and he came under considerable fire from National Health Service ( NHS ) leaders . He was criticized for giving GPs a 22% pay rise while also allowing them to opt out of providing weekend and evening treatment . As Health Secretary , Reid had been in favour of limiting the governments proposed smoking ban as much as possible . In their 2005 election manifesto , he introduced a pledge to ban smoking in all places where food was served . His successor Patricia Hewitt favoured a complete ban . Reid won in the cabinet , gaining an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food . The House of Commons rebels proposing a complete ban were successful when MPs were given a free vote on the issue . Patricia Hewitt voted with the rebels against the Cabinets proposals . Secretary of State for Defence . Following the incumbent Labour Partys 2005 general election victory , Reid was appointed Secretary of State for Defence . He replaced Geoff Hoon . At Defence , Reid questioned the adequacy of the international legal framework in the light of modern developments in conflict . He suggested that the body of relevant international rules and conventions should , where beneficial , be strengthened , especially to cope with conflict against non-state actors such as the international terrorist… this means extending , not reducing , such conventions . Reid committed 3,300 troops to Helmand province , Afghanistan in January 2006 . Despite a lack of detailed intelligence , the Army anticipated the Helmand mission would be straightforward compared to its difficult mission in Basra it was withdrawing from , with short small patrols from fixed bases . In speaking to the media Reid said We would be perfectly happy to leave in three years and without firing one shot because our job is to protect the reconstruction . In the first year about 4 million bullets and 25,000 artillery rounds had been fired by the British armed forces . Reid took an aggressive approach to defending his governments international policy . Speaking ahead of a conference on NATO modernisation in Germany on 4 February 2006 , Reid asserted in a press interview that no institution has the divine right to exist . Similarly on 19 March 2006 , in response to former interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawis claim that Iraq is in the grip of civil war , Reid defended the British Governments contrary view . He stated : Every single politician I have met here [ in Iraq ] from the prime minister to the president , the defence minister and indeed Iyad Allawi himself said to me theres an increase in the sectarian killing , but theres not a civil war and we will not allow a civil war to develop . By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict , Reid was no longer Defence Secretary , having been succeeded by Des Browne . On 3 February 2010 , Reid gave evidence about his role as Defense Secretary to the Iraq Inquiry . He said that Americas experience of the Vietnam War had impacted negatively on US post-invasion planning in Iraq because US military chiefs werent thinking of detailed nation-building . Reid also said he had deep sadness at the loss of life in Iraq . Home Secretary . Reid was appointed Home Secretary on 5 May 2006 , replacing Charles Clarke after the latter was removed in the wake of a Home Office scandal involving the release of foreign national prisoners . On 2 July 2006 , Reid proposed a Bill for the autumn Queens Speech , to be brought into law at the next session of Parliament . He proposed a new Official Secrets Act , the first since the 1989 OSA , to punish intelligence officers with longer prison sentences , who blow the whistle on government policy by leaking secret information . To remove their key legal defence of necessity and/or defence of public interest . By the time he arrived at the Home Office , Reid was seen as one of the governments most effective performers over the previous decade , being described by many commentators as a bruiser , but with a strong academic leaning . At the Home Office Reid hit the ground running . He contended that rapid global change and the associated challenges of mass migration , terrorism and organised crime had overwhelmed the outdated Home Office approach . Reid caused considerable controversy by attacking the leadership and management systems previously in place in the Home Office . He infamously declared it to be not fit for purpose , adding the phrase to the British political lexicon , and vowed to make the public feel safe . Reids comments were rebuffed by Clarke , who criticised his comments in a defence of his own period in office . Within 100 days of joining the Department , he had published three reform plans for a radical transformation . They included 8,000 more prison places ; a 40 per cent reduction in headquarters staff by 2010 ; a commitment to making the Immigration and Nationality Directorate an agency with a uniformed border staff and tough new powers . radical overhaul of the core systems and structures within the Home Office itself , reform of IND , re-balancing of the criminal justice system , reform of the probation service and the review of counter-terrorist capabilities . He condemned the probation service for letting people down , and argued for fundamental reform . An early decision during his time at the Home Office was to move child molesters living in hostels near schools further away from them . Reid also caused controversy in August 2006 by calling for the creation of an independent committee to impose a national annual limit on the number of immigrants entering the UK . The Guardian claimed that Reid was playing to the racist gallery and compared his plans to Soviet-style central planning of the economy . Because of the prisons overcrowding crisis in Birmingham , on 9 October 2006 he announced emergency measures amid fears that the prison population was nearing maximum capacity . Reid has announced his support of measures to restrict the ability of extremist messages to be disseminated on the Internet so as to make the web a more hostile place for terrorists . In 2006 Reid and the Home Office lost their appeal against the High Court ruling in the Afghan hijackers case 2006 . In this controversial case , a group of nine Afghan men who hijacked a Boeing 727 in February 2000 , while fleeing the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , were granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom . The original ruling in 2004 ruled that returning the men to Afghanistan would breach their human rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 . The Home Office granted the men temporary leave to remain , which involved restricting their freedom of movement and did not allow them to work ; in 2006 , the High Court ruled that the men must be granted discretionary leave to remain , which includes the right to work . Reid challenged the ruling in the Court of Appeal , arguing that the Home Office should have the power to grant only temporary admission to failed asylum seekers who are only allowed to stay in the UK due to their human rights . Reid accused governments critics of putting national security at risk by their failure to recognise the serious nature of the threat facing Britain . and called for reform of the human rights laws . From 1 August 2006 , Reid introduced a new warning system to alert the public to the threat of attacks by al-Qaeda and other terror groups in order to increase public understanding and awareness of the terrorist threat . Announcing the plans , Reid told MPs that the terrorist threat would only be overcome by united action by all of us and urged the public to remain vigilant at all times . The threat level , already at Severe , the second highest level , then moved even higher . On 10 August , Reid announced that the UK had been put on its highest state of security alert , after police said theyd thwarted a terrorist plot to simultaneously blow up several aircraft flying between the UK and the US using explosives smuggled in carry-on luggage . Extreme security measures had been put in place at all the countrys airports . Reid revealed that the alleged terror plot could have caused civilian casualties on an unprecedented scale and security sources said an attack was believed to have been imminent . With 21 people in custody , Reid said he believed the main players had been accounted for but emphasised that that still left possible unknown players . Reid also revealed that at least four major plots had been thwarted in the previous year and security sources confirmed that two dozen major terrorist conspiracies were under investigation . Reid issued a dire warning against losing the battle of ideas with al-Qaeda , and called for an urgent but controversial escalation in the propaganda war , saying that the government needed to do much more to win the battle of ideas . Reid then led European Ministers in efforts to make the Internet a more hostile place for terrorists and crack down on people using the web to share information on explosives or spread propaganda . In September 2006 , Reid addressed Muslims in a run-down part of east London , warning them that fanatics were looking to groom and brainwash children for suicide bombings . During the speech he was confronted and barracked by Abu Izzadeen , also known as Omar or Trevor Brooks . Mr Brooks is a leader of the UK-banned Al Ghurabaa , an offshoot of the terrorist-supporting Al-Muhajiroun – a man who many accuse of glorifying terrorism and inciting racial hatred during nightly conversations ( often using the nom de plume Abu Baraa ) on a New York-based chatroom service . After the high-profile at the Home Office , his tough stance on terrorism and his domination of the headlines in the aftermath of the alleged terror plot , Reid was increasingly tipped by Labour MPs to run for the partys leadership . In fact , Reid kept everyone guessing about his leadership intentions until the very end . Ultimately the surprise was that , having decided not to stand , he announced his intention to quit frontline politics and return to the backbenches . It was speculated that , as a true Blairite believer , he either wanted to carry the torch of reform himself as Labour leader or else quit the scene altogether to make way for new blood . Resignation from government . In May 2007 , Reid announced his intention to resign from the Cabinet when Tony Blair left office , and stated his plans to return to the Labour backbenches . He stated he would support Gordon Brown in the leadership election and his administration . Reid left office as Home Secretary on 27 June 2007 and was replaced by Jacqui Smith the next day . In September 2007 he announced that he would not seek re-election at the next general election . Reid was linked with a return to cabinet in June 2009 under Gordon Brown but reportedly turned down the offer . Votes . In December 2004 and October 2005 , Reid voted in favour of a bill to introduce a compulsory British national identity card . He voted for the NHS Foundation Trust proposal . He also voted in favour of allowing unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples to adopt , and for lowering the age of consent for gay sex to 16 . Reid voted for the replacement of the Trident system . He voted against all the House of Lords reform options except a fully appointed House of Lords . On the introduction of Labours anti-terrorism laws , he opposed an amendment that would have limited the fingerprinting and strip-searching of persons detained at a police station to those detained in connection with a terrorism investigation . He voted against changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual to The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order.. . In March 2003 , he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for war against Iraq , and voted for the declaration of war against Iraq . In June 2007 , he voted against a motion calling for an independent inquiry by a committee of Privy Counsellors into the Iraq War . After cabinet . On 10 May 2010 , Reid argued on BBC television that David Cameron should become the next Prime Minister in the interests of honouring the democratic wishes of the British people , with the Conservative Party having received more votes than any other party . Had Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed an alliance , their combined votes would outnumber Conservative votes at the 2010 General Election , but Reid noted that a Labour/Liberal Democrat alliance would not have the numbers to form a parliamentary majority by themselves . The same month , it was announced that Reid had been made a life peer in the dissolution honours after the 2010 election . He was created Baron Reid of Cardowan , of Stepps in Lanarkshire on 16 July 2010 . In April 2011 , to the discomfort of Labour colleagues , he campaigned with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron and others against changes to the UKs voting system . During the campaign , he made the claim that the Alternative Vote would violate the principle of 1 person 1 vote . He wrote that it gives the supporters of unpopular fringe candidates numerous votes , while mainstream voters only get one . The referendum on the Alternative Vote was won decisively by Reids No side . In April 2013 , Reid said that Labour had made a mistake with immigration while in government , and now in opposition was not providing an alternative . In June 2014 , Reid appeared in a full-page advert in the Scottish Catholic Observer , encouraging readers to vote against Scottish independence in the September referendum . The advert failed to state who had paid for it , which is a breach of Electoral Commission rules , and following complaints , Reid revealed that it had been paid for by an organisation led by Willie Haughey . The referendum resulted in a No vote . Expenses . Following the political scandal over MP expenses in 2009 , Sir Thomas Legg requested Reid repay £2,731.88 of his claimed expenses . Reid chose to repay a total of £7,336.51 . He was later one of 23 MPs who asked for a refund of some of the money they had repaid , and received £4,604.63 back . Outside politics . Football . On 28 September 2007 , it was announced Reid would become Chairman of Celtic Football Club taking over from Brian Quinn . His appointment was ratified by Celtics shareholders on 19 November 2007 . Sports journalist Graham Spiers found him an engaging and intriguing Celtic chairman . Reid is a lifelong supporter of the club and described the appointment as an honour and a privilege . University of London . In late 2008 it was announced that Reid would be taking up the post of honorary Professor at the University College London and become the chairman of the newly created Institute of Security and Resilience Studies ( ISRS ) at UCL . G4S . On 18 December 2008 , G4S ( Group 4 Securicor ) announced that Reid would be taking up a post with the company as group consultant . Top Level Group . Reid is currently a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Awards . In June 2009 , Reid was awarded an honorary degree from Stirling University for his contribution to public affairs . External links . - Official biography , Prime Ministers Office - Profile of John Reid MP SourceWatch |
[
"Rover Company"
] | easy | Rover (marque) was owned by whom from 1878 to 1967? | /wiki/Rover_(marque)#P127#0 | Rover ( marque ) Rover is a British automotive marque that was used for over a century , from 1904 to 2005 . It was launched as a bicycle maker called Rover Company in 1878 , before starting to manufacture autocars in 1904 . The brand used the iconic Viking longship as its logo . The rights to the marque are currently part of Jaguar Land Rover , but no Rover vehicles are currently in production and the marque is considered dormant . Despite a state-controlled absorption by the Leyland Motor Corporation ( LMC ) in 1967 and subsequent mergers , nationalisation , and demergers , the Rover marque retained its identity , first as an independent subsidiary division of LMC , and subsequently through various groups within British Leyland ( BL ) through the 1970s and into the 1980s . The Rover marque then became the flagship brand of the newly and eponymously renamed Rover Group in 1988 , which included the actually stronger and more valuable brand names Land Rover and Mini as it passed first through the hands of British Aerospace and then into the ownership of BMW Group . Sharing technology with Honda and financial investment during the BMW ownership led to a revival of the marque during the 1990s in its core midsize car segment . In 2000 , BMW sold Rover and related MG car activities of the Rover Group to the Phoenix Consortium , who established the MG Rover Group at Longbridge . BMW retained ownership of the Rover marque , allowing MG Rover to use it under licence . In April 2005 , Rover-branded cars ceased to be produced when the MG Rover Group became insolvent . The MG Rover Groups assets then got split up between two Chinese automakers – some were bought by SAIC Motor , who obtained technology that was incorporated into a new Chinese line of Roewe branded luxury saloons . Other assets were bought by Nanjing Automobile . BMW sold the rights to the Rover marque to Ford in 2006 for approximately £6 million , the latter exercising an option of first refusal to buy it dating back to its purchase of Land Rover in 2000 . Ford thus reunited the original Rover Company marques , primarily for brand-protection reasons . In March 2008 , Ford reached agreement with Tata Motors of India to include the Rover marque as part of the sale of their Jaguar Land Rover operations to them . Legally the Rover marque is the property of Land Rover under the terms of Fords purchase of the name in 2006 . Ownership . British Leyland . In 1970 , Rover combined its skill in producing comfortable saloons and the rugged Land Rover 4x4 to produce the Range Rover , one of the first vehicles ( preceded by the Jeep Wagoneer and IH Scout ) to combine off-road ability and comfortable versatility . Powered by the licence-built ex-Buick V8 engine , it had innovative features such as a permanent four-wheel drive system , all-coil spring suspension , and disc brakes on all wheels . Able to reach speeds of up to yet also capable of extreme off-road use , the original Range Rover design remained in production for the next 26 years . The companys other major project at this time was the P8 , a successor , styled by David Bache , for the 3-litre . The cars shape owed much to Detroit , with a front bumper concealed under a bumperless polyurethane nose , in a manner reminiscent of contemporary Pontiacs , and a side profile reminiscent of a slightly chunkier Opel Rekord . Although the original brief was for the car to be no longer externally than a Rover 2000 , management changes led the project to be redefined as it progressed , and the P8 scheduled for launch at the 1971 London Motor Show was substantially larger than any existing Rover sedan , with the Rover V8 engine expanded for this application to 4.4 litres . The car followed the P6 in employing a steel frame structure with bolt-on steel or aluminium panels . The manufacturer was nevertheless short of cash and focus at this time : the P8 was one of several new model projects subjected to a slipping time-line . By the revised launch date towards the end of 1972 the considerable development costs had been expended and pre-production prototypes had even undergone extensive testing in Finland . Production capacity had been set aside for the P8 at the Solihull plant . However , an expenditure review in 1970 found the project subjected to criticism from Sir William Lyons , by now an influential member of the British Leyland board : speculation has arisen that Lyons saw the car as a threat to future investment in the recently launched Jaguar XJ6 . It later emerged that Rovers contender would not have been particularly cheap or easy to build , and the shrinkage of the European market for sedans of this size that followed the 1973 oil price shock suggest that abandonment of the project in 1972 – even at the eleventh hour – may have been the right decision for British Leyland ; but the P8 was not entirely ummourned nearly thirty years later . Some of the P8s styling cues turned up two years later on the Leyland P76 , and the drivers view of the instrument panel ( albeit without the Austin Allegro style quartic steering wheel that appears in one of the surviving pictures of it ) would have been not entirely unfamiliar to the driver of a 1976 Rover 3500 . As British Leyland struggled through financial turmoil and an industrial-relations crisis during the 1970s , it was effectively nationalised after a multibillion-pound government cash injection in 1975 . Michael Edwardes was brought in to head the company . The Rover SD1 of 1976 was an excellent car , but was beset with so many build quality and reliability issues it never delivered on its great promise . Following the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , production of the TR7 and TR8 was moved to Solihull ; soon after , a savage programme of cutbacks in the late 1970s led to the end of car production at Solihull , which was turned over for Land Rover production only . The TR7/TR8 was discontinued while SD1 production moved to Cowley . All future Rover cars would be made in the former Austin and Morris plants in Longbridge and Cowley , respectively . In 1979 , British Leyland ( or as it was now officially known , BL Ltd. ) began a long relationship with the Honda Motor Company of Japan . The result was a cross-holding structure , where Honda took a 20% stake in the company while the company took a 20% stake in Hondas UK subsidiary . The deal was thought to be mutually beneficial : Honda used its British operations as a launchpad into Europe , and the company could pool resources with Honda in developing new cars . Austin Rover Group was formed in 1982 as the mass-market car manufacturing subsidiary of BL , with the separate Rover Company becoming effectively defunct . In the 1980s , the slimmed-down BL used the Rover brand on a range of cars codeveloped with Honda . The first Honda-sourced Rover model , released in 1984 , was the Rover 200 , which , like the Triumph Acclaim that it replaced , was based on the Honda Ballade . Similarly , in Australia , the Honda Quint ( known in Europe as the Quintet ) and Integra were badged as the Rover Quintet and 416i . Rover Group . By 1988 , Austin Rover had moved to a one-marque strategy , using only the Rover brand . Its parent , BL , was renamed as the Rover Group , with the car division becoming Rover Cars . In 1986 , the Rover SD1 was replaced by the Rover 800 , developed with the Honda Legend . The Austin range were now technically Rovers , though the word Rover never actually appeared on the badging . Instead , there was a badge similar to the Rover Viking shape , without wording . The Metro was officially badged as a Rover when the restyled version was launched in May 1990 . The second generation Rover 200 , based on Hondas Concerto , was launched in October 1989 , but now featured a hatchback instead of a four-door saloon , the bodystyle which would feature on the Rover 400 ( visually similar and based on the same underpinnings ) from its launch in April 1990 . The larger Rover 600 , launched in April 1993 , was based on the Accord and used various Honda and Rover engines and was aimed further upmarket at the likes of the BMW 3 Series rather than the likes of the Ford Mondeo which the Honda Accord was marketed to compete with . Rover exported Rover 800s , badged as Sterlings , to the United States from 1987 to 1991 . British Aerospace ownership . In 1988 , the Rover brand went back into private hands when the Rover Group was acquired by British Aerospace . BMW ownership . The Honda partnership proved to be the turnaround point for the company , steadily rebuilding its image to the point where once again , Rover-branded cars were seen as upmarket alternatives to Fords and Vauxhalls . In 1994 , British Aerospace sold the Rover Group , including the Rover , Land Rover , Riley , Mini , Triumph , and Austin-Healey brands to BMW , who had begun to see Rover-branded cars as potential major competitors . Under BMW , the Rover Group developed the Rover 75 and was launched in June 1999 , as a retro-designed car influenced by the earlier Rover P4 and P5 designs . It proved to be a success for the marque , gaining positive critics , although it failed to outsell the BMW 3 Series . In May 2000 , BMW split up the Rover Group , selling Land Rover to the Ford Motor Company for an estimated sum of £1.8-billion , retaining the MINI marque and selling the rest of the car business to the Phoenix Consortium , who established it as MG Rover . Although BMW included ownership of the MG brand in the deal , they retained ownership of the Rover brand , licensing its use to the new MG Rover company for use on the ongoing car models that they had acquired . MG Rover licensees . A specially assembled group of businessmen , known as the Phoenix Consortium and headed by ex-Rover chief executive John Towers , established the MG Rover Group from the former Rover Group car operations ( acquired from BMW for a nominal £10 in May 2000 ) and continued to use the Rover brand under licence from BMW . In 1999 , the Rover Group had sustained losses of an estimated £800 million – largely due to the declining sales of its existing 200 and 400 family cars and initially slow sales of the Rover 75 . The four businessmen who took control of the newly formed MG Rover Group are reported to have received around £430-million in a dowry from BMW that included unsold stock . The first new Rover-branded car to be launched after the formation of MG Rover was the estate version of the Rover 75 , which went on sale in July 2001 . In October 2003 , MG Rover launched the CityRover , a badge-engineered Tata Indica that served as an entry-level model . Despite high initial expectations , sales were poor and it received mainly negative critics . Several concept cars intended to point the way towards a replacement for the Rover 25 and 45 were shown in the early 2000s , but no production model emerged . MG Rover production ceased on 15 April 2005 , when it was declared insolvent , resulting in the immediate loss of more than 6,000 jobs at the company . On 22 July 2005 , the physical assets of the collapsed firm were sold to the Nanjing Automobile Group for £53m . They indicated that their preliminary plans involved relocating the Powertrain engine plant to China while splitting car production into Rover lines in China and resumed MG lines in the West Midlands ( though not necessarily at Longbridge ) , where a UK R&D and technical facility would also be developed . On 30 May 2007 , Nanjing Automobile Group claimed to have restarted production of MG TF sports cars in the Longbridge plant , with sales expected to begin in the autumn . Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , who held the intellectual property of Rover 75 car design ( bought for £67m before MG Rover collapsed ) and was also bidding for MG Rover , announced their own version of the Rover 75 in late 2006 . In July 2006 , SAIC announced their intent to buy the Rover brand name from BMW , who still owned the rights to the Rover marque . However , BMW refused their request , due to an agreement that Ford had reached with them to be given first option on the brand when it acquired Land Rover . Unable to use the Rover name , SAIC created their own brand with a similar name and badge , known as Roewe . Roewe was eventually launched in early 2007 . Land Rover . Ford purchased the Land Rover company from BMW in 2000 , and the deal included the option to purchase the Rover brand name if MG Rover ceased trading . This right was exercised on 18 September 2006 and effectively meant the brand was transferred to Land Rover . Jaguar Land Rover . Ford sold their Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors in 2008 , along with the rights to the Rover brand . In 2013 , the operations of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were merged into the single car manufacturing company Jaguar Land Rover along with the rights to the Rover brand . Models . Launched by Rover Company ( 1904–1967 ) . - 1904–1912 Rover 8 - 1906–1910 Rover 6 - 1906–1910 Rover 16/20 - 1912–1923 Rover 12 - 1919–1925 Rover 8 - 1924–1927 Rover 9/20 - 1925–1927 Rover 14/45 - 1927–1932 Rover Light Six - 1927–1947 Rover 10 - 1929–1932 Rover 2-Litre - 1930–1934 Rover Meteor 16HP/20HP - 1931–1940 Rover Speed 20 - 1932–1933 Rover Pilot/Speed Pilot - 1932–1932 Rover Scarab - 1934–1947 Rover 12 - 1934–1947 Rover 14/Speed 14 - 1937–1947 Rover 16 - 1948–1978 Land Rover ( I/II/III ) —In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Land Rover production . - 1948–1949 Rover P3 ( 60/75 ) - 1949–1964 Rover P4 ( 60/75/80/90/95/100/105/110 ) - 1958–1973 Rover P5 ( 3-Litre/3.5-Litre ) - 1963–1977 Rover P6 ( 2000/2200/3500 ) Launched by BLMC/BL ( 1967–1986 ) . - 1970–1978 Range Rover—In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Range Rover production . - 1976–1986 Rover SD1 ( 2000/2300/2400/2600/3500/Vitesse ) - 1983–1985 Rover Quintet-Australian market - 1984–1999 Rover 200 ( 211/213/214/216/218/220 ) - 1985–1989 Rover 416i—Australian market Rebrands by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 1986–2000 Rover Mini – Originally called the Austin Seven/Morris Mini Minor in 1959 , but renamed Rover Mini in 1986 . - 1990–1998 Rover Metro , Rover 100 ( 111/114/115 ) – Originally called the Austin Metro . Rebranded as a Rover three years after Austins fall . - Family cars - 1989–1994 Maestro – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . - 1989–1994 Montego – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . Launched by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Family cars - 1992–1998 Rover 200 Coupe ( 216/218/220/220 Turbo ) - 1990–1999 Rover 400 ( 414/416/418/420 ) - 1993–1999 Rover 600 ( 618/620/623 and 620ti ) - Executive cars - 1986–1999 Rover 800 ( 820/825/827 and Vitesse ) and Sterling - 1999–2005 Rover 75 Launched by MG Rover ( 2000–2005 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 2003–2005 CityRover - 2005 CityRover MK II - Family cars - 2000–2004 Rover 25 - 2000–2004 Rover 45 - 2000–2004 Rover 75/Tourer - 2003–2004 Rover Streetwise - 2004–2005 Rover 25 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 45 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 75/Tourer - 2004–2005 Rover Streetwise MK II - Van - 2003–2005 Rover Commerce |
[
"Rover Group"
] | easy | Who owned Rover (marque) from 1986 to 2000? | /wiki/Rover_(marque)#P127#1 | Rover ( marque ) Rover is a British automotive marque that was used for over a century , from 1904 to 2005 . It was launched as a bicycle maker called Rover Company in 1878 , before starting to manufacture autocars in 1904 . The brand used the iconic Viking longship as its logo . The rights to the marque are currently part of Jaguar Land Rover , but no Rover vehicles are currently in production and the marque is considered dormant . Despite a state-controlled absorption by the Leyland Motor Corporation ( LMC ) in 1967 and subsequent mergers , nationalisation , and demergers , the Rover marque retained its identity , first as an independent subsidiary division of LMC , and subsequently through various groups within British Leyland ( BL ) through the 1970s and into the 1980s . The Rover marque then became the flagship brand of the newly and eponymously renamed Rover Group in 1988 , which included the actually stronger and more valuable brand names Land Rover and Mini as it passed first through the hands of British Aerospace and then into the ownership of BMW Group . Sharing technology with Honda and financial investment during the BMW ownership led to a revival of the marque during the 1990s in its core midsize car segment . In 2000 , BMW sold Rover and related MG car activities of the Rover Group to the Phoenix Consortium , who established the MG Rover Group at Longbridge . BMW retained ownership of the Rover marque , allowing MG Rover to use it under licence . In April 2005 , Rover-branded cars ceased to be produced when the MG Rover Group became insolvent . The MG Rover Groups assets then got split up between two Chinese automakers – some were bought by SAIC Motor , who obtained technology that was incorporated into a new Chinese line of Roewe branded luxury saloons . Other assets were bought by Nanjing Automobile . BMW sold the rights to the Rover marque to Ford in 2006 for approximately £6 million , the latter exercising an option of first refusal to buy it dating back to its purchase of Land Rover in 2000 . Ford thus reunited the original Rover Company marques , primarily for brand-protection reasons . In March 2008 , Ford reached agreement with Tata Motors of India to include the Rover marque as part of the sale of their Jaguar Land Rover operations to them . Legally the Rover marque is the property of Land Rover under the terms of Fords purchase of the name in 2006 . Ownership . British Leyland . In 1970 , Rover combined its skill in producing comfortable saloons and the rugged Land Rover 4x4 to produce the Range Rover , one of the first vehicles ( preceded by the Jeep Wagoneer and IH Scout ) to combine off-road ability and comfortable versatility . Powered by the licence-built ex-Buick V8 engine , it had innovative features such as a permanent four-wheel drive system , all-coil spring suspension , and disc brakes on all wheels . Able to reach speeds of up to yet also capable of extreme off-road use , the original Range Rover design remained in production for the next 26 years . The companys other major project at this time was the P8 , a successor , styled by David Bache , for the 3-litre . The cars shape owed much to Detroit , with a front bumper concealed under a bumperless polyurethane nose , in a manner reminiscent of contemporary Pontiacs , and a side profile reminiscent of a slightly chunkier Opel Rekord . Although the original brief was for the car to be no longer externally than a Rover 2000 , management changes led the project to be redefined as it progressed , and the P8 scheduled for launch at the 1971 London Motor Show was substantially larger than any existing Rover sedan , with the Rover V8 engine expanded for this application to 4.4 litres . The car followed the P6 in employing a steel frame structure with bolt-on steel or aluminium panels . The manufacturer was nevertheless short of cash and focus at this time : the P8 was one of several new model projects subjected to a slipping time-line . By the revised launch date towards the end of 1972 the considerable development costs had been expended and pre-production prototypes had even undergone extensive testing in Finland . Production capacity had been set aside for the P8 at the Solihull plant . However , an expenditure review in 1970 found the project subjected to criticism from Sir William Lyons , by now an influential member of the British Leyland board : speculation has arisen that Lyons saw the car as a threat to future investment in the recently launched Jaguar XJ6 . It later emerged that Rovers contender would not have been particularly cheap or easy to build , and the shrinkage of the European market for sedans of this size that followed the 1973 oil price shock suggest that abandonment of the project in 1972 – even at the eleventh hour – may have been the right decision for British Leyland ; but the P8 was not entirely ummourned nearly thirty years later . Some of the P8s styling cues turned up two years later on the Leyland P76 , and the drivers view of the instrument panel ( albeit without the Austin Allegro style quartic steering wheel that appears in one of the surviving pictures of it ) would have been not entirely unfamiliar to the driver of a 1976 Rover 3500 . As British Leyland struggled through financial turmoil and an industrial-relations crisis during the 1970s , it was effectively nationalised after a multibillion-pound government cash injection in 1975 . Michael Edwardes was brought in to head the company . The Rover SD1 of 1976 was an excellent car , but was beset with so many build quality and reliability issues it never delivered on its great promise . Following the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , production of the TR7 and TR8 was moved to Solihull ; soon after , a savage programme of cutbacks in the late 1970s led to the end of car production at Solihull , which was turned over for Land Rover production only . The TR7/TR8 was discontinued while SD1 production moved to Cowley . All future Rover cars would be made in the former Austin and Morris plants in Longbridge and Cowley , respectively . In 1979 , British Leyland ( or as it was now officially known , BL Ltd. ) began a long relationship with the Honda Motor Company of Japan . The result was a cross-holding structure , where Honda took a 20% stake in the company while the company took a 20% stake in Hondas UK subsidiary . The deal was thought to be mutually beneficial : Honda used its British operations as a launchpad into Europe , and the company could pool resources with Honda in developing new cars . Austin Rover Group was formed in 1982 as the mass-market car manufacturing subsidiary of BL , with the separate Rover Company becoming effectively defunct . In the 1980s , the slimmed-down BL used the Rover brand on a range of cars codeveloped with Honda . The first Honda-sourced Rover model , released in 1984 , was the Rover 200 , which , like the Triumph Acclaim that it replaced , was based on the Honda Ballade . Similarly , in Australia , the Honda Quint ( known in Europe as the Quintet ) and Integra were badged as the Rover Quintet and 416i . Rover Group . By 1988 , Austin Rover had moved to a one-marque strategy , using only the Rover brand . Its parent , BL , was renamed as the Rover Group , with the car division becoming Rover Cars . In 1986 , the Rover SD1 was replaced by the Rover 800 , developed with the Honda Legend . The Austin range were now technically Rovers , though the word Rover never actually appeared on the badging . Instead , there was a badge similar to the Rover Viking shape , without wording . The Metro was officially badged as a Rover when the restyled version was launched in May 1990 . The second generation Rover 200 , based on Hondas Concerto , was launched in October 1989 , but now featured a hatchback instead of a four-door saloon , the bodystyle which would feature on the Rover 400 ( visually similar and based on the same underpinnings ) from its launch in April 1990 . The larger Rover 600 , launched in April 1993 , was based on the Accord and used various Honda and Rover engines and was aimed further upmarket at the likes of the BMW 3 Series rather than the likes of the Ford Mondeo which the Honda Accord was marketed to compete with . Rover exported Rover 800s , badged as Sterlings , to the United States from 1987 to 1991 . British Aerospace ownership . In 1988 , the Rover brand went back into private hands when the Rover Group was acquired by British Aerospace . BMW ownership . The Honda partnership proved to be the turnaround point for the company , steadily rebuilding its image to the point where once again , Rover-branded cars were seen as upmarket alternatives to Fords and Vauxhalls . In 1994 , British Aerospace sold the Rover Group , including the Rover , Land Rover , Riley , Mini , Triumph , and Austin-Healey brands to BMW , who had begun to see Rover-branded cars as potential major competitors . Under BMW , the Rover Group developed the Rover 75 and was launched in June 1999 , as a retro-designed car influenced by the earlier Rover P4 and P5 designs . It proved to be a success for the marque , gaining positive critics , although it failed to outsell the BMW 3 Series . In May 2000 , BMW split up the Rover Group , selling Land Rover to the Ford Motor Company for an estimated sum of £1.8-billion , retaining the MINI marque and selling the rest of the car business to the Phoenix Consortium , who established it as MG Rover . Although BMW included ownership of the MG brand in the deal , they retained ownership of the Rover brand , licensing its use to the new MG Rover company for use on the ongoing car models that they had acquired . MG Rover licensees . A specially assembled group of businessmen , known as the Phoenix Consortium and headed by ex-Rover chief executive John Towers , established the MG Rover Group from the former Rover Group car operations ( acquired from BMW for a nominal £10 in May 2000 ) and continued to use the Rover brand under licence from BMW . In 1999 , the Rover Group had sustained losses of an estimated £800 million – largely due to the declining sales of its existing 200 and 400 family cars and initially slow sales of the Rover 75 . The four businessmen who took control of the newly formed MG Rover Group are reported to have received around £430-million in a dowry from BMW that included unsold stock . The first new Rover-branded car to be launched after the formation of MG Rover was the estate version of the Rover 75 , which went on sale in July 2001 . In October 2003 , MG Rover launched the CityRover , a badge-engineered Tata Indica that served as an entry-level model . Despite high initial expectations , sales were poor and it received mainly negative critics . Several concept cars intended to point the way towards a replacement for the Rover 25 and 45 were shown in the early 2000s , but no production model emerged . MG Rover production ceased on 15 April 2005 , when it was declared insolvent , resulting in the immediate loss of more than 6,000 jobs at the company . On 22 July 2005 , the physical assets of the collapsed firm were sold to the Nanjing Automobile Group for £53m . They indicated that their preliminary plans involved relocating the Powertrain engine plant to China while splitting car production into Rover lines in China and resumed MG lines in the West Midlands ( though not necessarily at Longbridge ) , where a UK R&D and technical facility would also be developed . On 30 May 2007 , Nanjing Automobile Group claimed to have restarted production of MG TF sports cars in the Longbridge plant , with sales expected to begin in the autumn . Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , who held the intellectual property of Rover 75 car design ( bought for £67m before MG Rover collapsed ) and was also bidding for MG Rover , announced their own version of the Rover 75 in late 2006 . In July 2006 , SAIC announced their intent to buy the Rover brand name from BMW , who still owned the rights to the Rover marque . However , BMW refused their request , due to an agreement that Ford had reached with them to be given first option on the brand when it acquired Land Rover . Unable to use the Rover name , SAIC created their own brand with a similar name and badge , known as Roewe . Roewe was eventually launched in early 2007 . Land Rover . Ford purchased the Land Rover company from BMW in 2000 , and the deal included the option to purchase the Rover brand name if MG Rover ceased trading . This right was exercised on 18 September 2006 and effectively meant the brand was transferred to Land Rover . Jaguar Land Rover . Ford sold their Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors in 2008 , along with the rights to the Rover brand . In 2013 , the operations of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were merged into the single car manufacturing company Jaguar Land Rover along with the rights to the Rover brand . Models . Launched by Rover Company ( 1904–1967 ) . - 1904–1912 Rover 8 - 1906–1910 Rover 6 - 1906–1910 Rover 16/20 - 1912–1923 Rover 12 - 1919–1925 Rover 8 - 1924–1927 Rover 9/20 - 1925–1927 Rover 14/45 - 1927–1932 Rover Light Six - 1927–1947 Rover 10 - 1929–1932 Rover 2-Litre - 1930–1934 Rover Meteor 16HP/20HP - 1931–1940 Rover Speed 20 - 1932–1933 Rover Pilot/Speed Pilot - 1932–1932 Rover Scarab - 1934–1947 Rover 12 - 1934–1947 Rover 14/Speed 14 - 1937–1947 Rover 16 - 1948–1978 Land Rover ( I/II/III ) —In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Land Rover production . - 1948–1949 Rover P3 ( 60/75 ) - 1949–1964 Rover P4 ( 60/75/80/90/95/100/105/110 ) - 1958–1973 Rover P5 ( 3-Litre/3.5-Litre ) - 1963–1977 Rover P6 ( 2000/2200/3500 ) Launched by BLMC/BL ( 1967–1986 ) . - 1970–1978 Range Rover—In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Range Rover production . - 1976–1986 Rover SD1 ( 2000/2300/2400/2600/3500/Vitesse ) - 1983–1985 Rover Quintet-Australian market - 1984–1999 Rover 200 ( 211/213/214/216/218/220 ) - 1985–1989 Rover 416i—Australian market Rebrands by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 1986–2000 Rover Mini – Originally called the Austin Seven/Morris Mini Minor in 1959 , but renamed Rover Mini in 1986 . - 1990–1998 Rover Metro , Rover 100 ( 111/114/115 ) – Originally called the Austin Metro . Rebranded as a Rover three years after Austins fall . - Family cars - 1989–1994 Maestro – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . - 1989–1994 Montego – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . Launched by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Family cars - 1992–1998 Rover 200 Coupe ( 216/218/220/220 Turbo ) - 1990–1999 Rover 400 ( 414/416/418/420 ) - 1993–1999 Rover 600 ( 618/620/623 and 620ti ) - Executive cars - 1986–1999 Rover 800 ( 820/825/827 and Vitesse ) and Sterling - 1999–2005 Rover 75 Launched by MG Rover ( 2000–2005 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 2003–2005 CityRover - 2005 CityRover MK II - Family cars - 2000–2004 Rover 25 - 2000–2004 Rover 45 - 2000–2004 Rover 75/Tourer - 2003–2004 Rover Streetwise - 2004–2005 Rover 25 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 45 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 75/Tourer - 2004–2005 Rover Streetwise MK II - Van - 2003–2005 Rover Commerce |
