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[
"Marijana Kostić"
] | easy | Who was Lothar Matthäus 's spouse from 2003 to 2008? | /wiki/Lothar_Matthäus#P26#1 | Lothar Matthäus Lothar Herbert Matthäus ( , ; born 21 March 1961 ) is a German football manager and former player . After captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup where he lifted the World Cup trophy , he was named European Footballer of the Year . In 1991 , he was named the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year , and remains the only German to have received the award . He was also included in the Ballon dOr Dream Team in 2020 . Matthäus held the record of having played in five FIFA World Cups ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) , more than any other outfield player in mens football , until the 2018 World Cup , in which Mexicos Rafael Márquez equalled his record , and holds the record for the most World Cup matches played by a single player ( 25 games ) . He was the captain of the West German team that won the 1990 World Cup in Italy and also was captain of the German squad in the 1994 World Cup in the United States . He also won UEFA Euro 1980 , and played in the 1984 , 1988 and 2000 UEFA European Championships . In 1999 , aged 38 , Matthäus was again voted German Footballer of the Year , having previously won the award in 1990 . Matthäus is the most capped German player of all time , retiring with a total of 150 appearances ( 83 for West Germany ) in 20 years , and 23 goals . Matthäus is a member of the FIFA 100 list of the greatest living football players chosen by Pelé . Diego Maradona said of Matthäus , he is the best rival Ive ever had . I guess thats enough to define him , in his book Yo soy el Diego ( I am the Diego ) . A versatile and complete player , Matthäus is regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time , and was renowned for his perceptive passing , positional sense , well-timed tackling , as well as powerful shooting . During his career , he usually played as a box-to-box midfielder , although late in his career he played as a sweeper . Club career . Matthäus was born in Erlangen , Bavaria , West Germany . He spent his early playing days in the youth team of 1 . FC Herzogenaurach , located in a small town in Bavaria close to Nuremberg . Matthäus started his professional career in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the Bundesliga , for whom he played until 1984 . He then played for Bayern Munich from 1984–88 , winning the Bundesliga twice and the DFB-Pokal . They also reached the European Cup final in 1987 , leading 1–0 for most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . Matthäus and Bayern teammate Andreas Brehme signed with Inter Milan of Serie A in 1988 , winning the Scudetto in 1988–89 during their first season , and the Italian Supercup that year as well . Matthäus continued to enjoy further success with Inter , winning the UEFA Cup in 1991 and being named FIFA World Player of the Year . In the final , he scored a penalty in the first leg to help them to their victory over Roma . Returning to Bayern Munich in 1992 , he won four Bundesliga titles , two DFB-Pokals , another UEFA Cup and reached a second European Cup final in 1999 . The only major club football honour which eluded Matthäus , for competitions in which he played , was the UEFA Champions League . Famously , he came within two minutes of picking up a winners medal in 1999 , only to have his hopes dashed by Manchester United , who scored two last-minute goals in the final , after he was substituted in the 80th minute of play while the team was still leading 1–0 . When the two teams went to collect their medals Matthäus removed his runners-up medal immediately after he received it – it was the second time he had been on the losing side in a final under similar circumstances ; in the 1987 final , Bayern had been leading 1–0 most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . After Matthäus retired , Bayern would win the Champions League in 2000–01 and later that year the Intercontinental Cup . His last official match for Bayern took place in Munich on 8 March 2000 and was a Champions League match against Real Madrid , which Bayern won 4–1 . During the 1999–2000 season , Matthäus moved from Bayern to New York Citys MetroStars team of Major League Soccer in the United States . He played in the US from March to October 2000 and retired from professional football afterwards . During his season with the MetroStars , he traveled to St . Tropez when he was supposed to be rehabbing his back . Matthäus came out of retirement in 2018 , at age 57 , to play 50 minutes of 1 . FC Herzogenaurachs final league game of the season . The team had already secured the league title , and the appearance allowed Matthäus to satisfy his ambition retiring with the club where his career started : It was always my dream to play my last competitive game here . International career . Matthäus was first called up to the West German national squad in 1980 , where he was part of the winning squad in UEFA Euro 1980 in Italy , making his international debut at the tournament in a game against the Netherlands . He also played two games at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ; he was brought on as a substitute in group stage games against Chile and the infamous Disgrace of Gijón game versus Austria . West Germany reached the final , losing to Italy at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid 3–1 . By now , he also had a regular place in the national team for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , scoring the winner in the round of 16 against Morocco . In the final at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , despite his considerable play-making ability , he was assigned by coach Franz Beckenbauer to mark Argentinas Diego Maradona . Maradona did not score in the final , but his pass to a teammate with six minutes left in regulation time set up the winning goal for Argentina , and West Germany lost their second consecutive World Cup final , this time 3–2 . At UEFA Euro 1988 in West Germany , Matthäus captained the team and scored a penalty against the Netherlands ( the eventual winners ) in the semi-final to give his team a 1–0 lead , but Ronald Koeman leveled the score with a penalty , and then Marco van Basten slid in the winning goal in the final minutes . His immediate success in Italys premier football league , the Serie A , was a precursor to the national team which finally managed to triumph at the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy . Six of West Germanys squad played professionally there ; Matthäus and the West German squad played most of the World Cup games at Inters home stadium the San Siro . West Germany was the best team of the tournament and one of the few to choose an attacking style of play , contrary to previous German teams more defensive style . Matthäus led his squad from midfield and scored four goals , including two against Yugoslavia . He scored the only goal of the quarter-final against Czechoslovakia from a penalty awarded in the 25th minute of the match . West Germany reached its third consecutive final , a rematch against Maradona-led Argentina , and this time Matthäus and his team emerged victorious 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome thanks to Andreas Brehme converting an 85th minute penalty . Matthäus later said that playing the World Cup in Italy was like playing a World Cup at home . As team captain , Matthäus hoisted the last World Cup trophy before German reunification in 1990 . He was injured and unable to take part in UEFA Euro 1992 in Sweden ; though a reunified Germany made the final but lost 2–0 to surprise Denmark . At the 1994 FIFA World Cup hosted by the United States , he captained the team but now operated as sweeper . He scored a penalty in Germanys quarter-final match against Bulgaria at Giants Stadium in New York City , which was also his record-tying 21st World Cup match , but the Bulgarians scored twice in three minutes to upset the defending champions . USA 94 was expected to be his last tournament , though he did not officially retire from international play . Matthäus was afterwards not called up for the national team , due to feuding with succeeding captain Jürgen Klinsmann and coach Berti Vogts . In his absence Germany won UEFA Euro 1996 which was held in England . Surprisingly , he was called up for the 1998 World Cup in France as a replacement for the injured sweeper Matthias Sammer . He was on the bench for Germanys victory over the United States , but came in as a substitute against FR Yugoslavia and helped the team to a 2–2 draw . He became the second player to appear in five different World Cup tournaments , tying the record of Mexican goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal . In 2014 the record has also been tied by Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon , who however has only played in four . In 2015 Homare Sawa and Formiga became the first footballers to appear for a record sixth time at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup in Canada . Matthäus played in all the rest of Germanys matches until Croatia knocked them out in Lyon 3–0 in the quarterfinals , taking his total to a record 25 . He earned his last three caps at UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands , his 150th cap being against Portugal , where Germany had a disastrous first round exit . Matthäus had a poor performance in the first group game against Romania , causing Oliver Bierhoff and other key German players to demand his benching , but head coach Erich Ribbeck stuck by Matthäus . Coaching career . One year after ending his illustrious playing days , Matthäus started a coaching career , which has so far been much less distinguished . In his print interviews and other media appearances , he has been clear about his goal and desire to coach in the Bundesliga . His hope was that taking coaching jobs abroad would lead to offers from Germany . When none came his way even after multiple foreign appointments , he often brought it up in the German press in-between his coaching stints . In November 2009 , he gave a lengthy interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , complaining about what he considers to be inadequate treatment he receives in Germany as a former great . He also bemoaned the lack of coaching job offers extended to him in