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[
"42-500"
] | easy | ACES Colombia was operated by what from Aug 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/ACES_Colombia#P121#3 | ACES Colombia ACES ( Spanish acronym : Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia ) was an airline with its headquarters in the Edificio del Cafe in Medellín , Colombia and founded on August 30 , 1971 , by a group of 13 Colombian entrepreneurs , amongst them , most notably Orlando Botero Escobar and German Peñaloza Arias from Manizales and Luis H . Coulson , Jorge Coulson R. , Alberto Jaramillo and Hernán Zuluaga from Medellín . History . Mr . Botero and Mr . Peñaloza , were considered pioneers in the early days of Colombian commercial aviation , had tried several times to establish a commuter service between Manizales and Bogotá . They managed to operate a small commuter airline by the name TARCA ( acronym of Taxi Aéreo de Caldas ) , which was forced to shut down due to financial difficulties . With the support and capital of the new partners from Medellín , they embarked on the successful enterprise that would be ACES . The airline began service in 1972 with Saunders ST-27 aircraft for the routes Medellín-Bogotá and Manizales-Bogotá , and soon became a major player in the Colombian market . By 1976 , the airline had expanded its network to smaller regional destinations , for which it purchased DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft . In 1981 , it acquired its first Boeing 727-100 . In 1986 , an expansion began with the acquisition of more 727-100 and the arrival of Fairchild FH-227 aircraft built under license by Fairchild in the United States and with slight modifications . The 727s had a capacity of 129 passengers and the Fairchilds of 44 . At this time the first international charter flights also began to Havana , Varadero , Nassau , Freeport , Montego Bay , Puerto Plata , Punta Cana , St . Kitts , St . Maarten , Porlamar and Cancun . In 1991 , ACES completely replaced its Fokker F27 Friendship fleet with ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft for its short-haul regional routes , and its Boeing 727-100 with the Boeing 727-200 Advanced variant . In 1992 , ACES expanded its service internationally , operating flights from Medellín and Bogotá to Miami . Soon after , Juan Emilio Posada was appointed CEO and would serve until the airlines demise in 2003 . In the late 1997 , ACES modernized its fleet acquiring brand-new Airbus A320-200 aircraft that replaced its Boeing 727s . It expanded its routes to Fort Lauderdale , Quito , Caracas , Cancún ( served by charters ) , Santo Domingo , Punta Cana and San Juan , Puerto Rico ; as well as additional domestic flights within Colombia . ACES created a corporate culture of service and punctuality that would earn it the recognition and loyalty of its customers , resulting in consistent increases in its market share and revenues in the domestic market , which was dominated for decades by Avianca . It was named the Best airline in Colombia by several industry and consumer publications . On May 20 , 2002 , ACES merged with major competitor Avianca and SAM to form the Alianza Summa , a strategic alliance aimed at joining forces to counteract the adverse circumstances that faced the airline industry in Colombia and the world after the September 11 attacks . ACES operations were halted on August 20 , 2003 , after the boards decision to liquidate the airline . ACES ceased operations on October 24 , 2003 after liquidating . By November 2003 , the Summa Alliance was dissolved and ACES routes taken over by Avianca . Fleet . Final fleet . Since August 2003 , ACES Colombia had only been using these aircraft : Former fleet . ACES Colombia had in the past operated a variety of aircraft , including : Accidents and incidents . - On December 18 , 1981 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2216 ) crashed in the municipality of San Antero , during the approach to the Coveñas Airport . In this incident 13 people perished , including the crew composed of Captain Guillermo Alberto García and co-pilot Andrés Rafael Londoño . - On November 29 , 1982 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2536 ) crashed in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera against Cerro Pan de Azúcar in the township of San Juanito , Meta . The flight came on a regular flight from San José del Guaviare and was heading to Bogotá under the command of Captain Marino Jiménez and co-pilot Ricardo Santacoloma , who along with 20 passengers lost their lives . - On August 1 , 1988 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter ( registered HK-2445 ) was hijacked and demanded the pilot to land at an abandoned airstrip in Colombia . The passengers were reportedly robbed and the hijackers escaped , which six of them were later captured . - On November 30 , 1996 , a DHC-6 Twin Otter , operating flight 148 , ( registered HK-2602 ) crashed into Cerro El Barcino a few minutes after takeoff from Olaya Herrera Airport . The flight was operating the route between Medellin , Bahía Solano and Quibdó . 14 people died in the impact and subsequent fire , including the crew commanded by Captain Juan Carlos Bermúdez López ; one passenger survived with serious injuries . - On October 11 , 2000 , an ATR 42-500 ( registered VP-BOF ) and a Boeing 727-200 ( registered HK-3998X ) collided on the El Dorado International Airport apron during the towing process . The ATR 42-500 was declared a total loss after the incident . There were no injuries or fatalities in this event . |
[
"Rio Branco"
] | easy | Doka Madureira played for which team from 2003 to 2008? | /wiki/Doka_Madureira#P54#0 | Doka Madureira Francisco Lima da Silva ( born 11 February 1984 ) , commonly known as Doka Madureira or Doka , is a Brazilian football midfielder , who plays for Atlético Acreano . Career . Early years . Born in Sena Madureira , Acre , Doka spent the first five years of his career in with local Rio Branco , later moving to Bahia and Goiás . He was invited by Serbian FK Partizan for a trial period which began in June 2007 , but nothing came of it and he subsequently returning to Rio Branco . Litex Lovech . In November 2008 he was invited by Bulgarian Litex Lovech to join a trial period . He made his team debut a few days later in a 4–1 friendly win against Chavdar Etropole . In December 2008 , Litex signed Madureira to a three-year deal . He was given the number 15 shirt . Madureira marked his Litex Lovech competitive debut with a goal in a 5–1 win away to Nesebar in the Bulgarian Cup on 4 March 2009 . Until the end of the season , he earned 17 appearances and scored eight goals . Litex won the Bulgarian Cup on 26 May 2009 , to grant Doka his first career cup in Bulgaria . In the final he scored and assisted for a 3–0 win against Pirin Blagoevgrad . Doka scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 21 November 2009 , scoring the fourth goal of a 5–0 home win . On 14 March 2010 , he scored Litexs first goal in their 3–0 victory over Levski Sofia and was awarded Man of the Match . Litex won the A PFG on 2 May 2010 with a win at away to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Doka scored the second goal for a 3–0 win . Following the 2010–11 season , he earned 22 appearances in the A PFG , scored 12 goals and provided five assists . On 16 May 2011 , Doka was named the ABF A PFG Player of the Season , by the professional footballers association of Bulgaria . İstanbul Başakşehir . In late June 2011 , Doka Madureira was signed by Turkish Süper Lig club Istanbul B.B. . The Brazilians contract is for 3 years , with the option for a 1-year extension . On 11 September 2011 , he made his official debut as a starter in the 2:0 home win against Galatasaray in a Süper Lig match . On 24 September 2011 , Doka Madureira scored his first goal for the team , converting a penalty in the 2:0 away win against Manisaspor . On 12 May 2012 , Madureira received a red card in the 0:4 home loss against Bursaspor . Atlético Acreano . On 24 April 2019 , Atlético Acreano announced that Madureira had joined their club . Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian A PFG ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 1 ) : 2010 Individual . - ABF A PFG Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2010–11 |
[
"Litex Lovech"
] | easy | Which team did the player Doka Madureira belong to from 2008 to 2011? | /wiki/Doka_Madureira#P54#1 | Doka Madureira Francisco Lima da Silva ( born 11 February 1984 ) , commonly known as Doka Madureira or Doka , is a Brazilian football midfielder , who plays for Atlético Acreano . Career . Early years . Born in Sena Madureira , Acre , Doka spent the first five years of his career in with local Rio Branco , later moving to Bahia and Goiás . He was invited by Serbian FK Partizan for a trial period which began in June 2007 , but nothing came of it and he subsequently returning to Rio Branco . Litex Lovech . In November 2008 he was invited by Bulgarian Litex Lovech to join a trial period . He made his team debut a few days later in a 4–1 friendly win against Chavdar Etropole . In December 2008 , Litex signed Madureira to a three-year deal . He was given the number 15 shirt . Madureira marked his Litex Lovech competitive debut with a goal in a 5–1 win away to Nesebar in the Bulgarian Cup on 4 March 2009 . Until the end of the season , he earned 17 appearances and scored eight goals . Litex won the Bulgarian Cup on 26 May 2009 , to grant Doka his first career cup in Bulgaria . In the final he scored and assisted for a 3–0 win against Pirin Blagoevgrad . Doka scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 21 November 2009 , scoring the fourth goal of a 5–0 home win . On 14 March 2010 , he scored Litexs first goal in their 3–0 victory over Levski Sofia and was awarded Man of the Match . Litex won the A PFG on 2 May 2010 with a win at away to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Doka scored the second goal for a 3–0 win . Following the 2010–11 season , he earned 22 appearances in the A PFG , scored 12 goals and provided five assists . On 16 May 2011 , Doka was named the ABF A PFG Player of the Season , by the professional footballers association of Bulgaria . İstanbul Başakşehir . In late June 2011 , Doka Madureira was signed by Turkish Süper Lig club Istanbul B.B. . The Brazilians contract is for 3 years , with the option for a 1-year extension . On 11 September 2011 , he made his official debut as a starter in the 2:0 home win against Galatasaray in a Süper Lig match . On 24 September 2011 , Doka Madureira scored his first goal for the team , converting a penalty in the 2:0 away win against Manisaspor . On 12 May 2012 , Madureira received a red card in the 0:4 home loss against Bursaspor . Atlético Acreano . On 24 April 2019 , Atlético Acreano announced that Madureira had joined their club . Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian A PFG ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 1 ) : 2010 Individual . - ABF A PFG Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2010–11 |
[
"İstanbul Başakşehir"
] | easy | Which team did Doka Madureira play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Doka_Madureira#P54#2 | Doka Madureira Francisco Lima da Silva ( born 11 February 1984 ) , commonly known as Doka Madureira or Doka , is a Brazilian football midfielder , who plays for Atlético Acreano . Career . Early years . Born in Sena Madureira , Acre , Doka spent the first five years of his career in with local Rio Branco , later moving to Bahia and Goiás . He was invited by Serbian FK Partizan for a trial period which began in June 2007 , but nothing came of it and he subsequently returning to Rio Branco . Litex Lovech . In November 2008 he was invited by Bulgarian Litex Lovech to join a trial period . He made his team debut a few days later in a 4–1 friendly win against Chavdar Etropole . In December 2008 , Litex signed Madureira to a three-year deal . He was given the number 15 shirt . Madureira marked his Litex Lovech competitive debut with a goal in a 5–1 win away to Nesebar in the Bulgarian Cup on 4 March 2009 . Until the end of the season , he earned 17 appearances and scored eight goals . Litex won the Bulgarian Cup on 26 May 2009 , to grant Doka his first career cup in Bulgaria . In the final he scored and assisted for a 3–0 win against Pirin Blagoevgrad . Doka scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 21 November 2009 , scoring the fourth goal of a 5–0 home win . On 14 March 2010 , he scored Litexs first goal in their 3–0 victory over Levski Sofia and was awarded Man of the Match . Litex won the A PFG on 2 May 2010 with a win at away to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Doka scored the second goal for a 3–0 win . Following the 2010–11 season , he earned 22 appearances in the A PFG , scored 12 goals and provided five assists . On 16 May 2011 , Doka was named the ABF A PFG Player of the Season , by the professional footballers association of Bulgaria . İstanbul Başakşehir . In late June 2011 , Doka Madureira was signed by Turkish Süper Lig club Istanbul B.B. . The Brazilians contract is for 3 years , with the option for a 1-year extension . On 11 September 2011 , he made his official debut as a starter in the 2:0 home win against Galatasaray in a Süper Lig match . On 24 September 2011 , Doka Madureira scored his first goal for the team , converting a penalty in the 2:0 away win against Manisaspor . On 12 May 2012 , Madureira received a red card in the 0:4 home loss against Bursaspor . Atlético Acreano . On 24 April 2019 , Atlético Acreano announced that Madureira had joined their club . Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian A PFG ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 1 ) : 2010 Individual . - ABF A PFG Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2010–11 |
[
""
] | easy | William Julius Wilson went to which school from 1957 to 1961? | /wiki/William_Julius_Wilson#P69#0 | William Julius Wilson William Julius Wilson ( born December 20 , 1935 ) is an American sociologist . He is a professor at Harvard University and author of works on urban sociology , race and class issues . Laureate of the National Medal of Science , he served as the 80th President of the American Sociological Association , was a member of numerous national boards and commissions . He identified the importance of neighborhood effects and demonstrated how limited employment opportunities and weakened institutional resources exacerbated poverty within American inner-city neighborhoods . Academic career . Wilson is Lewis P . and Linda L . Geyser University Professor at Harvard University . He is one of 25 University Professors , the highest professional distinction for a Harvard faculty member . After receiving a PhD from Washington State University in 1966 , Wilson taught sociology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , before joining the University of Chicago faculty in 1972 . In 1990 he was appointed the Lucy Flower University Professor and director of the University of Chicagos Center for the Study of Urban Inequality . He joined the faculty at Harvard in July 1996 . He is affiliated with the Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at the John F . Kennedy School of Government , the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research , and Harvards Department of Sociology . He is a member of the Library of Congress Scholars Council . Wilson was an original board member of the progressive Century Institute , and a current board member at Philadelphia-based Public/Private Ventures as well as PolicyLink and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . He was Sudhir Venkateshs advisor when Venkatesh was a PhD student at the University of Chicago . Publication . Wilson is the author of Power Racism and Privilege : Race Relations in Theoretical and Sociohistorical Perspectives ( 1973 , 1976 ) , The Declining Significance of Race : Blacks and Changing American Institutions ( 1978 , 1980 , 2012 ) , winner of the American Sociological Associations Sydney Spivack Award ; ( 1987 , 2012 ) , which was selected by the editors of the New York Times Book Review as one of the 16 best books of 1987 , and received The Washington Monthly Annual Book Award , the Society for the Study of Social Problems C . Wright Mills Award and the American Political Science Associations Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award ; When Work Disappears : The World of the New Urban Poor ( 1996 ) , which was selected as one of the notable books of 1996 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review and received the 1997 Hillman Prize and the American Political Science Associations Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award ; and The Bridge Over the Racial Divide : Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics . More recently , he is the co-author of There Goes the Neighborhood : Racial , Ethnic , and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America ( 2006 ) , and Good Kids in Bad Neighborhoods : Successful Development in Social Context ( 2006 ) ; and author of More than Just Race : Being Black and Poor in the Inner City ( 2009 ) . In The Declining Significance of Race : Blacks and Changing American Institutions ( 1978 ) Wilson argues that the significance of race is waning , and that for African Americans , class is comparatively more important in determining their life chances . In The Truly Disadvantaged : The Inner City , the Underclass , and Public Policy ( 1987 ) , Wilson was one of the first to enunciate at length the spatial mismatch theory for the development of a ghetto underclass . As industrial jobs disappeared in cities in the wake of global economic restructuring , and hence urban unemployment increased , women found it unwise to marry the fathers of their children since the fathers would not be breadwinners . In The Truly Disadvantaged Wilson also argued against Charles Murrays theory of welfare causing poverty . In Wilsons most recent book , More Than Just Race : Being Black and Poor in the Inner City ( 2009 ) , he directs his attention to the overall framing of pervasive , concentrated urban poverty of African Americans . He asks the question , Why do poverty and unequal opportunity persist in the lives of so many African Americans ? In response , he traces the history and current state of powerful structural factors impacting African Americans , such as discrimination in laws , policies , hiring , housing , and education . Wilson also examines the interplay of structural factors and the attitudes and assumptions of African Americans , European Americans , and social science researchers . In identifying the dynamic influence of structural , economic , and cultural factors , he argues against either/or politicized views of poverty among African Americans that either focus blame solely on cultural factors or only on unjust structural factors . He tries to demonstrate the importance of understanding not only the independent contributions of social structure and culture but also how they interact to shape different group outcomes that embody racial inequality . Wilsons goal is to rethink the way we talk about addressing the problems of race and urban poverty in the public policy arena . Influence . Wilsons book When Work Disappears has been cited as an inspiration for the second season of the HBO show The Wire . Criticism of his work . Beginning with The Declining Significance of Race , Wilsons work has attracted a great deal of controversy and criticism , see for example Willies The Inclining Significance of Race . In his book Still the Promised City ? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York , Roger Waldinger , a professor of Sociology at the University of California , Los Angeles , provides a critique of arguments advanced by Wilson in The Truly Disadvantaged . In particular , Waldinger challenges Wilsons argument that the labor market problems African Americans face today are largely due to deindustrialization and consequent skills mismatches . Waldinger argues that , on one hand , African Americans never were especially dependent on jobs in the manufacturing sector , so deindustrialization in itself has not had a major impact on African Americans , and that , on the other hand , the relative labor market success of poorly educated immigrants suggests that there is no absence of jobs for those with few skills in the post-industrial era ( see Anthony Orums review of the book ) . One limitation to the full credibility of Waldingers study , however , is that it is based entirely on research in New York City and , therefore , its findings are difficult to generalize to cities such as Detroit , Baltimore , Philadelphia , Cleveland , and others where blacks were indeed concentrated in the manufacturing sector . The concept of the ghetto and underclass has faced criticism both empirically and theoretically . Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time . This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income and/or racial minority populations . It has been argued that the cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods likely has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood . To a large extent the problem with the ghetto and underclass concepts stem from the reliance on case studies ( in particular case studies from Chicago ) , which confine social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods . Honors . Past President of the American Sociological Association , Wilson has received 45 honorary degrees , including honorary doctorates from Yale , Princeton University , Columbia University , the University of Pennsylvania , Northwestern University , Johns Hopkins University , New York University , Bard College , Dartmouth College , and the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands . A MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1987 to 1992 , Wilson has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the National Academy of Education , the American Philosophical Society , the Institute of Medicine , and the British Academy . In June 1996 he was selected by Time magazine as one of Americas 25 Most Influential People . In 1997 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . He is a recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science , the highest scientific honor in the United States , and was awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize in the Social Sciences by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003 ; the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2013 ; the Robert and Helen Lynd Award for Distinguished Career Achievement by the Community and Urban Section of the American Sociological Association in 2013 ; and the W.E.B . Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award by the American Sociological Association in 2014 , the highest award bestowed by the American Sociological Association . Other honors granted to Wilson include the Seidman Award in Political Economy ( the first and only non-economist to receive the award ) ; the Golden Plate Achievement Award ; the Distinguished Alumnus Award , Washington State University ; the American Sociological Associations Dubois , Johnson , Frazier Award ( for significant scholarship in the field of inter-group relations ) ; the American Sociological Associations Award for Public Understanding of Sociology ; Burton Gordon Feldman Award ( for outstanding contributions in the field of public policy ) Brandeis University ; and the Martin Luther King Jr . National Award ( granted by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , Los Angeles ) ; the Diverse : Issues in Higher Educations John Hope Franklin Award ; Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award , Harvard University ; and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in Nonfiction . He was designated a Walter Channing Cabot Fellow at Harvard University for 2009–2010 . And in 2012 , the Inequality , Poverty , and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association renamed its Early Career Award as the William Julius Wilson Early Career Award . Wilson also served on a member of numerous national boards and commissions including , the Social Science Research Council , Spelman College , Bard College , National Humanities Center , Levy Economic Institute and Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation . He was previously the Chair of the Board of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and of the Russell Sage Foundation . In 2010 , Wilson received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award Lifetime Achievement Award in Nonfiction . External links . - William Julius Wilson The John W . Kluge Center at the Library of Congress |
[
"Washington State University"
] | easy | Where was William Julius Wilson educated from 1961 to 1966? | /wiki/William_Julius_Wilson#P69#1 | William Julius Wilson William Julius Wilson ( born December 20 , 1935 ) is an American sociologist . He is a professor at Harvard University and author of works on urban sociology , race and class issues . Laureate of the National Medal of Science , he served as the 80th President of the American Sociological Association , was a member of numerous national boards and commissions . He identified the importance of neighborhood effects and demonstrated how limited employment opportunities and weakened institutional resources exacerbated poverty within American inner-city neighborhoods . Academic career . Wilson is Lewis P . and Linda L . Geyser University Professor at Harvard University . He is one of 25 University Professors , the highest professional distinction for a Harvard faculty member . After receiving a PhD from Washington State University in 1966 , Wilson taught sociology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , before joining the University of Chicago faculty in 1972 . In 1990 he was appointed the Lucy Flower University Professor and director of the University of Chicagos Center for the Study of Urban Inequality . He joined the faculty at Harvard in July 1996 . He is affiliated with the Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at the John F . Kennedy School of Government , the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research , and Harvards Department of Sociology . He is a member of the Library of Congress Scholars Council . Wilson was an original board member of the progressive Century Institute , and a current board member at Philadelphia-based Public/Private Ventures as well as PolicyLink and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . He was Sudhir Venkateshs advisor when Venkatesh was a PhD student at the University of Chicago . Publication . Wilson is the author of Power Racism and Privilege : Race Relations in Theoretical and Sociohistorical Perspectives ( 1973 , 1976 ) , The Declining Significance of Race : Blacks and Changing American Institutions ( 1978 , 1980 , 2012 ) , winner of the American Sociological Associations Sydney Spivack Award ; ( 1987 , 2012 ) , which was selected by the editors of the New York Times Book Review as one of the 16 best books of 1987 , and received The Washington Monthly Annual Book Award , the Society for the Study of Social Problems C . Wright Mills Award and the American Political Science Associations Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award ; When Work Disappears : The World of the New Urban Poor ( 1996 ) , which was selected as one of the notable books of 1996 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review and received the 1997 Hillman Prize and the American Political Science Associations Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award ; and The Bridge Over the Racial Divide : Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics . More recently , he is the co-author of There Goes the Neighborhood : Racial , Ethnic , and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America ( 2006 ) , and Good Kids in Bad Neighborhoods : Successful Development in Social Context ( 2006 ) ; and author of More than Just Race : Being Black and Poor in the Inner City ( 2009 ) . In The Declining Significance of Race : Blacks and Changing American Institutions ( 1978 ) Wilson argues that the significance of race is waning , and that for African Americans , class is comparatively more important in determining their life chances . In The Truly Disadvantaged : The Inner City , the Underclass , and Public Policy ( 1987 ) , Wilson was one of the first to enunciate at length the spatial mismatch theory for the development of a ghetto underclass . As industrial jobs disappeared in cities in the wake of global economic restructuring , and hence urban unemployment increased , women found it unwise to marry the fathers of their children since the fathers would not be breadwinners . In The Truly Disadvantaged Wilson also argued against Charles Murrays theory of welfare causing poverty . In Wilsons most recent book , More Than Just Race : Being Black and Poor in the Inner City ( 2009 ) , he directs his attention to the overall framing of pervasive , concentrated urban poverty of African Americans . He asks the question , Why do poverty and unequal opportunity persist in the lives of so many African Americans ? In response , he traces the history and current state of powerful structural factors impacting African Americans , such as discrimination in laws , policies , hiring , housing , and education . Wilson also examines the interplay of structural factors and the attitudes and assumptions of African Americans , European Americans , and social science researchers . In identifying the dynamic influence of structural , economic , and cultural factors , he argues against either/or politicized views of poverty among African Americans that either focus blame solely on cultural factors or only on unjust structural factors . He tries to demonstrate the importance of understanding not only the independent contributions of social structure and culture but also how they interact to shape different group outcomes that embody racial inequality . Wilsons goal is to rethink the way we talk about addressing the problems of race and urban poverty in the public policy arena . Influence . Wilsons book When Work Disappears has been cited as an inspiration for the second season of the HBO show The Wire . Criticism of his work . Beginning with The Declining Significance of Race , Wilsons work has attracted a great deal of controversy and criticism , see for example Willies The Inclining Significance of Race . In his book Still the Promised City ? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York , Roger Waldinger , a professor of Sociology at the University of California , Los Angeles , provides a critique of arguments advanced by Wilson in The Truly Disadvantaged . In particular , Waldinger challenges Wilsons argument that the labor market problems African Americans face today are largely due to deindustrialization and consequent skills mismatches . Waldinger argues that , on one hand , African Americans never were especially dependent on jobs in the manufacturing sector , so deindustrialization in itself has not had a major impact on African Americans , and that , on the other hand , the relative labor market success of poorly educated immigrants suggests that there is no absence of jobs for those with few skills in the post-industrial era ( see Anthony Orums review of the book ) . One limitation to the full credibility of Waldingers study , however , is that it is based entirely on research in New York City and , therefore , its findings are difficult to generalize to cities such as Detroit , Baltimore , Philadelphia , Cleveland , and others where blacks were indeed concentrated in the manufacturing sector . The concept of the ghetto and underclass has faced criticism both empirically and theoretically . Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time . This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income and/or racial minority populations . It has been argued that the cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods likely has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood . To a large extent the problem with the ghetto and underclass concepts stem from the reliance on case studies ( in particular case studies from Chicago ) , which confine social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods . Honors . Past President of the American Sociological Association , Wilson has received 45 honorary degrees , including honorary doctorates from Yale , Princeton University , Columbia University , the University of Pennsylvania , Northwestern University , Johns Hopkins University , New York University , Bard College , Dartmouth College , and the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands . A MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1987 to 1992 , Wilson has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the National Academy of Education , the American Philosophical Society , the Institute of Medicine , and the British Academy . In June 1996 he was selected by Time magazine as one of Americas 25 Most Influential People . In 1997 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . He is a recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science , the highest scientific honor in the United States , and was awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize in the Social Sciences by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003 ; the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2013 ; the Robert and Helen Lynd Award for Distinguished Career Achievement by the Community and Urban Section of the American Sociological Association in 2013 ; and the W.E.B . Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award by the American Sociological Association in 2014 , the highest award bestowed by the American Sociological Association . Other honors granted to Wilson include the Seidman Award in Political Economy ( the first and only non-economist to receive the award ) ; the Golden Plate Achievement Award ; the Distinguished Alumnus Award , Washington State University ; the American Sociological Associations Dubois , Johnson , Frazier Award ( for significant scholarship in the field of inter-group relations ) ; the American Sociological Associations Award for Public Understanding of Sociology ; Burton Gordon Feldman Award ( for outstanding contributions in the field of public policy ) Brandeis University ; and the Martin Luther King Jr . National Award ( granted by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , Los Angeles ) ; the Diverse : Issues in Higher Educations John Hope Franklin Award ; Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award , Harvard University ; and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in Nonfiction . He was designated a Walter Channing Cabot Fellow at Harvard University for 2009–2010 . And in 2012 , the Inequality , Poverty , and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association renamed its Early Career Award as the William Julius Wilson Early Career Award . Wilson also served on a member of numerous national boards and commissions including , the Social Science Research Council , Spelman College , Bard College , National Humanities Center , Levy Economic Institute and Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation . He was previously the Chair of the Board of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and of the Russell Sage Foundation . In 2010 , Wilson received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award Lifetime Achievement Award in Nonfiction . External links . - William Julius Wilson The John W . Kluge Center at the Library of Congress |
[
"PASOK"
] | easy | Which party was Sofia Sakorafa a member of from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Sofia_Sakorafa#P102#0 | Sofia Sakorafa Sofia Sakorafa ( , born 29 April 1957 in Trikala , Greece ) is a Greek-Palestinian politician and former javelin thrower . She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25 , having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served , from June 2012 to July 2014 , as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament . She now serves as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party . Education . Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki . Athletics . She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club . In total , Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times . She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics . She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens . A few days later , on 26 September 1982 , at the Greek national championships in Chania , Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres . That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999 . In 1983 , after winning the Balkan Games , she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m , but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki , due to injury . 2004 Olympics . Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47 . She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania , Crete , on 28 June 2004 - her performance was 47.23 metres . Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic , the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics . Professional career . Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance . From 1994 to 1996 , she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman . Political career . She has served on the City Councils of Athens , from 1994 to 1998 , and Maroussi , from 1998 to 2006 . She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times ( in the elections of 2000 , 2007 and 2009 ) . She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections . On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU . As a result , she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012 . She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B . In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras , she had responsibility for the interior . She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election . In the 2014 European Parliament elections , she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece , representing Syriza . She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy . Since the 16 October 2014 , she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America , having previously been a member . She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs . On 28 September 2015 , Sakorafa left Syriza and currently sits as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping . She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece . She said : Its clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people . In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25 . On the 26th of May 2019 , she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25 . References . - Info - IAAF Profile External links . This article incorporates text from the article Sofia_Sakorafa on Phantis.com , which is licensed under the GFDL ( ) . |
[
"Syriza"
] | easy | Which party was Sofia Sakorafa a member of from 2012 to 2015? | /wiki/Sofia_Sakorafa#P102#1 | Sofia Sakorafa Sofia Sakorafa ( , born 29 April 1957 in Trikala , Greece ) is a Greek-Palestinian politician and former javelin thrower . She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25 , having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served , from June 2012 to July 2014 , as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament . She now serves as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party . Education . Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki . Athletics . She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club . In total , Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times . She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics . She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens . A few days later , on 26 September 1982 , at the Greek national championships in Chania , Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres . That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999 . In 1983 , after winning the Balkan Games , she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m , but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki , due to injury . 2004 Olympics . Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47 . She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania , Crete , on 28 June 2004 - her performance was 47.23 metres . Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic , the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics . Professional career . Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance . From 1994 to 1996 , she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman . Political career . She has served on the City Councils of Athens , from 1994 to 1998 , and Maroussi , from 1998 to 2006 . She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times ( in the elections of 2000 , 2007 and 2009 ) . She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections . On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU . As a result , she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012 . She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B . In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras , she had responsibility for the interior . She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election . In the 2014 European Parliament elections , she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece , representing Syriza . She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy . Since the 16 October 2014 , she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America , having previously been a member . She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs . On 28 September 2015 , Sakorafa left Syriza and currently sits as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping . She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece . She said : Its clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people . In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25 . On the 26th of May 2019 , she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25 . References . - Info - IAAF Profile External links . This article incorporates text from the article Sofia_Sakorafa on Phantis.com , which is licensed under the GFDL ( ) . |
[
"MeRA25"
] | easy | Which political party did Sofia Sakorafa belong to from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Sofia_Sakorafa#P102#2 | Sofia Sakorafa Sofia Sakorafa ( , born 29 April 1957 in Trikala , Greece ) is a Greek-Palestinian politician and former javelin thrower . She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25 , having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served , from June 2012 to July 2014 , as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament . She now serves as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party . Education . Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki . Athletics . She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club . In total , Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times . She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics . She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens . A few days later , on 26 September 1982 , at the Greek national championships in Chania , Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres . That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999 . In 1983 , after winning the Balkan Games , she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m , but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki , due to injury . 2004 Olympics . Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47 . She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania , Crete , on 28 June 2004 - her performance was 47.23 metres . Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic , the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics . Professional career . Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance . From 1994 to 1996 , she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman . Political career . She has served on the City Councils of Athens , from 1994 to 1998 , and Maroussi , from 1998 to 2006 . She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times ( in the elections of 2000 , 2007 and 2009 ) . She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections . On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU . As a result , she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012 . She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B . In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras , she had responsibility for the interior . She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election . In the 2014 European Parliament elections , she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece , representing Syriza . She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy . Since the 16 October 2014 , she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America , having previously been a member . She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs . On 28 September 2015 , Sakorafa left Syriza and currently sits as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping . She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece . She said : Its clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people . In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25 . On the 26th of May 2019 , she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25 . References . - Info - IAAF Profile External links . This article incorporates text from the article Sofia_Sakorafa on Phantis.com , which is licensed under the GFDL ( ) . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Mircea Ionuț Axente belong to from 2005 to 2009? | /wiki/Mircea_Ionuț_Axente#P54#0 | Mircea Ionuț Axente Mircea Axente ( born 14 March 1987 ) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward for Liga II side ASU Politehnica Timișoara . Club career . Early career . Axente began his youth career at LPS Galați . Politehnica Timișoara . He scored his first goal for FC Timişoara in Europa League game in away 2–1 win at MyPa . Just after few days after his goal in Europa League , he scored his first goal in Liga I for FC Timişoara in 91-minute against Gaz Metan Mediaş making 2–2 . Again on 5 August 2010 he scored 1 goal in second leg against MyPa making 1–3 in a dramatic qualifier become an important man for Poli . He scored again against League Champions CFR Cluj in a 3–2 victory . At this moment , he had 12 goals in this season including Friendly Matches . On 26 September 2010 he scored the winning goal against Pandurii Târgu Jiu , ended 1–0 . FCM Reșița . The younger striker was loaned out at Reșița where impressed , scores 9 goals in 17 appearances . After scoring nine goals in the first half of the season , he was brought back to the club for the rest of the year . CS Buftea . This time he was loaned to CS Buftea , who impressed again , scores 9 goals , but this time in 15 appearances . Gloria Buzău . Now , he was loaned to first divisioner Gloria where scores at his debut against Oţelul Galaţi . Oțelul Galați . He was loaned out again at Oțelul scores five goals , but three of this against his parent team , FC Timişoara . At the end of the season , finally he was promoted to first team at Timișoara . Dinamo București . In the summer of 2012 , Axente had his contract with Poli Timișoara ended by the Discipline Commission from the Romanian Federation , due to delays in the payments of his salary . Thus , he became a free agent , and signed a contract for four years with Dinamo București . Viitorul Constanța . In the summer of 2013 , Axente became free agent . Then , in August , he signed a contract with Liga I team Viitorul Constanta . FC Dinamo București . In the summer of 2018 , Axente became free agent . Then , after 1 month , he signed a contract with Liga I team FC Dinamo București . On 2 August 2018 , Mircea Axente score in Derby Steaua-Dinamo . On 24 January 2019 the contract was terminated . Honours . - Politehnica Timișoara - Liga II : 2011–2012 - Dinamo București - Romanian Supercup : 2012 - Ermis Aradippou - Cypriot Super Cup : 2014 - ASA Târgu Mureș - Romanian Supercup : 2015 |
[
"FC Timişoara"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mircea Ionuț Axente belong to from 2009 to 2012? | /wiki/Mircea_Ionuț_Axente#P54#1 | Mircea Ionuț Axente Mircea Axente ( born 14 March 1987 ) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward for Liga II side ASU Politehnica Timișoara . Club career . Early career . Axente began his youth career at LPS Galați . Politehnica Timișoara . He scored his first goal for FC Timişoara in Europa League game in away 2–1 win at MyPa . Just after few days after his goal in Europa League , he scored his first goal in Liga I for FC Timişoara in 91-minute against Gaz Metan Mediaş making 2–2 . Again on 5 August 2010 he scored 1 goal in second leg against MyPa making 1–3 in a dramatic qualifier become an important man for Poli . He scored again against League Champions CFR Cluj in a 3–2 victory . At this moment , he had 12 goals in this season including Friendly Matches . On 26 September 2010 he scored the winning goal against Pandurii Târgu Jiu , ended 1–0 . FCM Reșița . The younger striker was loaned out at Reșița where impressed , scores 9 goals in 17 appearances . After scoring nine goals in the first half of the season , he was brought back to the club for the rest of the year . CS Buftea . This time he was loaned to CS Buftea , who impressed again , scores 9 goals , but this time in 15 appearances . Gloria Buzău . Now , he was loaned to first divisioner Gloria where scores at his debut against Oţelul Galaţi . Oțelul Galați . He was loaned out again at Oțelul scores five goals , but three of this against his parent team , FC Timişoara . At the end of the season , finally he was promoted to first team at Timișoara . Dinamo București . In the summer of 2012 , Axente had his contract with Poli Timișoara ended by the Discipline Commission from the Romanian Federation , due to delays in the payments of his salary . Thus , he became a free agent , and signed a contract for four years with Dinamo București . Viitorul Constanța . In the summer of 2013 , Axente became free agent . Then , in August , he signed a contract with Liga I team Viitorul Constanta . FC Dinamo București . In the summer of 2018 , Axente became free agent . Then , after 1 month , he signed a contract with Liga I team FC Dinamo București . On 2 August 2018 , Mircea Axente score in Derby Steaua-Dinamo . On 24 January 2019 the contract was terminated . Honours . - Politehnica Timișoara - Liga II : 2011–2012 - Dinamo București - Romanian Supercup : 2012 - Ermis Aradippou - Cypriot Super Cup : 2014 - ASA Târgu Mureș - Romanian Supercup : 2015 |
[
"Dinamo București"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mircea Ionuț Axente belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Mircea_Ionuț_Axente#P54#2 | Mircea Ionuț Axente Mircea Axente ( born 14 March 1987 ) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward for Liga II side ASU Politehnica Timișoara . Club career . Early career . Axente began his youth career at LPS Galați . Politehnica Timișoara . He scored his first goal for FC Timişoara in Europa League game in away 2–1 win at MyPa . Just after few days after his goal in Europa League , he scored his first goal in Liga I for FC Timişoara in 91-minute against Gaz Metan Mediaş making 2–2 . Again on 5 August 2010 he scored 1 goal in second leg against MyPa making 1–3 in a dramatic qualifier become an important man for Poli . He scored again against League Champions CFR Cluj in a 3–2 victory . At this moment , he had 12 goals in this season including Friendly Matches . On 26 September 2010 he scored the winning goal against Pandurii Târgu Jiu , ended 1–0 . FCM Reșița . The younger striker was loaned out at Reșița where impressed , scores 9 goals in 17 appearances . After scoring nine goals in the first half of the season , he was brought back to the club for the rest of the year . CS Buftea . This time he was loaned to CS Buftea , who impressed again , scores 9 goals , but this time in 15 appearances . Gloria Buzău . Now , he was loaned to first divisioner Gloria where scores at his debut against Oţelul Galaţi . Oțelul Galați . He was loaned out again at Oțelul scores five goals , but three of this against his parent team , FC Timişoara . At the end of the season , finally he was promoted to first team at Timișoara . Dinamo București . In the summer of 2012 , Axente had his contract with Poli Timișoara ended by the Discipline Commission from the Romanian Federation , due to delays in the payments of his salary . Thus , he became a free agent , and signed a contract for four years with Dinamo București . Viitorul Constanța . In the summer of 2013 , Axente became free agent . Then , in August , he signed a contract with Liga I team Viitorul Constanta . FC Dinamo București . In the summer of 2018 , Axente became free agent . Then , after 1 month , he signed a contract with Liga I team FC Dinamo București . On 2 August 2018 , Mircea Axente score in Derby Steaua-Dinamo . On 24 January 2019 the contract was terminated . Honours . - Politehnica Timișoara - Liga II : 2011–2012 - Dinamo București - Romanian Supercup : 2012 - Ermis Aradippou - Cypriot Super Cup : 2014 - ASA Târgu Mureș - Romanian Supercup : 2015 |
[
"Viitorul Constanța"
] | easy | Which team did Mircea Ionuț Axente play for from 2013 to 2016? | /wiki/Mircea_Ionuț_Axente#P54#3 | Mircea Ionuț Axente Mircea Axente ( born 14 March 1987 ) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward for Liga II side ASU Politehnica Timișoara . Club career . Early career . Axente began his youth career at LPS Galați . Politehnica Timișoara . He scored his first goal for FC Timişoara in Europa League game in away 2–1 win at MyPa . Just after few days after his goal in Europa League , he scored his first goal in Liga I for FC Timişoara in 91-minute against Gaz Metan Mediaş making 2–2 . Again on 5 August 2010 he scored 1 goal in second leg against MyPa making 1–3 in a dramatic qualifier become an important man for Poli . He scored again against League Champions CFR Cluj in a 3–2 victory . At this moment , he had 12 goals in this season including Friendly Matches . On 26 September 2010 he scored the winning goal against Pandurii Târgu Jiu , ended 1–0 . FCM Reșița . The younger striker was loaned out at Reșița where impressed , scores 9 goals in 17 appearances . After scoring nine goals in the first half of the season , he was brought back to the club for the rest of the year . CS Buftea . This time he was loaned to CS Buftea , who impressed again , scores 9 goals , but this time in 15 appearances . Gloria Buzău . Now , he was loaned to first divisioner Gloria where scores at his debut against Oţelul Galaţi . Oțelul Galați . He was loaned out again at Oțelul scores five goals , but three of this against his parent team , FC Timişoara . At the end of the season , finally he was promoted to first team at Timișoara . Dinamo București . In the summer of 2012 , Axente had his contract with Poli Timișoara ended by the Discipline Commission from the Romanian Federation , due to delays in the payments of his salary . Thus , he became a free agent , and signed a contract for four years with Dinamo București . Viitorul Constanța . In the summer of 2013 , Axente became free agent . Then , in August , he signed a contract with Liga I team Viitorul Constanta . FC Dinamo București . In the summer of 2018 , Axente became free agent . Then , after 1 month , he signed a contract with Liga I team FC Dinamo București . On 2 August 2018 , Mircea Axente score in Derby Steaua-Dinamo . On 24 January 2019 the contract was terminated . Honours . - Politehnica Timișoara - Liga II : 2011–2012 - Dinamo București - Romanian Supercup : 2012 - Ermis Aradippou - Cypriot Super Cup : 2014 - ASA Târgu Mureș - Romanian Supercup : 2015 |
[
"Lord Mayor of Munich"
] | easy | What was the position of Karl Scharnagl from 1925 to 1926? | /wiki/Karl_Scharnagl#P39#0 | Karl Scharnagl Karl Scharnagl ( born 17 January 1881 in Munich ; died 6 April 1963 in Munich ) was a German politician . He was Lord Mayor of Munich from 1925 to 1933 and again from 1945 to 1948 , and in 1945 he co-founded the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Life . Scharnagl first learned bakery and confectionery trades in the family business , but showed interest in a political career at an early age . His brother Anton Scharnagl was a clergyman . In 1911 , at just 30 years of age , he was a deputy of the Center Party in the second chamber of the Bavarian Parliament . In 1918 , after breaking off from the Centre Party , he was a member of the Bavarian Peoples Party , where he was a member of Parliament through two election periods 1920–1924 and 1928–1932 . In 1917 , he was also in the select committee of the Bavarian Association of the German Fatherland Party . 1919 to 1945 . In 1919 , Scharnagl was elected to the city council of Munich , 1925 vice mayor and in 1926 he was elected mayor of the city . As mayor , his attention was given to the expansion of the transport network as well as to housing . After the seizure of power by the Nazi Party in 1933 , and after several clashes he resigned in office and returned to his learned profession as a baker . Although he was not involved in the failed assassination attempt of 20 July 1944 , Scharnagl was arrested and detained in the Dachau concentration camp . After the liberation of the camp and the subsequent surrender of the German Wehrmacht , Scharnagl was placed by the US armed forces in May 1945 in the position as mayor of Munich . Together with Karl Meitinger he played an important role in the historicist reconstruction of the city center ( Scharnagl Plan ) and was the initiator of the Kulturbaufonds Munich . To commemorate his plans for a traffic circle , a section of Altstadtring was named after him . After 1945 . In the summer of 1945 Scharnagl was one of the leaders in the preparations for the founding of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Through his organization , a meeting of twelve persons was held on August 14 , which discussed the possibility of establishing a conservative-bourgeois party as a counterweight to the socialist camp . A committee to prepare the partys founding was used and adopted at a further meeting on September 12 , which is considered the actual founding meeting of the CSU , under the name of the Bavarian Christian Social Union . The statewide official founding as Christian Social Union , was on October 13 in Würzburg . On June 6 , 1946 Karl Scharnagl was officially voted in as mayor in his office , but two years later he was defeated by Thomas Wimmer ( SPD ) . He served one year as the second mayor , and then went into retirement in 1949 . On May 22 , 1945 Scharnagl received the allowance from the American military government the authority to re-establish the organization of the Red Cross for Bavaria . He called upon Adalbert Prince of Bavaria to become its president . On 1 June 1946 he was elected honorary president of the Bavarian Red Cross ( BRK ) and on 12 April 1947 he was elected president . 1948 Scharnagl co-founded the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation . From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of the Bavarian Senate . He was a member of the Catholic fraternity K.S.St.V . Alemannia Munich , Kartellverband . On April 6 , 1963 Karl Scharnagl died . He was buried in the Ostfriedhof in Munich . External links . - Biography |
[
"Lord Mayor"
] | easy | What was the position of Karl Scharnagl from 1926 to May 1945? | /wiki/Karl_Scharnagl#P39#1 | Karl Scharnagl Karl Scharnagl ( born 17 January 1881 in Munich ; died 6 April 1963 in Munich ) was a German politician . He was Lord Mayor of Munich from 1925 to 1933 and again from 1945 to 1948 , and in 1945 he co-founded the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Life . Scharnagl first learned bakery and confectionery trades in the family business , but showed interest in a political career at an early age . His brother Anton Scharnagl was a clergyman . In 1911 , at just 30 years of age , he was a deputy of the Center Party in the second chamber of the Bavarian Parliament . In 1918 , after breaking off from the Centre Party , he was a member of the Bavarian Peoples Party , where he was a member of Parliament through two election periods 1920–1924 and 1928–1932 . In 1917 , he was also in the select committee of the Bavarian Association of the German Fatherland Party . 1919 to 1945 . In 1919 , Scharnagl was elected to the city council of Munich , 1925 vice mayor and in 1926 he was elected mayor of the city . As mayor , his attention was given to the expansion of the transport network as well as to housing . After the seizure of power by the Nazi Party in 1933 , and after several clashes he resigned in office and returned to his learned profession as a baker . Although he was not involved in the failed assassination attempt of 20 July 1944 , Scharnagl was arrested and detained in the Dachau concentration camp . After the liberation of the camp and the subsequent surrender of the German Wehrmacht , Scharnagl was placed by the US armed forces in May 1945 in the position as mayor of Munich . Together with Karl Meitinger he played an important role in the historicist reconstruction of the city center ( Scharnagl Plan ) and was the initiator of the Kulturbaufonds Munich . To commemorate his plans for a traffic circle , a section of Altstadtring was named after him . After 1945 . In the summer of 1945 Scharnagl was one of the leaders in the preparations for the founding of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Through his organization , a meeting of twelve persons was held on August 14 , which discussed the possibility of establishing a conservative-bourgeois party as a counterweight to the socialist camp . A committee to prepare the partys founding was used and adopted at a further meeting on September 12 , which is considered the actual founding meeting of the CSU , under the name of the Bavarian Christian Social Union . The statewide official founding as Christian Social Union , was on October 13 in Würzburg . On June 6 , 1946 Karl Scharnagl was officially voted in as mayor in his office , but two years later he was defeated by Thomas Wimmer ( SPD ) . He served one year as the second mayor , and then went into retirement in 1949 . On May 22 , 1945 Scharnagl received the allowance from the American military government the authority to re-establish the organization of the Red Cross for Bavaria . He called upon Adalbert Prince of Bavaria to become its president . On 1 June 1946 he was elected honorary president of the Bavarian Red Cross ( BRK ) and on 12 April 1947 he was elected president . 1948 Scharnagl co-founded the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation . From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of the Bavarian Senate . He was a member of the Catholic fraternity K.S.St.V . Alemannia Munich , Kartellverband . On April 6 , 1963 Karl Scharnagl died . He was buried in the Ostfriedhof in Munich . External links . - Biography |
[
"Lord Mayor of Munich",
"Lord Mayor"
] | easy | What was the position of Karl Scharnagl from May 1945 to Jun 1948? | /wiki/Karl_Scharnagl#P39#2 | Karl Scharnagl Karl Scharnagl ( born 17 January 1881 in Munich ; died 6 April 1963 in Munich ) was a German politician . He was Lord Mayor of Munich from 1925 to 1933 and again from 1945 to 1948 , and in 1945 he co-founded the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Life . Scharnagl first learned bakery and confectionery trades in the family business , but showed interest in a political career at an early age . His brother Anton Scharnagl was a clergyman . In 1911 , at just 30 years of age , he was a deputy of the Center Party in the second chamber of the Bavarian Parliament . In 1918 , after breaking off from the Centre Party , he was a member of the Bavarian Peoples Party , where he was a member of Parliament through two election periods 1920–1924 and 1928–1932 . In 1917 , he was also in the select committee of the Bavarian Association of the German Fatherland Party . 1919 to 1945 . In 1919 , Scharnagl was elected to the city council of Munich , 1925 vice mayor and in 1926 he was elected mayor of the city . As mayor , his attention was given to the expansion of the transport network as well as to housing . After the seizure of power by the Nazi Party in 1933 , and after several clashes he resigned in office and returned to his learned profession as a baker . Although he was not involved in the failed assassination attempt of 20 July 1944 , Scharnagl was arrested and detained in the Dachau concentration camp . After the liberation of the camp and the subsequent surrender of the German Wehrmacht , Scharnagl was placed by the US armed forces in May 1945 in the position as mayor of Munich . Together with Karl Meitinger he played an important role in the historicist reconstruction of the city center ( Scharnagl Plan ) and was the initiator of the Kulturbaufonds Munich . To commemorate his plans for a traffic circle , a section of Altstadtring was named after him . After 1945 . In the summer of 1945 Scharnagl was one of the leaders in the preparations for the founding of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Through his organization , a meeting of twelve persons was held on August 14 , which discussed the possibility of establishing a conservative-bourgeois party as a counterweight to the socialist camp . A committee to prepare the partys founding was used and adopted at a further meeting on September 12 , which is considered the actual founding meeting of the CSU , under the name of the Bavarian Christian Social Union . The statewide official founding as Christian Social Union , was on October 13 in Würzburg . On June 6 , 1946 Karl Scharnagl was officially voted in as mayor in his office , but two years later he was defeated by Thomas Wimmer ( SPD ) . He served one year as the second mayor , and then went into retirement in 1949 . On May 22 , 1945 Scharnagl received the allowance from the American military government the authority to re-establish the organization of the Red Cross for Bavaria . He called upon Adalbert Prince of Bavaria to become its president . On 1 June 1946 he was elected honorary president of the Bavarian Red Cross ( BRK ) and on 12 April 1947 he was elected president . 1948 Scharnagl co-founded the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation . From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of the Bavarian Senate . He was a member of the Catholic fraternity K.S.St.V . Alemannia Munich , Kartellverband . On April 6 , 1963 Karl Scharnagl died . He was buried in the Ostfriedhof in Munich . External links . - Biography |
[
"Lord Mayor"
] | easy | What position did Karl Scharnagl take from Jun 1948 to Jun 1949? | /wiki/Karl_Scharnagl#P39#3 | Karl Scharnagl Karl Scharnagl ( born 17 January 1881 in Munich ; died 6 April 1963 in Munich ) was a German politician . He was Lord Mayor of Munich from 1925 to 1933 and again from 1945 to 1948 , and in 1945 he co-founded the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Life . Scharnagl first learned bakery and confectionery trades in the family business , but showed interest in a political career at an early age . His brother Anton Scharnagl was a clergyman . In 1911 , at just 30 years of age , he was a deputy of the Center Party in the second chamber of the Bavarian Parliament . In 1918 , after breaking off from the Centre Party , he was a member of the Bavarian Peoples Party , where he was a member of Parliament through two election periods 1920–1924 and 1928–1932 . In 1917 , he was also in the select committee of the Bavarian Association of the German Fatherland Party . 1919 to 1945 . In 1919 , Scharnagl was elected to the city council of Munich , 1925 vice mayor and in 1926 he was elected mayor of the city . As mayor , his attention was given to the expansion of the transport network as well as to housing . After the seizure of power by the Nazi Party in 1933 , and after several clashes he resigned in office and returned to his learned profession as a baker . Although he was not involved in the failed assassination attempt of 20 July 1944 , Scharnagl was arrested and detained in the Dachau concentration camp . After the liberation of the camp and the subsequent surrender of the German Wehrmacht , Scharnagl was placed by the US armed forces in May 1945 in the position as mayor of Munich . Together with Karl Meitinger he played an important role in the historicist reconstruction of the city center ( Scharnagl Plan ) and was the initiator of the Kulturbaufonds Munich . To commemorate his plans for a traffic circle , a section of Altstadtring was named after him . After 1945 . In the summer of 1945 Scharnagl was one of the leaders in the preparations for the founding of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . Through his organization , a meeting of twelve persons was held on August 14 , which discussed the possibility of establishing a conservative-bourgeois party as a counterweight to the socialist camp . A committee to prepare the partys founding was used and adopted at a further meeting on September 12 , which is considered the actual founding meeting of the CSU , under the name of the Bavarian Christian Social Union . The statewide official founding as Christian Social Union , was on October 13 in Würzburg . On June 6 , 1946 Karl Scharnagl was officially voted in as mayor in his office , but two years later he was defeated by Thomas Wimmer ( SPD ) . He served one year as the second mayor , and then went into retirement in 1949 . On May 22 , 1945 Scharnagl received the allowance from the American military government the authority to re-establish the organization of the Red Cross for Bavaria . He called upon Adalbert Prince of Bavaria to become its president . On 1 June 1946 he was elected honorary president of the Bavarian Red Cross ( BRK ) and on 12 April 1947 he was elected president . 1948 Scharnagl co-founded the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation . From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of the Bavarian Senate . He was a member of the Catholic fraternity K.S.St.V . Alemannia Munich , Kartellverband . On April 6 , 1963 Karl Scharnagl died . He was buried in the Ostfriedhof in Munich . External links . - Biography |
[
"Razumkov Center"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Servant of the People (political party) from Dec 2017 to May 2019? | /wiki/Servant_of_the_People_(political_party)#P488#0 | Servant of the People ( political party ) Servant of the People ( ) is a centrist political party in Ukraine . It was formed in late 2017 and was officially registered on 31 March 2018 on the basis of the previously registered party of Decisive Changes . The party is named after the Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People . In the 2019 parliamentary election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list and 130 constituency seats . The current president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky is a member of the party . History . Founding . Legally , the party is the successor of the Party of Decisive Change ( ) that existed since April 2016 and was founded by Eugene Yurdiga . The party was renamed in December 2017 after the eponymous Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People that starred Volodymyr Zelensky and was made by his TV production company Kvartal 95 . The rebranded/renamed partys first leader was the CEO of Kvartal 95 Ivan Bakanov . At the time Kvartal 95 created the party , they claimed it was important to do so to prevent others from stealing the name of the eponymous series for cynical political purposes . According to Zelensky in the summer of 2017 some rogues had almost registered a party called Servant of the People and that because of this Kvartal 95 had registered their Servant of the People party so voters would not be mislead to think they would vote for a party that was not related to the TV series of the same name . Early 2018 Zelensky stated that the party was not yet a political project , and said about its future : Lets see . In December 2017 4% of Ukrainians polled by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center declared their readiness to vote for a party named Servant of the People in parliamentary elections , and in May 2018 this number had grown to 5% ( the minimum necessary to pass Ukraines election threshold ) . When democracy watchdog Chesno tried to contact Zelensky and party representatives in September 2018 in an attempt to ask if the party would take part in elections a spokeswoman for Kvartal 95 responded Unfortunately , party representatives are unable to comment on your request . There is currently no information that might be of interest to you . The press service of Kvartal 95 could ( also ) not provide Chesno a picture of party leader Bakanov . Chesno was able to find out that the leadership of the party only consisted of people related to Kvartal-95 . Billboards advertising Servants of the People appeared on the streets of Ukrainian cities in November 2018 . Zelensky later admitted that these billboards were legally only advertising the third season of the TV series Servant of the People but were also part of his election campaign so his campaign could save a lot of money . The partys first financiers were either NGOs that did not have to report the origins of their donations or companies that all changed their addresses in the same week , this led Chesno to believe these companies were interconnected . Almost all of the 2018 funds were received on the eve of Zelenskys 2019 New Years speech in which he announced his candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election . Party winning the 2019 presidential and parliamentary election . In late December 2018 Zelensky was declared a presidential candidate from the party at the 2019 presidential election . While lagging behind in January 2019 , Zelensky began to lead the polls by March . He would go on to win the first round of the presidential elections , taking first place and moving on to the run off against incumbent President Poroshenko on 21 April 2019 , winning the election with over 73% of the votes cast . Zelensky stated that the party would not enter a coalition government with the Petro Poroshenko Bloc , nor with Opposition Platform — For Life . In his inauguration speech to parliament on 21 May 2019 President Zelensky dissolved parliament and decreed an early election to be held on 21 July 2019 . On 27 May 2019 Dmytro Razumkov was appointed as party chairman in place of Ivan Bakanov . Oleksandr Kornienko had been made head of the partys election headquarters , and Mykhailo Fedorov was installed as the partys chief of digital strategies.<ref Presidents Party Names New Head , Will Interview Candidates For July Elections , Radio Free Europe ( 27 May 2019 ) </ref> On 2 June 2019 , the registration of potential candidates to run for the party in majority constituencies during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election ended . Party leader Razumkov assured on 7 June 2019 that no incumbent MPs would be on the party list for the 2019 parliamentary election , but that the election list would consist of new ambitious politicians . The party held its first congress on 9 June 2019 . It took place in Kyivs Hryshko National Botanical Garden and was attended by President Zelensky and party leader Razumkov , among others . During the congress the first names of the partys majority constituency candidates and the 97 candidates of the nationwide closed party list were made public . Well-known names in the nationwide party list were : Olympic athletes Olha Saladukha , Vadym Gutzeit and Zhan Beleniuk and long-term CEO of 1+1 Media Group Oleksandr Tkachenko . Three days later Gutzeit and two other candidates had withdrawn themselves from the election , whilst a fourth was excluded from the list after additional checks . During the post-primaries , press and activists highlighted the most controversial representatives of the party , such as Oleksandr Dubinsky and Max Buzhanskiy . Both of them were not withdrawn from the final list of the party after the registration deadlines . The party excluded seven candidates from its list on 7 July 2019 ; five candidates were removed “as a result of information submitted [ to the party ] via the website and chat bot” , whilst two others requested to be removed from the list , including the No . 31 candidate . On 19 July 2019 , the leader of the Movement of New Forces party Mikheil Saakashvili called on his supporters to vote for the Servant of the People party at the parliamentary election . In the ( 21 July ) 2019 parliamentary election the he top ten party candidates were Dmytro Razumkov , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Iryna Venediktova , Davyd Arakhamia , Halyna Yanchenko , Mykhailo Fedorov , Oleksandr Kornienko , Anastasia Krasnosilska , Oleksandr Tkachenko and Zhan Beleniuk . In the election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list ( 43.16% of the votes ) and 130 constituency seats . Several members of the political party UKROP ( a party that has openly been supported by Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi ) won constituency seats as candidates for Servant of the People ( the two parties had no formal allegiance ) . In parliament Davyd Arakhamia became the partys faction leader . Party since winning the 2019 parliamentary election . On 11 November 2019 Oleksandr Kornienko replaced Razumkov as party chairman . The party won about 25% of the votes in December 2019 local United territorial community elections ( non-aligned candidates gained 44% of the votes ) . In June 2020 the party started to create its local organisation by appointing Cell leaders . In May 2020 the party had no official registered local branch . In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party won more seats then the other parties participating , 17.59% of local seats were won by the party . Observers pointed out that the party ( as other national parties ) did suffer setbacks in Ukraines largest cities across the country , including the capital Kyiv . In Kyiv the party mayoral candidate Iryna Vereshchuk and the party itself finished in fifth place . While Servant of the People had been in the 2019 parliamentary election the most popular party among Kyivites with 36.46% . 225 Servant of the People candidates ( 30.74% of all elected mayors nominated by a political party ) were elected village , town or city mayors . Independent candidates won 661 mayoral elections . Although the party had not allowed incumbent MPs but only new ambitious politicians to be their candidate in the 2019 parliamentary election , in the 2020 Ukrainian local elections Servant of the People candidates were incumbent mayors and local council members and ( other ) former members of Party of Regions , Batkivshchyna , Petro Poroshenko Bloc and other political parties . In the elections held in places with a population of less than 10,000 voters the party won 2 seats . Ideology and positions . On 23 May 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Zelenskys representative in the Verkhovna Rada , announced that the party had chosen libertarianism as its core ideology . On 3 June 2019 , however , the head of the partys election office Oleksandr Kornienko claimed , go 20km or 100km out of Kyiv , and nobody will understand the issue of ideology there , who is right , left or centre here . The party will have its manifesto on its website , it will explain everything . After Kornienko was elected as head the party in early November 2019 , he stated that the then party ideology of libertarianism would be changed , which was needed to find a compromise within the party . He claimed that the new party ideology will be something between liberal and socialist views . At the February 2020 Party Congress , Kornienko stated that the partys ideology is Ukrainian centrism . According to him , this is an ideology that denies political extremes and radicalism . But it is creative centrism . In the election program for the 2019 parliamentary election , the party stated , we will introduce the most favored regime for foreign investors of Ukrainian origin . It also promised to introduce a mechanism for withdrawing deputies who have lost the confidence of the voters . The program also puts forward a number of direct democracy and anti-corruption proposals . The party has also vowed to expand Ukraines cooperation with the European Union and NATO . The party also claimed that its key goal is to achieve a higher than average European income and quality of life for Ukrainians . In early July 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , number 2 in the partys election list , expressed his belief that Ukrainian language should be promoted ( in a process of the so-called Ukrainization ) but only quite mildly and that one needs to fight for the language to provide quality . Neither by bans , nor by persecution , but only by equality . When Ukrainian language content becomes more interesting and higher quality , then we will absolutely have another attitude . Meanwhile , the state should work out all mechanisms for that , he said . Critics . In March 2019 Ukrainian writer and intellectual Yuriy Andrukhovych believed that Volodymyr Zelenskys team was a light version of the Party of Regions . In December 2018 political commentator Mykhailo Basarab wrote on Den that Zelensky would bring the most trouble to pro-Russian politicians and populists , because he is their closest competitor and will attract part of the pro-Russian and demagogic voters . External links . - Official website - Taras Klochko . Servant of the People . How Stalin helps Zelensky to take over the power ( Слуга народа . Как Сталин помогает Зеленскому брать власть ) . Delovaya Stolitsa . 13 July 2019 . - David Kohan . The picture Stalin – Servant of the People appeared to be a fake ( Картинка Сталин - слуга народа оказалась фейком ) . Fakeoff . 20 July 2019 . |
[
"Dmytro Razumkov"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Servant of the People (political party) from May 2019 to Nov 2019? | /wiki/Servant_of_the_People_(political_party)#P488#1 | Servant of the People ( political party ) Servant of the People ( ) is a centrist political party in Ukraine . It was formed in late 2017 and was officially registered on 31 March 2018 on the basis of the previously registered party of Decisive Changes . The party is named after the Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People . In the 2019 parliamentary election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list and 130 constituency seats . The current president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky is a member of the party . History . Founding . Legally , the party is the successor of the Party of Decisive Change ( ) that existed since April 2016 and was founded by Eugene Yurdiga . The party was renamed in December 2017 after the eponymous Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People that starred Volodymyr Zelensky and was made by his TV production company Kvartal 95 . The rebranded/renamed partys first leader was the CEO of Kvartal 95 Ivan Bakanov . At the time Kvartal 95 created the party , they claimed it was important to do so to prevent others from stealing the name of the eponymous series for cynical political purposes . According to Zelensky in the summer of 2017 some rogues had almost registered a party called Servant of the People and that because of this Kvartal 95 had registered their Servant of the People party so voters would not be mislead to think they would vote for a party that was not related to the TV series of the same name . Early 2018 Zelensky stated that the party was not yet a political project , and said about its future : Lets see . In December 2017 4% of Ukrainians polled by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center declared their readiness to vote for a party named Servant of the People in parliamentary elections , and in May 2018 this number had grown to 5% ( the minimum necessary to pass Ukraines election threshold ) . When democracy watchdog Chesno tried to contact Zelensky and party representatives in September 2018 in an attempt to ask if the party would take part in elections a spokeswoman for Kvartal 95 responded Unfortunately , party representatives are unable to comment on your request . There is currently no information that might be of interest to you . The press service of Kvartal 95 could ( also ) not provide Chesno a picture of party leader Bakanov . Chesno was able to find out that the leadership of the party only consisted of people related to Kvartal-95 . Billboards advertising Servants of the People appeared on the streets of Ukrainian cities in November 2018 . Zelensky later admitted that these billboards were legally only advertising the third season of the TV series Servant of the People but were also part of his election campaign so his campaign could save a lot of money . The partys first financiers were either NGOs that did not have to report the origins of their donations or companies that all changed their addresses in the same week , this led Chesno to believe these companies were interconnected . Almost all of the 2018 funds were received on the eve of Zelenskys 2019 New Years speech in which he announced his candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election . Party winning the 2019 presidential and parliamentary election . In late December 2018 Zelensky was declared a presidential candidate from the party at the 2019 presidential election . While lagging behind in January 2019 , Zelensky began to lead the polls by March . He would go on to win the first round of the presidential elections , taking first place and moving on to the run off against incumbent President Poroshenko on 21 April 2019 , winning the election with over 73% of the votes cast . Zelensky stated that the party would not enter a coalition government with the Petro Poroshenko Bloc , nor with Opposition Platform — For Life . In his inauguration speech to parliament on 21 May 2019 President Zelensky dissolved parliament and decreed an early election to be held on 21 July 2019 . On 27 May 2019 Dmytro Razumkov was appointed as party chairman in place of Ivan Bakanov . Oleksandr Kornienko had been made head of the partys election headquarters , and Mykhailo Fedorov was installed as the partys chief of digital strategies.<ref Presidents Party Names New Head , Will Interview Candidates For July Elections , Radio Free Europe ( 27 May 2019 ) </ref> On 2 June 2019 , the registration of potential candidates to run for the party in majority constituencies during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election ended . Party leader Razumkov assured on 7 June 2019 that no incumbent MPs would be on the party list for the 2019 parliamentary election , but that the election list would consist of new ambitious politicians . The party held its first congress on 9 June 2019 . It took place in Kyivs Hryshko National Botanical Garden and was attended by President Zelensky and party leader Razumkov , among others . During the congress the first names of the partys majority constituency candidates and the 97 candidates of the nationwide closed party list were made public . Well-known names in the nationwide party list were : Olympic athletes Olha Saladukha , Vadym Gutzeit and Zhan Beleniuk and long-term CEO of 1+1 Media Group Oleksandr Tkachenko . Three days later Gutzeit and two other candidates had withdrawn themselves from the election , whilst a fourth was excluded from the list after additional checks . During the post-primaries , press and activists highlighted the most controversial representatives of the party , such as Oleksandr Dubinsky and Max Buzhanskiy . Both of them were not withdrawn from the final list of the party after the registration deadlines . The party excluded seven candidates from its list on 7 July 2019 ; five candidates were removed “as a result of information submitted [ to the party ] via the website and chat bot” , whilst two others requested to be removed from the list , including the No . 31 candidate . On 19 July 2019 , the leader of the Movement of New Forces party Mikheil Saakashvili called on his supporters to vote for the Servant of the People party at the parliamentary election . In the ( 21 July ) 2019 parliamentary election the he top ten party candidates were Dmytro Razumkov , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Iryna Venediktova , Davyd Arakhamia , Halyna Yanchenko , Mykhailo Fedorov , Oleksandr Kornienko , Anastasia Krasnosilska , Oleksandr Tkachenko and Zhan Beleniuk . In the election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list ( 43.16% of the votes ) and 130 constituency seats . Several members of the political party UKROP ( a party that has openly been supported by Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi ) won constituency seats as candidates for Servant of the People ( the two parties had no formal allegiance ) . In parliament Davyd Arakhamia became the partys faction leader . Party since winning the 2019 parliamentary election . On 11 November 2019 Oleksandr Kornienko replaced Razumkov as party chairman . The party won about 25% of the votes in December 2019 local United territorial community elections ( non-aligned candidates gained 44% of the votes ) . In June 2020 the party started to create its local organisation by appointing Cell leaders . In May 2020 the party had no official registered local branch . In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party won more seats then the other parties participating , 17.59% of local seats were won by the party . Observers pointed out that the party ( as other national parties ) did suffer setbacks in Ukraines largest cities across the country , including the capital Kyiv . In Kyiv the party mayoral candidate Iryna Vereshchuk and the party itself finished in fifth place . While Servant of the People had been in the 2019 parliamentary election the most popular party among Kyivites with 36.46% . 225 Servant of the People candidates ( 30.74% of all elected mayors nominated by a political party ) were elected village , town or city mayors . Independent candidates won 661 mayoral elections . Although the party had not allowed incumbent MPs but only new ambitious politicians to be their candidate in the 2019 parliamentary election , in the 2020 Ukrainian local elections Servant of the People candidates were incumbent mayors and local council members and ( other ) former members of Party of Regions , Batkivshchyna , Petro Poroshenko Bloc and other political parties . In the elections held in places with a population of less than 10,000 voters the party won 2 seats . Ideology and positions . On 23 May 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Zelenskys representative in the Verkhovna Rada , announced that the party had chosen libertarianism as its core ideology . On 3 June 2019 , however , the head of the partys election office Oleksandr Kornienko claimed , go 20km or 100km out of Kyiv , and nobody will understand the issue of ideology there , who is right , left or centre here . The party will have its manifesto on its website , it will explain everything . After Kornienko was elected as head the party in early November 2019 , he stated that the then party ideology of libertarianism would be changed , which was needed to find a compromise within the party . He claimed that the new party ideology will be something between liberal and socialist views . At the February 2020 Party Congress , Kornienko stated that the partys ideology is Ukrainian centrism . According to him , this is an ideology that denies political extremes and radicalism . But it is creative centrism . In the election program for the 2019 parliamentary election , the party stated , we will introduce the most favored regime for foreign investors of Ukrainian origin . It also promised to introduce a mechanism for withdrawing deputies who have lost the confidence of the voters . The program also puts forward a number of direct democracy and anti-corruption proposals . The party has also vowed to expand Ukraines cooperation with the European Union and NATO . The party also claimed that its key goal is to achieve a higher than average European income and quality of life for Ukrainians . In early July 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , number 2 in the partys election list , expressed his belief that Ukrainian language should be promoted ( in a process of the so-called Ukrainization ) but only quite mildly and that one needs to fight for the language to provide quality . Neither by bans , nor by persecution , but only by equality . When Ukrainian language content becomes more interesting and higher quality , then we will absolutely have another attitude . Meanwhile , the state should work out all mechanisms for that , he said . Critics . In March 2019 Ukrainian writer and intellectual Yuriy Andrukhovych believed that Volodymyr Zelenskys team was a light version of the Party of Regions . In December 2018 political commentator Mykhailo Basarab wrote on Den that Zelensky would bring the most trouble to pro-Russian politicians and populists , because he is their closest competitor and will attract part of the pro-Russian and demagogic voters . External links . - Official website - Taras Klochko . Servant of the People . How Stalin helps Zelensky to take over the power ( Слуга народа . Как Сталин помогает Зеленскому брать власть ) . Delovaya Stolitsa . 13 July 2019 . - David Kohan . The picture Stalin – Servant of the People appeared to be a fake ( Картинка Сталин - слуга народа оказалась фейком ) . Fakeoff . 20 July 2019 . |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the chair of Servant of the People (political party) from Nov 2019 to Nov 2020? | /wiki/Servant_of_the_People_(political_party)#P488#2 | Servant of the People ( political party ) Servant of the People ( ) is a centrist political party in Ukraine . It was formed in late 2017 and was officially registered on 31 March 2018 on the basis of the previously registered party of Decisive Changes . The party is named after the Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People . In the 2019 parliamentary election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list and 130 constituency seats . The current president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky is a member of the party . History . Founding . Legally , the party is the successor of the Party of Decisive Change ( ) that existed since April 2016 and was founded by Eugene Yurdiga . The party was renamed in December 2017 after the eponymous Ukrainian hit TV series Servant of the People that starred Volodymyr Zelensky and was made by his TV production company Kvartal 95 . The rebranded/renamed partys first leader was the CEO of Kvartal 95 Ivan Bakanov . At the time Kvartal 95 created the party , they claimed it was important to do so to prevent others from stealing the name of the eponymous series for cynical political purposes . According to Zelensky in the summer of 2017 some rogues had almost registered a party called Servant of the People and that because of this Kvartal 95 had registered their Servant of the People party so voters would not be mislead to think they would vote for a party that was not related to the TV series of the same name . Early 2018 Zelensky stated that the party was not yet a political project , and said about its future : Lets see . In December 2017 4% of Ukrainians polled by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center declared their readiness to vote for a party named Servant of the People in parliamentary elections , and in May 2018 this number had grown to 5% ( the minimum necessary to pass Ukraines election threshold ) . When democracy watchdog Chesno tried to contact Zelensky and party representatives in September 2018 in an attempt to ask if the party would take part in elections a spokeswoman for Kvartal 95 responded Unfortunately , party representatives are unable to comment on your request . There is currently no information that might be of interest to you . The press service of Kvartal 95 could ( also ) not provide Chesno a picture of party leader Bakanov . Chesno was able to find out that the leadership of the party only consisted of people related to Kvartal-95 . Billboards advertising Servants of the People appeared on the streets of Ukrainian cities in November 2018 . Zelensky later admitted that these billboards were legally only advertising the third season of the TV series Servant of the People but were also part of his election campaign so his campaign could save a lot of money . The partys first financiers were either NGOs that did not have to report the origins of their donations or companies that all changed their addresses in the same week , this led Chesno to believe these companies were interconnected . Almost all of the 2018 funds were received on the eve of Zelenskys 2019 New Years speech in which he announced his candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election . Party winning the 2019 presidential and parliamentary election . In late December 2018 Zelensky was declared a presidential candidate from the party at the 2019 presidential election . While lagging behind in January 2019 , Zelensky began to lead the polls by March . He would go on to win the first round of the presidential elections , taking first place and moving on to the run off against incumbent President Poroshenko on 21 April 2019 , winning the election with over 73% of the votes cast . Zelensky stated that the party would not enter a coalition government with the Petro Poroshenko Bloc , nor with Opposition Platform — For Life . In his inauguration speech to parliament on 21 May 2019 President Zelensky dissolved parliament and decreed an early election to be held on 21 July 2019 . On 27 May 2019 Dmytro Razumkov was appointed as party chairman in place of Ivan Bakanov . Oleksandr Kornienko had been made head of the partys election headquarters , and Mykhailo Fedorov was installed as the partys chief of digital strategies.<ref Presidents Party Names New Head , Will Interview Candidates For July Elections , Radio Free Europe ( 27 May 2019 ) </ref> On 2 June 2019 , the registration of potential candidates to run for the party in majority constituencies during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election ended . Party leader Razumkov assured on 7 June 2019 that no incumbent MPs would be on the party list for the 2019 parliamentary election , but that the election list would consist of new ambitious politicians . The party held its first congress on 9 June 2019 . It took place in Kyivs Hryshko National Botanical Garden and was attended by President Zelensky and party leader Razumkov , among others . During the congress the first names of the partys majority constituency candidates and the 97 candidates of the nationwide closed party list were made public . Well-known names in the nationwide party list were : Olympic athletes Olha Saladukha , Vadym Gutzeit and Zhan Beleniuk and long-term CEO of 1+1 Media Group Oleksandr Tkachenko . Three days later Gutzeit and two other candidates had withdrawn themselves from the election , whilst a fourth was excluded from the list after additional checks . During the post-primaries , press and activists highlighted the most controversial representatives of the party , such as Oleksandr Dubinsky and Max Buzhanskiy . Both of them were not withdrawn from the final list of the party after the registration deadlines . The party excluded seven candidates from its list on 7 July 2019 ; five candidates were removed “as a result of information submitted [ to the party ] via the website and chat bot” , whilst two others requested to be removed from the list , including the No . 31 candidate . On 19 July 2019 , the leader of the Movement of New Forces party Mikheil Saakashvili called on his supporters to vote for the Servant of the People party at the parliamentary election . In the ( 21 July ) 2019 parliamentary election the he top ten party candidates were Dmytro Razumkov , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Iryna Venediktova , Davyd Arakhamia , Halyna Yanchenko , Mykhailo Fedorov , Oleksandr Kornienko , Anastasia Krasnosilska , Oleksandr Tkachenko and Zhan Beleniuk . In the election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list ( 43.16% of the votes ) and 130 constituency seats . Several members of the political party UKROP ( a party that has openly been supported by Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi ) won constituency seats as candidates for Servant of the People ( the two parties had no formal allegiance ) . In parliament Davyd Arakhamia became the partys faction leader . Party since winning the 2019 parliamentary election . On 11 November 2019 Oleksandr Kornienko replaced Razumkov as party chairman . The party won about 25% of the votes in December 2019 local United territorial community elections ( non-aligned candidates gained 44% of the votes ) . In June 2020 the party started to create its local organisation by appointing Cell leaders . In May 2020 the party had no official registered local branch . In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party won more seats then the other parties participating , 17.59% of local seats were won by the party . Observers pointed out that the party ( as other national parties ) did suffer setbacks in Ukraines largest cities across the country , including the capital Kyiv . In Kyiv the party mayoral candidate Iryna Vereshchuk and the party itself finished in fifth place . While Servant of the People had been in the 2019 parliamentary election the most popular party among Kyivites with 36.46% . 225 Servant of the People candidates ( 30.74% of all elected mayors nominated by a political party ) were elected village , town or city mayors . Independent candidates won 661 mayoral elections . Although the party had not allowed incumbent MPs but only new ambitious politicians to be their candidate in the 2019 parliamentary election , in the 2020 Ukrainian local elections Servant of the People candidates were incumbent mayors and local council members and ( other ) former members of Party of Regions , Batkivshchyna , Petro Poroshenko Bloc and other political parties . In the elections held in places with a population of less than 10,000 voters the party won 2 seats . Ideology and positions . On 23 May 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , Zelenskys representative in the Verkhovna Rada , announced that the party had chosen libertarianism as its core ideology . On 3 June 2019 , however , the head of the partys election office Oleksandr Kornienko claimed , go 20km or 100km out of Kyiv , and nobody will understand the issue of ideology there , who is right , left or centre here . The party will have its manifesto on its website , it will explain everything . After Kornienko was elected as head the party in early November 2019 , he stated that the then party ideology of libertarianism would be changed , which was needed to find a compromise within the party . He claimed that the new party ideology will be something between liberal and socialist views . At the February 2020 Party Congress , Kornienko stated that the partys ideology is Ukrainian centrism . According to him , this is an ideology that denies political extremes and radicalism . But it is creative centrism . In the election program for the 2019 parliamentary election , the party stated , we will introduce the most favored regime for foreign investors of Ukrainian origin . It also promised to introduce a mechanism for withdrawing deputies who have lost the confidence of the voters . The program also puts forward a number of direct democracy and anti-corruption proposals . The party has also vowed to expand Ukraines cooperation with the European Union and NATO . The party also claimed that its key goal is to achieve a higher than average European income and quality of life for Ukrainians . In early July 2019 , Ruslan Stefanchuk , number 2 in the partys election list , expressed his belief that Ukrainian language should be promoted ( in a process of the so-called Ukrainization ) but only quite mildly and that one needs to fight for the language to provide quality . Neither by bans , nor by persecution , but only by equality . When Ukrainian language content becomes more interesting and higher quality , then we will absolutely have another attitude . Meanwhile , the state should work out all mechanisms for that , he said . Critics . In March 2019 Ukrainian writer and intellectual Yuriy Andrukhovych believed that Volodymyr Zelenskys team was a light version of the Party of Regions . In December 2018 political commentator Mykhailo Basarab wrote on Den that Zelensky would bring the most trouble to pro-Russian politicians and populists , because he is their closest competitor and will attract part of the pro-Russian and demagogic voters . External links . - Official website - Taras Klochko . Servant of the People . How Stalin helps Zelensky to take over the power ( Слуга народа . Как Сталин помогает Зеленскому брать власть ) . Delovaya Stolitsa . 13 July 2019 . - David Kohan . The picture Stalin – Servant of the People appeared to be a fake ( Картинка Сталин - слуга народа оказалась фейком ) . Fakeoff . 20 July 2019 . |