[
"MG Rover"
] | easy | Rover (marque) was owned by whom from 2000 to 2007? | /wiki/Rover_(marque)#P127#2 | Rover ( marque ) Rover is a British automotive marque that was used for over a century , from 1904 to 2005 . It was launched as a bicycle maker called Rover Company in 1878 , before starting to manufacture autocars in 1904 . The brand used the iconic Viking longship as its logo . The rights to the marque are currently part of Jaguar Land Rover , but no Rover vehicles are currently in production and the marque is considered dormant . Despite a state-controlled absorption by the Leyland Motor Corporation ( LMC ) in 1967 and subsequent mergers , nationalisation , and demergers , the Rover marque retained its identity , first as an independent subsidiary division of LMC , and subsequently through various groups within British Leyland ( BL ) through the 1970s and into the 1980s . The Rover marque then became the flagship brand of the newly and eponymously renamed Rover Group in 1988 , which included the actually stronger and more valuable brand names Land Rover and Mini as it passed first through the hands of British Aerospace and then into the ownership of BMW Group . Sharing technology with Honda and financial investment during the BMW ownership led to a revival of the marque during the 1990s in its core midsize car segment . In 2000 , BMW sold Rover and related MG car activities of the Rover Group to the Phoenix Consortium , who established the MG Rover Group at Longbridge . BMW retained ownership of the Rover marque , allowing MG Rover to use it under licence . In April 2005 , Rover-branded cars ceased to be produced when the MG Rover Group became insolvent . The MG Rover Groups assets then got split up between two Chinese automakers – some were bought by SAIC Motor , who obtained technology that was incorporated into a new Chinese line of Roewe branded luxury saloons . Other assets were bought by Nanjing Automobile . BMW sold the rights to the Rover marque to Ford in 2006 for approximately £6 million , the latter exercising an option of first refusal to buy it dating back to its purchase of Land Rover in 2000 . Ford thus reunited the original Rover Company marques , primarily for brand-protection reasons . In March 2008 , Ford reached agreement with Tata Motors of India to include the Rover marque as part of the sale of their Jaguar Land Rover operations to them . Legally the Rover marque is the property of Land Rover under the terms of Fords purchase of the name in 2006 . Ownership . British Leyland . In 1970 , Rover combined its skill in producing comfortable saloons and the rugged Land Rover 4x4 to produce the Range Rover , one of the first vehicles ( preceded by the Jeep Wagoneer and IH Scout ) to combine off-road ability and comfortable versatility . Powered by the licence-built ex-Buick V8 engine , it had innovative features such as a permanent four-wheel drive system , all-coil spring suspension , and disc brakes on all wheels . Able to reach speeds of up to yet also capable of extreme off-road use , the original Range Rover design remained in production for the next 26 years . The companys other major project at this time was the P8 , a successor , styled by David Bache , for the 3-litre . The cars shape owed much to Detroit , with a front bumper concealed under a bumperless polyurethane nose , in a manner reminiscent of contemporary Pontiacs , and a side profile reminiscent of a slightly chunkier Opel Rekord . Although the original brief was for the car to be no longer externally than a Rover 2000 , management changes led the project to be redefined as it progressed , and the P8 scheduled for launch at the 1971 London Motor Show was substantially larger than any existing Rover sedan , with the Rover V8 engine expanded for this application to 4.4 litres . The car followed the P6 in employing a steel frame structure with bolt-on steel or aluminium panels . The manufacturer was nevertheless short of cash and focus at this time : the P8 was one of several new model projects subjected to a slipping time-line . By the revised launch date towards the end of 1972 the considerable development costs had been expended and pre-production prototypes had even undergone extensive testing in Finland . Production capacity had been set aside for the P8 at the Solihull plant . However , an expenditure review in 1970 found the project subjected to criticism from Sir William Lyons , by now an influential member of the British Leyland board : speculation has arisen that Lyons saw the car as a threat to future investment in the recently launched Jaguar XJ6 . It later emerged that Rovers contender would not have been particularly cheap or easy to build , and the shrinkage of the European market for sedans of this size that followed the 1973 oil price shock suggest that abandonment of the project in 1972 – even at the eleventh hour – may have been the right decision for British Leyland ; but the P8 was not entirely ummourned nearly thirty years later . Some of the P8s styling cues turned up two years later on the Leyland P76 , and the drivers view of the instrument panel ( albeit without the Austin Allegro style quartic steering wheel that appears in one of the surviving pictures of it ) would have been not entirely unfamiliar to the driver of a 1976 Rover 3500 . As British Leyland struggled through financial turmoil and an industrial-relations crisis during the 1970s , it was effectively nationalised after a multibillion-pound government cash injection in 1975 . Michael Edwardes was brought in to head the company . The Rover SD1 of 1976 was an excellent car , but was beset with so many build quality and reliability issues it never delivered on its great promise . Following the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , production of the TR7 and TR8 was moved to Solihull ; soon after , a savage programme of cutbacks in the late 1970s led to the end of car production at Solihull , which was turned over for Land Rover production only . The TR7/TR8 was discontinued while SD1 production moved to Cowley . All future Rover cars would be made in the former Austin and Morris plants in Longbridge and Cowley , respectively . In 1979 , British Leyland ( or as it was now officially known , BL Ltd. ) began a long relationship with the Honda Motor Company of Japan . The result was a cross-holding structure , where Honda took a 20% stake in the company while the company took a 20% stake in Hondas UK subsidiary . The deal was thought to be mutually beneficial : Honda used its British operations as a launchpad into Europe , and the company could pool resources with Honda in developing new cars . Austin Rover Group was formed in 1982 as the mass-market car manufacturing subsidiary of BL , with the separate Rover Company becoming effectively defunct . In the 1980s , the slimmed-down BL used the Rover brand on a range of cars codeveloped with Honda . The first Honda-sourced Rover model , released in 1984 , was the Rover 200 , which , like the Triumph Acclaim that it replaced , was based on the Honda Ballade . Similarly , in Australia , the Honda Quint ( known in Europe as the Quintet ) and Integra were badged as the Rover Quintet and 416i . Rover Group . By 1988 , Austin Rover had moved to a one-marque strategy , using only the Rover brand . Its parent , BL , was renamed as the Rover Group , with the car division becoming Rover Cars . In 1986 , the Rover SD1 was replaced by the Rover 800 , developed with the Honda Legend . The Austin range were now technically Rovers , though the word Rover never actually appeared on the badging . Instead , there was a badge similar to the Rover Viking shape , without wording . The Metro was officially badged as a Rover when the restyled version was launched in May 1990 . The second generation Rover 200 , based on Hondas Concerto , was launched in October 1989 , but now featured a hatchback instead of a four-door saloon , the bodystyle which would feature on the Rover 400 ( visually similar and based on the same underpinnings ) from its launch in April 1990 . The larger Rover 600 , launched in April 1993 , was based on the Accord and used various Honda and Rover engines and was aimed further upmarket at the likes of the BMW 3 Series rather than the likes of the Ford Mondeo which the Honda Accord was marketed to compete with . Rover exported Rover 800s , badged as Sterlings , to the United States from 1987 to 1991 . British Aerospace ownership . In 1988 , the Rover brand went back into private hands when the Rover Group was acquired by British Aerospace . BMW ownership . The Honda partnership proved to be the turnaround point for the company , steadily rebuilding its image to the point where once again , Rover-branded cars were seen as upmarket alternatives to Fords and Vauxhalls . In 1994 , British Aerospace sold the Rover Group , including the Rover , Land Rover , Riley , Mini , Triumph , and Austin-Healey brands to BMW , who had begun to see Rover-branded cars as potential major competitors . Under BMW , the Rover Group developed the Rover 75 and was launched in June 1999 , as a retro-designed car influenced by the earlier Rover P4 and P5 designs . It proved to be a success for the marque , gaining positive critics , although it failed to outsell the BMW 3 Series . In May 2000 , BMW split up the Rover Group , selling Land Rover to the Ford Motor Company for an estimated sum of £1.8-billion , retaining the MINI marque and selling the rest of the car business to the Phoenix Consortium , who established it as MG Rover . Although BMW included ownership of the MG brand in the deal , they retained ownership of the Rover brand , licensing its use to the new MG Rover company for use on the ongoing car models that they had acquired . MG Rover licensees . A specially assembled group of businessmen , known as the Phoenix Consortium and headed by ex-Rover chief executive John Towers , established the MG Rover Group from the former Rover Group car operations ( acquired from BMW for a nominal £10 in May 2000 ) and continued to use the Rover brand under licence from BMW . In 1999 , the Rover Group had sustained losses of an estimated £800 million – largely due to the declining sales of its existing 200 and 400 family cars and initially slow sales of the Rover 75 . The four businessmen who took control of the newly formed MG Rover Group are reported to have received around £430-million in a dowry from BMW that included unsold stock . The first new Rover-branded car to be launched after the formation of MG Rover was the estate version of the Rover 75 , which went on sale in July 2001 . In October 2003 , MG Rover launched the CityRover , a badge-engineered Tata Indica that served as an entry-level model . Despite high initial expectations , sales were poor and it received mainly negative critics . Several concept cars intended to point the way towards a replacement for the Rover 25 and 45 were shown in the early 2000s , but no production model emerged . MG Rover production ceased on 15 April 2005 , when it was declared insolvent , resulting in the immediate loss of more than 6,000 jobs at the company . On 22 July 2005 , the physical assets of the collapsed firm were sold to the Nanjing Automobile Group for £53m . They indicated that their preliminary plans involved relocating the Powertrain engine plant to China while splitting car production into Rover lines in China and resumed MG lines in the West Midlands ( though not necessarily at Longbridge ) , where a UK R&D and technical facility would also be developed . On 30 May 2007 , Nanjing Automobile Group claimed to have restarted production of MG TF sports cars in the Longbridge plant , with sales expected to begin in the autumn . Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , who held the intellectual property of Rover 75 car design ( bought for £67m before MG Rover collapsed ) and was also bidding for MG Rover , announced their own version of the Rover 75 in late 2006 . In July 2006 , SAIC announced their intent to buy the Rover brand name from BMW , who still owned the rights to the Rover marque . However , BMW refused their request , due to an agreement that Ford had reached with them to be given first option on the brand when it acquired Land Rover . Unable to use the Rover name , SAIC created their own brand with a similar name and badge , known as Roewe . Roewe was eventually launched in early 2007 . Land Rover . Ford purchased the Land Rover company from BMW in 2000 , and the deal included the option to purchase the Rover brand name if MG Rover ceased trading . This right was exercised on 18 September 2006 and effectively meant the brand was transferred to Land Rover . Jaguar Land Rover . Ford sold their Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors in 2008 , along with the rights to the Rover brand . In 2013 , the operations of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were merged into the single car manufacturing company Jaguar Land Rover along with the rights to the Rover brand . Models . Launched by Rover Company ( 1904–1967 ) . - 1904–1912 Rover 8 - 1906–1910 Rover 6 - 1906–1910 Rover 16/20 - 1912–1923 Rover 12 - 1919–1925 Rover 8 - 1924–1927 Rover 9/20 - 1925–1927 Rover 14/45 - 1927–1932 Rover Light Six - 1927–1947 Rover 10 - 1929–1932 Rover 2-Litre - 1930–1934 Rover Meteor 16HP/20HP - 1931–1940 Rover Speed 20 - 1932–1933 Rover Pilot/Speed Pilot - 1932–1932 Rover Scarab - 1934–1947 Rover 12 - 1934–1947 Rover 14/Speed 14 - 1937–1947 Rover 16 - 1948–1978 Land Rover ( I/II/III ) —In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Land Rover production . - 1948–1949 Rover P3 ( 60/75 ) - 1949–1964 Rover P4 ( 60/75/80/90/95/100/105/110 ) - 1958–1973 Rover P5 ( 3-Litre/3.5-Litre ) - 1963–1977 Rover P6 ( 2000/2200/3500 ) Launched by BLMC/BL ( 1967–1986 ) . - 1970–1978 Range Rover—In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Range Rover production . - 1976–1986 Rover SD1 ( 2000/2300/2400/2600/3500/Vitesse ) - 1983–1985 Rover Quintet-Australian market - 1984–1999 Rover 200 ( 211/213/214/216/218/220 ) - 1985–1989 Rover 416i—Australian market Rebrands by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 1986–2000 Rover Mini – Originally called the Austin Seven/Morris Mini Minor in 1959 , but renamed Rover Mini in 1986 . - 1990–1998 Rover Metro , Rover 100 ( 111/114/115 ) – Originally called the Austin Metro . Rebranded as a Rover three years after Austins fall . - Family cars - 1989–1994 Maestro – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . - 1989–1994 Montego – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . Launched by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Family cars - 1992–1998 Rover 200 Coupe ( 216/218/220/220 Turbo ) - 1990–1999 Rover 400 ( 414/416/418/420 ) - 1993–1999 Rover 600 ( 618/620/623 and 620ti ) - Executive cars - 1986–1999 Rover 800 ( 820/825/827 and Vitesse ) and Sterling - 1999–2005 Rover 75 Launched by MG Rover ( 2000–2005 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 2003–2005 CityRover - 2005 CityRover MK II - Family cars - 2000–2004 Rover 25 - 2000–2004 Rover 45 - 2000–2004 Rover 75/Tourer - 2003–2004 Rover Streetwise - 2004–2005 Rover 25 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 45 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 75/Tourer - 2004–2005 Rover Streetwise MK II - Van - 2003–2005 Rover Commerce |
[
"Land Rover"
] | easy | Rover (marque) was owned by whom from 2007 to 2013? | /wiki/Rover_(marque)#P127#3 | Rover ( marque ) Rover is a British automotive marque that was used for over a century , from 1904 to 2005 . It was launched as a bicycle maker called Rover Company in 1878 , before starting to manufacture autocars in 1904 . The brand used the iconic Viking longship as its logo . The rights to the marque are currently part of Jaguar Land Rover , but no Rover vehicles are currently in production and the marque is considered dormant . Despite a state-controlled absorption by the Leyland Motor Corporation ( LMC ) in 1967 and subsequent mergers , nationalisation , and demergers , the Rover marque retained its identity , first as an independent subsidiary division of LMC , and subsequently through various groups within British Leyland ( BL ) through the 1970s and into the 1980s . The Rover marque then became the flagship brand of the newly and eponymously renamed Rover Group in 1988 , which included the actually stronger and more valuable brand names Land Rover and Mini as it passed first through the hands of British Aerospace and then into the ownership of BMW Group . Sharing technology with Honda and financial investment during the BMW ownership led to a revival of the marque during the 1990s in its core midsize car segment . In 2000 , BMW sold Rover and related MG car activities of the Rover Group to the Phoenix Consortium , who established the MG Rover Group at Longbridge . BMW retained ownership of the Rover marque , allowing MG Rover to use it under licence . In April 2005 , Rover-branded cars ceased to be produced when the MG Rover Group became insolvent . The MG Rover Groups assets then got split up between two Chinese automakers – some were bought by SAIC Motor , who obtained technology that was incorporated into a new Chinese line of Roewe branded luxury saloons . Other assets were bought by Nanjing Automobile . BMW sold the rights to the Rover marque to Ford in 2006 for approximately £6 million , the latter exercising an option of first refusal to buy it dating back to its purchase of Land Rover in 2000 . Ford thus reunited the original Rover Company marques , primarily for brand-protection reasons . In March 2008 , Ford reached agreement with Tata Motors of India to include the Rover marque as part of the sale of their Jaguar Land Rover operations to them . Legally the Rover marque is the property of Land Rover under the terms of Fords purchase of the name in 2006 . Ownership . British Leyland . In 1970 , Rover combined its skill in producing comfortable saloons and the rugged Land Rover 4x4 to produce the Range Rover , one of the first vehicles ( preceded by the Jeep Wagoneer and IH Scout ) to combine off-road ability and comfortable versatility . Powered by the licence-built ex-Buick V8 engine , it had innovative features such as a permanent four-wheel drive system , all-coil spring suspension , and disc brakes on all wheels . Able to reach speeds of up to yet also capable of extreme off-road use , the original Range Rover design remained in production for the next 26 years . The companys other major project at this time was the P8 , a successor , styled by David Bache , for the 3-litre . The cars shape owed much to Detroit , with a front bumper concealed under a bumperless polyurethane nose , in a manner reminiscent of contemporary Pontiacs , and a side profile reminiscent of a slightly chunkier Opel Rekord . Although the original brief was for the car to be no longer externally than a Rover 2000 , management changes led the project to be redefined as it progressed , and the P8 scheduled for launch at the 1971 London Motor Show was substantially larger than any existing Rover sedan , with the Rover V8 engine expanded for this application to 4.4 litres . The car followed the P6 in employing a steel frame structure with bolt-on steel or aluminium panels . The manufacturer was nevertheless short of cash and focus at this time : the P8 was one of several new model projects subjected to a slipping time-line . By the revised launch date towards the end of 1972 the considerable development costs had been expended and pre-production prototypes had even undergone extensive testing in Finland . Production capacity had been set aside for the P8 at the Solihull plant . However , an expenditure review in 1970 found the project subjected to criticism from Sir William Lyons , by now an influential member of the British Leyland board : speculation has arisen that Lyons saw the car as a threat to future investment in the recently launched Jaguar XJ6 . It later emerged that Rovers contender would not have been particularly cheap or easy to build , and the shrinkage of the European market for sedans of this size that followed the 1973 oil price shock suggest that abandonment of the project in 1972 – even at the eleventh hour – may have been the right decision for British Leyland ; but the P8 was not entirely ummourned nearly thirty years later . Some of the P8s styling cues turned up two years later on the Leyland P76 , and the drivers view of the instrument panel ( albeit without the Austin Allegro style quartic steering wheel that appears in one of the surviving pictures of it ) would have been not entirely unfamiliar to the driver of a 1976 Rover 3500 . As British Leyland struggled through financial turmoil and an industrial-relations crisis during the 1970s , it was effectively nationalised after a multibillion-pound government cash injection in 1975 . Michael Edwardes was brought in to head the company . The Rover SD1 of 1976 was an excellent car , but was beset with so many build quality and reliability issues it never delivered on its great promise . Following the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , production of the TR7 and TR8 was moved to Solihull ; soon after , a savage programme of cutbacks in the late 1970s led to the end of car production at Solihull , which was turned over for Land Rover production only . The TR7/TR8 was discontinued while SD1 production moved to Cowley . All future Rover cars would be made in the former Austin and Morris plants in Longbridge and Cowley , respectively . In 1979 , British Leyland ( or as it was now officially known , BL Ltd. ) began a long relationship with the Honda Motor Company of Japan . The result was a cross-holding structure , where Honda took a 20% stake in the company while the company took a 20% stake in Hondas UK subsidiary . The deal was thought to be mutually beneficial : Honda used its British operations as a launchpad into Europe , and the company could pool resources with Honda in developing new cars . Austin Rover Group was formed in 1982 as the mass-market car manufacturing subsidiary of BL , with the separate Rover Company becoming effectively defunct . In the 1980s , the slimmed-down BL used the Rover brand on a range of cars codeveloped with Honda . The first Honda-sourced Rover model , released in 1984 , was the Rover 200 , which , like the Triumph Acclaim that it replaced , was based on the Honda Ballade . Similarly , in Australia , the Honda Quint ( known in Europe as the Quintet ) and Integra were badged as the Rover Quintet and 416i . Rover Group . By 1988 , Austin Rover had moved to a one-marque strategy , using only the Rover brand . Its parent , BL , was renamed as the Rover Group , with the car division becoming Rover Cars . In 1986 , the Rover SD1 was replaced by the Rover 800 , developed with the Honda Legend . The Austin range were now technically Rovers , though the word Rover never actually appeared on the badging . Instead , there was a badge similar to the Rover Viking shape , without wording . The Metro was officially badged as a Rover when the restyled version was launched in May 1990 . The second generation Rover 200 , based on Hondas Concerto , was launched in October 1989 , but now featured a hatchback instead of a four-door saloon , the bodystyle which would feature on the Rover 400 ( visually similar and based on the same underpinnings ) from its launch in April 1990 . The larger Rover 600 , launched in April 1993 , was based on the Accord and used various Honda and Rover engines and was aimed further upmarket at the likes of the BMW 3 Series rather than the likes of the Ford Mondeo which the Honda Accord was marketed to compete with . Rover exported Rover 800s , badged as Sterlings , to the United States from 1987 to 1991 . British Aerospace ownership . In 1988 , the Rover brand went back into private hands when the Rover Group was acquired by British Aerospace . BMW ownership . The Honda partnership proved to be the turnaround point for the company , steadily rebuilding its image to the point where once again , Rover-branded cars were seen as upmarket alternatives to Fords and Vauxhalls . In 1994 , British Aerospace sold the Rover Group , including the Rover , Land Rover , Riley , Mini , Triumph , and Austin-Healey brands to BMW , who had begun to see Rover-branded cars as potential major competitors . Under BMW , the Rover Group developed the Rover 75 and was launched in June 1999 , as a retro-designed car influenced by the earlier Rover P4 and P5 designs . It proved to be a success for the marque , gaining positive critics , although it failed to outsell the BMW 3 Series . In May 2000 , BMW split up the Rover Group , selling Land Rover to the Ford Motor Company for an estimated sum of £1.8-billion , retaining the MINI marque and selling the rest of the car business to the Phoenix Consortium , who established it as MG Rover . Although BMW included ownership of the MG brand in the deal , they retained ownership of the Rover brand , licensing its use to the new MG Rover company for use on the ongoing car models that they had acquired . MG Rover licensees . A specially assembled group of businessmen , known as the Phoenix Consortium and headed by ex-Rover chief executive John Towers , established the MG Rover Group from the former Rover Group car operations ( acquired from BMW for a nominal £10 in May 2000 ) and continued to use the Rover brand under licence from BMW . In 1999 , the Rover Group had sustained losses of an estimated £800 million – largely due to the declining sales of its existing 200 and 400 family cars and initially slow sales of the Rover 75 . The four businessmen who took control of the newly formed MG Rover Group are reported to have received around £430-million in a dowry from BMW that included unsold stock . The first new Rover-branded car to be launched after the formation of MG Rover was the estate version of the Rover 75 , which went on sale in July 2001 . In October 2003 , MG Rover launched the CityRover , a badge-engineered Tata Indica that served as an entry-level model . Despite high initial expectations , sales were poor and it received mainly negative critics . Several concept cars intended to point the way towards a replacement for the Rover 25 and 45 were shown in the early 2000s , but no production model emerged . MG Rover production ceased on 15 April 2005 , when it was declared insolvent , resulting in the immediate loss of more than 6,000 jobs at the company . On 22 July 2005 , the physical assets of the collapsed firm were sold to the Nanjing Automobile Group for £53m . They indicated that their preliminary plans involved relocating the Powertrain engine plant to China while splitting car production into Rover lines in China and resumed MG lines in the West Midlands ( though not necessarily at Longbridge ) , where a UK R&D and technical facility would also be developed . On 30 May 2007 , Nanjing Automobile Group claimed to have restarted production of MG TF sports cars in the Longbridge plant , with sales expected to begin in the autumn . Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , who held the intellectual property of Rover 75 car design ( bought for £67m before MG Rover collapsed ) and was also bidding for MG Rover , announced their own version of the Rover 75 in late 2006 . In July 2006 , SAIC announced their intent to buy the Rover brand name from BMW , who still owned the rights to the Rover marque . However , BMW refused their request , due to an agreement that Ford had reached with them to be given first option on the brand when it acquired Land Rover . Unable to use the Rover name , SAIC created their own brand with a similar name and badge , known as Roewe . Roewe was eventually launched in early 2007 . Land Rover . Ford purchased the Land Rover company from BMW in 2000 , and the deal included the option to purchase the Rover brand name if MG Rover ceased trading . This right was exercised on 18 September 2006 and effectively meant the brand was transferred to Land Rover . Jaguar Land Rover . Ford sold their Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors in 2008 , along with the rights to the Rover brand . In 2013 , the operations of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were merged into the single car manufacturing company Jaguar Land Rover along with the rights to the Rover brand . Models . Launched by Rover Company ( 1904–1967 ) . - 1904–1912 Rover 8 - 1906–1910 Rover 6 - 1906–1910 Rover 16/20 - 1912–1923 Rover 12 - 1919–1925 Rover 8 - 1924–1927 Rover 9/20 - 1925–1927 Rover 14/45 - 1927–1932 Rover Light Six - 1927–1947 Rover 10 - 1929–1932 Rover 2-Litre - 1930–1934 Rover Meteor 16HP/20HP - 1931–1940 Rover Speed 20 - 1932–1933 Rover Pilot/Speed Pilot - 1932–1932 Rover Scarab - 1934–1947 Rover 12 - 1934–1947 Rover 14/Speed 14 - 1937–1947 Rover 16 - 1948–1978 Land Rover ( I/II/III ) —In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Land Rover production . - 1948–1949 Rover P3 ( 60/75 ) - 1949–1964 Rover P4 ( 60/75/80/90/95/100/105/110 ) - 1958–1973 Rover P5 ( 3-Litre/3.5-Litre ) - 1963–1977 Rover P6 ( 2000/2200/3500 ) Launched by BLMC/BL ( 1967–1986 ) . - 1970–1978 Range Rover—In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Range Rover production . - 1976–1986 Rover SD1 ( 2000/2300/2400/2600/3500/Vitesse ) - 1983–1985 Rover Quintet-Australian market - 1984–1999 Rover 200 ( 211/213/214/216/218/220 ) - 1985–1989 Rover 416i—Australian market Rebrands by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 1986–2000 Rover Mini – Originally called the Austin Seven/Morris Mini Minor in 1959 , but renamed Rover Mini in 1986 . - 1990–1998 Rover Metro , Rover 100 ( 111/114/115 ) – Originally called the Austin Metro . Rebranded as a Rover three years after Austins fall . - Family cars - 1989–1994 Maestro – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . - 1989–1994 Montego – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . Launched by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Family cars - 1992–1998 Rover 200 Coupe ( 216/218/220/220 Turbo ) - 1990–1999 Rover 400 ( 414/416/418/420 ) - 1993–1999 Rover 600 ( 618/620/623 and 620ti ) - Executive cars - 1986–1999 Rover 800 ( 820/825/827 and Vitesse ) and Sterling - 1999–2005 Rover 75 Launched by MG Rover ( 2000–2005 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 2003–2005 CityRover - 2005 CityRover MK II - Family cars - 2000–2004 Rover 25 - 2000–2004 Rover 45 - 2000–2004 Rover 75/Tourer - 2003–2004 Rover Streetwise - 2004–2005 Rover 25 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 45 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 75/Tourer - 2004–2005 Rover Streetwise MK II - Van - 2003–2005 Rover Commerce |
[