the Bundesliga — saying German clubs perceived him as being too much of a Bayern supporter and too closely linked with the influential Bild tabloid newspaper to give him a job . Rapid Wien . His first head coaching experience was at SK Rapid Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga . It lasted from 6 September 2001 until 14 May 2002 with mixed results . Matthäus got Rapid Wien to the second round of the UEFA Cup , Round of 16 i nthe Austrian Cup , and finished eighth place in Bundesliga . Partizan . In December 2002 he was hired by Serbian club FK Partizan during mid-season winter break to replace recently sacked Ljubiša Tumbaković . Matthäus signed an 18-month contract . Inheriting a team at the top of the league table , Matthäus achieved the immediate goal by steering Partizan to the 2002–03 league title in convincing fashion , at one point , even extending the lead over the second-placed rivals Red Star Belgrade to 19 points . Still , his finest hour with the club came in August 2003 when Partizan eliminated Newcastle United in the Champions League third qualifying round to reach the 2003–04 competitions group stage . Following the first leg 0–1 loss at home , the cause seemed lost , however , Partizan improbably triumphed 0–1 away at St . James Park , taking the tie to penalties . The penalty series brought further dramatic changes of momentum before Milivoje Ćirkovićs successful spot-kick finally put Partizan through . Matthäus had his back turned to the pitch as couldnt bear to watch the drama of Ćirkovićs penalty . Drawn in a tough group with Real Madrid , eventual champions FC Porto , and Olympique de Marseille , Partizan missed out on the UEFA Cup spot . On 13 December 2003 , right after finishing the final league match of the half-season ( 0–1 win away at FK Železnik ) before the winter break , Matthäus abruptly resigned his post at Partizan by addressing the players and club leadership in private . A club spokesperson said Matthäus would clear everything up at a press conference that he scheduled for two days later , but it was already widely speculated through reports in the Hungarian press that the German had agreed terms with the Hungarian Football Federation to coach the Hungary national team . The rumours proved true as he officially signed the contract in Budapest and also got introduced to the media at Kempinski Hotel Corvinus . Four months after leaving Belgrade , in mid-April 2004 , the row over the terms of Matthäus contract with Partizan was opened with both parties publicly going back and forth at each other . It began with Matthäus , by now Hungarian national team head coach , giving a detailed interview to Serbian press and accusing Partizan club leadership of breaching the additional terms of his contract . It became known on that occasion that his initial contract with Partizan that had been finalized on 1 January 2003 included a base guaranteed part as well additional premium clauses giving him between 5–10% from players transfers and shirt sponsorships as well as Champions League bonus incentives . Matthäus claimed that after none of that was honoured he gave up on asking for his percentages of the Danko Lazović and Zvonimir Vukić transfers as well as Superfund shirt sponsorship deal due to not wanting to upset the team atmosphere during Champions League qualifying , but instead pushed for the additional terms to be renegotiated . After successful Champions League qualification , the additional terms were in fact renegotiated with Partizans general secretary Žarko Zečević so that both parties agreed to put the previous additional terms out of effect and instead now give Matthäus 15% of Igor Duljajs ( the clubs best young asset at the time ) future transfer abroad as well as to allow Matthäus to leave the club any time he wanted without penalties . Duljaj was sold to Shakhtar Donetsk in January 2004 for US$4 million , and Matthäus claimed Partizan failed to pay him the agreed percentage ( $600,000 or €469,500 ) . The club responded two days later in a lengthy press release saying that they dont owe him any money . One day after that , Matthäus decided to sue Partizan for the amount of US$600,000 before Sports Arbitration Court in Lausanne , Switzerland . Hungary national team . Matthäus became manager of the Hungary national football team on 14 December 2003 . The country once synonymous with world class football was trying to return its national team on the path of former 1950s glory , and Matthäus was given the task of qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . After being drawn in a tough group with Sweden , Croatia and Bulgaria that goal looked increasingly difficult . The campaign started in the autumn of 2004 and fairly quickly it became obvious Hungary were in over their heads . The opening 3–0 loss away at Croatia in early September was somewhat offset four days later by the 3–2 hard fought home win versus Iceland . A month later , Matthäus Hungary faced another important test away from home , this time at Sweden . And once again it finished in disappointment with another demoralizing 3–0 loss . Before the winter break , Hungary managed to beat the minnows of the group Malta thus finishing the autumn part of the qualifying in fourth place with six points , mathematically still within striking distance of the leading trio . Notable was a 2–0 win in a friendly in Kaiserslautern against Germany on 6 June 2004 . As the qualifiers resumed in late March 2005 , Hungary hosted Bulgaria in what was pretty much a must win match for Matthäus squad , however they only managed a draw right at the end with the goal coming in 90th minute for a 1–1 final scoreline . As Croatia and Sweden both won on the same occasion , the leading duo of teams now tangibly separated themselves from the pack of chasers , all of which meant that in order to qualify Hungary would have to win all its remaining fixtures and even get some outside help in terms of favourable results elsewhere . Such improbable scenario failed to materialize and they ended up in fourth place with 14 points from 10 matches , well behind Croatia and Sweden who earned 25 and 24 points , respectively . However , Matthäus was allowed to finish out the campaign behind the bench , and was even offered Hungarian citizenship , which he at the time said he would accept . Theres no word whether he actually did . Matthäus left the Hungarian national team on 11 January 2006 . After he left the Hungary post , Matthäus was vocally critical of the Hungarian Football Federation , accusing it in November 2007 of not contributing , but exploiting Hungarian football and citing that its not coincidental that the Hungarian bid to host Euro 2012 didnt receive any votes . Atlético Paranaense . Matthäus signed a one-year contract to coach Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense from the city of Curitiba on 11 January 2006 . However , after only seven matches in charge ( five wins , two draws ) from the start of the 2006 Paraná state championship he quit the club in March 2006 citing the need to be closer to his family . The way he left raised some questions about his professionalism . Apparently , only five weeks after signing a contract he informed club officials about a need to rush back to Europe in order to deal with an urgent personal problem , but assured them hed be back in 3–4 days . After missing for two weeks , he faxed in his resignation on 20 March and never even went back to Brazil to pick up his personal belongings . Some ten days later , Atlético put out a release mentioning that Matthäus ran up R$13,000 ( US$5,915 ) in phone charges that the club wanted him to pay . The club even posted the bill on their website . Red Bull Salzburg . On 19 May 2006 , only two months following the bizarre Brazilian episode , Matthäus was announced as coach of Red Bull Salzburg ( formerly Austria Salzburg ) for the upcoming 2006–07 season . Shortly , the club also signed Giovanni Trapattoni ( incidentally Matthäus former coach at both Internazionale and Bayern ) to be their director of football . In practice , this meant that Trapattoni and Matthäus essentially shared coaching duties . Despite co-leading the team to the Austrian league title by a large margin , Matthäus would eventually be fired on 12 June 2007 by unanimous decision of the Red Bull Salzburgs board of directors . Maccabi Netanya . On 13 April 2008 , it was announced that Matthäus signed with Israeli club Maccabi Netanya to coach the team from the beginning of the 2008–09 season . On 29 April 2009 , with the Israeli league season still ongoing and Netanya sitting in fourth place , it was announced that Matthäus will not be back for the second season once the current one is finished . The reason cited was the financial trouble that the club was going through . Matthäus club finished the league season in fourth spot . Bulgaria national team . On 23 September 2010 , it was announced that Matthäus would be the new coach of the Bulgarian national team after the resignation of Stanimir Stoilov a few weeks earlier . His contract was for one year with the option for a two-year extension . He started with a 1–0 win against Wales in Cardiff on his debut . Matthäus led Bulgaria to their first win in 2010 and in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign . On 12 October 2010 , he led Bulgaria to a 2–0 win over Saudi Arabia in a friendly . On 17 November 2010 , in a friendly played in Sofia , Bulgaria lost to Serbia 0–1 . Despite winning his first match in the qualifiers against Wales , Bulgaria under Matthäus were unable to qualify for Euro 2012 , following draws with Switzerland and Montenegro , as well as a home loss against England . On 19 September 2011 , it was revealed that Matthäus had been sacked . The match against Switzerland was his final match . In April 2018 he was one of 77 applicants for the vacant Cameroon national team job . Columnist and TV pundit . From 2001 until 2009 , in parallel and in-between his coaching jobs , Matthäus wrote a column for the German weekly sports magazine Sport Bild . He also worked as in-studio TV pundit on a variety of television networks during big football competitions : for the German pay television channel Premiere during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups , for the German channel ZDF during UEFA Euro 2004 , for Eurosport during UEFA Euro 2008 , for the Arabian network Al Jazeera Sports during the 2010 FIFA World Cup , for the Iranian channel IRIB during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup , and for the British TV network ITV during UEFA Euro 2016 . He has further participated in a special É Campeão for the Brazilian channel SporTV . Personal life . Matthäus has four children and has been married five times . During his first marriage that lasted from 1981 until 1992 , wife Silvia gave birth to two daughters Alisa ( born 1986 ) and Viola ( born 1988 ) . In 1994 , he married Swiss model and TV presenter Lolita Morena with whom he had a son , Loris ( born 1992 ) . The marriage ended in 1999 . While coaching FK Partizan in Belgrade , he met 31-year-old Serbian socialite Marijana Kostić who became his third wife on 27 November 2003 . It was her third marriage as well . By late 2007 the couple separated and she filed for divorce . Their divorce became official in late January 2009 following the conclusion of a year-long court case in Salzburg , Austria ( their last residence ) over the division of assets . In December 2008 , 47-year-old Matthäus married 21-year-old Ukrainian model Kristina Liliana Chudinova . The ceremony was held in Las Vegas . They met a year earlier at the Oktoberfest beer festival in Munich . The couple lived in Tel Aviv , Israel , where Liliana studies journalism in a local university ; but started living separately by early 2010 . Matthäus and his wife Anastasia Klimko have a son , Milan ( born April 2014 ) and live in Budapest , Hungary . Video game appearances . Matthäus features in EA Sports FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover of the German edition of FIFA 2001 , and features in the FIFA 14 , FIFA 15 , FIFA 16 , FIFA 17 , FIFA 18 , FIFA 19 and FIFA 20 as an Ultimate Team Legend . Matthäus was also prominently featured in the opening video scene of EAs Euro 2000 video game , with Paul Oakenfold transforming the real Matthäus into an interactive digital player he controls in the game with his turntables . Career statistics . International goals . Scores and results list West Germanys and Germanys goal tallies first . Honours . Club . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1986–87 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Pokal : 1985–86 , 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Supercup : 1987 - Fuji-Cup : 1986 , 1987 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Cup : 1995–96 - DFB-Ligapokal : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 1986–87 , 1998–99 Internazionale - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 MetroStars - MLS Eastern Division Champion : 2000 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 - UEFA European Championship : 1980 - U.S . Cup : 1993 Individual . - Ballon dOr : 1990 - IFFHS Worlds Best Player : 1990 - World Soccer Awards Player of the Year : 1990 - FIFA World Player of the Year : 1991 - FIFA World Cup Silver Ball : 1990 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - UEFA European Championship of the Tournament : 1988 - Onze dOr : 1990 - Onze de bronze : 1991 - Footballer of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1999 - Goal of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1987–88 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Pirata dOro ( Inter Milan Player of the Year ) : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1996 , 1997 , 2001 - FIFA 100 - Golden Foot legends award : 2012 - IFFHS Legends - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2018 - Bayern Munich All-time XI - Ballon dOr Dream Team : 2020 |
[
"Kristina Liliana Chudinova"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Lothar Matthäus from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Lothar_Matthäus#P26#2 | Lothar Matthäus Lothar Herbert Matthäus ( , ; born 21 March 1961 ) is a German football manager and former player . After captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup where he lifted the World Cup trophy , he was named European Footballer of the Year . In 1991 , he was named the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year , and remains the only German to have received the award . He was also included in the Ballon dOr Dream Team in 2020 . Matthäus held the record of having played in five FIFA World Cups ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) , more than any other outfield player in mens football , until the 2018 World Cup , in which Mexicos Rafael Márquez equalled his record , and holds the record for the most World Cup matches played by a single player ( 25 games ) . He was the captain of the West German team that won the 1990 World Cup in Italy and also was captain of the German squad in the 1994 World Cup in the United States . He also won UEFA Euro 1980 , and played in the 1984 , 1988 and 2000 UEFA European Championships . In 1999 , aged 38 , Matthäus was again voted German Footballer of the Year , having previously won the award in 1990 . Matthäus is the most capped German player of all time , retiring with a total of 150 appearances ( 83 for West Germany ) in 20 years , and 23 goals . Matthäus is a member of the FIFA 100 list of the greatest living football players chosen by Pelé . Diego Maradona said of Matthäus , he is the best rival Ive ever had . I guess thats enough to define him , in his book Yo soy el Diego ( I am the Diego ) . A versatile and complete player , Matthäus is regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time , and was renowned for his perceptive passing , positional sense , well-timed tackling , as well as powerful shooting . During his career , he usually played as a box-to-box midfielder , although late in his career he played as a sweeper . Club career . Matthäus was born in Erlangen , Bavaria , West Germany . He spent his early playing days in the youth team of 1 . FC Herzogenaurach , located in a small town in Bavaria close to Nuremberg . Matthäus started his professional career in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the Bundesliga , for whom he played until 1984 . He then played for Bayern Munich from 1984–88 , winning the Bundesliga twice and the DFB-Pokal . They also reached the European Cup final in 1987 , leading 1–0 for most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . Matthäus and Bayern teammate Andreas Brehme signed with Inter Milan of Serie A in 1988 , winning the Scudetto in 1988–89 during their first season , and the Italian Supercup that year as well . Matthäus continued to enjoy further success with Inter , winning the UEFA Cup in 1991 and being named FIFA World Player of the Year . In the final , he scored a penalty in the first leg to help them to their victory over Roma . Returning to Bayern Munich in 1992 , he won four Bundesliga titles , two DFB-Pokals , another UEFA Cup and reached a second European Cup final in 1999 . The only major club football honour which eluded Matthäus , for competitions in which he played , was the UEFA Champions League . Famously , he came within two minutes of picking up a winners medal in 1999 , only to have his hopes dashed by Manchester United , who scored two last-minute goals in the final , after he was substituted in the 80th minute of play while the team was still leading 1–0 . When the two teams went to collect their medals Matthäus removed his runners-up medal immediately after he received it – it was the second time he had been on the losing side in a final under similar circumstances ; in the 1987 final , Bayern had been leading 1–0 most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . After Matthäus retired , Bayern would win the Champions League in 2000–01 and later that year the Intercontinental Cup . His last official match for Bayern took place in Munich on 8 March 2000 and was a Champions League match against Real Madrid , which Bayern won 4–1 . During the 1999–2000 season , Matthäus moved from Bayern to New York Citys MetroStars team of Major League Soccer in the United States . He played in the US from March to October 2000 and retired from professional football afterwards . During his season with the MetroStars , he traveled to St . Tropez when he was supposed to be rehabbing his back . Matthäus came out of retirement in 2018 , at age 57 , to play 50 minutes of 1 . FC Herzogenaurachs final league game of the season . The team had already secured the league title , and the appearance allowed Matthäus to satisfy his ambition retiring with the club where his career started : It was always my dream to play my last competitive game here . International career . Matthäus was first called up to the West German national squad in 1980 , where he was part of the winning squad in UEFA Euro 1980 in Italy , making his international debut at the tournament in a game against the Netherlands . He also played two games at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ; he was brought on as a substitute in group stage games against Chile and the infamous Disgrace of Gijón game versus Austria . West Germany reached the final , losing to Italy at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid 3–1 . By now , he also had a regular place in the national team for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , scoring the winner in the round of 16 against Morocco . In the final at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , despite his considerable play-making ability , he was assigned by coach Franz Beckenbauer to mark Argentinas Diego Maradona . Maradona did not score in the final , but his pass to a teammate with six minutes left in regulation time set up the winning goal for Argentina , and West Germany lost their second consecutive World Cup final , this time 3–2 . At UEFA Euro 1988 in West Germany , Matthäus captained the team and scored a penalty against the Netherlands ( the eventual winners ) in the semi-final to give his team a 1–0 lead , but Ronald Koeman leveled the score with a penalty , and then Marco van Basten slid in the winning goal in the final minutes . His immediate success in Italys premier football league , the Serie A , was a precursor to the national team which finally managed to triumph at the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy . Six of West Germanys squad played professionally there ; Matthäus and the West German squad played most of the World Cup games at Inters home stadium the San Siro . West Germany was the best team of the tournament and one of the few to choose an attacking style of play , contrary to previous German teams more