[
"Molenbeek"
] | easy | Wesley Sonck played for which team from 1996 to 1998? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#0 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Germinal Ekeren"
] | easy | Which team did the player Wesley Sonck belong to from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#1 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Germinal Beerschot"
] | easy | Wesley Sonck played for which team from 1999 to 2000? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#2 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Genk"
] | easy | Which team did Wesley Sonck play for from 2000 to 2003? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#3 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Ajax"
] | easy | Which team did the player Wesley Sonck belong to from 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#4 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
] | easy | Which team did the player Wesley Sonck belong to from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#5 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Club Brugge"
] | easy | Wesley Sonck played for which team from 2007 to 2010? | /wiki/Wesley_Sonck#P54#6 | Wesley Sonck Wesley Sonck ( born 9 August 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer and currently manager who played as a striker for Molenbeek , Germinal Ekeren , Germinal Beerschot , Genk , Ajax , Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge . He has been capped by Belgium at international level . He is managing the Belgium national under-19 football team . During his time with Genk , he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals , and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel . Club career . AFC Ajax . Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003 , to replace departed striker Mido . He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK . He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk . Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam , partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman . He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004 . Borussia Mönchengladbach . Soncks time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the German Bundesliga was hampered by injuries . Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract , a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan . In the summer of 2005 , Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless , meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven . Sonck took six months to recover , marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich . He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season . Back to Belgium . He left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season , joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga . Following the 2007–08 season , Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the 2009–10 season , Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K . on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action . Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick . Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012 . In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem , before retiring just three months later . International career . Sonck was called for the national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers . In the match versus Spain he scored Belgiums only goal in that match , thus ending Casillas and Reinas undefeated streak of 710 minutes . Honours . Club . Genk - Belgian First Division : 2001–02 Ajax - Eredivisie : 2003–04 Individual . - Belgian Golden Shoe : 2001 - Goal of the Season : 2001 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year : 2001–02 - Belgian First Division A top scorer : 2001–02 ( 30 goals ) , 2002–03 ( 22 goals ) External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA |
[
"Christs College"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Simon Schama work for from 1966 to 1976? | /wiki/Simon_Schama#P108#0 | Simon Schama Sir Simon Michael Schama ( ; born 13 February 1945 ) is an English historian specialising in art history , Dutch history , Jewish history , and French history . He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University , New York . He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled , published in 1989 . In the United Kingdom , he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series A History of Britain broadcast between 2000 and 2002 . Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List . Early life and education . Schama was born in Marylebone , London . His mother , Gertie ( née Steinberg ) , was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family ( from Kaunas , present-day Lithuania ) , and his father , Arthur Schama , was of Sephardi Jewish background ( from Smyrna , present-day İzmir in Turkey ) , later moving through Moldova and Romania . In the mid-1940s , the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London . In 1956 , Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers Askes Boys School in Cricklewood , ( from 1961 Elstree , Hertfordshire ) . He then studied history at Christs College , Cambridge , where he was taught by John H . Plumb . He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966 . Career . Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge , where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christs College . He then taught for some time at Oxford , where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976 , specialising in the French Revolution . At this time , Schama wrote his first book , Patriots and Liberators , which won the Wolfson History Prize . The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution , but as published in 1977 , it focused on the effect of the Patriottentijd revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands , and its aftermath . His second book , Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) , is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild . In the United States . In 1980 , Schama took up a chair at Harvard University . His next book , The Embarrassment of Riches ( 1987 ) , again focused on Dutch history . Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century , held in balance between the conflicting imperatives , to live richly and with power , or to live a godly life . The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon , in 317 illustrations , of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character , prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture . Citizens ( 1989 ) , written at speed to a publishers commission , saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution , and won the 1990 NCR Book Award . Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution , however , has received serious negative criticism . Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Woods 1989 PBS series Art of the Western World as a presenting art historian , commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , and Johannes Vermeer . In 1991 , he published Dead Certainties ( Unwarranted Speculations ) , a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart , that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman , murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman . Schama mooted some possible ( invented ) connections between the two cases , exploring the historians inability ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation , and speculatively bridging the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration . Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title : it received a very mixed critical and academic reception . Traditional historians in particular denounced Schamas integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative , but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment . It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd , David Taylor , and Richard Holmes . Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schamas earlier works . Schamas next book , Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory , separating the components of landscape as wood , water and rock , enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective memory embodied in myths , which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text . More personal and idiosyncratic than Dead Certainties , this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach . Despite mixed reviews , the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes . Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia . Schama became art critic for The New Yorker in 1995 . He held the position for three years , dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University ; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine , chosen by Schama himself , was published in 2005 under the title Hang Ups . During this time , Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated Rembrandts Eyes , another critical and commercial success . Despite the books title , it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens . BBC . In 1995 , Schama wrote and presented a series called Landscape and Memory to accompany his book of the same name . Schama returned to the UK in 2000 , having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations , under the title A History of Britain . Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself , in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery , and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings . There has been , however , some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schamas condensed recounting of the British Isles history on this occasion , particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation . Three series were made , totalling 15 episodes , covering the complete span of British history up until 1965 ; it went on to become one of the BBCs best-selling documentary series on DVD . Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show , which took the story up to the year 2000 ; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series , or the other way around . The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel . In 2001 , Schama received a CBE . In 2003 , he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series . Worth £3 million ( around US$5.3m ) , it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian . The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves and the American Revolution , dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown . In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series , Simon Schamas Power of Art which , with an accompanying book , was presented and written by Schama . It marks a return to art history for him , treating eight artists through eight key works : Caravaggios , Berninis Ecstasy of St Theresa , Rembrandts Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , Jacques-Louis Davids , J . M . W . Turners The Slave Ship , Vincent van Goghs Wheat Field with Crows , Picassos Guernica and Mark Rothkos Seagram murals . It was also shown on PBS in the United States . In October 2008 , on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama , the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called presented and written by Schama . In March 2009 , Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled Baseball and Me , both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox . In 2010 , Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series A Point of View : - Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics : When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders . - Singing in the Rain : Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons . - At the Heart of the Matter : The politics surrounding President Barack Obamas healthcare reforms . - The Gift of the Gab : The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates . - Behold , Newstralia! : Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia . - A Welcome Slice of American Pie : Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits . - The Drama of Politics : The timeless drama of British politics . - When Money is Just an Illusion : Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art . - Hearts of Oak : Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons – the panelling made of solid oak . - Britains New Politics : Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom general election , favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one . In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called A History of the Jews for BBC Two for transmission in 2012 , The title became The Story of the Jews and broadcast was delayed until September 2013 . Writing in The Observer , Andrew Anthony called it an astonishing achievement , a TV landmark . In 2018 , Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of Civilisations , a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark . Personal life . Schama is Jewish . He is married to Virginia Papaioannou , a geneticist from California ; they have two children , Chloe and Gabriel . As of 2014 , he resides in Briarcliff Manor , New York . Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter . Politics . In 2010 , Schama was a financial donor to Oona Kings unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London . In August 2014 , Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in Septembers referendum on that issue . In November 2017 , Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to The Times about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its antisemitic characteristics . Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel , while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns . Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019 , when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying , in a letter to The Guardian , that the crisis was a taint of international and historic shame and that trust in the party was fractured beyond repair . Israel . Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians . Writing in The Guardian in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius , Schama compared Bergers academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany , saying : This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews . On 1 April 1933 , only weeks after he came to power , Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops , banks , offices and department stores . In 2006 on the BBC , Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israels actions in the Israel-Lebanon War . He described Israels bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israels attempt to get rid of Hezbollah . He said : Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve . Who wouldnt grieve ? But its not enough to do that . Weve got to understand . Youve even got to understand Israels point of view . United States . Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W . Bush . He appeared on the BBCs coverage of the 2008 US presidential election , clashing with John Bolton . Prizes and other honours . - 1977 : Wolfson History Prize , for Patriots and Liberators - 1977 : Leo Gershoy Award , for Patriots and Liberators - 1987 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for The Embarrassment of Riches - 1989 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1989 : Yorkshire Post Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1990 : NCR Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1992 : American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Literature - 1995 : Elected to Honorary Fellowship , Christs College , Cambridge - 1996 : Lionel Trilling Book Award , for Landscape and Memory - 1996 : National Magazine Awards , for critical essays in The New Yorker - 1996 : WH Smith Literary Award , for Landscape and Memory - 2001 : St . Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates - 2001 : Broadcasting Press Guild Writers Award , for A History of Britain - 2001 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series ( Arts , History , Religion and Science ) , for A History of Britain - 2002 : Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter ( Factual , Features and News ) , for A History of Britain - 2003 : Nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft : Writing Emmy Award for The Two Winstons , an episode of A History of Britain - 2006 : National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-fiction winner , for Rough Crossings - 2006 : Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist , for Rough Crossings - 2007 : International Emmy Award , for Bernini , an episode of Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2007 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Factual Programme or Series , for Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2008 : The Daily Telegraphs 110 Best Books : The Perfect Library , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 2011 : Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement - 2015 : Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy - 2015 : Feltrinelli Prize for History - 2017 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature - 2018 : Knight Bachelor , for services to history Honours . Commonwealth honours . - Commonwealth honours Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships - Honorary degrees Bibliography . - Books - Patriots and Liberators : Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813 ( 1977 ) - Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) - The Embarrassment of Riches : An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age ( 1987 ) - ( 1989 ) - Dead Certainties : Unwarranted Speculations ( 1991 , ) - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 , ) - Rembrandts Eyes ( 1999 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . I ( 2000 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . II ( 2001 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . III ( 2002 , ) - Hang Ups : Essays on Art ( 2004 , ) - Rough Crossings ( 2005 , ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art ( 2006 , ) - The American Future : A History ( 2009 , ) - Scribble , Scribble , Scribble : Writing on Politics , Ice Cream , Churchill and My Mother ( 2011 , ) - The Story of the Jews , Volume I : Finding the Words , 1000 BCE–1492 CE ( 2013 , Bodley Head , ) - The Face of Britain : The Nation through Its Portraits ( 2015 , ) - Belonging : The Story of the Jews 1492–1900 , Volume II of the trilogy ( 2017 , Bodley Head , ) - Television documentaries - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , in five parts - Rembrandt : The Public Eye and the Private Gaze ( 1995 ) - A History of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2000 ) , in 15 parts - Murder at Harvard – PBS ( 2003 ) - Rough Crossings – BBC ( 2005 ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art – BBC ( 2006 ) , in eight parts - – BBC ( 2008 ) , in four parts - Simon Schamas John Donne – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas : Obamas America – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas Shakespeare – BBC ( 2012 ) - The Story of the Jews – BBC ( 2013 ) , in five parts - Schama on Rembrandt : Masterpieces of the Late Years – BBC ( 2014 ) - The Face of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2015 ) , in five parts - Civilisations – BBC ( 2018 ) , five of nine parts External links . - Columbia Art History faculty page - Simon Schama | Culture | The Guardian - Simon Schama | The Guardian - Simon Schama | New Statesman - Simon Schama on The Spectato |
[
"Fellow of Brasenose College"
] | easy | Which employer did Simon Schama work for from 1976 to 1980? | /wiki/Simon_Schama#P108#1 | Simon Schama Sir Simon Michael Schama ( ; born 13 February 1945 ) is an English historian specialising in art history , Dutch history , Jewish history , and French history . He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University , New York . He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled , published in 1989 . In the United Kingdom , he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series A History of Britain broadcast between 2000 and 2002 . Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List . Early life and education . Schama was born in Marylebone , London . His mother , Gertie ( née Steinberg ) , was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family ( from Kaunas , present-day Lithuania ) , and his father , Arthur Schama , was of Sephardi Jewish background ( from Smyrna , present-day İzmir in Turkey ) , later moving through Moldova and Romania . In the mid-1940s , the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London . In 1956 , Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers Askes Boys School in Cricklewood , ( from 1961 Elstree , Hertfordshire ) . He then studied history at Christs College , Cambridge , where he was taught by John H . Plumb . He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966 . Career . Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge , where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christs College . He then taught for some time at Oxford , where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976 , specialising in the French Revolution . At this time , Schama wrote his first book , Patriots and Liberators , which won the Wolfson History Prize . The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution , but as published in 1977 , it focused on the effect of the Patriottentijd revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands , and its aftermath . His second book , Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) , is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild . In the United States . In 1980 , Schama took up a chair at Harvard University . His next book , The Embarrassment of Riches ( 1987 ) , again focused on Dutch history . Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century , held in balance between the conflicting imperatives , to live richly and with power , or to live a godly life . The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon , in 317 illustrations , of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character , prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture . Citizens ( 1989 ) , written at speed to a publishers commission , saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution , and won the 1990 NCR Book Award . Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution , however , has received serious negative criticism . Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Woods 1989 PBS series Art of the Western World as a presenting art historian , commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , and Johannes Vermeer . In 1991 , he published Dead Certainties ( Unwarranted Speculations ) , a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart , that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman , murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman . Schama mooted some possible ( invented ) connections between the two cases , exploring the historians inability ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation , and speculatively bridging the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration . Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title : it received a very mixed critical and academic reception . Traditional historians in particular denounced Schamas integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative , but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment . It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd , David Taylor , and Richard Holmes . Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schamas earlier works . Schamas next book , Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory , separating the components of landscape as wood , water and rock , enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective memory embodied in myths , which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text . More personal and idiosyncratic than Dead Certainties , this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach . Despite mixed reviews , the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes . Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia . Schama became art critic for The New Yorker in 1995 . He held the position for three years , dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University ; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine , chosen by Schama himself , was published in 2005 under the title Hang Ups . During this time , Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated Rembrandts Eyes , another critical and commercial success . Despite the books title , it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens . BBC . In 1995 , Schama wrote and presented a series called Landscape and Memory to accompany his book of the same name . Schama returned to the UK in 2000 , having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations , under the title A History of Britain . Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself , in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery , and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings . There has been , however , some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schamas condensed recounting of the British Isles history on this occasion , particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation . Three series were made , totalling 15 episodes , covering the complete span of British history up until 1965 ; it went on to become one of the BBCs best-selling documentary series on DVD . Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show , which took the story up to the year 2000 ; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series , or the other way around . The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel . In 2001 , Schama received a CBE . In 2003 , he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series . Worth £3 million ( around US$5.3m ) , it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian . The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves and the American Revolution , dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown . In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series , Simon Schamas Power of Art which , with an accompanying book , was presented and written by Schama . It marks a return to art history for him , treating eight artists through eight key works : Caravaggios , Berninis Ecstasy of St Theresa , Rembrandts Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , Jacques-Louis Davids , J . M . W . Turners The Slave Ship , Vincent van Goghs Wheat Field with Crows , Picassos Guernica and Mark Rothkos Seagram murals . It was also shown on PBS in the United States . In October 2008 , on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama , the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called presented and written by Schama . In March 2009 , Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled Baseball and Me , both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox . In 2010 , Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series A Point of View : - Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics : When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders . - Singing in the Rain : Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons . - At the Heart of the Matter : The politics surrounding President Barack Obamas healthcare reforms . - The Gift of the Gab : The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates . - Behold , Newstralia! : Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia . - A Welcome Slice of American Pie : Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits . - The Drama of Politics : The timeless drama of British politics . - When Money is Just an Illusion : Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art . - Hearts of Oak : Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons – the panelling made of solid oak . - Britains New Politics : Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom general election , favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one . In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called A History of the Jews for BBC Two for transmission in 2012 , The title became The Story of the Jews and broadcast was delayed until September 2013 . Writing in The Observer , Andrew Anthony called it an astonishing achievement , a TV landmark . In 2018 , Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of Civilisations , a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark . Personal life . Schama is Jewish . He is married to Virginia Papaioannou , a geneticist from California ; they have two children , Chloe and Gabriel . As of 2014 , he resides in Briarcliff Manor , New York . Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter . Politics . In 2010 , Schama was a financial donor to Oona Kings unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London . In August 2014 , Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in Septembers referendum on that issue . In November 2017 , Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to The Times about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its antisemitic characteristics . Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel , while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns . Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019 , when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying , in a letter to The Guardian , that the crisis was a taint of international and historic shame and that trust in the party was fractured beyond repair . Israel . Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians . Writing in The Guardian in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius , Schama compared Bergers academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany , saying : This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews . On 1 April 1933 , only weeks after he came to power , Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops , banks , offices and department stores . In 2006 on the BBC , Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israels actions in the Israel-Lebanon War . He described Israels bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israels attempt to get rid of Hezbollah . He said : Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve . Who wouldnt grieve ? But its not enough to do that . Weve got to understand . Youve even got to understand Israels point of view . United States . Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W . Bush . He appeared on the BBCs coverage of the 2008 US presidential election , clashing with John Bolton . Prizes and other honours . - 1977 : Wolfson History Prize , for Patriots and Liberators - 1977 : Leo Gershoy Award , for Patriots and Liberators - 1987 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for The Embarrassment of Riches - 1989 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1989 : Yorkshire Post Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1990 : NCR Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1992 : American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Literature - 1995 : Elected to Honorary Fellowship , Christs College , Cambridge - 1996 : Lionel Trilling Book Award , for Landscape and Memory - 1996 : National Magazine Awards , for critical essays in The New Yorker - 1996 : WH Smith Literary Award , for Landscape and Memory - 2001 : St . Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates - 2001 : Broadcasting Press Guild Writers Award , for A History of Britain - 2001 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series ( Arts , History , Religion and Science ) , for A History of Britain - 2002 : Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter ( Factual , Features and News ) , for A History of Britain - 2003 : Nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft : Writing Emmy Award for The Two Winstons , an episode of A History of Britain - 2006 : National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-fiction winner , for Rough Crossings - 2006 : Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist , for Rough Crossings - 2007 : International Emmy Award , for Bernini , an episode of Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2007 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Factual Programme or Series , for Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2008 : The Daily Telegraphs 110 Best Books : The Perfect Library , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 2011 : Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement - 2015 : Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy - 2015 : Feltrinelli Prize for History - 2017 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature - 2018 : Knight Bachelor , for services to history Honours . Commonwealth honours . - Commonwealth honours Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships - Honorary degrees Bibliography . - Books - Patriots and Liberators : Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813 ( 1977 ) - Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) - The Embarrassment of Riches : An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age ( 1987 ) - ( 1989 ) - Dead Certainties : Unwarranted Speculations ( 1991 , ) - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 , ) - Rembrandts Eyes ( 1999 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . I ( 2000 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . II ( 2001 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . III ( 2002 , ) - Hang Ups : Essays on Art ( 2004 , ) - Rough Crossings ( 2005 , ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art ( 2006 , ) - The American Future : A History ( 2009 , ) - Scribble , Scribble , Scribble : Writing on Politics , Ice Cream , Churchill and My Mother ( 2011 , ) - The Story of the Jews , Volume I : Finding the Words , 1000 BCE–1492 CE ( 2013 , Bodley Head , ) - The Face of Britain : The Nation through Its Portraits ( 2015 , ) - Belonging : The Story of the Jews 1492–1900 , Volume II of the trilogy ( 2017 , Bodley Head , ) - Television documentaries - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , in five parts - Rembrandt : The Public Eye and the Private Gaze ( 1995 ) - A History of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2000 ) , in 15 parts - Murder at Harvard – PBS ( 2003 ) - Rough Crossings – BBC ( 2005 ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art – BBC ( 2006 ) , in eight parts - – BBC ( 2008 ) , in four parts - Simon Schamas John Donne – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas : Obamas America – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas Shakespeare – BBC ( 2012 ) - The Story of the Jews – BBC ( 2013 ) , in five parts - Schama on Rembrandt : Masterpieces of the Late Years – BBC ( 2014 ) - The Face of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2015 ) , in five parts - Civilisations – BBC ( 2018 ) , five of nine parts External links . - Columbia Art History faculty page - Simon Schama | Culture | The Guardian - Simon Schama | The Guardian - Simon Schama | New Statesman - Simon Schama on The Spectato |
[
"Harvard University"
] | easy | Simon Schama was an employee for whom from 1980 to 1993? | /wiki/Simon_Schama#P108#2 | Simon Schama Sir Simon Michael Schama ( ; born 13 February 1945 ) is an English historian specialising in art history , Dutch history , Jewish history , and French history . He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University , New York . He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled , published in 1989 . In the United Kingdom , he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series A History of Britain broadcast between 2000 and 2002 . Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List . Early life and education . Schama was born in Marylebone , London . His mother , Gertie ( née Steinberg ) , was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family ( from Kaunas , present-day Lithuania ) , and his father , Arthur Schama , was of Sephardi Jewish background ( from Smyrna , present-day İzmir in Turkey ) , later moving through Moldova and Romania . In the mid-1940s , the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London . In 1956 , Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers Askes Boys School in Cricklewood , ( from 1961 Elstree , Hertfordshire ) . He then studied history at Christs College , Cambridge , where he was taught by John H . Plumb . He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966 . Career . Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge , where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christs College . He then taught for some time at Oxford , where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976 , specialising in the French Revolution . At this time , Schama wrote his first book , Patriots and Liberators , which won the Wolfson History Prize . The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution , but as published in 1977 , it focused on the effect of the Patriottentijd revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands , and its aftermath . His second book , Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) , is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild . In the United States . In 1980 , Schama took up a chair at Harvard University . His next book , The Embarrassment of Riches ( 1987 ) , again focused on Dutch history . Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century , held in balance between the conflicting imperatives , to live richly and with power , or to live a godly life . The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon , in 317 illustrations , of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character , prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture . Citizens ( 1989 ) , written at speed to a publishers commission , saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution , and won the 1990 NCR Book Award . Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution , however , has received serious negative criticism . Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Woods 1989 PBS series Art of the Western World as a presenting art historian , commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , and Johannes Vermeer . In 1991 , he published Dead Certainties ( Unwarranted Speculations ) , a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart , that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman , murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman . Schama mooted some possible ( invented ) connections between the two cases , exploring the historians inability ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation , and speculatively bridging the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration . Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title : it received a very mixed critical and academic reception . Traditional historians in particular denounced Schamas integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative , but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment . It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd , David Taylor , and Richard Holmes . Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schamas earlier works . Schamas next book , Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory , separating the components of landscape as wood , water and rock , enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective memory embodied in myths , which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text . More personal and idiosyncratic than Dead Certainties , this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach . Despite mixed reviews , the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes . Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia . Schama became art critic for The New Yorker in 1995 . He held the position for three years , dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University ; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine , chosen by Schama himself , was published in 2005 under the title Hang Ups . During this time , Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated Rembrandts Eyes , another critical and commercial success . Despite the books title , it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens . BBC . In 1995 , Schama wrote and presented a series called Landscape and Memory to accompany his book of the same name . Schama returned to the UK in 2000 , having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations , under the title A History of Britain . Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself , in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery , and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings . There has been , however , some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schamas condensed recounting of the British Isles history on this occasion , particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation . Three series were made , totalling 15 episodes , covering the complete span of British history up until 1965 ; it went on to become one of the BBCs best-selling documentary series on DVD . Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show , which took the story up to the year 2000 ; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series , or the other way around . The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel . In 2001 , Schama received a CBE . In 2003 , he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series . Worth £3 million ( around US$5.3m ) , it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian . The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves and the American Revolution , dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown . In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series , Simon Schamas Power of Art which , with an accompanying book , was presented and written by Schama . It marks a return to art history for him , treating eight artists through eight key works : Caravaggios , Berninis Ecstasy of St Theresa , Rembrandts Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , Jacques-Louis Davids , J . M . W . Turners The Slave Ship , Vincent van Goghs Wheat Field with Crows , Picassos Guernica and Mark Rothkos Seagram murals . It was also shown on PBS in the United States . In October 2008 , on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama , the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called presented and written by Schama . In March 2009 , Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled Baseball and Me , both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox . In 2010 , Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series A Point of View : - Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics : When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders . - Singing in the Rain : Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons . - At the Heart of the Matter : The politics surrounding President Barack Obamas healthcare reforms . - The Gift of the Gab : The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates . - Behold , Newstralia! : Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia . - A Welcome Slice of American Pie : Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits . - The Drama of Politics : The timeless drama of British politics . - When Money is Just an Illusion : Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art . - Hearts of Oak : Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons – the panelling made of solid oak . - Britains New Politics : Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom general election , favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one . In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called A History of the Jews for BBC Two for transmission in 2012 , The title became The Story of the Jews and broadcast was delayed until September 2013 . Writing in The Observer , Andrew Anthony called it an astonishing achievement , a TV landmark . In 2018 , Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of Civilisations , a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark . Personal life . Schama is Jewish . He is married to Virginia Papaioannou , a geneticist from California ; they have two children , Chloe and Gabriel . As of 2014 , he resides in Briarcliff Manor , New York . Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter . Politics . In 2010 , Schama was a financial donor to Oona Kings unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London . In August 2014 , Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in Septembers referendum on that issue . In November 2017 , Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to The Times about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its antisemitic characteristics . Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel , while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns . Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019 , when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying , in a letter to The Guardian , that the crisis was a taint of international and historic shame and that trust in the party was fractured beyond repair . Israel . Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians . Writing in The Guardian in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius , Schama compared Bergers academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany , saying : This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews . On 1 April 1933 , only weeks after he came to power , Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops , banks , offices and department stores . In 2006 on the BBC , Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israels actions in the Israel-Lebanon War . He described Israels bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israels attempt to get rid of Hezbollah . He said : Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve . Who wouldnt grieve ? But its not enough to do that . Weve got to understand . Youve even got to understand Israels point of view . United States . Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W . Bush . He appeared on the BBCs coverage of the 2008 US presidential election , clashing with John Bolton . Prizes and other honours . - 1977 : Wolfson History Prize , for Patriots and Liberators - 1977 : Leo Gershoy Award , for Patriots and Liberators - 1987 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for The Embarrassment of Riches - 1989 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1989 : Yorkshire Post Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1990 : NCR Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1992 : American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Literature - 1995 : Elected to Honorary Fellowship , Christs College , Cambridge - 1996 : Lionel Trilling Book Award , for Landscape and Memory - 1996 : National Magazine Awards , for critical essays in The New Yorker - 1996 : WH Smith Literary Award , for Landscape and Memory - 2001 : St . Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates - 2001 : Broadcasting Press Guild Writers Award , for A History of Britain - 2001 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series ( Arts , History , Religion and Science ) , for A History of Britain - 2002 : Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter ( Factual , Features and News ) , for A History of Britain - 2003 : Nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft : Writing Emmy Award for The Two Winstons , an episode of A History of Britain - 2006 : National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-fiction winner , for Rough Crossings - 2006 : Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist , for Rough Crossings - 2007 : International Emmy Award , for Bernini , an episode of Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2007 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Factual Programme or Series , for Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2008 : The Daily Telegraphs 110 Best Books : The Perfect Library , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 2011 : Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement - 2015 : Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy - 2015 : Feltrinelli Prize for History - 2017 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature - 2018 : Knight Bachelor , for services to history Honours . Commonwealth honours . - Commonwealth honours Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships - Honorary degrees Bibliography . - Books - Patriots and Liberators : Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813 ( 1977 ) - Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) - The Embarrassment of Riches : An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age ( 1987 ) - ( 1989 ) - Dead Certainties : Unwarranted Speculations ( 1991 , ) - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 , ) - Rembrandts Eyes ( 1999 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . I ( 2000 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . II ( 2001 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . III ( 2002 , ) - Hang Ups : Essays on Art ( 2004 , ) - Rough Crossings ( 2005 , ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art ( 2006 , ) - The American Future : A History ( 2009 , ) - Scribble , Scribble , Scribble : Writing on Politics , Ice Cream , Churchill and My Mother ( 2011 , ) - The Story of the Jews , Volume I : Finding the Words , 1000 BCE–1492 CE ( 2013 , Bodley Head , ) - The Face of Britain : The Nation through Its Portraits ( 2015 , ) - Belonging : The Story of the Jews 1492–1900 , Volume II of the trilogy ( 2017 , Bodley Head , ) - Television documentaries - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , in five parts - Rembrandt : The Public Eye and the Private Gaze ( 1995 ) - A History of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2000 ) , in 15 parts - Murder at Harvard – PBS ( 2003 ) - Rough Crossings – BBC ( 2005 ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art – BBC ( 2006 ) , in eight parts - – BBC ( 2008 ) , in four parts - Simon Schamas John Donne – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas : Obamas America – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas Shakespeare – BBC ( 2012 ) - The Story of the Jews – BBC ( 2013 ) , in five parts - Schama on Rembrandt : Masterpieces of the Late Years – BBC ( 2014 ) - The Face of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2015 ) , in five parts - Civilisations – BBC ( 2018 ) , five of nine parts External links . - Columbia Art History faculty page - Simon Schama | Culture | The Guardian - Simon Schama | The Guardian - Simon Schama | New Statesman - Simon Schama on The Spectato |
[
"Columbia University"
] | easy | Who did Simon Schama work for from 1994 to 1995? | /wiki/Simon_Schama#P108#3 | Simon Schama Sir Simon Michael Schama ( ; born 13 February 1945 ) is an English historian specialising in art history , Dutch history , Jewish history , and French history . He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University , New York . He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled , published in 1989 . In the United Kingdom , he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series A History of Britain broadcast between 2000 and 2002 . Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List . Early life and education . Schama was born in Marylebone , London . His mother , Gertie ( née Steinberg ) , was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family ( from Kaunas , present-day Lithuania ) , and his father , Arthur Schama , was of Sephardi Jewish background ( from Smyrna , present-day İzmir in Turkey ) , later moving through Moldova and Romania . In the mid-1940s , the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London . In 1956 , Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers Askes Boys School in Cricklewood , ( from 1961 Elstree , Hertfordshire ) . He then studied history at Christs College , Cambridge , where he was taught by John H . Plumb . He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966 . Career . Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge , where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christs College . He then taught for some time at Oxford , where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976 , specialising in the French Revolution . At this time , Schama wrote his first book , Patriots and Liberators , which won the Wolfson History Prize . The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution , but as published in 1977 , it focused on the effect of the Patriottentijd revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands , and its aftermath . His second book , Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) , is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild . In the United States . In 1980 , Schama took up a chair at Harvard University . His next book , The Embarrassment of Riches ( 1987 ) , again focused on Dutch history . Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century , held in balance between the conflicting imperatives , to live richly and with power , or to live a godly life . The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon , in 317 illustrations , of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character , prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture . Citizens ( 1989 ) , written at speed to a publishers commission , saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution , and won the 1990 NCR Book Award . Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution , however , has received serious negative criticism . Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Woods 1989 PBS series Art of the Western World as a presenting art historian , commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , and Johannes Vermeer . In 1991 , he published Dead Certainties ( Unwarranted Speculations ) , a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart , that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman , murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman . Schama mooted some possible ( invented ) connections between the two cases , exploring the historians inability ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation , and speculatively bridging the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration . Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title : it received a very mixed critical and academic reception . Traditional historians in particular denounced Schamas integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative , but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment . It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd , David Taylor , and Richard Holmes . Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schamas earlier works . Schamas next book , Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory , separating the components of landscape as wood , water and rock , enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective memory embodied in myths , which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text . More personal and idiosyncratic than Dead Certainties , this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach . Despite mixed reviews , the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes . Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia . Schama became art critic for The New Yorker in 1995 . He held the position for three years , dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University ; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine , chosen by Schama himself , was published in 2005 under the title Hang Ups . During this time , Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated Rembrandts Eyes , another critical and commercial success . Despite the books title , it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens . BBC . In 1995 , Schama wrote and presented a series called Landscape and Memory to accompany his book of the same name . Schama returned to the UK in 2000 , having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations , under the title A History of Britain . Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself , in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery , and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings . There has been , however , some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schamas condensed recounting of the British Isles history on this occasion , particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation . Three series were made , totalling 15 episodes , covering the complete span of British history up until 1965 ; it went on to become one of the BBCs best-selling documentary series on DVD . Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show , which took the story up to the year 2000 ; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series , or the other way around . The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel . In 2001 , Schama received a CBE . In 2003 , he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series . Worth £3 million ( around US$5.3m ) , it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian . The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves and the American Revolution , dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown . In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series , Simon Schamas Power of Art which , with an accompanying book , was presented and written by Schama . It marks a return to art history for him , treating eight artists through eight key works : Caravaggios , Berninis Ecstasy of St Theresa , Rembrandts Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , Jacques-Louis Davids , J . M . W . Turners The Slave Ship , Vincent van Goghs Wheat Field with Crows , Picassos Guernica and Mark Rothkos Seagram murals . It was also shown on PBS in the United States . In October 2008 , on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama , the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called presented and written by Schama . In March 2009 , Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled Baseball and Me , both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox . In 2010 , Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series A Point of View : - Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics : When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders . - Singing in the Rain : Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons . - At the Heart of the Matter : The politics surrounding President Barack Obamas healthcare reforms . - The Gift of the Gab : The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates . - Behold , Newstralia! : Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia . - A Welcome Slice of American Pie : Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits . - The Drama of Politics : The timeless drama of British politics . - When Money is Just an Illusion : Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art . - Hearts of Oak : Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons – the panelling made of solid oak . - Britains New Politics : Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom general election , favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one . In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called A History of the Jews for BBC Two for transmission in 2012 , The title became The Story of the Jews and broadcast was delayed until September 2013 . Writing in The Observer , Andrew Anthony called it an astonishing achievement , a TV landmark . In 2018 , Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of Civilisations , a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark . Personal life . Schama is Jewish . He is married to Virginia Papaioannou , a geneticist from California ; they have two children , Chloe and Gabriel . As of 2014 , he resides in Briarcliff Manor , New York . Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter . Politics . In 2010 , Schama was a financial donor to Oona Kings unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London . In August 2014 , Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in Septembers referendum on that issue . In November 2017 , Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to The Times about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its antisemitic characteristics . Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel , while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns . Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019 , when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying , in a letter to The Guardian , that the crisis was a taint of international and historic shame and that trust in the party was fractured beyond repair . Israel . Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians . Writing in The Guardian in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius , Schama compared Bergers academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany , saying : This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews . On 1 April 1933 , only weeks after he came to power , Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops , banks , offices and department stores . In 2006 on the BBC , Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israels actions in the Israel-Lebanon War . He described Israels bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israels attempt to get rid of Hezbollah . He said : Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve . Who wouldnt grieve ? But its not enough to do that . Weve got to understand . Youve even got to understand Israels point of view . United States . Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W . Bush . He appeared on the BBCs coverage of the 2008 US presidential election , clashing with John Bolton . Prizes and other honours . - 1977 : Wolfson History Prize , for Patriots and Liberators - 1977 : Leo Gershoy Award , for Patriots and Liberators - 1987 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for The Embarrassment of Riches - 1989 : New York Times Best Books of the Year , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1989 : Yorkshire Post Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1990 : NCR Book Award , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 1992 : American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Literature - 1995 : Elected to Honorary Fellowship , Christs College , Cambridge - 1996 : Lionel Trilling Book Award , for Landscape and Memory - 1996 : National Magazine Awards , for critical essays in The New Yorker - 1996 : WH Smith Literary Award , for Landscape and Memory - 2001 : St . Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates - 2001 : Broadcasting Press Guild Writers Award , for A History of Britain - 2001 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series ( Arts , History , Religion and Science ) , for A History of Britain - 2002 : Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter ( Factual , Features and News ) , for A History of Britain - 2003 : Nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft : Writing Emmy Award for The Two Winstons , an episode of A History of Britain - 2006 : National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-fiction winner , for Rough Crossings - 2006 : Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist , for Rough Crossings - 2007 : International Emmy Award , for Bernini , an episode of Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2007 : Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Factual Programme or Series , for Simon Schamas Power of Art - 2008 : The Daily Telegraphs 110 Best Books : The Perfect Library , for Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution - 2011 : Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement - 2015 : Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy - 2015 : Feltrinelli Prize for History - 2017 : Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature - 2018 : Knight Bachelor , for services to history Honours . Commonwealth honours . - Commonwealth honours Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships - Honorary degrees Bibliography . - Books - Patriots and Liberators : Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813 ( 1977 ) - Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel ( 1978 ) - The Embarrassment of Riches : An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age ( 1987 ) - ( 1989 ) - Dead Certainties : Unwarranted Speculations ( 1991 , ) - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 , ) - Rembrandts Eyes ( 1999 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . I ( 2000 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . II ( 2001 , ) - A History of Britain Vol . III ( 2002 , ) - Hang Ups : Essays on Art ( 2004 , ) - Rough Crossings ( 2005 , ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art ( 2006 , ) - The American Future : A History ( 2009 , ) - Scribble , Scribble , Scribble : Writing on Politics , Ice Cream , Churchill and My Mother ( 2011 , ) - The Story of the Jews , Volume I : Finding the Words , 1000 BCE–1492 CE ( 2013 , Bodley Head , ) - The Face of Britain : The Nation through Its Portraits ( 2015 , ) - Belonging : The Story of the Jews 1492–1900 , Volume II of the trilogy ( 2017 , Bodley Head , ) - Television documentaries - Landscape and Memory ( 1995 ) , in five parts - Rembrandt : The Public Eye and the Private Gaze ( 1995 ) - A History of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2000 ) , in 15 parts - Murder at Harvard – PBS ( 2003 ) - Rough Crossings – BBC ( 2005 ) - Simon Schamas Power of Art – BBC ( 2006 ) , in eight parts - – BBC ( 2008 ) , in four parts - Simon Schamas John Donne – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas : Obamas America – BBC ( 2009 ) - Simon Schamas Shakespeare – BBC ( 2012 ) - The Story of the Jews – BBC ( 2013 ) , in five parts - Schama on Rembrandt : Masterpieces of the Late Years – BBC ( 2014 ) - The Face of Britain by Simon Schama – BBC ( 2015 ) , in five parts - Civilisations – BBC ( 2018 ) , five of nine parts External links . - Columbia Art History faculty page - Simon Schama | Culture | The Guardian - Simon Schama | The Guardian - Simon Schama | New Statesman - Simon Schama on The Spectato |
[
"Formula BMW Europe"
] | easy | What sport did Carlos Sainz Jr. participate from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P641#0 | Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . |
[
"Formula Renault 3.5"
] | easy | What sport did Carlos Sainz Jr. participate from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P641#1 | Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . |
[
"Formula One"
] | easy | What sport did Carlos Sainz Jr. participate from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P641#2 | Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . |
[
"Colorado Rush"
] | easy | Which team did the player Lindsey Horan belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Lindsey_Horan#P54#0 | Lindsey Horan Lindsey Michelle Horan ( born May 26 , 1994 ) is an American professional soccer player for the Portland Thorns FC of the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) , the highest division of womens professional soccer in the United States , and the United States womens national soccer team . In 2018 , she was named NWSL MVP . Horan was a leading player for the Thorns during their 2017 championship season , scoring the winning goal in the championship game , and before that was a prolific scorer for Paris Saint-Germain FC , scoring 46 goals in 58 appearances . She was the leading scorer for the United States U-17 team at the 2010 CONCACAF U-17 Womens Championship . Early life . Horan grew up in Golden , Colorado near Denver . Although she attended Golden High School , she did not play soccer for the school . Instead , she played club soccer with the Colorado Rush . She first started playing for the Colorado Edge during the U-11 tryouts . In March , when Horan was 15 years old and was one of the youngest players on the United States under-17 womens national team , she scored 12 goals in nine games ( a team best ) leading up to the North American/Central American/Caribbean U-17 tournament in Costa Rica . During her sophomore year at Golden , she was named to the Parade Magazine High School All-American team although she didnt play high school soccer . In 2012 , Horan was named the top-ranked college prospect by ESPN . Although she had a scholarship to play for North Carolina , Horan bypassed her college career and signed with French club Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . Club career . Colorado Rush . Horan played for the Colorado Rush in the W-League during the 2012 season . She played three games for the team , scoring two goals and taking 19 shots . Paris Saint-Germain FC , 2012–2016 . In July 2012 , Horan signed a six-figure deal to play with the professional French club , Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . On January 4 , 2016 , Paris Saint-Germain announced Horans contract had been terminated to allow her to return to the United States . She played her final game on December 5 , 2015 , a 5–0 win over FCF Juvisy . Horan scored the matchs opening goal . Horan scored 46 goals in 58 appearances for PSG . Portland Thorns , 2016–present . On January 13 , 2016 , Horan signed with the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL . Unlike her role at PSG , Horan for Portland plays in central midfield in a position similar to her national-team role . Horan scored the only goal in Portlands 1–0 win over the North Carolina Courage in the 2017 NWSL Championship and was named NWSL Championship MVP . Horan was named Player of the Month for July 2018 , she scored three goals in July , helping the Thorns to a 3–0–0 record for the month . She was named to the 2018 NWSL Best XI , and on September 21 , 2018 she was named 2018 NWSL Most Valuable Player . Club summary . Notes International career . Horan played for the United States womens national under-17 soccer team and was the leading scorer for the team at the 2010 CONCACAF Womens U-17 Championship . She helped the United States womens national under-20 soccer team win the 2012 CONCACAF Womens U-20 Championship in March by scoring four goals , including a hat trick against Guatemala in the group stage . Horan was unable to play in the 2012 FIFA U-20 Womens World Cup because of a knee injury that required surgery . In February 2013 , at the age of eighteen , she was named to the senior team roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup . She earned her first cap for the senior team during a group stage match against China at the Algarve on March 8 , 2013 . Horan was called up to the senior roster near the end of 2015 and scored her first goal for the senior team during a Woman of the Match performance against Trinidad & Tobago in December 2015 . She is on the roster for the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship and started the opening group stage match against Costa Rica in central midfield . While Horan played successfully as a striker during her time at PSG , with 46 goals in 56 appearances , she played in central midfield after her return to the national team in 2016 . Horan was called up for the 2019 FIFA Womens World Cup , scoring her first World Cup goal in the opening game against Thailand on 11 June . On January 31 , 2020 , she scored her first career hat-trick against Panama in the 2020 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship in addition to assisting goals scored by Lynn Williams and Tobin Heath.<ref name=goal014/015/016></ref> Honors . International . USWNT - CONCACAF U20 Womens Championship : 2014 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament : 2016 ; 2020 - SheBelieves Cup : 2016 ; 2018 ; 2020 ; 2021 - Tournament of Nations : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Championship : 2018 - FIFA Womens World Cup : 2019 Club . Portland Thorns Team - NWSL Champions : 2017 - NWSL Shield : 2016 Personal - NWSL Second XI : 2017 - NWSL Championship MVP : 2017 - NWSL Best XI : 2018 - NWSL Most Valuable Player : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament Best XI : 2020 References . - Match reports External links . - PSG player profile - Thorns FC player profile |
[
"Paris Saint-Germain FC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Lindsey Horan belong to from 2012 to 2015? | /wiki/Lindsey_Horan#P54#1 | Lindsey Horan Lindsey Michelle Horan ( born May 26 , 1994 ) is an American professional soccer player for the Portland Thorns FC of the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) , the highest division of womens professional soccer in the United States , and the United States womens national soccer team . In 2018 , she was named NWSL MVP . Horan was a leading player for the Thorns during their 2017 championship season , scoring the winning goal in the championship game , and before that was a prolific scorer for Paris Saint-Germain FC , scoring 46 goals in 58 appearances . She was the leading scorer for the United States U-17 team at the 2010 CONCACAF U-17 Womens Championship . Early life . Horan grew up in Golden , Colorado near Denver . Although she attended Golden High School , she did not play soccer for the school . Instead , she played club soccer with the Colorado Rush . She first started playing for the Colorado Edge during the U-11 tryouts . In March , when Horan was 15 years old and was one of the youngest players on the United States under-17 womens national team , she scored 12 goals in nine games ( a team best ) leading up to the North American/Central American/Caribbean U-17 tournament in Costa Rica . During her sophomore year at Golden , she was named to the Parade Magazine High School All-American team although she didnt play high school soccer . In 2012 , Horan was named the top-ranked college prospect by ESPN . Although she had a scholarship to play for North Carolina , Horan bypassed her college career and signed with French club Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . Club career . Colorado Rush . Horan played for the Colorado Rush in the W-League during the 2012 season . She played three games for the team , scoring two goals and taking 19 shots . Paris Saint-Germain FC , 2012–2016 . In July 2012 , Horan signed a six-figure deal to play with the professional French club , Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . On January 4 , 2016 , Paris Saint-Germain announced Horans contract had been terminated to allow her to return to the United States . She played her final game on December 5 , 2015 , a 5–0 win over FCF Juvisy . Horan scored the matchs opening goal . Horan scored 46 goals in 58 appearances for PSG . Portland Thorns , 2016–present . On January 13 , 2016 , Horan signed with the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL . Unlike her role at PSG , Horan for Portland plays in central midfield in a position similar to her national-team role . Horan scored the only goal in Portlands 1–0 win over the North Carolina Courage in the 2017 NWSL Championship and was named NWSL Championship MVP . Horan was named Player of the Month for July 2018 , she scored three goals in July , helping the Thorns to a 3–0–0 record for the month . She was named to the 2018 NWSL Best XI , and on September 21 , 2018 she was named 2018 NWSL Most Valuable Player . Club summary . Notes International career . Horan played for the United States womens national under-17 soccer team and was the leading scorer for the team at the 2010 CONCACAF Womens U-17 Championship . She helped the United States womens national under-20 soccer team win the 2012 CONCACAF Womens U-20 Championship in March by scoring four goals , including a hat trick against Guatemala in the group stage . Horan was unable to play in the 2012 FIFA U-20 Womens World Cup because of a knee injury that required surgery . In February 2013 , at the age of eighteen , she was named to the senior team roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup . She earned her first cap for the senior team during a group stage match against China at the Algarve on March 8 , 2013 . Horan was called up to the senior roster near the end of 2015 and scored her first goal for the senior team during a Woman of the Match performance against Trinidad & Tobago in December 2015 . She is on the roster for the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship and started the opening group stage match against Costa Rica in central midfield . While Horan played successfully as a striker during her time at PSG , with 46 goals in 56 appearances , she played in central midfield after her return to the national team in 2016 . Horan was called up for the 2019 FIFA Womens World Cup , scoring her first World Cup goal in the opening game against Thailand on 11 June . On January 31 , 2020 , she scored her first career hat-trick against Panama in the 2020 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship in addition to assisting goals scored by Lynn Williams and Tobin Heath.<ref name=goal014/015/016></ref> Honors . International . USWNT - CONCACAF U20 Womens Championship : 2014 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament : 2016 ; 2020 - SheBelieves Cup : 2016 ; 2018 ; 2020 ; 2021 - Tournament of Nations : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Championship : 2018 - FIFA Womens World Cup : 2019 Club . Portland Thorns Team - NWSL Champions : 2017 - NWSL Shield : 2016 Personal - NWSL Second XI : 2017 - NWSL Championship MVP : 2017 - NWSL Best XI : 2018 - NWSL Most Valuable Player : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament Best XI : 2020 References . - Match reports External links . - PSG player profile - Thorns FC player profile |
[
"Portland Thorns"
] | easy | Which team did the player Lindsey Horan belong to from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Lindsey_Horan#P54#2 | Lindsey Horan Lindsey Michelle Horan ( born May 26 , 1994 ) is an American professional soccer player for the Portland Thorns FC of the National Womens Soccer League ( NWSL ) , the highest division of womens professional soccer in the United States , and the United States womens national soccer team . In 2018 , she was named NWSL MVP . Horan was a leading player for the Thorns during their 2017 championship season , scoring the winning goal in the championship game , and before that was a prolific scorer for Paris Saint-Germain FC , scoring 46 goals in 58 appearances . She was the leading scorer for the United States U-17 team at the 2010 CONCACAF U-17 Womens Championship . Early life . Horan grew up in Golden , Colorado near Denver . Although she attended Golden High School , she did not play soccer for the school . Instead , she played club soccer with the Colorado Rush . She first started playing for the Colorado Edge during the U-11 tryouts . In March , when Horan was 15 years old and was one of the youngest players on the United States under-17 womens national team , she scored 12 goals in nine games ( a team best ) leading up to the North American/Central American/Caribbean U-17 tournament in Costa Rica . During her sophomore year at Golden , she was named to the Parade Magazine High School All-American team although she didnt play high school soccer . In 2012 , Horan was named the top-ranked college prospect by ESPN . Although she had a scholarship to play for North Carolina , Horan bypassed her college career and signed with French club Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . Club career . Colorado Rush . Horan played for the Colorado Rush in the W-League during the 2012 season . She played three games for the team , scoring two goals and taking 19 shots . Paris Saint-Germain FC , 2012–2016 . In July 2012 , Horan signed a six-figure deal to play with the professional French club , Paris Saint-Germain FC ( PSG ) . On January 4 , 2016 , Paris Saint-Germain announced Horans contract had been terminated to allow her to return to the United States . She played her final game on December 5 , 2015 , a 5–0 win over FCF Juvisy . Horan scored the matchs opening goal . Horan scored 46 goals in 58 appearances for PSG . Portland Thorns , 2016–present . On January 13 , 2016 , Horan signed with the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL . Unlike her role at PSG , Horan for Portland plays in central midfield in a position similar to her national-team role . Horan scored the only goal in Portlands 1–0 win over the North Carolina Courage in the 2017 NWSL Championship and was named NWSL Championship MVP . Horan was named Player of the Month for July 2018 , she scored three goals in July , helping the Thorns to a 3–0–0 record for the month . She was named to the 2018 NWSL Best XI , and on September 21 , 2018 she was named 2018 NWSL Most Valuable Player . Club summary . Notes International career . Horan played for the United States womens national under-17 soccer team and was the leading scorer for the team at the 2010 CONCACAF Womens U-17 Championship . She helped the United States womens national under-20 soccer team win the 2012 CONCACAF Womens U-20 Championship in March by scoring four goals , including a hat trick against Guatemala in the group stage . Horan was unable to play in the 2012 FIFA U-20 Womens World Cup because of a knee injury that required surgery . In February 2013 , at the age of eighteen , she was named to the senior team roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup . She earned her first cap for the senior team during a group stage match against China at the Algarve on March 8 , 2013 . Horan was called up to the senior roster near the end of 2015 and scored her first goal for the senior team during a Woman of the Match performance against Trinidad & Tobago in December 2015 . She is on the roster for the 2016 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship and started the opening group stage match against Costa Rica in central midfield . While Horan played successfully as a striker during her time at PSG , with 46 goals in 56 appearances , she played in central midfield after her return to the national team in 2016 . Horan was called up for the 2019 FIFA Womens World Cup , scoring her first World Cup goal in the opening game against Thailand on 11 June . On January 31 , 2020 , she scored her first career hat-trick against Panama in the 2020 CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Championship in addition to assisting goals scored by Lynn Williams and Tobin Heath.<ref name=goal014/015/016></ref> Honors . International . USWNT - CONCACAF U20 Womens Championship : 2014 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament : 2016 ; 2020 - SheBelieves Cup : 2016 ; 2018 ; 2020 ; 2021 - Tournament of Nations : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Championship : 2018 - FIFA Womens World Cup : 2019 Club . Portland Thorns Team - NWSL Champions : 2017 - NWSL Shield : 2016 Personal - NWSL Second XI : 2017 - NWSL Championship MVP : 2017 - NWSL Best XI : 2018 - NWSL Most Valuable Player : 2018 - CONCACAF Womens Olympic Qualifying Tournament Best XI : 2020 References . - Match reports External links . - PSG player profile - Thorns FC player profile |
[
"Grimsby Town ."