"Jaguar Land Rover"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Rover (marque) from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Rover_(marque)#P127#4 | Rover ( marque ) Rover is a British automotive marque that was used for over a century , from 1904 to 2005 . It was launched as a bicycle maker called Rover Company in 1878 , before starting to manufacture autocars in 1904 . The brand used the iconic Viking longship as its logo . The rights to the marque are currently part of Jaguar Land Rover , but no Rover vehicles are currently in production and the marque is considered dormant . Despite a state-controlled absorption by the Leyland Motor Corporation ( LMC ) in 1967 and subsequent mergers , nationalisation , and demergers , the Rover marque retained its identity , first as an independent subsidiary division of LMC , and subsequently through various groups within British Leyland ( BL ) through the 1970s and into the 1980s . The Rover marque then became the flagship brand of the newly and eponymously renamed Rover Group in 1988 , which included the actually stronger and more valuable brand names Land Rover and Mini as it passed first through the hands of British Aerospace and then into the ownership of BMW Group . Sharing technology with Honda and financial investment during the BMW ownership led to a revival of the marque during the 1990s in its core midsize car segment . In 2000 , BMW sold Rover and related MG car activities of the Rover Group to the Phoenix Consortium , who established the MG Rover Group at Longbridge . BMW retained ownership of the Rover marque , allowing MG Rover to use it under licence . In April 2005 , Rover-branded cars ceased to be produced when the MG Rover Group became insolvent . The MG Rover Groups assets then got split up between two Chinese automakers – some were bought by SAIC Motor , who obtained technology that was incorporated into a new Chinese line of Roewe branded luxury saloons . Other assets were bought by Nanjing Automobile . BMW sold the rights to the Rover marque to Ford in 2006 for approximately £6 million , the latter exercising an option of first refusal to buy it dating back to its purchase of Land Rover in 2000 . Ford thus reunited the original Rover Company marques , primarily for brand-protection reasons . In March 2008 , Ford reached agreement with Tata Motors of India to include the Rover marque as part of the sale of their Jaguar Land Rover operations to them . Legally the Rover marque is the property of Land Rover under the terms of Fords purchase of the name in 2006 . Ownership . British Leyland . In 1970 , Rover combined its skill in producing comfortable saloons and the rugged Land Rover 4x4 to produce the Range Rover , one of the first vehicles ( preceded by the Jeep Wagoneer and IH Scout ) to combine off-road ability and comfortable versatility . Powered by the licence-built ex-Buick V8 engine , it had innovative features such as a permanent four-wheel drive system , all-coil spring suspension , and disc brakes on all wheels . Able to reach speeds of up to yet also capable of extreme off-road use , the original Range Rover design remained in production for the next 26 years . The companys other major project at this time was the P8 , a successor , styled by David Bache , for the 3-litre . The cars shape owed much to Detroit , with a front bumper concealed under a bumperless polyurethane nose , in a manner reminiscent of contemporary Pontiacs , and a side profile reminiscent of a slightly chunkier Opel Rekord . Although the original brief was for the car to be no longer externally than a Rover 2000 , management changes led the project to be redefined as it progressed , and the P8 scheduled for launch at the 1971 London Motor Show was substantially larger than any existing Rover sedan , with the Rover V8 engine expanded for this application to 4.4 litres . The car followed the P6 in employing a steel frame structure with bolt-on steel or aluminium panels . The manufacturer was nevertheless short of cash and focus at this time : the P8 was one of several new model projects subjected to a slipping time-line . By the revised launch date towards the end of 1972 the considerable development costs had been expended and pre-production prototypes had even undergone extensive testing in Finland . Production capacity had been set aside for the P8 at the Solihull plant . However , an expenditure review in 1970 found the project subjected to criticism from Sir William Lyons , by now an influential member of the British Leyland board : speculation has arisen that Lyons saw the car as a threat to future investment in the recently launched Jaguar XJ6 . It later emerged that Rovers contender would not have been particularly cheap or easy to build , and the shrinkage of the European market for sedans of this size that followed the 1973 oil price shock suggest that abandonment of the project in 1972 – even at the eleventh hour – may have been the right decision for British Leyland ; but the P8 was not entirely ummourned nearly thirty years later . Some of the P8s styling cues turned up two years later on the Leyland P76 , and the drivers view of the instrument panel ( albeit without the Austin Allegro style quartic steering wheel that appears in one of the surviving pictures of it ) would have been not entirely unfamiliar to the driver of a 1976 Rover 3500 . As British Leyland struggled through financial turmoil and an industrial-relations crisis during the 1970s , it was effectively nationalised after a multibillion-pound government cash injection in 1975 . Michael Edwardes was brought in to head the company . The Rover SD1 of 1976 was an excellent car , but was beset with so many build quality and reliability issues it never delivered on its great promise . Following the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , production of the TR7 and TR8 was moved to Solihull ; soon after , a savage programme of cutbacks in the late 1970s led to the end of car production at Solihull , which was turned over for Land Rover production only . The TR7/TR8 was discontinued while SD1 production moved to Cowley . All future Rover cars would be made in the former Austin and Morris plants in Longbridge and Cowley , respectively . In 1979 , British Leyland ( or as it was now officially known , BL Ltd. ) began a long relationship with the Honda Motor Company of Japan . The result was a cross-holding structure , where Honda took a 20% stake in the company while the company took a 20% stake in Hondas UK subsidiary . The deal was thought to be mutually beneficial : Honda used its British operations as a launchpad into Europe , and the company could pool resources with Honda in developing new cars . Austin Rover Group was formed in 1982 as the mass-market car manufacturing subsidiary of BL , with the separate Rover Company becoming effectively defunct . In the 1980s , the slimmed-down BL used the Rover brand on a range of cars codeveloped with Honda . The first Honda-sourced Rover model , released in 1984 , was the Rover 200 , which , like the Triumph Acclaim that it replaced , was based on the Honda Ballade . Similarly , in Australia , the Honda Quint ( known in Europe as the Quintet ) and Integra were badged as the Rover Quintet and 416i . Rover Group . By 1988 , Austin Rover had moved to a one-marque strategy , using only the Rover brand . Its parent , BL , was renamed as the Rover Group , with the car division becoming Rover Cars . In 1986 , the Rover SD1 was replaced by the Rover 800 , developed with the Honda Legend . The Austin range were now technically Rovers , though the word Rover never actually appeared on the badging . Instead , there was a badge similar to the Rover Viking shape , without wording . The Metro was officially badged as a Rover when the restyled version was launched in May 1990 . The second generation Rover 200 , based on Hondas Concerto , was launched in October 1989 , but now featured a hatchback instead of a four-door saloon , the bodystyle which would feature on the Rover 400 ( visually similar and based on the same underpinnings ) from its launch in April 1990 . The larger Rover 600 , launched in April 1993 , was based on the Accord and used various Honda and Rover engines and was aimed further upmarket at the likes of the BMW 3 Series rather than the likes of the Ford Mondeo which the Honda Accord was marketed to compete with . Rover exported Rover 800s , badged as Sterlings , to the United States from 1987 to 1991 . British Aerospace ownership . In 1988 , the Rover brand went back into private hands when the Rover Group was acquired by British Aerospace . BMW ownership . The Honda partnership proved to be the turnaround point for the company , steadily rebuilding its image to the point where once again , Rover-branded cars were seen as upmarket alternatives to Fords and Vauxhalls . In 1994 , British Aerospace sold the Rover Group , including the Rover , Land Rover , Riley , Mini , Triumph , and Austin-Healey brands to BMW , who had begun to see Rover-branded cars as potential major competitors . Under BMW , the Rover Group developed the Rover 75 and was launched in June 1999 , as a retro-designed car influenced by the earlier Rover P4 and P5 designs . It proved to be a success for the marque , gaining positive critics , although it failed to outsell the BMW 3 Series . In May 2000 , BMW split up the Rover Group , selling Land Rover to the Ford Motor Company for an estimated sum of £1.8-billion , retaining the MINI marque and selling the rest of the car business to the Phoenix Consortium , who established it as MG Rover . Although BMW included ownership of the MG brand in the deal , they retained ownership of the Rover brand , licensing its use to the new MG Rover company for use on the ongoing car models that they had acquired . MG Rover licensees . A specially assembled group of businessmen , known as the Phoenix Consortium and headed by ex-Rover chief executive John Towers , established the MG Rover Group from the former Rover Group car operations ( acquired from BMW for a nominal £10 in May 2000 ) and continued to use the Rover brand under licence from BMW . In 1999 , the Rover Group had sustained losses of an estimated £800 million – largely due to the declining sales of its existing 200 and 400 family cars and initially slow sales of the Rover 75 . The four businessmen who took control of the newly formed MG Rover Group are reported to have received around £430-million in a dowry from BMW that included unsold stock . The first new Rover-branded car to be launched after the formation of MG Rover was the estate version of the Rover 75 , which went on sale in July 2001 . In October 2003 , MG Rover launched the CityRover , a badge-engineered Tata Indica that served as an entry-level model . Despite high initial expectations , sales were poor and it received mainly negative critics . Several concept cars intended to point the way towards a replacement for the Rover 25 and 45 were shown in the early 2000s , but no production model emerged . MG Rover production ceased on 15 April 2005 , when it was declared insolvent , resulting in the immediate loss of more than 6,000 jobs at the company . On 22 July 2005 , the physical assets of the collapsed firm were sold to the Nanjing Automobile Group for £53m . They indicated that their preliminary plans involved relocating the Powertrain engine plant to China while splitting car production into Rover lines in China and resumed MG lines in the West Midlands ( though not necessarily at Longbridge ) , where a UK R&D and technical facility would also be developed . On 30 May 2007 , Nanjing Automobile Group claimed to have restarted production of MG TF sports cars in the Longbridge plant , with sales expected to begin in the autumn . Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , who held the intellectual property of Rover 75 car design ( bought for £67m before MG Rover collapsed ) and was also bidding for MG Rover , announced their own version of the Rover 75 in late 2006 . In July 2006 , SAIC announced their intent to buy the Rover brand name from BMW , who still owned the rights to the Rover marque . However , BMW refused their request , due to an agreement that Ford had reached with them to be given first option on the brand when it acquired Land Rover . Unable to use the Rover name , SAIC created their own brand with a similar name and badge , known as Roewe . Roewe was eventually launched in early 2007 . Land Rover . Ford purchased the Land Rover company from BMW in 2000 , and the deal included the option to purchase the Rover brand name if MG Rover ceased trading . This right was exercised on 18 September 2006 and effectively meant the brand was transferred to Land Rover . Jaguar Land Rover . Ford sold their Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors in 2008 , along with the rights to the Rover brand . In 2013 , the operations of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were merged into the single car manufacturing company Jaguar Land Rover along with the rights to the Rover brand . Models . Launched by Rover Company ( 1904–1967 ) . - 1904–1912 Rover 8 - 1906–1910 Rover 6 - 1906–1910 Rover 16/20 - 1912–1923 Rover 12 - 1919–1925 Rover 8 - 1924–1927 Rover 9/20 - 1925–1927 Rover 14/45 - 1927–1932 Rover Light Six - 1927–1947 Rover 10 - 1929–1932 Rover 2-Litre - 1930–1934 Rover Meteor 16HP/20HP - 1931–1940 Rover Speed 20 - 1932–1933 Rover Pilot/Speed Pilot - 1932–1932 Rover Scarab - 1934–1947 Rover 12 - 1934–1947 Rover 14/Speed 14 - 1937–1947 Rover 16 - 1948–1978 Land Rover ( I/II/III ) —In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Land Rover production . - 1948–1949 Rover P3 ( 60/75 ) - 1949–1964 Rover P4 ( 60/75/80/90/95/100/105/110 ) - 1958–1973 Rover P5 ( 3-Litre/3.5-Litre ) - 1963–1977 Rover P6 ( 2000/2200/3500 ) Launched by BLMC/BL ( 1967–1986 ) . - 1970–1978 Range Rover—In 1978 , BL established Land Rover Limited as a separate subsidiary ; it took over Range Rover production . - 1976–1986 Rover SD1 ( 2000/2300/2400/2600/3500/Vitesse ) - 1983–1985 Rover Quintet-Australian market - 1984–1999 Rover 200 ( 211/213/214/216/218/220 ) - 1985–1989 Rover 416i—Australian market Rebrands by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 1986–2000 Rover Mini – Originally called the Austin Seven/Morris Mini Minor in 1959 , but renamed Rover Mini in 1986 . - 1990–1998 Rover Metro , Rover 100 ( 111/114/115 ) – Originally called the Austin Metro . Rebranded as a Rover three years after Austins fall . - Family cars - 1989–1994 Maestro – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . - 1989–1994 Montego – Never branded a Rover , but sold through brand dealerships with a badge the same shape as the Rover badge . Launched by Rover Group ( 1986–2000 ) . - Family cars - 1992–1998 Rover 200 Coupe ( 216/218/220/220 Turbo ) - 1990–1999 Rover 400 ( 414/416/418/420 ) - 1993–1999 Rover 600 ( 618/620/623 and 620ti ) - Executive cars - 1986–1999 Rover 800 ( 820/825/827 and Vitesse ) and Sterling - 1999–2005 Rover 75 Launched by MG Rover ( 2000–2005 ) . - Mini/Supermini cars - 2003–2005 CityRover - 2005 CityRover MK II - Family cars - 2000–2004 Rover 25 - 2000–2004 Rover 45 - 2000–2004 Rover 75/Tourer - 2003–2004 Rover Streetwise - 2004–2005 Rover 25 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 45 Mk II - 2004–2005 Rover 75/Tourer - 2004–2005 Rover Streetwise MK II - Van - 2003–2005 Rover Commerce |
[
"Sporting",
"Real S.C"
] | easy | Which team did Rabiu Ibrahim play for from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Rabiu_Ibrahim#P54#0 | Rabiu Ibrahim Rabiu Ibrahim ( born 15 March 1991 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club ŠK Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder . Club career . Sporting . Ibrahim was born in Kano . In summer 2007 , he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000 , in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC . Shortly afterwards , it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Arsenal were interested in signing him , but nothing came of it . In late 2007 , Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and , in March of the following year , he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor , Mario Balotelli and John Obi Mikel . In January 2009 , he appeared in Goal.coms list of 10 African Players to Watch , and The Times Footballs Top 50 Rising Stars . With Sporting , Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament , with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy . In the competition , in which he was eventually voted as the best player , he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system ; one year later , he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament . In October 2009 , Ibrahim twice rejected Sportings offer of a professional contract , and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C . in the third division . In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier Leagues Celtic , but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues . In 2010 , Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent . Subsequently , Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium , but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues . In December , shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield , the player was again linked to Liverpool . PSV . In January 2011 , Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group . After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the teams coach , he was quickly offered a contract , pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association . However , Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors . Subsequently , he went on trial with PSV , scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first teams coach , Fred Rutten , said : Ibrahim is fast , technically skilled , physically strong and has a good sense of field position , there is something in that boy ; on 11 March 2011 , he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side . In December 2011 , Ibrahims agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the players contract , because of limited first-team action . Celtic . On 18 January 2012 , Celtic announced that , after a successful trial period , they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal , pending a work permit application which was granted five days later . He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team , believing it could help him restore his reputation . Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012 , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone : his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score , but he was offside . Kilmarnock . On 2 January 2013 , Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer . The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football ; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona , whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the players career and that he would attempt to get inside his head to help him find his form . Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing , coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United . He finished his first season with only six appearances . On 19 October 2013 , Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse . The following January , both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released . International career . Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea , scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition . Before the tournament , he had been dubbed the new Jay-Jay Okocha , and helped the side win that years Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo , scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage ( 8–0 ) . Aged 16 , he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman . However , a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament . In 2009 , Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda , netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa , with the national team securing a place in that years FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches , scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss ; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels , he also provided many assists . In the following years , Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches , with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the countrys attacking midfield problems . Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi . Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015 , playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers . Personal life . Ibrahim is a practising Muslim . Honours . Club . - KNVB Cup : 2011–12 Celtic - Scottish Cup : 2012–13 Trenčín - Slovak Super Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Slovak Cup : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Slovan Bratislava - Slovak Super Liga : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Slovak Cup : 2019–20 International . Nigeria - FIFA U-17 World Cup : 2007 - African U-17 Championship : 2007 - African Youth Championship bronze medal : 2009 External links . - AS Trenčín official profile |
[
"Celtic"
] | easy | Which team did the player Rabiu Ibrahim belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Rabiu_Ibrahim#P54#1 | Rabiu Ibrahim Rabiu Ibrahim ( born 15 March 1991 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club ŠK Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder . Club career . Sporting . Ibrahim was born in Kano . In summer 2007 , he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000 , in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC . Shortly afterwards , it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Arsenal were interested in signing him , but nothing came of it . In late 2007 , Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and , in March of the following year , he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor , Mario Balotelli and John Obi Mikel . In January 2009 , he appeared in Goal.coms list of 10 African Players to Watch , and The Times Footballs Top 50 Rising Stars . With Sporting , Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament , with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy . In the competition , in which he was eventually voted as the best player , he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system ; one year later , he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament . In October 2009 , Ibrahim twice rejected Sportings offer of a professional contract , and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C . in the third division . In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier Leagues Celtic , but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues . In 2010 , Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent . Subsequently , Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium , but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues . In December , shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield , the player was again linked to Liverpool . PSV . In January 2011 , Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group . After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the teams coach , he was quickly offered a contract , pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association . However , Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors . Subsequently , he went on trial with PSV , scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first teams coach , Fred Rutten , said : Ibrahim is fast , technically skilled , physically strong and has a good sense of field position , there is something in that boy ; on 11 March 2011 , he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side . In December 2011 , Ibrahims agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the players contract , because of limited first-team action . Celtic . On 18 January 2012 , Celtic announced that , after a successful trial period , they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal , pending a work permit application which was granted five days later . He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team , believing it could help him restore his reputation . Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012 , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone : his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score , but he was offside . Kilmarnock . On 2 January 2013 , Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer . The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football ; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona , whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the players career and that he would attempt to get inside his head to help him find his form . Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing , coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United . He finished his first season with only six appearances . On 19 October 2013 , Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse . The following January , both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released . International career . Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea , scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition . Before the tournament , he had been dubbed the new Jay-Jay Okocha , and helped the side win that years Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo , scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage ( 8–0 ) . Aged 16 , he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman . However , a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament . In 2009 , Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda , netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa , with the national team securing a place in that years FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches , scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss ; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels , he also provided many assists . In the following years , Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches , with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the countrys attacking midfield problems . Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi . Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015 , playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers . Personal life . Ibrahim is a practising Muslim . Honours . Club . - KNVB Cup : 2011–12 Celtic - Scottish Cup : 2012–13 Trenčín - Slovak Super Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Slovak Cup : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Slovan Bratislava - Slovak Super Liga : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Slovak Cup : 2019–20 International . Nigeria - FIFA U-17 World Cup : 2007 - African U-17 Championship : 2007 - African Youth Championship bronze medal : 2009 External links . - AS Trenčín official profile |
[
"Kilmarnock"
] | easy | Which team did Rabiu Ibrahim play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Rabiu_Ibrahim#P54#2 | Rabiu Ibrahim Rabiu Ibrahim ( born 15 March 1991 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club ŠK Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder . Club career . Sporting . Ibrahim was born in Kano . In summer 2007 , he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000 , in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC . Shortly afterwards , it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Arsenal were interested in signing him , but nothing came of it . In late 2007 , Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and , in March of the following year , he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor , Mario Balotelli and John Obi Mikel . In January 2009 , he appeared in Goal.coms list of 10 African Players to Watch , and The Times Footballs Top 50 Rising Stars . With Sporting , Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament , with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy . In the competition , in which he was eventually voted as the best player , he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system ; one year later , he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament . In October 2009 , Ibrahim twice rejected Sportings offer of a professional contract , and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C . in the third division . In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier Leagues Celtic , but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues . In 2010 , Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent . Subsequently , Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium , but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues . In December , shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield , the player was again linked to Liverpool . PSV . In January 2011 , Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group . After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the teams coach , he was quickly offered a contract , pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association . However , Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors . Subsequently , he went on trial with PSV , scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first teams coach , Fred Rutten , said : Ibrahim is fast , technically skilled , physically strong and has a good sense of field position , there is something in that boy ; on 11 March 2011 , he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side . In December 2011 , Ibrahims agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the players contract , because of limited first-team action . Celtic . On 18 January 2012 , Celtic announced that , after a successful trial period , they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal , pending a work permit application which was granted five days later . He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team , believing it could help him restore his reputation . Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012 , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone : his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score , but he was offside . Kilmarnock . On 2 January 2013 , Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer . The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football ; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona , whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the players career and that he would attempt to get inside his head to help him find his form . Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing , coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United . He finished his first season with only six appearances . On 19 October 2013 , Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse . The following January , both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released . International career . Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea , scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition . Before the tournament , he had been dubbed the new Jay-Jay Okocha , and helped the side win that years Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo , scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage ( 8–0 ) . Aged 16 , he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman . However , a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament . In 2009 , Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda , netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa , with the national team securing a place in that years FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches , scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss ; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels , he also provided many assists . In the following years , Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches , with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the countrys attacking midfield problems . Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi . Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015 , playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers . Personal life . Ibrahim is a practising Muslim . Honours . Club . - KNVB Cup : 2011–12 Celtic - Scottish Cup : 2012–13 Trenčín - Slovak Super Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Slovak Cup : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Slovan Bratislava - Slovak Super Liga : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Slovak Cup : 2019–20 International . Nigeria - FIFA U-17 World Cup : 2007 - African U-17 Championship : 2007 - African Youth Championship bronze medal : 2009 External links . - AS Trenčín official profile |
[
"Trenčín"
] | easy | Which team did Rabiu Ibrahim play for from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Rabiu_Ibrahim#P54#3 | Rabiu Ibrahim Rabiu Ibrahim ( born 15 March 1991 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club ŠK Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder . Club career . Sporting . Ibrahim was born in Kano . In summer 2007 , he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000 , in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC . Shortly afterwards , it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Arsenal were interested in signing him , but nothing came of it . In late 2007 , Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and , in March of the following year , he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor , Mario Balotelli and John Obi Mikel . In January 2009 , he appeared in Goal.coms list of 10 African Players to Watch , and The Times Footballs Top 50 Rising Stars . With Sporting , Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament , with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy . In the competition , in which he was eventually voted as the best player , he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system ; one year later , he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament . In October 2009 , Ibrahim twice rejected Sportings offer of a professional contract , and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C . in the third division . In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier Leagues Celtic , but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues . In 2010 , Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent . Subsequently , Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium , but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues . In December , shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield , the player was again linked to Liverpool . PSV . In January 2011 , Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group . After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the teams coach , he was quickly offered a contract , pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association . However , Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors . Subsequently , he went on trial with PSV , scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first teams coach , Fred Rutten , said : Ibrahim is fast , technically skilled , physically strong and has a good sense of field position , there is something in that boy ; on 11 March 2011 , he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side . In December 2011 , Ibrahims agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the players contract , because of limited first-team action . Celtic . On 18 January 2012 , Celtic announced that , after a successful trial period , they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal , pending a work permit application which was granted five days later . He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team , believing it could help him restore his reputation . Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012 , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone : his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score , but he was offside . Kilmarnock . On 2 January 2013 , Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer . The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football ; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona , whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the players career and that he would attempt to get inside his head to help him find his form . Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing , coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United . He finished his first season with only six appearances . On 19 October 2013 , Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse . The following January , both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released . International career . Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea , scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition . Before the tournament , he had been dubbed the new Jay-Jay Okocha , and helped the side win that years Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo , scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage ( 8–0 ) . Aged 16 , he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman . However , a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament . In 2009 , Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda , netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa , with the national team securing a place in that years FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches , scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss ; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels , he also provided many assists . In the following years , Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches , with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the countrys attacking midfield problems . Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi . Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015 , playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers . Personal life . Ibrahim is a practising Muslim . Honours . Club . - KNVB Cup : 2011–12 Celtic - Scottish Cup : 2012–13 Trenčín - Slovak Super Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Slovak Cup : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Slovan Bratislava - Slovak Super Liga : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Slovak Cup : 2019–20 International . Nigeria - FIFA U-17 World Cup : 2007 - African U-17 Championship : 2007 - African Youth Championship bronze medal : 2009 External links . - AS Trenčín official profile |
[
"Van Beuren Studio"
] | easy | Who did Bill Littlejohn work for in 1931? | /wiki/Bill_Littlejohn#P108#0 | Bill Littlejohn William Charles Littlejohn ( January 27 , 1914 – September 17 , 2010 ) was an American animator and union organizer . Littlejohn worked on animated shorts and features in the 1930s through to the 1990s . His notable works include the Tom and Jerry shorts , Peanuts television specials , the Oscar-winning short , The Hole ( 1962 ) , and the Oscar-nominated A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) . He was inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame and received the Winsor McCay Award and garnered lifetime achievement awards from the Annie Awards and the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God . Littlejohn co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938 . He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios . When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists , Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike . The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disneys recognition of the union , substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation industry . Littlejohn was an active advocate for the art of animation , becoming a co-founder of ASIFA-Hollywood in 1957 and of the International Tournée of Animation in the mid-1960s . He also served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation from 1988 to 2001 . Early years . Littlejohn was born in Newark , New Jersey in 1914 . His father was an engineer for Pitney Bowes who worked an early combination of the adding machine and typewriter . In either 1931 or 1934 ( sources differ on the date ) , he began working in animation at the Van Beuren Studio in New York . His aunt was a cameraperson there , and he was hired as a cel washer on the original Tom and Jerry series ( not the Hanna/Barbera series ) . He recalled : One of my first jobs was to hand out cels to the inkers . They were so slippery in their tissue separators that when I first was handed a stack , I immediately let them drop all over the floor ! Littlejohn worked his way up within the Van Beuren Studio to inking , assisting and then animating . In a 1985 interview , he recalled : Fear of starving led me to animation — those were Depression days . I had no art training , but learned animation from a do-it-yourself kit . While at Van Beuren , he worked on Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) , Parrotville ( 1934 ) and two animated Amos and Andy shorts , The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) and The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) . Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . When Van Beuren closed its doors in 1935 or 1936 , Littlejohn moved to Los Angeles , completed a degree in aeronautical engineering , and worked for a time at Lockheed . He recalled , I began work at Lockheed , but the people there were so boring ! They would talk all night about the qualities of a rivet . In 1937 , Littlejohn returned to animation , working for Harman and Ising and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio . While at MGM , he worked on the Happy Harmonies shorts and the new Tom and Jerry series . Littlejohn was one of the few people who worked on the Tom and Jerry series both at Van Beuren and at MGM . In 1938 , Littlejohn worked on Milt GrossJitterbug Follies and was responsible for animating the two dancing penguins . He also worked in 1938 on The Captain and the Kids , an MGM animated series based on The Katzenjammer Kids comic strip . He left animation work during World War II to work as a test pilot and flight instructor . He also continued to do freelance animation for MGM and Walter Lantz . Union organizer and the Disney animators strike . While working at Van Beuren in 1935 , Littlejohn saw the origins of the efforts to unionize the animation industry . At that time , he recalled , I kept my nose clean because many guys were getting in trouble and getting blacklisted . In 1938 Littlejohn met union organizer Herb Sorrell , and together they formed the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 with Littlejohn as the president . Littlejohn later explained his decision to become involved in the union movement : I just saw too many people getting away with a lot , and too few with nothing , and I had to get involved . So we formed a union . Sorrell and Littlejohn began organizing animation workers , and MGM , Walter Lantz and George Pal quickly recognized the union . Leon Schlesingers Looney Tunes Studio followed after a six-day lockout , but Disney refused to sign a union contract . After collecting enough members representation cards , Sorrell , Littlejohn and Disney animator Art Babbitt met Walt Disney and his attorneys . Disney angrily refused to negotiate and insisted his animators were represented by the Federation of Screen Cartoonists , a sham union set up by Disney that was declared illegal by the National Labor Relations Board . After the meeting , Disney fired Babbitt and 16 other pro-union artists . The 1941 Disney animators strike began the next day . As animators marched in front of the Disney studio in Burbank , Littlejohn , who was a pilot , flew overhead and , in his words , wiggled my wings at the picketers , who wiggled their signs back at me . The strike lasted for nine weeks and ended following pressure on Disney from federal mediators , nationwide boycotts , the Bank of America and Roy Disney . On September 21 , 1941 , the strike ended and the union was recognized by Disney . Walt Disney later testified before the U.S . House Committee on Un-American Activities that he believed that Sorrell was a Communist , but his testimony was based on hearsay , I believed at that time that Mr . Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard .. . Littlejohn recalled Sorrell as follows : Herb was an ex-fighter and a great champion for the little guy . For that he was called a Communist , which he never was . In fact , the Communist Party/USA disliked him too , because he was his own man and couldnt be controlled . Despite his involvement in the union movement , Littlejohn was not a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist . He later recalled , I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling , but they never did , strangely enough . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry . According to one account of the strike , the strike resulted in substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators . Tom Sito , president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839 , said , Bill Littlejohn was the last of the dynamic Hollywood union organizers of the 1930s and 40s . His activism did much to build the standard of living studio animators have today . Peanuts specials and the 1950s and 1960s . In the 1950s , Littlejohn worked at several commercial studios , including Playhouse Pictures , Jay Ward Productions , Animation Inc. , Fine Arts Films , The Ink Tank , and Bill Melendez Productions . His animated commercial for Uniroyals Tiger Paws tires remains a popular and often-played piece . While associated with Melendez , he worked as one of the principal animators on the Peanuts televisions specials . His most popular scenes from the Peanuts specials included A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) where Snoopy dances on the piano while Schroeder plays a jazz riff , the Snoopy-Lucy prizefight in Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) and the Snoopy-Red Baron section in Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) . Littlejohn recalled that the scene of Snoopy dancing on Schroeders piano met resistance from Charles Schulz : At first Charles Schulz didnt care for all the Snoopy pantomime . He felt it was deviating too much from his style . He wanted the whole film to be talking heads , doing his dialogue . One of Littlejohns personal favorites was a scene in the 1972 special , Snoopy , Come Home , in which a little girl ties up Snoopy , changes his name to Rex and gives him a bath . In the sequence of A Boy Named Charlie Brown , Snoopy is skating for the Ice Figure Skater and the Ice Hockey Player at Rockefeller Center . Association with the Hubleys and later years . In 1962 , Littlejohn was the principal animator on the Hubleys Oscar-winning short , The Hole where two New York construction workers , one voiced by jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie , use improvised dialogue to debate the possibility of nuclear war . In one scene , Littlejohn animated Gillespies character performing dance steps . At the after-party , Gillespie told Littlejohn , Man , Im glad you did that section yourself , because I cant dance ! Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys in 1977 on A Doonesbury Special , which won a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar . Littlejohn did initial test animation of Zonker Harris putting flowers in the muzzles of National Guardsmens rifles . Garry Trudeau was amazed at Littlejohns work , having never seen his characters moving before . Littlejohn animated about 12 minutes of the special . John Hubley died during open-heart surgery while the Doonesbury Special was in production . Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys on The Hat ( 1963 ) , Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) , Zuckerkandl ( 1969 ) , Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) , People , People , People ( 1975 ) , Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1976 ) , Sky Dance , Enter Life ( 1982 ) and Amazonia ( 1990 ) . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God and cited his work as among the best in American animation . Of his work on the 1964 film Of Stars and Men , Sporn said , Bills work on Of Stars and Men has completely entered my vocabulary of great animation . The walk cycles for the many animals are just so majestic and regal that I watch them over and over . Littlejohn worked with John and Faith Hubley for more than 30 years . In his later years , Littlejohn also worked on several animated features , including The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) , Watership Down ( 1978 ) , Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) , R.O . Blechmans The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) , and Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) . Advocacy for the art of animation . In 1957 , he joined with Ward Kimball and Les Goldman in founding ASIFA-Hollywood , a non-profit organization formed to promote and preserve the art of film animation . Since 1972 , the organization has presented the annual Annie Awards for outstanding work in animation . In 1965 , Littlejohn and other ASIFA-Hollywood members organized the International Tournée of Animation , a program to show quality animation at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Prior to this , it had been almost impossible to see quality animation in the United States . The Tournee became affiliated with the American Film Institute in 1969 and conducted a multi-city tour for many years . In 1984 , Littlejohn and his wife , Fini , helped organize the Olympiad of Animation for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival . From 1988 to 2001 , Littlejohn was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation . He was on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute . Family . Littlejohn was married for 61 years to Fini Rudiger Littlejohn , an actress and artist from Vienna , Austria that did art design for American Airlines and Disney . The two married in 1943 and lived together in Malibu , California . Fini died in 2004 followed by Littlejohn in September 2010 at age 96 . He was survived by two children , Steve and Toni , and three grandchildren . Awards and tributes . In October 1981 , ASIFA presented Littlejohn with a special Annie Award , honoring his 50 years as an animator . He also received the Winsor McCay Award in 1987 and has been inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame . In May 1999 , the UCLA Film and Television Archive and UCLA Animation Workshop hosted An Evening With Animator Bill Littlejohn and presented him with a lifetime achievement award . Partial filmography . - Parrotville ( 1934-1935 ) - The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) - The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) - Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) - The Captain and the Kids ( 1938 ) - Jitterbug Follies ( 1939 ) ( uncredited ) - A Rainy Day with the Bear Family ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) - Tom and Jerry ( 1941-1942 , 1944 ) ( uncredited : The Midnight Snack to The Bowling Alley Cat ; additional animation : Fine Feathered Friend and Puttin on the Dog ) - MGM Cartoons – uncredited : We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1941 ) - Barney Bear uncredited : The Flying Bear ( 1941 ) - The Hole ( 1962 ) - Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) - The Hat ( 1964 ) - A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) - Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) - Zuckerklandl ( 1968 ) - Hes Your Dog , Charlie Brown ( 1968 ) - A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - It Was a Short Summer , Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) - Play It Again , Charlie Brown ( 1971 ) - Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) - Youre Not Elected , Charlie Brown ( 1972 ) - Theres No Time for Love , Charlie Brown ( 1973 ) - A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ( 1973 ) - Its a Mystery , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) - Its the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1975 ) - Be My Valentine , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - WOW Women of the World ( 1975 ) - Youre a Good Sport , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - Its Arbor Day , Charlie Brown ( 1976 ) - People , People , People ( 1976 ) - Simple Gifts ( 1977 ) - Whither Weather ( 1977 ) - Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - Its Your First Kiss , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) - Step by Step ( 1978 ) - Watership Down ( 1978 ) ( opening sequence ) - Youre the Greatest , Charlie Brown ( 1979 ) - Shes a Good Skate , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Dont Come Back!! ) ( 1980 ) - Sky Dance ( 1980 ) - Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - The Big Bang and Other Creation Myths ( 1981 ) - Enter Life ( 1981 ) - Its Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) ( segment B-17 ) - Someday Youll Find Her , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - No Mans Valley ( 1981 ) - Here Comes Garfield ( 1982 ) - A Charlie Brown Celebration ( 1982 ) - Is This Goodbye , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 ) - What Have We Learned , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - Garfield on the Town ( 1983 ) - The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) - Hello ( 1984 ) - Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) - Garfield in the Rough ( 1984 ) - Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfields Halloween Adventure ( 1985 ) - Youre a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfield in Paradise ( 1986 ) - The Cosmic Eye ( 1986 ) ( archive footage ) - Time of the Angels ( 1987 ) - Garfield Goes Hollywood ( 1987 ) - A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) ( additional animation by - uncredited ) - Madeline : the original special ( 1988 ) - Snoopy : The Musical ( 1988 ) - ( 1988 ) ( segment Stunt Cat ; also co-director ) - This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - Its the Girl in the Red Truck , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - The NASA Space Station ( 1988 ) - Yes We Can ( 1989 ) - Madelines Christmas ( 1990 ) - Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? ( 1990 ) - Amazonia ( 1990 ) - Upside Down ( 1991 ) - Snoopys Reunion ( 1991 ) - Tall Time Tales ( 1992 ) - ( 1992 ) - Its Spring Training , Charlie Brown ! ( 1992 ) - Frosty Returns ( 1992 ) - Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) - Seers & Clowns ( 1994 ) - Garfield and Friends ( 1994 ) ( 3 episodes ) - My Universe Inside Out ( 1996 ) - Cloudland ( 1998 ) - Rainbows of Hawaii ( 1998 ) - Our Spirited Earth ( 2000 ) |
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] | easy | Which employer did Bill Littlejohn work for from 1930 to 1937? | /wiki/Bill_Littlejohn#P108#1 | Bill Littlejohn William Charles Littlejohn ( January 27 , 1914 – September 17 , 2010 ) was an American animator and union organizer . Littlejohn worked on animated shorts and features in the 1930s through to the 1990s . His notable works include the Tom and Jerry shorts , Peanuts television specials , the Oscar-winning short , The Hole ( 1962 ) , and the Oscar-nominated A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) . He was inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame and received the Winsor McCay Award and garnered lifetime achievement awards from the Annie Awards and the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God . Littlejohn co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938 . He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios . When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists , Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike . The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disneys recognition of the union , substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation industry . Littlejohn was an active advocate for the art of animation , becoming a co-founder of ASIFA-Hollywood in 1957 and of the International Tournée of Animation in the mid-1960s . He also served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation from 1988 to 2001 . Early years . Littlejohn was born in Newark , New Jersey in 1914 . His father was an engineer for Pitney Bowes who worked an early combination of the adding machine and typewriter . In either 1931 or 1934 ( sources differ on the date ) , he began working in animation at the Van Beuren Studio in New York . His aunt was a cameraperson there , and he was hired as a cel washer on the original Tom and Jerry series ( not the Hanna/Barbera series ) . He recalled : One of my first jobs was to hand out cels to the inkers . They were so slippery in their tissue separators that when I first was handed a stack , I immediately let them drop all over the floor ! Littlejohn worked his way up within the Van Beuren Studio to inking , assisting and then animating . In a 1985 interview , he recalled : Fear of starving led me to animation — those were Depression days . I had no art training , but learned animation from a do-it-yourself kit . While at Van Beuren , he worked on Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) , Parrotville ( 1934 ) and two animated Amos and Andy shorts , The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) and The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) . Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . When Van Beuren closed its doors in 1935 or 1936 , Littlejohn moved to Los Angeles , completed a degree in aeronautical engineering , and worked for a time at Lockheed . He recalled , I began work at Lockheed , but the people there were so boring ! They would talk all night about the qualities of a rivet . In 1937 , Littlejohn returned to animation , working for Harman and Ising and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio . While at MGM , he worked on the Happy Harmonies shorts and the new Tom and Jerry series . Littlejohn was one of the few people who worked on the Tom and Jerry series both at Van Beuren and at MGM . In 1938 , Littlejohn worked on Milt GrossJitterbug Follies and was responsible for animating the two dancing penguins . He also worked in 1938 on The Captain and the Kids , an MGM animated series based on The Katzenjammer Kids comic strip . He left animation work during World War II to work as a test pilot and flight instructor . He also continued to do freelance animation for MGM and Walter Lantz . Union organizer and the Disney animators strike . While working at Van Beuren in 1935 , Littlejohn saw the origins of the efforts to unionize the animation industry . At that time , he recalled , I kept my nose clean because many guys were getting in trouble and getting blacklisted . In 1938 Littlejohn met union organizer Herb Sorrell , and together they formed the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 with Littlejohn as the president . Littlejohn later explained his decision to become involved in the union movement : I just saw too many people getting away with a lot , and too few with nothing , and I had to get involved . So we formed a union . Sorrell and Littlejohn began organizing animation workers , and MGM , Walter Lantz and George Pal quickly recognized the union . Leon Schlesingers Looney Tunes Studio followed after a six-day lockout , but Disney refused to sign a union contract . After collecting enough members representation cards , Sorrell , Littlejohn and Disney animator Art Babbitt met Walt Disney and his attorneys . Disney angrily refused to negotiate and insisted his animators were represented by the Federation of Screen Cartoonists , a sham union set up by Disney that was declared illegal by the National Labor Relations Board . After the meeting , Disney fired Babbitt and 16 other pro-union artists . The 1941 Disney animators strike began the next day . As animators marched in front of the Disney studio in Burbank , Littlejohn , who was a pilot , flew overhead and , in his words , wiggled my wings at the picketers , who wiggled their signs back at me . The strike lasted for nine weeks and ended following pressure on Disney from federal mediators , nationwide boycotts , the Bank of America and Roy Disney . On September 21 , 1941 , the strike ended and the union was recognized by Disney . Walt Disney later testified before the U.S . House Committee on Un-American Activities that he believed that Sorrell was a Communist , but his testimony was based on hearsay , I believed at that time that Mr . Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard .. . Littlejohn recalled Sorrell as follows : Herb was an ex-fighter and a great champion for the little guy . For that he was called a Communist , which he never was . In fact , the Communist Party/USA disliked him too , because he was his own man and couldnt be controlled . Despite his involvement in the union movement , Littlejohn was not a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist . He later recalled , I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling , but they never did , strangely enough . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry . According to one account of the strike , the strike resulted in substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators . Tom Sito , president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839 , said , Bill Littlejohn was the last of the dynamic Hollywood union organizers of the 1930s and 40s . His activism did much to build the standard of living studio animators have today . Peanuts specials and the 1950s and 1960s . In the 1950s , Littlejohn worked at several commercial studios , including Playhouse Pictures , Jay Ward Productions , Animation Inc. , Fine Arts Films , The Ink Tank , and Bill Melendez Productions . His animated commercial for Uniroyals Tiger Paws tires remains a popular and often-played piece . While associated with Melendez , he worked as one of the principal animators on the Peanuts televisions specials . His most popular scenes from the Peanuts specials included A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) where Snoopy dances on the piano while Schroeder plays a jazz riff , the Snoopy-Lucy prizefight in Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) and the Snoopy-Red Baron section in Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) . Littlejohn recalled that the scene of Snoopy dancing on Schroeders piano met resistance from Charles Schulz : At first Charles Schulz didnt care for all the Snoopy pantomime . He felt it was deviating too much from his style . He wanted the whole film to be talking heads , doing his dialogue . One of Littlejohns personal favorites was a scene in the 1972 special , Snoopy , Come Home , in which a little girl ties up Snoopy , changes his name to Rex and gives him a bath . In the sequence of A Boy Named Charlie Brown , Snoopy is skating for the Ice Figure Skater and the Ice Hockey Player at Rockefeller Center . Association with the Hubleys and later years . In 1962 , Littlejohn was the principal animator on the Hubleys Oscar-winning short , The Hole where two New York construction workers , one voiced by jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie , use improvised dialogue to debate the possibility of nuclear war . In one scene , Littlejohn animated Gillespies character performing dance steps . At the after-party , Gillespie told Littlejohn , Man , Im glad you did that section yourself , because I cant dance ! Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys in 1977 on A Doonesbury Special , which won a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar . Littlejohn did initial test animation of Zonker Harris putting flowers in the muzzles of National Guardsmens rifles . Garry Trudeau was amazed at Littlejohns work , having never seen his characters moving before . Littlejohn animated about 12 minutes of the special . John Hubley died during open-heart surgery while the Doonesbury Special was in production . Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys on The Hat ( 1963 ) , Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) , Zuckerkandl ( 1969 ) , Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) , People , People , People ( 1975 ) , Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1976 ) , Sky Dance , Enter Life ( 1982 ) and Amazonia ( 1990 ) . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God and cited his work as among the best in American animation . Of his work on the 1964 film Of Stars and Men , Sporn said , Bills work on Of Stars and Men has completely entered my vocabulary of great animation . The walk cycles for the many animals are just so majestic and regal that I watch them over and over . Littlejohn worked with John and Faith Hubley for more than 30 years . In his later years , Littlejohn also worked on several animated features , including The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) , Watership Down ( 1978 ) , Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) , R.O . Blechmans The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) , and Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) . Advocacy for the art of animation . In 1957 , he joined with Ward Kimball and Les Goldman in founding ASIFA-Hollywood , a non-profit organization formed to promote and preserve the art of film animation . Since 1972 , the organization has presented the annual Annie Awards for outstanding work in animation . In 1965 , Littlejohn and other ASIFA-Hollywood members organized the International Tournée of Animation , a program to show quality animation at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Prior to this , it had been almost impossible to see quality animation in the United States . The Tournee became affiliated with the American Film Institute in 1969 and conducted a multi-city tour for many years . In 1984 , Littlejohn and his wife , Fini , helped organize the Olympiad of Animation for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival . From 1988 to 2001 , Littlejohn was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation . He was on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute . Family . Littlejohn was married for 61 years to Fini Rudiger Littlejohn , an actress and artist from Vienna , Austria that did art design for American Airlines and Disney . The two married in 1943 and lived together in Malibu , California . Fini died in 2004 followed by Littlejohn in September 2010 at age 96 . He was survived by two children , Steve and Toni , and three grandchildren . Awards and tributes . In October 1981 , ASIFA presented Littlejohn with a special Annie Award , honoring his 50 years as an animator . He also received the Winsor McCay Award in 1987 and has been inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame . In May 1999 , the UCLA Film and Television Archive and UCLA Animation Workshop hosted An Evening With Animator Bill Littlejohn and presented him with a lifetime achievement award . Partial filmography . - Parrotville ( 1934-1935 ) - The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) - The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) - Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) - The Captain and the Kids ( 1938 ) - Jitterbug Follies ( 1939 ) ( uncredited ) - A Rainy Day with the Bear Family ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) - Tom and Jerry ( 1941-1942 , 1944 ) ( uncredited : The Midnight Snack to The Bowling Alley Cat ; additional animation : Fine Feathered Friend and Puttin on the Dog ) - MGM Cartoons – uncredited : We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1941 ) - Barney Bear uncredited : The Flying Bear ( 1941 ) - The Hole ( 1962 ) - Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) - The Hat ( 1964 ) - A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) - Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) - Zuckerklandl ( 1968 ) - Hes Your Dog , Charlie Brown ( 1968 ) - A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - It Was a Short Summer , Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) - Play It Again , Charlie Brown ( 1971 ) - Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) - Youre Not Elected , Charlie Brown ( 1972 ) - Theres No Time for Love , Charlie Brown ( 1973 ) - A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ( 1973 ) - Its a Mystery , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) - Its the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1975 ) - Be My Valentine , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - WOW Women of the World ( 1975 ) - Youre a Good Sport , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - Its Arbor Day , Charlie Brown ( 1976 ) - People , People , People ( 1976 ) - Simple Gifts ( 1977 ) - Whither Weather ( 1977 ) - Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - Its Your First Kiss , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) - Step by Step ( 1978 ) - Watership Down ( 1978 ) ( opening sequence ) - Youre the Greatest , Charlie Brown ( 1979 ) - Shes a Good Skate , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Dont Come Back!! ) ( 1980 ) - Sky Dance ( 1980 ) - Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - The Big Bang and Other Creation Myths ( 1981 ) - Enter Life ( 1981 ) - Its Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) ( segment B-17 ) - Someday Youll Find Her , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - No Mans Valley ( 1981 ) - Here Comes Garfield ( 1982 ) - A Charlie Brown Celebration ( 1982 ) - Is This Goodbye , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 ) - What Have We Learned , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - Garfield on the Town ( 1983 ) - The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) - Hello ( 1984 ) - Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) - Garfield in the Rough ( 1984 ) - Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfields Halloween Adventure ( 1985 ) - Youre a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfield in Paradise ( 1986 ) - The Cosmic Eye ( 1986 ) ( archive footage ) - Time of the Angels ( 1987 ) - Garfield Goes Hollywood ( 1987 ) - A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) ( additional animation by - uncredited ) - Madeline : the original special ( 1988 ) - Snoopy : The Musical ( 1988 ) - ( 1988 ) ( segment Stunt Cat ; also co-director ) - This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - Its the Girl in the Red Truck , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - The NASA Space Station ( 1988 ) - Yes We Can ( 1989 ) - Madelines Christmas ( 1990 ) - Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? ( 1990 ) - Amazonia ( 1990 ) - Upside Down ( 1991 ) - Snoopys Reunion ( 1991 ) - Tall Time Tales ( 1992 ) - ( 1992 ) - Its Spring Training , Charlie Brown ! ( 1992 ) - Frosty Returns ( 1992 ) - Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) - Seers & Clowns ( 1994 ) - Garfield and Friends ( 1994 ) ( 3 episodes ) - My Universe Inside Out ( 1996 ) - Cloudland ( 1998 ) - Rainbows of Hawaii ( 1998 ) - Our Spirited Earth ( 2000 ) |
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"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"
] | easy | Which employer did Bill Littlejohn work for from 1937 to 1940? | /wiki/Bill_Littlejohn#P108#2 | Bill Littlejohn William Charles Littlejohn ( January 27 , 1914 – September 17 , 2010 ) was an American animator and union organizer . Littlejohn worked on animated shorts and features in the 1930s through to the 1990s . His notable works include the Tom and Jerry shorts , Peanuts television specials , the Oscar-winning short , The Hole ( 1962 ) , and the Oscar-nominated A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) . He was inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame and received the Winsor McCay Award and garnered lifetime achievement awards from the Annie Awards and the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God . Littlejohn co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938 . He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios . When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists , Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike . The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disneys recognition of the union , substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation industry . Littlejohn was an active advocate for the art of animation , becoming a co-founder of ASIFA-Hollywood in 1957 and of the International Tournée of Animation in the mid-1960s . He also served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation from 1988 to 2001 . Early years . Littlejohn was born in Newark , New Jersey in 1914 . His father was an engineer for Pitney Bowes who worked an early combination of the adding machine and typewriter . In either 1931 or 1934 ( sources differ on the date ) , he began working in animation at the Van Beuren Studio in New York . His aunt was a cameraperson there , and he was hired as a cel washer on the original Tom and Jerry series ( not the Hanna/Barbera series ) . He recalled : One of my first jobs was to hand out cels to the inkers . They were so slippery in their tissue separators that when I first was handed a stack , I immediately let them drop all over the floor ! Littlejohn worked his way up within the Van Beuren Studio to inking , assisting and then animating . In a 1985 interview , he recalled : Fear of starving led me to animation — those were Depression days . I had no art training , but learned animation from a do-it-yourself kit . While at Van Beuren , he worked on Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) , Parrotville ( 1934 ) and two animated Amos and Andy shorts , The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) and The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) . Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . When Van Beuren closed its doors in 1935 or 1936 , Littlejohn moved to Los Angeles , completed a degree in aeronautical engineering , and worked for a time at Lockheed . He recalled , I began work at Lockheed , but the people there were so boring ! They would talk all night about the qualities of a rivet . In 1937 , Littlejohn returned to animation , working for Harman and Ising and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio . While at MGM , he worked on the Happy Harmonies shorts and the new Tom and Jerry series . Littlejohn was one of the few people who worked on the Tom and Jerry series both at Van Beuren and at MGM . In 1938 , Littlejohn worked on Milt GrossJitterbug Follies and was responsible for animating the two dancing penguins . He also worked in 1938 on The Captain and the Kids , an MGM animated series based on The Katzenjammer Kids comic strip . He left animation work during World War II to work as a test pilot and flight instructor . He also continued to do freelance animation for MGM and Walter Lantz . Union organizer and the Disney animators strike . While working at Van Beuren in 1935 , Littlejohn saw the origins of the efforts to unionize the animation industry . At that time , he recalled , I kept my nose clean because many guys were getting in trouble and getting blacklisted . In 1938 Littlejohn met union organizer Herb Sorrell , and together they formed the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 with Littlejohn as the president . Littlejohn later explained his decision to become involved in the union movement : I just saw too many people getting away with a lot , and too few with nothing , and I had to get involved . So we formed a union . Sorrell and Littlejohn began organizing animation workers , and MGM , Walter Lantz and George Pal quickly recognized the union . Leon Schlesingers Looney Tunes Studio followed after a six-day lockout , but Disney refused to sign a union contract . After collecting enough members representation cards , Sorrell , Littlejohn and Disney animator Art Babbitt met Walt Disney and his attorneys . Disney angrily refused to negotiate and insisted his animators were represented by the Federation of Screen Cartoonists , a sham union set up by Disney that was declared illegal by the National Labor Relations Board . After the meeting , Disney fired Babbitt and 16 other pro-union artists . The 1941 Disney animators strike began the next day . As animators marched in front of the Disney studio in Burbank , Littlejohn , who was a pilot , flew overhead and , in his words , wiggled my wings at the picketers , who wiggled their signs back at me . The strike lasted for nine weeks and ended following pressure on Disney from federal mediators , nationwide boycotts , the Bank of America and Roy Disney . On September 21 , 1941 , the strike ended and the union was recognized by Disney . Walt Disney later testified before the U.S . House Committee on Un-American Activities that he believed that Sorrell was a Communist , but his testimony was based on hearsay , I believed at that time that Mr . Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard .. . Littlejohn recalled Sorrell as follows : Herb was an ex-fighter and a great champion for the little guy . For that he was called a Communist , which he never was . In fact , the Communist Party/USA disliked him too , because he was his own man and couldnt be controlled . Despite his involvement in the union movement , Littlejohn was not a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist . He later recalled , I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling , but they never did , strangely enough . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry . According to one account of the strike , the strike resulted in substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators . Tom Sito , president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839 , said , Bill Littlejohn was the last of the dynamic Hollywood union organizers of the 1930s and 40s . His activism did much to build the standard of living studio animators have today . Peanuts specials and the 1950s and 1960s . In the 1950s , Littlejohn worked at several commercial studios , including Playhouse Pictures , Jay Ward Productions , Animation Inc. , Fine Arts Films , The Ink Tank , and Bill Melendez Productions . His animated commercial for Uniroyals Tiger Paws tires remains a popular and often-played piece . While associated with Melendez , he worked as one of the principal animators on the Peanuts televisions specials . His most popular scenes from the Peanuts specials included A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) where Snoopy dances on the piano while Schroeder plays a jazz riff , the Snoopy-Lucy prizefight in Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) and the Snoopy-Red Baron section in Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) . Littlejohn recalled that the scene of Snoopy dancing on Schroeders piano met resistance from Charles Schulz : At first Charles Schulz didnt care for all the Snoopy pantomime . He felt it was deviating too much from his style . He wanted the whole film to be talking heads , doing his dialogue . One of Littlejohns personal favorites was a scene in the 1972 special , Snoopy , Come Home , in which a little girl ties up Snoopy , changes his name to Rex and gives him a bath . In the sequence of A Boy Named Charlie Brown , Snoopy is skating for the Ice Figure Skater and the Ice Hockey Player at Rockefeller Center . Association with the Hubleys and later years . In 1962 , Littlejohn was the principal animator on the Hubleys Oscar-winning short , The Hole where two New York construction workers , one voiced by jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie , use improvised dialogue to debate the possibility of nuclear war . In one scene , Littlejohn animated Gillespies character performing dance steps . At the after-party , Gillespie told Littlejohn , Man , Im glad you did that section yourself , because I cant dance ! Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys in 1977 on A Doonesbury Special , which won a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar . Littlejohn did initial test animation of Zonker Harris putting flowers in the muzzles of National Guardsmens rifles . Garry Trudeau was amazed at Littlejohns work , having never seen his characters moving before . Littlejohn animated about 12 minutes of the special . John Hubley died during open-heart surgery while the Doonesbury Special was in production . Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys on The Hat ( 1963 ) , Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) , Zuckerkandl ( 1969 ) , Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) , People , People , People ( 1975 ) , Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1976 ) , Sky Dance , Enter Life ( 1982 ) and Amazonia ( 1990 ) . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God and cited his work as among the best in American animation . Of his work on the 1964 film Of Stars and Men , Sporn said , Bills work on Of Stars and Men has completely entered my vocabulary of great animation . The walk cycles for the many animals are just so majestic and regal that I watch them over and over . Littlejohn worked with John and Faith Hubley for more than 30 years . In his later years , Littlejohn also worked on several animated features , including The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) , Watership Down ( 1978 ) , Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) , R.O . Blechmans The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) , and Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) . Advocacy for the art of animation . In 1957 , he joined with Ward Kimball and Les Goldman in founding ASIFA-Hollywood , a non-profit organization formed to promote and preserve the art of film animation . Since 1972 , the organization has presented the annual Annie Awards for outstanding work in animation . In 1965 , Littlejohn and other ASIFA-Hollywood members organized the International Tournée of Animation , a program to show quality animation at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Prior to this , it had been almost impossible to see quality animation in the United States . The Tournee became affiliated with the American Film Institute in 1969 and conducted a multi-city tour for many years . In 1984 , Littlejohn and his wife , Fini , helped organize the Olympiad of Animation for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival . From 1988 to 2001 , Littlejohn was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation . He was on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute . Family . Littlejohn was married for 61 years to Fini Rudiger Littlejohn , an actress and artist from Vienna , Austria that did art design for American Airlines and Disney . The two married in 1943 and lived together in Malibu , California . Fini died in 2004 followed by Littlejohn in September 2010 at age 96 . He was survived by two children , Steve and Toni , and three grandchildren . Awards and tributes . In October 1981 , ASIFA presented Littlejohn with a special Annie Award , honoring his 50 years as an animator . He also received the Winsor McCay Award in 1987 and has been inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame . In May 1999 , the UCLA Film and Television Archive and UCLA Animation Workshop hosted An Evening With Animator Bill Littlejohn and presented him with a lifetime achievement award . Partial filmography . - Parrotville ( 1934-1935 ) - The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) - The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) - Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) - The Captain and the Kids ( 1938 ) - Jitterbug Follies ( 1939 ) ( uncredited ) - A Rainy Day with the Bear Family ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) - Tom and Jerry ( 1941-1942 , 1944 ) ( uncredited : The Midnight Snack to The Bowling Alley Cat ; additional animation : Fine Feathered Friend and Puttin on the Dog ) - MGM Cartoons – uncredited : We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1941 ) - Barney Bear uncredited : The Flying Bear ( 1941 ) - The Hole ( 1962 ) - Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) - The Hat ( 1964 ) - A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) - Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) - Zuckerklandl ( 1968 ) - Hes Your Dog , Charlie Brown ( 1968 ) - A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - It Was a Short Summer , Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) - Play It Again , Charlie Brown ( 1971 ) - Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) - Youre Not Elected , Charlie Brown ( 1972 ) - Theres No Time for Love , Charlie Brown ( 1973 ) - A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ( 1973 ) - Its a Mystery , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) - Its the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1975 ) - Be My Valentine , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - WOW Women of the World ( 1975 ) - Youre a Good Sport , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - Its Arbor Day , Charlie Brown ( 1976 ) - People , People , People ( 1976 ) - Simple Gifts ( 1977 ) - Whither Weather ( 1977 ) - Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - Its Your First Kiss , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) - Step by Step ( 1978 ) - Watership Down ( 1978 ) ( opening sequence ) - Youre the Greatest , Charlie Brown ( 1979 ) - Shes a Good Skate , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Dont Come Back!! ) ( 1980 ) - Sky Dance ( 1980 ) - Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - The Big Bang and Other Creation Myths ( 1981 ) - Enter Life ( 1981 ) - Its Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) ( segment B-17 ) - Someday Youll Find Her , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - No Mans Valley ( 1981 ) - Here Comes Garfield ( 1982 ) - A Charlie Brown Celebration ( 1982 ) - Is This Goodbye , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 ) - What Have We Learned , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - Garfield on the Town ( 1983 ) - The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) - Hello ( 1984 ) - Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) - Garfield in the Rough ( 1984 ) - Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfields Halloween Adventure ( 1985 ) - Youre a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfield in Paradise ( 1986 ) - The Cosmic Eye ( 1986 ) ( archive footage ) - Time of the Angels ( 1987 ) - Garfield Goes Hollywood ( 1987 ) - A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) ( additional animation by - uncredited ) - Madeline : the original special ( 1988 ) - Snoopy : The Musical ( 1988 ) - ( 1988 ) ( segment Stunt Cat ; also co-director ) - This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - Its the Girl in the Red Truck , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - The NASA Space Station ( 1988 ) - Yes We Can ( 1989 ) - Madelines Christmas ( 1990 ) - Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? ( 1990 ) - Amazonia ( 1990 ) - Upside Down ( 1991 ) - Snoopys Reunion ( 1991 ) - Tall Time Tales ( 1992 ) - ( 1992 ) - Its Spring Training , Charlie Brown ! ( 1992 ) - Frosty Returns ( 1992 ) - Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) - Seers & Clowns ( 1994 ) - Garfield and Friends ( 1994 ) ( 3 episodes ) - My Universe Inside Out ( 1996 ) - Cloudland ( 1998 ) - Rainbows of Hawaii ( 1998 ) - Our Spirited Earth ( 2000 ) |