defensive style . Matthäus led his squad from midfield and scored four goals , including two against Yugoslavia . He scored the only goal of the quarter-final against Czechoslovakia from a penalty awarded in the 25th minute of the match . West Germany reached its third consecutive final , a rematch against Maradona-led Argentina , and this time Matthäus and his team emerged victorious 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome thanks to Andreas Brehme converting an 85th minute penalty . Matthäus later said that playing the World Cup in Italy was like playing a World Cup at home . As team captain , Matthäus hoisted the last World Cup trophy before German reunification in 1990 . He was injured and unable to take part in UEFA Euro 1992 in Sweden ; though a reunified Germany made the final but lost 2–0 to surprise Denmark . At the 1994 FIFA World Cup hosted by the United States , he captained the team but now operated as sweeper . He scored a penalty in Germanys quarter-final match against Bulgaria at Giants Stadium in New York City , which was also his record-tying 21st World Cup match , but the Bulgarians scored twice in three minutes to upset the defending champions . USA 94 was expected to be his last tournament , though he did not officially retire from international play . Matthäus was afterwards not called up for the national team , due to feuding with succeeding captain Jürgen Klinsmann and coach Berti Vogts . In his absence Germany won UEFA Euro 1996 which was held in England . Surprisingly , he was called up for the 1998 World Cup in France as a replacement for the injured sweeper Matthias Sammer . He was on the bench for Germanys victory over the United States , but came in as a substitute against FR Yugoslavia and helped the team to a 2–2 draw . He became the second player to appear in five different World Cup tournaments , tying the record of Mexican goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal . In 2014 the record has also been tied by Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon , who however has only played in four . In 2015 Homare Sawa and Formiga became the first footballers to appear for a record sixth time at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup in Canada . Matthäus played in all the rest of Germanys matches until Croatia knocked them out in Lyon 3–0 in the quarterfinals , taking his total to a record 25 . He earned his last three caps at UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands , his 150th cap being against Portugal , where Germany had a disastrous first round exit . Matthäus had a poor performance in the first group game against Romania , causing Oliver Bierhoff and other key German players to demand his benching , but head coach Erich Ribbeck stuck by Matthäus . Coaching career . One year after ending his illustrious playing days , Matthäus started a coaching career , which has so far been much less distinguished . In his print interviews and other media appearances , he has been clear about his goal and desire to coach in the Bundesliga . His hope was that taking coaching jobs abroad would lead to offers from Germany . When none came his way even after multiple foreign appointments , he often brought it up in the German press in-between his coaching stints . In November 2009 , he gave a lengthy interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , complaining about what he considers to be inadequate treatment he receives in Germany as a former great . He also bemoaned the lack of coaching job offers extended to him in the Bundesliga — saying German clubs perceived him as being too much of a Bayern supporter and too closely linked with the influential Bild tabloid newspaper to give him a job . Rapid Wien . His first head coaching experience was at SK Rapid Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga . It lasted from 6 September 2001 until 14 May 2002 with mixed results . Matthäus got Rapid Wien to the second round of the UEFA Cup , Round of 16 i nthe Austrian Cup , and finished eighth place in Bundesliga . Partizan . In December 2002 he was hired by Serbian club FK Partizan during mid-season winter break to replace recently sacked Ljubiša Tumbaković . Matthäus signed an 18-month contract . Inheriting a team at the top of the league table , Matthäus achieved the immediate goal by steering Partizan to the 2002–03 league title in convincing fashion , at one point , even extending the lead over the second-placed rivals Red Star Belgrade to 19 points . Still , his finest hour with the club came in August 2003 when Partizan eliminated Newcastle United in the Champions League third qualifying round to reach the 2003–04 competitions group stage . Following the first leg 0–1 loss at home , the cause seemed lost , however , Partizan improbably triumphed 0–1 away at St . James Park , taking the tie to penalties . The penalty series brought further dramatic changes of momentum before Milivoje Ćirkovićs successful spot-kick finally put Partizan through . Matthäus had his back turned to the pitch as couldnt bear to watch the drama of Ćirkovićs penalty . Drawn in a tough group with Real Madrid , eventual champions FC Porto , and Olympique de Marseille , Partizan missed out on the UEFA Cup spot . On 13 December 2003 , right after finishing the final league match of the half-season ( 0–1 win away at FK Železnik ) before the winter break , Matthäus abruptly resigned his post at Partizan by addressing the players and club leadership in private . A club spokesperson said Matthäus would clear everything up at a press conference that he scheduled for two days later , but it was already widely speculated through reports in the Hungarian press that the German had agreed terms with the Hungarian Football Federation to coach the Hungary national team . The rumours proved true as he officially signed the contract in Budapest and also got introduced to the media at Kempinski Hotel Corvinus . Four months after leaving Belgrade , in mid-April 2004 , the row over the terms of Matthäus contract with Partizan was opened with both parties publicly going back and forth at each other . It began with Matthäus , by now Hungarian national team head coach , giving a detailed interview to Serbian press and accusing Partizan club leadership of breaching the additional terms of his contract . It became known on that occasion that his initial contract with Partizan that had been finalized on 1 January 2003 included a base guaranteed part as well additional premium clauses giving him between 5–10% from players transfers and shirt sponsorships as well as Champions League bonus incentives . Matthäus claimed that after none of that was honoured he gave up on asking for his percentages of the Danko Lazović and Zvonimir Vukić transfers as well as Superfund shirt sponsorship deal due to not wanting to upset the team atmosphere during Champions League qualifying , but instead pushed for the additional terms to be renegotiated . After successful Champions League qualification , the additional terms were in fact renegotiated with Partizans general secretary Žarko Zečević so that both parties agreed to put the previous additional terms out of effect and instead now give Matthäus 15% of Igor Duljajs ( the clubs best young asset at the time ) future transfer abroad as well as to allow Matthäus to leave the club any time he wanted without penalties . Duljaj was sold to Shakhtar Donetsk in January 2004 for US$4 million , and Matthäus claimed Partizan failed to pay him the agreed percentage ( $600,000 or €469,500 ) . The club responded two days later in a lengthy press release saying that they dont owe him any money . One day after that , Matthäus decided to sue Partizan for the amount of US$600,000 before Sports Arbitration Court in Lausanne , Switzerland . Hungary national team . Matthäus became manager of the Hungary national football team on 14 December 2003 . The country once synonymous with world class football was trying to return its national team on the path of former 1950s glory , and Matthäus was given the task of qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . After being drawn in a tough group with Sweden , Croatia and Bulgaria that goal looked increasingly difficult . The campaign started in the autumn of 2004 and fairly quickly it became obvious Hungary were in over their heads . The opening 3–0 loss away at Croatia in early September was somewhat offset four days later by the 3–2 hard fought home win versus Iceland . A month later , Matthäus Hungary faced another important test away from home , this time at Sweden . And once again it finished in disappointment with another demoralizing 3–0 loss . Before the winter break , Hungary managed to beat the minnows of the group Malta thus finishing the autumn part of the qualifying in fourth place with six points , mathematically still within striking distance of the leading trio . Notable was a 2–0 win in a friendly in Kaiserslautern against Germany on 6 June 2004 . As the qualifiers resumed in late March 2005 , Hungary hosted Bulgaria in what was pretty much a must win match for Matthäus squad , however they only managed a draw right at the end with the goal coming in 90th minute for a 1–1 final scoreline . As Croatia and Sweden both won on the same occasion , the leading duo of teams now tangibly separated themselves from the pack of chasers , all of which meant that in order to qualify Hungary would have to win all its remaining fixtures and even get some outside help in terms of favourable results elsewhere . Such improbable scenario failed to materialize and they ended up in fourth place with 14 points from 10 matches , well behind Croatia and Sweden who earned 25 and 24 points , respectively . However , Matthäus was allowed to finish out the campaign behind the bench , and was even offered Hungarian citizenship , which he at the time said he would accept . Theres no word whether he actually did . Matthäus left the Hungarian national team on 11 January 2006 . After he left the Hungary post , Matthäus was vocally critical of the Hungarian Football Federation , accusing it in November 2007 of not contributing , but exploiting Hungarian football and citing that its not coincidental that the Hungarian bid to host Euro 2012 didnt receive any votes . Atlético Paranaense . Matthäus signed a one-year contract to coach Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense from the city of Curitiba on 11 January 2006 . However , after