] | easy | Which team did Matt Bloomer play for from 1997 to 2001? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#0 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Hull City"
] | easy | Matt Bloomer played for which team from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#1 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Lincoln City ."
] | easy | Which team did the player Matt Bloomer belong to from 2003 to 2006? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#2 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Grimsby Town"
] | easy | Matt Bloomer played for which team from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#3 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Boston United ."
] | easy | Which team did the player Matt Bloomer belong to from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#4 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Harrogate Town"
] | easy | Matt Bloomer played for which team from 2009 to 2016? | /wiki/Matt_Bloomer#P54#5 | Matt Bloomer Matthew Brian Matt Bloomer ( born 3 November 1978 in Grimsby ) is an English former professional footballer and assistant manager of Cleethorpes Town . Bloomer played as a defender from 1997 to 2019 , notably having three separate spells with his home town club Grimsby Town , having also played for Hull City , Lincoln City , Telford United , Cambridge United , Boston United and Harrogate Town before retiring at Cleethorpes Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Bloomer started his career as a trainee with his home town club of Grimsby Town , but failed to make an impact , starting only three games in his four years under contract . He was brought up in a youth team that consisted the likes of Jack Lester , John Oster , Danny Butterfield and Daryl Clare , and under the stewardship of long serving manager Alan Buckley . Bloomer was released by the clubs new manager Lennie Lawrence at the end of the 2000–01 campaign . Hull City . Upon his release from Blundell Park , Bloomer dropped down two leagues to sign for Hull City , where he also struggled , making just three appearances in the league in two years , all of them off the bench . In 2002 , Alan Buckleys Lincoln City , who were facing relegation from Division Three signed Bloomer on a month-long loan . He turned in a series of impressive displays at centre back which helped keep Lincoln in the Football League . Lincoln City . The following season , Keith Alexander succeeded Alan Buckley as manager , and brought Bloomer in on a permanent deal . After signing permanently for Lincoln he was mainly a bit-part player , but nonetheless made nearly a century of appearances for the club . During the 2004–2005 season , he earned himself a starting place at right-back , replacing veteran Dean West . Bloomer was given his chance to start ahead of West for the League Cup first round match against Derby County . Lincoln won 3–1 , Bloomers performance was highly praised , and he went on to make a number of solid performances . He lost his starting place following an ill-fated first half against Wycombe Wanderers in early 2005 . Bloomer moved from right back to central defensive position held by captain Paul Morgan , who was out with an injury , Wycombe scored three goals in the first 45 minutes , all from Nathan Tyson . He did not start again all season , with both Lee Beevers and Gareth McAuley playing in his position for the rest of the year , however , he did play as a striker in the play-off final in Cardiff , where Lincoln lost 2–0 after extra-time to Southend United . During the 2005–06 season , Bloomer found himself on the fringes of the Lincoln squad , and had spells on loan at former club Grimsby Town and Conference side Cambridge United . Cambridge United . Bloomer signed for Cambridge permanently in July 2006 , and made 18 first team appearances . However , he only had a short lived spell at the struggling Conference club , and he had his contract cancelled on 31 January 2007 . Return to Grimsby Town . Following his release from Cambridge , Alan Buckley tempted Bloomer into returning to his home town and he rejoined Grimsby Town until the end of the 2006–07 season . After playing only a cameo role in the end of the clubs season , Buckley released Bloomer four months later . Boston United . He went on trial with York City at the end of the 2006–07 season following his release by Grimsby , but York confirmed they would not be offering Bloomer a contract after did not turn up to training , and had also gone to play for Halifax Town for a pre-season friendly . However , he eventually signed for Conference North side Boston United . Despite Bostons financial trouble , Bloomer stayed on even though the club were demoted two years in a row for financial irregularities . Despite being offered a new but reduced contract for the 2009–10 season , Bloomer was eventually released by Boston on 1 June 2009 . Harrogate Town . Less than two weeks after his release from Boston United , Bloomer agreed to join Harrogate Town , who were managed by his former Lincoln City teammate Simon Weaver . Despite finishing bottom of the Conference North with Harrogate Town , Bloomer managed to make a total of 44 appearances . He left Harrogate in January 2016 midway through his fifth season with the club . Cleethorpes Town . In January 2016 Bloomer joined Cleethorpes Town on a free transfer . Coaching career . In 2018 , Bloomer was appointed Assistant manager at Cleethorpes . Personal life . Bloomer is a third generation professional footballer . His father , Brian played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United while Brians father , Jimmy played for Grimsby Town as well as Matts old club Boston United . Matts uncle , Jimmy Bloomer Jr also played for Grimsby Town . Honours . Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Lincoln City . - Third Division play-off runner up : 2002–03 - Football League Two play-off runner up : 2004–05 External links . - Matt Bloomer Profile at The Forgotten Imp |
[
"Ilir Daja"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team KF Skënderbeu Korçë from 2017 to Jun 2018? | /wiki/KF_Skënderbeu_Korçë#P286#0 | KF Skënderbeu Korçë Klubi Futbollistik Skënderbeu Korçë ( ) , is an Albanian professional football club based in Korçë , a city in southeastern Albania . The club play in the Kategoria Superiore , which is the top tier of football in the country . The club was founded as Vllazëria Korçë in 1909 . In 1925 , it took on its current form following the merger of several local clubs , and the clubs name was changed to Skënderbeu Korçë , after Albanias national hero Skanderbeg . The clubs home ground has been the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 , and it now has a capacity of 12,343 , of which 5,724 are seated . Skënderbeu Korçë have won 8 league titles , with the first coming in 1933 before going on 78-year run without winning the league . The club won its first league title since 1933 in 2011 , and they have won the league 6 more times since . The club had won six consecutive league titles since 2011 , breaking the Albanian record which had been held by Dinamo Tirana who had won four consecutive titles in the 1950s . In 2015 the club became the first Albanian side to reach the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League but they lost to Dinamo Zagreb and dropped into the UEFA Europa League , and became the first Albanian side to qualify for the group stages of a UEFA competition . History . The first years . The first football club in the city of Korçë was formed on 15 April 1909 under the name Vllazëria by politician and poet Hilë Mosi . The rise in the popularity of the sport resulted in a number of clubs being formed between 1920 and 1922 , including clubs such as Përparimi and Sport Klub Korça . In 1923 , the Albanian National Lyceum formed the Shpresa sports society . Skënderbeu was formed in 1925 when a large number of the young men and young men of the city were playing football regularly in local fields . The rise in popularity of the sport led to most neighbourhoods forming their own football teams , such as Zhgaba in 1926 and Leka i Madh , Pirro , Brekverdhit , Zjarri , Tigri and Diamanti in 1927 , which competed in the citys first organised football competition held in 1928 . These teams were local , however , and would only compete with one another , as the main football club to represent the city was Skënderbeu who overcome several problems at the start , some of which were even political . Skënderbeu was named after 15th century Albanian nobleman and national hero Skanderbeg . The club quickly became the Albans main football team , and in 1926 they began to play friendly games against teams from neighbouring countries , starting with Macedonian side Monastir , then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In two games played , Skënderbeu won 5–2 and then drew 2–2 . Skënderbeu also played friendlies against Greek teams from Ermioni and Thessaloniki , which is modern day Aris FC . They also played against Kavala , who they beat 2–0 in Albania but lost 1–0 against in Greece . 1930s championships . The club competed in the first ever national football competition in Albania , which was the 1930 championship . As the only club to represent Korçë nationally , Skënderbeu had huge popular support within the city , with similar support bases seen with the likes of KF Tirana and Vllaznia Shkodër , who all earned a name for themselves in the early stages of Albanian football . During the 1930 championship , Skënderbeu finished runners-up to KF Tirana , after forfeiting both championship playoff matches . The club won its first ever Albanian Championship just three years later in 1933 , finishing two points ahead of Vllaznia . The championship winning side was : Klani Marjani , Kristaq Bimbli , Andrea Çani , Andon Miti , Lefter Petra , Fori Stasa , Nexhat Dishnica , Tomor Ypi , Thoma Vangjeli , Servet Teufik Agaj , Enver Kulla , Vasil Trebicka , Stavri Kondili , Aristotel Samsuri , with Qemal Omari as their manager . In the same year , the clubs striker Servet Teufik Agaj was the top goalscorer with seven league goals , an honour also won by his strike partner Aristotel Samsuri in 1931 , also with seven goals . The following year , Skënderbeu strongly fought to retain their title , but only finished as runners-up once again to KF Tirana , with Samsuri being the clubs top goalscorer that season with seven goals . In the next two championships held prior to World War II , Skënderbeu finished in fourth place in both years under manager Qemal Omari . The club ceased operations between 1938 and 1945 due to World War II , as there were no official tournaments held in Albania . Post-war struggles . In 1945 , the club began operating again . Supporters paraded in the streets of Korçë as the club announced the news . The majority of the players who were active in the 1930s were no longer playing football competitively , so the squad was virtually new , except for Klani Marjani , Bellovoda and Saro . But the delight was short lived as the club struggled to match their performances before the war . In 1945 , they finished fourth in Group B , consisting of six teams , and in the following 1946 season they finished fifth in Group A , just one point ahead of bottom place . Manager Tato Bimbli decided to bring in young players in order to revive the squad during the 1947 season , when the club also changed its name to Dinamo Korçë for the Communist Party , Bimblis decision to bring in young players paid off as the club finished third in the league out of nine teams . The following season , however , turned out to be a disaster as they finished bottom of Group A with just a single point from seven games . In 1949 , the club changed its name to Korça , and they finished in sixth place out of nine teams in the same year . Manager Tato Bimbli left the club after having a difficult time in charge , and he was replaced by Spiro Koçe in 1950 . In 1951 , all Albanian teams were ordered by the Communist Party to be named Puna , which literally translates to work . During these years , the club remained a notable force , but with no relative success often finishing in mid-table in the league . Skënderbeu was also a three time finalist in the Albanian Cup in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 , in which they lost all three finals . They did , however , win the Albanian First Division in 1976–77 as well as three other times with the last win in 2008–09 season where Skënderbeu won the rights to move into the Albanian Superliga . Recent dominance . 2009–10 . During the winter of 2009–10 , the club was bottom of the league and facing the real possibility of relegation from the Albanian Superliga , but there were seismic changes in terms of the ownership and the board , as a new president in the shape of Red Bull Albania CEO Agim Zeqo was appointed . A new 16-member board was also elected , and a host of new donors attached themselves to the club , including some of Albanias most successful businessmen , such as Samir Mane , Irfan Hysenbelliu and Grigor Joti . Journalist Blendi Fevziu was also named as a donor , alongside national Minister of Finance Ridvan Bode and the prefect of Korçë , Niko Peleshi . The clubs short-term goal was to remain in the Albanian Superliga , and they planned to win the league the following season . In order to escape relegation , the club brought in Mirel Josa as new head coach , along with a host of new players , both from Albania and neighbouring countries . They finished the league in 10th place out of 12 teams , meaning they entered a relegation playoff with the third placed Albanian First Division side KS Kamza , which they won 1–0 through a second minute Klodian Asllani goal to remain in the Albanian Superliga . 2010–11 . Ahead of the 2010–11 season , the squad was revamped and under the guidance of Shkëlqim Muça as the head coach , new players were brought in , many of whom were Albanian internationals including Orges Shehi , Ditmar Bicaj , Endrit Vrapi , Jetmir Sefa and Bledi Shkëmbi who was named captain following his return to his hometown club . Other quality signings made Skënderbeu the favourites to win the title . They were defeated by KF Tirana in their first ever Albanian Supercup game , and they spent much of the season in second place in the league , behind pacesetters Flamurtari Vlorë . Shkëlqim Muça was replaced by Shpëtim Duro as head coach in February and defeated Flamurtari Vlorë in his first game in charge to move closer to top spot , and he went on to guide the club to 11 wins in his 13 games in charge , to win the Albanian title for the first time since 1933 and to qualify for the UEFA Champions League qualifying round for the first time in their history . After winning the league for the first time in 78 years , club president Agim Zeqo said , It was a great season and it was great to see our city and our fans enjoy this title . This town loves football and deserved this win . Lets do it again next season . 2011-12 . The club made its Champions League debut against Cypriot side APOEL in the second qualifying round on 13 July 2011 , and they lost 2–0 at home , before losing 4–0 away as they were knocked out of the competition . They continued a poor start to the season as they lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup before the start of the Albanian Superliga season , where they also struggled . After only one win in their opening four games , head coach Shpëtim Duro was replaced by the Czech Stanislav Levý , who became the clubs first foreign coach since Qemal Omari in the 1930s , who himself was of Albanian ancestry , making Levý the clubs first truly foreign coach . He guided the club to a 14 match unbeaten run to reach the top of the table , and he only lost two games in charge as they narrowly beat Teuta Durrës to the title with only a single point between the sides to claim the only Champions League spot once again . In the Albanian Cup , Skënderbeu reached their first final since 1976 , but they lost to KF Tirana as they continued their 100% losing record in Albanian Cup finals , having lost in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 before the 2012 final . 2012–13 . They kicked off the 2012–13 campaign with their first ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Hungarian side Debrecen 1–0 at home through a Sebino Plaku goal to give them real hope of qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the away leg however Skënderbeu lost 3–0 and were knocked out after a 3–1 aggregate loss despite winning the first leg of the tie . They once again lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup for the second consecutive season , but in the league they lost just once in their opening 20 games and remained in first place for the entire campaign as they went on to win the title for the third time in a row . In the Albanian Cup they were knocked out by Bylis Ballsh in the semi final after a 2–1 aggregate loss over two legs , a result which came as a surprise as Skënderbeu had defeated all five teams they had faced during their cup run and were considered the favourites . 2013–14 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the first time in their history , after defeating KF Laçi . Later , Skënderbeu begun their 2013–14 campaign with their first ever Champions League tie as they draw 0–0 in the away leg against Neftchi Baku , which gave them a shade of hope in their dream about qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the home leg , they held the score to a tie in regular time and went to win 1–0 in the extra-time through a Nurudeen Orelesi goal in the 116th minute , qualifying for the first time in the third qualifying round of Champions League . They were drawn against Kazakh side Shakhter Karagandy and they lost 3–0 away , before winning 3–2 at home ( temporarily being 3-0 up ) and were knocked out of the competition . They dropped into the UEFA Europa League play-offs , making their debut in the second most important continental competition with a 0–1 loss to Ukrainian side Chornomorets Odesa in the away leg . At home , they recorded their first ever Europa League win , defeating Chornomorets 1–0 with an Andi Ribaj goal , giving Skënderbeu hopes of becoming the first Albanian team to qualify to the group stage of a European competition by progressing to the Europa League group stages . With a 1–1 tie , however , the match went to extra-time and later penalties , with Skënderbeu losing 6–7 . In the championship , they began with a 1–0 victory over Besa Kavajë , then lost important matches against Flamutari and Kukësi , but recovered and claimed a winter lead place . They won their fourth consecutive league title after a 2–1 win over Partizani . 2014–15 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the second year in a row after defeating Flarmutari 1–0 in the final . In the new Champions League season , they had great expectations fed by a 0–0 draw in the second qualifying round against BATE Borisov away , but a 1–1 draw at home ended their hopes as were eliminated on away goals rule . In the league , they win the first two games , before losing to Partizani Tirana and a win against Kukësi was shortly followed by a defeat to Teuta Durrës . Then , they had an unbeaten run , with losses against only KF Tirana and KF Laçi . In the Albanian Cup , they were knocked out by Kukësi in the semi-finals . 2015–16 . The summer transfer window was marked by the signing of the Albanian international Hamdi Salihi , who played at Rapid Wien . After a 2–2 draw against Laçi , however , they lost the Albanian Supercup 7–8 on penalties . They kicked off the 2015–16 campaign with their biggest ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Northern Ireland side Crusaders 4–1 . They lost the away match 2–3 , but qualified to the third qualifying round for the second time with an aggregate 6–4 score and they faced Milsami Orhei . They beat Milsami 2–0 both home and away to become the only Albanian side to qualify to the UEFA Champions League play-offs , where they met Dinamo Zagreb . They were defeated 1–2 at home and 1–4 away and eliminated from Champions League . They were dropped into the UEFA Europa League group stages , becoming the first Albanian club to progress to the group stage of a European competition . Skënderbeu Korçë were drawn against Beşiktaş , Lokomotiv Moscow and Sporting Clube de Portugal . In matchday 1 , their first ever group stage game , the club was defeated at home 0–1 by Beşiktaş after a hard fight between the two sides . In the next matchday , they lost 0–2 to Lokomotiv Moscow in Moscow . Their worst defeat in the European competition yet came the next matchday , a storming 1–5 loss to Sporting in the away leg at Lisbon , but also had the Albanian side scoring their first goal in the UEFA Europa League group stages . In the home match , Skënderbeu Korçë recorded a historic 3–0 win over Sporting , was one of the most important victories of a football club in Albania as Skënderbeu recorded their first points in a Europa League group stage game . 2016–17 . Skënderbeu were banned from European football during the 2016–17 season for 10 years over match-fixing allegations . The decision was unprecedented in UEFAs history , both for the length of the ban as well as the fact that UEFAs conclusions were based primarily on statistical analysis of betting patterns . 2017–18 . Skënderbeu entered Europa League , as they finished third in Albanian Superliga . They played against UE Sant Julia , defeating them 1–0 at home and 5–0 in Andorra , so they qualified . For the 2nd round , they played against the Kazakhstan outfit , Kairat . The match ended in a draw ( 1–1 ) in Kazakhstan and won 2–0 at home . They then went on to play the Czech Republic side , FK Mladá Boleslav and lost 2–1 on the night in the Czech Republic . The return match in Elbasan Arena saw Skënderbeu winning the regular time 2–1 , while the extra periods yielded no further goals . Skënderbeu ultimately triumphed 4–2 on penalties . For the play-off round , they were drawn against Dinamo Zagreb for their second time , just like the UEFA Champions League play-off 2 years ago , where Skënderbeu were eliminated 6–2 on aggregate . They surprised Dinamo in the away match by scoring through Liridon Latifi in the 37th minute , but conceding in the very last minute . Even though Skënderbeu didnt win , they could hope for the Europa League qualification thanks to the away goal scored . Skënderbeu needed at least a goalless draw to progress to the next stage of the competition . In the return leg , that was exactly what happened . Skënderbeu qualified for the group stage for the second time in their history , and also being the first Albanian team to win four qualifying rounds in the Europa League . Also , they have been the only Albanian club to earn more than 3 points , which was the record for the most points earned in the Europa League group stage by an Albanian club 2 years ago . On 29 March 2018 , Skënderbeu was handed a 10-year ban from European competition on the basis of conclusive evidence of match fixing . The club was additionally fined €1 million in one of the harshest punishments of a European club . The club is expected to appeal . 2019–20 . On 12 July 2019 , Skënderbeus appeal against their 10-year ban from European competition was dismissed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . Stadium . The club has played its home games at the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 . The stadium was fully renovated in 2010 in order to gain accreditation from UEFA to host European games at the ground . The stadium has a capacity of 12,343 people all seater . It was approved by UEFA , to hold preliminary rounds of Champions League matches in 2011 . Supporters . Skenderbeu is considered to be one of the best supported clubs in Albania , with the majority of fans live in the Korçë District , which has a population of just under 140,000 . The main supporters group for the club is called Ujqërit e Dëborës , which literally translates to snow wolves . The group was formed in 2008 and quickly became considered the clubs main supporters group . They are present at every home game at the Skënderbeu Stadium and they also organise trips to every away game of the season , also attending Albanian national team games alongside other teams supporters groups . It is compulsory for every member to wear either the groups or Skënderbeus clothing during games to distinguish between other fans . The group also has factions in different cities around the world where there are Albanian diaspora , including Toronto , Canada . Yearly membership to be an official member of the group costs 1000 lek ( €7,14 or £5.86 as of 1 February 2014 ) . They have a fierce rivalry with KF Tiranas supports groups Tirona Fanatics , with both sets of fans being involved in hooligan activities since Skënderbeus rise to prominence overtaking KF Tirana around 2010 . In September 2013 prior to an away game in Tiranë the Ujqërit e Deborës group called upon Tirona Fanatics members to reduce the tensions between the two sets of fans . In November 2013 , Skënderbeu was forced to play Flamurtari Vlorë behind closed doors due to the behaviour of Ujqërit e Dëborës against Partizani in a 3–0 win on 2 November . The game against Partizani Tirana was seen by attended by 5500 and there were no altercations between rival fans or any offensive chanting but the Albanian Football Association deemed the choreography of the Ujqërit e Dëborës to be worthy of a one match ban on supporters . Honours . Domestic . Kategoria Superiore - Champions ( 8 ) : 1933 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1934 , 1976–77 Kategoria e Parë - Winners ( 2 ) : 1975–76 , 2006–07 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1978–79 , 1981–82 , 1985–86 , 1994–95 , 2004–05 , 2008–09 Albanian Cup - Winners ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1958 , 1964–65 , 1975–76 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 , 2020–21 Albanian Supercup - Winners ( 3 ) : 2013 , 2014 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Records . - Biggest ever European home victory : Skënderbeu Korçë 4–1 Crusaders ; 14 July 2015 - Biggest ever European home defeat : Skënderbeu Korçë 0–2 APOEL ; 13 July 2011 - Biggest ever European away victory : Sant Julià 0–5 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 7 July 2017 - Biggest ever European away defeat : Sporting CP 5–1 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 22 October 2015 European competitions record . By competition . Matches . - Notes - 1Q : First qualifying round - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round Current staff . Historical list of coaches . - Qemal Omari ( 1932-1938 ) - Tato Bimbli ( 1945-1950 ) - Spiro Koçe ( 1950-1957 ) - S Qirinxhi ( 1957-1961 ) - Prodani ( 1961-1966 ) - Ilia Shuke ( 1966-1975 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1975-1982 ) - Kosta Koça ( 1982-1984 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1987-1995 ) - Edmond Gëzdari ( 1995-1996 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1996 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1997 ) - Stefi Lubonja ( 1997 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 1998-1999 ) - Luan Deliu ( 1999-2000 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 2000 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2001 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2002-2004 ) - Mirel Josa ( 2005 - 18 Feb 2006 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 18 Feb 2006 - 22 Feb 2006 ) - Agim Canaj ( 22 Feb 2006 - ) - Faruk Sejdini ( - 10 Nov 2007 ) - Renato Rrapo ( 10 Nov 2007 - 31 Dec 2008 ) - Indrit Fortuzi ( 1 Jan 2009 - May 2009 ) - Gerd Haxhiu ( Jul 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 ) - Andrea Marko ( 1 Jan 2010 - 7 Feb 2010 ) - Mirel Josa ( 7 Feb 2010 - May 2010 ) - Shkëlqim Muça ( Jul 2010 - 17 Feb 2011 ) - Shpëtim Duro ( 17 Feb 2011 - 11 Oct 2011 ) - Stanislav Levý ( 11 Oct 2011 – May 2012 ) - Mirel Josa ( Jul 2012 – May 2016 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( Jun 2016 - Dec 2016 ) - Ilir Daja ( Jan 2017 - Jun 2018 ) - Orges Shehi ( Jul 2018 – Jun 2019 ) - Ilir Daja ( Aug 2019 - ) Sponsorship . Companies that KF Skënderbeu Korçë currently has sponsorship deals with include : External links . - Official website - Albanian Football Association Official Website - KF Skënderbeu at UEFA.com |
[
"Orges Shehi"
] | easy | Who was the head coach of the team KF Skënderbeu Korçë from Jul 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/KF_Skënderbeu_Korçë#P286#1 | KF Skënderbeu Korçë Klubi Futbollistik Skënderbeu Korçë ( ) , is an Albanian professional football club based in Korçë , a city in southeastern Albania . The club play in the Kategoria Superiore , which is the top tier of football in the country . The club was founded as Vllazëria Korçë in 1909 . In 1925 , it took on its current form following the merger of several local clubs , and the clubs name was changed to Skënderbeu Korçë , after Albanias national hero Skanderbeg . The clubs home ground has been the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 , and it now has a capacity of 12,343 , of which 5,724 are seated . Skënderbeu Korçë have won 8 league titles , with the first coming in 1933 before going on 78-year run without winning the league . The club won its first league title since 1933 in 2011 , and they have won the league 6 more times since . The club had won six consecutive league titles since 2011 , breaking the Albanian record which had been held by Dinamo Tirana who had won four consecutive titles in the 1950s . In 2015 the club became the first Albanian side to reach the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League but they lost to Dinamo Zagreb and dropped into the UEFA Europa League , and became the first Albanian side to qualify for the group stages of a UEFA competition . History . The first years . The first football club in the city of Korçë was formed on 15 April 1909 under the name Vllazëria by politician and poet Hilë Mosi . The rise in the popularity of the sport resulted in a number of clubs being formed between 1920 and 1922 , including clubs such as Përparimi and Sport Klub Korça . In 1923 , the Albanian National Lyceum formed the Shpresa sports society . Skënderbeu was formed in 1925 when a large number of the young men and young men of the city were playing football regularly in local fields . The rise in popularity of the sport led to most neighbourhoods forming their own football teams , such as Zhgaba in 1926 and Leka i Madh , Pirro , Brekverdhit , Zjarri , Tigri and Diamanti in 1927 , which competed in the citys first organised football competition held in 1928 . These teams were local , however , and would only compete with one another , as the main football club to represent the city was Skënderbeu who overcome several problems at the start , some of which were even political . Skënderbeu was named after 15th century Albanian nobleman and national hero Skanderbeg . The club quickly became the Albans main football team , and in 1926 they began to play friendly games against teams from neighbouring countries , starting with Macedonian side Monastir , then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In two games played , Skënderbeu won 5–2 and then drew 2–2 . Skënderbeu also played friendlies against Greek teams from Ermioni and Thessaloniki , which is modern day Aris FC . They also played against Kavala , who they beat 2–0 in Albania but lost 1–0 against in Greece . 1930s championships . The club competed in the first ever national football competition in Albania , which was the 1930 championship . As the only club to represent Korçë nationally , Skënderbeu had huge popular support within the city , with similar support bases seen with the likes of KF Tirana and Vllaznia Shkodër , who all earned a name for themselves in the early stages of Albanian football . During the 1930 championship , Skënderbeu finished runners-up to KF Tirana , after forfeiting both championship playoff matches . The club won its first ever Albanian Championship just three years later in 1933 , finishing two points ahead of Vllaznia . The championship winning side was : Klani Marjani , Kristaq Bimbli , Andrea Çani , Andon Miti , Lefter Petra , Fori Stasa , Nexhat Dishnica , Tomor Ypi , Thoma Vangjeli , Servet Teufik Agaj , Enver Kulla , Vasil Trebicka , Stavri Kondili , Aristotel Samsuri , with Qemal Omari as their manager . In the same year , the clubs striker Servet Teufik Agaj was the top goalscorer with seven league goals , an honour also won by his strike partner Aristotel Samsuri in 1931 , also with seven goals . The following year , Skënderbeu strongly fought to retain their title , but only finished as runners-up once again to KF Tirana , with Samsuri being the clubs top goalscorer that season with seven goals . In the next two championships held prior to World War II , Skënderbeu finished in fourth place in both years under manager Qemal Omari . The club ceased operations between 1938 and 1945 due to World War II , as there were no official tournaments held in Albania . Post-war struggles . In 1945 , the club began operating again . Supporters paraded in the streets of Korçë as the club announced the news . The majority of the players who were active in the 1930s were no longer playing football competitively , so the squad was virtually new , except for Klani Marjani , Bellovoda and Saro . But the delight was short lived as the club struggled to match their performances before the war . In 1945 , they finished fourth in Group B , consisting of six teams , and in the following 1946 season they finished fifth in Group A , just one point ahead of bottom place . Manager Tato Bimbli decided to bring in young players in order to revive the squad during the 1947 season , when the club also changed its name to Dinamo Korçë for the Communist Party , Bimblis decision to bring in young players paid off as the club finished third in the league out of nine teams . The following season , however , turned out to be a disaster as they finished bottom of Group A with just a single point from seven games . In 1949 , the club changed its name to Korça , and they finished in sixth place out of nine teams in the same year . Manager Tato Bimbli left the club after having a difficult time in charge , and he was replaced by Spiro Koçe in 1950 . In 1951 , all Albanian teams were ordered by the Communist Party to be named Puna , which literally translates to work . During these years , the club remained a notable force , but with no relative success often finishing in mid-table in the league . Skënderbeu was also a three time finalist in the Albanian Cup in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 , in which they lost all three finals . They did , however , win the Albanian First Division in 1976–77 as well as three other times with the last win in 2008–09 season where Skënderbeu won the rights to move into the Albanian Superliga . Recent dominance . 2009–10 . During the winter of 2009–10 , the club was bottom of the league and facing the real possibility of relegation from the Albanian Superliga , but there were seismic changes in terms of the ownership and the board , as a new president in the shape of Red Bull Albania CEO Agim Zeqo was appointed . A new 16-member board was also elected , and a host of new donors attached themselves to the club , including some of Albanias most successful businessmen , such as Samir Mane , Irfan Hysenbelliu and Grigor Joti . Journalist Blendi Fevziu was also named as a donor , alongside national Minister of Finance Ridvan Bode and the prefect of Korçë , Niko Peleshi . The clubs short-term goal was to remain in the Albanian Superliga , and they planned to win the league the following season . In order to escape relegation , the club brought in Mirel Josa as new head coach , along with a host of new players , both from Albania and neighbouring countries . They finished the league in 10th place out of 12 teams , meaning they entered a relegation playoff with the third placed Albanian First Division side KS Kamza , which they won 1–0 through a second minute Klodian Asllani goal to remain in the Albanian Superliga . 2010–11 . Ahead of the 2010–11 season , the squad was revamped and under the guidance of Shkëlqim Muça as the head coach , new players were brought in , many of whom were Albanian internationals including Orges Shehi , Ditmar Bicaj , Endrit Vrapi , Jetmir Sefa and Bledi Shkëmbi who was named captain following his return to his hometown club . Other quality signings made Skënderbeu the favourites to win the title . They were defeated by KF Tirana in their first ever Albanian Supercup game , and they spent much of the season in second place in the league , behind pacesetters Flamurtari Vlorë . Shkëlqim Muça was replaced by Shpëtim Duro as head coach in February and defeated Flamurtari Vlorë in his first game in charge to move closer to top spot , and he went on to guide the club to 11 wins in his 13 games in charge , to win the Albanian title for the first time since 1933 and to qualify for the UEFA Champions League qualifying round for the first time in their history . After winning the league for the first time in 78 years , club president Agim Zeqo said , It was a great season and it was great to see our city and our fans enjoy this title . This town loves football and deserved this win . Lets do it again next season . 2011-12 . The club made its Champions League debut against Cypriot side APOEL in the second qualifying round on 13 July 2011 , and they lost 2–0 at home , before losing 4–0 away as they were knocked out of the competition . They continued a poor start to the season as they lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup before the start of the Albanian Superliga season , where they also struggled . After only one win in their opening four games , head coach Shpëtim Duro was replaced by the Czech Stanislav Levý , who became the clubs first foreign coach since Qemal Omari in the 1930s , who himself was of Albanian ancestry , making Levý the clubs first truly foreign coach . He guided the club to a 14 match unbeaten run to reach the top of the table , and he only lost two games in charge as they narrowly beat Teuta Durrës to the title with only a single point between the sides to claim the only Champions League spot once again . In the Albanian Cup , Skënderbeu reached their first final since 1976 , but they lost to KF Tirana as they continued their 100% losing record in Albanian Cup finals , having lost in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 before the 2012 final . 2012–13 . They kicked off the 2012–13 campaign with their first ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Hungarian side Debrecen 1–0 at home through a Sebino Plaku goal to give them real hope of qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the away leg however Skënderbeu lost 3–0 and were knocked out after a 3–1 aggregate loss despite winning the first leg of the tie . They once again lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup for the second consecutive season , but in the league they lost just once in their opening 20 games and remained in first place for the entire campaign as they went on to win the title for the third time in a row . In the Albanian Cup they were knocked out by Bylis Ballsh in the semi final after a 2–1 aggregate loss over two legs , a result which came as a surprise as Skënderbeu had defeated all five teams they had faced during their cup run and were considered the favourites . 2013–14 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the first time in their history , after defeating KF Laçi . Later , Skënderbeu begun their 2013–14 campaign with their first ever Champions League tie as they draw 0–0 in the away leg against Neftchi Baku , which gave them a shade of hope in their dream about qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the home leg , they held the score to a tie in regular time and went to win 1–0 in the extra-time through a Nurudeen Orelesi goal in the 116th minute , qualifying for the first time in the third qualifying round of Champions League . They were drawn against Kazakh side Shakhter Karagandy and they lost 3–0 away , before winning 3–2 at home ( temporarily being 3-0 up ) and were knocked out of the competition . They dropped into the UEFA Europa League play-offs , making their debut in the second most important continental competition with a 0–1 loss to Ukrainian side Chornomorets Odesa in the away leg . At home , they recorded their first ever Europa League win , defeating Chornomorets 1–0 with an Andi Ribaj goal , giving Skënderbeu hopes of becoming the first Albanian team to qualify to the group stage of a European competition by progressing to the Europa League group stages . With a 1–1 tie , however , the match went to extra-time and later penalties , with Skënderbeu losing 6–7 . In the championship , they began with a 1–0 victory over Besa Kavajë , then lost important matches against Flamutari and Kukësi , but recovered and claimed a winter lead place . They won their fourth consecutive league title after a 2–1 win over Partizani . 2014–15 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the second year in a row after defeating Flarmutari 1–0 in the final . In the new Champions League season , they had great expectations fed by a 0–0 draw in the second qualifying round against BATE Borisov away , but a 1–1 draw at home ended their hopes as were eliminated on away goals rule . In the league , they win the first two games , before losing to Partizani Tirana and a win against Kukësi was shortly followed by a defeat to Teuta Durrës . Then , they had an unbeaten run , with losses against only KF Tirana and KF Laçi . In the Albanian Cup , they were knocked out by Kukësi in the semi-finals . 2015–16 . The summer transfer window was marked by the signing of the Albanian international Hamdi Salihi , who played at Rapid Wien . After a 2–2 draw against Laçi , however , they lost the Albanian Supercup 7–8 on penalties . They kicked off the 2015–16 campaign with their biggest ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Northern Ireland side Crusaders 4–1 . They lost the away match 2–3 , but qualified to the third qualifying round for the second time with an aggregate 6–4 score and they faced Milsami Orhei . They beat Milsami 2–0 both home and away to become the only Albanian side to qualify to the UEFA Champions League play-offs , where they met Dinamo Zagreb . They were defeated 1–2 at home and 1–4 away and eliminated from Champions League . They were dropped into the UEFA Europa League group stages , becoming the first Albanian club to progress to the group stage of a European competition . Skënderbeu Korçë were drawn against Beşiktaş , Lokomotiv Moscow and Sporting Clube de Portugal . In matchday 1 , their first ever group stage game , the club was defeated at home 0–1 by Beşiktaş after a hard fight between the two sides . In the next matchday , they lost 0–2 to Lokomotiv Moscow in Moscow . Their worst defeat in the European competition yet came the next matchday , a storming 1–5 loss to Sporting in the away leg at Lisbon , but also had the Albanian side scoring their first goal in the UEFA Europa League group stages . In the home match , Skënderbeu Korçë recorded a historic 3–0 win over Sporting , was one of the most important victories of a football club in Albania as Skënderbeu recorded their first points in a Europa League group stage game . 2016–17 . Skënderbeu were banned from European football during the 2016–17 season for 10 years over match-fixing allegations . The decision was unprecedented in UEFAs history , both for the length of the ban as well as the fact that UEFAs conclusions were based primarily on statistical analysis of betting patterns . 2017–18 . Skënderbeu entered Europa League , as they finished third in Albanian Superliga . They played against UE Sant Julia , defeating them 1–0 at home and 5–0 in Andorra , so they qualified . For the 2nd round , they played against the Kazakhstan outfit , Kairat . The match ended in a draw ( 1–1 ) in Kazakhstan and won 2–0 at home . They then went on to play the Czech Republic side , FK Mladá Boleslav and lost 2–1 on the night in the Czech Republic . The return match in Elbasan Arena saw Skënderbeu winning the regular time 2–1 , while the extra periods yielded no further goals . Skënderbeu ultimately triumphed 4–2 on penalties . For the play-off round , they were drawn against Dinamo Zagreb for their second time , just like the UEFA Champions League play-off 2 years ago , where Skënderbeu were eliminated 6–2 on aggregate . They surprised Dinamo in the away match by scoring through Liridon Latifi in the 37th minute , but conceding in the very last minute . Even though Skënderbeu didnt win , they could hope for the Europa League qualification thanks to the away goal scored . Skënderbeu needed at least a goalless draw to progress to the next stage of the competition . In the return leg , that was exactly what happened . Skënderbeu qualified for the group stage for the second time in their history , and also being the first Albanian team to win four qualifying rounds in the Europa League . Also , they have been the only Albanian club to earn more than 3 points , which was the record for the most points earned in the Europa League group stage by an Albanian club 2 years ago . On 29 March 2018 , Skënderbeu was handed a 10-year ban from European competition on the basis of conclusive evidence of match fixing . The club was additionally fined €1 million in one of the harshest punishments of a European club . The club is expected to appeal . 2019–20 . On 12 July 2019 , Skënderbeus appeal against their 10-year ban from European competition was dismissed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . Stadium . The club has played its home games at the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 . The stadium was fully renovated in 2010 in order to gain accreditation from UEFA to host European games at the ground . The stadium has a capacity of 12,343 people all seater . It was approved by UEFA , to hold preliminary rounds of Champions League matches in 2011 . Supporters . Skenderbeu is considered to be one of the best supported clubs in Albania , with the majority of fans live in the Korçë District , which has a population of just under 140,000 . The main supporters group for the club is called Ujqërit e Dëborës , which literally translates to snow wolves . The group was formed in 2008 and quickly became considered the clubs main supporters group . They are present at every home game at the Skënderbeu Stadium and they also organise trips to every away game of the season , also attending Albanian national team games alongside other teams supporters groups . It is compulsory for every member to wear either the groups or Skënderbeus clothing during games to distinguish between other fans . The group also has factions in different cities around the world where there are Albanian diaspora , including Toronto , Canada . Yearly membership to be an official member of the group costs 1000 lek ( €7,14 or £5.86 as of 1 February 2014 ) . They have a fierce rivalry with KF Tiranas supports groups Tirona Fanatics , with both sets of fans being involved in hooligan activities since Skënderbeus rise to prominence overtaking KF Tirana around 2010 . In September 2013 prior to an away game in Tiranë the Ujqërit e Deborës group called upon Tirona Fanatics members to reduce the tensions between the two sets of fans . In November 2013 , Skënderbeu was forced to play Flamurtari Vlorë behind closed doors due to the behaviour of Ujqërit e Dëborës against Partizani in a 3–0 win on 2 November . The game against Partizani Tirana was seen by attended by 5500 and there were no altercations between rival fans or any offensive chanting but the Albanian Football Association deemed the choreography of the Ujqërit e Dëborës to be worthy of a one match ban on supporters . Honours . Domestic . Kategoria Superiore - Champions ( 8 ) : 1933 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1934 , 1976–77 Kategoria e Parë - Winners ( 2 ) : 1975–76 , 2006–07 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1978–79 , 1981–82 , 1985–86 , 1994–95 , 2004–05 , 2008–09 Albanian Cup - Winners ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1958 , 1964–65 , 1975–76 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 , 2020–21 Albanian Supercup - Winners ( 3 ) : 2013 , 2014 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Records . - Biggest ever European home victory : Skënderbeu Korçë 4–1 Crusaders ; 14 July 2015 - Biggest ever European home defeat : Skënderbeu Korçë 0–2 APOEL ; 13 July 2011 - Biggest ever European away victory : Sant Julià 0–5 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 7 July 2017 - Biggest ever European away defeat : Sporting CP 5–1 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 22 October 2015 European competitions record . By competition . Matches . - Notes - 1Q : First qualifying round - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round Current staff . Historical list of coaches . - Qemal Omari ( 1932-1938 ) - Tato Bimbli ( 1945-1950 ) - Spiro Koçe ( 1950-1957 ) - S Qirinxhi ( 1957-1961 ) - Prodani ( 1961-1966 ) - Ilia Shuke ( 1966-1975 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1975-1982 ) - Kosta Koça ( 1982-1984 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1987-1995 ) - Edmond Gëzdari ( 1995-1996 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1996 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1997 ) - Stefi Lubonja ( 1997 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 1998-1999 ) - Luan Deliu ( 1999-2000 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 2000 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2001 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2002-2004 ) - Mirel Josa ( 2005 - 18 Feb 2006 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 18 Feb 2006 - 22 Feb 2006 ) - Agim Canaj ( 22 Feb 2006 - ) - Faruk Sejdini ( - 10 Nov 2007 ) - Renato Rrapo ( 10 Nov 2007 - 31 Dec 2008 ) - Indrit Fortuzi ( 1 Jan 2009 - May 2009 ) - Gerd Haxhiu ( Jul 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 ) - Andrea Marko ( 1 Jan 2010 - 7 Feb 2010 ) - Mirel Josa ( 7 Feb 2010 - May 2010 ) - Shkëlqim Muça ( Jul 2010 - 17 Feb 2011 ) - Shpëtim Duro ( 17 Feb 2011 - 11 Oct 2011 ) - Stanislav Levý ( 11 Oct 2011 – May 2012 ) - Mirel Josa ( Jul 2012 – May 2016 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( Jun 2016 - Dec 2016 ) - Ilir Daja ( Jan 2017 - Jun 2018 ) - Orges Shehi ( Jul 2018 – Jun 2019 ) - Ilir Daja ( Aug 2019 - ) Sponsorship . Companies that KF Skënderbeu Korçë currently has sponsorship deals with include : External links . - Official website - Albanian Football Association Official Website - KF Skënderbeu at UEFA.com |
[
"Ilir Daja"
] | easy | Who coached the team KF Skënderbeu Korçë from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/KF_Skënderbeu_Korçë#P286#2 | KF Skënderbeu Korçë Klubi Futbollistik Skënderbeu Korçë ( ) , is an Albanian professional football club based in Korçë , a city in southeastern Albania . The club play in the Kategoria Superiore , which is the top tier of football in the country . The club was founded as Vllazëria Korçë in 1909 . In 1925 , it took on its current form following the merger of several local clubs , and the clubs name was changed to Skënderbeu Korçë , after Albanias national hero Skanderbeg . The clubs home ground has been the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 , and it now has a capacity of 12,343 , of which 5,724 are seated . Skënderbeu Korçë have won 8 league titles , with the first coming in 1933 before going on 78-year run without winning the league . The club won its first league title since 1933 in 2011 , and they have won the league 6 more times since . The club had won six consecutive league titles since 2011 , breaking the Albanian record which had been held by Dinamo Tirana who had won four consecutive titles in the 1950s . In 2015 the club became the first Albanian side to reach the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League but they lost to Dinamo Zagreb and dropped into the UEFA Europa League , and became the first Albanian side to qualify for the group stages of a UEFA competition . History . The first years . The first football club in the city of Korçë was formed on 15 April 1909 under the name Vllazëria by politician and poet Hilë Mosi . The rise in the popularity of the sport resulted in a number of clubs being formed between 1920 and 1922 , including clubs such as Përparimi and Sport Klub Korça . In 1923 , the Albanian National Lyceum formed the Shpresa sports society . Skënderbeu was formed in 1925 when a large number of the young men and young men of the city were playing football regularly in local fields . The rise in popularity of the sport led to most neighbourhoods forming their own football teams , such as Zhgaba in 1926 and Leka i Madh , Pirro , Brekverdhit , Zjarri , Tigri and Diamanti in 1927 , which competed in the citys first organised football competition held in 1928 . These teams were local , however , and would only compete with one another , as the main football club to represent the city was Skënderbeu who overcome several problems at the start , some of which were even political . Skënderbeu was named after 15th century Albanian nobleman and national hero Skanderbeg . The club quickly became the Albans main football team , and in 1926 they began to play friendly games against teams from neighbouring countries , starting with Macedonian side Monastir , then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In two games played , Skënderbeu won 5–2 and then drew 2–2 . Skënderbeu also played friendlies against Greek teams from Ermioni and Thessaloniki , which is modern day Aris FC . They also played against Kavala , who they beat 2–0 in Albania but lost 1–0 against in Greece . 1930s championships . The club competed in the first ever national football competition in Albania , which was the 1930 championship . As the only club to represent Korçë nationally , Skënderbeu had huge popular support within the city , with similar support bases seen with the likes of KF Tirana and Vllaznia Shkodër , who all earned a name for themselves in the early stages of Albanian football . During the 1930 championship , Skënderbeu finished runners-up to KF Tirana , after forfeiting both championship playoff matches . The club won its first ever Albanian Championship just three years later in 1933 , finishing two points ahead of Vllaznia . The championship winning side was : Klani Marjani , Kristaq Bimbli , Andrea Çani , Andon Miti , Lefter Petra , Fori Stasa , Nexhat Dishnica , Tomor Ypi , Thoma Vangjeli , Servet Teufik Agaj , Enver Kulla , Vasil Trebicka , Stavri Kondili , Aristotel Samsuri , with Qemal Omari as their manager . In the same year , the clubs striker Servet Teufik Agaj was the top goalscorer with seven league goals , an honour also won by his strike partner Aristotel Samsuri in 1931 , also with seven goals . The following year , Skënderbeu strongly fought to retain their title , but only finished as runners-up once again to KF Tirana , with Samsuri being the clubs top goalscorer that season with seven goals . In the next two championships held prior to World War II , Skënderbeu finished in fourth place in both years under manager Qemal Omari . The club ceased operations between 1938 and 1945 due to World War II , as there were no official tournaments held in Albania . Post-war struggles . In 1945 , the club began operating again . Supporters paraded in the streets of Korçë as the club announced the news . The majority of the players who were active in the 1930s were no longer playing football competitively , so the squad was virtually new , except for Klani Marjani , Bellovoda and Saro . But the delight was short lived as the club struggled to match their performances before the war . In 1945 , they finished fourth in Group B , consisting of six teams , and in the following 1946 season they finished fifth in Group A , just one point ahead of bottom place . Manager Tato Bimbli decided to bring in young players in order to revive the squad during the 1947 season , when the club also changed its name to Dinamo Korçë for the Communist Party , Bimblis decision to bring in young players paid off as the club finished third in the league out of nine teams . The following season , however , turned out to be a disaster as they finished bottom of Group A with just a single point from seven games . In 1949 , the club changed its name to Korça , and they finished in sixth place out of nine teams in the same year . Manager Tato Bimbli left the club after having a difficult time in charge , and he was replaced by Spiro Koçe in 1950 . In 1951 , all Albanian teams were ordered by the Communist Party to be named Puna , which literally translates to work . During these years , the club remained a notable force , but with no relative success often finishing in mid-table in the league . Skënderbeu was also a three time finalist in the Albanian Cup in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 , in which they lost all three finals . They did , however , win the Albanian First Division in 1976–77 as well as three other times with the last win in 2008–09 season where Skënderbeu won the rights to move into the Albanian Superliga . Recent dominance . 2009–10 . During the winter of 2009–10 , the club was bottom of the league and facing the real possibility of relegation from the Albanian Superliga , but there were seismic changes in terms of the ownership and the board , as a new president in the shape of Red Bull Albania CEO Agim Zeqo was appointed . A new 16-member board was also elected , and a host of new donors attached themselves to the club , including some of Albanias most successful businessmen , such as Samir Mane , Irfan Hysenbelliu and Grigor Joti . Journalist Blendi Fevziu was also named as a donor , alongside national Minister of Finance Ridvan Bode and the prefect of Korçë , Niko Peleshi . The clubs short-term goal was to remain in the Albanian Superliga , and they planned to win the league the following season . In order to escape relegation , the club brought in Mirel Josa as new head coach , along with a host of new players , both from Albania and neighbouring countries . They finished the league in 10th place out of 12 teams , meaning they entered a relegation playoff with the third placed Albanian First Division side KS Kamza , which they won 1–0 through a second minute Klodian Asllani goal to remain in the Albanian Superliga . 2010–11 . Ahead of the 2010–11 season , the squad was revamped and under the guidance of Shkëlqim Muça as the head coach , new players were brought in , many of whom were Albanian internationals including Orges Shehi , Ditmar Bicaj , Endrit Vrapi , Jetmir Sefa and Bledi Shkëmbi who was named captain following his return to his hometown club . Other quality signings made Skënderbeu the favourites to win the title . They were defeated by KF Tirana in their first ever Albanian Supercup game , and they spent much of the season in second place in the league , behind pacesetters Flamurtari Vlorë . Shkëlqim Muça was replaced by Shpëtim Duro as head coach in February and defeated Flamurtari Vlorë in his first game in charge to move closer to top spot , and he went on to guide the club to 11 wins in his 13 games in charge , to win the Albanian title for the first time since 1933 and to qualify for the UEFA Champions League qualifying round for the first time in their history . After winning the league for the first time in 78 years , club president Agim Zeqo said , It was a great season and it was great to see our city and our fans enjoy this title . This town loves football and deserved this win . Lets do it again next season . 2011-12 . The club made its Champions League debut against Cypriot side APOEL in the second qualifying round on 13 July 2011 , and they lost 2–0 at home , before losing 4–0 away as they were knocked out of the competition . They continued a poor start to the season as they lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup before the start of the Albanian Superliga season , where they also struggled . After only one win in their opening four games , head coach Shpëtim Duro was replaced by the Czech Stanislav Levý , who became the clubs first foreign coach since Qemal Omari in the 1930s , who himself was of Albanian ancestry , making Levý the clubs first truly foreign coach . He guided the club to a 14 match unbeaten run to reach the top of the table , and he only lost two games in charge as they narrowly beat Teuta Durrës to the title with only a single point between the sides to claim the only Champions League spot once again . In the Albanian Cup , Skënderbeu reached their first final since 1976 , but they lost to KF Tirana as they continued their 100% losing record in Albanian Cup finals , having lost in 1958 , 1965 and 1976 before the 2012 final . 2012–13 . They kicked off the 2012–13 campaign with their first ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Hungarian side Debrecen 1–0 at home through a Sebino Plaku goal to give them real hope of qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the away leg however Skënderbeu lost 3–0 and were knocked out after a 3–1 aggregate loss despite winning the first leg of the tie . They once again lost out to KF Tirana in the Albanian Supercup for the second consecutive season , but in the league they lost just once in their opening 20 games and remained in first place for the entire campaign as they went on to win the title for the third time in a row . In the Albanian Cup they were knocked out by Bylis Ballsh in the semi final after a 2–1 aggregate loss over two legs , a result which came as a surprise as Skënderbeu had defeated all five teams they had faced during their cup run and were considered the favourites . 2013–14 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the first time in their history , after defeating KF Laçi . Later , Skënderbeu begun their 2013–14 campaign with their first ever Champions League tie as they draw 0–0 in the away leg against Neftchi Baku , which gave them a shade of hope in their dream about qualifying for the third qualifying round of the competition . In the home leg , they held the score to a tie in regular time and went to win 1–0 in the extra-time through a Nurudeen Orelesi goal in the 116th minute , qualifying for the first time in the third qualifying round of Champions League . They were drawn against Kazakh side Shakhter Karagandy and they lost 3–0 away , before winning 3–2 at home ( temporarily being 3-0 up ) and were knocked out of the competition . They dropped into the UEFA Europa League play-offs , making their debut in the second most important continental competition with a 0–1 loss to Ukrainian side Chornomorets Odesa in the away leg . At home , they recorded their first ever Europa League win , defeating Chornomorets 1–0 with an Andi Ribaj goal , giving Skënderbeu hopes of becoming the first Albanian team to qualify to the group stage of a European competition by progressing to the Europa League group stages . With a 1–1 tie , however , the match went to extra-time and later penalties , with Skënderbeu losing 6–7 . In the championship , they began with a 1–0 victory over Besa Kavajë , then lost important matches against Flamutari and Kukësi , but recovered and claimed a winter lead place . They won their fourth consecutive league title after a 2–1 win over Partizani . 2014–15 . The club won the Albanian Supercup for the second year in a row after defeating Flarmutari 1–0 in the final . In the new Champions League season , they had great expectations fed by a 0–0 draw in the second qualifying round against BATE Borisov away , but a 1–1 draw at home ended their hopes as were eliminated on away goals rule . In the league , they win the first two games , before losing to Partizani Tirana and a win against Kukësi was shortly followed by a defeat to Teuta Durrës . Then , they had an unbeaten run , with losses against only KF Tirana and KF Laçi . In the Albanian Cup , they were knocked out by Kukësi in the semi-finals . 2015–16 . The summer transfer window was marked by the signing of the Albanian international Hamdi Salihi , who played at Rapid Wien . After a 2–2 draw against Laçi , however , they lost the Albanian Supercup 7–8 on penalties . They kicked off the 2015–16 campaign with their biggest ever Champions League and European win , as they defeated Northern Ireland side Crusaders 4–1 . They lost the away match 2–3 , but qualified to the third qualifying round for the second time with an aggregate 6–4 score and they faced Milsami Orhei . They beat Milsami 2–0 both home and away to become the only Albanian side to qualify to the UEFA Champions League play-offs , where they met Dinamo Zagreb . They were defeated 1–2 at home and 1–4 away and eliminated from Champions League . They were dropped into the UEFA Europa League group stages , becoming the first Albanian club to progress to the group stage of a European competition . Skënderbeu Korçë were drawn against Beşiktaş , Lokomotiv Moscow and Sporting Clube de Portugal . In matchday 1 , their first ever group stage game , the club was defeated at home 0–1 by Beşiktaş after a hard fight between the two sides . In the next matchday , they lost 0–2 to Lokomotiv Moscow in Moscow . Their worst defeat in the European competition yet came the next matchday , a storming 1–5 loss to Sporting in the away leg at Lisbon , but also had the Albanian side scoring their first goal in the UEFA Europa League group stages . In the home match , Skënderbeu Korçë recorded a historic 3–0 win over Sporting , was one of the most important victories of a football club in Albania as Skënderbeu recorded their first points in a Europa League group stage game . 2016–17 . Skënderbeu were banned from European football during the 2016–17 season for 10 years over match-fixing allegations . The decision was unprecedented in UEFAs history , both for the length of the ban as well as the fact that UEFAs conclusions were based primarily on statistical analysis of betting patterns . 2017–18 . Skënderbeu entered Europa League , as they finished third in Albanian Superliga . They played against UE Sant Julia , defeating them 1–0 at home and 5–0 in Andorra , so they qualified . For the 2nd round , they played against the Kazakhstan outfit , Kairat . The match ended in a draw ( 1–1 ) in Kazakhstan and won 2–0 at home . They then went on to play the Czech Republic side , FK Mladá Boleslav and lost 2–1 on the night in the Czech Republic . The return match in Elbasan Arena saw Skënderbeu winning the regular time 2–1 , while the extra periods yielded no further goals . Skënderbeu ultimately triumphed 4–2 on penalties . For the play-off round , they were drawn against Dinamo Zagreb for their second time , just like the UEFA Champions League play-off 2 years ago , where Skënderbeu were eliminated 6–2 on aggregate . They surprised Dinamo in the away match by scoring through Liridon Latifi in the 37th minute , but conceding in the very last minute . Even though Skënderbeu didnt win , they could hope for the Europa League qualification thanks to the away goal scored . Skënderbeu needed at least a goalless draw to progress to the next stage of the competition . In the return leg , that was exactly what happened . Skënderbeu qualified for the group stage for the second time in their history , and also being the first Albanian team to win four qualifying rounds in the Europa League . Also , they have been the only Albanian club to earn more than 3 points , which was the record for the most points earned in the Europa League group stage by an Albanian club 2 years ago . On 29 March 2018 , Skënderbeu was handed a 10-year ban from European competition on the basis of conclusive evidence of match fixing . The club was additionally fined €1 million in one of the harshest punishments of a European club . The club is expected to appeal . 2019–20 . On 12 July 2019 , Skënderbeus appeal against their 10-year ban from European competition was dismissed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . Stadium . The club has played its home games at the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 . The stadium was fully renovated in 2010 in order to gain accreditation from UEFA to host European games at the ground . The stadium has a capacity of 12,343 people all seater . It was approved by UEFA , to hold preliminary rounds of Champions League matches in 2011 . Supporters . Skenderbeu is considered to be one of the best supported clubs in Albania , with the majority of fans live in the Korçë District , which has a population of just under 140,000 . The main supporters group for the club is called Ujqërit e Dëborës , which literally translates to snow wolves . The group was formed in 2008 and quickly became considered the clubs main supporters group . They are present at every home game at the Skënderbeu Stadium and they also organise trips to every away game of the season , also attending Albanian national team games alongside other teams supporters groups . It is compulsory for every member to wear either the groups or Skënderbeus clothing during games to distinguish between other fans . The group also has factions in different cities around the world where there are Albanian diaspora , including Toronto , Canada . Yearly membership to be an official member of the group costs 1000 lek ( €7,14 or £5.86 as of 1 February 2014 ) . They have a fierce rivalry with KF Tiranas supports groups Tirona Fanatics , with both sets of fans being involved in hooligan activities since Skënderbeus rise to prominence overtaking KF Tirana around 2010 . In September 2013 prior to an away game in Tiranë the Ujqërit e Deborës group called upon Tirona Fanatics members to reduce the tensions between the two sets of fans . In November 2013 , Skënderbeu was forced to play Flamurtari Vlorë behind closed doors due to the behaviour of Ujqërit e Dëborës against Partizani in a 3–0 win on 2 November . The game against Partizani Tirana was seen by attended by 5500 and there were no altercations between rival fans or any offensive chanting but the Albanian Football Association deemed the choreography of the Ujqërit e Dëborës to be worthy of a one match ban on supporters . Honours . Domestic . Kategoria Superiore - Champions ( 8 ) : 1933 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1934 , 1976–77 Kategoria e Parë - Winners ( 2 ) : 1975–76 , 2006–07 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1978–79 , 1981–82 , 1985–86 , 1994–95 , 2004–05 , 2008–09 Albanian Cup - Winners ( 1 ) : 2017–18 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1958 , 1964–65 , 1975–76 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 , 2020–21 Albanian Supercup - Winners ( 3 ) : 2013 , 2014 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Records . - Biggest ever European home victory : Skënderbeu Korçë 4–1 Crusaders ; 14 July 2015 - Biggest ever European home defeat : Skënderbeu Korçë 0–2 APOEL ; 13 July 2011 - Biggest ever European away victory : Sant Julià 0–5 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 7 July 2017 - Biggest ever European away defeat : Sporting CP 5–1 Skënderbeu Korçë ; 22 October 2015 European competitions record . By competition . Matches . - Notes - 1Q : First qualifying round - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round Current staff . Historical list of coaches . - Qemal Omari ( 1932-1938 ) - Tato Bimbli ( 1945-1950 ) - Spiro Koçe ( 1950-1957 ) - S Qirinxhi ( 1957-1961 ) - Prodani ( 1961-1966 ) - Ilia Shuke ( 1966-1975 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1975-1982 ) - Kosta Koça ( 1982-1984 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1987-1995 ) - Edmond Gëzdari ( 1995-1996 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 1996 ) - Aleko Pilika ( 1997 ) - Stefi Lubonja ( 1997 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 1998-1999 ) - Luan Deliu ( 1999-2000 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 2000 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2001 ) - Jani Kaçi ( 2002-2004 ) - Mirel Josa ( 2005 - 18 Feb 2006 ) - Gjergji Ballço ( 18 Feb 2006 - 22 Feb 2006 ) - Agim Canaj ( 22 Feb 2006 - ) - Faruk Sejdini ( - 10 Nov 2007 ) - Renato Rrapo ( 10 Nov 2007 - 31 Dec 2008 ) - Indrit Fortuzi ( 1 Jan 2009 - May 2009 ) - Gerd Haxhiu ( Jul 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 ) - Andrea Marko ( 1 Jan 2010 - 7 Feb 2010 ) - Mirel Josa ( 7 Feb 2010 - May 2010 ) - Shkëlqim Muça ( Jul 2010 - 17 Feb 2011 ) - Shpëtim Duro ( 17 Feb 2011 - 11 Oct 2011 ) - Stanislav Levý ( 11 Oct 2011 – May 2012 ) - Mirel Josa ( Jul 2012 – May 2016 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( Jun 2016 - Dec 2016 ) - Ilir Daja ( Jan 2017 - Jun 2018 ) - Orges Shehi ( Jul 2018 – Jun 2019 ) - Ilir Daja ( Aug 2019 - ) Sponsorship . Companies that KF Skënderbeu Korçë currently has sponsorship deals with include : External links . - Official website - Albanian Football Association Official Website - KF Skënderbeu at UEFA.com |
[
"Westerbork transit camp"
] | easy | What was the place of detention for Etty Hillesum from Sep 1942 to Sep 1943? | /wiki/Etty_Hillesum#P2632#0 | Etty Hillesum Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum ( 15 January 1914–30 November 1943 ) was the Dutch author of confessional letters and diaries which describe both her religious awakening and the persecutions of Jewish people in Amsterdam during the German occupation . In 1943 she was deported and killed in Auschwitz concentration camp . Life . Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum was born on 15 January 1914 in her family home in the town of Middelburg , the oldest of the three children – she had two brothers , Jacob or Jaap ( 1916–1945 ) and Michael or Mischa ( 1920–1944 ) – of Levie Hillesum ( 1880–1943 ) and Riva Bernstein ( 1881–1943 ) . After completing school , in 1932 she moved to Amsterdam to study law and Slavic languages . There she met Hendrik ( Hans ) J . Wegerif with whom she had a relationship that she describes in her diaries . Etty Hillesum began writing her diary in March 1941 , possibly at the suggestion of her analyst Julius Spier , whom she had been attending to for a month . Although his patient , Etty also became his secretary and friend and eventually his lover . His influence on her spiritual development is apparent in her diaries ; as well as teaching her how to deal with her depressive and egocentric episodes he introduced her to the Bible and St . Augustine and helped her develop a deeper understanding of the work of Rilke and Dostoyevsky . Her diaries record the increasing anti-Jewish measures imposed by the occupying German army , and the growing uncertainty about the fate of fellow Jews who had been deported by them . As well as forming a record of oppression her diaries describe her spiritual development and deepening faith in God . When round-ups of Jews intensified in July 1942 she took on administrative duties for the Jewish Council , voluntarily transferring to a department of Social Welfare for People in Transit at Westerbork transit camp . She worked there for a month , but returned in June 1943 , by which time she had refused offers to go into hiding in the belief that her duty was to support others scheduled to be transported from Westerbork to the concentration camps in German-occupied Poland and Germany . On 5 July 1943 , her personal status was suddenly revoked and she became a camp internee along with her father , mother and brother Mischa . On 7 September 1943 , the family were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz . Only Jaap Hillesum did not go with them ; he arrived in Westerbork after their removal and in February 1944 was sent to Bergen-Belsen , dying shortly after its liberation in April 1945 . Etty Hillesums parents are recorded as having died on 10 September 1943 , suggesting they died in transit or were gassed immediately upon their arrival . Mischa Hillesum remained in Auschwitz until October 1943 , when he was moved to the Warsaw Ghetto , where , according to the Red Cross , he died before 31 March 1944 . Etty died in Auschwitz on 30 November 1943 . Personal growth and philosophy . Etty Hillesum’s youth was chaotic and turbulent , possibly resulting from her emotionally unstable family , to which she herself referred as a madhouse . Her diaries reflect the inner turmoil that she experiences during her young adulthood , as well as the healing and growth during the years before her murder . Russian authors and Christian mystics likely contributed to Hillesum’s understanding of spirituality . She did not strive for ecstasy , but longed to meet the depth of her own interior and life itself . Her spirituality was not confined to her intellectual understanding of a greater power and is reflected in her diaries . In the concentration camp of Westerbork , she had unusual experiences of spiritual awakenings and insight : Those two months behind barbed wire have been the two richest and most intense months of my life , in which my highest values were so deeply confirmed . I have learnt to love Westerbork . Hillesum addressed God repeatedly in her diaries , regarding him not as a saviour , but as a power we must nurture inside of us : Alas , there doesn’t seem to be much You Yourself can do about our circumstances , about our lives . Neither do I hold You responsible . You cannot help us , but we must help You and defend Your dwelling place inside us to the last . Rachel Bremer described Hillesum’s life in two stages the stage of preparation and the stage of test . The preparatory stage refers to Hillesum’s self-reflection and development during her time in Amsterdam . The testing stage , on the other hand , refers to her life at the concentration camp . Still in Amsterdam , Hillesum developed an ideology of showing others the way to their own interior in a time of great adversity – the Nazi terror . Her time at Westerbork – as reflected in her diaries – portrays the redemption of her spirit , while her body was captured and eventually murdered . She neither denies the horror of the Nazi terror , nor identifies with her victimhood . In the midst of extreme conditions , Hillesum develops an awareness of the indestructible beauty of this world . She writes during her time at Westerbork : The sky is full of birds , the purple lupins stand up so regally and peacefully , two little old women have sat down for a chat , the sun is shining on my face – and right before our eyes , mass murder.. . The whole thing is simply beyond comprehension . Hillesum continuously writes from a place of great tenderness , empathy , and realization . Hillesum suffers great inner turmoil during her young adulthood , but increasingly transforms into a woman of maturity and wisdom . She writes : Everywhere things are both very good and very bad at the same time . The two are in balance , everywhere and always . I never have the feeling that I have got to make the best of things ; everything is fine just as it is . Every situation , however miserable , is complete in itself and contains the good as well as the bad . In touch with the equilibrium of a bigger picture she is aware of , she continuously draws from this place to find meaning in her current reality . On 7 September 1943 , less than 3 months before her murder , she threw a postcard with her final words out of a train : Opening the Bible at random I find this : ‘The Lord is my high tower . I am sitting on my rucksack in the middle of a full freight car . Father , Mother , and Mischa are a few cars away . In the end , the departure came without warning.. . We left the camp singing.. . Thank you for all your kindness and care . Others’ views . Hillesum has repeatedly been referred to as a mystic . Richard Layard has spoken with great appreciation of Hillesums view that one must preserve ones inner self , or core . Rowan Rheingans has drawn on Hillesums writing , particularly on the coexistence of beauty and horror , and on allowing room for sorrow , in her album The lines we draw together . The diaries . Before she left for Westerbork , Etty Hillesum gave her diaries to Maria Tuinzing , with the instruction they be passed to Klaas Smelik for publication , should she not survive . Attempts to have them published proved fruitless until 1979 , when Smeliks son , the director of the Etty Hillesum Research Centre , approached publisher J . G . Gaarlandt . An abridged edition of her diaries appeared in 1981 under the title Het verstoorde leven [ An Interrupted Life ] , followed by a collection of her letters from Westerbork . A complete edition of her letters and diaries was published in Dutch in 1986 and translated into English in 2002 . Her diaries were translated into 18 languages . Her letters were sent to friends and Hillesum’s final postcard was thrown from the train in Westerbork , where it was discovered by Dutch farmers after her death . Publications . - An interrupted Life : The Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943 - Etty Hillesum : An Interrupted Life the Diaries , 1941-1943 and Letters from Westerbork - Etty Hillesum : Essential Writings ( Modern Spiritual Masters ) - Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum : Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality - Etty Hillesum : Letters from Westerbork Research centre and museum . On 13 June 2006 , the Etty Hillesum Research Centre ( EHOC ) was officially opened as part of Ghent University with a celebration at Sint-Pietersplein 5 . It studies and promotes the research of Hillesums World War II letters and diaries . The Centre is directed by Prof . Dr . Klaas A.D . Smelik , who edited and published the Complete edition of the Letters and Diaries , and teaches Hebrew and Judaism at Ghent University . Staff member Dr . Meins G . S . Coetsier is the author of . A monument to Etty Hillesum is located in Deventer on the riverfront , and the local secondary schools are named after her . There is also a modest museum dedicated to her memory ; the Etty Hillesum Centre , housed at Roggestraat 3 , Deventer , the location of a former synagogue and Jewish school . |