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] | easy | Which employer did Bill Littlejohn work for from 1940 to 1945? | /wiki/Bill_Littlejohn#P108#3 | Bill Littlejohn William Charles Littlejohn ( January 27 , 1914 – September 17 , 2010 ) was an American animator and union organizer . Littlejohn worked on animated shorts and features in the 1930s through to the 1990s . His notable works include the Tom and Jerry shorts , Peanuts television specials , the Oscar-winning short , The Hole ( 1962 ) , and the Oscar-nominated A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) . He was inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame and received the Winsor McCay Award and garnered lifetime achievement awards from the Annie Awards and the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God . Littlejohn co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938 . He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios . When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists , Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike . The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disneys recognition of the union , substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation industry . Littlejohn was an active advocate for the art of animation , becoming a co-founder of ASIFA-Hollywood in 1957 and of the International Tournée of Animation in the mid-1960s . He also served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation from 1988 to 2001 . Early years . Littlejohn was born in Newark , New Jersey in 1914 . His father was an engineer for Pitney Bowes who worked an early combination of the adding machine and typewriter . In either 1931 or 1934 ( sources differ on the date ) , he began working in animation at the Van Beuren Studio in New York . His aunt was a cameraperson there , and he was hired as a cel washer on the original Tom and Jerry series ( not the Hanna/Barbera series ) . He recalled : One of my first jobs was to hand out cels to the inkers . They were so slippery in their tissue separators that when I first was handed a stack , I immediately let them drop all over the floor ! Littlejohn worked his way up within the Van Beuren Studio to inking , assisting and then animating . In a 1985 interview , he recalled : Fear of starving led me to animation — those were Depression days . I had no art training , but learned animation from a do-it-yourself kit . While at Van Beuren , he worked on Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) , Parrotville ( 1934 ) and two animated Amos and Andy shorts , The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) and The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) . Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . When Van Beuren closed its doors in 1935 or 1936 , Littlejohn moved to Los Angeles , completed a degree in aeronautical engineering , and worked for a time at Lockheed . He recalled , I began work at Lockheed , but the people there were so boring ! They would talk all night about the qualities of a rivet . In 1937 , Littlejohn returned to animation , working for Harman and Ising and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio . While at MGM , he worked on the Happy Harmonies shorts and the new Tom and Jerry series . Littlejohn was one of the few people who worked on the Tom and Jerry series both at Van Beuren and at MGM . In 1938 , Littlejohn worked on Milt GrossJitterbug Follies and was responsible for animating the two dancing penguins . He also worked in 1938 on The Captain and the Kids , an MGM animated series based on The Katzenjammer Kids comic strip . He left animation work during World War II to work as a test pilot and flight instructor . He also continued to do freelance animation for MGM and Walter Lantz . Union organizer and the Disney animators strike . While working at Van Beuren in 1935 , Littlejohn saw the origins of the efforts to unionize the animation industry . At that time , he recalled , I kept my nose clean because many guys were getting in trouble and getting blacklisted . In 1938 Littlejohn met union organizer Herb Sorrell , and together they formed the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 with Littlejohn as the president . Littlejohn later explained his decision to become involved in the union movement : I just saw too many people getting away with a lot , and too few with nothing , and I had to get involved . So we formed a union . Sorrell and Littlejohn began organizing animation workers , and MGM , Walter Lantz and George Pal quickly recognized the union . Leon Schlesingers Looney Tunes Studio followed after a six-day lockout , but Disney refused to sign a union contract . After collecting enough members representation cards , Sorrell , Littlejohn and Disney animator Art Babbitt met Walt Disney and his attorneys . Disney angrily refused to negotiate and insisted his animators were represented by the Federation of Screen Cartoonists , a sham union set up by Disney that was declared illegal by the National Labor Relations Board . After the meeting , Disney fired Babbitt and 16 other pro-union artists . The 1941 Disney animators strike began the next day . As animators marched in front of the Disney studio in Burbank , Littlejohn , who was a pilot , flew overhead and , in his words , wiggled my wings at the picketers , who wiggled their signs back at me . The strike lasted for nine weeks and ended following pressure on Disney from federal mediators , nationwide boycotts , the Bank of America and Roy Disney . On September 21 , 1941 , the strike ended and the union was recognized by Disney . Walt Disney later testified before the U.S . House Committee on Un-American Activities that he believed that Sorrell was a Communist , but his testimony was based on hearsay , I believed at that time that Mr . Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard .. . Littlejohn recalled Sorrell as follows : Herb was an ex-fighter and a great champion for the little guy . For that he was called a Communist , which he never was . In fact , the Communist Party/USA disliked him too , because he was his own man and couldnt be controlled . Despite his involvement in the union movement , Littlejohn was not a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist . He later recalled , I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling , but they never did , strangely enough . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry . According to one account of the strike , the strike resulted in substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators . Tom Sito , president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839 , said , Bill Littlejohn was the last of the dynamic Hollywood union organizers of the 1930s and 40s . His activism did much to build the standard of living studio animators have today . Peanuts specials and the 1950s and 1960s . In the 1950s , Littlejohn worked at several commercial studios , including Playhouse Pictures , Jay Ward Productions , Animation Inc. , Fine Arts Films , The Ink Tank , and Bill Melendez Productions . His animated commercial for Uniroyals Tiger Paws tires remains a popular and often-played piece . While associated with Melendez , he worked as one of the principal animators on the Peanuts televisions specials . His most popular scenes from the Peanuts specials included A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) where Snoopy dances on the piano while Schroeder plays a jazz riff , the Snoopy-Lucy prizefight in Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) and the Snoopy-Red Baron section in Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) . Littlejohn recalled that the scene of Snoopy dancing on Schroeders piano met resistance from Charles Schulz : At first Charles Schulz didnt care for all the Snoopy pantomime . He felt it was deviating too much from his style . He wanted the whole film to be talking heads , doing his dialogue . One of Littlejohns personal favorites was a scene in the 1972 special , Snoopy , Come Home , in which a little girl ties up Snoopy , changes his name to Rex and gives him a bath . In the sequence of A Boy Named Charlie Brown , Snoopy is skating for the Ice Figure Skater and the Ice Hockey Player at Rockefeller Center . Association with the Hubleys and later years . In 1962 , Littlejohn was the principal animator on the Hubleys Oscar-winning short , The Hole where two New York construction workers , one voiced by jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie , use improvised dialogue to debate the possibility of nuclear war . In one scene , Littlejohn animated Gillespies character performing dance steps . At the after-party , Gillespie told Littlejohn , Man , Im glad you did that section yourself , because I cant dance ! Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys in 1977 on A Doonesbury Special , which won a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar . Littlejohn did initial test animation of Zonker Harris putting flowers in the muzzles of National Guardsmens rifles . Garry Trudeau was amazed at Littlejohns work , having never seen his characters moving before . Littlejohn animated about 12 minutes of the special . John Hubley died during open-heart surgery while the Doonesbury Special was in production . Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys on The Hat ( 1963 ) , Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) , Zuckerkandl ( 1969 ) , Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) , People , People , People ( 1975 ) , Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1976 ) , Sky Dance , Enter Life ( 1982 ) and Amazonia ( 1990 ) . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God and cited his work as among the best in American animation . Of his work on the 1964 film Of Stars and Men , Sporn said , Bills work on Of Stars and Men has completely entered my vocabulary of great animation . The walk cycles for the many animals are just so majestic and regal that I watch them over and over . Littlejohn worked with John and Faith Hubley for more than 30 years . In his later years , Littlejohn also worked on several animated features , including The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) , Watership Down ( 1978 ) , Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) , R.O . Blechmans The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) , and Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) . Advocacy for the art of animation . In 1957 , he joined with Ward Kimball and Les Goldman in founding ASIFA-Hollywood , a non-profit organization formed to promote and preserve the art of film animation . Since 1972 , the organization has presented the annual Annie Awards for outstanding work in animation . In 1965 , Littlejohn and other ASIFA-Hollywood members organized the International Tournée of Animation , a program to show quality animation at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Prior to this , it had been almost impossible to see quality animation in the United States . The Tournee became affiliated with the American Film Institute in 1969 and conducted a multi-city tour for many years . In 1984 , Littlejohn and his wife , Fini , helped organize the Olympiad of Animation for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival . From 1988 to 2001 , Littlejohn was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation . He was on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute . Family . Littlejohn was married for 61 years to Fini Rudiger Littlejohn , an actress and artist from Vienna , Austria that did art design for American Airlines and Disney . The two married in 1943 and lived together in Malibu , California . Fini died in 2004 followed by Littlejohn in September 2010 at age 96 . He was survived by two children , Steve and Toni , and three grandchildren . Awards and tributes . In October 1981 , ASIFA presented Littlejohn with a special Annie Award , honoring his 50 years as an animator . He also received the Winsor McCay Award in 1987 and has been inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame . In May 1999 , the UCLA Film and Television Archive and UCLA Animation Workshop hosted An Evening With Animator Bill Littlejohn and presented him with a lifetime achievement award . Partial filmography . - Parrotville ( 1934-1935 ) - The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) - The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) - Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) - The Captain and the Kids ( 1938 ) - Jitterbug Follies ( 1939 ) ( uncredited ) - A Rainy Day with the Bear Family ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) - Tom and Jerry ( 1941-1942 , 1944 ) ( uncredited : The Midnight Snack to The Bowling Alley Cat ; additional animation : Fine Feathered Friend and Puttin on the Dog ) - MGM Cartoons – uncredited : We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1941 ) - Barney Bear uncredited : The Flying Bear ( 1941 ) - The Hole ( 1962 ) - Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) - The Hat ( 1964 ) - A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) - Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) - Zuckerklandl ( 1968 ) - Hes Your Dog , Charlie Brown ( 1968 ) - A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - It Was a Short Summer , Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) - Play It Again , Charlie Brown ( 1971 ) - Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) - Youre Not Elected , Charlie Brown ( 1972 ) - Theres No Time for Love , Charlie Brown ( 1973 ) - A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ( 1973 ) - Its a Mystery , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) - Its the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1975 ) - Be My Valentine , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - WOW Women of the World ( 1975 ) - Youre a Good Sport , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - Its Arbor Day , Charlie Brown ( 1976 ) - People , People , People ( 1976 ) - Simple Gifts ( 1977 ) - Whither Weather ( 1977 ) - Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - Its Your First Kiss , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) - Step by Step ( 1978 ) - Watership Down ( 1978 ) ( opening sequence ) - Youre the Greatest , Charlie Brown ( 1979 ) - Shes a Good Skate , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Dont Come Back!! ) ( 1980 ) - Sky Dance ( 1980 ) - Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - The Big Bang and Other Creation Myths ( 1981 ) - Enter Life ( 1981 ) - Its Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) ( segment B-17 ) - Someday Youll Find Her , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - No Mans Valley ( 1981 ) - Here Comes Garfield ( 1982 ) - A Charlie Brown Celebration ( 1982 ) - Is This Goodbye , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 ) - What Have We Learned , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - Garfield on the Town ( 1983 ) - The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) - Hello ( 1984 ) - Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) - Garfield in the Rough ( 1984 ) - Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfields Halloween Adventure ( 1985 ) - Youre a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfield in Paradise ( 1986 ) - The Cosmic Eye ( 1986 ) ( archive footage ) - Time of the Angels ( 1987 ) - Garfield Goes Hollywood ( 1987 ) - A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) ( additional animation by - uncredited ) - Madeline : the original special ( 1988 ) - Snoopy : The Musical ( 1988 ) - ( 1988 ) ( segment Stunt Cat ; also co-director ) - This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - Its the Girl in the Red Truck , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - The NASA Space Station ( 1988 ) - Yes We Can ( 1989 ) - Madelines Christmas ( 1990 ) - Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? ( 1990 ) - Amazonia ( 1990 ) - Upside Down ( 1991 ) - Snoopys Reunion ( 1991 ) - Tall Time Tales ( 1992 ) - ( 1992 ) - Its Spring Training , Charlie Brown ! ( 1992 ) - Frosty Returns ( 1992 ) - Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) - Seers & Clowns ( 1994 ) - Garfield and Friends ( 1994 ) ( 3 episodes ) - My Universe Inside Out ( 1996 ) - Cloudland ( 1998 ) - Rainbows of Hawaii ( 1998 ) - Our Spirited Earth ( 2000 ) |
[
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] | easy | Who did Bill Littlejohn work for from 1948 to 1952? | /wiki/Bill_Littlejohn#P108#4 | Bill Littlejohn William Charles Littlejohn ( January 27 , 1914 – September 17 , 2010 ) was an American animator and union organizer . Littlejohn worked on animated shorts and features in the 1930s through to the 1990s . His notable works include the Tom and Jerry shorts , Peanuts television specials , the Oscar-winning short , The Hole ( 1962 ) , and the Oscar-nominated A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) . He was inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame and received the Winsor McCay Award and garnered lifetime achievement awards from the Annie Awards and the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God . Littlejohn co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938 . He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios . When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists , Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike . The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disneys recognition of the union , substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation industry . Littlejohn was an active advocate for the art of animation , becoming a co-founder of ASIFA-Hollywood in 1957 and of the International Tournée of Animation in the mid-1960s . He also served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation from 1988 to 2001 . Early years . Littlejohn was born in Newark , New Jersey in 1914 . His father was an engineer for Pitney Bowes who worked an early combination of the adding machine and typewriter . In either 1931 or 1934 ( sources differ on the date ) , he began working in animation at the Van Beuren Studio in New York . His aunt was a cameraperson there , and he was hired as a cel washer on the original Tom and Jerry series ( not the Hanna/Barbera series ) . He recalled : One of my first jobs was to hand out cels to the inkers . They were so slippery in their tissue separators that when I first was handed a stack , I immediately let them drop all over the floor ! Littlejohn worked his way up within the Van Beuren Studio to inking , assisting and then animating . In a 1985 interview , he recalled : Fear of starving led me to animation — those were Depression days . I had no art training , but learned animation from a do-it-yourself kit . While at Van Beuren , he worked on Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) , Parrotville ( 1934 ) and two animated Amos and Andy shorts , The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) and The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) . Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . When Van Beuren closed its doors in 1935 or 1936 , Littlejohn moved to Los Angeles , completed a degree in aeronautical engineering , and worked for a time at Lockheed . He recalled , I began work at Lockheed , but the people there were so boring ! They would talk all night about the qualities of a rivet . In 1937 , Littlejohn returned to animation , working for Harman and Ising and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio . While at MGM , he worked on the Happy Harmonies shorts and the new Tom and Jerry series . Littlejohn was one of the few people who worked on the Tom and Jerry series both at Van Beuren and at MGM . In 1938 , Littlejohn worked on Milt GrossJitterbug Follies and was responsible for animating the two dancing penguins . He also worked in 1938 on The Captain and the Kids , an MGM animated series based on The Katzenjammer Kids comic strip . He left animation work during World War II to work as a test pilot and flight instructor . He also continued to do freelance animation for MGM and Walter Lantz . Union organizer and the Disney animators strike . While working at Van Beuren in 1935 , Littlejohn saw the origins of the efforts to unionize the animation industry . At that time , he recalled , I kept my nose clean because many guys were getting in trouble and getting blacklisted . In 1938 Littlejohn met union organizer Herb Sorrell , and together they formed the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 with Littlejohn as the president . Littlejohn later explained his decision to become involved in the union movement : I just saw too many people getting away with a lot , and too few with nothing , and I had to get involved . So we formed a union . Sorrell and Littlejohn began organizing animation workers , and MGM , Walter Lantz and George Pal quickly recognized the union . Leon Schlesingers Looney Tunes Studio followed after a six-day lockout , but Disney refused to sign a union contract . After collecting enough members representation cards , Sorrell , Littlejohn and Disney animator Art Babbitt met Walt Disney and his attorneys . Disney angrily refused to negotiate and insisted his animators were represented by the Federation of Screen Cartoonists , a sham union set up by Disney that was declared illegal by the National Labor Relations Board . After the meeting , Disney fired Babbitt and 16 other pro-union artists . The 1941 Disney animators strike began the next day . As animators marched in front of the Disney studio in Burbank , Littlejohn , who was a pilot , flew overhead and , in his words , wiggled my wings at the picketers , who wiggled their signs back at me . The strike lasted for nine weeks and ended following pressure on Disney from federal mediators , nationwide boycotts , the Bank of America and Roy Disney . On September 21 , 1941 , the strike ended and the union was recognized by Disney . Walt Disney later testified before the U.S . House Committee on Un-American Activities that he believed that Sorrell was a Communist , but his testimony was based on hearsay , I believed at that time that Mr . Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard .. . Littlejohn recalled Sorrell as follows : Herb was an ex-fighter and a great champion for the little guy . For that he was called a Communist , which he never was . In fact , the Communist Party/USA disliked him too , because he was his own man and couldnt be controlled . Despite his involvement in the union movement , Littlejohn was not a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist . He later recalled , I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling , but they never did , strangely enough . The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry . According to one account of the strike , the strike resulted in substantial salary increases , a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators . Tom Sito , president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839 , said , Bill Littlejohn was the last of the dynamic Hollywood union organizers of the 1930s and 40s . His activism did much to build the standard of living studio animators have today . Peanuts specials and the 1950s and 1960s . In the 1950s , Littlejohn worked at several commercial studios , including Playhouse Pictures , Jay Ward Productions , Animation Inc. , Fine Arts Films , The Ink Tank , and Bill Melendez Productions . His animated commercial for Uniroyals Tiger Paws tires remains a popular and often-played piece . While associated with Melendez , he worked as one of the principal animators on the Peanuts televisions specials . His most popular scenes from the Peanuts specials included A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) where Snoopy dances on the piano while Schroeder plays a jazz riff , the Snoopy-Lucy prizefight in Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) and the Snoopy-Red Baron section in Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) . Littlejohn recalled that the scene of Snoopy dancing on Schroeders piano met resistance from Charles Schulz : At first Charles Schulz didnt care for all the Snoopy pantomime . He felt it was deviating too much from his style . He wanted the whole film to be talking heads , doing his dialogue . One of Littlejohns personal favorites was a scene in the 1972 special , Snoopy , Come Home , in which a little girl ties up Snoopy , changes his name to Rex and gives him a bath . In the sequence of A Boy Named Charlie Brown , Snoopy is skating for the Ice Figure Skater and the Ice Hockey Player at Rockefeller Center . Association with the Hubleys and later years . In 1962 , Littlejohn was the principal animator on the Hubleys Oscar-winning short , The Hole where two New York construction workers , one voiced by jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie , use improvised dialogue to debate the possibility of nuclear war . In one scene , Littlejohn animated Gillespies character performing dance steps . At the after-party , Gillespie told Littlejohn , Man , Im glad you did that section yourself , because I cant dance ! Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys in 1977 on A Doonesbury Special , which won a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar . Littlejohn did initial test animation of Zonker Harris putting flowers in the muzzles of National Guardsmens rifles . Garry Trudeau was amazed at Littlejohns work , having never seen his characters moving before . Littlejohn animated about 12 minutes of the special . John Hubley died during open-heart surgery while the Doonesbury Special was in production . Littlejohn also worked with the Hubleys on The Hat ( 1963 ) , Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) , Zuckerkandl ( 1969 ) , Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) , People , People , People ( 1975 ) , Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1976 ) , Sky Dance , Enter Life ( 1982 ) and Amazonia ( 1990 ) . Director Michael Sporn has called Littlejohn an animation God and cited his work as among the best in American animation . Of his work on the 1964 film Of Stars and Men , Sporn said , Bills work on Of Stars and Men has completely entered my vocabulary of great animation . The walk cycles for the many animals are just so majestic and regal that I watch them over and over . Littlejohn worked with John and Faith Hubley for more than 30 years . In his later years , Littlejohn also worked on several animated features , including The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) , Watership Down ( 1978 ) , Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) , R.O . Blechmans The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) , and Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) . Advocacy for the art of animation . In 1957 , he joined with Ward Kimball and Les Goldman in founding ASIFA-Hollywood , a non-profit organization formed to promote and preserve the art of film animation . Since 1972 , the organization has presented the annual Annie Awards for outstanding work in animation . In 1965 , Littlejohn and other ASIFA-Hollywood members organized the International Tournée of Animation , a program to show quality animation at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Prior to this , it had been almost impossible to see quality animation in the United States . The Tournee became affiliated with the American Film Institute in 1969 and conducted a multi-city tour for many years . In 1984 , Littlejohn and his wife , Fini , helped organize the Olympiad of Animation for the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival . From 1988 to 2001 , Littlejohn was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors representing short films and animation . He was on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute . Family . Littlejohn was married for 61 years to Fini Rudiger Littlejohn , an actress and artist from Vienna , Austria that did art design for American Airlines and Disney . The two married in 1943 and lived together in Malibu , California . Fini died in 2004 followed by Littlejohn in September 2010 at age 96 . He was survived by two children , Steve and Toni , and three grandchildren . Awards and tributes . In October 1981 , ASIFA presented Littlejohn with a special Annie Award , honoring his 50 years as an animator . He also received the Winsor McCay Award in 1987 and has been inducted into the Cartoon Hall of Fame . In May 1999 , the UCLA Film and Television Archive and UCLA Animation Workshop hosted An Evening With Animator Bill Littlejohn and presented him with a lifetime achievement award . Partial filmography . - Parrotville ( 1934-1935 ) - The Rasslin Match ( 1934 ) - The Lion Tamer ( 1934 ) - Toonerville Trolley ( 1936 ) - The Captain and the Kids ( 1938 ) - Jitterbug Follies ( 1939 ) ( uncredited ) - A Rainy Day with the Bear Family ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) - Tom and Jerry ( 1941-1942 , 1944 ) ( uncredited : The Midnight Snack to The Bowling Alley Cat ; additional animation : Fine Feathered Friend and Puttin on the Dog ) - MGM Cartoons – uncredited : We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1941 ) - Barney Bear uncredited : The Flying Bear ( 1941 ) - The Hole ( 1962 ) - Of Stars and Men ( 1964 ) - The Hat ( 1964 ) - A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) - Its the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown ( 1966 ) - Zuckerklandl ( 1968 ) - Hes Your Dog , Charlie Brown ( 1968 ) - A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - It Was a Short Summer , Charlie Brown ( 1969 ) - The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) - Play It Again , Charlie Brown ( 1971 ) - Snoopy Come Home ( 1972 ) - Youre Not Elected , Charlie Brown ( 1972 ) - Theres No Time for Love , Charlie Brown ( 1973 ) - A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ( 1973 ) - Its a Mystery , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Voyage to Next ( 1974 ) - Its the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ( 1974 ) - Everybody Rides the Carousel ( 1975 ) - Be My Valentine , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - WOW Women of the World ( 1975 ) - Youre a Good Sport , Charlie Brown ( 1975 ) - Its Arbor Day , Charlie Brown ( 1976 ) - People , People , People ( 1976 ) - Simple Gifts ( 1977 ) - Whither Weather ( 1977 ) - Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - Its Your First Kiss , Charlie Brown ( 1977 ) - A Doonesbury Special ( 1977 ) - Step by Step ( 1978 ) - Watership Down ( 1978 ) ( opening sequence ) - Youre the Greatest , Charlie Brown ( 1979 ) - Shes a Good Skate , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Dont Come Back!! ) ( 1980 ) - Sky Dance ( 1980 ) - Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1980 ) - The Big Bang and Other Creation Myths ( 1981 ) - Enter Life ( 1981 ) - Its Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) ( segment B-17 ) - Someday Youll Find Her , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) - No Mans Valley ( 1981 ) - Here Comes Garfield ( 1982 ) - A Charlie Brown Celebration ( 1982 ) - Is This Goodbye , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 ) - What Have We Learned , Charlie Brown ? ( 1983 ) - Garfield on the Town ( 1983 ) - The Soldiers Tale ( 1984 ) - Hello ( 1984 ) - Its Flashbeagle , Charlie Brown ( 1984 ) - Garfield in the Rough ( 1984 ) - Snoopys Getting Married , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfields Halloween Adventure ( 1985 ) - Youre a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1985 ) - Garfield in Paradise ( 1986 ) - The Cosmic Eye ( 1986 ) ( archive footage ) - Time of the Angels ( 1987 ) - Garfield Goes Hollywood ( 1987 ) - A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) ( additional animation by - uncredited ) - Madeline : the original special ( 1988 ) - Snoopy : The Musical ( 1988 ) - ( 1988 ) ( segment Stunt Cat ; also co-director ) - This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - Its the Girl in the Red Truck , Charlie Brown ( 1988 ) - The NASA Space Station ( 1988 ) - Yes We Can ( 1989 ) - Madelines Christmas ( 1990 ) - Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? ( 1990 ) - Amazonia ( 1990 ) - Upside Down ( 1991 ) - Snoopys Reunion ( 1991 ) - Tall Time Tales ( 1992 ) - ( 1992 ) - Its Spring Training , Charlie Brown ! ( 1992 ) - Frosty Returns ( 1992 ) - Mrs . Doubtfire ( 1993 ) - Seers & Clowns ( 1994 ) - Garfield and Friends ( 1994 ) ( 3 episodes ) - My Universe Inside Out ( 1996 ) - Cloudland ( 1998 ) - Rainbows of Hawaii ( 1998 ) - Our Spirited Earth ( 2000 ) |
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"Annie Johnson"
] | easy | What was the name of MS Costa Allegra from 1969 to 1986? | /wiki/MS_Costa_Allegra#P2561#0 | MS Costa Allegra Costa Allegra , formerly Annie Johnson , was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Cruises , one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation . She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland , as a container ship for the Johnson Line services of Sweden-based Rederi AB Nordstjernan . In 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon , but she was laid up instead . In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra but continued laid up . In 1990 , the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy . She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 . Costa Allegra suffered a generator fire while off the coast of Africa approximately 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles on 27 February 2012 and was taken into tow toward the island of Mahé in the Seychelles Islands the following day , a journey of several days . She was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga , Turkey . Prior to beaching at the scrapyard , her yellow funnel , a trademark of Costa Crociere , was painted white . Career . Annie Johnson . Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five container ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan . She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year , entering service on the same date . From 1969 until 1986 , Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan . On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship . With this aim in mind , she was renamed Regent Moon . Her sister ship was sold to Regency Cruises at the same time , renamed Regent Sun , also with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship . These plans were never realised , and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama , Greece . In May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra , but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere . Costa Allegra . Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim , in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised , with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina . Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy , the same shipyard that had rebuilt Costa Marina . Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 . She received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina , as well as new engines . However , unlike Costa Marina , Alexandra was also lengthened by when rebuilt . Although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra , the ship was eventually named Costa Allegra and delivered to Costa Cruises on 16 November 1992 . Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St . Thomas in the Caribbean . During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern hemisphere summer season , relocating to the Caribbean for the winter . In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China . At the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market . Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong . Countries visited included China , South Korea , Japan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . In 2010 , the ship was relocated back to Europe , and her Asian itineraries were replaced by Costa Classica and Costa Romantica . In an agreement with TMR of Marseilles , Costa Cruises , who had owned the Paquet Cruises brand since 1996 , used Costa Allegra , marketed in France under the name Allegra and the Paquet Cruises brand , for four spring cruises and seven cruises in autumn of 2010 . For these cruises , Costa Allegra featured a French master , cruise director , maitres d , receptionists and two French chefs , one of whom , Jean Abauzit , served on board the renowned Mermoz , retired a decade earlier . 2012 fire . During the morning of 27 February 2012 , a fire broke out in the generator room . The fire was extinguished by the on-board fire-suppression system and there were no injuries , but the ship was left without power and adrift about 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles . She was towed by the French tuna-fishing vessel Trevignon , from the Compagnie Française du Thon Océanique ( CFTO ) based in Concarneau , to Mahé in the Seychelles for repair and evacuation of the passengers . 1049 people , 636 passengers and 413 crew members of various nationalities were on board . Costa Cruises announced Costa Voyager would assume Costa Allegras planned voyages from 18 March to 1 July . Following on 9 March 2012 , it was announced that the Costa Allegra would not return to service with Costa and given to Themis Maritime Ltd ship company as Santa Cruise for scrapping at Aliaga , Turkey . Her story was a part of a feature on the scrapping operations of Aliaga in the January/February issue of Cruise Travel Magazine . Design . The eight decks on Costa Allegra were named after famous impressionist painters . A three deck high glass atrium was the centre of the ship . Works of art could be found throughout the ship . |
[
"Regent Moon"