only seven matches in charge ( five wins , two draws ) from the start of the 2006 Paraná state championship he quit the club in March 2006 citing the need to be closer to his family . The way he left raised some questions about his professionalism . Apparently , only five weeks after signing a contract he informed club officials about a need to rush back to Europe in order to deal with an urgent personal problem , but assured them hed be back in 3–4 days . After missing for two weeks , he faxed in his resignation on 20 March and never even went back to Brazil to pick up his personal belongings . Some ten days later , Atlético put out a release mentioning that Matthäus ran up R$13,000 ( US$5,915 ) in phone charges that the club wanted him to pay . The club even posted the bill on their website . Red Bull Salzburg . On 19 May 2006 , only two months following the bizarre Brazilian episode , Matthäus was announced as coach of Red Bull Salzburg ( formerly Austria Salzburg ) for the upcoming 2006–07 season . Shortly , the club also signed Giovanni Trapattoni ( incidentally Matthäus former coach at both Internazionale and Bayern ) to be their director of football . In practice , this meant that Trapattoni and Matthäus essentially shared coaching duties . Despite co-leading the team to the Austrian league title by a large margin , Matthäus would eventually be fired on 12 June 2007 by unanimous decision of the Red Bull Salzburgs board of directors . Maccabi Netanya . On 13 April 2008 , it was announced that Matthäus signed with Israeli club Maccabi Netanya to coach the team from the beginning of the 2008–09 season . On 29 April 2009 , with the Israeli league season still ongoing and Netanya sitting in fourth place , it was announced that Matthäus will not be back for the second season once the current one is finished . The reason cited was the financial trouble that the club was going through . Matthäus club finished the league season in fourth spot . Bulgaria national team . On 23 September 2010 , it was announced that Matthäus would be the new coach of the Bulgarian national team after the resignation of Stanimir Stoilov a few weeks earlier . His contract was for one year with the option for a two-year extension . He started with a 1–0 win against Wales in Cardiff on his debut . Matthäus led Bulgaria to their first win in 2010 and in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign . On 12 October 2010 , he led Bulgaria to a 2–0 win over Saudi Arabia in a friendly . On 17 November 2010 , in a friendly played in Sofia , Bulgaria lost to Serbia 0–1 . Despite winning his first match in the qualifiers against Wales , Bulgaria under Matthäus were unable to qualify for Euro 2012 , following draws with Switzerland and Montenegro , as well as a home loss against England . On 19 September 2011 , it was revealed that Matthäus had been sacked . The match against Switzerland was his final match . In April 2018 he was one of 77 applicants for the vacant Cameroon national team job . Columnist and TV pundit . From 2001 until 2009 , in parallel and in-between his coaching jobs , Matthäus wrote a column for the German weekly sports magazine Sport Bild . He also worked as in-studio TV pundit on a variety of television networks during big football competitions : for the German pay television channel Premiere during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups , for the German channel ZDF during UEFA Euro 2004 , for Eurosport during UEFA Euro 2008 , for the Arabian network Al Jazeera Sports during the 2010 FIFA World Cup , for the Iranian channel IRIB during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup , and for the British TV network ITV during UEFA Euro 2016 . He has further participated in a special É Campeão for the Brazilian channel SporTV . Personal life . Matthäus has four children and has been married five times . During his first marriage that lasted from 1981 until 1992 , wife Silvia gave birth to two daughters Alisa ( born 1986 ) and Viola ( born 1988 ) . In 1994 , he married Swiss model and TV presenter Lolita Morena with whom he had a son , Loris ( born 1992 ) . The marriage ended in 1999 . While coaching FK Partizan in Belgrade , he met 31-year-old Serbian socialite Marijana Kostić who became his third wife on 27 November 2003 . It was her third marriage as well . By late 2007 the couple separated and she filed for divorce . Their divorce became official in late January 2009 following the conclusion of a year-long court case in Salzburg , Austria ( their last residence ) over the division of assets . In December 2008 , 47-year-old Matthäus married 21-year-old Ukrainian model Kristina Liliana Chudinova . The ceremony was held in Las Vegas . They met a year earlier at the Oktoberfest beer festival in Munich . The couple lived in Tel Aviv , Israel , where Liliana studies journalism in a local university ; but started living separately by early 2010 . Matthäus and his wife Anastasia Klimko have a son , Milan ( born April 2014 ) and live in Budapest , Hungary . Video game appearances . Matthäus features in EA Sports FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover of the German edition of FIFA 2001 , and features in the FIFA 14 , FIFA 15 , FIFA 16 , FIFA 17 , FIFA 18 , FIFA 19 and FIFA 20 as an Ultimate Team Legend . Matthäus was also prominently featured in the opening video scene of EAs Euro 2000 video game , with Paul Oakenfold transforming the real Matthäus into an interactive digital player he controls in the game with his turntables . Career statistics . International goals . Scores and results list West Germanys and Germanys goal tallies first . Honours . Club . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1986–87 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Pokal : 1985–86 , 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Supercup : 1987 - Fuji-Cup : 1986 , 1987 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Cup : 1995–96 - DFB-Ligapokal : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 1986–87 , 1998–99 Internazionale - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 MetroStars - MLS Eastern Division Champion : 2000 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 - UEFA European Championship : 1980 - U.S . Cup : 1993 Individual . - Ballon dOr : 1990 - IFFHS Worlds Best Player : 1990 - World Soccer Awards Player of the Year : 1990 - FIFA World Player of the Year : 1991 - FIFA World Cup Silver Ball : 1990 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - UEFA European Championship of the Tournament : 1988 - Onze dOr : 1990 - Onze de bronze : 1991 - Footballer of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1999 - Goal of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1987–88 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Pirata dOro ( Inter Milan Player of the Year ) : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1996 , 1997 , 2001 - FIFA 100 - Golden Foot legends award : 2012 - IFFHS Legends - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2018 - Bayern Munich All-time XI - Ballon dOr Dream Team : 2020 |
[
"Anastasia Klimko"
] | easy | Who was Lothar Matthäus 's spouse from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Lothar_Matthäus#P26#3 | Lothar Matthäus Lothar Herbert Matthäus ( , ; born 21 March 1961 ) is a German football manager and former player . After captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup where he lifted the World Cup trophy , he was named European Footballer of the Year . In 1991 , he was named the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year , and remains the only German to have received the award . He was also included in the Ballon dOr Dream Team in 2020 . Matthäus held the record of having played in five FIFA World Cups ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) , more than any other outfield player in mens football , until the 2018 World Cup , in which Mexicos Rafael Márquez equalled his record , and holds the record for the most World Cup matches played by a single player ( 25 games ) . He was the captain of the West German team that won the 1990 World Cup in Italy and also was captain of the German squad in the 1994 World Cup in the United States . He also won UEFA Euro 1980 , and played in the 1984 , 1988 and 2000 UEFA European Championships . In 1999 , aged 38 , Matthäus was again voted German Footballer of the Year , having previously won the award in 1990 . Matthäus is the most capped German player of all time , retiring with a total of 150 appearances ( 83 for West Germany ) in 20 years , and 23 goals . Matthäus is a member of the FIFA 100 list of the greatest living football players chosen by Pelé . Diego Maradona said of Matthäus , he is the best rival Ive ever had . I guess thats enough to define him , in his book Yo soy el Diego ( I am the Diego ) . A versatile and complete player , Matthäus is regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time , and was renowned for his perceptive passing , positional sense , well-timed tackling , as well as powerful shooting . During his career , he usually played as a box-to-box midfielder , although late in his career he played as a sweeper . Club career . Matthäus was born in Erlangen , Bavaria , West Germany . He spent his early playing days in the youth team of 1 . FC Herzogenaurach , located in a small town in Bavaria close to Nuremberg . Matthäus started his professional career in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the Bundesliga , for whom he played until 1984 . He then played for Bayern Munich from 1984–88 , winning the Bundesliga twice and the DFB-Pokal . They also reached the European Cup final in 1987 , leading 1–0 for most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . Matthäus and Bayern teammate Andreas Brehme signed with Inter Milan of Serie A in 1988 , winning the Scudetto in 1988–89 during their first season , and the Italian Supercup that year as well . Matthäus continued to enjoy further success with Inter , winning the UEFA Cup in 1991 and being named FIFA World Player of the Year . In the final , he scored a penalty in the first leg to help them to their victory over Roma . Returning to Bayern Munich in 1992 , he won four Bundesliga titles , two DFB-Pokals , another UEFA Cup and reached a second European Cup final in 1999 . The only major club football honour which eluded Matthäus , for competitions in which he played , was the UEFA Champions League . Famously , he came