[
"Auschwitz",
"Westerbork"
] | easy | What was the place of detention for Etty Hillesum in Sep 1943? | /wiki/Etty_Hillesum#P2632#1 | Etty Hillesum Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum ( 15 January 1914–30 November 1943 ) was the Dutch author of confessional letters and diaries which describe both her religious awakening and the persecutions of Jewish people in Amsterdam during the German occupation . In 1943 she was deported and killed in Auschwitz concentration camp . Life . Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum was born on 15 January 1914 in her family home in the town of Middelburg , the oldest of the three children – she had two brothers , Jacob or Jaap ( 1916–1945 ) and Michael or Mischa ( 1920–1944 ) – of Levie Hillesum ( 1880–1943 ) and Riva Bernstein ( 1881–1943 ) . After completing school , in 1932 she moved to Amsterdam to study law and Slavic languages . There she met Hendrik ( Hans ) J . Wegerif with whom she had a relationship that she describes in her diaries . Etty Hillesum began writing her diary in March 1941 , possibly at the suggestion of her analyst Julius Spier , whom she had been attending to for a month . Although his patient , Etty also became his secretary and friend and eventually his lover . His influence on her spiritual development is apparent in her diaries ; as well as teaching her how to deal with her depressive and egocentric episodes he introduced her to the Bible and St . Augustine and helped her develop a deeper understanding of the work of Rilke and Dostoyevsky . Her diaries record the increasing anti-Jewish measures imposed by the occupying German army , and the growing uncertainty about the fate of fellow Jews who had been deported by them . As well as forming a record of oppression her diaries describe her spiritual development and deepening faith in God . When round-ups of Jews intensified in July 1942 she took on administrative duties for the Jewish Council , voluntarily transferring to a department of Social Welfare for People in Transit at Westerbork transit camp . She worked there for a month , but returned in June 1943 , by which time she had refused offers to go into hiding in the belief that her duty was to support others scheduled to be transported from Westerbork to the concentration camps in German-occupied Poland and Germany . On 5 July 1943 , her personal status was suddenly revoked and she became a camp internee along with her father , mother and brother Mischa . On 7 September 1943 , the family were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz . Only Jaap Hillesum did not go with them ; he arrived in Westerbork after their removal and in February 1944 was sent to Bergen-Belsen , dying shortly after its liberation in April 1945 . Etty Hillesums parents are recorded as having died on 10 September 1943 , suggesting they died in transit or were gassed immediately upon their arrival . Mischa Hillesum remained in Auschwitz until October 1943 , when he was moved to the Warsaw Ghetto , where , according to the Red Cross , he died before 31 March 1944 . Etty died in Auschwitz on 30 November 1943 . Personal growth and philosophy . Etty Hillesum’s youth was chaotic and turbulent , possibly resulting from her emotionally unstable family , to which she herself referred as a madhouse . Her diaries reflect the inner turmoil that she experiences during her young adulthood , as well as the healing and growth during the years before her murder . Russian authors and Christian mystics likely contributed to Hillesum’s understanding of spirituality . She did not strive for ecstasy , but longed to meet the depth of her own interior and life itself . Her spirituality was not confined to her intellectual understanding of a greater power and is reflected in her diaries . In the concentration camp of Westerbork , she had unusual experiences of spiritual awakenings and insight : Those two months behind barbed wire have been the two richest and most intense months of my life , in which my highest values were so deeply confirmed . I have learnt to love Westerbork . Hillesum addressed God repeatedly in her diaries , regarding him not as a saviour , but as a power we must nurture inside of us : Alas , there doesn’t seem to be much You Yourself can do about our circumstances , about our lives . Neither do I hold You responsible . You cannot help us , but we must help You and defend Your dwelling place inside us to the last . Rachel Bremer described Hillesum’s life in two stages the stage of preparation and the stage of test . The preparatory stage refers to Hillesum’s self-reflection and development during her time in Amsterdam . The testing stage , on the other hand , refers to her life at the concentration camp . Still in Amsterdam , Hillesum developed an ideology of showing others the way to their own interior in a time of great adversity – the Nazi terror . Her time at Westerbork – as reflected in her diaries – portrays the redemption of her spirit , while her body was captured and eventually murdered . She neither denies the horror of the Nazi terror , nor identifies with her victimhood . In the midst of extreme conditions , Hillesum develops an awareness of the indestructible beauty of this world . She writes during her time at Westerbork : The sky is full of birds , the purple lupins stand up so regally and peacefully , two little old women have sat down for a chat , the sun is shining on my face – and right before our eyes , mass murder.. . The whole thing is simply beyond comprehension . Hillesum continuously writes from a place of great tenderness , empathy , and realization . Hillesum suffers great inner turmoil during her young adulthood , but increasingly transforms into a woman of maturity and wisdom . She writes : Everywhere things are both very good and very bad at the same time . The two are in balance , everywhere and always . I never have the feeling that I have got to make the best of things ; everything is fine just as it is . Every situation , however miserable , is complete in itself and contains the good as well as the bad . In touch with the equilibrium of a bigger picture she is aware of , she continuously draws from this place to find meaning in her current reality . On 7 September 1943 , less than 3 months before her murder , she threw a postcard with her final words out of a train : Opening the Bible at random I find this : ‘The Lord is my high tower . I am sitting on my rucksack in the middle of a full freight car . Father , Mother , and Mischa are a few cars away . In the end , the departure came without warning.. . We left the camp singing.. . Thank you for all your kindness and care . Others’ views . Hillesum has repeatedly been referred to as a mystic . Richard Layard has spoken with great appreciation of Hillesums view that one must preserve ones inner self , or core . Rowan Rheingans has drawn on Hillesums writing , particularly on the coexistence of beauty and horror , and on allowing room for sorrow , in her album The lines we draw together . The diaries . Before she left for Westerbork , Etty Hillesum gave her diaries to Maria Tuinzing , with the instruction they be passed to Klaas Smelik for publication , should she not survive . Attempts to have them published proved fruitless until 1979 , when Smeliks son , the director of the Etty Hillesum Research Centre , approached publisher J . G . Gaarlandt . An abridged edition of her diaries appeared in 1981 under the title Het verstoorde leven [ An Interrupted Life ] , followed by a collection of her letters from Westerbork . A complete edition of her letters and diaries was published in Dutch in 1986 and translated into English in 2002 . Her diaries were translated into 18 languages . Her letters were sent to friends and Hillesum’s final postcard was thrown from the train in Westerbork , where it was discovered by Dutch farmers after her death . Publications . - An interrupted Life : The Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943 - Etty Hillesum : An Interrupted Life the Diaries , 1941-1943 and Letters from Westerbork - Etty Hillesum : Essential Writings ( Modern Spiritual Masters ) - Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum : Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality - Etty Hillesum : Letters from Westerbork Research centre and museum . On 13 June 2006 , the Etty Hillesum Research Centre ( EHOC ) was officially opened as part of Ghent University with a celebration at Sint-Pietersplein 5 . It studies and promotes the research of Hillesums World War II letters and diaries . The Centre is directed by Prof . Dr . Klaas A.D . Smelik , who edited and published the Complete edition of the Letters and Diaries , and teaches Hebrew and Judaism at Ghent University . Staff member Dr . Meins G . S . Coetsier is the author of . A monument to Etty Hillesum is located in Deventer on the riverfront , and the local secondary schools are named after her . There is also a modest museum dedicated to her memory ; the Etty Hillesum Centre , housed at Roggestraat 3 , Deventer , the location of a former synagogue and Jewish school . |
[
"Auschwitz"
] | easy | What was the place of detention for Etty Hillesum in Sep 1943? | /wiki/Etty_Hillesum#P2632#2 | Etty Hillesum Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum ( 15 January 1914–30 November 1943 ) was the Dutch author of confessional letters and diaries which describe both her religious awakening and the persecutions of Jewish people in Amsterdam during the German occupation . In 1943 she was deported and killed in Auschwitz concentration camp . Life . Esther ( Etty ) Hillesum was born on 15 January 1914 in her family home in the town of Middelburg , the oldest of the three children – she had two brothers , Jacob or Jaap ( 1916–1945 ) and Michael or Mischa ( 1920–1944 ) – of Levie Hillesum ( 1880–1943 ) and Riva Bernstein ( 1881–1943 ) . After completing school , in 1932 she moved to Amsterdam to study law and Slavic languages . There she met Hendrik ( Hans ) J . Wegerif with whom she had a relationship that she describes in her diaries . Etty Hillesum began writing her diary in March 1941 , possibly at the suggestion of her analyst Julius Spier , whom she had been attending to for a month . Although his patient , Etty also became his secretary and friend and eventually his lover . His influence on her spiritual development is apparent in her diaries ; as well as teaching her how to deal with her depressive and egocentric episodes he introduced her to the Bible and St . Augustine and helped her develop a deeper understanding of the work of Rilke and Dostoyevsky . Her diaries record the increasing anti-Jewish measures imposed by the occupying German army , and the growing uncertainty about the fate of fellow Jews who had been deported by them . As well as forming a record of oppression her diaries describe her spiritual development and deepening faith in God . When round-ups of Jews intensified in July 1942 she took on administrative duties for the Jewish Council , voluntarily transferring to a department of Social Welfare for People in Transit at Westerbork transit camp . She worked there for a month , but returned in June 1943 , by which time she had refused offers to go into hiding in the belief that her duty was to support others scheduled to be transported from Westerbork to the concentration camps in German-occupied Poland and Germany . On 5 July 1943 , her personal status was suddenly revoked and she became a camp internee along with her father , mother and brother Mischa . On 7 September 1943 , the family were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz . Only Jaap Hillesum did not go with them ; he arrived in Westerbork after their removal and in February 1944 was sent to Bergen-Belsen , dying shortly after its liberation in April 1945 . Etty Hillesums parents are recorded as having died on 10 September 1943 , suggesting they died in transit or were gassed immediately upon their arrival . Mischa Hillesum remained in Auschwitz until October 1943 , when he was moved to the Warsaw Ghetto , where , according to the Red Cross , he died before 31 March 1944 . Etty died in Auschwitz on 30 November 1943 . Personal growth and philosophy . Etty Hillesum’s youth was chaotic and turbulent , possibly resulting from her emotionally unstable family , to which she herself referred as a madhouse . Her diaries reflect the inner turmoil that she experiences during her young adulthood , as well as the healing and growth during the years before her murder . Russian authors and Christian mystics likely contributed to Hillesum’s understanding of spirituality . She did not strive for ecstasy , but longed to meet the depth of her own interior and life itself . Her spirituality was not confined to her intellectual understanding of a greater power and is reflected in her diaries . In the concentration camp of Westerbork , she had unusual experiences of spiritual awakenings and insight : Those two months behind barbed wire have been the two richest and most intense months of my life , in which my highest values were so deeply confirmed . I have learnt to love Westerbork . Hillesum addressed God repeatedly in her diaries , regarding him not as a saviour , but as a power we must nurture inside of us : Alas , there doesn’t seem to be much You Yourself can do about our circumstances , about our lives . Neither do I hold You responsible . You cannot help us , but we must help You and defend Your dwelling place inside us to the last . Rachel Bremer described Hillesum’s life in two stages the stage of preparation and the stage of test . The preparatory stage refers to Hillesum’s self-reflection and development during her time in Amsterdam . The testing stage , on the other hand , refers to her life at the concentration camp . Still in Amsterdam , Hillesum developed an ideology of showing others the way to their own interior in a time of great adversity – the Nazi terror . Her time at Westerbork – as reflected in her diaries – portrays the redemption of her spirit , while her body was captured and eventually murdered . She neither denies the horror of the Nazi terror , nor identifies with her victimhood . In the midst of extreme conditions , Hillesum develops an awareness of the indestructible beauty of this world . She writes during her time at Westerbork : The sky is full of birds , the purple lupins stand up so regally and peacefully , two little old women have sat down for a chat , the sun is shining on my face – and right before our eyes , mass murder.. . The whole thing is simply beyond comprehension . Hillesum continuously writes from a place of great tenderness , empathy , and realization . Hillesum suffers great inner turmoil during her young adulthood , but increasingly transforms into a woman of maturity and wisdom . She writes : Everywhere things are both very good and very bad at the same time . The two are in balance , everywhere and always . I never have the feeling that I have got to make the best of things ; everything is fine just as it is . Every situation , however miserable , is complete in itself and contains the good as well as the bad . In touch with the equilibrium of a bigger picture she is aware of , she continuously draws from this place to find meaning in her current reality . On 7 September 1943 , less than 3 months before her murder , she threw a postcard with her final words out of a train : Opening the Bible at random I find this : ‘The Lord is my high tower . I am sitting on my rucksack in the middle of a full freight car . Father , Mother , and Mischa are a few cars away . In the end , the departure came without warning.. . We left the camp singing.. . Thank you for all your kindness and care . Others’ views . Hillesum has repeatedly been referred to as a mystic . Richard Layard has spoken with great appreciation of Hillesums view that one must preserve ones inner self , or core . Rowan Rheingans has drawn on Hillesums writing , particularly on the coexistence of beauty and horror , and on allowing room for sorrow , in her album The lines we draw together . The diaries . Before she left for Westerbork , Etty Hillesum gave her diaries to Maria Tuinzing , with the instruction they be passed to Klaas Smelik for publication , should she not survive . Attempts to have them published proved fruitless until 1979 , when Smeliks son , the director of the Etty Hillesum Research Centre , approached publisher J . G . Gaarlandt . An abridged edition of her diaries appeared in 1981 under the title Het verstoorde leven [ An Interrupted Life ] , followed by a collection of her letters from Westerbork . A complete edition of her letters and diaries was published in Dutch in 1986 and translated into English in 2002 . Her diaries were translated into 18 languages . Her letters were sent to friends and Hillesum’s final postcard was thrown from the train in Westerbork , where it was discovered by Dutch farmers after her death . Publications . - An interrupted Life : The Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943 - Etty Hillesum : An Interrupted Life the Diaries , 1941-1943 and Letters from Westerbork - Etty Hillesum : Essential Writings ( Modern Spiritual Masters ) - Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum : Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality - Etty Hillesum : Letters from Westerbork Research centre and museum . On 13 June 2006 , the Etty Hillesum Research Centre ( EHOC ) was officially opened as part of Ghent University with a celebration at Sint-Pietersplein 5 . It studies and promotes the research of Hillesums World War II letters and diaries . The Centre is directed by Prof . Dr . Klaas A.D . Smelik , who edited and published the Complete edition of the Letters and Diaries , and teaches Hebrew and Judaism at Ghent University . Staff member Dr . Meins G . S . Coetsier is the author of . A monument to Etty Hillesum is located in Deventer on the riverfront , and the local secondary schools are named after her . There is also a modest museum dedicated to her memory ; the Etty Hillesum Centre , housed at Roggestraat 3 , Deventer , the location of a former synagogue and Jewish school . |
[
"Sportfreunde Siegen"
] | easy | Patrick Helmes played for which team from 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#0 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"FC Köln"
] | easy | Which team did Patrick Helmes play for from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#1 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"FC Köln",
"FC Köln II"
] | easy | Which team did the player Patrick Helmes belong to in 2006? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#2 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"FC Köln"
] | easy | Patrick Helmes played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#3 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"Bayer Leverkusen"
] | easy | Patrick Helmes played for which team from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#4 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"VfL Wolfsburg"
] | easy | Patrick Helmes played for which team from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#5 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Patrick Helmes play for from 2013 to 2015? | /wiki/Patrick_Helmes#P54#6 | Patrick Helmes Patrick Helmes ( born 1 March 1984 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker . He works as the head coach of 1 . FC Köln II . Helmes retired from professional football at the age of 31 . Club career . Early career . As a youth player , Helmes was active in local clubs in Freudenberg , Westphalia and Siegen . He joined 1 . FC Köln in 1997 , at the age of 13 . However , he was regarded as too unstable and sent away in 2000 . He subsequently went back to Sportfreunde Siegen , where he had already spent some time as a youth player . In the 2004–05 season , he scored 21 goals for his team in the third division , which made him top scorer of the league , helping his team to promotion to the second division . 1 . FC Köln . He then joined his old club Köln again , where he made his Bundesliga debut in 2005 and scored his first goal in his second match , against rivals Bayer Leverkusen . After his club was promoted to the second division , Helmes became one of the most important players for his side , scoring seven times in his first five games of the season and keeping Köln at the top of the table . However , he scored the last of those goals with a broken foot . The injury kept him out of the squad for the following four months , during which his team performed extremely poorly and lost all chances to return to the first division . Helmes did not hide his intention of joining another team . Even though he confirmed that his departure to Bayer Leverkusen would follow the 2007–08 season , Köln coach Christoph Daum still named him captain of the squad in the summer of 2007 . He was later replaced as captain , but nevertheless had a good second half of the season , for which kicker sportsmagazine named him best striker of Germanys second division , ahead of Oliver Neuville , Chinedu Obasi and Demba Ba . Bayer Leverkusen . At Leverkusen , Helmes had a good start in the 2008–09 season , despite his injury in June which caused him being out of action for three weeks . Forming a duo with Stefan Kießling , he scored six goals in the first five games of the season , among them a hat-trick against Hannover 96 . Only months after signing until 2012 , his contract was extended and was then valid until 2013 . At the end of his first season at Leverkusen , Helmes had scored 21 goals in 34 league games , and three goals in six appearances in the DFB-Pokal where his team reached the final losing to Werder Bremen . Just about two weeks after the final , a cruciate ligament in Helmes right knee tore while Helmes was playing football with friends , and he had to be operated . On 19 December 2010 , he scored the second goal of the match to achieve a full-time draw against SC Freiburg . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 January 2011 , Helmes moved to fellow Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg , the champion of 2008–09 for a reported fee of €8 million . He only made eight appearances for the club in his first half-season , facing competition by the clubs top strikers Grafite and Mario Mandžukić . The next season started out better for Helmes , who scored twice in the first game against former team Köln . However , those were his last goals of the first half of the season in which he made his final appearance on October , 1st . Helmes even got banned from the Bundesliga squad by manager Felix Magath and had to train with the reserves . He made his comeback appearance in the Bundesliga on 25 February 2012 , instantly scoring against Hoffenheim . By the end of the season , he had scored nine more times . In August 2012 , Helmes tore his cruciate ligament in a friendly against Manchester City . His first appearance in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season was on 15 February 2013 , against Bayern Munich . International career . Helmes was selected for the national team for the first time by Joachim Löw . He made his international debut for Germany in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007 , being substituted for Jan Schlaudraff in 80th minute . He made two more short appearances afterwards , before he was selected for the starting squad for the first time on 12 September 2007 in a friendly against Romania held at RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne , in which he was joined by fellow Cologne local hero Lukas Podolski . He was included in Löws 26 man provisional Euro 2008 squad but was eventually left out in favour of Oliver Neuville . After the European Championships , he had a few more appearances as a substitute . Helmes scored his first goal for the national team on 19 November 2008 in a 1–2 friendly defeat against England . He scored his second goal for Germany almost two years later in a friendly against Denmark after coming on as a substitute . Coaching career . After retiring in the summer 2015 , Helmes became the new assistant manager of 1 . FC Köln II . He became the interim head coach on 6 December 2016 and became the permanent head coach on 22 December 2016 . His first match was 2–1 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 10 December 2016 . 1 . FC Köln took the interim tag off and was manager of 1 . FC Köln II until 25 September 2017 . His final match was a 6–0 loss to SV Rödinghausen . He then became assistant manager for Rot-Weiß Erfurt . On 13 July 2020 , Helmes was hired for a dual role of assistant manager for Admira Wacker Mödling and manager of the reserve team . He was also the interim manager of Admira Wackers first team between 14 September 2020 and 21 September 2020 . He lost his only match as interim manager 5–0 to SKN St . Pölten . Personal life . Helmes father is Uwe Helmes , a former professional football player who later managed Siegen , among others . As of 2008 , he works as a scout for Leverkusen . Honours . Club . Bayer Leverkusen - DFB-Pokal Runner-up : 2008–09 |
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] | easy | Nikos Kotzias took which position from 2015 to Aug 2015? | /wiki/Nikos_Kotzias#P39#0 | Nikos Kotzias Nikolaos Kotzias , ( ; born 21 December 1950 ) is a Greek politician and diplomat who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2018 . He was Foreign Minister from 23 September 2015 until his resignation on 17 October 2018 ; previously he held the same post from 27 January to 28 August 2015 . Nominated by SYRIZA , he was sworn in as a member of the Cabinet of Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras in January 2015 . Early life and career . Kotzias studied Economics ( Diploma ) and Political Science and Philosophy ( MA ) in Athens and Law and Politics of European Integration ( PhD and Post-doc ) at the University of Giessen in Germany . According to his online biography worked as a researcher and taught at the Universities of Marburg , Oxford and Cambridge and he holds from 2008 on the position of Professor of Political Theories and International and European Studies at the University of Piraeus . He has specialized in issues of policy and political systems , societies and foreign policy of Brazil , India and Russia . He has been a member of many globally recognized international research teams on contemporary issues . In addition to numerous other publications , he wrote 24 scientific books , published the German philosopher in the tradition of critical theory Jürgen Habermas in Greece and also released a collection of poems . Political career . Kotzias was active as a student in the Lambrakis Democratic Youth and during the right-wing military dictatorship in Greece was a member of the Communist Youth of Greece . He was a secretary of the Federation of Greek Fraternities in Germany as well as the coordination point of the anti-dictatorship student organizations . Later he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece and was repeatedly condemned by military courts . During his years in the Greek Communist Party , he became the partys ideological instructor . He was often praised for his masterful rhetoric and his profound knowledge of Marxist philosophy . During the 1980s , he praised the Polish governments crackdown on the Solidarity movement . Kotzias broke with the Communist Party after the majoritys decision to co-ally with the conservatives in order to bring Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou to trial for corruption . Along with other party members , he characterized that decision as an unholy alliance and declared their resignation which subsequently led to the creation of a new leftist group . He is a founding member of Nikos Poulantzas leftist think tank , which was named after a Franco-Greek , Marxist oriented sociologist and political philosopher . From 1993 to 2008 , he was in the diplomatic service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , with the rank of ambassador beginning in 2005 . As a chief diplomat , he was involved in negotiations on the Amsterdam Treaty , Agenda 2000 , the Greek-Turkish relations and the European Constitution . Kotzias played an important role during the spring of the Greek-Turkish relations in 1999 , implementing the earthquake diplomacy at the time when the two countries were struck by catastrophic earthquakes . He has supported the Greek-Turkish rapprochement as a new policy doctrine and introduced the confidence-building measures ( CBMs ) . He was also the Greek representative in the 2002 Helsinki agreement which regulated Turkeys candidacy status for EU membership and paved the way for Cyprus accession in 2004 . In September 2012 , Kotzias founded the progressive and democratic political movement named Pratto , whose purpose is to form a radical , patriotic , democratic and social movement , advocating the interests of the country , the Greek people , the workers and the Greek natural environment . Current Minister of Public Order and Citizen Protection and MP Nikos Toskas is also a founding member of Pratto . In one of his interviews in Spiegel Online on 9 February 2015 he noted that he is an atheist . He speaks Greek , German as native and fluent English . Since January 2015 Kotzias is Foreign Minister in a cabinet in coalition with Independent Greeks , a right wing conservative party that also opposes austerity . Foreign policy views . Nikos Kotzias is an advocate of a multidimensional , energetic and democratic attitude towards foreign policy . He supports the view that even a relatively small state , in terms of economic power , can take advantage of the changes that occur in a global context and increase its capacities to allow it to exercise an autonomous foreign policy according to the national interest . Supporting the view that the world has already begun to move towards multipolarity , Kotzias believes that states that wish to increase their influence and capacities should seek to forge concrete relations with the emerging powers ( BRICS ) . Debt colony theory . In one of his latest books The Colony of Debt , Nikos Kotzias claims that the European Union is developing empire characteristics , as it perceives markets , the bureaucracy in Brussels and Germany as focal elements of its structure . In this way , he argues , the EU is rendering in a two-tier region of a rich North and poor South . Minister of Foreign Affairs . On 27 January 2015 , Nikos Kotzias was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs , despite not being a member of parliament . During the ceremony of the handing of the ministry , Kotzias gave a notion of his political approach stating : We look forward to bridges with the new emerging world . We do not see our membership in European institutions as conflictual to our relations with emerging powers . In the same night of Kotziass appointment , the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement , issuing Greeces unwillingness to agree to key passage of statement , delaying agreement for further EU sanctions against Russia-backed separatists in Ukraine , before the extraordinary meeting of the EU Council of Foreign Ministers , which was scheduled on 29 January 2015 in Brussels . The new minister argued that certain of our partners attempted to present us with a fait accomplis before the new government had even been sworn . He also underlined that Greece would not relinquish its sovereignty and active contribution to European policy as this would be an act that circumvents a vital principle of Europeanism . The 29 January meeting resulted to an improved and softened version of the statement , extending the ongoing sanctions but avoiding to include further measures , mainly due to the position that the Greek minister held . Federica Mogherini , the European Unions High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , stated that Kotziass attitude was extremely constructive during the meeting and that this was an extremely positive exercise which led to a consensual and substantial decision . Second term as Minister of Foreign Affairs and resignation . After the announcement for early legislative elections on 20 September 2015 , Nikos Kotzias was nominated as a candidate on SYRIZA national ballots after the agreement of Pratto to co-ally with SYRIZA , and he was elected as a member of the Greek Parliament . On 23 September 2015 , after the formation of a coalition government between SYRIZA and Independent Greeks , Kotzias was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a second time , succeeding the caretaker minister Petros Molyviatis . On 17 October 2018 Kotzias submitted his resignation , a day after a cabinet meeting during which he clashed over the Prespa agreement with Defense Minister Panos Kammenos , who has opposed the deal . He was succeeded by then PM Alexis Tsipras . Selected books and articles . - Poland and Ourselves . Synchroni Epochi ( 1981 ) - Globalization , The historical place and the future . Kastaniotis Publications ( 2003 ) - The active democratic State . Nation State and Globalization ( co-written with Petros Liacouras ) Kastaniotis Publications ( 2004 ) - EU–US Relations : Repairing the Transatlantic Rift . ( ed . with Petros Liacouras ) Palgrave Macmillan ( 2006 ) - Beyond high politics : Promise and limits of rapprochement . In : Anastasakis et al. : In the Long Shadow of Europe : Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism , Brill , 2009 , - Greek Foreign Policy on the 21st Century . For a new , active , democratic strategy in the era of Globalisation Kastaniotis publications ( 2010 ) - The Rescue politics against Troika and the democratic Greece Livanis Publications ( 2012 ) - Greece , a Debt Colony . European Empire and German Primacy Patakis publications ( 2013 ) - Patriotism and the Left Patakis Publications ( 2014 ) Honours . Kotzias has been awarded the following foreign orders : - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) - 30 January 2017 |
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] | easy | What was the position of Nikos Kotzias from Sep 2015 to Oct 2018? | /wiki/Nikos_Kotzias#P39#1 | Nikos Kotzias Nikolaos Kotzias , ( ; born 21 December 1950 ) is a Greek politician and diplomat who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2018 . He was Foreign Minister from 23 September 2015 until his resignation on 17 October 2018 ; previously he held the same post from 27 January to 28 August 2015 . Nominated by SYRIZA , he was sworn in as a member of the Cabinet of Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras in January 2015 . Early life and career . Kotzias studied Economics ( Diploma ) and Political Science and Philosophy ( MA ) in Athens and Law and Politics of European Integration ( PhD and Post-doc ) at the University of Giessen in Germany . According to his online biography worked as a researcher and taught at the Universities of Marburg , Oxford and Cambridge and he holds from 2008 on the position of Professor of Political Theories and International and European Studies at the University of Piraeus . He has specialized in issues of policy and political systems , societies and foreign policy of Brazil , India and Russia . He has been a member of many globally recognized international research teams on contemporary issues . In addition to numerous other publications , he wrote 24 scientific books , published the German philosopher in the tradition of critical theory Jürgen Habermas in Greece and also released a collection of poems . Political career . Kotzias was active as a student in the Lambrakis Democratic Youth and during the right-wing military dictatorship in Greece was a member of the Communist Youth of Greece . He was a secretary of the Federation of Greek Fraternities in Germany as well as the coordination point of the anti-dictatorship student organizations . Later he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece and was repeatedly condemned by military courts . During his years in the Greek Communist Party , he became the partys ideological instructor . He was often praised for his masterful rhetoric and his profound knowledge of Marxist philosophy . During the 1980s , he praised the Polish governments crackdown on the Solidarity movement . Kotzias broke with the Communist Party after the majoritys decision to co-ally with the conservatives in order to bring Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou to trial for corruption . Along with other party members , he characterized that decision as an unholy alliance and declared their resignation which subsequently led to the creation of a new leftist group . He is a founding member of Nikos Poulantzas leftist think tank , which was named after a Franco-Greek , Marxist oriented sociologist and political philosopher . From 1993 to 2008 , he was in the diplomatic service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , with the rank of ambassador beginning in 2005 . As a chief diplomat , he was involved in negotiations on the Amsterdam Treaty , Agenda 2000 , the Greek-Turkish relations and the European Constitution . Kotzias played an important role during the spring of the Greek-Turkish relations in 1999 , implementing the earthquake diplomacy at the time when the two countries were struck by catastrophic earthquakes . He has supported the Greek-Turkish rapprochement as a new policy doctrine and introduced the confidence-building measures ( CBMs ) . He was also the Greek representative in the 2002 Helsinki agreement which regulated Turkeys candidacy status for EU membership and paved the way for Cyprus accession in 2004 . In September 2012 , Kotzias founded the progressive and democratic political movement named Pratto , whose purpose is to form a radical , patriotic , democratic and social movement , advocating the interests of the country , the Greek people , the workers and the Greek natural environment . Current Minister of Public Order and Citizen Protection and MP Nikos Toskas is also a founding member of Pratto . In one of his interviews in Spiegel Online on 9 February 2015 he noted that he is an atheist . He speaks Greek , German as native and fluent English . Since January 2015 Kotzias is Foreign Minister in a cabinet in coalition with Independent Greeks , a right wing conservative party that also opposes austerity . Foreign policy views . Nikos Kotzias is an advocate of a multidimensional , energetic and democratic attitude towards foreign policy . He supports the view that even a relatively small state , in terms of economic power , can take advantage of the changes that occur in a global context and increase its capacities to allow it to exercise an autonomous foreign policy according to the national interest . Supporting the view that the world has already begun to move towards multipolarity , Kotzias believes that states that wish to increase their influence and capacities should seek to forge concrete relations with the emerging powers ( BRICS ) . Debt colony theory . In one of his latest books The Colony of Debt , Nikos Kotzias claims that the European Union is developing empire characteristics , as it perceives markets , the bureaucracy in Brussels and Germany as focal elements of its structure . In this way , he argues , the EU is rendering in a two-tier region of a rich North and poor South . Minister of Foreign Affairs . On 27 January 2015 , Nikos Kotzias was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs , despite not being a member of parliament . During the ceremony of the handing of the ministry , Kotzias gave a notion of his political approach stating : We look forward to bridges with the new emerging world . We do not see our membership in European institutions as conflictual to our relations with emerging powers . In the same night of Kotziass appointment , the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement , issuing Greeces unwillingness to agree to key passage of statement , delaying agreement for further EU sanctions against Russia-backed separatists in Ukraine , before the extraordinary meeting of the EU Council of Foreign Ministers , which was scheduled on 29 January 2015 in Brussels . The new minister argued that certain of our partners attempted to present us with a fait accomplis before the new government had even been sworn . He also underlined that Greece would not relinquish its sovereignty and active contribution to European policy as this would be an act that circumvents a vital principle of Europeanism . The 29 January meeting resulted to an improved and softened version of the statement , extending the ongoing sanctions but avoiding to include further measures , mainly due to the position that the Greek minister held . Federica Mogherini , the European Unions High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , stated that Kotziass attitude was extremely constructive during the meeting and that this was an extremely positive exercise which led to a consensual and substantial decision . Second term as Minister of Foreign Affairs and resignation . After the announcement for early legislative elections on 20 September 2015 , Nikos Kotzias was nominated as a candidate on SYRIZA national ballots after the agreement of Pratto to co-ally with SYRIZA , and he was elected as a member of the Greek Parliament . On 23 September 2015 , after the formation of a coalition government between SYRIZA and Independent Greeks , Kotzias was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a second time , succeeding the caretaker minister Petros Molyviatis . On 17 October 2018 Kotzias submitted his resignation , a day after a cabinet meeting during which he clashed over the Prespa agreement with Defense Minister Panos Kammenos , who has opposed the deal . He was succeeded by then PM Alexis Tsipras . Selected books and articles . - Poland and Ourselves . Synchroni Epochi ( 1981 ) - Globalization , The historical place and the future . Kastaniotis Publications ( 2003 ) - The active democratic State . Nation State and Globalization ( co-written with Petros Liacouras ) Kastaniotis Publications ( 2004 ) - EU–US Relations : Repairing the Transatlantic Rift . ( ed . with Petros Liacouras ) Palgrave Macmillan ( 2006 ) - Beyond high politics : Promise and limits of rapprochement . In : Anastasakis et al. : In the Long Shadow of Europe : Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism , Brill , 2009 , - Greek Foreign Policy on the 21st Century . For a new , active , democratic strategy in the era of Globalisation Kastaniotis publications ( 2010 ) - The Rescue politics against Troika and the democratic Greece Livanis Publications ( 2012 ) - Greece , a Debt Colony . European Empire and German Primacy Patakis publications ( 2013 ) - Patriotism and the Left Patakis Publications ( 2014 ) Honours . Kotzias has been awarded the following foreign orders : - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) - 30 January 2017 |
[
"Marie Norton"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney from 1923 to 1929? | /wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Whitney#P26#0 | Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney ( February 20 , 1899 – December 13 , 1992 ) was an American businessman , film producer , government official , writer and philanthropist . He was also a polo player and the owner of a significant stable of Thoroughbred racehorses . Early life . Born in Old Westbury , New York , he was the only son of the wealthy and socially prominent Harry Payne Whitney ( 1872–1932 ) and his wife , Gertrude Vanderbilt ( 1875–1942 ) . He had a younger sister , Barbara Whitney , and an elder sister , Flora Payne Whitney ( 1897–1986 ) . As a member of both the Whitney and Vanderbilt families , he inherited a substantial fortune . He also proved to be a very capable businessman in his own right . Career . After graduating from Yale University in 1922 , he went to work at a Nevada mine owned by his father . Whitneys paternal grandfather , William Collins Whitney , was a co-founder and director of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York , and in 1926 , Whitney was appointed a director , serving on the banks board until 1940 . In 1927 , Whitney joined with William Avery Rockefeller III and other investors to back Juan Trippe in establishing the Aviation Corporation of America , which a year later would become Pan American World Airways . In 1931 , Whitney founded the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. , Limited in Canada . The company became a major zinc mining operation , and Whitney served as chairman of the board until 1964 . Equine sports . His father , Harry Payne Whitney , had been an avid polo player and thoroughbred racehorse owner , and C.V . Whitney followed in his footsteps , winning the U.S . Open polo title three times . Since 1979 , the Greenwich Polo Club at Conyers Farm in Greenwich , Connecticut , has awarded the C.V . Whitney Cup to the winner of an annual polo tournament . He was the third generation of Whitneys to be heavily involved in thoroughbred horse racing . The Grade 1 Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course was inaugurated in his familys honor in 1928 . C.V . Whitney acquired his fathers stable in 1930 and on May 17 , his two-year-old colt Equipoise gave him his first stakes race victory when he won the Keene Memorial Stakes at Belmont Park . Equipoise would go on to become a success on the racetrack and as a leading sire , and would be inducted into racings Hall of Fame in 1957 . Among Whitneys other outstanding horses , Top Flight was the 1931 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly and the 1932 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly , and was also voted into the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Although he had fifteen horses compete in the Kentucky Derby , Whitney never won the prestigious race . Silver Spoon was the only filly entered in the Derby between the years 1945 and 1980 , coming in a credible fifth in 1959 . Ridden by jockey Eddie Arcaro and trained by Sylvester Veitch , Whitneys horse Phalanx won the first division of the 1947 Wood Memorial Stakes , finished second in the 1947 Kentucky Derby , took third in the ensuing Preakness Stakes , then won the Belmont Stakes . In the 1951 Kentucky Derby , Whitneys Veitch-trained colt Counterpoint was still developing after an injury as a yearling that almost ended his career and tired badly , finishing 11th . However , Counterpoint came back to take second place in the Preakness Stakes and subsequently gave Whitney his second win in the Belmont Stakes and then went on to earn 1951 Horse of the Year honors . Among other successful horses from his stables , Career Boy won the United Nations Handicap and was voted the Eclipse Award champion Grass Horse for 1956 . And First Flight was one of his best fillies , winning the Matron Stakes and beating males in Belmonts Futurity Stakes in 1946 . In 1972 the Keeneland Association honored Whitney with its Mark of Distinction for his contribution to Keeneland and the Thoroughbred industry . Film production . Whitney became involved in the motion picture industry , notably with his cousin John Hay Whitney as a major shareholder backing the Technicolor Corporation . The two were also financiers for the 1939 film classic Gone with the Wind . Seventeen years later , C . V . Whitney served as a producer through his own C.V . Whitney Pictures . His company made three films , the first being the acclaimed 1956 production , The Searchers , directed by John Ford . The second was The Missouri Traveler in 1958 with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin , and the third was The Young Land in 1959 with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper . Whitney was a major financial partner in the development of Marine Studios , designed as an underwater motion picture studio located on the ocean south of St . Augustine , Florida . The Studios opened on June 23 , 1938 , with an estimated 30,000 visitors and eventually evolved into a major marine attraction . It was billed as the worlds original marine attraction . Whitney sold the attraction and its amenities to a group of St . Augustine businessmen , and Whitneys legacy continues at the Whitney Laboratory nearby . Government and military service . Having spent considerable time in France , Whitneys mother Gertrude became involved supporting the Allied forces during World War I . She dedicated a great deal of her time and money to various relief efforts , establishing and maintaining a hospital in France for wounded soldiers . Eighteen-year-old C . V . Whitney joined the United States Army , serving as an aviation cadet in the Signal Corps , rising to the rank of second lieutenant and becoming a military pilot . During the first World War , Whitney served as a flight instructor in Texas . With the onset of American involvement in World War II , Whitney volunteered again for service , rising to the rank of colonel with the United States Army Air Forces . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit . At the end of the war , Whitney served under U.S . President Harry S . Truman as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1949 , and United States Under Secretary of Commerce from 1949 to 1950 . He was also appointed President Trumans special envoy to the United Kingdom , Luxembourg , Spain and Italy in 1950 . Estates . One of Whitneys homes was the Cady Hill estate at Saratoga Springs , New York , not far from the Saratoga Race Course . It was there in 1950 that he founded the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame and served as its first president . A former director of Churchill Downs , he was given an Eclipse Special Award in 1984 in recognition of his lifetime contribution to thoroughbred horse racing in the United States . The C . V . Whitney Farm in Lexington , Kentucky , bred more than 175 stakes winners until age forced him to sell off a large part of the property in the 1980s to Gainesway Farm . After his death in 1992 , his widow , Marylou Whitney , continued breeding and racing operations on a smaller scale . A much respected figure in racing , her Marylou Whitney Stables owned Birdstone , the 2004 Belmont Stakes winner . Upon his death , Whitney owned over 51,000 acres ( 210 km ) in the Adirondacks along with a great camp called Deerlands . Located within the Oswegatchie Great Forest , the Whitney estate is home to more than 40 lakes and ponds , as well as the headwaters of the Beaver , Raquette and Bog rivers . In 1997 , New York State bought 14,700 acres ( 59 km ) of the 51,000 acre ( 210 km ) Whitney tract from Marylou Whitneys Whitney Industries for $17.1 million . Personal life . On March 5 , 1923 , Whitney married for the first of an eventual four times to Marie Norton ( 1903–1970 ) , daughter of Sheridan Nook Norton , an attorney , and Beulah Sanfield Einstein , in Paris . They were married from 1923 until 1929 , when they divorced . Marie later married New York Governor and diplomat Averell Harriman , and she was First Lady of New York from January 1 , 1955 , to December 31 , 1958 . She and Whitney had two children together : - Harry Payne Whitney II ( 1924–1985 ) , who married Alexandra Ewing ( 1927–2014 ) , daughter of Gifford Cochran Ewing and Frances Riker , and later Andrea R . Whitney - Nancy Marie Whitney ( 1926–2006 ) , who married four times and divorced three times : - in 1949 to Edwin Denison Morgan III ( 1921–2001 ) , by whom she had two children : - Alida Morgan - Pamela Morgan - on August 26 , 1957 , to ( Charles ) Russell Hurd - on July 1 , 1958 , to his widowed elder brother , Edward Augustus Hurd Jr . - and finally , to well known water colorist Pierre Lutz ( 1923–1991 ) . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitneys second marriage was to Gwladys Crosby Gee Hopkins , from 1931 to 1940 . They had one daughter : - Gail Whitney ( 1939–1963 ) , who married Richard Cox Cowell in 1958 . They were divorced a year later . In 1961 , she married Louis S . Stur . Gail died at the age of 24 . In 1941 , in Plymouth , Ohio , he married for the third time to Eleanor Searle ( c . 1908–2002 ) , daughter of Dr . and Mrs . George James Searle . Before their divorce in 1957 , they had one son : - Cornelius Searle Whitney ( 1944–2015 ) , an economist , psychologist and philanthropist . On January 25 , 1958 , he married for the fourth , and final , time to Marie Louise Schroeder ( 1925–2019 ) . She was an actress in a movie he produced , called The Missouri Traveler . They remained married until his death . Together , they had one daughter : - Cornelia Whitney , an art instructor and divorced mother of one who lives in Ithaca , New York . Over the 1920s , Whitney successfully fended off several million-dollar lawsuits filed by former Ziegfeld Follies dancer Evan-Burrows Fontaine charging him with breach of promise and paternity of her son . Whitney died in 1992 in Saratoga Springs , New York , at the age of 93 and is buried there in the Greenridge Cemetery . In 1994 , a portion of New York State Route 50 in the City of Saratoga Springs was designated C.V . Whitney Memorial Highway . Philanthropy and arts patronage . Whitney was raised in an artistic environment . His mother , Gertrude , was an accomplished sculptor who studied in Paris under Auguste Rodin . She was also the founder of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City . As an adult , C . V . Whitney played a role in establishing the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Springs , New York , was a supporter of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , and was a founder of the Whitney Gallery of Western Art in Cody , Wyoming . The Mr . and Mrs . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame collection was provided in 1987 to the National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs , New York . It is the only museum in the world dedicated to professional dance . Whitney donated important artworks to various museums . Notable donations include the gift of a 1634 Anthony van Dyck painting of Henri II de Lorraine , 5e Duc de Guise , which had been in the Whitney family for three generations , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . In 1953 , Whitney donated the 1872 Thomas Eakins painting , The Biglin Brothers Racing , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . Whitneys interest in the natural history of marine animals resulted in the 1938 founding of the worlds first oceanarium . Marineland , near St . Augustine , Florida , included a small research laboratory that drew academic biologists . Eventually , Whitney provided the University of Florida with an adjacent parcel of land plus half of the construction capital required to build a full-scale academic center , the C.V . Whitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine Biology and Medicine ( now called The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience ) . In addition , he donated Whitney Hall to the university , a building that serves as a conference center and contains dormitories and apartments . In 1963 , his estate at Old Westbury , New York , was subdivided and offered to the New York Institute of Technology for use as part of its Long Island campus . In 2000 , his widow helped finance the publication of Legend of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney by Jeffrey L . Rodengen . Written works . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney wrote five books : - Lone and Level Sands ( 1951 ) – a personal narrative of Allied aerial operations during World War II - High Peaks ( 1977 ) – autobiography - Live a Year with a Millionaire ( 1981 ) - Owl Hoots Again ( 1988 ) – a collection of short stories for children - First Flight : The Diary of a Cadet in the Signal Corps in World War I ( 1989 ) |
[
"Eleanor Searle"
] | easy | Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney 's spouse from 1941 to 1957? | /wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Whitney#P26#1 | Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney ( February 20 , 1899 – December 13 , 1992 ) was an American businessman , film producer , government official , writer and philanthropist . He was also a polo player and the owner of a significant stable of Thoroughbred racehorses . Early life . Born in Old Westbury , New York , he was the only son of the wealthy and socially prominent Harry Payne Whitney ( 1872–1932 ) and his wife , Gertrude Vanderbilt ( 1875–1942 ) . He had a younger sister , Barbara Whitney , and an elder sister , Flora Payne Whitney ( 1897–1986 ) . As a member of both the Whitney and Vanderbilt families , he inherited a substantial fortune . He also proved to be a very capable businessman in his own right . Career . After graduating from Yale University in 1922 , he went to work at a Nevada mine owned by his father . Whitneys paternal grandfather , William Collins Whitney , was a co-founder and director of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York , and in 1926 , Whitney was appointed a director , serving on the banks board until 1940 . In 1927 , Whitney joined with William Avery Rockefeller III and other investors to back Juan Trippe in establishing the Aviation Corporation of America , which a year later would become Pan American World Airways . In 1931 , Whitney founded the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. , Limited in Canada . The company became a major zinc mining operation , and Whitney served as chairman of the board until 1964 . Equine sports . His father , Harry Payne Whitney , had been an avid polo player and thoroughbred racehorse owner , and C.V . Whitney followed in his footsteps , winning the U.S . Open polo title three times . Since 1979 , the Greenwich Polo Club at Conyers Farm in Greenwich , Connecticut , has awarded the C.V . Whitney Cup to the winner of an annual polo tournament . He was the third generation of Whitneys to be heavily involved in thoroughbred horse racing . The Grade 1 Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course was inaugurated in his familys honor in 1928 . C.V . Whitney acquired his fathers stable in 1930 and on May 17 , his two-year-old colt Equipoise gave him his first stakes race victory when he won the Keene Memorial Stakes at Belmont Park . Equipoise would go on to become a success on the racetrack and as a leading sire , and would be inducted into racings Hall of Fame in 1957 . Among Whitneys other outstanding horses , Top Flight was the 1931 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly and the 1932 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly , and was also voted into the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Although he had fifteen horses compete in the Kentucky Derby , Whitney never won the prestigious race . Silver Spoon was the only filly entered in the Derby between the years 1945 and 1980 , coming in a credible fifth in 1959 . Ridden by jockey Eddie Arcaro and trained by Sylvester Veitch , Whitneys horse Phalanx won the first division of the 1947 Wood Memorial Stakes , finished second in the 1947 Kentucky Derby , took third in the ensuing Preakness Stakes , then won the Belmont Stakes . In the 1951 Kentucky Derby , Whitneys Veitch-trained colt Counterpoint was still developing after an injury as a yearling that almost ended his career and tired badly , finishing 11th . However , Counterpoint came back to take second place in the Preakness Stakes and subsequently gave Whitney his second win in the Belmont Stakes and then went on to earn 1951 Horse of the Year honors . Among other successful horses from his stables , Career Boy won the United Nations Handicap and was voted the Eclipse Award champion Grass Horse for 1956 . And First Flight was one of his best fillies , winning the Matron Stakes and beating males in Belmonts Futurity Stakes in 1946 . In 1972 the Keeneland Association honored Whitney with its Mark of Distinction for his contribution to Keeneland and the Thoroughbred industry . Film production . Whitney became involved in the motion picture industry , notably with his cousin John Hay Whitney as a major shareholder backing the Technicolor Corporation . The two were also financiers for the 1939 film classic Gone with the Wind . Seventeen years later , C . V . Whitney served as a producer through his own C.V . Whitney Pictures . His company made three films , the first being the acclaimed 1956 production , The Searchers , directed by John Ford . The second was The Missouri Traveler in 1958 with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin , and the third was The Young Land in 1959 with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper . Whitney was a major financial partner in the development of Marine Studios , designed as an underwater motion picture studio located on the ocean south of St . Augustine , Florida . The Studios opened on June 23 , 1938 , with an estimated 30,000 visitors and eventually evolved into a major marine attraction . It was billed as the worlds original marine attraction . Whitney sold the attraction and its amenities to a group of St . Augustine businessmen , and Whitneys legacy continues at the Whitney Laboratory nearby . Government and military service . Having spent considerable time in France , Whitneys mother Gertrude became involved supporting the Allied forces during World War I . She dedicated a great deal of her time and money to various relief efforts , establishing and maintaining a hospital in France for wounded soldiers . Eighteen-year-old C . V . Whitney joined the United States Army , serving as an aviation cadet in the Signal Corps , rising to the rank of second lieutenant and becoming a military pilot . During the first World War , Whitney served as a flight instructor in Texas . With the onset of American involvement in World War II , Whitney volunteered again for service , rising to the rank of colonel with the United States Army Air Forces . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit . At the end of the war , Whitney served under U.S . President Harry S . Truman as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1949 , and United States Under Secretary of Commerce from 1949 to 1950 . He was also appointed President Trumans special envoy to the United Kingdom , Luxembourg , Spain and Italy in 1950 . Estates . One of Whitneys homes was the Cady Hill estate at Saratoga Springs , New York , not far from the Saratoga Race Course . It was there in 1950 that he founded the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame and served as its first president . A former director of Churchill Downs , he was given an Eclipse Special Award in 1984 in recognition of his lifetime contribution to thoroughbred horse racing in the United States . The C . V . Whitney Farm in Lexington , Kentucky , bred more than 175 stakes winners until age forced him to sell off a large part of the property in the 1980s to Gainesway Farm . After his death in 1992 , his widow , Marylou Whitney , continued breeding and racing operations on a smaller scale . A much respected figure in racing , her Marylou Whitney Stables owned Birdstone , the 2004 Belmont Stakes winner . Upon his death , Whitney owned over 51,000 acres ( 210 km ) in the Adirondacks along with a great camp called Deerlands . Located within the Oswegatchie Great Forest , the Whitney estate is home to more than 40 lakes and ponds , as well as the headwaters of the Beaver , Raquette and Bog rivers . In 1997 , New York State bought 14,700 acres ( 59 km ) of the 51,000 acre ( 210 km ) Whitney tract from Marylou Whitneys Whitney Industries for $17.1 million . Personal life . On March 5 , 1923 , Whitney married for the first of an eventual four times to Marie Norton ( 1903–1970 ) , daughter of Sheridan Nook Norton , an attorney , and Beulah Sanfield Einstein , in Paris . They were married from 1923 until 1929 , when they divorced . Marie later married New York Governor and diplomat Averell Harriman , and she was First Lady of New York from January 1 , 1955 , to December 31 , 1958 . She and Whitney had two children together : - Harry Payne Whitney II ( 1924–1985 ) , who married Alexandra Ewing ( 1927–2014 ) , daughter of Gifford Cochran Ewing and Frances Riker , and later Andrea R . Whitney - Nancy Marie Whitney ( 1926–2006 ) , who married four times and divorced three times : - in 1949 to Edwin Denison Morgan III ( 1921–2001 ) , by whom she had two children : - Alida Morgan - Pamela Morgan - on August 26 , 1957 , to ( Charles ) Russell Hurd - on July 1 , 1958 , to his widowed elder brother , Edward Augustus Hurd Jr . - and finally , to well known water colorist Pierre Lutz ( 1923–1991 ) . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitneys second marriage was to Gwladys Crosby Gee Hopkins , from 1931 to 1940 . They had one daughter : - Gail Whitney ( 1939–1963 ) , who married Richard Cox Cowell in 1958 . They were divorced a year later . In 1961 , she married Louis S . Stur . Gail died at the age of 24 . In 1941 , in Plymouth , Ohio , he married for the third time to Eleanor Searle ( c . 1908–2002 ) , daughter of Dr . and Mrs . George James Searle . Before their divorce in 1957 , they had one son : - Cornelius Searle Whitney ( 1944–2015 ) , an economist , psychologist and philanthropist . On January 25 , 1958 , he married for the fourth , and final , time to Marie Louise Schroeder ( 1925–2019 ) . She was an actress in a movie he produced , called The Missouri Traveler . They remained married until his death . Together , they had one daughter : - Cornelia Whitney , an art instructor and divorced mother of one who lives in Ithaca , New York . Over the 1920s , Whitney successfully fended off several million-dollar lawsuits filed by former Ziegfeld Follies dancer Evan-Burrows Fontaine charging him with breach of promise and paternity of her son . Whitney died in 1992 in Saratoga Springs , New York , at the age of 93 and is buried there in the Greenridge Cemetery . In 1994 , a portion of New York State Route 50 in the City of Saratoga Springs was designated C.V . Whitney Memorial Highway . Philanthropy and arts patronage . Whitney was raised in an artistic environment . His mother , Gertrude , was an accomplished sculptor who studied in Paris under Auguste Rodin . She was also the founder of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City . As an adult , C . V . Whitney played a role in establishing the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Springs , New York , was a supporter of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , and was a founder of the Whitney Gallery of Western Art in Cody , Wyoming . The Mr . and Mrs . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame collection was provided in 1987 to the National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs , New York . It is the only museum in the world dedicated to professional dance . Whitney donated important artworks to various museums . Notable donations include the gift of a 1634 Anthony van Dyck painting of Henri II de Lorraine , 5e Duc de Guise , which had been in the Whitney family for three generations , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . In 1953 , Whitney donated the 1872 Thomas Eakins painting , The Biglin Brothers Racing , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . Whitneys interest in the natural history of marine animals resulted in the 1938 founding of the worlds first oceanarium . Marineland , near St . Augustine , Florida , included a small research laboratory that drew academic biologists . Eventually , Whitney provided the University of Florida with an adjacent parcel of land plus half of the construction capital required to build a full-scale academic center , the C.V . Whitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine Biology and Medicine ( now called The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience ) . In addition , he donated Whitney Hall to the university , a building that serves as a conference center and contains dormitories and apartments . In 1963 , his estate at Old Westbury , New York , was subdivided and offered to the New York Institute of Technology for use as part of its Long Island campus . In 2000 , his widow helped finance the publication of Legend of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney by Jeffrey L . Rodengen . Written works . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney wrote five books : - Lone and Level Sands ( 1951 ) – a personal narrative of Allied aerial operations during World War II - High Peaks ( 1977 ) – autobiography - Live a Year with a Millionaire ( 1981 ) - Owl Hoots Again ( 1988 ) – a collection of short stories for children - First Flight : The Diary of a Cadet in the Signal Corps in World War I ( 1989 ) |
[
"Marie Louise Schroeder"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney from 1958 to Dec 1992? | /wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Whitney#P26#2 | Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney ( February 20 , 1899 – December 13 , 1992 ) was an American businessman , film producer , government official , writer and philanthropist . He was also a polo player and the owner of a significant stable of Thoroughbred racehorses . Early life . Born in Old Westbury , New York , he was the only son of the wealthy and socially prominent Harry Payne Whitney ( 1872–1932 ) and his wife , Gertrude Vanderbilt ( 1875–1942 ) . He had a younger sister , Barbara Whitney , and an elder sister , Flora Payne Whitney ( 1897–1986 ) . As a member of both the Whitney and Vanderbilt families , he inherited a substantial fortune . He also proved to be a very capable businessman in his own right . Career . After graduating from Yale University in 1922 , he went to work at a Nevada mine owned by his father . Whitneys paternal grandfather , William Collins Whitney , was a co-founder and director of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York , and in 1926 , Whitney was appointed a director , serving on the banks board until 1940 . In 1927 , Whitney joined with William Avery Rockefeller III and other investors to back Juan Trippe in establishing the Aviation Corporation of America , which a year later would become Pan American World Airways . In 1931 , Whitney founded the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. , Limited in Canada . The company became a major zinc mining operation , and Whitney served as chairman of the board until 1964 . Equine sports . His father , Harry Payne Whitney , had been an avid polo player and thoroughbred racehorse owner , and C.V . Whitney followed in his footsteps , winning the U.S . Open polo title three times . Since 1979 , the Greenwich Polo Club at Conyers Farm in Greenwich , Connecticut , has awarded the C.V . Whitney Cup to the winner of an annual polo tournament . He was the third generation of Whitneys to be heavily involved in thoroughbred horse racing . The Grade 1 Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course was inaugurated in his familys honor in 1928 . C.V . Whitney acquired his fathers stable in 1930 and on May 17 , his two-year-old colt Equipoise gave him his first stakes race victory when he won the Keene Memorial Stakes at Belmont Park . Equipoise would go on to become a success on the racetrack and as a leading sire , and would be inducted into racings Hall of Fame in 1957 . Among Whitneys other outstanding horses , Top Flight was the 1931 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly and the 1932 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly , and was also voted into the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Although he had fifteen horses compete in the Kentucky Derby , Whitney never won the prestigious race . Silver Spoon was the only filly entered in the Derby between the years 1945 and 1980 , coming in a credible fifth in 1959 . Ridden by jockey Eddie Arcaro and trained by Sylvester Veitch , Whitneys horse Phalanx won the first division of the 1947 Wood Memorial Stakes , finished second in the 1947 Kentucky Derby , took third in the ensuing Preakness Stakes , then won the Belmont Stakes . In the 1951 Kentucky Derby , Whitneys Veitch-trained colt Counterpoint was still developing after an injury as a yearling that almost ended his career and tired badly , finishing 11th . However , Counterpoint came back to take second place in the Preakness Stakes and subsequently gave Whitney his second win in the Belmont Stakes and then went on to earn 1951 Horse of the Year honors . Among other successful horses from his stables , Career Boy won the United Nations Handicap and was voted the Eclipse Award champion Grass Horse for 1956 . And First Flight was one of his best fillies , winning the Matron Stakes and beating males in Belmonts Futurity Stakes in 1946 . In 1972 the Keeneland Association honored Whitney with its Mark of Distinction for his contribution to Keeneland and the Thoroughbred industry . Film production . Whitney became involved in the motion picture industry , notably with his cousin John Hay Whitney as a major shareholder backing the Technicolor Corporation . The two were also financiers for the 1939 film classic Gone with the Wind . Seventeen years later , C . V . Whitney served as a producer through his own C.V . Whitney Pictures . His company made three films , the first being the acclaimed 1956 production , The Searchers , directed by John Ford . The second was The Missouri Traveler in 1958 with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin , and the third was The Young Land in 1959 with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper . Whitney was a major financial partner in the development of Marine Studios , designed as an underwater motion picture studio located on the ocean south of St . Augustine , Florida . The Studios opened on June 23 , 1938 , with an estimated 30,000 visitors and eventually evolved into a major marine attraction . It was billed as the worlds original marine attraction . Whitney sold the attraction and its amenities to a group of St . Augustine businessmen , and Whitneys legacy continues at the Whitney Laboratory nearby . Government and military service . Having spent considerable time in France , Whitneys mother Gertrude became involved supporting the Allied forces during World War I . She dedicated a great deal of her time and money to various relief efforts , establishing and maintaining a hospital in France for wounded soldiers . Eighteen-year-old C . V . Whitney joined the United States Army , serving as an aviation cadet in the Signal Corps , rising to the rank of second lieutenant and becoming a military pilot . During the first World War , Whitney served as a flight instructor in Texas . With the onset of American involvement in World War II , Whitney volunteered again for service , rising to the rank of colonel with the United States Army Air Forces . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit . At the end of the war , Whitney served under U.S . President Harry S . Truman as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1949 , and United States Under Secretary of Commerce from 1949 to 1950 . He was also appointed President Trumans special envoy to the United Kingdom , Luxembourg , Spain and Italy in 1950 . Estates . One of Whitneys homes was the Cady Hill estate at Saratoga Springs , New York , not far from the Saratoga Race Course . It was there in 1950 that he founded the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame and served as its first president . A former director of Churchill Downs , he was given an Eclipse Special Award in 1984 in recognition of his lifetime contribution to thoroughbred horse racing in the United States . The C . V . Whitney Farm in Lexington , Kentucky , bred more than 175 stakes winners until age forced him to sell off a large part of the property in the 1980s to Gainesway Farm . After his death in 1992 , his widow , Marylou Whitney , continued breeding and racing operations on a smaller scale . A much respected figure in racing , her Marylou Whitney Stables owned Birdstone , the 2004 Belmont Stakes winner . Upon his death , Whitney owned over 51,000 acres ( 210 km ) in the Adirondacks along with a great camp called Deerlands . Located within the Oswegatchie Great Forest , the Whitney estate is home to more than 40 lakes and ponds , as well as the headwaters of the Beaver , Raquette and Bog rivers . In 1997 , New York State bought 14,700 acres ( 59 km ) of the 51,000 acre ( 210 km ) Whitney tract from Marylou Whitneys Whitney Industries for $17.1 million . Personal life . On March 5 , 1923 , Whitney married for the first of an eventual four times to Marie Norton ( 1903–1970 ) , daughter of Sheridan Nook Norton , an attorney , and Beulah Sanfield Einstein , in Paris . They were married from 1923 until 1929 , when they divorced . Marie later married New York Governor and diplomat Averell Harriman , and she was First Lady of New York from January 1 , 1955 , to December 31 , 1958 . She and Whitney had two children together : - Harry Payne Whitney II ( 1924–1985 ) , who married Alexandra Ewing ( 1927–2014 ) , daughter of Gifford Cochran Ewing and Frances Riker , and later Andrea R . Whitney - Nancy Marie Whitney ( 1926–2006 ) , who married four times and divorced three times : - in 1949 to Edwin Denison Morgan III ( 1921–2001 ) , by whom she had two children : - Alida Morgan - Pamela Morgan - on August 26 , 1957 , to ( Charles ) Russell Hurd - on July 1 , 1958 , to his widowed elder brother , Edward Augustus Hurd Jr . - and finally , to well known water colorist Pierre Lutz ( 1923–1991 ) . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitneys second marriage was to Gwladys Crosby Gee Hopkins , from 1931 to 1940 . They had one daughter : - Gail Whitney ( 1939–1963 ) , who married Richard Cox Cowell in 1958 . They were divorced a year later . In 1961 , she married Louis S . Stur . Gail died at the age of 24 . In 1941 , in Plymouth , Ohio , he married for the third time to Eleanor Searle ( c . 1908–2002 ) , daughter of Dr . and Mrs . George James Searle . Before their divorce in 1957 , they had one son : - Cornelius Searle Whitney ( 1944–2015 ) , an economist , psychologist and philanthropist . On January 25 , 1958 , he married for the fourth , and final , time to Marie Louise Schroeder ( 1925–2019 ) . She was an actress in a movie he produced , called The Missouri Traveler . They remained married until his death . Together , they had one daughter : - Cornelia Whitney , an art instructor and divorced mother of one who lives in Ithaca , New York . Over the 1920s , Whitney successfully fended off several million-dollar lawsuits filed by former Ziegfeld Follies dancer Evan-Burrows Fontaine charging him with breach of promise and paternity of her son . Whitney died in 1992 in Saratoga Springs , New York , at the age of 93 and is buried there in the Greenridge Cemetery . In 1994 , a portion of New York State Route 50 in the City of Saratoga Springs was designated C.V . Whitney Memorial Highway . Philanthropy and arts patronage . Whitney was raised in an artistic environment . His mother , Gertrude , was an accomplished sculptor who studied in Paris under Auguste Rodin . She was also the founder of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City . As an adult , C . V . Whitney played a role in establishing the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Springs , New York , was a supporter of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , and was a founder of the Whitney Gallery of Western Art in Cody , Wyoming . The Mr . and Mrs . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame collection was provided in 1987 to the National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs , New York . It is the only museum in the world dedicated to professional dance . Whitney donated important artworks to various museums . Notable donations include the gift of a 1634 Anthony van Dyck painting of Henri II de Lorraine , 5e Duc de Guise , which had been in the Whitney family for three generations , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . In 1953 , Whitney donated the 1872 Thomas Eakins painting , The Biglin Brothers Racing , to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . Whitneys interest in the natural history of marine animals resulted in the 1938 founding of the worlds first oceanarium . Marineland , near St . Augustine , Florida , included a small research laboratory that drew academic biologists . Eventually , Whitney provided the University of Florida with an adjacent parcel of land plus half of the construction capital required to build a full-scale academic center , the C.V . Whitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine Biology and Medicine ( now called The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience ) . In addition , he donated Whitney Hall to the university , a building that serves as a conference center and contains dormitories and apartments . In 1963 , his estate at Old Westbury , New York , was subdivided and offered to the New York Institute of Technology for use as part of its Long Island campus . In 2000 , his widow helped finance the publication of Legend of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney by Jeffrey L . Rodengen . Written works . Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney wrote five books : - Lone and Level Sands ( 1951 ) – a personal narrative of Allied aerial operations during World War II - High Peaks ( 1977 ) – autobiography - Live a Year with a Millionaire ( 1981 ) - Owl Hoots Again ( 1988 ) – a collection of short stories for children - First Flight : The Diary of a Cadet in the Signal Corps in World War I ( 1989 ) |