] | easy | What was the name of MS Costa Allegra from 1986 to 1988? | /wiki/MS_Costa_Allegra#P2561#1 | MS Costa Allegra Costa Allegra , formerly Annie Johnson , was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Cruises , one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation . She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland , as a container ship for the Johnson Line services of Sweden-based Rederi AB Nordstjernan . In 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon , but she was laid up instead . In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra but continued laid up . In 1990 , the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy . She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 . Costa Allegra suffered a generator fire while off the coast of Africa approximately 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles on 27 February 2012 and was taken into tow toward the island of Mahé in the Seychelles Islands the following day , a journey of several days . She was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga , Turkey . Prior to beaching at the scrapyard , her yellow funnel , a trademark of Costa Crociere , was painted white . Career . Annie Johnson . Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five container ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan . She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year , entering service on the same date . From 1969 until 1986 , Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan . On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship . With this aim in mind , she was renamed Regent Moon . Her sister ship was sold to Regency Cruises at the same time , renamed Regent Sun , also with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship . These plans were never realised , and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama , Greece . In May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra , but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere . Costa Allegra . Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim , in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised , with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina . Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy , the same shipyard that had rebuilt Costa Marina . Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 . She received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina , as well as new engines . However , unlike Costa Marina , Alexandra was also lengthened by when rebuilt . Although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra , the ship was eventually named Costa Allegra and delivered to Costa Cruises on 16 November 1992 . Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St . Thomas in the Caribbean . During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern hemisphere summer season , relocating to the Caribbean for the winter . In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China . At the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market . Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong . Countries visited included China , South Korea , Japan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . In 2010 , the ship was relocated back to Europe , and her Asian itineraries were replaced by Costa Classica and Costa Romantica . In an agreement with TMR of Marseilles , Costa Cruises , who had owned the Paquet Cruises brand since 1996 , used Costa Allegra , marketed in France under the name Allegra and the Paquet Cruises brand , for four spring cruises and seven cruises in autumn of 2010 . For these cruises , Costa Allegra featured a French master , cruise director , maitres d , receptionists and two French chefs , one of whom , Jean Abauzit , served on board the renowned Mermoz , retired a decade earlier . 2012 fire . During the morning of 27 February 2012 , a fire broke out in the generator room . The fire was extinguished by the on-board fire-suppression system and there were no injuries , but the ship was left without power and adrift about 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles . She was towed by the French tuna-fishing vessel Trevignon , from the Compagnie Française du Thon Océanique ( CFTO ) based in Concarneau , to Mahé in the Seychelles for repair and evacuation of the passengers . 1049 people , 636 passengers and 413 crew members of various nationalities were on board . Costa Cruises announced Costa Voyager would assume Costa Allegras planned voyages from 18 March to 1 July . Following on 9 March 2012 , it was announced that the Costa Allegra would not return to service with Costa and given to Themis Maritime Ltd ship company as Santa Cruise for scrapping at Aliaga , Turkey . Her story was a part of a feature on the scrapping operations of Aliaga in the January/February issue of Cruise Travel Magazine . Design . The eight decks on Costa Allegra were named after famous impressionist painters . A three deck high glass atrium was the centre of the ship . Works of art could be found throughout the ship . |
[
"Panalexandra"
] | easy | What was the name of MS Costa Allegra from 1988 to 1992? | /wiki/MS_Costa_Allegra#P2561#2 | MS Costa Allegra Costa Allegra , formerly Annie Johnson , was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Cruises , one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation . She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland , as a container ship for the Johnson Line services of Sweden-based Rederi AB Nordstjernan . In 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon , but she was laid up instead . In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra but continued laid up . In 1990 , the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy . She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 . Costa Allegra suffered a generator fire while off the coast of Africa approximately 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles on 27 February 2012 and was taken into tow toward the island of Mahé in the Seychelles Islands the following day , a journey of several days . She was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga , Turkey . Prior to beaching at the scrapyard , her yellow funnel , a trademark of Costa Crociere , was painted white . Career . Annie Johnson . Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five container ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan . She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year , entering service on the same date . From 1969 until 1986 , Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan . On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship . With this aim in mind , she was renamed Regent Moon . Her sister ship was sold to Regency Cruises at the same time , renamed Regent Sun , also with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship . These plans were never realised , and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama , Greece . In May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra , but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere . Costa Allegra . Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim , in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised , with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina . Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy , the same shipyard that had rebuilt Costa Marina . Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 . She received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina , as well as new engines . However , unlike Costa Marina , Alexandra was also lengthened by when rebuilt . Although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra , the ship was eventually named Costa Allegra and delivered to Costa Cruises on 16 November 1992 . Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St . Thomas in the Caribbean . During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern hemisphere summer season , relocating to the Caribbean for the winter . In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China . At the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market . Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong . Countries visited included China , South Korea , Japan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . In 2010 , the ship was relocated back to Europe , and her Asian itineraries were replaced by Costa Classica and Costa Romantica . In an agreement with TMR of Marseilles , Costa Cruises , who had owned the Paquet Cruises brand since 1996 , used Costa Allegra , marketed in France under the name Allegra and the Paquet Cruises brand , for four spring cruises and seven cruises in autumn of 2010 . For these cruises , Costa Allegra featured a French master , cruise director , maitres d , receptionists and two French chefs , one of whom , Jean Abauzit , served on board the renowned Mermoz , retired a decade earlier . 2012 fire . During the morning of 27 February 2012 , a fire broke out in the generator room . The fire was extinguished by the on-board fire-suppression system and there were no injuries , but the ship was left without power and adrift about 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles . She was towed by the French tuna-fishing vessel Trevignon , from the Compagnie Française du Thon Océanique ( CFTO ) based in Concarneau , to Mahé in the Seychelles for repair and evacuation of the passengers . 1049 people , 636 passengers and 413 crew members of various nationalities were on board . Costa Cruises announced Costa Voyager would assume Costa Allegras planned voyages from 18 March to 1 July . Following on 9 March 2012 , it was announced that the Costa Allegra would not return to service with Costa and given to Themis Maritime Ltd ship company as Santa Cruise for scrapping at Aliaga , Turkey . Her story was a part of a feature on the scrapping operations of Aliaga in the January/February issue of Cruise Travel Magazine . Design . The eight decks on Costa Allegra were named after famous impressionist painters . A three deck high glass atrium was the centre of the ship . Works of art could be found throughout the ship . |
[
"Costa Allegra"
] | easy | What was the name of MS Costa Allegra from 1992 to 2012? | /wiki/MS_Costa_Allegra#P2561#3 | MS Costa Allegra Costa Allegra , formerly Annie Johnson , was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Cruises , one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation . She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland , as a container ship for the Johnson Line services of Sweden-based Rederi AB Nordstjernan . In 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon , but she was laid up instead . In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra but continued laid up . In 1990 , the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy . She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 . Costa Allegra suffered a generator fire while off the coast of Africa approximately 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles on 27 February 2012 and was taken into tow toward the island of Mahé in the Seychelles Islands the following day , a journey of several days . She was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga , Turkey . Prior to beaching at the scrapyard , her yellow funnel , a trademark of Costa Crociere , was painted white . Career . Annie Johnson . Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five container ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan . She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year , entering service on the same date . From 1969 until 1986 , Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan . On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship . With this aim in mind , she was renamed Regent Moon . Her sister ship was sold to Regency Cruises at the same time , renamed Regent Sun , also with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship . These plans were never realised , and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama , Greece . In May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra , but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere . Costa Allegra . Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim , in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised , with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina . Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy , the same shipyard that had rebuilt Costa Marina . Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 . She received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina , as well as new engines . However , unlike Costa Marina , Alexandra was also lengthened by when rebuilt . Although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra , the ship was eventually named Costa Allegra and delivered to Costa Cruises on 16 November 1992 . Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St . Thomas in the Caribbean . During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern hemisphere summer season , relocating to the Caribbean for the winter . In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China . At the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market . Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong . Countries visited included China , South Korea , Japan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . In 2010 , the ship was relocated back to Europe , and her Asian itineraries were replaced by Costa Classica and Costa Romantica . In an agreement with TMR of Marseilles , Costa Cruises , who had owned the Paquet Cruises brand since 1996 , used Costa Allegra , marketed in France under the name Allegra and the Paquet Cruises brand , for four spring cruises and seven cruises in autumn of 2010 . For these cruises , Costa Allegra featured a French master , cruise director , maitres d , receptionists and two French chefs , one of whom , Jean Abauzit , served on board the renowned Mermoz , retired a decade earlier . 2012 fire . During the morning of 27 February 2012 , a fire broke out in the generator room . The fire was extinguished by the on-board fire-suppression system and there were no injuries , but the ship was left without power and adrift about 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles . She was towed by the French tuna-fishing vessel Trevignon , from the Compagnie Française du Thon Océanique ( CFTO ) based in Concarneau , to Mahé in the Seychelles for repair and evacuation of the passengers . 1049 people , 636 passengers and 413 crew members of various nationalities were on board . Costa Cruises announced Costa Voyager would assume Costa Allegras planned voyages from 18 March to 1 July . Following on 9 March 2012 , it was announced that the Costa Allegra would not return to service with Costa and given to Themis Maritime Ltd ship company as Santa Cruise for scrapping at Aliaga , Turkey . Her story was a part of a feature on the scrapping operations of Aliaga in the January/February issue of Cruise Travel Magazine . Design . The eight decks on Costa Allegra were named after famous impressionist painters . A three deck high glass atrium was the centre of the ship . Works of art could be found throughout the ship . |
[
"Santa Cruise"
] | easy | What was the name of MS Costa Allegra from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/MS_Costa_Allegra#P2561#4 | MS Costa Allegra Costa Allegra , formerly Annie Johnson , was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Cruises , one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation . She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland , as a container ship for the Johnson Line services of Sweden-based Rederi AB Nordstjernan . In 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon , but she was laid up instead . In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra but continued laid up . In 1990 , the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy . She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 . Costa Allegra suffered a generator fire while off the coast of Africa approximately 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles on 27 February 2012 and was taken into tow toward the island of Mahé in the Seychelles Islands the following day , a journey of several days . She was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga , Turkey . Prior to beaching at the scrapyard , her yellow funnel , a trademark of Costa Crociere , was painted white . Career . Annie Johnson . Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five container ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan . She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year , entering service on the same date . From 1969 until 1986 , Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan . On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship . With this aim in mind , she was renamed Regent Moon . Her sister ship was sold to Regency Cruises at the same time , renamed Regent Sun , also with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship . These plans were never realised , and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama , Greece . In May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra , but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere . Costa Allegra . Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim , in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised , with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina . Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a cruise ship at the T . Mariotti shipyard in Genoa , Italy , the same shipyard that had rebuilt Costa Marina . Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 . She received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina , as well as new engines . However , unlike Costa Marina , Alexandra was also lengthened by when rebuilt . Although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra , the ship was eventually named Costa Allegra and delivered to Costa Cruises on 16 November 1992 . Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St . Thomas in the Caribbean . During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern hemisphere summer season , relocating to the Caribbean for the winter . In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China . At the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market . Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong . Countries visited included China , South Korea , Japan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . In 2010 , the ship was relocated back to Europe , and her Asian itineraries were replaced by Costa Classica and Costa Romantica . In an agreement with TMR of Marseilles , Costa Cruises , who had owned the Paquet Cruises brand since 1996 , used Costa Allegra , marketed in France under the name Allegra and the Paquet Cruises brand , for four spring cruises and seven cruises in autumn of 2010 . For these cruises , Costa Allegra featured a French master , cruise director , maitres d , receptionists and two French chefs , one of whom , Jean Abauzit , served on board the renowned Mermoz , retired a decade earlier . 2012 fire . During the morning of 27 February 2012 , a fire broke out in the generator room . The fire was extinguished by the on-board fire-suppression system and there were no injuries , but the ship was left without power and adrift about 200 miles southwest of the Seychelles . She was towed by the French tuna-fishing vessel Trevignon , from the Compagnie Française du Thon Océanique ( CFTO ) based in Concarneau , to Mahé in the Seychelles for repair and evacuation of the passengers . 1049 people , 636 passengers and 413 crew members of various nationalities were on board . Costa Cruises announced Costa Voyager would assume Costa Allegras planned voyages from 18 March to 1 July . Following on 9 March 2012 , it was announced that the Costa Allegra would not return to service with Costa and given to Themis Maritime Ltd ship company as Santa Cruise for scrapping at Aliaga , Turkey . Her story was a part of a feature on the scrapping operations of Aliaga in the January/February issue of Cruise Travel Magazine . Design . The eight decks on Costa Allegra were named after famous impressionist painters . A three deck high glass atrium was the centre of the ship . Works of art could be found throughout the ship . |
[
""
] | easy | Where was John Pearson (bishop) educated from 1623 to 1631? | /wiki/John_Pearson_(bishop)#P69#0 | John Pearson ( bishop ) John Pearson ( 28 February 1613 – 16 July 1686 ) was an English theologian and scholar . Life . He was born at Great Snoring , Norfolk . From Eton College he passed to Queens College , Cambridge , and was elected a scholar of Kings College , Cambridge in April 1632 , and a fellow in 1634 . On taking orders in 1639 he was collated to the Salisbury prebend of Nether-Avon . In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-keeper Finch , by whom he was presented to the living of Thorington in Suffolk . In the Civil War he acted as chaplain to George Gorings forces in the west . In 1654 he was made weekly preacher at St Clements , Eastcheap , in London . With Peter Gunning he disputed against two Roman Catholics , John Spenser and John Lenthall , on the subject of schism , a one-sided account of which was printed in Paris by one of the Roman Catholic disputants , under the title Scisme Unmaskt ( 1658 ) . Pearson also argued against the Puritan party , and was much interested in Brian Waltons polyglot Bible . In 1659 he published in London his celebrated Exposition of the Creed , dedicated to his parishioners of St Clements , Eastcheap , to whom the substance of the work had been preached several years before . For example , in relation to the Christian cross , he wrote in his commentary on the Apostles Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador , but that , when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name , and he declared : The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof . Soon after the Restoration he was presented by Juxon , Bishop of London , to the rectory of St Christopher-le-Stocks ; and in 1660 he was created doctor of divinity at Cambridge , appointed a royal chaplain , prebendary of Ely , archdeacon of Surrey , and Master of Jesus College , Cambridge . In 1661 he was appointed Lady Margarets Professor of Divinity ; and on the first day of the ensuing year he was nominated one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy in the conference held at the Savoy . There he won the esteem of his opponents and high praise from Richard Baxter . On 14 April 1662 he was made Master of Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1667 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society . Upon the death of John Wilkins in 1672 , Pearson was appointed bishop of Chester . He died at Chester on 16 July 1686 , and is buried in Chester Cathedral . Theology . According to Margaret Drabble , Pearson was one of the most erudite theologians of his age . Pearsons Exposition of the Creed , is considered as one of the best production of English dogmatic theology . His soteriological views are discussed among scholars : Nicholas Tyacke have noted that Pearson , maintained the Arminian view of conditional election , in his Lectiones de Deo et Attributis ( 1660 ) . On the other hand , Jake Griesel and Stephen Hampton have observed that Pearson upheld a Calvinist position on the doctrines of election and grace both in his Exposition ( 1659 ) and his Cambridge lectures , and did so explicitly against the Arminians or Remonstrants ( contra Remonstrantes , sive eos quos Arminianos vocant ) . Works . In 1659 his Golden Remains of John Hales of Eton , with a memoir , was published . Also in 1659 was published his Exposition of the Creed in which the lectures which were given at the church of St Clement , Eastcheap , London , were included . ( The notes are a rich mine of patristic learning. ) In 1672 he published at Cambridge Vindiciae epistolarum S . Ignatii , in 4to , in answer to Jean Daillé . His defence of the authenticity of the letters of Ignatius has been confirmed by J . B . Lightfoot and other scholars . In 1682 his Annales cyprianici were published at Oxford , with John Fells edition of Cyprians works . His last work , the Two Dissertations on the Succession and Times of the First Bishops of Rome , formed with the Annales Paulini the principal part of his Opera posthuma , edited by Henry Dodwell in 1688 . See the memoir in Biographia Britannica , and another by Edward Churton , prefixed to the edition of Pearsons Minor Theological Works ( 2 vols. , Oxford , 1844 ) . Churton also edited almost the whole of the theological writings . Notes and references . Sources . - Attribution External links . - The Master of Trinity at Trinity College , Cambridge |
[
"Kings College",
"Queens College"
] | easy | Which school did John Pearson (bishop) go to from 1631 to 1632? | /wiki/John_Pearson_(bishop)#P69#1 | John Pearson ( bishop ) John Pearson ( 28 February 1613 – 16 July 1686 ) was an English theologian and scholar . Life . He was born at Great Snoring , Norfolk . From Eton College he passed to Queens College , Cambridge , and was elected a scholar of Kings College , Cambridge in April 1632 , and a fellow in 1634 . On taking orders in 1639 he was collated to the Salisbury prebend of Nether-Avon . In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-keeper Finch , by whom he was presented to the living of Thorington in Suffolk . In the Civil War he acted as chaplain to George Gorings forces in the west . In 1654 he was made weekly preacher at St Clements , Eastcheap , in London . With Peter Gunning he disputed against two Roman Catholics , John Spenser and John Lenthall , on the subject of schism , a one-sided account of which was printed in Paris by one of the Roman Catholic disputants , under the title Scisme Unmaskt ( 1658 ) . Pearson also argued against the Puritan party , and was much interested in Brian Waltons polyglot Bible . In 1659 he published in London his celebrated Exposition of the Creed , dedicated to his parishioners of St Clements , Eastcheap , to whom the substance of the work had been preached several years before . For example , in relation to the Christian cross , he wrote in his commentary on the Apostles Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador , but that , when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name , and he declared : The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof . Soon after the Restoration he was presented by Juxon , Bishop of London , to the rectory of St Christopher-le-Stocks ; and in 1660 he was created doctor of divinity at Cambridge , appointed a royal chaplain , prebendary of Ely , archdeacon of Surrey , and Master of Jesus College , Cambridge . In 1661 he was appointed Lady Margarets Professor of Divinity ; and on the first day of the ensuing year he was nominated one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy in the conference held at the Savoy . There he won the esteem of his opponents and high praise from Richard Baxter . On 14 April 1662 he was made Master of Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1667 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society . Upon the death of John Wilkins in 1672 , Pearson was appointed bishop of Chester . He died at Chester on 16 July 1686 , and is buried in Chester Cathedral . Theology . According to Margaret Drabble , Pearson was one of the most erudite theologians of his age . Pearsons Exposition of the Creed , is considered as one of the best production of English dogmatic theology . His soteriological views are discussed among scholars : Nicholas Tyacke have noted that Pearson , maintained the Arminian view of conditional election , in his Lectiones de Deo et Attributis ( 1660 ) . On the other hand , Jake Griesel and Stephen Hampton have observed that Pearson upheld a Calvinist position on the doctrines of election and grace both in his Exposition ( 1659 ) and his Cambridge lectures , and did so explicitly against the Arminians or Remonstrants ( contra Remonstrantes , sive eos quos Arminianos vocant ) . Works . In 1659 his Golden Remains of John Hales of Eton , with a memoir , was published . Also in 1659 was published his Exposition of the Creed in which the lectures which were given at the church of St Clement , Eastcheap , London , were included . ( The notes are a rich mine of patristic learning. ) In 1672 he published at Cambridge Vindiciae epistolarum S . Ignatii , in 4to , in answer to Jean Daillé . His defence of the authenticity of the letters of Ignatius has been confirmed by J . B . Lightfoot and other scholars . In 1682 his Annales cyprianici were published at Oxford , with John Fells edition of Cyprians works . His last work , the Two Dissertations on the Succession and Times of the First Bishops of Rome , formed with the Annales Paulini the principal part of his Opera posthuma , edited by Henry Dodwell in 1688 . See the memoir in Biographia Britannica , and another by Edward Churton , prefixed to the edition of Pearsons Minor Theological Works ( 2 vols. , Oxford , 1844 ) . Churton also edited almost the whole of the theological writings . Notes and references . Sources . - Attribution External links . - The Master of Trinity at Trinity College , Cambridge |
[
""
] | easy | John Pearson (bishop) went to which school from 1632 to 1639? | /wiki/John_Pearson_(bishop)#P69#2 | John Pearson ( bishop ) John Pearson ( 28 February 1613 – 16 July 1686 ) was an English theologian and scholar . Life . He was born at Great Snoring , Norfolk . From Eton College he passed to Queens College , Cambridge , and was elected a scholar of Kings College , Cambridge in April 1632 , and a fellow in 1634 . On taking orders in 1639 he was collated to the Salisbury prebend of Nether-Avon . In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-keeper Finch , by whom he was presented to the living of Thorington in Suffolk . In the Civil War he acted as chaplain to George Gorings forces in the west . In 1654 he was made weekly preacher at St Clements , Eastcheap , in London . With Peter Gunning he disputed against two Roman Catholics , John Spenser and John Lenthall , on the subject of schism , a one-sided account of which was printed in Paris by one of the Roman Catholic disputants , under the title Scisme Unmaskt ( 1658 ) . Pearson also argued against the Puritan party , and was much interested in Brian Waltons polyglot Bible . In 1659 he published in London his celebrated Exposition of the Creed , dedicated to his parishioners of St Clements , Eastcheap , to whom the substance of the work had been preached several years before . For example , in relation to the Christian cross , he wrote in his commentary on the Apostles Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador , but that , when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name , and he declared : The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof . Soon after the Restoration he was presented by Juxon , Bishop of London , to the rectory of St Christopher-le-Stocks ; and in 1660 he was created doctor of divinity at Cambridge , appointed a royal chaplain , prebendary of Ely , archdeacon of Surrey , and Master of Jesus College , Cambridge . In 1661 he was appointed Lady Margarets Professor of Divinity ; and on the first day of the ensuing year he was nominated one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy in the conference held at the Savoy . There he won the esteem of his opponents and high praise from Richard Baxter . On 14 April 1662 he was made Master of Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1667 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society . Upon the death of John Wilkins in 1672 , Pearson was appointed bishop of Chester . He died at Chester on 16 July 1686 , and is buried in Chester Cathedral . Theology . According to Margaret Drabble , Pearson was one of the most erudite theologians of his age . Pearsons Exposition of the Creed , is considered as one of the best production of English dogmatic theology . His soteriological views are discussed among scholars : Nicholas Tyacke have noted that Pearson , maintained the Arminian view of conditional election , in his Lectiones de Deo et Attributis ( 1660 ) . On the other hand , Jake Griesel and Stephen Hampton have observed that Pearson upheld a Calvinist position on the doctrines of election and grace both in his Exposition ( 1659 ) and his Cambridge lectures , and did so explicitly against the Arminians or Remonstrants ( contra Remonstrantes , sive eos quos Arminianos vocant ) . Works . In 1659 his Golden Remains of John Hales of Eton , with a memoir , was published . Also in 1659 was published his Exposition of the Creed in which the lectures which were given at the church of St Clement , Eastcheap , London , were included . ( The notes are a rich mine of patristic learning. ) In 1672 he published at Cambridge Vindiciae epistolarum S . Ignatii , in 4to , in answer to Jean Daillé . His defence of the authenticity of the letters of Ignatius has been confirmed by J . B . Lightfoot and other scholars . In 1682 his Annales cyprianici were published at Oxford , with John Fells edition of Cyprians works . His last work , the Two Dissertations on the Succession and Times of the First Bishops of Rome , formed with the Annales Paulini the principal part of his Opera posthuma , edited by Henry Dodwell in 1688 . See the memoir in Biographia Britannica , and another by Edward Churton , prefixed to the edition of Pearsons Minor Theological Works ( 2 vols. , Oxford , 1844 ) . Churton also edited almost the whole of the theological writings . Notes and references . Sources . - Attribution External links . - The Master of Trinity at Trinity College , Cambridge |
[
"Argentinos Juniors"
] | easy | Fernando Redondo played for which team from 1985 to 1990? | /wiki/Fernando_Redondo#P54#0 | Fernando Redondo Fernando Carlos Redondo Neri ( ; born 6 June 1969 ) is an Argentine retired footballer . A defensive midfielder with the ability to contribute offensively and creatively , he played one full decade in La Liga , mainly for Real Madrid , then finished his career ( curtailed by several injury problems ) in Italy , with Milan . With the former club , he won two La Liga championships and as many Champions League trophies , adding the 2003 Champions League with the latter . Redondo was a member of the Argentine national team in the 1990s , representing the nation in the 1994 World Cup , and also winning the 1992 King Fahd Cup and the 1993 Copa América . Club career . Early years / Tenerife . Born in Adrogué , Buenos Aires Province , Redondo played his first game in the Primera División at only 16 for Argentinos Juniors , and remained five years with the team before moving abroad to Spain . Redondo made his debut in La Liga with CD Tenerife , under the management of countryman Jorge Solari . During this period , Real Madrid twice lost the league title to arch-rivals FC Barcelona on the final day of the season , in matches against Tenerife who were managed by Jorge Valdano and , when the coach was appointed at Real Madrid in the summer of 1994 , the player also made the move for a fee of US$5 million . Real Madrid . The key years of Redondos career were spent at Real Madrid , where he won two league championships and the UEFA Champions League in 1998 and 2000 . During the second victorious campaign in the latter competition , his performances won him the competitions Most Valuable Player award , with new coach Vicente del Bosque utilising him in a midfield combination with Steve McManaman . In the quarter-finals against Manchester United at Old Trafford , he was the author of a spectacular play in which he dribbled past Henning Berg by backheeling the ball around him , recovering it and assisting Raúl for his sides third goal ( 3–2 win , 3–2 on aggregate ) ; after the game , opposing manager Alex Ferguson said What does this player have in his boots ? A magnet?” . For his performances , he was subsequently voted the Champions League and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year footballer of the year . During his time in Madrid , Redondo earned the nickname El Principe ( The Prince ) . In April 2013 he was named by daily newspaper Marca as a member of the Best foreign eleven in Real Madrids history , and four years later was selected by its readers to the clubs all-time XI ; during one full decade , he amassed Spanish top division totals of 268 games and 12 goals . Milan . In 2000 , Redondo transferred to Serie A club A.C . Milan in a controversial £11m move : he stated that he was not involved in transfer discussions and expressed his desire to stay at Madrid . In response , a section of Real Madrid supporters gathered outside the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium protesting the transfer . However , he suffered a serious knee injury in one of his first training sessions for his new team , and was unable to play for the next years ; he suspended his £2.74m-a-year salary , and even tried to give back the house and car which the Milan board had given him . Redondo did manage to contribute ( albeit in a peripheral role ) to Milans successes in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons , making a combined 16 league appearances and adding five in the 2002–03 Champions League and six in the same edition of the Coppa Italia , including the two-legged final . In late 2004 , at the age of 35 , he retired from professional football following another knee injury . International career . Redondo earned 29 caps for Argentina , the bulk of his appearances coming from 1992 to 1994 while Alfio Basile was the manager . His first appearance was on 18 June 1992 , in a 2–0 friendly win over Australia . Redondo turned down a call-up to the national team just before the 1990 FIFA World Cup , when it was coached by Carlos Salvador Bilardo . The player excused himself on account of not wanting to interrupt his law studies , but it was also reported that he objected to Bilardos defensive strategy . Redondo later explained : I was picked for Argentinas World Cup squad in 1990 but I knew I wasnt going to be in the starting line-up , I would just be another squad member , so I preferred to stay home . In the 1994 World Cup , Redondo started in all of Argentinas matches , but was unable to prevent the country from falling 2–3 to Romania in the round of 16 . Following the tournament in the United States he refused to play under Daniel Passarella who had banned long hair , earrings and homosexuals in his squad , leading to disputes with several players . The former refused the latters demand to cut his hair , and was left out of the national team as even Diego Maradona and president Carlos Menem went on to take sides in the situation . Passarella excluded Redondo from his 1998 World Cup squad , stating : Twice he was asked to play for the national team and twice he refused and gave a different reason each time . Then he announced publicly he did not want to play for the national team and I do not pick any player who does not want to play for Argentina . The player later explained : I was in great form . But he had particular ideas about discipline and wanted me to have my hair cut . I didnt see what that had to do with playing football so I said no again . In 1999 , when Argentina was managed by Marcelo Bielsa , Redondo was recalled to the national side for two exhibition matches with Brazil . Although he was chosen Player of the match in the 2–0 victory in Buenos Aires he refused any subsequent call-ups , preferring to focus on club football ; in 2015 , he was included in an all-time team by the Argentine Football Association . Style of play . An elegant deep-lying playmaker who played in front of the defence , Redondos main attributes were his creative passing , vision , technique and close control with his left foot , his ability to control the tempo of his teams play in midfield making him a key member of the Real Madrid side of the 90s . Despite not having a great deal of pace , he possessed good acceleration and was an efficient and aggressive tackler , who contributed defensively just as much as he did offensively . Although he was regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Redondos career was also largely marked by injuries , in particular during the final years of his career . Personal life . Redondo was born into an industrialist family and enjoyed a wealthy upbringing , later studying law at university in the early years of his playing career . He married the cousin of fellow footballer Santiago Solari , and his sons Federico and Fernando Jr . were also involved in the sport . An avid reader , Redondo counted Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez as his two favourite authors . Honours . Club . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 , 1996–97 - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - Intercontinental Cup : 1998 Milan - Serie A : 2003–04 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 International . Argentina - Copa América : 1993 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1992 - South American Under-17 Football Championship : 1985 Individual . - FIFA Confederations Cup : Golden Ball 1992 - FIFA XI : 1996 - Tenerife Player of The Year : 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Real Madrid Player of The Year : 1996–97 , 1999–2000 - ESM Team of the Year : 1997–98 - Trofeo EFE : Player of The Decade 1990–99 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 1999–2000 - Argentine Football Association : All-Time XI External links . - SuperFutbol biography - Futbol Factory biography |