within two minutes of picking up a winners medal in 1999 , only to have his hopes dashed by Manchester United , who scored two last-minute goals in the final , after he was substituted in the 80th minute of play while the team was still leading 1–0 . When the two teams went to collect their medals Matthäus removed his runners-up medal immediately after he received it – it was the second time he had been on the losing side in a final under similar circumstances ; in the 1987 final , Bayern had been leading 1–0 most of the game until two late goals gave FC Porto the win . After Matthäus retired , Bayern would win the Champions League in 2000–01 and later that year the Intercontinental Cup . His last official match for Bayern took place in Munich on 8 March 2000 and was a Champions League match against Real Madrid , which Bayern won 4–1 . During the 1999–2000 season , Matthäus moved from Bayern to New York Citys MetroStars team of Major League Soccer in the United States . He played in the US from March to October 2000 and retired from professional football afterwards . During his season with the MetroStars , he traveled to St . Tropez when he was supposed to be rehabbing his back . Matthäus came out of retirement in 2018 , at age 57 , to play 50 minutes of 1 . FC Herzogenaurachs final league game of the season . The team had already secured the league title , and the appearance allowed Matthäus to satisfy his ambition retiring with the club where his career started : It was always my dream to play my last competitive game here . International career . Matthäus was first called up to the West German national squad in 1980 , where he was part of the winning squad in UEFA Euro 1980 in Italy , making his international debut at the tournament in a game against the Netherlands . He also played two games at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ; he was brought on as a substitute in group stage games against Chile and the infamous Disgrace of Gijón game versus Austria . West Germany reached the final , losing to Italy at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid 3–1 . By now , he also had a regular place in the national team for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , scoring the winner in the round of 16 against Morocco . In the final at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , despite his considerable play-making ability , he was assigned by coach Franz Beckenbauer to mark Argentinas Diego Maradona . Maradona did not score in the final , but his pass to a teammate with six minutes left in regulation time set up the winning goal for Argentina , and West Germany lost their second consecutive World Cup final , this time 3–2 . At UEFA Euro 1988 in West Germany , Matthäus captained the team and scored a penalty against the Netherlands ( the eventual winners ) in the semi-final to give his team a 1–0 lead , but Ronald Koeman leveled the score with a penalty , and then Marco van Basten slid in the winning goal in the final minutes . His immediate success in Italys premier football league , the Serie A , was a precursor to the national team which finally managed to triumph at the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy . Six of West Germanys squad played professionally there ; Matthäus and the West German squad played most of the World Cup games at Inters home stadium the San Siro . West Germany was the best team of the tournament and one of the few to choose an attacking style of play , contrary to previous German teams more defensive style . Matthäus led his squad from midfield and scored four goals , including two against Yugoslavia . He scored the only goal of the quarter-final against Czechoslovakia from a penalty awarded in the 25th minute of the match . West Germany reached its third consecutive final , a rematch against Maradona-led Argentina , and this time Matthäus and his team emerged victorious 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome thanks to Andreas Brehme converting an 85th minute penalty . Matthäus later said that playing the World Cup in Italy was like playing a World Cup at home . As team captain , Matthäus hoisted the last World Cup trophy before German reunification in 1990 . He was injured and unable to take part in UEFA Euro 1992 in Sweden ; though a reunified Germany made the final but lost 2–0 to surprise Denmark . At the 1994 FIFA World Cup hosted by the United States , he captained the team but now operated as sweeper . He scored a penalty in Germanys quarter-final match against Bulgaria at Giants Stadium in New York City , which was also his record-tying 21st World Cup match , but the Bulgarians scored twice in three minutes to upset the defending champions . USA 94 was expected to be his last tournament , though he did not officially retire from international play . Matthäus was afterwards not called up for the national team , due to feuding with succeeding captain Jürgen Klinsmann and coach Berti Vogts . In his absence Germany won UEFA Euro 1996 which was held in England . Surprisingly , he was called up for the 1998 World Cup in France as a replacement for the injured sweeper Matthias Sammer . He was on the bench for Germanys victory over the United States , but came in as a substitute against FR Yugoslavia and helped the team to a 2–2 draw . He became the second player to appear in five different World Cup tournaments , tying the record of Mexican goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal . In 2014 the record has also been tied by Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon , who however has only played in four . In 2015 Homare Sawa and Formiga became the first footballers to appear for a record sixth time at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup in Canada . Matthäus played in all the rest of Germanys matches until Croatia knocked them out in Lyon 3–0 in the quarterfinals , taking his total to a record 25 . He earned his last three caps at UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands , his 150th cap being against Portugal , where Germany had a disastrous first round exit . Matthäus had a poor performance in the first group game against Romania , causing Oliver Bierhoff and other key German players to demand his benching , but head coach Erich Ribbeck stuck by Matthäus . Coaching career . One year after ending his illustrious playing days , Matthäus started a coaching career , which has so far been much less distinguished . In his print interviews and other media appearances , he has been clear about his goal and desire to coach in the Bundesliga . His hope was that taking coaching jobs abroad would lead to offers from Germany . When none came his way even after multiple foreign appointments , he often brought it up in the German press in-between his coaching stints . In November 2009 , he gave a lengthy interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , complaining about what he considers to be inadequate treatment he receives in Germany as a former great . He also bemoaned the lack of coaching job offers extended to him in the Bundesliga — saying German clubs perceived him as being too much of a Bayern supporter and too closely linked with the influential Bild tabloid newspaper to give him a job . Rapid Wien . His first head coaching experience was at SK Rapid Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga . It lasted from 6 September 2001 until 14 May 2002 with mixed results . Matthäus got Rapid Wien to the second round of the UEFA Cup , Round of 16 i nthe Austrian Cup , and finished eighth place in Bundesliga . Partizan . In December 2002 he was hired by Serbian club FK Partizan during mid-season winter break to replace recently sacked Ljubiša Tumbaković . Matthäus signed an 18-month contract . Inheriting a team at the top of the league table , Matthäus achieved the immediate goal by steering Partizan to the 2002–03 league title in convincing fashion , at one point , even extending the lead over the second-placed rivals Red Star Belgrade to 19 points . Still , his finest hour with the club came in August 2003 when Partizan eliminated Newcastle United in the Champions League third qualifying round to reach the 2003–04 competitions group stage . Following the first leg 0–1 loss at home , the cause seemed lost , however , Partizan improbably triumphed 0–1 away at St . James Park , taking the tie to penalties . The penalty series brought further dramatic changes of momentum before Milivoje Ćirkovićs successful spot-kick finally put Partizan through . Matthäus had his back turned to the pitch as couldnt bear to watch the drama of Ćirkovićs penalty . Drawn in a tough group with Real Madrid , eventual champions FC Porto , and Olympique de Marseille , Partizan missed out on the UEFA Cup spot . On 13 December 2003 , right after finishing the final league match of the half-season ( 0–1 win away at FK Železnik ) before the winter break , Matthäus abruptly resigned his post at Partizan by addressing the players and club leadership in private . A club spokesperson said Matthäus would clear everything up at a press conference that he scheduled for two days later , but it was already widely speculated through reports in the Hungarian press that the German had agreed terms with the Hungarian Football Federation to coach the Hungary national team . The rumours proved true as he officially signed the contract in Budapest and also got introduced to the media at Kempinski Hotel Corvinus . Four months after leaving Belgrade , in mid-April 2004 , the row over the terms of Matthäus contract with Partizan was opened with both parties publicly going back and forth at each other . It began with Matthäus , by now Hungarian national team head coach , giving a detailed interview to Serbian press and accusing Partizan club leadership of breaching the additional terms of his contract . It became known on that occasion that his initial contract with Partizan that had been finalized on 1 January 2003 included a base guaranteed part as well additional premium clauses giving him between 5–10% from players transfers and shirt sponsorships as well as Champions League bonus incentives . Matthäus claimed that after none of that was honoured he gave up on asking for his percentages of the Danko Lazović and Zvonimir Vukić transfers as well as Superfund shirt sponsorship deal due to not wanting to upset the team atmosphere during Champions League qualifying , but instead pushed for the additional terms to be