[
"Brookings Institution"
] | easy | Which employer did Claudia Sahm work for from 1999 to 2001? | /wiki/Claudia_Sahm#P108#0 | Claudia Sahm Claudia R . Sahm ( née Foster ) is an American economist . She was formerly director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth , and a Section Chief at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , where she worked in various capacities from 2007-2019 . Sahm specializes in macroeconomics and household finance . She is the eponymous author of the Sahm Rule for identifying recessions in real-time . Life . In 1998 , Sahm received a bachelors degree in economics from Denison University , where she also studied political science and German . From 1998 to 1999 , Sahm was a Fulbright Scholar at the Technical University of Dresden , where she studied economic transitions in post-socialist countries . From 1999 to 2001 , Sahm worked at the Brookings Institution as a research assistant . Sahm began her PhD at the University of Michigan in 2001 , guided by Matthew D . Shapiro and Miles Spencer Kimball , completing her thesis Risk , Tolerance and Asset Allocation in 2007 . In 2007 , Sahm began working at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors as an economist , where her work was focused on examining consumer spending . Her first position was studying the impact of tax rebates . In 2013 she was promoted to Senior Economist , and in 2015 to Principal Economist , at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors . Sahm was a Senior Economist at the Council of Economic Advisers for the Obama Administration , where she worked on macroeconomic developments and housing policy from 2015 to 2016 . She studied the impact of unusual weather on economic data . She showed that people were less willing to take economic risks as they age . In September 2017 Sahm was promoted to Section Chief of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in the Division of Consumer and Community Affairs . From October 2019 to September 2020 , she was director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth . In September 2020 , Sahm joined Bloomberg Opinion as a contributor and in October 2020 , she joined The New York Times as a Contributing Opinion Writer . Research . Sahm conducts research in macroeconomics with a focus on business cycles , fiscal stimulus and consumer behavior . Her research has appeared in numerous FEDS notes , books , and major academic journals . Outside the academic audience Sahm is known for the Sahm Rule , also known as the Sahm Recession Indicator:One reliable early signal of recession is the Sahm Rule : A downturn is probably occurring if the three-month average of the unemployment rate has risen by at least 0.5 percentage point above its low point in the previous 12 months . This rule [ ... ] has signaled every recession since 1970 with virtually no false positives.The Sahm Rule tracks the unemployment rate to detect upcoming and current recessions . As of 2021 , Sahm is a senior fellow , guaranteed income , at the Jain Family Institute . Other work . Sahm maintains the economics blog MacroMom . Sahm campaigns for more diversity in economics . She petitioned the American Economic Association to remove sexist comments on the website Economics Job Market Rumors ( EJMR ) . She is also known for her critiques of the culture of the economics profession , citing many specific examples of bullying and harassment she experienced , observed , or had reported to her by others , often directed at female and minority economists . Personal life . Sahm was married to Patrick Sahm , whom she met at Denison University , and with whom she has two children . She married health economist Colin Baker in 2020 . Awards . - 1998 : Fulbright Association , Fulbright Research Grant - 2006 : Institute for Social Research , Innovation in Social Research Award External links . - Claudia R . Sahm at the Federal Reserve - Claudia R . Sahm at IDEAS/RePEc - Claudia R . Sahm at AcademicTree |
[
"Federal Reserve Board of Governors"
] | easy | Who did Claudia Sahm work for from 2007 to 2015? | /wiki/Claudia_Sahm#P108#1 | Claudia Sahm Claudia R . Sahm ( née Foster ) is an American economist . She was formerly director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth , and a Section Chief at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , where she worked in various capacities from 2007-2019 . Sahm specializes in macroeconomics and household finance . She is the eponymous author of the Sahm Rule for identifying recessions in real-time . Life . In 1998 , Sahm received a bachelors degree in economics from Denison University , where she also studied political science and German . From 1998 to 1999 , Sahm was a Fulbright Scholar at the Technical University of Dresden , where she studied economic transitions in post-socialist countries . From 1999 to 2001 , Sahm worked at the Brookings Institution as a research assistant . Sahm began her PhD at the University of Michigan in 2001 , guided by Matthew D . Shapiro and Miles Spencer Kimball , completing her thesis Risk , Tolerance and Asset Allocation in 2007 . In 2007 , Sahm began working at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors as an economist , where her work was focused on examining consumer spending . Her first position was studying the impact of tax rebates . In 2013 she was promoted to Senior Economist , and in 2015 to Principal Economist , at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors . Sahm was a Senior Economist at the Council of Economic Advisers for the Obama Administration , where she worked on macroeconomic developments and housing policy from 2015 to 2016 . She studied the impact of unusual weather on economic data . She showed that people were less willing to take economic risks as they age . In September 2017 Sahm was promoted to Section Chief of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in the Division of Consumer and Community Affairs . From October 2019 to September 2020 , she was director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth . In September 2020 , Sahm joined Bloomberg Opinion as a contributor and in October 2020 , she joined The New York Times as a Contributing Opinion Writer . Research . Sahm conducts research in macroeconomics with a focus on business cycles , fiscal stimulus and consumer behavior . Her research has appeared in numerous FEDS notes , books , and major academic journals . Outside the academic audience Sahm is known for the Sahm Rule , also known as the Sahm Recession Indicator:One reliable early signal of recession is the Sahm Rule : A downturn is probably occurring if the three-month average of the unemployment rate has risen by at least 0.5 percentage point above its low point in the previous 12 months . This rule [ ... ] has signaled every recession since 1970 with virtually no false positives.The Sahm Rule tracks the unemployment rate to detect upcoming and current recessions . As of 2021 , Sahm is a senior fellow , guaranteed income , at the Jain Family Institute . Other work . Sahm maintains the economics blog MacroMom . Sahm campaigns for more diversity in economics . She petitioned the American Economic Association to remove sexist comments on the website Economics Job Market Rumors ( EJMR ) . She is also known for her critiques of the culture of the economics profession , citing many specific examples of bullying and harassment she experienced , observed , or had reported to her by others , often directed at female and minority economists . Personal life . Sahm was married to Patrick Sahm , whom she met at Denison University , and with whom she has two children . She married health economist Colin Baker in 2020 . Awards . - 1998 : Fulbright Association , Fulbright Research Grant - 2006 : Institute for Social Research , Innovation in Social Research Award External links . - Claudia R . Sahm at the Federal Reserve - Claudia R . Sahm at IDEAS/RePEc - Claudia R . Sahm at AcademicTree |
[
"Obama Administration"
] | easy | Which employer did Claudia Sahm work for from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Claudia_Sahm#P108#2 | Claudia Sahm Claudia R . Sahm ( née Foster ) is an American economist . She was formerly director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth , and a Section Chief at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , where she worked in various capacities from 2007-2019 . Sahm specializes in macroeconomics and household finance . She is the eponymous author of the Sahm Rule for identifying recessions in real-time . Life . In 1998 , Sahm received a bachelors degree in economics from Denison University , where she also studied political science and German . From 1998 to 1999 , Sahm was a Fulbright Scholar at the Technical University of Dresden , where she studied economic transitions in post-socialist countries . From 1999 to 2001 , Sahm worked at the Brookings Institution as a research assistant . Sahm began her PhD at the University of Michigan in 2001 , guided by Matthew D . Shapiro and Miles Spencer Kimball , completing her thesis Risk , Tolerance and Asset Allocation in 2007 . In 2007 , Sahm began working at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors as an economist , where her work was focused on examining consumer spending . Her first position was studying the impact of tax rebates . In 2013 she was promoted to Senior Economist , and in 2015 to Principal Economist , at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors . Sahm was a Senior Economist at the Council of Economic Advisers for the Obama Administration , where she worked on macroeconomic developments and housing policy from 2015 to 2016 . She studied the impact of unusual weather on economic data . She showed that people were less willing to take economic risks as they age . In September 2017 Sahm was promoted to Section Chief of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in the Division of Consumer and Community Affairs . From October 2019 to September 2020 , she was director of macroeconomic policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth . In September 2020 , Sahm joined Bloomberg Opinion as a contributor and in October 2020 , she joined The New York Times as a Contributing Opinion Writer . Research . Sahm conducts research in macroeconomics with a focus on business cycles , fiscal stimulus and consumer behavior . Her research has appeared in numerous FEDS notes , books , and major academic journals . Outside the academic audience Sahm is known for the Sahm Rule , also known as the Sahm Recession Indicator:One reliable early signal of recession is the Sahm Rule : A downturn is probably occurring if the three-month average of the unemployment rate has risen by at least 0.5 percentage point above its low point in the previous 12 months . This rule [ ... ] has signaled every recession since 1970 with virtually no false positives.The Sahm Rule tracks the unemployment rate to detect upcoming and current recessions . As of 2021 , Sahm is a senior fellow , guaranteed income , at the Jain Family Institute . Other work . Sahm maintains the economics blog MacroMom . Sahm campaigns for more diversity in economics . She petitioned the American Economic Association to remove sexist comments on the website Economics Job Market Rumors ( EJMR ) . She is also known for her critiques of the culture of the economics profession , citing many specific examples of bullying and harassment she experienced , observed , or had reported to her by others , often directed at female and minority economists . Personal life . Sahm was married to Patrick Sahm , whom she met at Denison University , and with whom she has two children . She married health economist Colin Baker in 2020 . Awards . - 1998 : Fulbright Association , Fulbright Research Grant - 2006 : Institute for Social Research , Innovation in Social Research Award External links . - Claudia R . Sahm at the Federal Reserve - Claudia R . Sahm at IDEAS/RePEc - Claudia R . Sahm at AcademicTree |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Antonio Adán belong to from 2002 to 2004? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#0 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
"Real Madrid Castilla"
] | easy | Antonio Adán played for which team from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#1 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
"Real Madrid Castilla"
] | easy | Which team did the player Antonio Adán belong to from 2006 to 2010? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#2 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
"Real Madrid"
] | easy | Which team did the player Antonio Adán belong to from 2010 to 2013? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#3 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
"Cagliari Calcio"
] | easy | Which team did Antonio Adán play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#4 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Antonio Adán belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Antonio_Adán#P54#5 | Antonio Adán Antonio Adán Garrido ( ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP . A youth product of Real Madrid , where he acted mainly as a backup , he spent most of his career with Betis . He totalled 129 La Liga matches for those two clubs , as well as Atlético Madrid for whom he signed in 2018 . All youth levels comprised , Adán won 39 caps for Spain . Club career . Real Madrid . A Real Madrid youth graduate , Madrid-born Adán was the first-choice goalkeeper for its C side in the 2005–06 season , playing 36 games and conceding 29 goals . He also started three times for the Juvenil team which won the Champions Cup of the category , keeping a clean sheet in the tournament . The following campaign , Adán was selected for the first teams United States tour in August 2006 . He served as backup to captain Jordi Codina in Real Madrid Castilla , until the latters promotion to the main squad . Adán made his debut in 2006–07s Segunda División on 27 August 2006 , in a 1–1 away draw with CD Castellón . He appeared in six league matches as Reals reserves were eventually relegated . After the sale of Codina to neighbours Getafe CF , Adán was promoted to the senior squad for pre-season training in the 2009–10 campaign . While still featuring mostly for the Bs , he was third choice in the first team behind Iker Casillas and Jerzy Dudek . On 8 December 2010 , Adán played his first competitive game for Real Madrid , coming on as a substitute for the injured Dudek in the 44th minute of the 4–0 home win against AJ Auxerre in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ; the Merengues had already won their group , and manager José Mourinho rested several starters . The following month , he featured the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 loss at Levante UD in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey ( 8–2 on aggregate ) . Adán made his La Liga debut on 13 February 2011 , replacing sent off Casillas in the second minute of a 1–0 away victory over RCD Espanyol . Starting in the following matchday , at home against Levante , he kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . On 22 December 2012 , Adán relegated longtime incumbent Casillas to the bench in a 3–2 away loss to Málaga CF ; Mourinho defended his controversial decision in his post-match comments by saying : Its a technical decision . The coach analyses the situation , looks at the players at his disposal and chooses his team . At the moment , for me and my coaching staff , Adán is better than Iker . He retained his place for the next game , being sent off in the early minutes of an eventual 4–3 home defeat of Real Sociedad after giving away a penalty . Cagliari . On 2 September 2013 , Adán left Real Madrid after his contract was terminated . On 19 November he signed with Italys Cagliari Calcio , making his Serie A debut on 5 January of the following year in a 0–0 away draw against A.C . ChievoVerona . Betis . On 27 January 2014 , Adán terminated his link to the Sardinians and returned to his country and its top division , joining struggling Real Betis . He contributed 40 appearances in his first full season , helping his team win the second-tier championship and subsequently promote . Adán was named team captain in August 2014 , alongside Jorge Molina , Damien Perquis and Xavi Torres . The following two top-flight campaigns combined , he only missed three matches . Atlético Madrid . Adán returned to the Spanish capital on 10 July 2018 , with the 31-year-old signing a two-year contract with Atlético Madrid . Used only in domestic cup games , he did not debut in the league until the last game of the season when he stood in for the injured Jan Oblak for a 2–2 draw at Levante UD on 18 May 2019 . Sporting CP . On 20 August 2020 , Adán moved to Portuguese club Sporting CP on a free transfer , for two years with the option of a third . He was a key player as they won their first Primeira Liga title for 19 years , keeping 20 clean sheets and conceding just 15 goals in 32 matches . International career . In July 2006 , Adán captained the Spain under-19 team all the way to winning the UEFA European Championship alongside four other Real Madrid products : Alberto Bueno , Javi García , Esteban Granero and Juan Mata . He was subsequently called up to the under-21 squad for the 2007 European Championship play-off against Italy in October 2006 , but was benched – Spain lost 1–2 on aggregate . He made his first and only appearance at that level on 6 February 2007 , in a 2–2 friendly draw with England held at Pride Park Stadium . Club statistics . - Include Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2011–12 - Copa del Rey : 2010–11 ; runner-up : 2012–13 - Supercopa de España : 2012 ; runner-up : 2011 Betis - Segunda División : 2014–15 Atlético Madrid - UEFA Super Cup : 2018 Sporting - Primeira Liga : 2020–21 - Taça da Liga : 2020–21 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2006 |
[
"Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Three"
] | easy | What was the official name of VP-23 from May 1946 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/VP-23#P1448#0 | VP-23 VP-23 , Patrol Squadron 23 , known as the Seahawks , was a U.S . Navy fixed-wing , anti-submarine and maritime Patrol Squadron based at Brunswick Naval Air Station , Brunswick , Maine , United States . It was established as Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Three ( VPW-3 ) on 17 May 1946 , redesignated as Meteorology Squadron Three ( VPM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Three ( VP-HL-3 ) on 8 December 1947 ( as the second squadron to be assigned the VP-HL-3 designation ) , and to Patrol Squadron Twenty Three ( VP-23 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 28 February 1995 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-23 , the first VP-23 was redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 23 ( VPB-23 ) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 25 January 1946 . Operational history . - 17–21 May 1946 : VPW-3 was established as a weather reconnaissance squadron under FAW-14 at NAAS Camp Kearney , California , for duty in the Caribbean . Its aircraft and personnel were drawn from VPW-2 . Four days after its establishment , the new squadron departed for its assigned home base at NAS Miami , Florida , where the crews began flying the PB4Y-2M Privateer fitted with radar for weather reconnaissance . When the squadron arrived at NAS Miami it came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 15 November 1946 : VPW-3 was redesignated VPM-3 , continuing to serve as a weather/meteorology squadron still based at NAS Miami . - 8 December 1947 : VPM-3 was redesignated VP-HL-3 after another squadron with that same designation had been disestablished on 22 May 1947 . Although designated as a Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) , it continued to provide weather reconnaissance and hurricane surveillance flights for the East Coast . - 15 January–September 1948 : VP-HL-3 was relocated to a new home port at NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey , but their stay at the new station was cut short by an order on 29 March 1948 to base at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , however , the move to Patuxent River never occurred . The squadron deployed from NAS Atlantic City on 15 April 1948 for Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland , with a detachment at NAS Miami . The entire squadron joined the detachment at Miami at the close of the 1948 Atlantic hurricane season for the filming of the movie Slattery’s Hurricane . - 1 January 1949 : After the Navy sequences for the movie were completed at NAS Miami , preparations for the squadrons transfer to NAS Patuxent River were halted and VP-23 was permanently assigned to NAS Miami under the operational control of FAW-11 . - 1 June–11 November 1949 : VP-23 broke all records for hurricane surveillance by Navy patrol squadrons , entering the “eyes” of 33 hurricanes during the 1949 Atlantic hurricane season . The squadron then ended its career in weather and converted to the Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) role effective 15 November 1949 . The squadron’s aircraft were redesignated PB4Y-2S and were retrofitted with the APS-15 ASW radar . - 4 December 1949 : VP-23 began its new role as a patrol squadron , with ASW as its primary mission , and deployed to Newfoundland and Greenland for cold weather training . RON ( Remain/Over Night ) visits were made to remote air bases at CFB Goose Bay , Labrador and Narsarsuaq Air Base , Greenland , carrying mail . During the deployment extensive use was made of LORAN gear . - 1 July 1950 : VP-23 surveyed the Gulf Stream in Operation Cabot , in support of . The squadron recorded color changes in the gulf , took APS-15 radar signatures , and noted LORAN fixes on surface and subsurface features . During the operation at least one aircraft was designated to provide weather reconnaissance for the surface vessels participating in the project . - 9 May 1952 : VP-23 was transferred from NAS Miami , to a new permanent home base at NAS Brunswick , Maine , under the operational control of FAW-3 . Although the squadron was transferred , 7 officers and 109 enlisted personnel remained at NAS Miami to form VJ-2 , a weather squadron that took the place of VP-23 . Shortly after the transfer , the squadron was equipped with PB4Y-2 aircraft that were soon redesignated P4Y-2S , fitted with antisubmarine radar . - 19 May 1952 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia for three months of advanced base training in cold weather operations , relieving VP-24 . The squadron flew long-distance reconnaissance flights over the Labrador , Davis Strait and Baffin Bay . A four-aircraft detachment was maintained at Thule Air Base , Greenland . - January 1953 : VP-23 deployed to the Spanish Air Base at Reus , Tarragona , Spain , for one week of training with Spanish Air Force personnel . At the end of the week the squadron flew to Naval Air Station Port Lyautey , French Morocco . The operations in Spain represented the first formal cooperation with the Spanish armed forces since before World War II . - June 1953 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia , with a detachment at Thule AFB . The detachments charted ice conditions in the surface shipping lanes between Newfoundland and Greenland , moved urgent supplies to remote bases , conducted research for the Hydrographic Office in Washington , transported personnel and dropped mail to fleet units at sea and ashore . Routine ASW patrols were also flown by the Argentia detachment . - 7 May 1954 : One of the VP-23 Neptunes , MA-5 , crashed on takeoff from Nassau , Bahamas during exercises with the Atlantic Fleet , killing the entire crew . - 29 July 1954 : A squadron Neptune , MA-7 , developed engine trouble during an operational readiness flight near NAS Qounset Point , Rhode Island . The crew ditched with no casualties and were pulled from the water after one and a half hours . - April 1955 : VP-23 transitioned to the jet-assisted P2V-7 Neptune . At the end of the month the squadron received operational training in the new aircraft during its deployment to NAS Bermuda . A three-aircraft detachment was maintained at Lajes Field , Azores . Exercises were conducted in ASW techniques with fleet submarines , surface units , other patrol squadrons and blimp squadrons . - 16 July 1958 : With the landing of U.S . Marines in Lebanon on 15 July , the squadron was quickly flown to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , the next day to assume station over the North Atlantic approaches . VP-23 remained at this location until early September . - 1 January 1961 : VP-23 had just deployed to NAS Argentia , when they were put on alert for the hijacked Portuguese liner Santa Maria . The search for the missing vessel took five of the squadron’s aircraft to Barbados , Trinidad and Recife , Brazil , before the liner was found . This detachment remained at San Juan until March , when it rejoined the squadron at Argentia . The remaining months of the deployment were spent in shipping surveillance and evaluation testing of the TIROS-2 weather satellite . - 1 May 1961 : The squadron established a new endurance record for the P2V-7 Neptune during their deployment to NAS Argentia , remaining in the air for 22 hours and 54 minutes . The flight was planned in honor of the 50th anniversary of Naval Aviation . - 8 August–November 1962 : VP-23 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-16 . Detachments were maintained at Naval Base Rota , Spain ; Elmas , Sardinia ; and Soudha Bay , Crete . On 30 September two detachments of four aircraft each were put on standby at Ben Guerir Air Base , Morocco , and Lajes Field , for the Mercury-Atlas 8 space mission . The mission concluded successfully and the detachments returned to NAF Sigonella on 5 October . From 21 October to 21 November 1962 , the squadron was put on alert during the Cuban Missile Crisis , flying round-the-clock surveillance and ASW missions in support of the Sixth Fleet . Soviet surface units were kept under surveillance during transit of the Mediterranean Sea . - February 1963 : While preparing to return from Operation Springboard exercises in Puerto Rico in late February , the squadron was tasked to locate the hijacked Venezuelan cargo vessel Anzoátegui . Searches were conducted in the South Atlantic and Caribbean before the ship was discovered by VP-23 in the mouth of the Amazon River . - April 1963 : VP-23 was tasked with the futile search for survivors or debris from the disaster . On 30 May a squadron aircraft dropped a wreath over the site of the sinking . - 6 September 1963 : VP-23 deployed a seven-aircraft detachment to NAS Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , relieving VP-45 . Numerous patrols were conducted in support of Cuban refugees adrift at sea . - November 1966-May 1967 VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , with a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 3 December 1967 : A squadron aircraft , LJ-4 with crew 11 , crashed in adverse weather off the end of the Otis AFB runway . The crew egressed safely , but the aircraft was totally consumed by fire . - 15 April–August 1968 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily . On 1 August , a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 1 November 1968 : The squadron had been scheduled for disestablishment on this date , but the decision was rescinded at the last moment by the Secretary of Defense . - 27 June–August 1969 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-21 . During the deployment squadron aircraft made contacts on 37 Soviet Bloc submarines in the Mediterranean Sea . - November 1969–June 1970 : The squadron received its first P-3B Orion , completing transition training on 15 June 1970 . VP-23 was the last remaining active duty patrol squadron to fly the SP-2H , retiring its last Neptune on 20 February 1970 . - 13 June–July 1974 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment maintained at NAF Lajes . Three aircraft were sent to NAF Sigonella on 20 July , during the Cyprus unrest in case the need arose to evacuate U.S . citizens . The detachment returned to Rota on 23 July . - 23 March–April 1978 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a four-aircraft/five-crew detachment maintained at Lajes . On 26 April 1978 , aircraft LJ-04 , BuNo . 152724 , crashed at sea on landing approach to Lajes , killing seven . The cause of the accident was undetermined due to inability to recover aircraft remains from the extreme depths . - 18 July 1979 : VP-23 became the first Navy patrol squadron to fire the new Harpoon antiship missile . VP-23 was the first operational fleet patrol squadron to make an operational deployment with the Harpoon . - 5 September 1979–January 1980 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Keflavik , Iceland , for NATO exercises . A detachment was maintained at the NATO airfield at Bodø Main Air Station , Norway . With the seizure of the American embassy in Iran , a detachment of three Harpoon-equipped Orions was sent on 1 January 1980 to Diego Garcia . The squadron’s performance earned it the Navy Unit Commendation . - 1 January 1980 : VP-23 deployed from Keflavik , Iceland , to Diego Garcia and made its first operational flight out of the Indian Ocean base within 10 days after receiving orders , demonstrating its rapid deployment capability . - 12 June–October 1983 : The squadron deployed to NAS Bermuda , with detachments in Panama ; Lajes , Azores ; and Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , Puerto Rico . On 28 October 1983 , VP-23 transported a film crew to observe Soviet submarine K-324 that had been forced to surface after developing problems with its propulsion system after snagging the towed sonar array cable of . - 29 October–3 November 1983 : VP-23 provided a three aircraft detachment at Puerto Rico for patrols in the vicinity of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury , the U.S . Invasion of Grenada . - 16 January–April 1985 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment at Lajes , Azores . During the period from 24 March to 15 April 1986 the Rota detachment supported the Sixth Fleet’s strikes against Libya . - 10 May 1990 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Bermuda , with a detachment at NAS Roosevelt Roads . The Puerto Rico detachment set a record assisting in the seizure of a 1,400-kilo batch of cocaine on a ship in the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic . - 26 September–November 1990 : The squadron was tasked with providing a detachment at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to provide support for Operation Desert Shield . - 1 November 1991 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Sigonella . During the deployment a detachment was maintained at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , in support of the UN embargo against Iraq . - 1994 : VP-23 operated from NAS Sigonella , on its last deployment . The squadron provided NATO forces in Bosnia with real-time tactical reconnaissance in support of Operation Deny Flight . The squadron’s P-3Cs , armed with AGM-65 Maverick missiles , flew more than 300 armed sorties in support of Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea . - 7 December 1994 : The squadron held a disestablishment ceremony at NAS Brunswick . - 28 February 1995 : VP-23 was disestablished at NAS Brunswick . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 17 May 1946 - NAS Miami , Florida - 21 May 1946 - NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey - 15 January 1948 - NAS Patuxent River , Maryland - 29 March 1948 - NAS Miami - 1 January 1949 - NAS Brunswick , Maine - 9 May 1952 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-2M Privateer – May 1946 - PB4Y-2S Privateer - November 1949 - P4Y-2S Privateer - May 1952 - P2V-5 Neptune – October 1953 - P2V-7 Neptune - April 1955 - P2V-7S/SP-2H Neptune - 1959 - P-3B Orion – November 1969 - P-3B DIFAR Orion – March 1971 - P-3C UII Orion – October 1978 Notable former members . - Michael Foreman , Mission Specialist on STS-123 and STS-129 . - Rear Admiral Jeffrey Lemmons . - Rear Admiral Mark Skinner . |
[
"Meteorology Squadron Three"
] | easy | What was the official name of VP-23 from Nov 1946 to Dec 1947? | /wiki/VP-23#P1448#1 | VP-23 VP-23 , Patrol Squadron 23 , known as the Seahawks , was a U.S . Navy fixed-wing , anti-submarine and maritime Patrol Squadron based at Brunswick Naval Air Station , Brunswick , Maine , United States . It was established as Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Three ( VPW-3 ) on 17 May 1946 , redesignated as Meteorology Squadron Three ( VPM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Three ( VP-HL-3 ) on 8 December 1947 ( as the second squadron to be assigned the VP-HL-3 designation ) , and to Patrol Squadron Twenty Three ( VP-23 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 28 February 1995 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-23 , the first VP-23 was redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 23 ( VPB-23 ) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 25 January 1946 . Operational history . - 17–21 May 1946 : VPW-3 was established as a weather reconnaissance squadron under FAW-14 at NAAS Camp Kearney , California , for duty in the Caribbean . Its aircraft and personnel were drawn from VPW-2 . Four days after its establishment , the new squadron departed for its assigned home base at NAS Miami , Florida , where the crews began flying the PB4Y-2M Privateer fitted with radar for weather reconnaissance . When the squadron arrived at NAS Miami it came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 15 November 1946 : VPW-3 was redesignated VPM-3 , continuing to serve as a weather/meteorology squadron still based at NAS Miami . - 8 December 1947 : VPM-3 was redesignated VP-HL-3 after another squadron with that same designation had been disestablished on 22 May 1947 . Although designated as a Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) , it continued to provide weather reconnaissance and hurricane surveillance flights for the East Coast . - 15 January–September 1948 : VP-HL-3 was relocated to a new home port at NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey , but their stay at the new station was cut short by an order on 29 March 1948 to base at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , however , the move to Patuxent River never occurred . The squadron deployed from NAS Atlantic City on 15 April 1948 for Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland , with a detachment at NAS Miami . The entire squadron joined the detachment at Miami at the close of the 1948 Atlantic hurricane season for the filming of the movie Slattery’s Hurricane . - 1 January 1949 : After the Navy sequences for the movie were completed at NAS Miami , preparations for the squadrons transfer to NAS Patuxent River were halted and VP-23 was permanently assigned to NAS Miami under the operational control of FAW-11 . - 1 June–11 November 1949 : VP-23 broke all records for hurricane surveillance by Navy patrol squadrons , entering the “eyes” of 33 hurricanes during the 1949 Atlantic hurricane season . The squadron then ended its career in weather and converted to the Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) role effective 15 November 1949 . The squadron’s aircraft were redesignated PB4Y-2S and were retrofitted with the APS-15 ASW radar . - 4 December 1949 : VP-23 began its new role as a patrol squadron , with ASW as its primary mission , and deployed to Newfoundland and Greenland for cold weather training . RON ( Remain/Over Night ) visits were made to remote air bases at CFB Goose Bay , Labrador and Narsarsuaq Air Base , Greenland , carrying mail . During the deployment extensive use was made of LORAN gear . - 1 July 1950 : VP-23 surveyed the Gulf Stream in Operation Cabot , in support of . The squadron recorded color changes in the gulf , took APS-15 radar signatures , and noted LORAN fixes on surface and subsurface features . During the operation at least one aircraft was designated to provide weather reconnaissance for the surface vessels participating in the project . - 9 May 1952 : VP-23 was transferred from NAS Miami , to a new permanent home base at NAS Brunswick , Maine , under the operational control of FAW-3 . Although the squadron was transferred , 7 officers and 109 enlisted personnel remained at NAS Miami to form VJ-2 , a weather squadron that took the place of VP-23 . Shortly after the transfer , the squadron was equipped with PB4Y-2 aircraft that were soon redesignated P4Y-2S , fitted with antisubmarine radar . - 19 May 1952 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia for three months of advanced base training in cold weather operations , relieving VP-24 . The squadron flew long-distance reconnaissance flights over the Labrador , Davis Strait and Baffin Bay . A four-aircraft detachment was maintained at Thule Air Base , Greenland . - January 1953 : VP-23 deployed to the Spanish Air Base at Reus , Tarragona , Spain , for one week of training with Spanish Air Force personnel . At the end of the week the squadron flew to Naval Air Station Port Lyautey , French Morocco . The operations in Spain represented the first formal cooperation with the Spanish armed forces since before World War II . - June 1953 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia , with a detachment at Thule AFB . The detachments charted ice conditions in the surface shipping lanes between Newfoundland and Greenland , moved urgent supplies to remote bases , conducted research for the Hydrographic Office in Washington , transported personnel and dropped mail to fleet units at sea and ashore . Routine ASW patrols were also flown by the Argentia detachment . - 7 May 1954 : One of the VP-23 Neptunes , MA-5 , crashed on takeoff from Nassau , Bahamas during exercises with the Atlantic Fleet , killing the entire crew . - 29 July 1954 : A squadron Neptune , MA-7 , developed engine trouble during an operational readiness flight near NAS Qounset Point , Rhode Island . The crew ditched with no casualties and were pulled from the water after one and a half hours . - April 1955 : VP-23 transitioned to the jet-assisted P2V-7 Neptune . At the end of the month the squadron received operational training in the new aircraft during its deployment to NAS Bermuda . A three-aircraft detachment was maintained at Lajes Field , Azores . Exercises were conducted in ASW techniques with fleet submarines , surface units , other patrol squadrons and blimp squadrons . - 16 July 1958 : With the landing of U.S . Marines in Lebanon on 15 July , the squadron was quickly flown to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , the next day to assume station over the North Atlantic approaches . VP-23 remained at this location until early September . - 1 January 1961 : VP-23 had just deployed to NAS Argentia , when they were put on alert for the hijacked Portuguese liner Santa Maria . The search for the missing vessel took five of the squadron’s aircraft to Barbados , Trinidad and Recife , Brazil , before the liner was found . This detachment remained at San Juan until March , when it rejoined the squadron at Argentia . The remaining months of the deployment were spent in shipping surveillance and evaluation testing of the TIROS-2 weather satellite . - 1 May 1961 : The squadron established a new endurance record for the P2V-7 Neptune during their deployment to NAS Argentia , remaining in the air for 22 hours and 54 minutes . The flight was planned in honor of the 50th anniversary of Naval Aviation . - 8 August–November 1962 : VP-23 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-16 . Detachments were maintained at Naval Base Rota , Spain ; Elmas , Sardinia ; and Soudha Bay , Crete . On 30 September two detachments of four aircraft each were put on standby at Ben Guerir Air Base , Morocco , and Lajes Field , for the Mercury-Atlas 8 space mission . The mission concluded successfully and the detachments returned to NAF Sigonella on 5 October . From 21 October to 21 November 1962 , the squadron was put on alert during the Cuban Missile Crisis , flying round-the-clock surveillance and ASW missions in support of the Sixth Fleet . Soviet surface units were kept under surveillance during transit of the Mediterranean Sea . - February 1963 : While preparing to return from Operation Springboard exercises in Puerto Rico in late February , the squadron was tasked to locate the hijacked Venezuelan cargo vessel Anzoátegui . Searches were conducted in the South Atlantic and Caribbean before the ship was discovered by VP-23 in the mouth of the Amazon River . - April 1963 : VP-23 was tasked with the futile search for survivors or debris from the disaster . On 30 May a squadron aircraft dropped a wreath over the site of the sinking . - 6 September 1963 : VP-23 deployed a seven-aircraft detachment to NAS Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , relieving VP-45 . Numerous patrols were conducted in support of Cuban refugees adrift at sea . - November 1966-May 1967 VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , with a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 3 December 1967 : A squadron aircraft , LJ-4 with crew 11 , crashed in adverse weather off the end of the Otis AFB runway . The crew egressed safely , but the aircraft was totally consumed by fire . - 15 April–August 1968 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily . On 1 August , a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 1 November 1968 : The squadron had been scheduled for disestablishment on this date , but the decision was rescinded at the last moment by the Secretary of Defense . - 27 June–August 1969 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-21 . During the deployment squadron aircraft made contacts on 37 Soviet Bloc submarines in the Mediterranean Sea . - November 1969–June 1970 : The squadron received its first P-3B Orion , completing transition training on 15 June 1970 . VP-23 was the last remaining active duty patrol squadron to fly the SP-2H , retiring its last Neptune on 20 February 1970 . - 13 June–July 1974 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment maintained at NAF Lajes . Three aircraft were sent to NAF Sigonella on 20 July , during the Cyprus unrest in case the need arose to evacuate U.S . citizens . The detachment returned to Rota on 23 July . - 23 March–April 1978 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a four-aircraft/five-crew detachment maintained at Lajes . On 26 April 1978 , aircraft LJ-04 , BuNo . 152724 , crashed at sea on landing approach to Lajes , killing seven . The cause of the accident was undetermined due to inability to recover aircraft remains from the extreme depths . - 18 July 1979 : VP-23 became the first Navy patrol squadron to fire the new Harpoon antiship missile . VP-23 was the first operational fleet patrol squadron to make an operational deployment with the Harpoon . - 5 September 1979–January 1980 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Keflavik , Iceland , for NATO exercises . A detachment was maintained at the NATO airfield at Bodø Main Air Station , Norway . With the seizure of the American embassy in Iran , a detachment of three Harpoon-equipped Orions was sent on 1 January 1980 to Diego Garcia . The squadron’s performance earned it the Navy Unit Commendation . - 1 January 1980 : VP-23 deployed from Keflavik , Iceland , to Diego Garcia and made its first operational flight out of the Indian Ocean base within 10 days after receiving orders , demonstrating its rapid deployment capability . - 12 June–October 1983 : The squadron deployed to NAS Bermuda , with detachments in Panama ; Lajes , Azores ; and Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , Puerto Rico . On 28 October 1983 , VP-23 transported a film crew to observe Soviet submarine K-324 that had been forced to surface after developing problems with its propulsion system after snagging the towed sonar array cable of . - 29 October–3 November 1983 : VP-23 provided a three aircraft detachment at Puerto Rico for patrols in the vicinity of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury , the U.S . Invasion of Grenada . - 16 January–April 1985 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment at Lajes , Azores . During the period from 24 March to 15 April 1986 the Rota detachment supported the Sixth Fleet’s strikes against Libya . - 10 May 1990 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Bermuda , with a detachment at NAS Roosevelt Roads . The Puerto Rico detachment set a record assisting in the seizure of a 1,400-kilo batch of cocaine on a ship in the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic . - 26 September–November 1990 : The squadron was tasked with providing a detachment at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to provide support for Operation Desert Shield . - 1 November 1991 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Sigonella . During the deployment a detachment was maintained at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , in support of the UN embargo against Iraq . - 1994 : VP-23 operated from NAS Sigonella , on its last deployment . The squadron provided NATO forces in Bosnia with real-time tactical reconnaissance in support of Operation Deny Flight . The squadron’s P-3Cs , armed with AGM-65 Maverick missiles , flew more than 300 armed sorties in support of Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea . - 7 December 1994 : The squadron held a disestablishment ceremony at NAS Brunswick . - 28 February 1995 : VP-23 was disestablished at NAS Brunswick . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 17 May 1946 - NAS Miami , Florida - 21 May 1946 - NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey - 15 January 1948 - NAS Patuxent River , Maryland - 29 March 1948 - NAS Miami - 1 January 1949 - NAS Brunswick , Maine - 9 May 1952 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-2M Privateer – May 1946 - PB4Y-2S Privateer - November 1949 - P4Y-2S Privateer - May 1952 - P2V-5 Neptune – October 1953 - P2V-7 Neptune - April 1955 - P2V-7S/SP-2H Neptune - 1959 - P-3B Orion – November 1969 - P-3B DIFAR Orion – March 1971 - P-3C UII Orion – October 1978 Notable former members . - Michael Foreman , Mission Specialist on STS-123 and STS-129 . - Rear Admiral Jeffrey Lemmons . - Rear Admiral Mark Skinner . |
[
"Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Three"
] | easy | What was the official name of VP-23 from Dec 1947 to Sep 1948? | /wiki/VP-23#P1448#2 | VP-23 VP-23 , Patrol Squadron 23 , known as the Seahawks , was a U.S . Navy fixed-wing , anti-submarine and maritime Patrol Squadron based at Brunswick Naval Air Station , Brunswick , Maine , United States . It was established as Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Three ( VPW-3 ) on 17 May 1946 , redesignated as Meteorology Squadron Three ( VPM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Three ( VP-HL-3 ) on 8 December 1947 ( as the second squadron to be assigned the VP-HL-3 designation ) , and to Patrol Squadron Twenty Three ( VP-23 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 28 February 1995 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-23 , the first VP-23 was redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 23 ( VPB-23 ) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 25 January 1946 . Operational history . - 17–21 May 1946 : VPW-3 was established as a weather reconnaissance squadron under FAW-14 at NAAS Camp Kearney , California , for duty in the Caribbean . Its aircraft and personnel were drawn from VPW-2 . Four days after its establishment , the new squadron departed for its assigned home base at NAS Miami , Florida , where the crews began flying the PB4Y-2M Privateer fitted with radar for weather reconnaissance . When the squadron arrived at NAS Miami it came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 15 November 1946 : VPW-3 was redesignated VPM-3 , continuing to serve as a weather/meteorology squadron still based at NAS Miami . - 8 December 1947 : VPM-3 was redesignated VP-HL-3 after another squadron with that same designation had been disestablished on 22 May 1947 . Although designated as a Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) , it continued to provide weather reconnaissance and hurricane surveillance flights for the East Coast . - 15 January–September 1948 : VP-HL-3 was relocated to a new home port at NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey , but their stay at the new station was cut short by an order on 29 March 1948 to base at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , however , the move to Patuxent River never occurred . The squadron deployed from NAS Atlantic City on 15 April 1948 for Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland , with a detachment at NAS Miami . The entire squadron joined the detachment at Miami at the close of the 1948 Atlantic hurricane season for the filming of the movie Slattery’s Hurricane . - 1 January 1949 : After the Navy sequences for the movie were completed at NAS Miami , preparations for the squadrons transfer to NAS Patuxent River were halted and VP-23 was permanently assigned to NAS Miami under the operational control of FAW-11 . - 1 June–11 November 1949 : VP-23 broke all records for hurricane surveillance by Navy patrol squadrons , entering the “eyes” of 33 hurricanes during the 1949 Atlantic hurricane season . The squadron then ended its career in weather and converted to the Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) role effective 15 November 1949 . The squadron’s aircraft were redesignated PB4Y-2S and were retrofitted with the APS-15 ASW radar . - 4 December 1949 : VP-23 began its new role as a patrol squadron , with ASW as its primary mission , and deployed to Newfoundland and Greenland for cold weather training . RON ( Remain/Over Night ) visits were made to remote air bases at CFB Goose Bay , Labrador and Narsarsuaq Air Base , Greenland , carrying mail . During the deployment extensive use was made of LORAN gear . - 1 July 1950 : VP-23 surveyed the Gulf Stream in Operation Cabot , in support of . The squadron recorded color changes in the gulf , took APS-15 radar signatures , and noted LORAN fixes on surface and subsurface features . During the operation at least one aircraft was designated to provide weather reconnaissance for the surface vessels participating in the project . - 9 May 1952 : VP-23 was transferred from NAS Miami , to a new permanent home base at NAS Brunswick , Maine , under the operational control of FAW-3 . Although the squadron was transferred , 7 officers and 109 enlisted personnel remained at NAS Miami to form VJ-2 , a weather squadron that took the place of VP-23 . Shortly after the transfer , the squadron was equipped with PB4Y-2 aircraft that were soon redesignated P4Y-2S , fitted with antisubmarine radar . - 19 May 1952 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia for three months of advanced base training in cold weather operations , relieving VP-24 . The squadron flew long-distance reconnaissance flights over the Labrador , Davis Strait and Baffin Bay . A four-aircraft detachment was maintained at Thule Air Base , Greenland . - January 1953 : VP-23 deployed to the Spanish Air Base at Reus , Tarragona , Spain , for one week of training with Spanish Air Force personnel . At the end of the week the squadron flew to Naval Air Station Port Lyautey , French Morocco . The operations in Spain represented the first formal cooperation with the Spanish armed forces since before World War II . - June 1953 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia , with a detachment at Thule AFB . The detachments charted ice conditions in the surface shipping lanes between Newfoundland and Greenland , moved urgent supplies to remote bases , conducted research for the Hydrographic Office in Washington , transported personnel and dropped mail to fleet units at sea and ashore . Routine ASW patrols were also flown by the Argentia detachment . - 7 May 1954 : One of the VP-23 Neptunes , MA-5 , crashed on takeoff from Nassau , Bahamas during exercises with the Atlantic Fleet , killing the entire crew . - 29 July 1954 : A squadron Neptune , MA-7 , developed engine trouble during an operational readiness flight near NAS Qounset Point , Rhode Island . The crew ditched with no casualties and were pulled from the water after one and a half hours . - April 1955 : VP-23 transitioned to the jet-assisted P2V-7 Neptune . At the end of the month the squadron received operational training in the new aircraft during its deployment to NAS Bermuda . A three-aircraft detachment was maintained at Lajes Field , Azores . Exercises were conducted in ASW techniques with fleet submarines , surface units , other patrol squadrons and blimp squadrons . - 16 July 1958 : With the landing of U.S . Marines in Lebanon on 15 July , the squadron was quickly flown to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , the next day to assume station over the North Atlantic approaches . VP-23 remained at this location until early September . - 1 January 1961 : VP-23 had just deployed to NAS Argentia , when they were put on alert for the hijacked Portuguese liner Santa Maria . The search for the missing vessel took five of the squadron’s aircraft to Barbados , Trinidad and Recife , Brazil , before the liner was found . This detachment remained at San Juan until March , when it rejoined the squadron at Argentia . The remaining months of the deployment were spent in shipping surveillance and evaluation testing of the TIROS-2 weather satellite . - 1 May 1961 : The squadron established a new endurance record for the P2V-7 Neptune during their deployment to NAS Argentia , remaining in the air for 22 hours and 54 minutes . The flight was planned in honor of the 50th anniversary of Naval Aviation . - 8 August–November 1962 : VP-23 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-16 . Detachments were maintained at Naval Base Rota , Spain ; Elmas , Sardinia ; and Soudha Bay , Crete . On 30 September two detachments of four aircraft each were put on standby at Ben Guerir Air Base , Morocco , and Lajes Field , for the Mercury-Atlas 8 space mission . The mission concluded successfully and the detachments returned to NAF Sigonella on 5 October . From 21 October to 21 November 1962 , the squadron was put on alert during the Cuban Missile Crisis , flying round-the-clock surveillance and ASW missions in support of the Sixth Fleet . Soviet surface units were kept under surveillance during transit of the Mediterranean Sea . - February 1963 : While preparing to return from Operation Springboard exercises in Puerto Rico in late February , the squadron was tasked to locate the hijacked Venezuelan cargo vessel Anzoátegui . Searches were conducted in the South Atlantic and Caribbean before the ship was discovered by VP-23 in the mouth of the Amazon River . - April 1963 : VP-23 was tasked with the futile search for survivors or debris from the disaster . On 30 May a squadron aircraft dropped a wreath over the site of the sinking . - 6 September 1963 : VP-23 deployed a seven-aircraft detachment to NAS Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , relieving VP-45 . Numerous patrols were conducted in support of Cuban refugees adrift at sea . - November 1966-May 1967 VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , with a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 3 December 1967 : A squadron aircraft , LJ-4 with crew 11 , crashed in adverse weather off the end of the Otis AFB runway . The crew egressed safely , but the aircraft was totally consumed by fire . - 15 April–August 1968 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily . On 1 August , a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 1 November 1968 : The squadron had been scheduled for disestablishment on this date , but the decision was rescinded at the last moment by the Secretary of Defense . - 27 June–August 1969 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-21 . During the deployment squadron aircraft made contacts on 37 Soviet Bloc submarines in the Mediterranean Sea . - November 1969–June 1970 : The squadron received its first P-3B Orion , completing transition training on 15 June 1970 . VP-23 was the last remaining active duty patrol squadron to fly the SP-2H , retiring its last Neptune on 20 February 1970 . - 13 June–July 1974 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment maintained at NAF Lajes . Three aircraft were sent to NAF Sigonella on 20 July , during the Cyprus unrest in case the need arose to evacuate U.S . citizens . The detachment returned to Rota on 23 July . - 23 March–April 1978 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a four-aircraft/five-crew detachment maintained at Lajes . On 26 April 1978 , aircraft LJ-04 , BuNo . 152724 , crashed at sea on landing approach to Lajes , killing seven . The cause of the accident was undetermined due to inability to recover aircraft remains from the extreme depths . - 18 July 1979 : VP-23 became the first Navy patrol squadron to fire the new Harpoon antiship missile . VP-23 was the first operational fleet patrol squadron to make an operational deployment with the Harpoon . - 5 September 1979–January 1980 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Keflavik , Iceland , for NATO exercises . A detachment was maintained at the NATO airfield at Bodø Main Air Station , Norway . With the seizure of the American embassy in Iran , a detachment of three Harpoon-equipped Orions was sent on 1 January 1980 to Diego Garcia . The squadron’s performance earned it the Navy Unit Commendation . - 1 January 1980 : VP-23 deployed from Keflavik , Iceland , to Diego Garcia and made its first operational flight out of the Indian Ocean base within 10 days after receiving orders , demonstrating its rapid deployment capability . - 12 June–October 1983 : The squadron deployed to NAS Bermuda , with detachments in Panama ; Lajes , Azores ; and Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , Puerto Rico . On 28 October 1983 , VP-23 transported a film crew to observe Soviet submarine K-324 that had been forced to surface after developing problems with its propulsion system after snagging the towed sonar array cable of . - 29 October–3 November 1983 : VP-23 provided a three aircraft detachment at Puerto Rico for patrols in the vicinity of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury , the U.S . Invasion of Grenada . - 16 January–April 1985 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment at Lajes , Azores . During the period from 24 March to 15 April 1986 the Rota detachment supported the Sixth Fleet’s strikes against Libya . - 10 May 1990 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Bermuda , with a detachment at NAS Roosevelt Roads . The Puerto Rico detachment set a record assisting in the seizure of a 1,400-kilo batch of cocaine on a ship in the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic . - 26 September–November 1990 : The squadron was tasked with providing a detachment at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to provide support for Operation Desert Shield . - 1 November 1991 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Sigonella . During the deployment a detachment was maintained at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , in support of the UN embargo against Iraq . - 1994 : VP-23 operated from NAS Sigonella , on its last deployment . The squadron provided NATO forces in Bosnia with real-time tactical reconnaissance in support of Operation Deny Flight . The squadron’s P-3Cs , armed with AGM-65 Maverick missiles , flew more than 300 armed sorties in support of Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea . - 7 December 1994 : The squadron held a disestablishment ceremony at NAS Brunswick . - 28 February 1995 : VP-23 was disestablished at NAS Brunswick . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 17 May 1946 - NAS Miami , Florida - 21 May 1946 - NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey - 15 January 1948 - NAS Patuxent River , Maryland - 29 March 1948 - NAS Miami - 1 January 1949 - NAS Brunswick , Maine - 9 May 1952 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-2M Privateer – May 1946 - PB4Y-2S Privateer - November 1949 - P4Y-2S Privateer - May 1952 - P2V-5 Neptune – October 1953 - P2V-7 Neptune - April 1955 - P2V-7S/SP-2H Neptune - 1959 - P-3B Orion – November 1969 - P-3B DIFAR Orion – March 1971 - P-3C UII Orion – October 1978 Notable former members . - Michael Foreman , Mission Specialist on STS-123 and STS-129 . - Rear Admiral Jeffrey Lemmons . - Rear Admiral Mark Skinner . |
[
"Patrol Squadron Twenty Three"
] | easy | What was the official name of VP-23 from Sep 1948 to Feb 1995? | /wiki/VP-23#P1448#3 | VP-23 VP-23 , Patrol Squadron 23 , known as the Seahawks , was a U.S . Navy fixed-wing , anti-submarine and maritime Patrol Squadron based at Brunswick Naval Air Station , Brunswick , Maine , United States . It was established as Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Three ( VPW-3 ) on 17 May 1946 , redesignated as Meteorology Squadron Three ( VPM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Three ( VP-HL-3 ) on 8 December 1947 ( as the second squadron to be assigned the VP-HL-3 designation ) , and to Patrol Squadron Twenty Three ( VP-23 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 28 February 1995 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-23 , the first VP-23 was redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 23 ( VPB-23 ) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 25 January 1946 . Operational history . - 17–21 May 1946 : VPW-3 was established as a weather reconnaissance squadron under FAW-14 at NAAS Camp Kearney , California , for duty in the Caribbean . Its aircraft and personnel were drawn from VPW-2 . Four days after its establishment , the new squadron departed for its assigned home base at NAS Miami , Florida , where the crews began flying the PB4Y-2M Privateer fitted with radar for weather reconnaissance . When the squadron arrived at NAS Miami it came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 15 November 1946 : VPW-3 was redesignated VPM-3 , continuing to serve as a weather/meteorology squadron still based at NAS Miami . - 8 December 1947 : VPM-3 was redesignated VP-HL-3 after another squadron with that same designation had been disestablished on 22 May 1947 . Although designated as a Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) , it continued to provide weather reconnaissance and hurricane surveillance flights for the East Coast . - 15 January–September 1948 : VP-HL-3 was relocated to a new home port at NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey , but their stay at the new station was cut short by an order on 29 March 1948 to base at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , however , the move to Patuxent River never occurred . The squadron deployed from NAS Atlantic City on 15 April 1948 for Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland , with a detachment at NAS Miami . The entire squadron joined the detachment at Miami at the close of the 1948 Atlantic hurricane season for the filming of the movie Slattery’s Hurricane . - 1 January 1949 : After the Navy sequences for the movie were completed at NAS Miami , preparations for the squadrons transfer to NAS Patuxent River were halted and VP-23 was permanently assigned to NAS Miami under the operational control of FAW-11 . - 1 June–11 November 1949 : VP-23 broke all records for hurricane surveillance by Navy patrol squadrons , entering the “eyes” of 33 hurricanes during the 1949 Atlantic hurricane season . The squadron then ended its career in weather and converted to the Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) role effective 15 November 1949 . The squadron’s aircraft were redesignated PB4Y-2S and were retrofitted with the APS-15 ASW radar . - 4 December 1949 : VP-23 began its new role as a patrol squadron , with ASW as its primary mission , and deployed to Newfoundland and Greenland for cold weather training . RON ( Remain/Over Night ) visits were made to remote air bases at CFB Goose Bay , Labrador and Narsarsuaq Air Base , Greenland , carrying mail . During the deployment extensive use was made of LORAN gear . - 1 July 1950 : VP-23 surveyed the Gulf Stream in Operation Cabot , in support of . The squadron recorded color changes in the gulf , took APS-15 radar signatures , and noted LORAN fixes on surface and subsurface features . During the operation at least one aircraft was designated to provide weather reconnaissance for the surface vessels participating in the project . - 9 May 1952 : VP-23 was transferred from NAS Miami , to a new permanent home base at NAS Brunswick , Maine , under the operational control of FAW-3 . Although the squadron was transferred , 7 officers and 109 enlisted personnel remained at NAS Miami to form VJ-2 , a weather squadron that took the place of VP-23 . Shortly after the transfer , the squadron was equipped with PB4Y-2 aircraft that were soon redesignated P4Y-2S , fitted with antisubmarine radar . - 19 May 1952 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia for three months of advanced base training in cold weather operations , relieving VP-24 . The squadron flew long-distance reconnaissance flights over the Labrador , Davis Strait and Baffin Bay . A four-aircraft detachment was maintained at Thule Air Base , Greenland . - January 1953 : VP-23 deployed to the Spanish Air Base at Reus , Tarragona , Spain , for one week of training with Spanish Air Force personnel . At the end of the week the squadron flew to Naval Air Station Port Lyautey , French Morocco . The operations in Spain represented the first formal cooperation with the Spanish armed forces since before World War II . - June 1953 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Argentia , with a detachment at Thule AFB . The detachments charted ice conditions in the surface shipping lanes between Newfoundland and Greenland , moved urgent supplies to remote bases , conducted research for the Hydrographic Office in Washington , transported personnel and dropped mail to fleet units at sea and ashore . Routine ASW patrols were also flown by the Argentia detachment . - 7 May 1954 : One of the VP-23 Neptunes , MA-5 , crashed on takeoff from Nassau , Bahamas during exercises with the Atlantic Fleet , killing the entire crew . - 29 July 1954 : A squadron Neptune , MA-7 , developed engine trouble during an operational readiness flight near NAS Qounset Point , Rhode Island . The crew ditched with no casualties and were pulled from the water after one and a half hours . - April 1955 : VP-23 transitioned to the jet-assisted P2V-7 Neptune . At the end of the month the squadron received operational training in the new aircraft during its deployment to NAS Bermuda . A three-aircraft detachment was maintained at Lajes Field , Azores . Exercises were conducted in ASW techniques with fleet submarines , surface units , other patrol squadrons and blimp squadrons . - 16 July 1958 : With the landing of U.S . Marines in Lebanon on 15 July , the squadron was quickly flown to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , the next day to assume station over the North Atlantic approaches . VP-23 remained at this location until early September . - 1 January 1961 : VP-23 had just deployed to NAS Argentia , when they were put on alert for the hijacked Portuguese liner Santa Maria . The search for the missing vessel took five of the squadron’s aircraft to Barbados , Trinidad and Recife , Brazil , before the liner was found . This detachment remained at San Juan until March , when it rejoined the squadron at Argentia . The remaining months of the deployment were spent in shipping surveillance and evaluation testing of the TIROS-2 weather satellite . - 1 May 1961 : The squadron established a new endurance record for the P2V-7 Neptune during their deployment to NAS Argentia , remaining in the air for 22 hours and 54 minutes . The flight was planned in honor of the 50th anniversary of Naval Aviation . - 8 August–November 1962 : VP-23 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-16 . Detachments were maintained at Naval Base Rota , Spain ; Elmas , Sardinia ; and Soudha Bay , Crete . On 30 September two detachments of four aircraft each were put on standby at Ben Guerir Air Base , Morocco , and Lajes Field , for the Mercury-Atlas 8 space mission . The mission concluded successfully and the detachments returned to NAF Sigonella on 5 October . From 21 October to 21 November 1962 , the squadron was put on alert during the Cuban Missile Crisis , flying round-the-clock surveillance and ASW missions in support of the Sixth Fleet . Soviet surface units were kept under surveillance during transit of the Mediterranean Sea . - February 1963 : While preparing to return from Operation Springboard exercises in Puerto Rico in late February , the squadron was tasked to locate the hijacked Venezuelan cargo vessel Anzoátegui . Searches were conducted in the South Atlantic and Caribbean before the ship was discovered by VP-23 in the mouth of the Amazon River . - April 1963 : VP-23 was tasked with the futile search for survivors or debris from the disaster . On 30 May a squadron aircraft dropped a wreath over the site of the sinking . - 6 September 1963 : VP-23 deployed a seven-aircraft detachment to NAS Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , relieving VP-45 . Numerous patrols were conducted in support of Cuban refugees adrift at sea . - November 1966-May 1967 VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , with a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 3 December 1967 : A squadron aircraft , LJ-4 with crew 11 , crashed in adverse weather off the end of the Otis AFB runway . The crew egressed safely , but the aircraft was totally consumed by fire . - 15 April–August 1968 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily . On 1 August , a detachment deployed to Souda Bay , Crete , supported by . - 1 November 1968 : The squadron had been scheduled for disestablishment on this date , but the decision was rescinded at the last moment by the Secretary of Defense . - 27 June–August 1969 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-21 . During the deployment squadron aircraft made contacts on 37 Soviet Bloc submarines in the Mediterranean Sea . - November 1969–June 1970 : The squadron received its first P-3B Orion , completing transition training on 15 June 1970 . VP-23 was the last remaining active duty patrol squadron to fly the SP-2H , retiring its last Neptune on 20 February 1970 . - 13 June–July 1974 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment maintained at NAF Lajes . Three aircraft were sent to NAF Sigonella on 20 July , during the Cyprus unrest in case the need arose to evacuate U.S . citizens . The detachment returned to Rota on 23 July . - 23 March–April 1978 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a four-aircraft/five-crew detachment maintained at Lajes . On 26 April 1978 , aircraft LJ-04 , BuNo . 152724 , crashed at sea on landing approach to Lajes , killing seven . The cause of the accident was undetermined due to inability to recover aircraft remains from the extreme depths . - 18 July 1979 : VP-23 became the first Navy patrol squadron to fire the new Harpoon antiship missile . VP-23 was the first operational fleet patrol squadron to make an operational deployment with the Harpoon . - 5 September 1979–January 1980 : VP-23 deployed to NAF Keflavik , Iceland , for NATO exercises . A detachment was maintained at the NATO airfield at Bodø Main Air Station , Norway . With the seizure of the American embassy in Iran , a detachment of three Harpoon-equipped Orions was sent on 1 January 1980 to Diego Garcia . The squadron’s performance earned it the Navy Unit Commendation . - 1 January 1980 : VP-23 deployed from Keflavik , Iceland , to Diego Garcia and made its first operational flight out of the Indian Ocean base within 10 days after receiving orders , demonstrating its rapid deployment capability . - 12 June–October 1983 : The squadron deployed to NAS Bermuda , with detachments in Panama ; Lajes , Azores ; and Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , Puerto Rico . On 28 October 1983 , VP-23 transported a film crew to observe Soviet submarine K-324 that had been forced to surface after developing problems with its propulsion system after snagging the towed sonar array cable of . - 29 October–3 November 1983 : VP-23 provided a three aircraft detachment at Puerto Rico for patrols in the vicinity of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury , the U.S . Invasion of Grenada . - 16 January–April 1985 : VP-23 deployed to NS Rota , with a detachment at Lajes , Azores . During the period from 24 March to 15 April 1986 the Rota detachment supported the Sixth Fleet’s strikes against Libya . - 10 May 1990 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Bermuda , with a detachment at NAS Roosevelt Roads . The Puerto Rico detachment set a record assisting in the seizure of a 1,400-kilo batch of cocaine on a ship in the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic . - 26 September–November 1990 : The squadron was tasked with providing a detachment at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to provide support for Operation Desert Shield . - 1 November 1991 : VP-23 deployed to NAS Sigonella . During the deployment a detachment was maintained at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , in support of the UN embargo against Iraq . - 1994 : VP-23 operated from NAS Sigonella , on its last deployment . The squadron provided NATO forces in Bosnia with real-time tactical reconnaissance in support of Operation Deny Flight . The squadron’s P-3Cs , armed with AGM-65 Maverick missiles , flew more than 300 armed sorties in support of Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea . - 7 December 1994 : The squadron held a disestablishment ceremony at NAS Brunswick . - 28 February 1995 : VP-23 was disestablished at NAS Brunswick . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 17 May 1946 - NAS Miami , Florida - 21 May 1946 - NAS Atlantic City , New Jersey - 15 January 1948 - NAS Patuxent River , Maryland - 29 March 1948 - NAS Miami - 1 January 1949 - NAS Brunswick , Maine - 9 May 1952 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-2M Privateer – May 1946 - PB4Y-2S Privateer - November 1949 - P4Y-2S Privateer - May 1952 - P2V-5 Neptune – October 1953 - P2V-7 Neptune - April 1955 - P2V-7S/SP-2H Neptune - 1959 - P-3B Orion – November 1969 - P-3B DIFAR Orion – March 1971 - P-3C UII Orion – October 1978 Notable former members . - Michael Foreman , Mission Specialist on STS-123 and STS-129 . - Rear Admiral Jeffrey Lemmons . - Rear Admiral Mark Skinner . |