[
"CD Tenerife"
] | easy | Which team did Fernando Redondo play for from 1990 to 1994? | /wiki/Fernando_Redondo#P54#1 | Fernando Redondo Fernando Carlos Redondo Neri ( ; born 6 June 1969 ) is an Argentine retired footballer . A defensive midfielder with the ability to contribute offensively and creatively , he played one full decade in La Liga , mainly for Real Madrid , then finished his career ( curtailed by several injury problems ) in Italy , with Milan . With the former club , he won two La Liga championships and as many Champions League trophies , adding the 2003 Champions League with the latter . Redondo was a member of the Argentine national team in the 1990s , representing the nation in the 1994 World Cup , and also winning the 1992 King Fahd Cup and the 1993 Copa América . Club career . Early years / Tenerife . Born in Adrogué , Buenos Aires Province , Redondo played his first game in the Primera División at only 16 for Argentinos Juniors , and remained five years with the team before moving abroad to Spain . Redondo made his debut in La Liga with CD Tenerife , under the management of countryman Jorge Solari . During this period , Real Madrid twice lost the league title to arch-rivals FC Barcelona on the final day of the season , in matches against Tenerife who were managed by Jorge Valdano and , when the coach was appointed at Real Madrid in the summer of 1994 , the player also made the move for a fee of US$5 million . Real Madrid . The key years of Redondos career were spent at Real Madrid , where he won two league championships and the UEFA Champions League in 1998 and 2000 . During the second victorious campaign in the latter competition , his performances won him the competitions Most Valuable Player award , with new coach Vicente del Bosque utilising him in a midfield combination with Steve McManaman . In the quarter-finals against Manchester United at Old Trafford , he was the author of a spectacular play in which he dribbled past Henning Berg by backheeling the ball around him , recovering it and assisting Raúl for his sides third goal ( 3–2 win , 3–2 on aggregate ) ; after the game , opposing manager Alex Ferguson said What does this player have in his boots ? A magnet?” . For his performances , he was subsequently voted the Champions League and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year footballer of the year . During his time in Madrid , Redondo earned the nickname El Principe ( The Prince ) . In April 2013 he was named by daily newspaper Marca as a member of the Best foreign eleven in Real Madrids history , and four years later was selected by its readers to the clubs all-time XI ; during one full decade , he amassed Spanish top division totals of 268 games and 12 goals . Milan . In 2000 , Redondo transferred to Serie A club A.C . Milan in a controversial £11m move : he stated that he was not involved in transfer discussions and expressed his desire to stay at Madrid . In response , a section of Real Madrid supporters gathered outside the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium protesting the transfer . However , he suffered a serious knee injury in one of his first training sessions for his new team , and was unable to play for the next years ; he suspended his £2.74m-a-year salary , and even tried to give back the house and car which the Milan board had given him . Redondo did manage to contribute ( albeit in a peripheral role ) to Milans successes in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons , making a combined 16 league appearances and adding five in the 2002–03 Champions League and six in the same edition of the Coppa Italia , including the two-legged final . In late 2004 , at the age of 35 , he retired from professional football following another knee injury . International career . Redondo earned 29 caps for Argentina , the bulk of his appearances coming from 1992 to 1994 while Alfio Basile was the manager . His first appearance was on 18 June 1992 , in a 2–0 friendly win over Australia . Redondo turned down a call-up to the national team just before the 1990 FIFA World Cup , when it was coached by Carlos Salvador Bilardo . The player excused himself on account of not wanting to interrupt his law studies , but it was also reported that he objected to Bilardos defensive strategy . Redondo later explained : I was picked for Argentinas World Cup squad in 1990 but I knew I wasnt going to be in the starting line-up , I would just be another squad member , so I preferred to stay home . In the 1994 World Cup , Redondo started in all of Argentinas matches , but was unable to prevent the country from falling 2–3 to Romania in the round of 16 . Following the tournament in the United States he refused to play under Daniel Passarella who had banned long hair , earrings and homosexuals in his squad , leading to disputes with several players . The former refused the latters demand to cut his hair , and was left out of the national team as even Diego Maradona and president Carlos Menem went on to take sides in the situation . Passarella excluded Redondo from his 1998 World Cup squad , stating : Twice he was asked to play for the national team and twice he refused and gave a different reason each time . Then he announced publicly he did not want to play for the national team and I do not pick any player who does not want to play for Argentina . The player later explained : I was in great form . But he had particular ideas about discipline and wanted me to have my hair cut . I didnt see what that had to do with playing football so I said no again . In 1999 , when Argentina was managed by Marcelo Bielsa , Redondo was recalled to the national side for two exhibition matches with Brazil . Although he was chosen Player of the match in the 2–0 victory in Buenos Aires he refused any subsequent call-ups , preferring to focus on club football ; in 2015 , he was included in an all-time team by the Argentine Football Association . Style of play . An elegant deep-lying playmaker who played in front of the defence , Redondos main attributes were his creative passing , vision , technique and close control with his left foot , his ability to control the tempo of his teams play in midfield making him a key member of the Real Madrid side of the 90s . Despite not having a great deal of pace , he possessed good acceleration and was an efficient and aggressive tackler , who contributed defensively just as much as he did offensively . Although he was regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Redondos career was also largely marked by injuries , in particular during the final years of his career . Personal life . Redondo was born into an industrialist family and enjoyed a wealthy upbringing , later studying law at university in the early years of his playing career . He married the cousin of fellow footballer Santiago Solari , and his sons Federico and Fernando Jr . were also involved in the sport . An avid reader , Redondo counted Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez as his two favourite authors . Honours . Club . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 , 1996–97 - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - Intercontinental Cup : 1998 Milan - Serie A : 2003–04 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 International . Argentina - Copa América : 1993 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1992 - South American Under-17 Football Championship : 1985 Individual . - FIFA Confederations Cup : Golden Ball 1992 - FIFA XI : 1996 - Tenerife Player of The Year : 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Real Madrid Player of The Year : 1996–97 , 1999–2000 - ESM Team of the Year : 1997–98 - Trofeo EFE : Player of The Decade 1990–99 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 1999–2000 - Argentine Football Association : All-Time XI External links . - SuperFutbol biography - Futbol Factory biography |
[
"Real Madrid"
] | easy | Which team did Fernando Redondo play for from 1994 to 1999? | /wiki/Fernando_Redondo#P54#2 | Fernando Redondo Fernando Carlos Redondo Neri ( ; born 6 June 1969 ) is an Argentine retired footballer . A defensive midfielder with the ability to contribute offensively and creatively , he played one full decade in La Liga , mainly for Real Madrid , then finished his career ( curtailed by several injury problems ) in Italy , with Milan . With the former club , he won two La Liga championships and as many Champions League trophies , adding the 2003 Champions League with the latter . Redondo was a member of the Argentine national team in the 1990s , representing the nation in the 1994 World Cup , and also winning the 1992 King Fahd Cup and the 1993 Copa América . Club career . Early years / Tenerife . Born in Adrogué , Buenos Aires Province , Redondo played his first game in the Primera División at only 16 for Argentinos Juniors , and remained five years with the team before moving abroad to Spain . Redondo made his debut in La Liga with CD Tenerife , under the management of countryman Jorge Solari . During this period , Real Madrid twice lost the league title to arch-rivals FC Barcelona on the final day of the season , in matches against Tenerife who were managed by Jorge Valdano and , when the coach was appointed at Real Madrid in the summer of 1994 , the player also made the move for a fee of US$5 million . Real Madrid . The key years of Redondos career were spent at Real Madrid , where he won two league championships and the UEFA Champions League in 1998 and 2000 . During the second victorious campaign in the latter competition , his performances won him the competitions Most Valuable Player award , with new coach Vicente del Bosque utilising him in a midfield combination with Steve McManaman . In the quarter-finals against Manchester United at Old Trafford , he was the author of a spectacular play in which he dribbled past Henning Berg by backheeling the ball around him , recovering it and assisting Raúl for his sides third goal ( 3–2 win , 3–2 on aggregate ) ; after the game , opposing manager Alex Ferguson said What does this player have in his boots ? A magnet?” . For his performances , he was subsequently voted the Champions League and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year footballer of the year . During his time in Madrid , Redondo earned the nickname El Principe ( The Prince ) . In April 2013 he was named by daily newspaper Marca as a member of the Best foreign eleven in Real Madrids history , and four years later was selected by its readers to the clubs all-time XI ; during one full decade , he amassed Spanish top division totals of 268 games and 12 goals . Milan . In 2000 , Redondo transferred to Serie A club A.C . Milan in a controversial £11m move : he stated that he was not involved in transfer discussions and expressed his desire to stay at Madrid . In response , a section of Real Madrid supporters gathered outside the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium protesting the transfer . However , he suffered a serious knee injury in one of his first training sessions for his new team , and was unable to play for the next years ; he suspended his £2.74m-a-year salary , and even tried to give back the house and car which the Milan board had given him . Redondo did manage to contribute ( albeit in a peripheral role ) to Milans successes in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons , making a combined 16 league appearances and adding five in the 2002–03 Champions League and six in the same edition of the Coppa Italia , including the two-legged final . In late 2004 , at the age of 35 , he retired from professional football following another knee injury . International career . Redondo earned 29 caps for Argentina , the bulk of his appearances coming from 1992 to 1994 while Alfio Basile was the manager . His first appearance was on 18 June 1992 , in a 2–0 friendly win over Australia . Redondo turned down a call-up to the national team just before the 1990 FIFA World Cup , when it was coached by Carlos Salvador Bilardo . The player excused himself on account of not wanting to interrupt his law studies , but it was also reported that he objected to Bilardos defensive strategy . Redondo later explained : I was picked for Argentinas World Cup squad in 1990 but I knew I wasnt going to be in the starting line-up , I would just be another squad member , so I preferred to stay home . In the 1994 World Cup , Redondo started in all of Argentinas matches , but was unable to prevent the country from falling 2–3 to Romania in the round of 16 . Following the tournament in the United States he refused to play under Daniel Passarella who had banned long hair , earrings and homosexuals in his squad , leading to disputes with several players . The former refused the latters demand to cut his hair , and was left out of the national team as even Diego Maradona and president Carlos Menem went on to take sides in the situation . Passarella excluded Redondo from his 1998 World Cup squad , stating : Twice he was asked to play for the national team and twice he refused and gave a different reason each time . Then he announced publicly he did not want to play for the national team and I do not pick any player who does not want to play for Argentina . The player later explained : I was in great form . But he had particular ideas about discipline and wanted me to have my hair cut . I didnt see what that had to do with playing football so I said no again . In 1999 , when Argentina was managed by Marcelo Bielsa , Redondo was recalled to the national side for two exhibition matches with Brazil . Although he was chosen Player of the match in the 2–0 victory in Buenos Aires he refused any subsequent call-ups , preferring to focus on club football ; in 2015 , he was included in an all-time team by the Argentine Football Association . Style of play . An elegant deep-lying playmaker who played in front of the defence , Redondos main attributes were his creative passing , vision , technique and close control with his left foot , his ability to control the tempo of his teams play in midfield making him a key member of the Real Madrid side of the 90s . Despite not having a great deal of pace , he possessed good acceleration and was an efficient and aggressive tackler , who contributed defensively just as much as he did offensively . Although he was regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Redondos career was also largely marked by injuries , in particular during the final years of his career . Personal life . Redondo was born into an industrialist family and enjoyed a wealthy upbringing , later studying law at university in the early years of his playing career . He married the cousin of fellow footballer Santiago Solari , and his sons Federico and Fernando Jr . were also involved in the sport . An avid reader , Redondo counted Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez as his two favourite authors . Honours . Club . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 , 1996–97 - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - Intercontinental Cup : 1998 Milan - Serie A : 2003–04 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 International . Argentina - Copa América : 1993 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1992 - South American Under-17 Football Championship : 1985 Individual . - FIFA Confederations Cup : Golden Ball 1992 - FIFA XI : 1996 - Tenerife Player of The Year : 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Real Madrid Player of The Year : 1996–97 , 1999–2000 - ESM Team of the Year : 1997–98 - Trofeo EFE : Player of The Decade 1990–99 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 1999–2000 - Argentine Football Association : All-Time XI External links . - SuperFutbol biography - Futbol Factory biography |
[
"Serie A club A.C . Milan"
] | easy | Which team did the player Fernando Redondo belong to from 2000 to 2004? | /wiki/Fernando_Redondo#P54#3 | Fernando Redondo Fernando Carlos Redondo Neri ( ; born 6 June 1969 ) is an Argentine retired footballer . A defensive midfielder with the ability to contribute offensively and creatively , he played one full decade in La Liga , mainly for Real Madrid , then finished his career ( curtailed by several injury problems ) in Italy , with Milan . With the former club , he won two La Liga championships and as many Champions League trophies , adding the 2003 Champions League with the latter . Redondo was a member of the Argentine national team in the 1990s , representing the nation in the 1994 World Cup , and also winning the 1992 King Fahd Cup and the 1993 Copa América . Club career . Early years / Tenerife . Born in Adrogué , Buenos Aires Province , Redondo played his first game in the Primera División at only 16 for Argentinos Juniors , and remained five years with the team before moving abroad to Spain . Redondo made his debut in La Liga with CD Tenerife , under the management of countryman Jorge Solari . During this period , Real Madrid twice lost the league title to arch-rivals FC Barcelona on the final day of the season , in matches against Tenerife who were managed by Jorge Valdano and , when the coach was appointed at Real Madrid in the summer of 1994 , the player also made the move for a fee of US$5 million . Real Madrid . The key years of Redondos career were spent at Real Madrid , where he won two league championships and the UEFA Champions League in 1998 and 2000 . During the second victorious campaign in the latter competition , his performances won him the competitions Most Valuable Player award , with new coach Vicente del Bosque utilising him in a midfield combination with Steve McManaman . In the quarter-finals against Manchester United at Old Trafford , he was the author of a spectacular play in which he dribbled past Henning Berg by backheeling the ball around him , recovering it and assisting Raúl for his sides third goal ( 3–2 win , 3–2 on aggregate ) ; after the game , opposing manager Alex Ferguson said What does this player have in his boots ? A magnet?” . For his performances , he was subsequently voted the Champions League and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year footballer of the year . During his time in Madrid , Redondo earned the nickname El Principe ( The Prince ) . In April 2013 he was named by daily newspaper Marca as a member of the Best foreign eleven in Real Madrids history , and four years later was selected by its readers to the clubs all-time XI ; during one full decade , he amassed Spanish top division totals of 268 games and 12 goals . Milan . In 2000 , Redondo transferred to Serie A club A.C . Milan in a controversial £11m move : he stated that he was not involved in transfer discussions and expressed his desire to stay at Madrid . In response , a section of Real Madrid supporters gathered outside the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium protesting the transfer . However , he suffered a serious knee injury in one of his first training sessions for his new team , and was unable to play for the next years ; he suspended his £2.74m-a-year salary , and even tried to give back the house and car which the Milan board had given him . Redondo did manage to contribute ( albeit in a peripheral role ) to Milans successes in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons , making a combined 16 league appearances and adding five in the 2002–03 Champions League and six in the same edition of the Coppa Italia , including the two-legged final . In late 2004 , at the age of 35 , he retired from professional football following another knee injury . International career . Redondo earned 29 caps for Argentina , the bulk of his appearances coming from 1992 to 1994 while Alfio Basile was the manager . His first appearance was on 18 June 1992 , in a 2–0 friendly win over Australia . Redondo turned down a call-up to the national team just before the 1990 FIFA World Cup , when it was coached by Carlos Salvador Bilardo . The player excused himself on account of not wanting to interrupt his law studies , but it was also reported that he objected to Bilardos defensive strategy . Redondo later explained : I was picked for Argentinas World Cup squad in 1990 but I knew I wasnt going to be in the starting line-up , I would just be another squad member , so I preferred to stay home . In the 1994 World Cup , Redondo started in all of Argentinas matches , but was unable to prevent the country from falling 2–3 to Romania in the round of 16 . Following the tournament in the United States he refused to play under Daniel Passarella who had banned long hair , earrings and homosexuals in his squad , leading to disputes with several players . The former refused the latters demand to cut his hair , and was left out of the national team as even Diego Maradona and president Carlos Menem went on to take sides in the situation . Passarella excluded Redondo from his 1998 World Cup squad , stating : Twice he was asked to play for the national team and twice he refused and gave a different reason each time . Then he announced publicly he did not want to play for the national team and I do not pick any player who does not want to play for Argentina . The player later explained : I was in great form . But he had particular ideas about discipline and wanted me to have my hair cut . I didnt see what that had to do with playing football so I said no again . In 1999 , when Argentina was managed by Marcelo Bielsa , Redondo was recalled to the national side for two exhibition matches with Brazil . Although he was chosen Player of the match in the 2–0 victory in Buenos Aires he refused any subsequent call-ups , preferring to focus on club football ; in 2015 , he was included in an all-time team by the Argentine Football Association . Style of play . An elegant deep-lying playmaker who played in front of the defence , Redondos main attributes were his creative passing , vision , technique and close control with his left foot , his ability to control the tempo of his teams play in midfield making him a key member of the Real Madrid side of the 90s . Despite not having a great deal of pace , he possessed good acceleration and was an efficient and aggressive tackler , who contributed defensively just as much as he did offensively . Although he was regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Redondos career was also largely marked by injuries , in particular during the final years of his career . Personal life . Redondo was born into an industrialist family and enjoyed a wealthy upbringing , later studying law at university in the early years of his playing career . He married the cousin of fellow footballer Santiago Solari , and his sons Federico and Fernando Jr . were also involved in the sport . An avid reader , Redondo counted Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez as his two favourite authors . Honours . Club . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1994–95 , 1996–97 - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - Intercontinental Cup : 1998 Milan - Serie A : 2003–04 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 International . Argentina - Copa América : 1993 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 1992 - South American Under-17 Football Championship : 1985 Individual . - FIFA Confederations Cup : Golden Ball 1992 - FIFA XI : 1996 - Tenerife Player of The Year : 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Real Madrid Player of The Year : 1996–97 , 1999–2000 - ESM Team of the Year : 1997–98 - Trofeo EFE : Player of The Decade 1990–99 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 1999–2000 - Argentine Football Association : All-Time XI External links . - SuperFutbol biography - Futbol Factory biography |
[
"Bologna"
] | easy | Giancarlo Marocchi played for which team from 1982 to 1988? | /wiki/Giancarlo_Marocchi#P54#0 | Giancarlo Marocchi Giancarlo Marocchi ( ; born 4 July 1965 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder . Throughout his club career , he played for Juventus , the club with which he won a Scudetto , two Coppe Italia , one UEFA Champions League , and two UEFA Cups ; he also played for his home-town club Bologna , on two occasions . At international level , he represented Italy at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , where they finished in third place on home soil . Club career . After starting out in the Bologna youth system , Marocchi played for Bologna ( 1982–88 , 1996–2000 ) and Juventus ( 1988–96 ) throughout his career . In 18 seasons as a professional he collected 500 appearances in league play with 33 goals ; 287 with Bologna ( 18 goals ) and 213 with Juventus ( 15 goals ) . In Serie A he racked up 329 appearances and 20 goals . In his first spell with Bologna , he won the Serie B title during the 1987–88 season , earning promotion to Serie A . Upon returning to the club , he won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1998 as the clubs captain , after inheriting the armband from Roberto Baggio . He helped Bologna to finish the league season in 8th place , earning a spot in the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , where they reached the semi-finals , losing out to Olympique Marseille ; during the match he was sent-off , receiving a four-match suspension . He also helped Bologna to reach the semi-finals of the 1998–99 Coppa Italia . With Juventus , Marocchi enjoyed a successful eight season spell , featuring as a starter under managers Zoff , Maifredi and Trapattoni , even wearing the number 10 shirt on occasion during the 1989–90 season , although he began to be deployed with less frequency under Trapattoni and Lippi in later years ; with the club , he won a Coppa Italia and an UEFA Cup in 1990 , another UEFA Cup in 1993 , a Scudetto-Coppa Italia double in 1995 , as well as the Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Champions League in his final season with the club , in 1996 . He retired from professional football in 2000 . International career . Marocchi earned 11 caps for the Italy national football team from 1988 to 1991 , and was included by manager Azeglio Vicini in the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad , a tournament in which Italy reached the semi-finals , finishing in third place on home soil . He failed to make an appearance in the tournament , however , due to the presence of Giuseppe Giannini , Nicola Berti , and Carlo Ancelotti in midfield . He made his debut in a 2–0 win over Scotland on 22 December 1988 , and he played his final match for Italy on 13 February 1991 , in a home 0–0 draw against Belgium , in Terni . After retirement . After retiring from professional football , Marocchi worked for his former club Bologna as a sporting director , in addition to other managerial positions ; he also worked as a scout , as a coach , and with the youth sector . Currently , he works as TV pundit for the Italian broadcaster SKY Sport Italia . Style of play . A dynamic , talented , and hard-working central or box-to-box midfielder , although he was not the most naturally creative player , Marocchi was known for his consistency , and was capable both of breaking down the oppositions play as well as subsequently starting attacking plays for his own team after winning back possession . Honours . Club . Juventus - Serie A : 1994–95 - Coppa Italia : 1989–90 , 1994–95 - UEFA Champions League : 1995–96 - UEFA Cup : 1989–90 , 1992–93 Bologna - Serie B : 1987–88 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1998 International . Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ( Third Place ) |
[
"Juventus"
] | easy | Giancarlo Marocchi played for which team from 1988 to 1991? | /wiki/Giancarlo_Marocchi#P54#1 | Giancarlo Marocchi Giancarlo Marocchi ( ; born 4 July 1965 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder . Throughout his club career , he played for Juventus , the club with which he won a Scudetto , two Coppe Italia , one UEFA Champions League , and two UEFA Cups ; he also played for his home-town club Bologna , on two occasions . At international level , he represented Italy at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , where they finished in third place on home soil . Club career . After starting out in the Bologna youth system , Marocchi played for Bologna ( 1982–88 , 1996–2000 ) and Juventus ( 1988–96 ) throughout his career . In 18 seasons as a professional he collected 500 appearances in league play with 33 goals ; 287 with Bologna ( 18 goals ) and 213 with Juventus ( 15 goals ) . In Serie A he racked up 329 appearances and 20 goals . In his first spell with Bologna , he won the Serie B title during the 1987–88 season , earning promotion to Serie A . Upon returning to the club , he won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1998 as the clubs captain , after inheriting the armband from Roberto Baggio . He helped Bologna to finish the league season in 8th place , earning a spot in the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , where they reached the semi-finals , losing out to Olympique Marseille ; during the match he was sent-off , receiving a four-match suspension . He also helped Bologna to reach the semi-finals of the 1998–99 Coppa Italia . With Juventus , Marocchi enjoyed a successful eight season spell , featuring as a starter under managers Zoff , Maifredi and Trapattoni , even wearing the number 10 shirt on occasion during the 1989–90 season , although he began to be deployed with less frequency under Trapattoni and Lippi in later years ; with the club , he won a Coppa Italia and an UEFA Cup in 1990 , another UEFA Cup in 1993 , a Scudetto-Coppa Italia double in 1995 , as well as the Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Champions League in his final season with the club , in 1996 . He retired from professional football in 2000 . International career . Marocchi earned 11 caps for the Italy national football team from 1988 to 1991 , and was included by manager Azeglio Vicini in the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad , a tournament in which Italy reached the semi-finals , finishing in third place on home soil . He failed to make an appearance in the tournament , however , due to the presence of Giuseppe Giannini , Nicola Berti , and Carlo Ancelotti in midfield . He made his debut in a 2–0 win over Scotland on 22 December 1988 , and he played his final match for Italy on 13 February 1991 , in a home 0–0 draw against Belgium , in Terni . After retirement . After retiring from professional football , Marocchi worked for his former club Bologna as a sporting director , in addition to other managerial positions ; he also worked as a scout , as a coach , and with the youth sector . Currently , he works as TV pundit for the Italian broadcaster SKY Sport Italia . Style of play . A dynamic , talented , and hard-working central or box-to-box midfielder , although he was not the most naturally creative player , Marocchi was known for his consistency , and was capable both of breaking down the oppositions play as well as subsequently starting attacking plays for his own team after winning back possession . Honours . Club . Juventus - Serie A : 1994–95 - Coppa Italia : 1989–90 , 1994–95 - UEFA Champions League : 1995–96 - UEFA Cup : 1989–90 , 1992–93 Bologna - Serie B : 1987–88 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1998 International . Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ( Third Place ) |
[
"1990 FIFA World Cup squad"
] | easy | Which team did the player Giancarlo Marocchi belong to in 1991? | /wiki/Giancarlo_Marocchi#P54#2 | Giancarlo Marocchi Giancarlo Marocchi ( ; born 4 July 1965 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder . Throughout his club career , he played for Juventus , the club with which he won a Scudetto , two Coppe Italia , one UEFA Champions League , and two UEFA Cups ; he also played for his home-town club Bologna , on two occasions . At international level , he represented Italy at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , where they finished in third place on home soil . Club career . After starting out in the Bologna youth system , Marocchi played for Bologna ( 1982–88 , 1996–2000 ) and Juventus ( 1988–96 ) throughout his career . In 18 seasons as a professional he collected 500 appearances in league play with 33 goals ; 287 with Bologna ( 18 goals ) and 213 with Juventus ( 15 goals ) . In Serie A he racked up 329 appearances and 20 goals . In his first spell with Bologna , he won the Serie B title during the 1987–88 season , earning promotion to Serie A . Upon returning to the club , he won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1998 as the clubs captain , after inheriting the armband from Roberto Baggio . He helped Bologna to finish the league season in 8th place , earning a spot in the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , where they reached the semi-finals , losing out to Olympique Marseille ; during the match he was sent-off , receiving a four-match suspension . He also helped Bologna to reach the semi-finals of the 1998–99 Coppa Italia . With Juventus , Marocchi enjoyed a successful eight season spell , featuring as a starter under managers Zoff , Maifredi and Trapattoni , even wearing the number 10 shirt on occasion during the 1989–90 season , although he began to be deployed with less frequency under Trapattoni and Lippi in later years ; with the club , he won a Coppa Italia and an UEFA Cup in 1990 , another UEFA Cup in 1993 , a Scudetto-Coppa Italia double in 1995 , as well as the Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Champions League in his final season with the club , in 1996 . He retired from professional football in 2000 . International career . Marocchi earned 11 caps for the Italy national football team from 1988 to 1991 , and was included by manager Azeglio Vicini in the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad , a tournament in which Italy reached the semi-finals , finishing in third place on home soil . He failed to make an appearance in the tournament , however , due to the presence of Giuseppe Giannini , Nicola Berti , and Carlo Ancelotti in midfield . He made his debut in a 2–0 win over Scotland on 22 December 1988 , and he played his final match for Italy on 13 February 1991 , in a home 0–0 draw against Belgium , in Terni . After retirement . After retiring from professional football , Marocchi worked for his former club Bologna as a sporting director , in addition to other managerial positions ; he also worked as a scout , as a coach , and with the youth sector . Currently , he works as TV pundit for the Italian broadcaster SKY Sport Italia . Style of play . A dynamic , talented , and hard-working central or box-to-box midfielder , although he was not the most naturally creative player , Marocchi was known for his consistency , and was capable both of breaking down the oppositions play as well as subsequently starting attacking plays for his own team after winning back possession . Honours . Club . Juventus - Serie A : 1994–95 - Coppa Italia : 1989–90 , 1994–95 - UEFA Champions League : 1995–96 - UEFA Cup : 1989–90 , 1992–93 Bologna - Serie B : 1987–88 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1998 International . Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ( Third Place ) |
[
"Bologna"
] | easy | Which team did the player Giancarlo Marocchi belong to from 1996 to 2000? | /wiki/Giancarlo_Marocchi#P54#3 | Giancarlo Marocchi Giancarlo Marocchi ( ; born 4 July 1965 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder . Throughout his club career , he played for Juventus , the club with which he won a Scudetto , two Coppe Italia , one UEFA Champions League , and two UEFA Cups ; he also played for his home-town club Bologna , on two occasions . At international level , he represented Italy at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , where they finished in third place on home soil . Club career . After starting out in the Bologna youth system , Marocchi played for Bologna ( 1982–88 , 1996–2000 ) and Juventus ( 1988–96 ) throughout his career . In 18 seasons as a professional he collected 500 appearances in league play with 33 goals ; 287 with Bologna ( 18 goals ) and 213 with Juventus ( 15 goals ) . In Serie A he racked up 329 appearances and 20 goals . In his first spell with Bologna , he won the Serie B title during the 1987–88 season , earning promotion to Serie A . Upon returning to the club , he won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1998 as the clubs captain , after inheriting the armband from Roberto Baggio . He helped Bologna to finish the league season in 8th place , earning a spot in the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , where they reached the semi-finals , losing out to Olympique Marseille ; during the match he was sent-off , receiving a four-match suspension . He also helped Bologna to reach the semi-finals of the 1998–99 Coppa Italia . With Juventus , Marocchi enjoyed a successful eight season spell , featuring as a starter under managers Zoff , Maifredi and Trapattoni , even wearing the number 10 shirt on occasion during the 1989–90 season , although he began to be deployed with less frequency under Trapattoni and Lippi in later years ; with the club , he won a Coppa Italia and an UEFA Cup in 1990 , another UEFA Cup in 1993 , a Scudetto-Coppa Italia double in 1995 , as well as the Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Champions League in his final season with the club , in 1996 . He retired from professional football in 2000 . International career . Marocchi earned 11 caps for the Italy national football team from 1988 to 1991 , and was included by manager Azeglio Vicini in the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad , a tournament in which Italy reached the semi-finals , finishing in third place on home soil . He failed to make an appearance in the tournament , however , due to the presence of Giuseppe Giannini , Nicola Berti , and Carlo Ancelotti in midfield . He made his debut in a 2–0 win over Scotland on 22 December 1988 , and he played his final match for Italy on 13 February 1991 , in a home 0–0 draw against Belgium , in Terni . After retirement . After retiring from professional football , Marocchi worked for his former club Bologna as a sporting director , in addition to other managerial positions ; he also worked as a scout , as a coach , and with the youth sector . Currently , he works as TV pundit for the Italian broadcaster SKY Sport Italia . Style of play . A dynamic , talented , and hard-working central or box-to-box midfielder , although he was not the most naturally creative player , Marocchi was known for his consistency , and was capable both of breaking down the oppositions play as well as subsequently starting attacking plays for his own team after winning back possession . Honours . Club . Juventus - Serie A : 1994–95 - Coppa Italia : 1989–90 , 1994–95 - UEFA Champions League : 1995–96 - UEFA Cup : 1989–90 , 1992–93 Bologna - Serie B : 1987–88 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1998 International . Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ( Third Place ) |
[