renegotiated . After successful Champions League qualification , the additional terms were in fact renegotiated with Partizans general secretary Žarko Zečević so that both parties agreed to put the previous additional terms out of effect and instead now give Matthäus 15% of Igor Duljajs ( the clubs best young asset at the time ) future transfer abroad as well as to allow Matthäus to leave the club any time he wanted without penalties . Duljaj was sold to Shakhtar Donetsk in January 2004 for US$4 million , and Matthäus claimed Partizan failed to pay him the agreed percentage ( $600,000 or €469,500 ) . The club responded two days later in a lengthy press release saying that they dont owe him any money . One day after that , Matthäus decided to sue Partizan for the amount of US$600,000 before Sports Arbitration Court in Lausanne , Switzerland . Hungary national team . Matthäus became manager of the Hungary national football team on 14 December 2003 . The country once synonymous with world class football was trying to return its national team on the path of former 1950s glory , and Matthäus was given the task of qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . After being drawn in a tough group with Sweden , Croatia and Bulgaria that goal looked increasingly difficult . The campaign started in the autumn of 2004 and fairly quickly it became obvious Hungary were in over their heads . The opening 3–0 loss away at Croatia in early September was somewhat offset four days later by the 3–2 hard fought home win versus Iceland . A month later , Matthäus Hungary faced another important test away from home , this time at Sweden . And once again it finished in disappointment with another demoralizing 3–0 loss . Before the winter break , Hungary managed to beat the minnows of the group Malta thus finishing the autumn part of the qualifying in fourth place with six points , mathematically still within striking distance of the leading trio . Notable was a 2–0 win in a friendly in Kaiserslautern against Germany on 6 June 2004 . As the qualifiers resumed in late March 2005 , Hungary hosted Bulgaria in what was pretty much a must win match for Matthäus squad , however they only managed a draw right at the end with the goal coming in 90th minute for a 1–1 final scoreline . As Croatia and Sweden both won on the same occasion , the leading duo of teams now tangibly separated themselves from the pack of chasers , all of which meant that in order to qualify Hungary would have to win all its remaining fixtures and even get some outside help in terms of favourable results elsewhere . Such improbable scenario failed to materialize and they ended up in fourth place with 14 points from 10 matches , well behind Croatia and Sweden who earned 25 and 24 points , respectively . However , Matthäus was allowed to finish out the campaign behind the bench , and was even offered Hungarian citizenship , which he at the time said he would accept . Theres no word whether he actually did . Matthäus left the Hungarian national team on 11 January 2006 . After he left the Hungary post , Matthäus was vocally critical of the Hungarian Football Federation , accusing it in November 2007 of not contributing , but exploiting Hungarian football and citing that its not coincidental that the Hungarian bid to host Euro 2012 didnt receive any votes . Atlético Paranaense . Matthäus signed a one-year contract to coach Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense from the city of Curitiba on 11 January 2006 . However , after only seven matches in charge ( five wins , two draws ) from the start of the 2006 Paraná state championship he quit the club in March 2006 citing the need to be closer to his family . The way he left raised some questions about his professionalism . Apparently , only five weeks after signing a contract he informed club officials about a need to rush back to Europe in order to deal with an urgent personal problem , but assured them hed be back in 3–4 days . After missing for two weeks , he faxed in his resignation on 20 March and never even went back to Brazil to pick up his personal belongings . Some ten days later , Atlético put out a release mentioning that Matthäus ran up R$13,000 ( US$5,915 ) in phone charges that the club wanted him to pay . The club even posted the bill on their website . Red Bull Salzburg . On 19 May 2006 , only two months following the bizarre Brazilian episode , Matthäus was announced as coach of Red Bull Salzburg ( formerly Austria Salzburg ) for the upcoming 2006–07 season . Shortly , the club also signed Giovanni Trapattoni ( incidentally Matthäus former coach at both Internazionale and Bayern ) to be their director of football . In practice , this meant that Trapattoni and Matthäus essentially shared coaching duties . Despite co-leading the team to the Austrian league title by a large margin , Matthäus would eventually be fired on 12 June 2007 by unanimous decision of the Red Bull Salzburgs board of directors . Maccabi Netanya . On 13 April 2008 , it was announced that Matthäus signed with Israeli club Maccabi Netanya to coach the team from the beginning of the 2008–09 season . On 29 April 2009 , with the Israeli league season still ongoing and Netanya sitting in fourth place , it was announced that Matthäus will not be back for the second season once the current one is finished . The reason cited was the financial trouble that the club was going through . Matthäus club finished the league season in fourth spot . Bulgaria national team . On 23 September 2010 , it was announced that Matthäus would be the new coach of the Bulgarian national team after the resignation of Stanimir Stoilov a few weeks earlier . His contract was for one year with the option for a two-year extension . He started with a 1–0 win against Wales in Cardiff on his debut . Matthäus led Bulgaria to their first win in 2010 and in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign . On 12 October 2010 , he led Bulgaria to a 2–0 win over Saudi Arabia in a friendly . On 17 November 2010 , in a friendly played in Sofia , Bulgaria lost to Serbia 0–1 . Despite winning his first match in the qualifiers against Wales , Bulgaria under Matthäus were unable to qualify for Euro 2012 , following draws with Switzerland and Montenegro , as well as a home loss against England . On 19 September 2011 , it was revealed that Matthäus had been sacked . The match against Switzerland was his final match . In April 2018 he was one of 77 applicants for the vacant Cameroon national team job . Columnist and TV pundit . From 2001 until 2009 , in parallel and in-between his coaching jobs , Matthäus wrote a column for the German weekly sports magazine Sport Bild . He also worked as in-studio TV pundit on a variety of television networks during big football competitions : for the German pay television channel Premiere during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups , for the German channel ZDF during UEFA Euro 2004 , for Eurosport during UEFA Euro 2008 , for the Arabian network Al Jazeera Sports during the 2010 FIFA World Cup , for the Iranian channel IRIB during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup , and for the British TV network ITV during UEFA Euro 2016 . He has further participated in a special É Campeão for the Brazilian channel SporTV . Personal life . Matthäus has four children and has been married five times . During his first marriage that lasted from 1981 until 1992 , wife Silvia gave birth to two daughters Alisa ( born 1986 ) and Viola ( born 1988 ) . In 1994 , he married Swiss model and TV presenter Lolita Morena with whom he had a son , Loris ( born 1992 ) . The marriage ended in 1999 . While coaching FK Partizan in Belgrade , he met 31-year-old Serbian socialite Marijana Kostić who became his third wife on 27 November 2003 . It was her third marriage as well . By late 2007 the couple separated and she filed for divorce . Their divorce became official in late January 2009 following the conclusion of a year-long court case in Salzburg , Austria ( their last residence ) over the division of assets . In December 2008 , 47-year-old Matthäus married 21-year-old Ukrainian model Kristina Liliana Chudinova . The ceremony was held in Las Vegas . They met a year earlier at the Oktoberfest beer festival in Munich . The couple lived in Tel Aviv , Israel , where Liliana studies journalism in a local university ; but started living separately by early 2010 . Matthäus and his wife Anastasia Klimko have a son , Milan ( born April 2014 ) and live in Budapest , Hungary . Video game appearances . Matthäus features in EA Sports FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover of the German edition of FIFA 2001 , and features in the FIFA 14 , FIFA 15 , FIFA 16 , FIFA 17 , FIFA 18 , FIFA 19 and FIFA 20 as an Ultimate Team Legend . Matthäus was also prominently featured in the opening video scene of EAs Euro 2000 video game , with Paul Oakenfold transforming the real Matthäus into an interactive digital player he controls in the game with his turntables . Career statistics . International goals . Scores and results list West Germanys and Germanys goal tallies first . Honours . Club . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1986–87 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Pokal : 1985–86 , 1997–98 , 1999–2000 - DFB-Supercup : 1987 - Fuji-Cup : 1986 , 1987 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Cup : 1995–96 - DFB-Ligapokal : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 1986–87 , 1998–99 Internazionale - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 MetroStars - MLS Eastern Division Champion : 2000 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 - UEFA European Championship : 1980 - U.S . Cup : 1993 Individual . - Ballon dOr : 1990 - IFFHS Worlds Best Player : 1990 - World Soccer Awards Player of the Year : 1990 - FIFA World Player of the Year : 1991 - FIFA World Cup Silver Ball : 1990 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - UEFA European Championship of the Tournament : 1988 - Onze dOr : 1990 - Onze de bronze : 1991 - Footballer of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1999 - Goal of the Year ( Germany ) : 1990 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1987–88 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 - Pirata dOro ( Inter Milan Player of the Year ) : 1991 - FIFA XI : 1996 , 1997 , 2001 - FIFA 100 - Golden Foot legends award : 2012 - IFFHS Legends - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2018 - Bayern Munich All-time XI - Ballon dOr Dream Team : 2020 |