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"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Flatiron Building from Sep 1966 to Nov 1979? | /wiki/Flatiron_Building#P1435#0 | Flatiron Building The Flatiron Building , originally the Fuller Building , is a triangular 22-story , steel-framed landmarked building located at 175 Fifth Avenue in the eponymous Flatiron District neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg , it was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its 1902 completion , at 20 floors high , and one of only two skyscrapers north of 14th Street – the other being the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower , one block east . The building sits on a triangular block formed by Fifth Avenue , Broadway , and East 22nd Street – where the buildings back end is located – with East 23rd Street grazing the triangles northern ( uptown ) peak . As with numerous other wedge-shaped buildings , the name Flatiron derives from its resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron . The building , which has been called one of the worlds most iconic skyscrapers and a quintessential symbol of New York City , anchors the south ( downtown ) end of Madison Square and the north ( uptown ) end of the Ladies Mile Historic District . The neighborhood around it is called the Flatiron District after its signature building , which has become an icon of New York City . The Flatiron Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 . History . Site . The site on which the Flatiron Building would stand was bought in 1857 by Amos Eno , who shortly built the Fifth Avenue Hotel on a site diagonally across from it . Eno tore down the four-story St . Germaine Hotel on the south end of the lot , and replaced it with a seven-story apartment building , the Cumberland . On the remainder of the lot he built four three-story buildings for commercial use . This left four stories of the Cumberlands northern face exposed , which Eno rented out to advertisers , including The New York Times , which installed a sign made up of electric lights . Eno later put a canvas screen on the wall , and projected images onto it from a magic lantern on top of one of his smaller buildings , presenting advertisements and interesting pictures alternately . Both the Times and the New York Tribune began using the screen for news bulletins , and on election nights tens of thousands of people would gather in Madison Square , waiting for the latest results . During his life Eno resisted suggestions to sell Enos flatiron , as the site had become known , but after his death in 1899 his assets were liquidated , and the lot went up for sale . The New York State Assembly appropriated $3 million for the city to buy it , but this fell through when a newspaper reporter discovered that the plan was a graft scheme by Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker . Instead , the lot was bought at auction by William Eno , one of Amoss sons , for $690,000 – the elder Eno had bought the property for around $30,000 forty years earlier . Three weeks later , William re-sold the lot to Samuel and Mott Newhouse for $801,000 . The Newhouses intended to put up a 12-story building with street-level retail shops and bachelor apartments above , but two years later they sold the lot for about $2 million to Cumberland Realty Company , an investment partnership created by Harry S . Black , CEO of the Fuller Company . The Fuller Company was the first true general contractor that dealt with all aspects of building construction except design , and they specialized in building skyscrapers . Black intended to construct a new headquarters building on the site , despite the recent deterioration of the surrounding neighborhood , and he engaged Chicago architect Daniel Burnham to design it . The building , which would be Burnhams first in New York City , would also be the first skyscraper north of 14th Street . It was to be named the Fuller Building after George A . Fuller , founder of the Fuller Company and father of the skyscraper , who had died two years earlier . However , locals persisted in calling it The Flatiron , a name which has since been made official . Construction . Once construction of the building began , it proceeded at a very fast pace . The steel was so meticulously pre-cut that the frame went up at the rate of a floor each week . By February 1902 the frame was complete , and by mid-May the building was half-covered by terra-cotta tiling . The building was completed in June 1902 , after a year of construction . The Flatiron Building was not the first building of its triangular ground-plan : aside from a possibly unique triangular Roman temple built on a similarly constricted site in the city of Verulamium , Britannia ; Casa Saccabarozzi , Turin , Italy ( 1840 ) ; Bridge House , Leeds , England ( 1875 ) ; the Maryland Inn in Annapolis ( 1782 ) ; the Granger Block in Syracuse , New York ( 1869 ) ; the Phelan Building in San Francisco ( 1881 ) ; the Gooderham Building of Toronto ( 1892 ) ; and the English-American Building in Atlanta ( 1897 ) predate it . All , however , are smaller than their New York counterpart . Two features were added to the Flatiron Building following its completion . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was added in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income . Harry Black had insisted on the space , despite objections from Burnham . Another addition to the building not in the original plan was the penthouse , which was constructed after the rest of the building had been completed to be used as artists studios , and was quickly rented out to artists such as Louis Fancher , many of whom contributed to the pulp magazines which were produced in the offices below . Initial response . The Flatiron Building became an icon of New York City , and the public response to it was enthusiastic , but the critical response to it at the time was not completely positive , and what praise it garnered was often for the cleverness of the engineering involved . Montgomery Schuyler , editor of Architectural Record , said that its awkwardness [ is ] entirely undisguised , and without even an attempt to disguise them , if they have not even been aggravated by the treatment . .. . The treatment of the tip is an additional and it seems wanton aggravation of the inherent awkwardness of the situation . He praised the surface of the building , and the detailing of the terra-cotta work , but criticized the practicality of the large number of windows in the building : [ The tenant ] can , perhaps , find wall space within for one roll top desk without overlapping the windows , with light close in front of him and close behind him and close on one side of him . But suppose he needed a bookcase ? Undoubtedly he has a highly eligible place from which to view processions . But for the transaction of business ? When the building was first constructed , it received mixed feedback . The most known criticism received was known as Burnhams Folly . This criticism , focused on the structure of the building , was made on the grounds that the combination of triangular shape and height would cause the building to fall down . Critics believed that the building created a dangerous wind-tunnel at the intersection of the two streets , and could possibly knock the building down . Although the wind is strong at the intersection , the buildings structure was meant to accommodate four times the typical wind loads in order to stabilize and retain the buildings iconic triangular shape . The New York Tribune called the new building A stingy piece of pie .. . the greatest inanimate troublemaker in New York , while the Municipal Art Society said that it was Unfit to be in the Center of the City . The New York Times called it a monstrosity . But some saw the building differently . Futurist H . G . Wells wrote in his 1906 book The Future in America : A Search After Realities : I found myself agape , admiring a sky-scraper the prow of the Flat-iron Building , to be particular , ploughing up through the traffic of Broadway and Fifth Avenue in the afternoon light . The Flatiron was to attract the attention of numerous artists . It was the subject of one of Edward Steichens atmospheric photographs , taken on a wet wintry late afternoon in 1904 , as well as a memorable image by Alfred Stieglitz taken the year before , to which Steichen was paying homage . ( See below ) Stieglitz reflected on the dynamic symbolism of the building , noting upon seeing it one day during a snowstorm that .. . it appeared to be moving toward me like the bow of a monster ocean steamer – a picture of a new America still in the making , and remarked that what the Parthenon was to Athens , the Flatiron was to New York . When Stieglitzs photograph was published in Camera Work , his friend Sadakichi Hartmann , a writer , painter and photographer , accompanied it with an essay on the building : A curious creation , no doubt , but can it be called beautiful ? Beauty is a very abstract idea .. . Why should the time not arrive when the majority without hesitation will pronounce the Flat-iron a thing of beauty ? Besides Stieglitz and Steichen , photographers such as Alvin Langdon Coburn , Jessie Tarbox Beals , painters of the Ashcan School like John Sloan , Everett Shinn and Ernest Lawson , as well as Paul Cornoyer and Childe Hassam , lithographer Joseph Pennell , illustrator John Edward Jackson as well the French Cubist Albert Gleizes all took the Flatiron as the subject of their work . But decades after it was completed , others still could not come to terms with the building . Sculptor William Ordway Partridge remarked that it was a disgrace to our city , an outrage to our sense of the artistic , and a menace to life . Original tenants . The Fuller Company originally took the 19th floor of the building for its headquarters . In 1910 , Harry Black moved the company to Francis Kimballs Trinity Building at 111 Broadway , where its parent company , U.S . Realty , had its offices . U.S . Realty moved its offices back to the Flatiron in 1916 , and left permanently for the Fuller Building on 57th Street in 1929 . The Flatirons other original tenants included publishers ( magazine publishing pioneer Frank Munsey , American Architect and Building News and a vanity publisher ) , an insurance company ( the Equitable Life Assurance Society ) , small businesses ( a patent medicine company , Western Specialty Manufacturing Company and Whitehead & Hoag , who made celluloid novelties ) , music publishers ( overflow from Tin Pan Alley up on 28th Street ) , a landscape architect , the Imperial Russian Consulate , the Bohemian Guides Society , the Roebling Construction Company , owned by the sons of Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker , and the crime syndicate , Murder , Inc . The retail space in the buildings cowcatcher at the prow was leased by United Cigar Stores , and the buildings vast cellar , which extended into the vaults that went more than under the surrounding streets , was occupied by the Flatiron Restaurant , which could seat 1,500 patrons and was open from breakfast through late supper for those taking in a performance at one of the many theatres which lined Broadway between 14th and 23rd Streets . In 1911 , the building introduced a restaurant/club in the basement . It was among the first of its kind that allowed a black jazz band to perform , thus introducing ragtime to affluent New Yorkers . Even before construction on the Flatiron Building had begun , the area around Madison Square had started to deteriorate somewhat . After U.S . Realty constructed the New York Hippodrome , Madison Square Garden was no longer the venue of choice , and survived largely by staging boxing matches . The base of the Flatiron became a cruising spot for gay men , including some male prostitutes . Nonetheless , in 1911 the Flatiron Restaurant was bought by Louis Bustanoby , of the well-known Café des Beaux-Arts , and converted into a trendy 400-seat French restaurant , Taverne Louis . As an innovation to attract customers away from another restaurant opened by his brothers , Bustanoby hired a black musical group , Louis Mitchell and his Southern Symphony Quintette , to play dance tunes at the Taverne and the Café . Irving Berlin heard the group at the Taverne and suggested that they should try to get work in London , which they did . The Tavernes openness was also indicated by its welcoming a gay clientele , unusual for a restaurant of its type at the time . The Taverne was forced to close due to the effects of Prohibition on the restaurant business . Sales and new tenants . In October 1925 , Harry S . Black , in need of cash for his U.S . Realty Company , sold the Flatiron Building to a syndicate set up by Lewis Rosenbaum , who also owned assorted other notable buildings around the U.S . The price was $2 million , which equaled Blacks cost for buying the lot and erecting the Flatiron . The syndicate defaulted on its mortgage in 1933 , and was taken over by the lender , Equitable Life Assurance Company after failing to sell it at auction . To attract tenants , Equitable did some modernization of the building , including replacing the original cast-iron birdcage elevators , which had cabs covered in rubber tiling and were originally built by Hecla Iron Works , but the hydraulic power system was not replaced . By the mid-1940s , the building was fully rented . When the U.S . entered World War I , the Federal government instituted a Wake Up America ! campaign , and the United Cigar store in the Flatirons cowcatcher donated its space to the U.S . Navy for use as a recruiting center . Liberty Bonds were sold outside on sidewalk stands . By the mid-1940s , the cigar store had been replaced with a Walgreens drug store . During the 1940s , the building was dominated by clothing and toy companies . Equitable sold the building in 1946 to the Flatiron Associates , an investor group headed by Harry Helmsley , whose firm , Dwight-Helmsley ( which would later become Helmsley-Spear ) managed the property . The new owners made some superficial changes , such as adding a dropped ceiling to the lobby , and , later , replacing the original mahogany-panelled entrances with revolving doors . In 1959 , St . Martins Press moved into the building , and gradually its parent company , Macmillan , rented other offices as they became available , until by 2004 , all 21 floors of the Flatiron Buildings office space was rented by Macmillan . During its tenancy , Macmillan renovated some of the Flatiron Buildings floors . for its imprints such as Tor/Forge , Picador and Henry Holt and Company . Macmillan , which is owned by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck of Stuttgart , Germany , wrote about the building : The Flatirons interior is known for having its strangely-shaped offices with walls that cut through at an angle on their way to the skyscrapers famous point . These point offices are the most coveted and feature amazing northern views that look directly upon another famous Manhattan landmark , the Empire State Building . Because the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates ownership structure was a tenancy-in-common , in which all partners have to agree on any action , as opposed to a straightforward partnership , it was difficult to get permission for necessary repairs and improvements to be done , and the building declined during the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates era . The facade of the Flatiron Building was restored in 1991 by the firm of Hurley & Farinella . Helmsley-Spear stopped managing the building in 1997 , when some of the investors sold their 52% of the building to Newmark Knight-Frank , a large real estate firm , which took over management of the property . Shortly afterwards , Helmsleys widow , Leona Helmsley , sold her share as well . Newmark made significant improvements to the property , including installing new electric elevators , replacing the antiquated hydraulic ones , which were the last hydraulic elevators in New York City . 21st century . During a 2005 restoration of the Flatiron Building a 15-story vertical advertising banner covered the facade of the building . The advertisement elicited protests from many New York City residents , prompting the New York City Department of Buildings to step in and force the buildings owners to remove it . In January 2009 , Italian real estate investment firm Sorgente Group , based in Rome , bought a majority stake in the Flatiron Building , with plans to turn it into a luxury hotel . The firms Historic and Trophy Buildings Fund owns a number of prestigious buildings in France and Italy , and was involved in buying , and then selling , a stake in the Chrysler Building in Midtown New York . The value of the 22-story Flatiron Building , which is already zoned by the city to allow it to become a hotel , was estimated to be $190 million . In July 2017 , Macmillan announced that it was consolidating all of its New York offices to the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway . By June 2019 , Macmillan had left the building , and all 21 office floors were vacant . Following MacMillans departure , the owners of the Flatiron Building , the family-owned GFP Real Estate , planned to use the absence of tenants to upgrade the interior of the building . GFP planned to install a central air and heating system , strip away all interior partitions – leaving triangular open floors – put in a new sprinkler system and a second staircase , and upgrade the elevators . The lobby would also be renovated . The cost would be $60–80 million and the project was estimated to take a year . The owners were interested in renting the entire building to a single tenant , and hired a high-profile real estate agency to find the right company for the building . The executive director of the ownership company said that The building was born as a commercial property , and we want to keep it as such . Design . The Flatiron Building was designed by Chicagos Daniel Burnham as a vertical Renaissance palazzo with Beaux-Arts styling . Unlike New Yorks early skyscrapers , which took the form of towers arising from a lower , blockier mass , such as the contemporary Singer Building ( built 1902–08 ) , the Flatiron Building epitomizes the Chicago school conception . Like a classical Greek column , its facade – limestone at the bottom changing to glazed terra-cotta from the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company in Tottenville , Staten Island as the floors rise – is divided into a base , shaft , and capital . Early sketches by Daniel Burnham show a design with an ( unexecuted ) clockface and a far more elaborate crown than in the actual building . Though Burnham maintained overall control of the design process , he was not directly connected with the details of the structure as built . That task was performed by his designer Frederick P . Dinkelberg , a Pennsylvania-born architect in Burnhams office , who first worked for Burnham in putting together the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , for which Burnham was the chief of construction and master designer . Working drawings for the Flatiron Building , however , remain to be located , though renderings were published at the time of construction in American Architect and Architectural Record . Steel skeleton . Building the Flatiron was made feasible by a change to New York Citys building codes in 1892 , which eliminated the requirement that masonry be used for fireproofing considerations . This opened the way for steel-skeleton construction . Since it employed a steel skeleton – with the steel coming from the American Bridge Company in Pennsylvania – it could be built to 22 stories ( 285 feet ) relatively easily , which would have been difficult using other construction methods of that time . It was a technique familiar to the Fuller Company , a contracting firm with considerable expertise in building such tall structures . At the vertex , the triangular tower is only 6.5 feet ( 2 m ) wide ; viewed from above , this pointed end of the structure describes an acute angle of about 25 degrees . Purdy and Henderson were the structural engineers . They strengthened the structure to deal with the wind load , as the building was quite narrow and therefore had less volume to resist it . They designed it so that , in theory , the building would turn compactly before any failure could occur in the metal structure . For the first time the construction of a skyscraper steel structure could be witnessed in full by the public , an event that received a great response and was immortalized by photographers Edward Steichen and Alfred Stieglitz . Design features . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was not part of Burnham or Dinkelbergs design , but was added at the insistence of Harry Black in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income to help defray the cost of construction . Black pushed Burnham hard for plans for the addition , but Burnham resisted because of the aesthetic effect it would have on the design of the prow of the building , where it would interrupt the two-story high Classical columns which were echoed at the top of the building by two columns which supported the cornice . Black insisted , and Burnham was forced to accept the addition , despite the interruption of the designs symmetry . The building was considered to be quirky overall , with drafty wood-framed and cooper-clad windows , no central air conditioning , a heating system which utilized cast-iron radiators , an antiquated sprinkler system , and a single staircase should evacuation of the building be necessary . The triangular shape of the structure led to a rabbit warren of oddly-shaped rooms . Other oddities about the buildings interior include that bathrooms for males and females are placed on alternating floors , with the mens rooms on even floors and the womens rooms on odd ones . Additionally , to reach the top floor – the 21st , which was added in 1905 , three years after the building was completed – a second elevator has to be taken from the 20th floor . On the 21st floor , the bottoms of the windows are chest-high . Influence . As an icon of New York City , the exterior of the Flatiron Building remains a popular spot for tourist photographs , making it possibly one of the most photographed buildings in the world . 23 skidoo . When construction on the building began , locals took an immediate interest , placing bets on how far the debris would spread when the wind knocked it down . This presumed susceptibility to damage had also given it the nickname Burnhams Folly . But thanks to the steel bracing designed by engineer Corydon Purdy , which enabled the building to withstand four times the amount of wind force it could ever be expected to endure , there was no possibility that the wind would knock over the Flatiron Building . Nevertheless , the wind was a factor in the public attention the building received . Due to the geography of the site , with Broadway on one side , Fifth Avenue on the other , and the open expanse of Madison Square and the park in front of it , the wind currents around the building could be treacherous . Wind from the north would split around the building , downdrafts from above and updrafts from the vaulted area under the street would combine to make the wind unpredictable . This is said to have given rise to the phrase 23 skidoo , from what policemen would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of womens dresses being blown up by the winds swirling around the building due to the strong downdrafts . In popular culture . In the 1958 comedy film Bell , Book and Candle , James Stewart and Kim Novak were filmed on top of the Flatiron Building in a romantic clinch , and for Warren Beattys 1980 film Reds , the base of the building was used for a scene with Diane Keaton . Today , the Flatiron Building is frequently used in television commercials and documentaries as an easily recognizable symbol of the city , shown , for instance , in the opening credits of the Late Show with David Letterman or in scenes of New York City that are shown during scene transitions in the TV sitcoms Friends , Spin City , and Veronicas Closet . In 1987 , the building was used as the scene of a murder for the TV series Murder , She Wrote , in the episode No Accounting for Murder . In the 1998 film Godzilla , the Flatiron Building is accidentally destroyed by the US Army while in pursuit of Godzilla . It is depicted as the headquarters of the Daily Bugle , for which Peter Parker is a freelance photographer , in Sam Raimis Spider-Man trilogy , and once again in The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series . It is shown as the location of the Channel 6 News headquarters where April ONeil works in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series . The Flatiron Building is also the home of the fictional company Damage Control in the Marvel Universe comics and for the CIA-sponsored superhero management team The Boys in the Dynamite Comics title of the same name . In 2013 , the Whitney Museum of American Art installed a life-sized 3D-cutout replica of Edward Hoppers 1942 painting Nighthawks in the Flatiron Art Space located in the prow of the Flatiron building . Although Hopper said his picture was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village , the prow is reminiscent of the painting , and was selected to display the two-dimensional cutouts . In 2014 , the Lego Architecture series produced a model of the Flatiron Building to add to their landmark series . The subsequent New York City set , introduced in 2015 , also included the building . |
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"National Register of Historic Places"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Flatiron Building from Nov 1979 to Jun 1989? | /wiki/Flatiron_Building#P1435#1 | Flatiron Building The Flatiron Building , originally the Fuller Building , is a triangular 22-story , steel-framed landmarked building located at 175 Fifth Avenue in the eponymous Flatiron District neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg , it was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its 1902 completion , at 20 floors high , and one of only two skyscrapers north of 14th Street – the other being the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower , one block east . The building sits on a triangular block formed by Fifth Avenue , Broadway , and East 22nd Street – where the buildings back end is located – with East 23rd Street grazing the triangles northern ( uptown ) peak . As with numerous other wedge-shaped buildings , the name Flatiron derives from its resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron . The building , which has been called one of the worlds most iconic skyscrapers and a quintessential symbol of New York City , anchors the south ( downtown ) end of Madison Square and the north ( uptown ) end of the Ladies Mile Historic District . The neighborhood around it is called the Flatiron District after its signature building , which has become an icon of New York City . The Flatiron Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 . History . Site . The site on which the Flatiron Building would stand was bought in 1857 by Amos Eno , who shortly built the Fifth Avenue Hotel on a site diagonally across from it . Eno tore down the four-story St . Germaine Hotel on the south end of the lot , and replaced it with a seven-story apartment building , the Cumberland . On the remainder of the lot he built four three-story buildings for commercial use . This left four stories of the Cumberlands northern face exposed , which Eno rented out to advertisers , including The New York Times , which installed a sign made up of electric lights . Eno later put a canvas screen on the wall , and projected images onto it from a magic lantern on top of one of his smaller buildings , presenting advertisements and interesting pictures alternately . Both the Times and the New York Tribune began using the screen for news bulletins , and on election nights tens of thousands of people would gather in Madison Square , waiting for the latest results . During his life Eno resisted suggestions to sell Enos flatiron , as the site had become known , but after his death in 1899 his assets were liquidated , and the lot went up for sale . The New York State Assembly appropriated $3 million for the city to buy it , but this fell through when a newspaper reporter discovered that the plan was a graft scheme by Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker . Instead , the lot was bought at auction by William Eno , one of Amoss sons , for $690,000 – the elder Eno had bought the property for around $30,000 forty years earlier . Three weeks later , William re-sold the lot to Samuel and Mott Newhouse for $801,000 . The Newhouses intended to put up a 12-story building with street-level retail shops and bachelor apartments above , but two years later they sold the lot for about $2 million to Cumberland Realty Company , an investment partnership created by Harry S . Black , CEO of the Fuller Company . The Fuller Company was the first true general contractor that dealt with all aspects of building construction except design , and they specialized in building skyscrapers . Black intended to construct a new headquarters building on the site , despite the recent deterioration of the surrounding neighborhood , and he engaged Chicago architect Daniel Burnham to design it . The building , which would be Burnhams first in New York City , would also be the first skyscraper north of 14th Street . It was to be named the Fuller Building after George A . Fuller , founder of the Fuller Company and father of the skyscraper , who had died two years earlier . However , locals persisted in calling it The Flatiron , a name which has since been made official . Construction . Once construction of the building began , it proceeded at a very fast pace . The steel was so meticulously pre-cut that the frame went up at the rate of a floor each week . By February 1902 the frame was complete , and by mid-May the building was half-covered by terra-cotta tiling . The building was completed in June 1902 , after a year of construction . The Flatiron Building was not the first building of its triangular ground-plan : aside from a possibly unique triangular Roman temple built on a similarly constricted site in the city of Verulamium , Britannia ; Casa Saccabarozzi , Turin , Italy ( 1840 ) ; Bridge House , Leeds , England ( 1875 ) ; the Maryland Inn in Annapolis ( 1782 ) ; the Granger Block in Syracuse , New York ( 1869 ) ; the Phelan Building in San Francisco ( 1881 ) ; the Gooderham Building of Toronto ( 1892 ) ; and the English-American Building in Atlanta ( 1897 ) predate it . All , however , are smaller than their New York counterpart . Two features were added to the Flatiron Building following its completion . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was added in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income . Harry Black had insisted on the space , despite objections from Burnham . Another addition to the building not in the original plan was the penthouse , which was constructed after the rest of the building had been completed to be used as artists studios , and was quickly rented out to artists such as Louis Fancher , many of whom contributed to the pulp magazines which were produced in the offices below . Initial response . The Flatiron Building became an icon of New York City , and the public response to it was enthusiastic , but the critical response to it at the time was not completely positive , and what praise it garnered was often for the cleverness of the engineering involved . Montgomery Schuyler , editor of Architectural Record , said that its awkwardness [ is ] entirely undisguised , and without even an attempt to disguise them , if they have not even been aggravated by the treatment . .. . The treatment of the tip is an additional and it seems wanton aggravation of the inherent awkwardness of the situation . He praised the surface of the building , and the detailing of the terra-cotta work , but criticized the practicality of the large number of windows in the building : [ The tenant ] can , perhaps , find wall space within for one roll top desk without overlapping the windows , with light close in front of him and close behind him and close on one side of him . But suppose he needed a bookcase ? Undoubtedly he has a highly eligible place from which to view processions . But for the transaction of business ? When the building was first constructed , it received mixed feedback . The most known criticism received was known as Burnhams Folly . This criticism , focused on the structure of the building , was made on the grounds that the combination of triangular shape and height would cause the building to fall down . Critics believed that the building created a dangerous wind-tunnel at the intersection of the two streets , and could possibly knock the building down . Although the wind is strong at the intersection , the buildings structure was meant to accommodate four times the typical wind loads in order to stabilize and retain the buildings iconic triangular shape . The New York Tribune called the new building A stingy piece of pie .. . the greatest inanimate troublemaker in New York , while the Municipal Art Society said that it was Unfit to be in the Center of the City . The New York Times called it a monstrosity . But some saw the building differently . Futurist H . G . Wells wrote in his 1906 book The Future in America : A Search After Realities : I found myself agape , admiring a sky-scraper the prow of the Flat-iron Building , to be particular , ploughing up through the traffic of Broadway and Fifth Avenue in the afternoon light . The Flatiron was to attract the attention of numerous artists . It was the subject of one of Edward Steichens atmospheric photographs , taken on a wet wintry late afternoon in 1904 , as well as a memorable image by Alfred Stieglitz taken the year before , to which Steichen was paying homage . ( See below ) Stieglitz reflected on the dynamic symbolism of the building , noting upon seeing it one day during a snowstorm that .. . it appeared to be moving toward me like the bow of a monster ocean steamer – a picture of a new America still in the making , and remarked that what the Parthenon was to Athens , the Flatiron was to New York . When Stieglitzs photograph was published in Camera Work , his friend Sadakichi Hartmann , a writer , painter and photographer , accompanied it with an essay on the building : A curious creation , no doubt , but can it be called beautiful ? Beauty is a very abstract idea .. . Why should the time not arrive when the majority without hesitation will pronounce the Flat-iron a thing of beauty ? Besides Stieglitz and Steichen , photographers such as Alvin Langdon Coburn , Jessie Tarbox Beals , painters of the Ashcan School like John Sloan , Everett Shinn and Ernest Lawson , as well as Paul Cornoyer and Childe Hassam , lithographer Joseph Pennell , illustrator John Edward Jackson as well the French Cubist Albert Gleizes all took the Flatiron as the subject of their work . But decades after it was completed , others still could not come to terms with the building . Sculptor William Ordway Partridge remarked that it was a disgrace to our city , an outrage to our sense of the artistic , and a menace to life . Original tenants . The Fuller Company originally took the 19th floor of the building for its headquarters . In 1910 , Harry Black moved the company to Francis Kimballs Trinity Building at 111 Broadway , where its parent company , U.S . Realty , had its offices . U.S . Realty moved its offices back to the Flatiron in 1916 , and left permanently for the Fuller Building on 57th Street in 1929 . The Flatirons other original tenants included publishers ( magazine publishing pioneer Frank Munsey , American Architect and Building News and a vanity publisher ) , an insurance company ( the Equitable Life Assurance Society ) , small businesses ( a patent medicine company , Western Specialty Manufacturing Company and Whitehead & Hoag , who made celluloid novelties ) , music publishers ( overflow from Tin Pan Alley up on 28th Street ) , a landscape architect , the Imperial Russian Consulate , the Bohemian Guides Society , the Roebling Construction Company , owned by the sons of Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker , and the crime syndicate , Murder , Inc . The retail space in the buildings cowcatcher at the prow was leased by United Cigar Stores , and the buildings vast cellar , which extended into the vaults that went more than under the surrounding streets , was occupied by the Flatiron Restaurant , which could seat 1,500 patrons and was open from breakfast through late supper for those taking in a performance at one of the many theatres which lined Broadway between 14th and 23rd Streets . In 1911 , the building introduced a restaurant/club in the basement . It was among the first of its kind that allowed a black jazz band to perform , thus introducing ragtime to affluent New Yorkers . Even before construction on the Flatiron Building had begun , the area around Madison Square had started to deteriorate somewhat . After U.S . Realty constructed the New York Hippodrome , Madison Square Garden was no longer the venue of choice , and survived largely by staging boxing matches . The base of the Flatiron became a cruising spot for gay men , including some male prostitutes . Nonetheless , in 1911 the Flatiron Restaurant was bought by Louis Bustanoby , of the well-known Café des Beaux-Arts , and converted into a trendy 400-seat French restaurant , Taverne Louis . As an innovation to attract customers away from another restaurant opened by his brothers , Bustanoby hired a black musical group , Louis Mitchell and his Southern Symphony Quintette , to play dance tunes at the Taverne and the Café . Irving Berlin heard the group at the Taverne and suggested that they should try to get work in London , which they did . The Tavernes openness was also indicated by its welcoming a gay clientele , unusual for a restaurant of its type at the time . The Taverne was forced to close due to the effects of Prohibition on the restaurant business . Sales and new tenants . In October 1925 , Harry S . Black , in need of cash for his U.S . Realty Company , sold the Flatiron Building to a syndicate set up by Lewis Rosenbaum , who also owned assorted other notable buildings around the U.S . The price was $2 million , which equaled Blacks cost for buying the lot and erecting the Flatiron . The syndicate defaulted on its mortgage in 1933 , and was taken over by the lender , Equitable Life Assurance Company after failing to sell it at auction . To attract tenants , Equitable did some modernization of the building , including replacing the original cast-iron birdcage elevators , which had cabs covered in rubber tiling and were originally built by Hecla Iron Works , but the hydraulic power system was not replaced . By the mid-1940s , the building was fully rented . When the U.S . entered World War I , the Federal government instituted a Wake Up America ! campaign , and the United Cigar store in the Flatirons cowcatcher donated its space to the U.S . Navy for use as a recruiting center . Liberty Bonds were sold outside on sidewalk stands . By the mid-1940s , the cigar store had been replaced with a Walgreens drug store . During the 1940s , the building was dominated by clothing and toy companies . Equitable sold the building in 1946 to the Flatiron Associates , an investor group headed by Harry Helmsley , whose firm , Dwight-Helmsley ( which would later become Helmsley-Spear ) managed the property . The new owners made some superficial changes , such as adding a dropped ceiling to the lobby , and , later , replacing the original mahogany-panelled entrances with revolving doors . In 1959 , St . Martins Press moved into the building , and gradually its parent company , Macmillan , rented other offices as they became available , until by 2004 , all 21 floors of the Flatiron Buildings office space was rented by Macmillan . During its tenancy , Macmillan renovated some of the Flatiron Buildings floors . for its imprints such as Tor/Forge , Picador and Henry Holt and Company . Macmillan , which is owned by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck of Stuttgart , Germany , wrote about the building : The Flatirons interior is known for having its strangely-shaped offices with walls that cut through at an angle on their way to the skyscrapers famous point . These point offices are the most coveted and feature amazing northern views that look directly upon another famous Manhattan landmark , the Empire State Building . Because the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates ownership structure was a tenancy-in-common , in which all partners have to agree on any action , as opposed to a straightforward partnership , it was difficult to get permission for necessary repairs and improvements to be done , and the building declined during the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates era . The facade of the Flatiron Building was restored in 1991 by the firm of Hurley & Farinella . Helmsley-Spear stopped managing the building in 1997 , when some of the investors sold their 52% of the building to Newmark Knight-Frank , a large real estate firm , which took over management of the property . Shortly afterwards , Helmsleys widow , Leona Helmsley , sold her share as well . Newmark made significant improvements to the property , including installing new electric elevators , replacing the antiquated hydraulic ones , which were the last hydraulic elevators in New York City . 21st century . During a 2005 restoration of the Flatiron Building a 15-story vertical advertising banner covered the facade of the building . The advertisement elicited protests from many New York City residents , prompting the New York City Department of Buildings to step in and force the buildings owners to remove it . In January 2009 , Italian real estate investment firm Sorgente Group , based in Rome , bought a majority stake in the Flatiron Building , with plans to turn it into a luxury hotel . The firms Historic and Trophy Buildings Fund owns a number of prestigious buildings in France and Italy , and was involved in buying , and then selling , a stake in the Chrysler Building in Midtown New York . The value of the 22-story Flatiron Building , which is already zoned by the city to allow it to become a hotel , was estimated to be $190 million . In July 2017 , Macmillan announced that it was consolidating all of its New York offices to the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway . By June 2019 , Macmillan had left the building , and all 21 office floors were vacant . Following MacMillans departure , the owners of the Flatiron Building , the family-owned GFP Real Estate , planned to use the absence of tenants to upgrade the interior of the building . GFP planned to install a central air and heating system , strip away all interior partitions – leaving triangular open floors – put in a new sprinkler system and a second staircase , and upgrade the elevators . The lobby would also be renovated . The cost would be $60–80 million and the project was estimated to take a year . The owners were interested in renting the entire building to a single tenant , and hired a high-profile real estate agency to find the right company for the building . The executive director of the ownership company said that The building was born as a commercial property , and we want to keep it as such . Design . The Flatiron Building was designed by Chicagos Daniel Burnham as a vertical Renaissance palazzo with Beaux-Arts styling . Unlike New Yorks early skyscrapers , which took the form of towers arising from a lower , blockier mass , such as the contemporary Singer Building ( built 1902–08 ) , the Flatiron Building epitomizes the Chicago school conception . Like a classical Greek column , its facade – limestone at the bottom changing to glazed terra-cotta from the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company in Tottenville , Staten Island as the floors rise – is divided into a base , shaft , and capital . Early sketches by Daniel Burnham show a design with an ( unexecuted ) clockface and a far more elaborate crown than in the actual building . Though Burnham maintained overall control of the design process , he was not directly connected with the details of the structure as built . That task was performed by his designer Frederick P . Dinkelberg , a Pennsylvania-born architect in Burnhams office , who first worked for Burnham in putting together the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , for which Burnham was the chief of construction and master designer . Working drawings for the Flatiron Building , however , remain to be located , though renderings were published at the time of construction in American Architect and Architectural Record . Steel skeleton . Building the Flatiron was made feasible by a change to New York Citys building codes in 1892 , which eliminated the requirement that masonry be used for fireproofing considerations . This opened the way for steel-skeleton construction . Since it employed a steel skeleton – with the steel coming from the American Bridge Company in Pennsylvania – it could be built to 22 stories ( 285 feet ) relatively easily , which would have been difficult using other construction methods of that time . It was a technique familiar to the Fuller Company , a contracting firm with considerable expertise in building such tall structures . At the vertex , the triangular tower is only 6.5 feet ( 2 m ) wide ; viewed from above , this pointed end of the structure describes an acute angle of about 25 degrees . Purdy and Henderson were the structural engineers . They strengthened the structure to deal with the wind load , as the building was quite narrow and therefore had less volume to resist it . They designed it so that , in theory , the building would turn compactly before any failure could occur in the metal structure . For the first time the construction of a skyscraper steel structure could be witnessed in full by the public , an event that received a great response and was immortalized by photographers Edward Steichen and Alfred Stieglitz . Design features . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was not part of Burnham or Dinkelbergs design , but was added at the insistence of Harry Black in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income to help defray the cost of construction . Black pushed Burnham hard for plans for the addition , but Burnham resisted because of the aesthetic effect it would have on the design of the prow of the building , where it would interrupt the two-story high Classical columns which were echoed at the top of the building by two columns which supported the cornice . Black insisted , and Burnham was forced to accept the addition , despite the interruption of the designs symmetry . The building was considered to be quirky overall , with drafty wood-framed and cooper-clad windows , no central air conditioning , a heating system which utilized cast-iron radiators , an antiquated sprinkler system , and a single staircase should evacuation of the building be necessary . The triangular shape of the structure led to a rabbit warren of oddly-shaped rooms . Other oddities about the buildings interior include that bathrooms for males and females are placed on alternating floors , with the mens rooms on even floors and the womens rooms on odd ones . Additionally , to reach the top floor – the 21st , which was added in 1905 , three years after the building was completed – a second elevator has to be taken from the 20th floor . On the 21st floor , the bottoms of the windows are chest-high . Influence . As an icon of New York City , the exterior of the Flatiron Building remains a popular spot for tourist photographs , making it possibly one of the most photographed buildings in the world . 23 skidoo . When construction on the building began , locals took an immediate interest , placing bets on how far the debris would spread when the wind knocked it down . This presumed susceptibility to damage had also given it the nickname Burnhams Folly . But thanks to the steel bracing designed by engineer Corydon Purdy , which enabled the building to withstand four times the amount of wind force it could ever be expected to endure , there was no possibility that the wind would knock over the Flatiron Building . Nevertheless , the wind was a factor in the public attention the building received . Due to the geography of the site , with Broadway on one side , Fifth Avenue on the other , and the open expanse of Madison Square and the park in front of it , the wind currents around the building could be treacherous . Wind from the north would split around the building , downdrafts from above and updrafts from the vaulted area under the street would combine to make the wind unpredictable . This is said to have given rise to the phrase 23 skidoo , from what policemen would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of womens dresses being blown up by the winds swirling around the building due to the strong downdrafts . In popular culture . In the 1958 comedy film Bell , Book and Candle , James Stewart and Kim Novak were filmed on top of the Flatiron Building in a romantic clinch , and for Warren Beattys 1980 film Reds , the base of the building was used for a scene with Diane Keaton . Today , the Flatiron Building is frequently used in television commercials and documentaries as an easily recognizable symbol of the city , shown , for instance , in the opening credits of the Late Show with David Letterman or in scenes of New York City that are shown during scene transitions in the TV sitcoms Friends , Spin City , and Veronicas Closet . In 1987 , the building was used as the scene of a murder for the TV series Murder , She Wrote , in the episode No Accounting for Murder . In the 1998 film Godzilla , the Flatiron Building is accidentally destroyed by the US Army while in pursuit of Godzilla . It is depicted as the headquarters of the Daily Bugle , for which Peter Parker is a freelance photographer , in Sam Raimis Spider-Man trilogy , and once again in The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series . It is shown as the location of the Channel 6 News headquarters where April ONeil works in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series . The Flatiron Building is also the home of the fictional company Damage Control in the Marvel Universe comics and for the CIA-sponsored superhero management team The Boys in the Dynamite Comics title of the same name . In 2013 , the Whitney Museum of American Art installed a life-sized 3D-cutout replica of Edward Hoppers 1942 painting Nighthawks in the Flatiron Art Space located in the prow of the Flatiron building . Although Hopper said his picture was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village , the prow is reminiscent of the painting , and was selected to display the two-dimensional cutouts . In 2014 , the Lego Architecture series produced a model of the Flatiron Building to add to their landmark series . The subsequent New York City set , introduced in 2015 , also included the building . |
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"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Flatiron Building from Jun 1989 to Jun 1990? | /wiki/Flatiron_Building#P1435#2 | Flatiron Building The Flatiron Building , originally the Fuller Building , is a triangular 22-story , steel-framed landmarked building located at 175 Fifth Avenue in the eponymous Flatiron District neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg , it was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its 1902 completion , at 20 floors high , and one of only two skyscrapers north of 14th Street – the other being the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower , one block east . The building sits on a triangular block formed by Fifth Avenue , Broadway , and East 22nd Street – where the buildings back end is located – with East 23rd Street grazing the triangles northern ( uptown ) peak . As with numerous other wedge-shaped buildings , the name Flatiron derives from its resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron . The building , which has been called one of the worlds most iconic skyscrapers and a quintessential symbol of New York City , anchors the south ( downtown ) end of Madison Square and the north ( uptown ) end of the Ladies Mile Historic District . The neighborhood around it is called the Flatiron District after its signature building , which has become an icon of New York City . The Flatiron Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 . History . Site . The site on which the Flatiron Building would stand was bought in 1857 by Amos Eno , who shortly built the Fifth Avenue Hotel on a site diagonally across from it . Eno tore down the four-story St . Germaine Hotel on the south end of the lot , and replaced it with a seven-story apartment building , the Cumberland . On the remainder of the lot he built four three-story buildings for commercial use . This left four stories of the Cumberlands northern face exposed , which Eno rented out to advertisers , including The New York Times , which installed a sign made up of electric lights . Eno later put a canvas screen on the wall , and projected images onto it from a magic lantern on top of one of his smaller buildings , presenting advertisements and interesting pictures alternately . Both the Times and the New York Tribune began using the screen for news bulletins , and on election nights tens of thousands of people would gather in Madison Square , waiting for the latest results . During his life Eno resisted suggestions to sell Enos flatiron , as the site had become known , but after his death in 1899 his assets were liquidated , and the lot went up for sale . The New York State Assembly appropriated $3 million for the city to buy it , but this fell through when a newspaper reporter discovered that the plan was a graft scheme by Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker . Instead , the lot was bought at auction by William Eno , one of Amoss sons , for $690,000 – the elder Eno had bought the property for around $30,000 forty years earlier . Three weeks later , William re-sold the lot to Samuel and Mott Newhouse for $801,000 . The Newhouses intended to put up a 12-story building with street-level retail shops and bachelor apartments above , but two years later they sold the lot for about $2 million to Cumberland Realty Company , an investment partnership created by Harry S . Black , CEO of the Fuller Company . The Fuller Company was the first true general contractor that dealt with all aspects of building construction except design , and they specialized in building skyscrapers . Black intended to construct a new headquarters building on the site , despite the recent deterioration of the surrounding neighborhood , and he engaged Chicago architect Daniel Burnham to design it . The building , which would be Burnhams first in New York City , would also be the first skyscraper north of 14th Street . It was to be named the Fuller Building after George A . Fuller , founder of the Fuller Company and father of the skyscraper , who had died two years earlier . However , locals persisted in calling it The Flatiron , a name which has since been made official . Construction . Once construction of the building began , it proceeded at a very fast pace . The steel was so meticulously pre-cut that the frame went up at the rate of a floor each week . By February 1902 the frame was complete , and by mid-May the building was half-covered by terra-cotta tiling . The building was completed in June 1902 , after a year of construction . The Flatiron Building was not the first building of its triangular ground-plan : aside from a possibly unique triangular Roman temple built on a similarly constricted site in the city of Verulamium , Britannia ; Casa Saccabarozzi , Turin , Italy ( 1840 ) ; Bridge House , Leeds , England ( 1875 ) ; the Maryland Inn in Annapolis ( 1782 ) ; the Granger Block in Syracuse , New York ( 1869 ) ; the Phelan Building in San Francisco ( 1881 ) ; the Gooderham Building of Toronto ( 1892 ) ; and the English-American Building in Atlanta ( 1897 ) predate it . All , however , are smaller than their New York counterpart . Two features were added to the Flatiron Building following its completion . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was added in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income . Harry Black had insisted on the space , despite objections from Burnham . Another addition to the building not in the original plan was the penthouse , which was constructed after the rest of the building had been completed to be used as artists studios , and was quickly rented out to artists such as Louis Fancher , many of whom contributed to the pulp magazines which were produced in the offices below . Initial response . The Flatiron Building became an icon of New York City , and the public response to it was enthusiastic , but the critical response to it at the time was not completely positive , and what praise it garnered was often for the cleverness of the engineering involved . Montgomery Schuyler , editor of Architectural Record , said that its awkwardness [ is ] entirely undisguised , and without even an attempt to disguise them , if they have not even been aggravated by the treatment . .. . The treatment of the tip is an additional and it seems wanton aggravation of the inherent awkwardness of the situation . He praised the surface of the building , and the detailing of the terra-cotta work , but criticized the practicality of the large number of windows in the building : [ The tenant ] can , perhaps , find wall space within for one roll top desk without overlapping the windows , with light close in front of him and close behind him and close on one side of him . But suppose he needed a bookcase ? Undoubtedly he has a highly eligible place from which to view processions . But for the transaction of business ? When the building was first constructed , it received mixed feedback . The most known criticism received was known as Burnhams Folly . This criticism , focused on the structure of the building , was made on the grounds that the combination of triangular shape and height would cause the building to fall down . Critics believed that the building created a dangerous wind-tunnel at the intersection of the two streets , and could possibly knock the building down . Although the wind is strong at the intersection , the buildings structure was meant to accommodate four times the typical wind loads in order to stabilize and retain the buildings iconic triangular shape . The New York Tribune called the new building A stingy piece of pie .. . the greatest inanimate troublemaker in New York , while the Municipal Art Society said that it was Unfit to be in the Center of the City . The New York Times called it a monstrosity . But some saw the building differently . Futurist H . G . Wells wrote in his 1906 book The Future in America : A Search After Realities : I found myself agape , admiring a sky-scraper the prow of the Flat-iron Building , to be particular , ploughing up through the traffic of Broadway and Fifth Avenue in the afternoon light . The Flatiron was to attract the attention of numerous artists . It was the subject of one of Edward Steichens atmospheric photographs , taken on a wet wintry late afternoon in 1904 , as well as a memorable image by Alfred Stieglitz taken the year before , to which Steichen was paying homage . ( See below ) Stieglitz reflected on the dynamic symbolism of the building , noting upon seeing it one day during a snowstorm that .. . it appeared to be moving toward me like the bow of a monster ocean steamer – a picture of a new America still in the making , and remarked that what the Parthenon was to Athens , the Flatiron was to New York . When Stieglitzs photograph was published in Camera Work , his friend Sadakichi Hartmann , a writer , painter and photographer , accompanied it with an essay on the building : A curious creation , no doubt , but can it be called beautiful ? Beauty is a very abstract idea .. . Why should the time not arrive when the majority without hesitation will pronounce the Flat-iron a thing of beauty ? Besides Stieglitz and Steichen , photographers such as Alvin Langdon Coburn , Jessie Tarbox Beals , painters of the Ashcan School like John Sloan , Everett Shinn and Ernest Lawson , as well as Paul Cornoyer and Childe Hassam , lithographer Joseph Pennell , illustrator John Edward Jackson as well the French Cubist Albert Gleizes all took the Flatiron as the subject of their work . But decades after it was completed , others still could not come to terms with the building . Sculptor William Ordway Partridge remarked that it was a disgrace to our city , an outrage to our sense of the artistic , and a menace to life . Original tenants . The Fuller Company originally took the 19th floor of the building for its headquarters . In 1910 , Harry Black moved the company to Francis Kimballs Trinity Building at 111 Broadway , where its parent company , U.S . Realty , had its offices . U.S . Realty moved its offices back to the Flatiron in 1916 , and left permanently for the Fuller Building on 57th Street in 1929 . The Flatirons other original tenants included publishers ( magazine publishing pioneer Frank Munsey , American Architect and Building News and a vanity publisher ) , an insurance company ( the Equitable Life Assurance Society ) , small businesses ( a patent medicine company , Western Specialty Manufacturing Company and Whitehead & Hoag , who made celluloid novelties ) , music publishers ( overflow from Tin Pan Alley up on 28th Street ) , a landscape architect , the Imperial Russian Consulate , the Bohemian Guides Society , the Roebling Construction Company , owned by the sons of Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker , and the crime syndicate , Murder , Inc . The retail space in the buildings cowcatcher at the prow was leased by United Cigar Stores , and the buildings vast cellar , which extended into the vaults that went more than under the surrounding streets , was occupied by the Flatiron Restaurant , which could seat 1,500 patrons and was open from breakfast through late supper for those taking in a performance at one of the many theatres which lined Broadway between 14th and 23rd Streets . In 1911 , the building introduced a restaurant/club in the basement . It was among the first of its kind that allowed a black jazz band to perform , thus introducing ragtime to affluent New Yorkers . Even before construction on the Flatiron Building had begun , the area around Madison Square had started to deteriorate somewhat . After U.S . Realty constructed the New York Hippodrome , Madison Square Garden was no longer the venue of choice , and survived largely by staging boxing matches . The base of the Flatiron became a cruising spot for gay men , including some male prostitutes . Nonetheless , in 1911 the Flatiron Restaurant was bought by Louis Bustanoby , of the well-known Café des Beaux-Arts , and converted into a trendy 400-seat French restaurant , Taverne Louis . As an innovation to attract customers away from another restaurant opened by his brothers , Bustanoby hired a black musical group , Louis Mitchell and his Southern Symphony Quintette , to play dance tunes at the Taverne and the Café . Irving Berlin heard the group at the Taverne and suggested that they should try to get work in London , which they did . The Tavernes openness was also indicated by its welcoming a gay clientele , unusual for a restaurant of its type at the time . The Taverne was forced to close due to the effects of Prohibition on the restaurant business . Sales and new tenants . In October 1925 , Harry S . Black , in need of cash for his U.S . Realty Company , sold the Flatiron Building to a syndicate set up by Lewis Rosenbaum , who also owned assorted other notable buildings around the U.S . The price was $2 million , which equaled Blacks cost for buying the lot and erecting the Flatiron . The syndicate defaulted on its mortgage in 1933 , and was taken over by the lender , Equitable Life Assurance Company after failing to sell it at auction . To attract tenants , Equitable did some modernization of the building , including replacing the original cast-iron birdcage elevators , which had cabs covered in rubber tiling and were originally built by Hecla Iron Works , but the hydraulic power system was not replaced . By the mid-1940s , the building was fully rented . When the U.S . entered World War I , the Federal government instituted a Wake Up America ! campaign , and the United Cigar store in the Flatirons cowcatcher donated its space to the U.S . Navy for use as a recruiting center . Liberty Bonds were sold outside on sidewalk stands . By the mid-1940s , the cigar store had been replaced with a Walgreens drug store . During the 1940s , the building was dominated by clothing and toy companies . Equitable sold the building in 1946 to the Flatiron Associates , an investor group headed by Harry Helmsley , whose firm , Dwight-Helmsley ( which would later become Helmsley-Spear ) managed the property . The new owners made some superficial changes , such as adding a dropped ceiling to the lobby , and , later , replacing the original mahogany-panelled entrances with revolving doors . In 1959 , St . Martins Press moved into the building , and gradually its parent company , Macmillan , rented other offices as they became available , until by 2004 , all 21 floors of the Flatiron Buildings office space was rented by Macmillan . During its tenancy , Macmillan renovated some of the Flatiron Buildings floors . for its imprints such as Tor/Forge , Picador and Henry Holt and Company . Macmillan , which is owned by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck of Stuttgart , Germany , wrote about the building : The Flatirons interior is known for having its strangely-shaped offices with walls that cut through at an angle on their way to the skyscrapers famous point . These point offices are the most coveted and feature amazing northern views that look directly upon another famous Manhattan landmark , the Empire State Building . Because the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates ownership structure was a tenancy-in-common , in which all partners have to agree on any action , as opposed to a straightforward partnership , it was difficult to get permission for necessary repairs and improvements to be done , and the building declined during the Helmsley/Flatiron Associates era . The facade of the Flatiron Building was restored in 1991 by the firm of Hurley & Farinella . Helmsley-Spear stopped managing the building in 1997 , when some of the investors sold their 52% of the building to Newmark Knight-Frank , a large real estate firm , which took over management of the property . Shortly afterwards , Helmsleys widow , Leona Helmsley , sold her share as well . Newmark made significant improvements to the property , including installing new electric elevators , replacing the antiquated hydraulic ones , which were the last hydraulic elevators in New York City . 21st century . During a 2005 restoration of the Flatiron Building a 15-story vertical advertising banner covered the facade of the building . The advertisement elicited protests from many New York City residents , prompting the New York City Department of Buildings to step in and force the buildings owners to remove it . In January 2009 , Italian real estate investment firm Sorgente Group , based in Rome , bought a majority stake in the Flatiron Building , with plans to turn it into a luxury hotel . The firms Historic and Trophy Buildings Fund owns a number of prestigious buildings in France and Italy , and was involved in buying , and then selling , a stake in the Chrysler Building in Midtown New York . The value of the 22-story Flatiron Building , which is already zoned by the city to allow it to become a hotel , was estimated to be $190 million . In July 2017 , Macmillan announced that it was consolidating all of its New York offices to the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway . By June 2019 , Macmillan had left the building , and all 21 office floors were vacant . Following MacMillans departure , the owners of the Flatiron Building , the family-owned GFP Real Estate , planned to use the absence of tenants to upgrade the interior of the building . GFP planned to install a central air and heating system , strip away all interior partitions – leaving triangular open floors – put in a new sprinkler system and a second staircase , and upgrade the elevators . The lobby would also be renovated . The cost would be $60–80 million and the project was estimated to take a year . The owners were interested in renting the entire building to a single tenant , and hired a high-profile real estate agency to find the right company for the building . The executive director of the ownership company said that The building was born as a commercial property , and we want to keep it as such . Design . The Flatiron Building was designed by Chicagos Daniel Burnham as a vertical Renaissance palazzo with Beaux-Arts styling . Unlike New Yorks early skyscrapers , which took the form of towers arising from a lower , blockier mass , such as the contemporary Singer Building ( built 1902–08 ) , the Flatiron Building epitomizes the Chicago school conception . Like a classical Greek column , its facade – limestone at the bottom changing to glazed terra-cotta from the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company in Tottenville , Staten Island as the floors rise – is divided into a base , shaft , and capital . Early sketches by Daniel Burnham show a design with an ( unexecuted ) clockface and a far more elaborate crown than in the actual building . Though Burnham maintained overall control of the design process , he was not directly connected with the details of the structure as built . That task was performed by his designer Frederick P . Dinkelberg , a Pennsylvania-born architect in Burnhams office , who first worked for Burnham in putting together the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , for which Burnham was the chief of construction and master designer . Working drawings for the Flatiron Building , however , remain to be located , though renderings were published at the time of construction in American Architect and Architectural Record . Steel skeleton . Building the Flatiron was made feasible by a change to New York Citys building codes in 1892 , which eliminated the requirement that masonry be used for fireproofing considerations . This opened the way for steel-skeleton construction . Since it employed a steel skeleton – with the steel coming from the American Bridge Company in Pennsylvania – it could be built to 22 stories ( 285 feet ) relatively easily , which would have been difficult using other construction methods of that time . It was a technique familiar to the Fuller Company , a contracting firm with considerable expertise in building such tall structures . At the vertex , the triangular tower is only 6.5 feet ( 2 m ) wide ; viewed from above , this pointed end of the structure describes an acute angle of about 25 degrees . Purdy and Henderson were the structural engineers . They strengthened the structure to deal with the wind load , as the building was quite narrow and therefore had less volume to resist it . They designed it so that , in theory , the building would turn compactly before any failure could occur in the metal structure . For the first time the construction of a skyscraper steel structure could be witnessed in full by the public , an event that received a great response and was immortalized by photographers Edward Steichen and Alfred Stieglitz . Design features . The cowcatcher retail space at the front of the building was not part of Burnham or Dinkelbergs design , but was added at the insistence of Harry Black in order to maximize the use of the buildings lot and produce some retail income to help defray the cost of construction . Black pushed Burnham hard for plans for the addition , but Burnham resisted because of the aesthetic effect it would have on the design of the prow of the building , where it would interrupt the two-story high Classical columns which were echoed at the top of the building by two columns which supported the cornice . Black insisted , and Burnham was forced to accept the addition , despite the interruption of the designs symmetry . The building was considered to be quirky overall , with drafty wood-framed and cooper-clad windows , no central air conditioning , a heating system which utilized cast-iron radiators , an antiquated sprinkler system , and a single staircase should evacuation of the building be necessary . The triangular shape of the structure led to a rabbit warren of oddly-shaped rooms . Other oddities about the buildings interior include that bathrooms for males and females are placed on alternating floors , with the mens rooms on even floors and the womens rooms on odd ones . Additionally , to reach the top floor – the 21st , which was added in 1905 , three years after the building was completed – a second elevator has to be taken from the 20th floor . On the 21st floor , the bottoms of the windows are chest-high . Influence . As an icon of New York City , the exterior of the Flatiron Building remains a popular spot for tourist photographs , making it possibly one of the most photographed buildings in the world . 23 skidoo . When construction on the building began , locals took an immediate interest , placing bets on how far the debris would spread when the wind knocked it down . This presumed susceptibility to damage had also given it the nickname Burnhams Folly . But thanks to the steel bracing designed by engineer Corydon Purdy , which enabled the building to withstand four times the amount of wind force it could ever be expected to endure , there was no possibility that the wind would knock over the Flatiron Building . Nevertheless , the wind was a factor in the public attention the building received . Due to the geography of the site , with Broadway on one side , Fifth Avenue on the other , and the open expanse of Madison Square and the park in front of it , the wind currents around the building could be treacherous . Wind from the north would split around the building , downdrafts from above and updrafts from the vaulted area under the street would combine to make the wind unpredictable . This is said to have given rise to the phrase 23 skidoo , from what policemen would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of womens dresses being blown up by the winds swirling around the building due to the strong downdrafts . In popular culture . In the 1958 comedy film Bell , Book and Candle , James Stewart and Kim Novak were filmed on top of the Flatiron Building in a romantic clinch , and for Warren Beattys 1980 film Reds , the base of the building was used for a scene with Diane Keaton . Today , the Flatiron Building is frequently used in television commercials and documentaries as an easily recognizable symbol of the city , shown , for instance , in the opening credits of the Late Show with David Letterman or in scenes of New York City that are shown during scene transitions in the TV sitcoms Friends , Spin City , and Veronicas Closet . In 1987 , the building was used as the scene of a murder for the TV series Murder , She Wrote , in the episode No Accounting for Murder . In the 1998 film Godzilla , the Flatiron Building is accidentally destroyed by the US Army while in pursuit of Godzilla . It is depicted as the headquarters of the Daily Bugle , for which Peter Parker is a freelance photographer , in Sam Raimis Spider-Man trilogy , and once again in The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series . It is shown as the location of the Channel 6 News headquarters where April ONeil works in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series . The Flatiron Building is also the home of the fictional company Damage Control in the Marvel Universe comics and for the CIA-sponsored superhero management team The Boys in the Dynamite Comics title of the same name . In 2013 , the Whitney Museum of American Art installed a life-sized 3D-cutout replica of Edward Hoppers 1942 painting Nighthawks in the Flatiron Art Space located in the prow of the Flatiron building . Although Hopper said his picture was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village , the prow is reminiscent of the painting , and was selected to display the two-dimensional cutouts . In 2014 , the Lego Architecture series produced a model of the Flatiron Building to add to their landmark series . The subsequent New York City set , introduced in 2015 , also included the building . |
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] | easy | Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) went to which school from 1965 to 1966? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P69#0 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
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] | easy | Which school did Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) go to from 1975 to 1977? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P69#1 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
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] | easy | Which school did Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) go to from 1978 to 1981? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P69#2 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
[
""
] | easy | What was the military branch of Mosby Monroe Parsons from 1846 to 1848? | /wiki/Mosby_Monroe_Parsons#P241#0 | Mosby Monroe Parsons Brigadier-General Mosby Monroe Parsons ( May 21 , 1822 – August 15 , 1865 ) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Parsons was murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , Mexico . Early life and career . The eldest child of Gustavus Adolphus Parsons and his wife Patience Monroe Bishop , Mosby Monroe Parsons was born in Charlottesville , Virginia . When he was 13 , his parents moved to Cole County , Missouri . Two years later , they moved again to Jefferson City , which Parsons would thereafter make his home . As a young man , Mosby read law and was admitted to the bar in 1846 . He served as a volunteer in the Mexican–American War with the rank of captain in Colonel Alexander W . Doniphans regiment and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Sacramento on February 28 , 1847 . Returning to Missouri after the war , Parsons married Mary Wells on September 18 , 1850 . However , his wife died just three years later , leaving him with an infant son , Stephen Kearney Parsons . Parsons served as the United States District Attorney for western Missouri . In 1856 was elected to the state legislature . He became a Missouri state senator in 1858 , serving until the American Civil War . American Civil War . Parsons was appointed brigadier general in command of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard . He arrived too late to participate in the skirmish at Boonville , but he went on to lead his division at Carthage and the Battle of Wilsons Creek in Missouri . Although his Missouri State Guardsmen participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Parsons was absent from this action seeking an appointment in the Confederate States Army in Richmond , Virginia . Parsons was commissioned a brigadier general of the Confederacy on November 5 , 1862 and led his infantry brigade in the Battle of Prairie Grove , Arkansas , one month later . His force would participate in the attack at Helena , Arkansas on July 4 , 1863 , and assisted Richard Taylor in thwarting Union Major General Nathaniel Banks Red River Campaign of 1864 in Louisiana ( Battle of Pleasant Hill ) , as well as opposing Union Major General Frederick Steeles Camden Expedition in Arkansas , including participation at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry . Parsons was appointed a major general by Trans-Mississippi Departmental Commander Kirby Smith on April 30 , 1864 , although his promotion was never confirmed by Jefferson Davis . Murder in Mexico . After the wars end , Parsons , like many other Missouri Confederates , chose to go to Mexico rather than return to Missouri . Parsons and three companions , including his brother-in-law , Capt . Austin M . Standish , Standishs orderly William Dutch Bill Wenderling and former Confederate Congressman Aaron H . Conrow were murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , as they were headed for Camargo Municipality , Tamaulipas . The bodies of Parsons and his comrades were buried in unmarked graves where they were killed . In 1868 , Parsons son ( Kearny Parsons ) and sister ( Mildred Standish ) , along with the family of Aaron Conrow , sued the Mexican government via the U.S . and Mexico Claims Commission Convention . In 1875 , a judgment in the amount of almost US$50,000.00 in gold was awarded to each of the plaintiffs . Honors . Camp No . 718 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Jefferson City , Missouri , is named after him . |
[
"Missouri State Guard"
] | easy | What was the military branch of Mosby Monroe Parsons from 1861 to 1862? | /wiki/Mosby_Monroe_Parsons#P241#1 | Mosby Monroe Parsons Brigadier-General Mosby Monroe Parsons ( May 21 , 1822 – August 15 , 1865 ) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Parsons was murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , Mexico . Early life and career . The eldest child of Gustavus Adolphus Parsons and his wife Patience Monroe Bishop , Mosby Monroe Parsons was born in Charlottesville , Virginia . When he was 13 , his parents moved to Cole County , Missouri . Two years later , they moved again to Jefferson City , which Parsons would thereafter make his home . As a young man , Mosby read law and was admitted to the bar in 1846 . He served as a volunteer in the Mexican–American War with the rank of captain in Colonel Alexander W . Doniphans regiment and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Sacramento on February 28 , 1847 . Returning to Missouri after the war , Parsons married Mary Wells on September 18 , 1850 . However , his wife died just three years later , leaving him with an infant son , Stephen Kearney Parsons . Parsons served as the United States District Attorney for western Missouri . In 1856 was elected to the state legislature . He became a Missouri state senator in 1858 , serving until the American Civil War . American Civil War . Parsons was appointed brigadier general in command of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard . He arrived too late to participate in the skirmish at Boonville , but he went on to lead his division at Carthage and the Battle of Wilsons Creek in Missouri . Although his Missouri State Guardsmen participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Parsons was absent from this action seeking an appointment in the Confederate States Army in Richmond , Virginia . Parsons was commissioned a brigadier general of the Confederacy on November 5 , 1862 and led his infantry brigade in the Battle of Prairie Grove , Arkansas , one month later . His force would participate in the attack at Helena , Arkansas on July 4 , 1863 , and assisted Richard Taylor in thwarting Union Major General Nathaniel Banks Red River Campaign of 1864 in Louisiana ( Battle of Pleasant Hill ) , as well as opposing Union Major General Frederick Steeles Camden Expedition in Arkansas , including participation at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry . Parsons was appointed a major general by Trans-Mississippi Departmental Commander Kirby Smith on April 30 , 1864 , although his promotion was never confirmed by Jefferson Davis . Murder in Mexico . After the wars end , Parsons , like many other Missouri Confederates , chose to go to Mexico rather than return to Missouri . Parsons and three companions , including his brother-in-law , Capt . Austin M . Standish , Standishs orderly William Dutch Bill Wenderling and former Confederate Congressman Aaron H . Conrow were murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , as they were headed for Camargo Municipality , Tamaulipas . The bodies of Parsons and his comrades were buried in unmarked graves where they were killed . In 1868 , Parsons son ( Kearny Parsons ) and sister ( Mildred Standish ) , along with the family of Aaron Conrow , sued the Mexican government via the U.S . and Mexico Claims Commission Convention . In 1875 , a judgment in the amount of almost US$50,000.00 in gold was awarded to each of the plaintiffs . Honors . Camp No . 718 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Jefferson City , Missouri , is named after him . |
[
"Confederate States Army"
] | easy | What was the military branch of Mosby Monroe Parsons from 1862 to 1865? | /wiki/Mosby_Monroe_Parsons#P241#2 | Mosby Monroe Parsons Brigadier-General Mosby Monroe Parsons ( May 21 , 1822 – August 15 , 1865 ) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Parsons was murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , Mexico . Early life and career . The eldest child of Gustavus Adolphus Parsons and his wife Patience Monroe Bishop , Mosby Monroe Parsons was born in Charlottesville , Virginia . When he was 13 , his parents moved to Cole County , Missouri . Two years later , they moved again to Jefferson City , which Parsons would thereafter make his home . As a young man , Mosby read law and was admitted to the bar in 1846 . He served as a volunteer in the Mexican–American War with the rank of captain in Colonel Alexander W . Doniphans regiment and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Sacramento on February 28 , 1847 . Returning to Missouri after the war , Parsons married Mary Wells on September 18 , 1850 . However , his wife died just three years later , leaving him with an infant son , Stephen Kearney Parsons . Parsons served as the United States District Attorney for western Missouri . In 1856 was elected to the state legislature . He became a Missouri state senator in 1858 , serving until the American Civil War . American Civil War . Parsons was appointed brigadier general in command of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard . He arrived too late to participate in the skirmish at Boonville , but he went on to lead his division at Carthage and the Battle of Wilsons Creek in Missouri . Although his Missouri State Guardsmen participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Parsons was absent from this action seeking an appointment in the Confederate States Army in Richmond , Virginia . Parsons was commissioned a brigadier general of the Confederacy on November 5 , 1862 and led his infantry brigade in the Battle of Prairie Grove , Arkansas , one month later . His force would participate in the attack at Helena , Arkansas on July 4 , 1863 , and assisted Richard Taylor in thwarting Union Major General Nathaniel Banks Red River Campaign of 1864 in Louisiana ( Battle of Pleasant Hill ) , as well as opposing Union Major General Frederick Steeles Camden Expedition in Arkansas , including participation at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry . Parsons was appointed a major general by Trans-Mississippi Departmental Commander Kirby Smith on April 30 , 1864 , although his promotion was never confirmed by Jefferson Davis . Murder in Mexico . After the wars end , Parsons , like many other Missouri Confederates , chose to go to Mexico rather than return to Missouri . Parsons and three companions , including his brother-in-law , Capt . Austin M . Standish , Standishs orderly William Dutch Bill Wenderling and former Confederate Congressman Aaron H . Conrow were murdered by Captain Dario Garza , at the head of a body of Mexican soldiers , on or about August 15 , 1865 , near China , Nuevo León , as they were headed for Camargo Municipality , Tamaulipas . The bodies of Parsons and his comrades were buried in unmarked graves where they were killed . In 1868 , Parsons son ( Kearny Parsons ) and sister ( Mildred Standish ) , along with the family of Aaron Conrow , sued the Mexican government via the U.S . and Mexico Claims Commission Convention . In 1875 , a judgment in the amount of almost US$50,000.00 in gold was awarded to each of the plaintiffs . Honors . Camp No . 718 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Jefferson City , Missouri , is named after him . |