"Churchill College , Cambridge"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Ghil'ad Zuckermann work for from 2000 to 2005? | /wiki/Ghil'ad_Zuckermann#P108#0 | Ghilad Zuckermann Ghilad Zuckermann ( , ; ) is an Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist who works in contact linguistics , lexicology and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide , Australia . He is the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies . Biography . Zuckermann was born in Tel Aviv in 1971 and raised in Eilat . He attended the United World College ( UWC ) of the Adriatic in 1987–1989 . In 1997 he received an M.A . in Linguistics from the Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students of Tel Aviv University . In 1997–2000 he was Scatcherd European Scholar of the University of Oxford and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar at St Hughs College , receiving a D.Phil . ( Oxon. ) in 2000 . While at Oxford , he served as President of the Oxford University LChaim Society . As Gulbenkian Research Fellow at Churchill College , Cambridge ( 2000–2004 ) , he was affiliated with the Department of Linguistics , Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies , University of Cambridge . He received a titular Ph.D . ( Cantab. ) in 2003 . He taught at the University of Cambridge ( Faculty of Oriental Studies , now known as Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies ) , University of Queensland , National University of Singapore , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , East China Normal University , University of Miami , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and Middlebury College . In 2010-2015 he was Chinas Ivy League Project 211 Distinguished Visiting Professor , and Shanghai Oriental Scholar professorial fellow , at Shanghai International Studies University . He was Australian Research Council ( ARC ) Discovery Fellow in 2007-2011 and was awarded research fellowships at the Rockefeller Foundations Bellagio Study and Conference Center , Villa Serbelloni , Bellagio , Lake Como , Italy ) ; Braginsky Center , Weizmann Institute of Science ; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center ( University of Texas at Austin ) ; Israel Institute for Advanced Studies ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) ; Tel Aviv University ; Research Centre for Linguistic Typology ( Institute for Advanced Study , La Trobe University , Melbourne ) ; National Institute for Japanese Language ( Tokyo ) ; and Mahidol University . He was awarded a British Academy Research Grant , Memorial Foundation of Jewish Culture Postdoctoral Fellowship , Harold Hyam Wingate Scholarship and Chevening Scholarship . Currently , Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide . He is elected member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the Foundation for Endangered Languages . He serves as Editorial Board member of the Journal of Language Contact ( Brill ) , consultant for the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , and expert witness in ( corpus ) lexicography and ( forensic ) linguistics . Since February 2017 he has been the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies ( AAJS ) . In 2013-2015 he was President of the Australasian Association of Lexicography ( AustraLex ) . In 2017 Zuckermann was awarded a five-year research project grant from Australias National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) to explore the effects of Indigenous language reclamation on social and emotional wellbeing . Zuckermann is a hyperpolyglot . Public impact . Zuckermann applies insights from the Hebrew revival to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages in Australia . According to Yuval Rotem , the Israeli Ambassador to Australia , Zuckermanns passion for the reclamation , maintenance and empowerment of Aboriginal languages and culture inspired [ him ] and was indeed the driving motivator of the establishment of the Allira Aboriginal Knowledge IT Centre in Dubbo , New South Wales , Australia , on 2 September 2010 . He proposes Native Tongue Title , compensation for language loss , because linguicide results in loss of cultural autonomy , loss of spiritual and intellectual sovereignty , loss of soul . He uses the term sleeping beauty to refer to a no-longer spoken language and urges Australia to define the 330 Aboriginal languages , most of them sleeping beauties , as the official languages of their region , and to introduce bilingual signs and thus change the linguistic landscape of the country . So , for example , Port Lincoln should also be referred to as Galinyala , which is its original Barngarla name . His edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages has had 20,000 learners from 190 countries . Zuckermann proposes a controversial hybrid theory of the emergence of Israeli Hebrew according to which Hebrew and Yiddish acted equally as the primary contributors to Modern Hebrew . Scholars including Yiddish linguist Dovid Katz ( who refers to Zuckermann as a fresh-thinking Israeli scholar ) , adopt Zuckermanns term Israeli and accept his notion of hybridity . Others , for example author and translator Hillel Halkin , oppose Zuckermanns model . In an article published on 24 December 2004 in The Jewish Daily Forward , pseudonymous column Philologos , Halkin accused Zuckermann of political agenda . Zuckermanns response was published on 28 December 2004 in The Mendele Review : Yiddish Literature and Language . As described by Reuters in a 2006 article , Zuckermanns lectures are packed , with the cream of Israeli academia invariably looking uncertain on whether to endorse his innovative streak or rise to the defense of the mother tongue . According to Omri Herzog ( Haaretz ) , Zuckermann is considered by his Israeli colleagues either a genius or a provocateur . Reclamation of the Barngarla language . In 2011 [ ... ] Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community about helping to revive and reclaim the Barngarla language . This request was eagerly accepted by the Barngarla people and language reclamation workshops began in Port Lincoln , Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012 ( Barngarla man Stephen Atkinson , 2013 ) . The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents . Adelaide Language Festival . Zuckermann is the founder and convener of the Adelaide Language Festival . Contributions to linguistics . Zuckermanns research focuses on contact linguistics , lexicology , revivalistics , Jewish languages , and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann argues that Israeli Hebrew , which he calls Israeli , is a hybrid language that is genetically both Indo-European ( Germanic , Slavic and Romance ) and Afro-Asiatic ( Semitic ) . He suggests that Israeli is the continuation not only of literary Hebrew ( s ) but also of Yiddish , as well as Polish , Russian , German , English , Ladino , Arabic and other languages spoken by Hebrew revivalists . Zuckermanns hybridic synthesis is in contrast to both the traditional revival thesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Hebrew revived ) and the relexification antithesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Yiddish with Hebrew words ) . While his synthesis is multi-parental , both the thesis and the antithesis are mono-parental . Zuckermann introduces revivalistics as a new transdisciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation ( e.g . Barngarla ) , revitalization ( e.g . Adnyamathanha ) and reinvigoration ( e.g . Irish ) . Complementing documentary linguistics , revivalistics aims to provide a systematic analysis especially of attempts to resurrect no-longer spoken languages ( reclamation ) but also of initiatives to reverse language shift ( revitalization and reinvigoration ) . His analysis of multisourced neologization ( the coinage of words deriving from two or more sources at the same time ) challenges Einar Haugens classic typology of lexical borrowing . Whereas Haugen categorizes borrowing into either substitution or importation , Zuckermann explores cases of simultaneous substitution and importation in the form of camouflaged borrowing . He proposes a new classification of multisourced neologisms such as phono-semantic matching . Zuckermanns exploration of phono-semantic matching in Standard Mandarin and Meiji period Japanese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional : pleremic ( full of meaning , e.g . logographic ) , cenemic ( empty of meaning , e.g . phonographic – like a syllabary ) and simultaneously cenemic and pleremic ( phono-logographic ) . He argues that Leonard Bloomfields assertion that a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used is inaccurate . If Chinese had been written using roman letters , thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined , or would have been coined with completely different forms . Selected publications . Zuckermann has published in English , Hebrew , Italian , Yiddish , Spanish , German , Russian , Arabic and Chinese . Books . - , Oxford University Press , 2020 . / - Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew . Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 . / - Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics , 2012 . - Jewish Language Contact ( Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language , Vol . 226 ) , 2014 . - Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People , and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property , 2015 . - Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language , 2018 . Barngarlidhi Manoo - Part 2 Filmography . - Frys Planet Word , Stephen Fry interviewing Ghilad Zuckermann - SBS : Living Black : S18 Ep9 - Linguicide - Babbel : Why Revive A Dead Language ? - Interview with Prof . Ghilad Zuckermann - Barngarla people rediscover their language , SBS News - edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages’’ External links . - University of Adelaide : Researcher Profile : Ghilad Zuckermann - University Staff Directory : Ghilad Zuckermann - Ghilad Zuckermann , Academia - Ghilad Zuckermanns website |
[
"University of Queensland"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Ghil'ad Zuckermann work for from 2006 to 2011? | /wiki/Ghil'ad_Zuckermann#P108#1 | Ghilad Zuckermann Ghilad Zuckermann ( , ; ) is an Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist who works in contact linguistics , lexicology and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide , Australia . He is the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies . Biography . Zuckermann was born in Tel Aviv in 1971 and raised in Eilat . He attended the United World College ( UWC ) of the Adriatic in 1987–1989 . In 1997 he received an M.A . in Linguistics from the Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students of Tel Aviv University . In 1997–2000 he was Scatcherd European Scholar of the University of Oxford and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar at St Hughs College , receiving a D.Phil . ( Oxon. ) in 2000 . While at Oxford , he served as President of the Oxford University LChaim Society . As Gulbenkian Research Fellow at Churchill College , Cambridge ( 2000–2004 ) , he was affiliated with the Department of Linguistics , Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies , University of Cambridge . He received a titular Ph.D . ( Cantab. ) in 2003 . He taught at the University of Cambridge ( Faculty of Oriental Studies , now known as Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies ) , University of Queensland , National University of Singapore , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , East China Normal University , University of Miami , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and Middlebury College . In 2010-2015 he was Chinas Ivy League Project 211 Distinguished Visiting Professor , and Shanghai Oriental Scholar professorial fellow , at Shanghai International Studies University . He was Australian Research Council ( ARC ) Discovery Fellow in 2007-2011 and was awarded research fellowships at the Rockefeller Foundations Bellagio Study and Conference Center , Villa Serbelloni , Bellagio , Lake Como , Italy ) ; Braginsky Center , Weizmann Institute of Science ; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center ( University of Texas at Austin ) ; Israel Institute for Advanced Studies ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) ; Tel Aviv University ; Research Centre for Linguistic Typology ( Institute for Advanced Study , La Trobe University , Melbourne ) ; National Institute for Japanese Language ( Tokyo ) ; and Mahidol University . He was awarded a British Academy Research Grant , Memorial Foundation of Jewish Culture Postdoctoral Fellowship , Harold Hyam Wingate Scholarship and Chevening Scholarship . Currently , Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide . He is elected member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the Foundation for Endangered Languages . He serves as Editorial Board member of the Journal of Language Contact ( Brill ) , consultant for the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , and expert witness in ( corpus ) lexicography and ( forensic ) linguistics . Since February 2017 he has been the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies ( AAJS ) . In 2013-2015 he was President of the Australasian Association of Lexicography ( AustraLex ) . In 2017 Zuckermann was awarded a five-year research project grant from Australias National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) to explore the effects of Indigenous language reclamation on social and emotional wellbeing . Zuckermann is a hyperpolyglot . Public impact . Zuckermann applies insights from the Hebrew revival to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages in Australia . According to Yuval Rotem , the Israeli Ambassador to Australia , Zuckermanns passion for the reclamation , maintenance and empowerment of Aboriginal languages and culture inspired [ him ] and was indeed the driving motivator of the establishment of the Allira Aboriginal Knowledge IT Centre in Dubbo , New South Wales , Australia , on 2 September 2010 . He proposes Native Tongue Title , compensation for language loss , because linguicide results in loss of cultural autonomy , loss of spiritual and intellectual sovereignty , loss of soul . He uses the term sleeping beauty to refer to a no-longer spoken language and urges Australia to define the 330 Aboriginal languages , most of them sleeping beauties , as the official languages of their region , and to introduce bilingual signs and thus change the linguistic landscape of the country . So , for example , Port Lincoln should also be referred to as Galinyala , which is its original Barngarla name . His edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages has had 20,000 learners from 190 countries . Zuckermann proposes a controversial hybrid theory of the emergence of Israeli Hebrew according to which Hebrew and Yiddish acted equally as the primary contributors to Modern Hebrew . Scholars including Yiddish linguist Dovid Katz ( who refers to Zuckermann as a fresh-thinking Israeli scholar ) , adopt Zuckermanns term Israeli and accept his notion of hybridity . Others , for example author and translator Hillel Halkin , oppose Zuckermanns model . In an article published on 24 December 2004 in The Jewish Daily Forward , pseudonymous column Philologos , Halkin accused Zuckermann of political agenda . Zuckermanns response was published on 28 December 2004 in The Mendele Review : Yiddish Literature and Language . As described by Reuters in a 2006 article , Zuckermanns lectures are packed , with the cream of Israeli academia invariably looking uncertain on whether to endorse his innovative streak or rise to the defense of the mother tongue . According to Omri Herzog ( Haaretz ) , Zuckermann is considered by his Israeli colleagues either a genius or a provocateur . Reclamation of the Barngarla language . In 2011 [ ... ] Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community about helping to revive and reclaim the Barngarla language . This request was eagerly accepted by the Barngarla people and language reclamation workshops began in Port Lincoln , Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012 ( Barngarla man Stephen Atkinson , 2013 ) . The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents . Adelaide Language Festival . Zuckermann is the founder and convener of the Adelaide Language Festival . Contributions to linguistics . Zuckermanns research focuses on contact linguistics , lexicology , revivalistics , Jewish languages , and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann argues that Israeli Hebrew , which he calls Israeli , is a hybrid language that is genetically both Indo-European ( Germanic , Slavic and Romance ) and Afro-Asiatic ( Semitic ) . He suggests that Israeli is the continuation not only of literary Hebrew ( s ) but also of Yiddish , as well as Polish , Russian , German , English , Ladino , Arabic and other languages spoken by Hebrew revivalists . Zuckermanns hybridic synthesis is in contrast to both the traditional revival thesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Hebrew revived ) and the relexification antithesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Yiddish with Hebrew words ) . While his synthesis is multi-parental , both the thesis and the antithesis are mono-parental . Zuckermann introduces revivalistics as a new transdisciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation ( e.g . Barngarla ) , revitalization ( e.g . Adnyamathanha ) and reinvigoration ( e.g . Irish ) . Complementing documentary linguistics , revivalistics aims to provide a systematic analysis especially of attempts to resurrect no-longer spoken languages ( reclamation ) but also of initiatives to reverse language shift ( revitalization and reinvigoration ) . His analysis of multisourced neologization ( the coinage of words deriving from two or more sources at the same time ) challenges Einar Haugens classic typology of lexical borrowing . Whereas Haugen categorizes borrowing into either substitution or importation , Zuckermann explores cases of simultaneous substitution and importation in the form of camouflaged borrowing . He proposes a new classification of multisourced neologisms such as phono-semantic matching . Zuckermanns exploration of phono-semantic matching in Standard Mandarin and Meiji period Japanese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional : pleremic ( full of meaning , e.g . logographic ) , cenemic ( empty of meaning , e.g . phonographic – like a syllabary ) and simultaneously cenemic and pleremic ( phono-logographic ) . He argues that Leonard Bloomfields assertion that a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used is inaccurate . If Chinese had been written using roman letters , thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined , or would have been coined with completely different forms . Selected publications . Zuckermann has published in English , Hebrew , Italian , Yiddish , Spanish , German , Russian , Arabic and Chinese . Books . - , Oxford University Press , 2020 . / - Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew . Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 . / - Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics , 2012 . - Jewish Language Contact ( Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language , Vol . 226 ) , 2014 . - Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People , and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property , 2015 . - Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language , 2018 . Barngarlidhi Manoo - Part 2 Filmography . - Frys Planet Word , Stephen Fry interviewing Ghilad Zuckermann - SBS : Living Black : S18 Ep9 - Linguicide - Babbel : Why Revive A Dead Language ? - Interview with Prof . Ghilad Zuckermann - Barngarla people rediscover their language , SBS News - edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages’’ External links . - University of Adelaide : Researcher Profile : Ghilad Zuckermann - University Staff Directory : Ghilad Zuckermann - Ghilad Zuckermann , Academia - Ghilad Zuckermanns website |
[
"Australian Research Council"
] | easy | Which employer did Ghil'ad Zuckermann work for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Ghil'ad_Zuckermann#P108#2 | Ghilad Zuckermann Ghilad Zuckermann ( , ; ) is an Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist who works in contact linguistics , lexicology and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide , Australia . He is the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies . Biography . Zuckermann was born in Tel Aviv in 1971 and raised in Eilat . He attended the United World College ( UWC ) of the Adriatic in 1987–1989 . In 1997 he received an M.A . in Linguistics from the Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students of Tel Aviv University . In 1997–2000 he was Scatcherd European Scholar of the University of Oxford and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar at St Hughs College , receiving a D.Phil . ( Oxon. ) in 2000 . While at Oxford , he served as President of the Oxford University LChaim Society . As Gulbenkian Research Fellow at Churchill College , Cambridge ( 2000–2004 ) , he was affiliated with the Department of Linguistics , Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies , University of Cambridge . He received a titular Ph.D . ( Cantab. ) in 2003 . He taught at the University of Cambridge ( Faculty of Oriental Studies , now known as Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies ) , University of Queensland , National University of Singapore , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , East China Normal University , University of Miami , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and Middlebury College . In 2010-2015 he was Chinas Ivy League Project 211 Distinguished Visiting Professor , and Shanghai Oriental Scholar professorial fellow , at Shanghai International Studies University . He was Australian Research Council ( ARC ) Discovery Fellow in 2007-2011 and was awarded research fellowships at the Rockefeller Foundations Bellagio Study and Conference Center , Villa Serbelloni , Bellagio , Lake Como , Italy ) ; Braginsky Center , Weizmann Institute of Science ; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center ( University of Texas at Austin ) ; Israel Institute for Advanced Studies ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) ; Tel Aviv University ; Research Centre for Linguistic Typology ( Institute for Advanced Study , La Trobe University , Melbourne ) ; National Institute for Japanese Language ( Tokyo ) ; and Mahidol University . He was awarded a British Academy Research Grant , Memorial Foundation of Jewish Culture Postdoctoral Fellowship , Harold Hyam Wingate Scholarship and Chevening Scholarship . Currently , Zuckermann is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide . He is elected member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the Foundation for Endangered Languages . He serves as Editorial Board member of the Journal of Language Contact ( Brill ) , consultant for the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , and expert witness in ( corpus ) lexicography and ( forensic ) linguistics . Since February 2017 he has been the president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies ( AAJS ) . In 2013-2015 he was President of the Australasian Association of Lexicography ( AustraLex ) . In 2017 Zuckermann was awarded a five-year research project grant from Australias National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) to explore the effects of Indigenous language reclamation on social and emotional wellbeing . Zuckermann is a hyperpolyglot . Public impact . Zuckermann applies insights from the Hebrew revival to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages in Australia . According to Yuval Rotem , the Israeli Ambassador to Australia , Zuckermanns passion for the reclamation , maintenance and empowerment of Aboriginal languages and culture inspired [ him ] and was indeed the driving motivator of the establishment of the Allira Aboriginal Knowledge IT Centre in Dubbo , New South Wales , Australia , on 2 September 2010 . He proposes Native Tongue Title , compensation for language loss , because linguicide results in loss of cultural autonomy , loss of spiritual and intellectual sovereignty , loss of soul . He uses the term sleeping beauty to refer to a no-longer spoken language and urges Australia to define the 330 Aboriginal languages , most of them sleeping beauties , as the official languages of their region , and to introduce bilingual signs and thus change the linguistic landscape of the country . So , for example , Port Lincoln should also be referred to as Galinyala , which is its original Barngarla name . His edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages has had 20,000 learners from 190 countries . Zuckermann proposes a controversial hybrid theory of the emergence of Israeli Hebrew according to which Hebrew and Yiddish acted equally as the primary contributors to Modern Hebrew . Scholars including Yiddish linguist Dovid Katz ( who refers to Zuckermann as a fresh-thinking Israeli scholar ) , adopt Zuckermanns term Israeli and accept his notion of hybridity . Others , for example author and translator Hillel Halkin , oppose Zuckermanns model . In an article published on 24 December 2004 in The Jewish Daily Forward , pseudonymous column Philologos , Halkin accused Zuckermann of political agenda . Zuckermanns response was published on 28 December 2004 in The Mendele Review : Yiddish Literature and Language . As described by Reuters in a 2006 article , Zuckermanns lectures are packed , with the cream of Israeli academia invariably looking uncertain on whether to endorse his innovative streak or rise to the defense of the mother tongue . According to Omri Herzog ( Haaretz ) , Zuckermann is considered by his Israeli colleagues either a genius or a provocateur . Reclamation of the Barngarla language . In 2011 [ ... ] Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community about helping to revive and reclaim the Barngarla language . This request was eagerly accepted by the Barngarla people and language reclamation workshops began in Port Lincoln , Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012 ( Barngarla man Stephen Atkinson , 2013 ) . The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents . Adelaide Language Festival . Zuckermann is the founder and convener of the Adelaide Language Festival . Contributions to linguistics . Zuckermanns research focuses on contact linguistics , lexicology , revivalistics , Jewish languages , and the study of language , culture and identity . Zuckermann argues that Israeli Hebrew , which he calls Israeli , is a hybrid language that is genetically both Indo-European ( Germanic , Slavic and Romance ) and Afro-Asiatic ( Semitic ) . He suggests that Israeli is the continuation not only of literary Hebrew ( s ) but also of Yiddish , as well as Polish , Russian , German , English , Ladino , Arabic and other languages spoken by Hebrew revivalists . Zuckermanns hybridic synthesis is in contrast to both the traditional revival thesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Hebrew revived ) and the relexification antithesis ( i.e . that Israeli is Yiddish with Hebrew words ) . While his synthesis is multi-parental , both the thesis and the antithesis are mono-parental . Zuckermann introduces revivalistics as a new transdisciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation ( e.g . Barngarla ) , revitalization ( e.g . Adnyamathanha ) and reinvigoration ( e.g . Irish ) . Complementing documentary linguistics , revivalistics aims to provide a systematic analysis especially of attempts to resurrect no-longer spoken languages ( reclamation ) but also of initiatives to reverse language shift ( revitalization and reinvigoration ) . His analysis of multisourced neologization ( the coinage of words deriving from two or more sources at the same time ) challenges Einar Haugens classic typology of lexical borrowing . Whereas Haugen categorizes borrowing into either substitution or importation , Zuckermann explores cases of simultaneous substitution and importation in the form of camouflaged borrowing . He proposes a new classification of multisourced neologisms such as phono-semantic matching . Zuckermanns exploration of phono-semantic matching in Standard Mandarin and Meiji period Japanese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional : pleremic ( full of meaning , e.g . logographic ) , cenemic ( empty of meaning , e.g . phonographic – like a syllabary ) and simultaneously cenemic and pleremic ( phono-logographic ) . He argues that Leonard Bloomfields assertion that a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used is inaccurate . If Chinese had been written using roman letters , thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined , or would have been coined with completely different forms . Selected publications . Zuckermann has published in English , Hebrew , Italian , Yiddish , Spanish , German , Russian , Arabic and Chinese . Books . - , Oxford University Press , 2020 . / - Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew . Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 . / - Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics , 2012 . - Jewish Language Contact ( Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language , Vol . 226 ) , 2014 . - Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People , and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property , 2015 . - Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language , 2018 . Barngarlidhi Manoo - Part 2 Filmography . - Frys Planet Word , Stephen Fry interviewing Ghilad Zuckermann - SBS : Living Black : S18 Ep9 - Linguicide - Babbel : Why Revive A Dead Language ? - Interview with Prof . Ghilad Zuckermann - Barngarla people rediscover their language , SBS News - edX MOOC Language Revival : Securing the Future of Endangered Languages’’ External links . - University of Adelaide : Researcher Profile : Ghilad Zuckermann - University Staff Directory : Ghilad Zuckermann - Ghilad Zuckermann , Academia - Ghilad Zuckermanns website |
[
"Sanat Naft F.C"
] | easy | Which team did Masoud Shojaei play for from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#0 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
[
"Saipa F.C"
] | easy | Masoud Shojaei played for which team from 2003 to 2006? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#1 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
[
"Al Sharjah SC"
] | easy | Which team did Masoud Shojaei play for from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#2 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
[
"Osasuna"
] | easy | Masoud Shojaei played for which team from 2008 to 2013? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#3 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
[
"Las Palmas"
] | easy | Which team did Masoud Shojaei play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#4 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
[
"Al-Shahania Sports Club"
] | easy | Which team did the player Masoud Shojaei belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Masoud_Shojaei#P54#5 | Masoud Shojaei Masoud Soleimani Shojaei ( ; born 9 June 1984 ) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays for Tractor . Mainly an attacking midfielder , he can also play as a winger or forward . After playing in his country for two clubs and with Al-Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates , he went on to spend several seasons in Spain with Osasuna , appearing in 112 official matches . An Iranian international since 2004 , Shojaei represented his country in three World Cups and four Asian Cups . Club career . Early years . Shojaei was born in Shiraz , and lived most of his life in Abadan and Tehran . He started his career with Sanat Naft F.C . before moving to Saipa F.C . of Karaj in the Iran Pro League ; having signed at the age of 19 , he went on to play three seasons with the latter . After the 2006 World Cup , Shojaei moved to the United Arab Emirates and signed for Al Sharjah SC . He scored his first goal for the club in the League on 3 October , against Emirates Club . Osasuna . On 23 June 2008 , after previous attempts from VfL Wolfsburg in Germany and Italys S.S.C . Napoli , Shojaei signed with Spanish side CA Osasuna for three years , teaming up with compatriot Javad Nekounam . The deal included a €6 million buyout clause for the first 18 months of his contract , being reduced to €3.5 million for the remainder of his stay . Shojaei made his La Liga debut on 31 August 2008 , playing 32 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . During his first two seasons he appeared almost always as a substitute , as the Navarrese managed to maintain its division status ; the player remained a regular even after the coaching change at the club , as José Ángel Ziganda was replaced by José Antonio Camacho . Shojaei – who was addressed by his first name during his spell in Spain – appeared regularly again for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . In late May he renewed his contract with the club for another two seasons , also having the option of an annual renewal of his link . Shojaei spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines , due to injury . On 25 February 2013 , in only his fourth appearance since returning , he scored a stunning goal to help Osasuna win it 2–0 at Levante UD . Despite a solid start to his spell , Shojaei was eventually released in June 2013 . Shortly after , he was linked with a move to fellow league club Real Valladolid , but nothing came of it . Las Palmas . On 3 September 2013 , Shojaei moved clubs but stayed in Spain , joining Segunda División side UD Las Palmas on a one-year contract . He found the net in his debut , in a 3–1 away victory over CE Sabadell FC for the second round of the Copa del Rey . Shojaei scored twice and provided an assist in the first half of the league fixture against the same opponent on 15 March 2014 , in an eventual 5–0 home win . Qatar . After the 2014 World Cup , Shojaei turned down an offer from Real Zaragoza and moved to Al-Shahania Sports Club in the Qatar Stars League alongside compatriot Mehrdad Pooladi . On 14 December 2014 , he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win against eventual runners-up Al Sadd SC ; one year later , after suffering relegation , he joined fellow league club Al-Gharafa Sports Club for $1 million . Greece . On 22 July 2016 , Shojaei joined Super League Greece side Panionios F.C . on a one-year contract . He enjoyed a successful first season , and subsequently extended his contract until June 2018 ; on 25 December 2017 , however , he severed his link by mutual consent and agreed to a six-month deal at fellow league team AEK Athens F.C . three days later , announcing on his Instagram he would be wearing number 24 in tribute of Hadi Norouzi who died in 2015 . He made his debut on 6 January , replacing Anastasios Bakasetas in the second half of the match against Panetolikos F.C . and later providing the assist for Hélder Lopes goal , in a 4–1 away win . He started his first match three days later against the same opponent , making another assist in a 1–0 victory for the Greek Football Cups round of 16 and being named as the most valuable player of the match for his performance . On 1 March 2018 , Shojaei put the visitors ahead in their domestic cup semi-final fixture away to Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC , in an eventual 1–2 loss which marked his first goal for the club and the first loss in 26 matches for Manolo Jiménezs team . On 27 June , after he contributed to the clubs first national championship conquest in 24 years , his contract was terminated . Tractor . On 2 August 2018 , Shojaei joined Tractor S.C . on a three-year contract . 8 days later , he made his debut in a 3–0 defeat against Esteghlal F.C . in which he was chosen as the sides first captain . On 19 April 2019 , he was assaulted by a supporter of his own team who invaded the pitch after a 1–0 home defeat of Paykan FC . Midway through the 2019–20 campaign , Shojaei was offered the interim position after Mustafa Denizlis departure . He declined , instead being named assistant to Ahad Sheykhlari while also being involved in the taking of decisions in training . International career . Whilst at Saipa , Shojaei earned a place in Iranian national under-23 team , catching the eye of full side coach Branko Ivanković . He was first called up to play for the latter in November 2004 , for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Laos – it was the only cap he would win until the training camp prior to the finals in Germany , held in Switzerland ; he was included in the final squad but only appeared once in the tournament , replacing injured Mohammad Nosrati in the early minutes of the 1–1 draw against Angola . Shojaei began appearing more regularly in the 2010 World Cup qualification stages , scoring in a 1–1 draw against South Korea in the final game . However , Team Melli did not qualify for the tournament in South Africa . Iran did manage to reach the 2014 World Cup , with Shojaei as a regular starter in the qualifiers . On 1 June 2014 , Shojaei was included in Carlos Queirozs list for the World Cup . He appeared as a substitute in the teams opening draw with Nigeria , and was selected in the starting line-up for the following group matches against Argentina and Bosnia-Herzegovina . On 30 December 2014 , Shojaei was called into Irans 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad . He scored the nations second goal in its opening 2–0 defeat of Bahrain , in Melbourne . Shojaei captained the squad in 2018 World Cup qualification home matches against China and Uzbekistan . On 10 August 2017 , Mohammad Reza Davarzani , Irans deputy sports minister , said on Iranian state television both Shojaei and teammate Ehsan Hajsafi would never be invited to the national team again for playing with their club Panionios against Israels Maccabi Tel Aviv FC ; however , the Iranian Football Federation later stated it would review the case and reach a decision after speaking with both , with Hajsafi eventually returning to the side in November and Shojaei stating that they were pressured by their club to play . On 18 March 2018 , Shojaei was called up for friendlies against Tunisia and Algeria , being criticised after his return against the former by an Iranian member of parliament who called for his life ban . He was eventually selected for the finals in Russia as team captain , becoming the first Iranian player to travel to three World Cups . He made his debut in the tournament on 15 June in a 1–0 group stage win against Morocco , but sat on the bench for the next two games in an eventual group stage elimination . In December 2018 , Shojaei was selected for Irans 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . He became the only Iranian to participate in seven international tournaments . Activism . Shojaei expressed support for the Iranian Green Movement on 17 June 2009 , when he wore a green bracelet against South Korea in a World Cup 2010 qualifier along with five other players . During the match , he also wore a green undershirt previewing a possible goal celebration . Shojaei discussed corruption in Iranian football in an interview with Radio Farda , and also spoke out against child sexual abuses in December 2016 . He was subsequently summoned to the Ethics Committee of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran . A vocal advocate of lifting stadium ban for women in Iran , Shojaei openly expressed his regret that his mother , sister and wife were unable to see him play . He reportedly called for repealing the ban , when he met with president Hassan Rouhani in July 2017 . Personal life . Shojaeis sister , Maryam , was also an activist campaigning for womens rights in Iran . Career statistics . International . - 1.Including six matches with Irans B team at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games that were not officially recognized by FIFA . Honours . Club . AEK Athens - Super League Greece : 2017–18 Tractor - Iranian Hazfi Cup : 2019–20 International . Iran - Islamic Solidarity Games : Bronze medal 2005 External links . - TeamMelli official profile |
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