[
"Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster"
] | easy | David Mathew (bishop) took which position from Dec 1938 to Feb 1946? | /wiki/David_Mathew_(bishop)#P39#0 | David Mathew ( bishop ) David James Mathew ( 15 January 1902 – 12 December 1975 ) was an English Roman Catholic bishop and historian . Mathew was born at Lyme Regis , Dorset , and educated at the naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth . He served as a midshipman in the Royal Navy at the end of World War I . He entered Balliol College , Oxford , in 1920 and received a degree in modern history in 1923 . He then went to Beda College in Rome , with the intention of seeking ordination and with a plan to enter the Carthusian order . He was ordained in 1929 , and spent 10 months as a novice at St Hughs Charterhouse , Parkminster , West Sussex , before concluding that he did not have a monastic vocation . After service at St Davids Cathedral , Cardiff , he went to London to become chaplain to the Roman Catholic community at the University of London . In 1938 he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster . He served in London through the Blitz . In 1945 he was named apostolic visitor to Ethiopia , and in 1946 apostolic delegate to the British colonies in Africa . This brought his consecration to the titular Archbishopric of Apamea . His service in Africa was successful , and he helped carry out the Vaticans policy of preparing for the appointment of native African bishops , acting as principal consecrator of Laurean Rugambwa after his appointment as Apostolic Vicar of Lower Kenya : Rugambwa later became the first African cardinal since the days of the early church . Upon Mathews return to England in 1953 , he was appointed bishop-in-ordinary to the British Armed Forces . ( He had refused an appointment to the nunciature in Bern , hoping to receive an English diocese ) . Mathew retired in 1963 and spent the rest of his life writing history . He died in London on 12 December 1975 , aged 73 . Publications . - The Celtic Peoples and Renaissance Europe ( 1933 ) - The Reformation and the Contemplative Life ( 1934 ) - Catholicism in England , 1535-1935 . Portrait of a Minority : Its Culture and Tradition ( 1936 ) - Steam Packet ( 1936 ) - The Jacobean Age ( 1938 ) - British Seamen ( 1943 ) - The Naval Heritage ( 1944 ) - Acton : The Formative Years ( 1946 ) - Ethiopia : The Study of a Polity , 1540-1935 ( 1947 ) - The Social Structure in Caroline England ( 1948 ) - Sir Tobie Mathew ( 1950 ) - The Mango on the Mango Tree ( 1950 ) - The Age of Charles I ( 1951 ) - In Vallombrosa ( 1952 ) - The Prince of Waless Feathers ( 1953 ) - Scotland under Charles I ( 1955 ) - James I ( 1967 ) - Lord Acton and His Times ( 1968 ) - The Courtiers of Henry VIII ( 1970 ) - Lady Jane Grey ( 1972 ) References . - Kerr , Fergus : Mathew , David James ( 1902–1975 ) , rev. , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 , accessed 14 March 2008 |
[
"apostolic delegate to the British colonies in Africa",
"Archbishopric of Apamea",
"Apostolic Vicar of Lower Kenya : Rugambwa"
] | easy | What was the position of David Mathew (bishop) from Feb 1946 to Apr 1954? | /wiki/David_Mathew_(bishop)#P39#1 | David Mathew ( bishop ) David James Mathew ( 15 January 1902 – 12 December 1975 ) was an English Roman Catholic bishop and historian . Mathew was born at Lyme Regis , Dorset , and educated at the naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth . He served as a midshipman in the Royal Navy at the end of World War I . He entered Balliol College , Oxford , in 1920 and received a degree in modern history in 1923 . He then went to Beda College in Rome , with the intention of seeking ordination and with a plan to enter the Carthusian order . He was ordained in 1929 , and spent 10 months as a novice at St Hughs Charterhouse , Parkminster , West Sussex , before concluding that he did not have a monastic vocation . After service at St Davids Cathedral , Cardiff , he went to London to become chaplain to the Roman Catholic community at the University of London . In 1938 he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster . He served in London through the Blitz . In 1945 he was named apostolic visitor to Ethiopia , and in 1946 apostolic delegate to the British colonies in Africa . This brought his consecration to the titular Archbishopric of Apamea . His service in Africa was successful , and he helped carry out the Vaticans policy of preparing for the appointment of native African bishops , acting as principal consecrator of Laurean Rugambwa after his appointment as Apostolic Vicar of Lower Kenya : Rugambwa later became the first African cardinal since the days of the early church . Upon Mathews return to England in 1953 , he was appointed bishop-in-ordinary to the British Armed Forces . ( He had refused an appointment to the nunciature in Bern , hoping to receive an English diocese ) . Mathew retired in 1963 and spent the rest of his life writing history . He died in London on 12 December 1975 , aged 73 . Publications . - The Celtic Peoples and Renaissance Europe ( 1933 ) - The Reformation and the Contemplative Life ( 1934 ) - Catholicism in England , 1535-1935 . Portrait of a Minority : Its Culture and Tradition ( 1936 ) - Steam Packet ( 1936 ) - The Jacobean Age ( 1938 ) - British Seamen ( 1943 ) - The Naval Heritage ( 1944 ) - Acton : The Formative Years ( 1946 ) - Ethiopia : The Study of a Polity , 1540-1935 ( 1947 ) - The Social Structure in Caroline England ( 1948 ) - Sir Tobie Mathew ( 1950 ) - The Mango on the Mango Tree ( 1950 ) - The Age of Charles I ( 1951 ) - In Vallombrosa ( 1952 ) - The Prince of Waless Feathers ( 1953 ) - Scotland under Charles I ( 1955 ) - James I ( 1967 ) - Lord Acton and His Times ( 1968 ) - The Courtiers of Henry VIII ( 1970 ) - Lady Jane Grey ( 1972 ) References . - Kerr , Fergus : Mathew , David James ( 1902–1975 ) , rev. , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 , accessed 14 March 2008 |
[
"bishop-in-ordinary to the British Armed Forces"
] | easy | What was the position of David Mathew (bishop) from Apr 1954 to Apr 1955? | /wiki/David_Mathew_(bishop)#P39#2 | David Mathew ( bishop ) David James Mathew ( 15 January 1902 – 12 December 1975 ) was an English Roman Catholic bishop and historian . Mathew was born at Lyme Regis , Dorset , and educated at the naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth . He served as a midshipman in the Royal Navy at the end of World War I . He entered Balliol College , Oxford , in 1920 and received a degree in modern history in 1923 . He then went to Beda College in Rome , with the intention of seeking ordination and with a plan to enter the Carthusian order . He was ordained in 1929 , and spent 10 months as a novice at St Hughs Charterhouse , Parkminster , West Sussex , before concluding that he did not have a monastic vocation . After service at St Davids Cathedral , Cardiff , he went to London to become chaplain to the Roman Catholic community at the University of London . In 1938 he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster . He served in London through the Blitz . In 1945 he was named apostolic visitor to Ethiopia , and in 1946 apostolic delegate to the British colonies in Africa . This brought his consecration to the titular Archbishopric of Apamea . His service in Africa was successful , and he helped carry out the Vaticans policy of preparing for the appointment of native African bishops , acting as principal consecrator of Laurean Rugambwa after his appointment as Apostolic Vicar of Lower Kenya : Rugambwa later became the first African cardinal since the days of the early church . Upon Mathews return to England in 1953 , he was appointed bishop-in-ordinary to the British Armed Forces . ( He had refused an appointment to the nunciature in Bern , hoping to receive an English diocese ) . Mathew retired in 1963 and spent the rest of his life writing history . He died in London on 12 December 1975 , aged 73 . Publications . - The Celtic Peoples and Renaissance Europe ( 1933 ) - The Reformation and the Contemplative Life ( 1934 ) - Catholicism in England , 1535-1935 . Portrait of a Minority : Its Culture and Tradition ( 1936 ) - Steam Packet ( 1936 ) - The Jacobean Age ( 1938 ) - British Seamen ( 1943 ) - The Naval Heritage ( 1944 ) - Acton : The Formative Years ( 1946 ) - Ethiopia : The Study of a Polity , 1540-1935 ( 1947 ) - The Social Structure in Caroline England ( 1948 ) - Sir Tobie Mathew ( 1950 ) - The Mango on the Mango Tree ( 1950 ) - The Age of Charles I ( 1951 ) - In Vallombrosa ( 1952 ) - The Prince of Waless Feathers ( 1953 ) - Scotland under Charles I ( 1955 ) - James I ( 1967 ) - Lord Acton and His Times ( 1968 ) - The Courtiers of Henry VIII ( 1970 ) - Lady Jane Grey ( 1972 ) References . - Kerr , Fergus : Mathew , David James ( 1902–1975 ) , rev. , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 , accessed 14 March 2008 |
[
"Teracom"
] | easy | Who owned Boxer TV Access from 1999 to 2000? | /wiki/Boxer_TV_Access#P127#0 | Boxer TV Access Boxer TV Access is a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB providing pay television channels on the digital terrestrial television network in Sweden . Modeled on the British ITV Digital , it was founded in October 1999 . Some channels on the Swedish DTT are free-to-air , but most of the channels require subscription from Boxer . Boxer has claimed to have around 500,000 subscribers by June 2016 when it was acquired by ComHem . Boxer offers dozens of channels , with the number of channels varying depending on location and how one wants to count . As of early 2008 , channels from Boxer broadcast on four national transmitter networks , of which three ( MUX2 , MUX3 and MUX4 ) can be received by 98 percent of the population using a regular antenna . The fourth network , named MUX5 , has lower coverage . Another transmitter network ( MUX1 ) has higher coverage but it doesnt contain any Boxer channels . The majority shareholder was held in Boxer TV Access by Teracom which is owned by the Swedish state . The British venture capital firm 3i held a 30 percent stake . Teracom acquired this 30% stake from 3i in November 2008 . Teracom sees this 100% stake as a logical next step . 3I had held the 30% having acquired the shares from Skandia Media Invest in 2005 . With its 100% stake , Teracom moves from majority to sole shareholder in Boxer . Teracom has always been the main shareholder in Boxer and acquiring all the shares is a logical continuation of that ownership . Boxer will continue its successful business in the same manner as before , that is being a pay-TV operator dedicated to terrestrial platforms and working independently of any individual broadcaster , says Crister Fritzson , CEO of Teracom . In March 2008 , Boxer TV A/S , a subsidiary of Boxer TV Access , won the franchise to build and operate the terrestrial pay television platform in Denmark . In February 2009 it launched this service in Jutland covering West Denmark . This service will extend during 2009 to most of Denmark . In 2008 , Boxer announced that it had put in a bid to operate three of the four multiplexes of the DTT service for Ireland , in conjunction with Irish company Communicorp . On 21 July 2008 Boxer DTT Ireland were awarded the Irish franchise Boxer TV Ireland subject to contract . However , on 20 April 2009 the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland announced that contract negotiations had ended and Boxer DTT Ireland had withdrawn its application to operate the multiplexes . In 2016 , Swedens operator Com Hem announced it had acquired Boxer TV-Access AB for an enterprise value of SEK 1,330m . Channels . - MPEG-4 indicates that the channel requires a DVB-T or DVB-T2 receiver with MPEG-4 support . - HDTV indicates that the channel requires a HD-ready TV and a DVB-T2 HDTV receiver . Monopoly distribution . Boxer had a monopoly for encrypted of television signals in the digital terrestrial network . If a broadcaster got to distribute television it had to either broadcast free-to-air or use the encryption services of Boxer . This was a contravention to European Union rules which require that there is an open market for radio and television broadcasting . On 17 October 2006 the European Commission announced that it was taking Sweden to the European Court of Justice for failure to abolish the monopoly . Neelie Kroes , Commissioner for Competition , said : I regret that I have had to refer Sweden to the Court , but Swedish viewers should no longer be denied their right , guaranteed by ( EU ) law , to choose digital terrestrial TV suppliers . The case against Sweden at the European Court of Justice taken by the European Commission , has since been withdrawn as a result of Swedens amendment of the broadcast regulations . Previously , Sweden only allowed a single operator to handle all encryption services on the DTT platform but under the amended regulation , new operators will be able to offer encrypted DTT services making it possible for them to launch pay-DTT services . |
[
"Skandia"
] | easy | Who owned Boxer TV Access from 2000 to 2005? | /wiki/Boxer_TV_Access#P127#1 | Boxer TV Access Boxer TV Access is a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB providing pay television channels on the digital terrestrial television network in Sweden . Modeled on the British ITV Digital , it was founded in October 1999 . Some channels on the Swedish DTT are free-to-air , but most of the channels require subscription from Boxer . Boxer has claimed to have around 500,000 subscribers by June 2016 when it was acquired by ComHem . Boxer offers dozens of channels , with the number of channels varying depending on location and how one wants to count . As of early 2008 , channels from Boxer broadcast on four national transmitter networks , of which three ( MUX2 , MUX3 and MUX4 ) can be received by 98 percent of the population using a regular antenna . The fourth network , named MUX5 , has lower coverage . Another transmitter network ( MUX1 ) has higher coverage but it doesnt contain any Boxer channels . The majority shareholder was held in Boxer TV Access by Teracom which is owned by the Swedish state . The British venture capital firm 3i held a 30 percent stake . Teracom acquired this 30% stake from 3i in November 2008 . Teracom sees this 100% stake as a logical next step . 3I had held the 30% having acquired the shares from Skandia Media Invest in 2005 . With its 100% stake , Teracom moves from majority to sole shareholder in Boxer . Teracom has always been the main shareholder in Boxer and acquiring all the shares is a logical continuation of that ownership . Boxer will continue its successful business in the same manner as before , that is being a pay-TV operator dedicated to terrestrial platforms and working independently of any individual broadcaster , says Crister Fritzson , CEO of Teracom . In March 2008 , Boxer TV A/S , a subsidiary of Boxer TV Access , won the franchise to build and operate the terrestrial pay television platform in Denmark . In February 2009 it launched this service in Jutland covering West Denmark . This service will extend during 2009 to most of Denmark . In 2008 , Boxer announced that it had put in a bid to operate three of the four multiplexes of the DTT service for Ireland , in conjunction with Irish company Communicorp . On 21 July 2008 Boxer DTT Ireland were awarded the Irish franchise Boxer TV Ireland subject to contract . However , on 20 April 2009 the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland announced that contract negotiations had ended and Boxer DTT Ireland had withdrawn its application to operate the multiplexes . In 2016 , Swedens operator Com Hem announced it had acquired Boxer TV-Access AB for an enterprise value of SEK 1,330m . Channels . - MPEG-4 indicates that the channel requires a DVB-T or DVB-T2 receiver with MPEG-4 support . - HDTV indicates that the channel requires a HD-ready TV and a DVB-T2 HDTV receiver . Monopoly distribution . Boxer had a monopoly for encrypted of television signals in the digital terrestrial network . If a broadcaster got to distribute television it had to either broadcast free-to-air or use the encryption services of Boxer . This was a contravention to European Union rules which require that there is an open market for radio and television broadcasting . On 17 October 2006 the European Commission announced that it was taking Sweden to the European Court of Justice for failure to abolish the monopoly . Neelie Kroes , Commissioner for Competition , said : I regret that I have had to refer Sweden to the Court , but Swedish viewers should no longer be denied their right , guaranteed by ( EU ) law , to choose digital terrestrial TV suppliers . The case against Sweden at the European Court of Justice taken by the European Commission , has since been withdrawn as a result of Swedens amendment of the broadcast regulations . Previously , Sweden only allowed a single operator to handle all encryption services on the DTT platform but under the amended regulation , new operators will be able to offer encrypted DTT services making it possible for them to launch pay-DTT services . |
[
""
] | easy | Boxer TV Access was owned by whom from 2005 to 2008? | /wiki/Boxer_TV_Access#P127#2 | Boxer TV Access Boxer TV Access is a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB providing pay television channels on the digital terrestrial television network in Sweden . Modeled on the British ITV Digital , it was founded in October 1999 . Some channels on the Swedish DTT are free-to-air , but most of the channels require subscription from Boxer . Boxer has claimed to have around 500,000 subscribers by June 2016 when it was acquired by ComHem . Boxer offers dozens of channels , with the number of channels varying depending on location and how one wants to count . As of early 2008 , channels from Boxer broadcast on four national transmitter networks , of which three ( MUX2 , MUX3 and MUX4 ) can be received by 98 percent of the population using a regular antenna . The fourth network , named MUX5 , has lower coverage . Another transmitter network ( MUX1 ) has higher coverage but it doesnt contain any Boxer channels . The majority shareholder was held in Boxer TV Access by Teracom which is owned by the Swedish state . The British venture capital firm 3i held a 30 percent stake . Teracom acquired this 30% stake from 3i in November 2008 . Teracom sees this 100% stake as a logical next step . 3I had held the 30% having acquired the shares from Skandia Media Invest in 2005 . With its 100% stake , Teracom moves from majority to sole shareholder in Boxer . Teracom has always been the main shareholder in Boxer and acquiring all the shares is a logical continuation of that ownership . Boxer will continue its successful business in the same manner as before , that is being a pay-TV operator dedicated to terrestrial platforms and working independently of any individual broadcaster , says Crister Fritzson , CEO of Teracom . In March 2008 , Boxer TV A/S , a subsidiary of Boxer TV Access , won the franchise to build and operate the terrestrial pay television platform in Denmark . In February 2009 it launched this service in Jutland covering West Denmark . This service will extend during 2009 to most of Denmark . In 2008 , Boxer announced that it had put in a bid to operate three of the four multiplexes of the DTT service for Ireland , in conjunction with Irish company Communicorp . On 21 July 2008 Boxer DTT Ireland were awarded the Irish franchise Boxer TV Ireland subject to contract . However , on 20 April 2009 the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland announced that contract negotiations had ended and Boxer DTT Ireland had withdrawn its application to operate the multiplexes . In 2016 , Swedens operator Com Hem announced it had acquired Boxer TV-Access AB for an enterprise value of SEK 1,330m . Channels . - MPEG-4 indicates that the channel requires a DVB-T or DVB-T2 receiver with MPEG-4 support . - HDTV indicates that the channel requires a HD-ready TV and a DVB-T2 HDTV receiver . Monopoly distribution . Boxer had a monopoly for encrypted of television signals in the digital terrestrial network . If a broadcaster got to distribute television it had to either broadcast free-to-air or use the encryption services of Boxer . This was a contravention to European Union rules which require that there is an open market for radio and television broadcasting . On 17 October 2006 the European Commission announced that it was taking Sweden to the European Court of Justice for failure to abolish the monopoly . Neelie Kroes , Commissioner for Competition , said : I regret that I have had to refer Sweden to the Court , but Swedish viewers should no longer be denied their right , guaranteed by ( EU ) law , to choose digital terrestrial TV suppliers . The case against Sweden at the European Court of Justice taken by the European Commission , has since been withdrawn as a result of Swedens amendment of the broadcast regulations . Previously , Sweden only allowed a single operator to handle all encryption services on the DTT platform but under the amended regulation , new operators will be able to offer encrypted DTT services making it possible for them to launch pay-DTT services . |
[
"Com Hem"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Boxer TV Access from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Boxer_TV_Access#P127#3 | Boxer TV Access Boxer TV Access is a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB providing pay television channels on the digital terrestrial television network in Sweden . Modeled on the British ITV Digital , it was founded in October 1999 . Some channels on the Swedish DTT are free-to-air , but most of the channels require subscription from Boxer . Boxer has claimed to have around 500,000 subscribers by June 2016 when it was acquired by ComHem . Boxer offers dozens of channels , with the number of channels varying depending on location and how one wants to count . As of early 2008 , channels from Boxer broadcast on four national transmitter networks , of which three ( MUX2 , MUX3 and MUX4 ) can be received by 98 percent of the population using a regular antenna . The fourth network , named MUX5 , has lower coverage . Another transmitter network ( MUX1 ) has higher coverage but it doesnt contain any Boxer channels . The majority shareholder was held in Boxer TV Access by Teracom which is owned by the Swedish state . The British venture capital firm 3i held a 30 percent stake . Teracom acquired this 30% stake from 3i in November 2008 . Teracom sees this 100% stake as a logical next step . 3I had held the 30% having acquired the shares from Skandia Media Invest in 2005 . With its 100% stake , Teracom moves from majority to sole shareholder in Boxer . Teracom has always been the main shareholder in Boxer and acquiring all the shares is a logical continuation of that ownership . Boxer will continue its successful business in the same manner as before , that is being a pay-TV operator dedicated to terrestrial platforms and working independently of any individual broadcaster , says Crister Fritzson , CEO of Teracom . In March 2008 , Boxer TV A/S , a subsidiary of Boxer TV Access , won the franchise to build and operate the terrestrial pay television platform in Denmark . In February 2009 it launched this service in Jutland covering West Denmark . This service will extend during 2009 to most of Denmark . In 2008 , Boxer announced that it had put in a bid to operate three of the four multiplexes of the DTT service for Ireland , in conjunction with Irish company Communicorp . On 21 July 2008 Boxer DTT Ireland were awarded the Irish franchise Boxer TV Ireland subject to contract . However , on 20 April 2009 the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland announced that contract negotiations had ended and Boxer DTT Ireland had withdrawn its application to operate the multiplexes . In 2016 , Swedens operator Com Hem announced it had acquired Boxer TV-Access AB for an enterprise value of SEK 1,330m . Channels . - MPEG-4 indicates that the channel requires a DVB-T or DVB-T2 receiver with MPEG-4 support . - HDTV indicates that the channel requires a HD-ready TV and a DVB-T2 HDTV receiver . Monopoly distribution . Boxer had a monopoly for encrypted of television signals in the digital terrestrial network . If a broadcaster got to distribute television it had to either broadcast free-to-air or use the encryption services of Boxer . This was a contravention to European Union rules which require that there is an open market for radio and television broadcasting . On 17 October 2006 the European Commission announced that it was taking Sweden to the European Court of Justice for failure to abolish the monopoly . Neelie Kroes , Commissioner for Competition , said : I regret that I have had to refer Sweden to the Court , but Swedish viewers should no longer be denied their right , guaranteed by ( EU ) law , to choose digital terrestrial TV suppliers . The case against Sweden at the European Court of Justice taken by the European Commission , has since been withdrawn as a result of Swedens amendment of the broadcast regulations . Previously , Sweden only allowed a single operator to handle all encryption services on the DTT platform but under the amended regulation , new operators will be able to offer encrypted DTT services making it possible for them to launch pay-DTT services . |
[
"University of Tübingen"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Carl Correns work for from 1892 to 1909? | /wiki/Carl_Correns#P108#0 | Carl Correns Carl Erich Correns ( 19 September 1864 – 14 February 1933 ) was a German botanist and geneticist , who is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity , which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanist Hugo de Vries and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendels earlier paper on that subject . Correns was a student of Karl Nägeli , a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas , and who subsequently engaged in a long exchange of letters concerning reproducibility of the results in another species ( Hieracium ) . Because of the special properties of Hieracium , those experiments failed and Mendel dropped his studies on the subject . Early life and education . Carl Correns was born September 1864 in Munich . Orphaned at an early age , he was raised by an aunt in Switzerland . He entered the University of Munich in 1885 . While there , he was encouraged to study botany by Karl Nägeli . After completing his thesis , Correns became a tutor at the University of Tübingen and in 1913 he became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem . He married a niece of Karl Nägeli , Elisabeth Widmer . Key experiments and findings . Carl Correns conducted much of the foundational work for the field of genetics at the turn of the 20th century . He rediscovered and independently verified the work of Mendel in a separate model organism . He also discovered cytoplasmic inheritance , an important extension of Mendels theories , which demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors on phenotype . Some of his unpublished work and most of his lab books were destroyed in the Berlin bombings of 1945 . Rediscovery of Mendel . In 1892 , while at the University of Tübingen , Correns began to experiment with trait inheritance in plants . Correns published his first paper on 25 January 1900 , which cited both Charles Darwin and Mendel , recognising the relevance of genetics to Darwins ideas . In Correns paper , G . Mendels Law Concerning the Behavior of the Progeny of Racial Hybrids , he restated Mendels results as the law of segregation and introduced a new law of independent assortment . Cytoplasmic inheritance . After rediscovering Mendels laws of heredity , which can be explained with chromosomal inheritance , he undertook experiments with the four oclock plant Mirabilis jalapa to investigate apparent counterexamples to Mendels laws in the heredity of variegated ( green and white mottled ) leaf color . Correns found that , while Mendelian traits behave independently of the sex of the source parent , leaf color depended greatly on which parent had which trait . For instance , pollinating an ovule from a white branch with pollen from another white area resulted in white progeny , the predicted result for a recessive gene . Green pollen used on a green stigma resulted in all green progeny , the expected result for a dominant gene . However , if green pollen fertilized a white stigma , the progeny were white , but if the sexes of the donors were reversed ( white pollen on a green stigma ) , the progeny were green . This non-mendelian inheritance pattern was later traced to a gene named iojap which codes for a small protein required for proper assembly of the chloroplast ribosome . Even though iojap assorts according to Mendels rules , if the mother is homozygous recessive , then the protein is not produced , the chloroplast ribosomes fail to form , and the plasmid becomes non-functional because the ribosomes cannot be imported into the organelle . The progeny could have functional copies of iojap , but since the chloroplasts come exclusively from the mother in most angiosperms , they would have been inactivated in the previous generation , and so will give white plants . Conversely , if a white father is paired with a green mother with functional chloroplasts , the progeny will only inherit functional chloroplasts , and will thus be green . In his 1909 paper , he established variegated leaf color as the first conclusive example of cytoplasmic inheritance . External links . - Article relating the work of Gregor Mendel |
[
""
] | easy | Carl Correns was an employee for whom from 1909 to 1933? | /wiki/Carl_Correns#P108#1 | Carl Correns Carl Erich Correns ( 19 September 1864 – 14 February 1933 ) was a German botanist and geneticist , who is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity , which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanist Hugo de Vries and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendels earlier paper on that subject . Correns was a student of Karl Nägeli , a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas , and who subsequently engaged in a long exchange of letters concerning reproducibility of the results in another species ( Hieracium ) . Because of the special properties of Hieracium , those experiments failed and Mendel dropped his studies on the subject . Early life and education . Carl Correns was born September 1864 in Munich . Orphaned at an early age , he was raised by an aunt in Switzerland . He entered the University of Munich in 1885 . While there , he was encouraged to study botany by Karl Nägeli . After completing his thesis , Correns became a tutor at the University of Tübingen and in 1913 he became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem . He married a niece of Karl Nägeli , Elisabeth Widmer . Key experiments and findings . Carl Correns conducted much of the foundational work for the field of genetics at the turn of the 20th century . He rediscovered and independently verified the work of Mendel in a separate model organism . He also discovered cytoplasmic inheritance , an important extension of Mendels theories , which demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors on phenotype . Some of his unpublished work and most of his lab books were destroyed in the Berlin bombings of 1945 . Rediscovery of Mendel . In 1892 , while at the University of Tübingen , Correns began to experiment with trait inheritance in plants . Correns published his first paper on 25 January 1900 , which cited both Charles Darwin and Mendel , recognising the relevance of genetics to Darwins ideas . In Correns paper , G . Mendels Law Concerning the Behavior of the Progeny of Racial Hybrids , he restated Mendels results as the law of segregation and introduced a new law of independent assortment . Cytoplasmic inheritance . After rediscovering Mendels laws of heredity , which can be explained with chromosomal inheritance , he undertook experiments with the four oclock plant Mirabilis jalapa to investigate apparent counterexamples to Mendels laws in the heredity of variegated ( green and white mottled ) leaf color . Correns found that , while Mendelian traits behave independently of the sex of the source parent , leaf color depended greatly on which parent had which trait . For instance , pollinating an ovule from a white branch with pollen from another white area resulted in white progeny , the predicted result for a recessive gene . Green pollen used on a green stigma resulted in all green progeny , the expected result for a dominant gene . However , if green pollen fertilized a white stigma , the progeny were white , but if the sexes of the donors were reversed ( white pollen on a green stigma ) , the progeny were green . This non-mendelian inheritance pattern was later traced to a gene named iojap which codes for a small protein required for proper assembly of the chloroplast ribosome . Even though iojap assorts according to Mendels rules , if the mother is homozygous recessive , then the protein is not produced , the chloroplast ribosomes fail to form , and the plasmid becomes non-functional because the ribosomes cannot be imported into the organelle . The progeny could have functional copies of iojap , but since the chloroplasts come exclusively from the mother in most angiosperms , they would have been inactivated in the previous generation , and so will give white plants . Conversely , if a white father is paired with a green mother with functional chloroplasts , the progeny will only inherit functional chloroplasts , and will thus be green . In his 1909 paper , he established variegated leaf color as the first conclusive example of cytoplasmic inheritance . External links . - Article relating the work of Gregor Mendel |
[
"Formula BMW"
] | easy | What sport did Sergio Pérez participate from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Sergio_Pérez#P641#0 | Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez Mendoza ( ; born 26 January 1990 ) , nicknamed Checo , is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing , having previously driven for Sauber , McLaren , Force India and Racing Point . He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190 . Pérez was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012 . He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season . He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber . Due to his young age and performance , he was referred to as The Mexican Wunderkind . Pérez joined McLaren for the 2013 season , but the team did not score a single podium finish . Subsequently , for the 2014 season , the team decided to replace Pérez with Kevin Magnussen . Force India signed Pérez for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract . He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019 . In 2019 , Racing Point signed a three-year extension with Pérez . In September 2020 , Racing Point announced that Pérez would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel , a four-time F1 world champion , had been signed to replace him . Subsequently , Pérez signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season , replacing Alex Albon . Personal life . Born in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Pérez is the youngest child of Antonio Pérez Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de Pérez ; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio , a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series . Pérez is married to Carola Martínez , and they have two children . Pérez is a Roman Catholic . Both Pérez brothers are association football fans , stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally.The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández . In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website , Pérez revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer . In November 2012 , Pérez unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer . His sister Paola was the foundations president . Early career . Karting . Pérez began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996 . In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category . In 1997 , he participated in the karting Youth Class , where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win , five podiums and finished fourth in the championship . The following year , he returned to compete in the junior category , where he had eight wins ; and at the end of the campaign , he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category . He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc , and competed in Master Kadets , where he finished on the podium . In 1999 , he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category , where he took three wins and finished third in the championship . Pérez also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category , after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter . In 2000 , he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship , and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge . However , Pérez was not satisfied with the results and the following season , was up for another championship , this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional , and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category . With all these achievements , the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex . With six wins in 2002 , Pérez finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category , and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc , in Las Vegas , where qualified fifth and finished in 11th place . In 2003 , he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category , but withdrew from the last seven races , which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations . However , he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge , in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico . In the same year , he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout , where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag , while he was the youngest in the category . Skip Barber . Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004 . Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex , he finished eleventh in the championship . Formula BMW . Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series . He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months . He finished fourteenth in the championship , driving for 4speed Media , and improved to sixth position the following year . A1 Grand Prix . In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season , Pérez took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico . He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series . Formula Three . Pérez switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007 . Pérez relocated his personal residence to Oxford . He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team , winning the championship by a comfortable margin . In the process , he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions , and finished all but two races on the podium . For 2008 , he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship , where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine . After leading the championship early in the season , he eventually finished fourth in the drivers standings . GP2 Series . Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series , partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov . He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990 . He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir , winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position . He added a second win at Losail , during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar . He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series , driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara . Pérez finished twelfth in the standings , with a best result of second coming at Valencia . In the off-season , he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax , ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team . He won five races , and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado . Formula One . Sauber ( 2011–2012 ) . 2011 season . On 4 October 2010 , Sauber announced that Pérez would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld . Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with Pérezs sponsor Telmex . He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One , and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981 . He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010 . Pérez finished seventh in his first race , the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once , becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops . However , both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations . He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of Pérezs Sauber , forcing his retirement . The saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th . He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey , before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points . During the third part of qualifying for the , Pérez lost control of his car upon exiting the circuits tunnel section , swung to the right and crashed into the barrier , before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact . He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact . The session was suspended , and marshals and medical personnel extricated Pérez from his car . A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident , and had been taken to the circuits medical centre . He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion , and did not take part in the race the following day , on medical grounds . After taking part in the first practice session of the , Pérez did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part , and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Pérez returned for the and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy . He took a career best seventh at the and eleventh in Germany . After a fifteenth place in Hungary , he retired in Belgium with suspension failure . This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy , before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa . In Japan he took eighth place , before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea , tenth in India , and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi . He finished sixteenth in the Drivers Championship with fourteen points . On 28 July , it was announced that Pérez would remain with Sauber into the season , alongside teammate Kobayashi . On 13 September , Pérez tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60 , Ferraris car from the season . Pérez conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi . 2012 season . Pérez started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres . In the second round at Malaysia , he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win . In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds , but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back , finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second . Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error , taking Saubers best result as an independent team . This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future . However , Pérez later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season . At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix , he qualified a career-best eighth , but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his cars clutch . He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco , before Pérez achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place , having started fifteenth . In the , Pérez qualified in fifteenth place , citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling unpredictable as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh . He improved to ninth place in the race , but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team . On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado , forcing him to retire with broken suspension . He later criticised the Venezuelan , claiming Everybody has concerns about him before adding , He is a driver who doesnt know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all . Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race . Pérez later added : Just look at the last races . He ruined Hamiltons race ( in Valencia ) , he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things . I dont understand why the stewards dont take a serious decision with him . With Pastor theyre not doing anything that will teach him a lesson . For the , Pérez started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field , and ultimately finished the race in 6th place . At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest . A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted Pérez to a career-best fourth on the grid . In the race , he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident . Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars . Also involved in the accident were , the championship leader Fernando Alonso and Pérezs teammate Kamui Kobayashi . Pérez took his third podium at the . On Saturday , he failed to qualify for Q3 , and was twelfth on the grid . On Sunday , he climbed through the field to second place , passing on track , among others , Kimi Räikkönen , Nico Rosberg , Felipe Massa and Alonso . Unlike most of the drivers in the field , Pérez started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29 , allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps . As a result , Pérez and his cars outstanding tyre management got him well into the points , and ultimately , to a podium finish . Ultimately , he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers Championship with 66 points , 6 more than teammate Kobayashi . McLaren ( 2013 ) . 2013 season . On 28 September 2012 , Lewis Hamiltons decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced , and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamiltons replacement . He also replaced Hamilton in McLarens cartoon Tooned . This also ended Pérez association with Ferrari , as he was released from its driver academy . In the season-opening race in Australia , Pérez qualified 15th and finished in 11th position , later describing the weekend as difficult for himself and the team as a whole . He started the from ninth on the grid , and finished the race in the same position , scoring his first points for McLaren . He also achieved the fastest lap of the race , having pitted for fresh tyres . In the Bahrain GP , he started 12th on the grid and finishing 6th ahead of Ferraris Fernando Alonso ( 8th ) and his teammate Jenson Button ( 10th ) , with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions , increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races . After the Bahrain Grand Prix , Jenson Button said of Pérezs driving style : At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix Pérez performed several aggressive overtaking moves , before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen . Following the incident Räikkönen said that Pérez should be punched in the face . Pérez recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India , finishing four seconds shy of the podium , a result that left him extremely satisfied . Pérez confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen . On 12 December 2013 ( exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren ) , Force India confirmed that Pérez would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal . Force India ( 2014–2018 ) . On 12 December 2013 , Pérez had his drive for Force India in confirmed . 2014 . In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits . He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues prior to the start of the race . Nevertheless , a week later in the , he was able to score Force Indias first podium since , holding off Ricciardos Red Bull for a third-place finish . At the , Pérez started 16th and after gaining four places at the start , was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyats Toro Rosso to finish 9th . Outqualifying his teammate for a second time , Pérez started in tenth position for the however a first lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season . At the , Pérez was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues , later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls . On the last lap he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa , who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers . Pérez was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race , as the stewards decided he changed his racing line , causing Massa to crash into him . At the , Pérez set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history . On 7 November 2014 , before the , Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the season . Pérez stated that contract negotiations were ongoing , in regards to a further contract extension . The deal was officially confirmed at the , with Pérez signing a new two-year contract , until the end of the season . 2015 . The 2015 season started with a 10th place for Pérez in Australia , followed by a 13th in Malaysia , an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain . He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy . His best race of the season was in Russia , where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force Indias third ever . He finished the 2015 championship in ninth , his highest championship position to date , with 78 points . He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points . Besides the podium finish in Russia , he managed three further top five finishes in Belgium , USA and Abu Dhabi ; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds . In the second half of the season he out qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races , and eight times throughout the season . 2016 . Pérez experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09 , but scored points with a ninth place in Russia . Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the teams form . In Monaco , Pérez scored his sixth ( and Force Indias fourth ) podium finish in wet and changing conditions , and moved to ninth in the Drivers Championship standings . Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull , at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance . In the European Grand Prix in Baku Pérez once again finished third , recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice , having been fast enough to qualify on the front row . Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third , making it his second podium in three races . 2017 . After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , Pérez confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season . He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon , ending speculation of a possible move to Williams , Renault or Haas . He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start , and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure . He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco . He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through , who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd . He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon . He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap . He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain , behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th . He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season . 2018 . Pérez finished the first three races of the season outside the points . He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race . He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go , making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit ( in 2016 and 2018 ) . Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain . In France , he retired from the race with an engine failure . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany . After the Hungarian Grand Prix , Force India was put into administration . This was caused by a group of creditors ( including Pérez ) taking legal action against the team . Pérez said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors , which would have resulted in the teams collapse . Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix , Force Indias assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll , father of Williams driver Lance Stroll . The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping Pérez and Ocon as their drivers . At the Belgian Grand Prix , the team came back strong with Pérez and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd , and finishing 5th and 6th , respectively . Pérez took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season . However , he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore . He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap , causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race . He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin , an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty . He later stated that he thought his penalty was fair . He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico . He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points , finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes , Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season . Racing Point ( 2019–2020 ) . 2019 . The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point , retaining Pérez as a driver . He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll . Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season , with much of the work on that years car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year . A strong start to the season , including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan , was followed by a string of eight races without points , the longest such string of his career . This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix , where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th . In a similar manner to 2018 , Pérez fared far better during the second half of the season . Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak , he scored points in every race after the summer break , including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium . Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions , including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th , 8th in Japan from 17th , and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane . He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points , comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll . 2020 . Pérez had signed a contract extension with Racing Point , for whom he was meant to continue racing with until the end of 2022 . Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19 . Due to this , he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix . He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg . It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , as he had again tested positive for COVID-19 . After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Pérez returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix , he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position . In September 2020 , Pérez announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season . He will be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the season . Pérez achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix . After qualifying third in the rain , Pérez passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second , only behind his teammate Lance Stroll , starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58 . Pérez inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop , and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead . The podium was Hamilton , Pérez and Sebastian Vettel . Pérez was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th , but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go , forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit . Since Pérez announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him , with The Race saying it will be a huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid. . Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez should be on Red Bull Racings radar to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon . Pérez won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix , becoming Formula 1s 110th race winner . On the first lap Pérez was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last . On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll . This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior . Red Bull ( 2021– ) . Pérez races for Red Bull Racing in 2021 , replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver - and partnering Max Verstappen . At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix , Pérez made his debut with Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place and was voted Driver of the Day . During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th . During the formation lap for the race , his car switched off due to an electrical failure . He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane . Racing record . Racing career summary . Includes points scored by other drivers. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . External links . - Sergio Pérezs Racing Point profile |
[
"A1 Grand Prix"
] | easy | What sport did Sergio Pérez participate from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Sergio_Pérez#P641#1 | Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez Mendoza ( ; born 26 January 1990 ) , nicknamed Checo , is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing , having previously driven for Sauber , McLaren , Force India and Racing Point . He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190 . Pérez was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012 . He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season . He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber . Due to his young age and performance , he was referred to as The Mexican Wunderkind . Pérez joined McLaren for the 2013 season , but the team did not score a single podium finish . Subsequently , for the 2014 season , the team decided to replace Pérez with Kevin Magnussen . Force India signed Pérez for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract . He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019 . In 2019 , Racing Point signed a three-year extension with Pérez . In September 2020 , Racing Point announced that Pérez would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel , a four-time F1 world champion , had been signed to replace him . Subsequently , Pérez signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season , replacing Alex Albon . Personal life . Born in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Pérez is the youngest child of Antonio Pérez Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de Pérez ; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio , a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series . Pérez is married to Carola Martínez , and they have two children . Pérez is a Roman Catholic . Both Pérez brothers are association football fans , stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally.The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández . In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website , Pérez revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer . In November 2012 , Pérez unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer . His sister Paola was the foundations president . Early career . Karting . Pérez began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996 . In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category . In 1997 , he participated in the karting Youth Class , where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win , five podiums and finished fourth in the championship . The following year , he returned to compete in the junior category , where he had eight wins ; and at the end of the campaign , he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category . He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc , and competed in Master Kadets , where he finished on the podium . In 1999 , he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category , where he took three wins and finished third in the championship . Pérez also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category , after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter . In 2000 , he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship , and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge . However , Pérez was not satisfied with the results and the following season , was up for another championship , this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional , and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category . With all these achievements , the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex . With six wins in 2002 , Pérez finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category , and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc , in Las Vegas , where qualified fifth and finished in 11th place . In 2003 , he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category , but withdrew from the last seven races , which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations . However , he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge , in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico . In the same year , he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout , where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag , while he was the youngest in the category . Skip Barber . Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004 . Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex , he finished eleventh in the championship . Formula BMW . Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series . He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months . He finished fourteenth in the championship , driving for 4speed Media , and improved to sixth position the following year . A1 Grand Prix . In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season , Pérez took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico . He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series . Formula Three . Pérez switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007 . Pérez relocated his personal residence to Oxford . He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team , winning the championship by a comfortable margin . In the process , he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions , and finished all but two races on the podium . For 2008 , he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship , where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine . After leading the championship early in the season , he eventually finished fourth in the drivers standings . GP2 Series . Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series , partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov . He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990 . He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir , winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position . He added a second win at Losail , during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar . He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series , driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara . Pérez finished twelfth in the standings , with a best result of second coming at Valencia . In the off-season , he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax , ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team . He won five races , and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado . Formula One . Sauber ( 2011–2012 ) . 2011 season . On 4 October 2010 , Sauber announced that Pérez would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld . Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with Pérezs sponsor Telmex . He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One , and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981 . He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010 . Pérez finished seventh in his first race , the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once , becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops . However , both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations . He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of Pérezs Sauber , forcing his retirement . The saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th . He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey , before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points . During the third part of qualifying for the , Pérez lost control of his car upon exiting the circuits tunnel section , swung to the right and crashed into the barrier , before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact . He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact . The session was suspended , and marshals and medical personnel extricated Pérez from his car . A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident , and had been taken to the circuits medical centre . He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion , and did not take part in the race the following day , on medical grounds . After taking part in the first practice session of the , Pérez did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part , and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Pérez returned for the and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy . He took a career best seventh at the and eleventh in Germany . After a fifteenth place in Hungary , he retired in Belgium with suspension failure . This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy , before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa . In Japan he took eighth place , before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea , tenth in India , and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi . He finished sixteenth in the Drivers Championship with fourteen points . On 28 July , it was announced that Pérez would remain with Sauber into the season , alongside teammate Kobayashi . On 13 September , Pérez tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60 , Ferraris car from the season . Pérez conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi . 2012 season . Pérez started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres . In the second round at Malaysia , he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win . In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds , but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back , finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second . Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error , taking Saubers best result as an independent team . This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future . However , Pérez later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season . At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix , he qualified a career-best eighth , but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his cars clutch . He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco , before Pérez achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place , having started fifteenth . In the , Pérez qualified in fifteenth place , citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling unpredictable as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh . He improved to ninth place in the race , but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team . On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado , forcing him to retire with broken suspension . He later criticised the Venezuelan , claiming Everybody has concerns about him before adding , He is a driver who doesnt know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all . Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race . Pérez later added : Just look at the last races . He ruined Hamiltons race ( in Valencia ) , he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things . I dont understand why the stewards dont take a serious decision with him . With Pastor theyre not doing anything that will teach him a lesson . For the , Pérez started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field , and ultimately finished the race in 6th place . At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest . A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted Pérez to a career-best fourth on the grid . In the race , he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident . Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars . Also involved in the accident were , the championship leader Fernando Alonso and Pérezs teammate Kamui Kobayashi . Pérez took his third podium at the . On Saturday , he failed to qualify for Q3 , and was twelfth on the grid . On Sunday , he climbed through the field to second place , passing on track , among others , Kimi Räikkönen , Nico Rosberg , Felipe Massa and Alonso . Unlike most of the drivers in the field , Pérez started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29 , allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps . As a result , Pérez and his cars outstanding tyre management got him well into the points , and ultimately , to a podium finish . Ultimately , he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers Championship with 66 points , 6 more than teammate Kobayashi . McLaren ( 2013 ) . 2013 season . On 28 September 2012 , Lewis Hamiltons decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced , and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamiltons replacement . He also replaced Hamilton in McLarens cartoon Tooned . This also ended Pérez association with Ferrari , as he was released from its driver academy . In the season-opening race in Australia , Pérez qualified 15th and finished in 11th position , later describing the weekend as difficult for himself and the team as a whole . He started the from ninth on the grid , and finished the race in the same position , scoring his first points for McLaren . He also achieved the fastest lap of the race , having pitted for fresh tyres . In the Bahrain GP , he started 12th on the grid and finishing 6th ahead of Ferraris Fernando Alonso ( 8th ) and his teammate Jenson Button ( 10th ) , with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions , increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races . After the Bahrain Grand Prix , Jenson Button said of Pérezs driving style : At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix Pérez performed several aggressive overtaking moves , before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen . Following the incident Räikkönen said that Pérez should be punched in the face . Pérez recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India , finishing four seconds shy of the podium , a result that left him extremely satisfied . Pérez confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen . On 12 December 2013 ( exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren ) , Force India confirmed that Pérez would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal . Force India ( 2014–2018 ) . On 12 December 2013 , Pérez had his drive for Force India in confirmed . 2014 . In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits . He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues prior to the start of the race . Nevertheless , a week later in the , he was able to score Force Indias first podium since , holding off Ricciardos Red Bull for a third-place finish . At the , Pérez started 16th and after gaining four places at the start , was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyats Toro Rosso to finish 9th . Outqualifying his teammate for a second time , Pérez started in tenth position for the however a first lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season . At the , Pérez was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues , later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls . On the last lap he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa , who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers . Pérez was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race , as the stewards decided he changed his racing line , causing Massa to crash into him . At the , Pérez set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history . On 7 November 2014 , before the , Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the season . Pérez stated that contract negotiations were ongoing , in regards to a further contract extension . The deal was officially confirmed at the , with Pérez signing a new two-year contract , until the end of the season . 2015 . The 2015 season started with a 10th place for Pérez in Australia , followed by a 13th in Malaysia , an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain . He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy . His best race of the season was in Russia , where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force Indias third ever . He finished the 2015 championship in ninth , his highest championship position to date , with 78 points . He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points . Besides the podium finish in Russia , he managed three further top five finishes in Belgium , USA and Abu Dhabi ; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds . In the second half of the season he out qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races , and eight times throughout the season . 2016 . Pérez experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09 , but scored points with a ninth place in Russia . Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the teams form . In Monaco , Pérez scored his sixth ( and Force Indias fourth ) podium finish in wet and changing conditions , and moved to ninth in the Drivers Championship standings . Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull , at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance . In the European Grand Prix in Baku Pérez once again finished third , recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice , having been fast enough to qualify on the front row . Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third , making it his second podium in three races . 2017 . After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , Pérez confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season . He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon , ending speculation of a possible move to Williams , Renault or Haas . He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start , and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure . He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco . He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through , who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd . He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon . He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap . He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain , behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th . He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season . 2018 . Pérez finished the first three races of the season outside the points . He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race . He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go , making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit ( in 2016 and 2018 ) . Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain . In France , he retired from the race with an engine failure . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany . After the Hungarian Grand Prix , Force India was put into administration . This was caused by a group of creditors ( including Pérez ) taking legal action against the team . Pérez said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors , which would have resulted in the teams collapse . Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix , Force Indias assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll , father of Williams driver Lance Stroll . The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping Pérez and Ocon as their drivers . At the Belgian Grand Prix , the team came back strong with Pérez and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd , and finishing 5th and 6th , respectively . Pérez took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season . However , he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore . He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap , causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race . He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin , an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty . He later stated that he thought his penalty was fair . He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico . He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points , finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes , Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season . Racing Point ( 2019–2020 ) . 2019 . The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point , retaining Pérez as a driver . He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll . Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season , with much of the work on that years car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year . A strong start to the season , including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan , was followed by a string of eight races without points , the longest such string of his career . This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix , where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th . In a similar manner to 2018 , Pérez fared far better during the second half of the season . Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak , he scored points in every race after the summer break , including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium . Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions , including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th , 8th in Japan from 17th , and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane . He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points , comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll . 2020 . Pérez had signed a contract extension with Racing Point , for whom he was meant to continue racing with until the end of 2022 . Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19 . Due to this , he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix . He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg . It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , as he had again tested positive for COVID-19 . After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Pérez returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix , he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position . In September 2020 , Pérez announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season . He will be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the season . Pérez achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix . After qualifying third in the rain , Pérez passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second , only behind his teammate Lance Stroll , starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58 . Pérez inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop , and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead . The podium was Hamilton , Pérez and Sebastian Vettel . Pérez was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th , but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go , forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit . Since Pérez announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him , with The Race saying it will be a huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid. . Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez should be on Red Bull Racings radar to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon . Pérez won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix , becoming Formula 1s 110th race winner . On the first lap Pérez was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last . On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll . This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior . Red Bull ( 2021– ) . Pérez races for Red Bull Racing in 2021 , replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver - and partnering Max Verstappen . At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix , Pérez made his debut with Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place and was voted Driver of the Day . During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th . During the formation lap for the race , his car switched off due to an electrical failure . He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane . Racing record . Racing career summary . Includes points scored by other drivers. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . External links . - Sergio Pérezs Racing Point profile |
[
"Formula Three"
] | easy | What sport did Sergio Pérez participate from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Sergio_Pérez#P641#2 | Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez Mendoza ( ; born 26 January 1990 ) , nicknamed Checo , is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing , having previously driven for Sauber , McLaren , Force India and Racing Point . He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190 . Pérez was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012 . He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season . He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber . Due to his young age and performance , he was referred to as The Mexican Wunderkind . Pérez joined McLaren for the 2013 season , but the team did not score a single podium finish . Subsequently , for the 2014 season , the team decided to replace Pérez with Kevin Magnussen . Force India signed Pérez for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract . He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019 . In 2019 , Racing Point signed a three-year extension with Pérez . In September 2020 , Racing Point announced that Pérez would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel , a four-time F1 world champion , had been signed to replace him . Subsequently , Pérez signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season , replacing Alex Albon . Personal life . Born in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Pérez is the youngest child of Antonio Pérez Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de Pérez ; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio , a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series . Pérez is married to Carola Martínez , and they have two children . Pérez is a Roman Catholic . Both Pérez brothers are association football fans , stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally.The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández . In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website , Pérez revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer . In November 2012 , Pérez unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer . His sister Paola was the foundations president . Early career . Karting . Pérez began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996 . In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category . In 1997 , he participated in the karting Youth Class , where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win , five podiums and finished fourth in the championship . The following year , he returned to compete in the junior category , where he had eight wins ; and at the end of the campaign , he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category . He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc , and competed in Master Kadets , where he finished on the podium . In 1999 , he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category , where he took three wins and finished third in the championship . Pérez also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category , after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter . In 2000 , he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship , and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge . However , Pérez was not satisfied with the results and the following season , was up for another championship , this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional , and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category . With all these achievements , the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex . With six wins in 2002 , Pérez finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category , and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc , in Las Vegas , where qualified fifth and finished in 11th place . In 2003 , he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category , but withdrew from the last seven races , which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations . However , he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge , in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico . In the same year , he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout , where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag , while he was the youngest in the category . Skip Barber . Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004 . Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex , he finished eleventh in the championship . Formula BMW . Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series . He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months . He finished fourteenth in the championship , driving for 4speed Media , and improved to sixth position the following year . A1 Grand Prix . In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season , Pérez took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico . He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series . Formula Three . Pérez switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007 . Pérez relocated his personal residence to Oxford . He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team , winning the championship by a comfortable margin . In the process , he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions , and finished all but two races on the podium . For 2008 , he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship , where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine . After leading the championship early in the season , he eventually finished fourth in the drivers standings . GP2 Series . Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series , partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov . He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990 . He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir , winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position . He added a second win at Losail , during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar . He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series , driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara . Pérez finished twelfth in the standings , with a best result of second coming at Valencia . In the off-season , he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax , ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team . He won five races , and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado . Formula One . Sauber ( 2011–2012 ) . 2011 season . On 4 October 2010 , Sauber announced that Pérez would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld . Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with Pérezs sponsor Telmex . He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One , and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981 . He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010 . Pérez finished seventh in his first race , the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once , becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops . However , both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations . He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of Pérezs Sauber , forcing his retirement . The saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th . He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey , before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points . During the third part of qualifying for the , Pérez lost control of his car upon exiting the circuits tunnel section , swung to the right and crashed into the barrier , before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact . He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact . The session was suspended , and marshals and medical personnel extricated Pérez from his car . A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident , and had been taken to the circuits medical centre . He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion , and did not take part in the race the following day , on medical grounds . After taking part in the first practice session of the , Pérez did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part , and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Pérez returned for the and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy . He took a career best seventh at the and eleventh in Germany . After a fifteenth place in Hungary , he retired in Belgium with suspension failure . This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy , before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa . In Japan he took eighth place , before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea , tenth in India , and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi . He finished sixteenth in the Drivers Championship with fourteen points . On 28 July , it was announced that Pérez would remain with Sauber into the season , alongside teammate Kobayashi . On 13 September , Pérez tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60 , Ferraris car from the season . Pérez conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi . 2012 season . Pérez started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres . In the second round at Malaysia , he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win . In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds , but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back , finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second . Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error , taking Saubers best result as an independent team . This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future . However , Pérez later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season . At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix , he qualified a career-best eighth , but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his cars clutch . He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco , before Pérez achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place , having started fifteenth . In the , Pérez qualified in fifteenth place , citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling unpredictable as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh . He improved to ninth place in the race , but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team . On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado , forcing him to retire with broken suspension . He later criticised the Venezuelan , claiming Everybody has concerns about him before adding , He is a driver who doesnt know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all . Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race . Pérez later added : Just look at the last races . He ruined Hamiltons race ( in Valencia ) , he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things . I dont understand why the stewards dont take a serious decision with him . With Pastor theyre not doing anything that will teach him a lesson . For the , Pérez started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field , and ultimately finished the race in 6th place . At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest . A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted Pérez to a career-best fourth on the grid . In the race , he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident . Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars . Also involved in the accident were , the championship leader Fernando Alonso and Pérezs teammate Kamui Kobayashi . Pérez took his third podium at the . On Saturday , he failed to qualify for Q3 , and was twelfth on the grid . On Sunday , he climbed through the field to second place , passing on track , among others , Kimi Räikkönen , Nico Rosberg , Felipe Massa and Alonso . Unlike most of the drivers in the field , Pérez started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29 , allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps . As a result , Pérez and his cars outstanding tyre management got him well into the points , and ultimately , to a podium finish . Ultimately , he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers Championship with 66 points , 6 more than teammate Kobayashi . McLaren ( 2013 ) . 2013 season . On 28 September 2012 , Lewis Hamiltons decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced , and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamiltons replacement . He also replaced Hamilton in McLarens cartoon Tooned . This also ended Pérez association with Ferrari , as he was released from its driver academy . In the season-opening race in Australia , Pérez qualified 15th and finished in 11th position , later describing the weekend as difficult for himself and the team as a whole . He started the from ninth on the grid , and finished the race in the same position , scoring his first points for McLaren . He also achieved the fastest lap of the race , having pitted for fresh tyres . In the Bahrain GP , he started 12th on the grid and finishing 6th ahead of Ferraris Fernando Alonso ( 8th ) and his teammate Jenson Button ( 10th ) , with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions , increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races . After the Bahrain Grand Prix , Jenson Button said of Pérezs driving style : At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix Pérez performed several aggressive overtaking moves , before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen . Following the incident Räikkönen said that Pérez should be punched in the face . Pérez recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India , finishing four seconds shy of the podium , a result that left him extremely satisfied . Pérez confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen . On 12 December 2013 ( exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren ) , Force India confirmed that Pérez would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal . Force India ( 2014–2018 ) . On 12 December 2013 , Pérez had his drive for Force India in confirmed . 2014 . In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits . He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues prior to the start of the race . Nevertheless , a week later in the , he was able to score Force Indias first podium since , holding off Ricciardos Red Bull for a third-place finish . At the , Pérez started 16th and after gaining four places at the start , was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyats Toro Rosso to finish 9th . Outqualifying his teammate for a second time , Pérez started in tenth position for the however a first lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season . At the , Pérez was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues , later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls . On the last lap he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa , who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers . Pérez was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race , as the stewards decided he changed his racing line , causing Massa to crash into him . At the , Pérez set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history . On 7 November 2014 , before the , Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the season . Pérez stated that contract negotiations were ongoing , in regards to a further contract extension . The deal was officially confirmed at the , with Pérez signing a new two-year contract , until the end of the season . 2015 . The 2015 season started with a 10th place for Pérez in Australia , followed by a 13th in Malaysia , an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain . He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy . His best race of the season was in Russia , where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force Indias third ever . He finished the 2015 championship in ninth , his highest championship position to date , with 78 points . He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points . Besides the podium finish in Russia , he managed three further top five finishes in Belgium , USA and Abu Dhabi ; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds . In the second half of the season he out qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races , and eight times throughout the season . 2016 . Pérez experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09 , but scored points with a ninth place in Russia . Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the teams form . In Monaco , Pérez scored his sixth ( and Force Indias fourth ) podium finish in wet and changing conditions , and moved to ninth in the Drivers Championship standings . Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull , at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance . In the European Grand Prix in Baku Pérez once again finished third , recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice , having been fast enough to qualify on the front row . Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third , making it his second podium in three races . 2017 . After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , Pérez confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season . He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon , ending speculation of a possible move to Williams , Renault or Haas . He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start , and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure . He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco . He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through , who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd . He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon . He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap . He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain , behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th . He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season . 2018 . Pérez finished the first three races of the season outside the points . He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race . He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go , making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit ( in 2016 and 2018 ) . Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain . In France , he retired from the race with an engine failure . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany . After the Hungarian Grand Prix , Force India was put into administration . This was caused by a group of creditors ( including Pérez ) taking legal action against the team . Pérez said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors , which would have resulted in the teams collapse . Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix , Force Indias assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll , father of Williams driver Lance Stroll . The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping Pérez and Ocon as their drivers . At the Belgian Grand Prix , the team came back strong with Pérez and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd , and finishing 5th and 6th , respectively . Pérez took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season . However , he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore . He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap , causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race . He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin , an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty . He later stated that he thought his penalty was fair . He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico . He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points , finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes , Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season . Racing Point ( 2019–2020 ) . 2019 . The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point , retaining Pérez as a driver . He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll . Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season , with much of the work on that years car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year . A strong start to the season , including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan , was followed by a string of eight races without points , the longest such string of his career . This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix , where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th . In a similar manner to 2018 , Pérez fared far better during the second half of the season . Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak , he scored points in every race after the summer break , including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium . Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions , including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th , 8th in Japan from 17th , and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane . He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points , comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll . 2020 . Pérez had signed a contract extension with Racing Point , for whom he was meant to continue racing with until the end of 2022 . Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19 . Due to this , he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix . He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg . It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , as he had again tested positive for COVID-19 . After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Pérez returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix , he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position . In September 2020 , Pérez announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season . He will be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the season . Pérez achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix . After qualifying third in the rain , Pérez passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second , only behind his teammate Lance Stroll , starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58 . Pérez inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop , and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead . The podium was Hamilton , Pérez and Sebastian Vettel . Pérez was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th , but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go , forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit . Since Pérez announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him , with The Race saying it will be a huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid. . Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez should be on Red Bull Racings radar to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon . Pérez won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix , becoming Formula 1s 110th race winner . On the first lap Pérez was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last . On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll . This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior . Red Bull ( 2021– ) . Pérez races for Red Bull Racing in 2021 , replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver - and partnering Max Verstappen . At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix , Pérez made his debut with Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place and was voted Driver of the Day . During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th . During the formation lap for the race , his car switched off due to an electrical failure . He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane . Racing record . Racing career summary . Includes points scored by other drivers. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . External links . - Sergio Pérezs Racing Point profile |
[
"GP2 Series"
] | easy | What sport did Sergio Pérez participate from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Sergio_Pérez#P641#3 | Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez Mendoza ( ; born 26 January 1990 ) , nicknamed Checo , is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing , having previously driven for Sauber , McLaren , Force India and Racing Point . He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190 . Pérez was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012 . He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season . He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber . Due to his young age and performance , he was referred to as The Mexican Wunderkind . Pérez joined McLaren for the 2013 season , but the team did not score a single podium finish . Subsequently , for the 2014 season , the team decided to replace Pérez with Kevin Magnussen . Force India signed Pérez for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract . He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019 . In 2019 , Racing Point signed a three-year extension with Pérez . In September 2020 , Racing Point announced that Pérez would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel , a four-time F1 world champion , had been signed to replace him . Subsequently , Pérez signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season , replacing Alex Albon . Personal life . Born in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Pérez is the youngest child of Antonio Pérez Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de Pérez ; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio , a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series . Pérez is married to Carola Martínez , and they have two children . Pérez is a Roman Catholic . Both Pérez brothers are association football fans , stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally.The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández . In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website , Pérez revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer . In November 2012 , Pérez unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer . His sister Paola was the foundations president . Early career . Karting . Pérez began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996 . In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category . In 1997 , he participated in the karting Youth Class , where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win , five podiums and finished fourth in the championship . The following year , he returned to compete in the junior category , where he had eight wins ; and at the end of the campaign , he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category . He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc , and competed in Master Kadets , where he finished on the podium . In 1999 , he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category , where he took three wins and finished third in the championship . Pérez also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category , after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter . In 2000 , he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship , and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge . However , Pérez was not satisfied with the results and the following season , was up for another championship , this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional , and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category . With all these achievements , the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex . With six wins in 2002 , Pérez finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category , and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc , in Las Vegas , where qualified fifth and finished in 11th place . In 2003 , he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category , but withdrew from the last seven races , which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations . However , he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge , in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico . In the same year , he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout , where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag , while he was the youngest in the category . Skip Barber . Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004 . Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex , he finished eleventh in the championship . Formula BMW . Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series . He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months . He finished fourteenth in the championship , driving for 4speed Media , and improved to sixth position the following year . A1 Grand Prix . In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season , Pérez took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico . He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series . Formula Three . Pérez switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007 . Pérez relocated his personal residence to Oxford . He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team , winning the championship by a comfortable margin . In the process , he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions , and finished all but two races on the podium . For 2008 , he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship , where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine . After leading the championship early in the season , he eventually finished fourth in the drivers standings . GP2 Series . Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series , partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov . He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990 . He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir , winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position . He added a second win at Losail , during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar . He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series , driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara . Pérez finished twelfth in the standings , with a best result of second coming at Valencia . In the off-season , he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax , ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team . He won five races , and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado . Formula One . Sauber ( 2011–2012 ) . 2011 season . On 4 October 2010 , Sauber announced that Pérez would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld . Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with Pérezs sponsor Telmex . He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One , and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981 . He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010 . Pérez finished seventh in his first race , the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once , becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops . However , both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations . He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of Pérezs Sauber , forcing his retirement . The saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th . He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey , before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points . During the third part of qualifying for the , Pérez lost control of his car upon exiting the circuits tunnel section , swung to the right and crashed into the barrier , before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact . He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact . The session was suspended , and marshals and medical personnel extricated Pérez from his car . A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident , and had been taken to the circuits medical centre . He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion , and did not take part in the race the following day , on medical grounds . After taking part in the first practice session of the , Pérez did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part , and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Pérez returned for the and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy . He took a career best seventh at the and eleventh in Germany . After a fifteenth place in Hungary , he retired in Belgium with suspension failure . This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy , before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa . In Japan he took eighth place , before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea , tenth in India , and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi . He finished sixteenth in the Drivers Championship with fourteen points . On 28 July , it was announced that Pérez would remain with Sauber into the season , alongside teammate Kobayashi . On 13 September , Pérez tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60 , Ferraris car from the season . Pérez conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi . 2012 season . Pérez started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres . In the second round at Malaysia , he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win . In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds , but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back , finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second . Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error , taking Saubers best result as an independent team . This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future . However , Pérez later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season . At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix , he qualified a career-best eighth , but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his cars clutch . He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco , before Pérez achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place , having started fifteenth . In the , Pérez qualified in fifteenth place , citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling unpredictable as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh . He improved to ninth place in the race , but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team . On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado , forcing him to retire with broken suspension . He later criticised the Venezuelan , claiming Everybody has concerns about him before adding , He is a driver who doesnt know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all . Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race . Pérez later added : Just look at the last races . He ruined Hamiltons race ( in Valencia ) , he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things . I dont understand why the stewards dont take a serious decision with him . With Pastor theyre not doing anything that will teach him a lesson . For the , Pérez started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field , and ultimately finished the race in 6th place . At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest . A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted Pérez to a career-best fourth on the grid . In the race , he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident . Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars . Also involved in the accident were , the championship leader Fernando Alonso and Pérezs teammate Kamui Kobayashi . Pérez took his third podium at the . On Saturday , he failed to qualify for Q3 , and was twelfth on the grid . On Sunday , he climbed through the field to second place , passing on track , among others , Kimi Räikkönen , Nico Rosberg , Felipe Massa and Alonso . Unlike most of the drivers in the field , Pérez started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29 , allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps . As a result , Pérez and his cars outstanding tyre management got him well into the points , and ultimately , to a podium finish . Ultimately , he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers Championship with 66 points , 6 more than teammate Kobayashi . McLaren ( 2013 ) . 2013 season . On 28 September 2012 , Lewis Hamiltons decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced , and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamiltons replacement . He also replaced Hamilton in McLarens cartoon Tooned . This also ended Pérez association with Ferrari , as he was released from its driver academy . In the season-opening race in Australia , Pérez qualified 15th and finished in 11th position , later describing the weekend as difficult for himself and the team as a whole . He started the from ninth on the grid , and finished the race in the same position , scoring his first points for McLaren . He also achieved the fastest lap of the race , having pitted for fresh tyres . In the Bahrain GP , he started 12th on the grid and finishing 6th ahead of Ferraris Fernando Alonso ( 8th ) and his teammate Jenson Button ( 10th ) , with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions , increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races . After the Bahrain Grand Prix , Jenson Button said of Pérezs driving style : At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix Pérez performed several aggressive overtaking moves , before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen . Following the incident Räikkönen said that Pérez should be punched in the face . Pérez recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India , finishing four seconds shy of the podium , a result that left him extremely satisfied . Pérez confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen . On 12 December 2013 ( exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren ) , Force India confirmed that Pérez would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal . Force India ( 2014–2018 ) . On 12 December 2013 , Pérez had his drive for Force India in confirmed . 2014 . In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits . He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues prior to the start of the race . Nevertheless , a week later in the , he was able to score Force Indias first podium since , holding off Ricciardos Red Bull for a third-place finish . At the , Pérez started 16th and after gaining four places at the start , was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyats Toro Rosso to finish 9th . Outqualifying his teammate for a second time , Pérez started in tenth position for the however a first lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season . At the , Pérez was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues , later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls . On the last lap he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa , who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers . Pérez was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race , as the stewards decided he changed his racing line , causing Massa to crash into him . At the , Pérez set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history . On 7 November 2014 , before the , Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the season . Pérez stated that contract negotiations were ongoing , in regards to a further contract extension . The deal was officially confirmed at the , with Pérez signing a new two-year contract , until the end of the season . 2015 . The 2015 season started with a 10th place for Pérez in Australia , followed by a 13th in Malaysia , an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain . He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy . His best race of the season was in Russia , where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force Indias third ever . He finished the 2015 championship in ninth , his highest championship position to date , with 78 points . He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points . Besides the podium finish in Russia , he managed three further top five finishes in Belgium , USA and Abu Dhabi ; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds . In the second half of the season he out qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races , and eight times throughout the season . 2016 . Pérez experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09 , but scored points with a ninth place in Russia . Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the teams form . In Monaco , Pérez scored his sixth ( and Force Indias fourth ) podium finish in wet and changing conditions , and moved to ninth in the Drivers Championship standings . Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull , at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance . In the European Grand Prix in Baku Pérez once again finished third , recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice , having been fast enough to qualify on the front row . Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third , making it his second podium in three races . 2017 . After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , Pérez confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season . He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon , ending speculation of a possible move to Williams , Renault or Haas . He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start , and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure . He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco . He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through , who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd . He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon . He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap . He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain , behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th . He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season . 2018 . Pérez finished the first three races of the season outside the points . He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race . He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go , making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit ( in 2016 and 2018 ) . Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain . In France , he retired from the race with an engine failure . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany . After the Hungarian Grand Prix , Force India was put into administration . This was caused by a group of creditors ( including Pérez ) taking legal action against the team . Pérez said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors , which would have resulted in the teams collapse . Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix , Force Indias assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll , father of Williams driver Lance Stroll . The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping Pérez and Ocon as their drivers . At the Belgian Grand Prix , the team came back strong with Pérez and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd , and finishing 5th and 6th , respectively . Pérez took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season . However , he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore . He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap , causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race . He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin , an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty . He later stated that he thought his penalty was fair . He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico . He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points , finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes , Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season . Racing Point ( 2019–2020 ) . 2019 . The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point , retaining Pérez as a driver . He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll . Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season , with much of the work on that years car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year . A strong start to the season , including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan , was followed by a string of eight races without points , the longest such string of his career . This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix , where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th . In a similar manner to 2018 , Pérez fared far better during the second half of the season . Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak , he scored points in every race after the summer break , including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium . Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions , including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th , 8th in Japan from 17th , and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane . He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points , comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll . 2020 . Pérez had signed a contract extension with Racing Point , for whom he was meant to continue racing with until the end of 2022 . Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19 . Due to this , he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix . He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg . It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , as he had again tested positive for COVID-19 . After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Pérez returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix , he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position . In September 2020 , Pérez announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season . He will be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the season . Pérez achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix . After qualifying third in the rain , Pérez passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second , only behind his teammate Lance Stroll , starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58 . Pérez inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop , and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead . The podium was Hamilton , Pérez and Sebastian Vettel . Pérez was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th , but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go , forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit . Since Pérez announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him , with The Race saying it will be a huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid. . Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez should be on Red Bull Racings radar to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon . Pérez won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix , becoming Formula 1s 110th race winner . On the first lap Pérez was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last . On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll . This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior . Red Bull ( 2021– ) . Pérez races for Red Bull Racing in 2021 , replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver - and partnering Max Verstappen . At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix , Pérez made his debut with Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place and was voted Driver of the Day . During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th . During the formation lap for the race , his car switched off due to an electrical failure . He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane . Racing record . Racing career summary . Includes points scored by other drivers. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . External links . - Sergio Pérezs Racing Point profile |
[
"Formula One"
] | easy | What sport did Sergio Pérez participate from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Sergio_Pérez#P641#4 | Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez Mendoza ( ; born 26 January 1990 ) , nicknamed Checo , is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing , having previously driven for Sauber , McLaren , Force India and Racing Point . He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190 . Pérez was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012 . He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season . He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber . Due to his young age and performance , he was referred to as The Mexican Wunderkind . Pérez joined McLaren for the 2013 season , but the team did not score a single podium finish . Subsequently , for the 2014 season , the team decided to replace Pérez with Kevin Magnussen . Force India signed Pérez for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract . He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019 . In 2019 , Racing Point signed a three-year extension with Pérez . In September 2020 , Racing Point announced that Pérez would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel , a four-time F1 world champion , had been signed to replace him . Subsequently , Pérez signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season , replacing Alex Albon . Personal life . Born in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Pérez is the youngest child of Antonio Pérez Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de Pérez ; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio , a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series . Pérez is married to Carola Martínez , and they have two children . Pérez is a Roman Catholic . Both Pérez brothers are association football fans , stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally.The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández . In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website , Pérez revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer . In November 2012 , Pérez unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer . His sister Paola was the foundations president . Early career . Karting . Pérez began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996 . In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category . In 1997 , he participated in the karting Youth Class , where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win , five podiums and finished fourth in the championship . The following year , he returned to compete in the junior category , where he had eight wins ; and at the end of the campaign , he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category . He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc , and competed in Master Kadets , where he finished on the podium . In 1999 , he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category , where he took three wins and finished third in the championship . Pérez also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category , after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter . In 2000 , he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship , and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge . However , Pérez was not satisfied with the results and the following season , was up for another championship , this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional , and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category . With all these achievements , the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex . With six wins in 2002 , Pérez finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category , and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc , in Las Vegas , where qualified fifth and finished in 11th place . In 2003 , he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category , but withdrew from the last seven races , which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations . However , he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge , in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico . In the same year , he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout , where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag , while he was the youngest in the category . Skip Barber . Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004 . Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex , he finished eleventh in the championship . Formula BMW . Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series . He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months . He finished fourteenth in the championship , driving for 4speed Media , and improved to sixth position the following year . A1 Grand Prix . In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season , Pérez took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico . He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series . Formula Three . Pérez switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007 . Pérez relocated his personal residence to Oxford . He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team , winning the championship by a comfortable margin . In the process , he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions , and finished all but two races on the podium . For 2008 , he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship , where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine . After leading the championship early in the season , he eventually finished fourth in the drivers standings . GP2 Series . Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series , partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov . He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990 . He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir , winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position . He added a second win at Losail , during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar . He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series , driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara . Pérez finished twelfth in the standings , with a best result of second coming at Valencia . In the off-season , he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax , ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team . He won five races , and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado . Formula One . Sauber ( 2011–2012 ) . 2011 season . On 4 October 2010 , Sauber announced that Pérez would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld . Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with Pérezs sponsor Telmex . He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One , and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981 . He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010 . Pérez finished seventh in his first race , the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once , becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops . However , both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations . He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of Pérezs Sauber , forcing his retirement . The saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th . He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey , before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points . During the third part of qualifying for the , Pérez lost control of his car upon exiting the circuits tunnel section , swung to the right and crashed into the barrier , before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact . He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact . The session was suspended , and marshals and medical personnel extricated Pérez from his car . A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident , and had been taken to the circuits medical centre . He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion , and did not take part in the race the following day , on medical grounds . After taking part in the first practice session of the , Pérez did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part , and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Pérez returned for the and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy . He took a career best seventh at the and eleventh in Germany . After a fifteenth place in Hungary , he retired in Belgium with suspension failure . This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy , before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa . In Japan he took eighth place , before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea , tenth in India , and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi . He finished sixteenth in the Drivers Championship with fourteen points . On 28 July , it was announced that Pérez would remain with Sauber into the season , alongside teammate Kobayashi . On 13 September , Pérez tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60 , Ferraris car from the season . Pérez conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi . 2012 season . Pérez started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres . In the second round at Malaysia , he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win . In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds , but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back , finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second . Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error , taking Saubers best result as an independent team . This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future . However , Pérez later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season . At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix , he qualified a career-best eighth , but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his cars clutch . He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco , before Pérez achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place , having started fifteenth . In the , Pérez qualified in fifteenth place , citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling unpredictable as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh . He improved to ninth place in the race , but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team . On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado , forcing him to retire with broken suspension . He later criticised the Venezuelan , claiming Everybody has concerns about him before adding , He is a driver who doesnt know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all . Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race . Pérez later added : Just look at the last races . He ruined Hamiltons race ( in Valencia ) , he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things . I dont understand why the stewards dont take a serious decision with him . With Pastor theyre not doing anything that will teach him a lesson . For the , Pérez started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field , and ultimately finished the race in 6th place . At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest . A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted Pérez to a career-best fourth on the grid . In the race , he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident . Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars . Also involved in the accident were , the championship leader Fernando Alonso and Pérezs teammate Kamui Kobayashi . Pérez took his third podium at the . On Saturday , he failed to qualify for Q3 , and was twelfth on the grid . On Sunday , he climbed through the field to second place , passing on track , among others , Kimi Räikkönen , Nico Rosberg , Felipe Massa and Alonso . Unlike most of the drivers in the field , Pérez started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29 , allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps . As a result , Pérez and his cars outstanding tyre management got him well into the points , and ultimately , to a podium finish . Ultimately , he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers Championship with 66 points , 6 more than teammate Kobayashi . McLaren ( 2013 ) . 2013 season . On 28 September 2012 , Lewis Hamiltons decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced , and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamiltons replacement . He also replaced Hamilton in McLarens cartoon Tooned . This also ended Pérez association with Ferrari , as he was released from its driver academy . In the season-opening race in Australia , Pérez qualified 15th and finished in 11th position , later describing the weekend as difficult for himself and the team as a whole . He started the from ninth on the grid , and finished the race in the same position , scoring his first points for McLaren . He also achieved the fastest lap of the race , having pitted for fresh tyres . In the Bahrain GP , he started 12th on the grid and finishing 6th ahead of Ferraris Fernando Alonso ( 8th ) and his teammate Jenson Button ( 10th ) , with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions , increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races . After the Bahrain Grand Prix , Jenson Button said of Pérezs driving style : At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix Pérez performed several aggressive overtaking moves , before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen . Following the incident Räikkönen said that Pérez should be punched in the face . Pérez recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India , finishing four seconds shy of the podium , a result that left him extremely satisfied . Pérez confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen . On 12 December 2013 ( exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren ) , Force India confirmed that Pérez would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal . Force India ( 2014–2018 ) . On 12 December 2013 , Pérez had his drive for Force India in confirmed . 2014 . In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits . He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues prior to the start of the race . Nevertheless , a week later in the , he was able to score Force Indias first podium since , holding off Ricciardos Red Bull for a third-place finish . At the , Pérez started 16th and after gaining four places at the start , was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyats Toro Rosso to finish 9th . Outqualifying his teammate for a second time , Pérez started in tenth position for the however a first lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season . At the , Pérez was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues , later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls . On the last lap he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa , who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers . Pérez was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race , as the stewards decided he changed his racing line , causing Massa to crash into him . At the , Pérez set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history . On 7 November 2014 , before the , Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the season . Pérez stated that contract negotiations were ongoing , in regards to a further contract extension . The deal was officially confirmed at the , with Pérez signing a new two-year contract , until the end of the season . 2015 . The 2015 season started with a 10th place for Pérez in Australia , followed by a 13th in Malaysia , an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain . He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy . His best race of the season was in Russia , where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force Indias third ever . He finished the 2015 championship in ninth , his highest championship position to date , with 78 points . He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points . Besides the podium finish in Russia , he managed three further top five finishes in Belgium , USA and Abu Dhabi ; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds . In the second half of the season he out qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races , and eight times throughout the season . 2016 . Pérez experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09 , but scored points with a ninth place in Russia . Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the teams form . In Monaco , Pérez scored his sixth ( and Force Indias fourth ) podium finish in wet and changing conditions , and moved to ninth in the Drivers Championship standings . Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull , at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance . In the European Grand Prix in Baku Pérez once again finished third , recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice , having been fast enough to qualify on the front row . Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third , making it his second podium in three races . 2017 . After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , Pérez confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season . He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon , ending speculation of a possible move to Williams , Renault or Haas . He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start , and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure . He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco . He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through , who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd . He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon . He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap . He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain , behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th . He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season . 2018 . Pérez finished the first three races of the season outside the points . He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race . He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go , making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit ( in 2016 and 2018 ) . Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain . In France , he retired from the race with an engine failure . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany . After the Hungarian Grand Prix , Force India was put into administration . This was caused by a group of creditors ( including Pérez ) taking legal action against the team . Pérez said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors , which would have resulted in the teams collapse . Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix , Force Indias assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll , father of Williams driver Lance Stroll . The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping Pérez and Ocon as their drivers . At the Belgian Grand Prix , the team came back strong with Pérez and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd , and finishing 5th and 6th , respectively . Pérez took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season . However , he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore . He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap , causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race . He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin , an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty . He later stated that he thought his penalty was fair . He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico . He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points , finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes , Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season . Racing Point ( 2019–2020 ) . 2019 . The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point , retaining Pérez as a driver . He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll . Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season , with much of the work on that years car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year . A strong start to the season , including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan , was followed by a string of eight races without points , the longest such string of his career . This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix , where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th . In a similar manner to 2018 , Pérez fared far better during the second half of the season . Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak , he scored points in every race after the summer break , including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium . Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions , including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th , 8th in Japan from 17th , and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane . He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points , comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll . 2020 . Pérez had signed a contract extension with Racing Point , for whom he was meant to continue racing with until the end of 2022 . Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19 . Due to this , he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix . He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg . It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , as he had again tested positive for COVID-19 . After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Pérez returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix , he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position . In September 2020 , Pérez announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season . He will be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the season . Pérez achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix . After qualifying third in the rain , Pérez passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second , only behind his teammate Lance Stroll , starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58 . Pérez inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop , and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead . The podium was Hamilton , Pérez and Sebastian Vettel . Pérez was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th , but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go , forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit . Since Pérez announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him , with The Race saying it will be a huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid. . Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez should be on Red Bull Racings radar to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon . Pérez won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix , becoming Formula 1s 110th race winner . On the first lap Pérez was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last . On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll . This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior . Red Bull ( 2021– ) . Pérez races for Red Bull Racing in 2021 , replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver - and partnering Max Verstappen . At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix , Pérez made his debut with Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place and was voted Driver of the Day . During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th . During the formation lap for the race , his car switched off due to an electrical failure . He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane . Racing record . Racing career summary . Includes points scored by other drivers. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . External links . - Sergio Pérezs Racing Point profile |
[
"LÉquipe"
] | easy | Patrick Chêne was an employee for whom from 1982 to 1985? | /wiki/Patrick_Chêne#P108#0 | Patrick Chêne Patrick Chêne ( born 26 April 1956 in Lyon ) is a French journalist who worked mainly on France TV , where he commented the Tour de France between 1989 and 2000 . Biography . Youth . Educated at the Lyons High School of , and then becoming a law graduate , Patrick Chêne began his journalistic career in 1977 as a freelancer at the Progrès de Lyon . He then worked the letters department , then the sports section of the newspaper . TV career . In 1982 he joined the newspaper LÉquipe , then in 1985 he worked on television at Antenne 2 as a journalist for Stade 2 . He commented on the Tour de France from 1989 to 2000 in the company of Robert Chapatte , then Bernard Thevenet . Patrick Chêne was appointed sports director of Antenne 2 and presented Stade 2 between March 1992 – July 1995 before moving to newscast the newsshow on France 2 from 1995 to 1998 . He was then director of the sports department of France Télévisions from 1998 to 2000 , succeeding . From 1997 to 1999 he co-hosted Telethon with Sophie Davant . He also co-hosted Les Trésors du monde with Nathalie Simon in 1994 . Founder-director of Sporever . After leaving France Télévisions in 2000 , he founded and directed the group which specializes in publishing and content production . He was also host of the Histoires de Sport on Orange sport . Back to TV . In September 2010 Patrick Chêne had taken over for – Also a former presenter of Stade 2 – on The Parliamentary Channel and presented Politique Matin , the little political lunch of the TV channel . He was also executive producer of the show . In September 2012 Patrick Chêne created a TV channel dedicated to sports news , where he hosted the show Incognito . In July 2015 Patrick Chêne announced he was leaving and CPAC but that the shows will continue . Arts and entertainment . In 2009 he wrote a play , Cest pas gagné ( It is not won ) . The main performers are his daughter and his son-in-law . Given the success of the performances , a tour was organized until 2011 . He wrote four TV movies about a policeman in the series Les Cinq Dernières Minutes : Un mort sur les pavés . The action takes place during the Paris-Roubaix and Patrick Chêne appears as himself . Private life . Patrick Chêne is the father of five children . One of his daughters , , Is an actress , best known for the role of Juliet in the soap opera Plus belle la vie . His niece , , Is also an actress , and best known for her role in . Radio career . Patrick Chêne has been a radio executive . Indeed , on 1 August 2002 , the Sport OFM radio station , which later became , was put into receivership . Different recovery projects were proposed and it was the tender of Patrick Chênes Sporever group with FM Sport which was chosen . Patrick Chêne , however , resold quickly to Sport FM at the in August 2003 . Books . - A mon tour , éditions Robert Laffont , 1998 ( ) Awards . Patrick Chêne received four Sept dor : - Sept dor for best sports journalist ( 1993 ) |
[
"Antenne 2"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Patrick Chêne work for from 1985 to 1992? | /wiki/Patrick_Chêne#P108#1 | Patrick Chêne Patrick Chêne ( born 26 April 1956 in Lyon ) is a French journalist who worked mainly on France TV , where he commented the Tour de France between 1989 and 2000 . Biography . Youth . Educated at the Lyons High School of , and then becoming a law graduate , Patrick Chêne began his journalistic career in 1977 as a freelancer at the Progrès de Lyon . He then worked the letters department , then the sports section of the newspaper . TV career . In 1982 he joined the newspaper LÉquipe , then in 1985 he worked on television at Antenne 2 as a journalist for Stade 2 . He commented on the Tour de France from 1989 to 2000 in the company of Robert Chapatte , then Bernard Thevenet . Patrick Chêne was appointed sports director of Antenne 2 and presented Stade 2 between March 1992 – July 1995 before moving to newscast the newsshow on France 2 from 1995 to 1998 . He was then director of the sports department of France Télévisions from 1998 to 2000 , succeeding . From 1997 to 1999 he co-hosted Telethon with Sophie Davant . He also co-hosted Les Trésors du monde with Nathalie Simon in 1994 . Founder-director of Sporever . After leaving France Télévisions in 2000 , he founded and directed the group which specializes in publishing and content production . He was also host of the Histoires de Sport on Orange sport . Back to TV . In September 2010 Patrick Chêne had taken over for – Also a former presenter of Stade 2 – on The Parliamentary Channel and presented Politique Matin , the little political lunch of the TV channel . He was also executive producer of the show . In September 2012 Patrick Chêne created a TV channel dedicated to sports news , where he hosted the show Incognito . In July 2015 Patrick Chêne announced he was leaving and CPAC but that the shows will continue . Arts and entertainment . In 2009 he wrote a play , Cest pas gagné ( It is not won ) . The main performers are his daughter and his son-in-law . Given the success of the performances , a tour was organized until 2011 . He wrote four TV movies about a policeman in the series Les Cinq Dernières Minutes : Un mort sur les pavés . The action takes place during the Paris-Roubaix and Patrick Chêne appears as himself . Private life . Patrick Chêne is the father of five children . One of his daughters , , Is an actress , best known for the role of Juliet in the soap opera Plus belle la vie . His niece , , Is also an actress , and best known for her role in . Radio career . Patrick Chêne has been a radio executive . Indeed , on 1 August 2002 , the Sport OFM radio station , which later became , was put into receivership . Different recovery projects were proposed and it was the tender of Patrick Chênes Sporever group with FM Sport which was chosen . Patrick Chêne , however , resold quickly to Sport FM at the in August 2003 . Books . - A mon tour , éditions Robert Laffont , 1998 ( ) Awards . Patrick Chêne received four Sept dor : - Sept dor for best sports journalist ( 1993 ) |
[
"France TV"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Patrick Chêne work for from 1992 to 2000? | /wiki/Patrick_Chêne#P108#2 | Patrick Chêne Patrick Chêne ( born 26 April 1956 in Lyon ) is a French journalist who worked mainly on France TV , where he commented the Tour de France between 1989 and 2000 . Biography . Youth . Educated at the Lyons High School of , and then becoming a law graduate , Patrick Chêne began his journalistic career in 1977 as a freelancer at the Progrès de Lyon . He then worked the letters department , then the sports section of the newspaper . TV career . In 1982 he joined the newspaper LÉquipe , then in 1985 he worked on television at Antenne 2 as a journalist for Stade 2 . He commented on the Tour de France from 1989 to 2000 in the company of Robert Chapatte , then Bernard Thevenet . Patrick Chêne was appointed sports director of Antenne 2 and presented Stade 2 between March 1992 – July 1995 before moving to newscast the newsshow on France 2 from 1995 to 1998 . He was then director of the sports department of France Télévisions from 1998 to 2000 , succeeding . From 1997 to 1999 he co-hosted Telethon with Sophie Davant . He also co-hosted Les Trésors du monde with Nathalie Simon in 1994 . Founder-director of Sporever . After leaving France Télévisions in 2000 , he founded and directed the group which specializes in publishing and content production . He was also host of the Histoires de Sport on Orange sport . Back to TV . In September 2010 Patrick Chêne had taken over for – Also a former presenter of Stade 2 – on The Parliamentary Channel and presented Politique Matin , the little political lunch of the TV channel . He was also executive producer of the show . In September 2012 Patrick Chêne created a TV channel dedicated to sports news , where he hosted the show Incognito . In July 2015 Patrick Chêne announced he was leaving and CPAC but that the shows will continue . Arts and entertainment . In 2009 he wrote a play , Cest pas gagné ( It is not won ) . The main performers are his daughter and his son-in-law . Given the success of the performances , a tour was organized until 2011 . He wrote four TV movies about a policeman in the series Les Cinq Dernières Minutes : Un mort sur les pavés . The action takes place during the Paris-Roubaix and Patrick Chêne appears as himself . Private life . Patrick Chêne is the father of five children . One of his daughters , , Is an actress , best known for the role of Juliet in the soap opera Plus belle la vie . His niece , , Is also an actress , and best known for her role in . Radio career . Patrick Chêne has been a radio executive . Indeed , on 1 August 2002 , the Sport OFM radio station , which later became , was put into receivership . Different recovery projects were proposed and it was the tender of Patrick Chênes Sporever group with FM Sport which was chosen . Patrick Chêne , however , resold quickly to Sport FM at the in August 2003 . Books . - A mon tour , éditions Robert Laffont , 1998 ( ) Awards . Patrick Chêne received four Sept dor : - Sept dor for best sports journalist ( 1993 ) |
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