[
"Nottingham Forest"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mark Crossley belong to from 1989 to 2000? | /wiki/Mark_Crossley#P54#0 | Mark Crossley Mark Geoffrey Crossley ( born 16 June 1969 ) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in Englands top flight , notably for Nottingham Forest , where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick . He has also played for Manchester United , Milwall , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Fulham , Sheffield Wednesday , Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield . He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004 . Club career . Nottingham Forest . Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee . He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon F.C . and Peterborough United respectively , and when Steve Sutton fell ill , Crossley found himself thrust into the first team , playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Suttons return . He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team , although he played three times for the reserves . He had two spells in Forests team , firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form . He was a huge favourite with the fans , despite being prone to occasional mistakes , and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club , becoming first-choice keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season . This was strengthened by Steve Suttons move to Derby County in 1992 . Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur . He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules . Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place , although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final . He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal , in Forests 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992 . He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest , which was played in front of 15,000 supporters . During that season , Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times , playing second choice keeper to Dave Beasant . He was finally released from Forest , in 2000 as the clubs financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill . Middlesbrough . Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club . He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season , but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000 , and did not play again for the rest of the season . He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season . He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day . However , he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season . He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division . Fulham . Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro , Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003 . He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club , although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . His finest match that season came when , deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi , he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory , producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game . Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan , he was the number 3 keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham . Sheffield Wednesday . Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006 , bringing him in on loan . Crossley impressed , with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season . On 23 December 2006 , Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough , in his 481st career match , after coming up for a late corner . However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham . Oldham Athletic . After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season , Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic . He also took a coaching role at the club . He played most of the games available , despite being injured for 6 games in March . Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract , he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season . After the final game of the season , the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club . Coaching career . In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridans new coaching team , as well as signing playing terms making him the clubs second choice goalkeeper . In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season . In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the clubs new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season , however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee . Following John Sheridans dismissal from Chesterfield , Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright . In September 2012 , despite having retired from playing in 2011 , Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfields 2–2 draw at York City , taking the number 26 shirt . He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013 . On 13 August 2013 , Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls academy goalkeeper coach . Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach . Prior to the 2015/2016 season , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach . On 21 June 2019 , Crossley left the Notts County first-team coaching set-up . On 2 July 2019 , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach . International career . Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent . He was a regular in the Welsh international squad , but served as understudy to Neville Southall , and then Paul Jones . He started only eight games . His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland . His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales 4–0 win over Scotland . Prior to representing Wales , Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon , France , in 1990 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : |
[
"Middlesbrough"
] | easy | Which team did the player Mark Crossley belong to from 2000 to 2003? | /wiki/Mark_Crossley#P54#1 | Mark Crossley Mark Geoffrey Crossley ( born 16 June 1969 ) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in Englands top flight , notably for Nottingham Forest , where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick . He has also played for Manchester United , Milwall , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Fulham , Sheffield Wednesday , Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield . He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004 . Club career . Nottingham Forest . Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee . He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon F.C . and Peterborough United respectively , and when Steve Sutton fell ill , Crossley found himself thrust into the first team , playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Suttons return . He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team , although he played three times for the reserves . He had two spells in Forests team , firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form . He was a huge favourite with the fans , despite being prone to occasional mistakes , and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club , becoming first-choice keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season . This was strengthened by Steve Suttons move to Derby County in 1992 . Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur . He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules . Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place , although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final . He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal , in Forests 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992 . He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest , which was played in front of 15,000 supporters . During that season , Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times , playing second choice keeper to Dave Beasant . He was finally released from Forest , in 2000 as the clubs financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill . Middlesbrough . Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club . He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season , but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000 , and did not play again for the rest of the season . He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season . He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day . However , he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season . He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division . Fulham . Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro , Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003 . He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club , although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . His finest match that season came when , deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi , he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory , producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game . Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan , he was the number 3 keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham . Sheffield Wednesday . Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006 , bringing him in on loan . Crossley impressed , with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season . On 23 December 2006 , Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough , in his 481st career match , after coming up for a late corner . However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham . Oldham Athletic . After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season , Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic . He also took a coaching role at the club . He played most of the games available , despite being injured for 6 games in March . Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract , he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season . After the final game of the season , the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club . Coaching career . In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridans new coaching team , as well as signing playing terms making him the clubs second choice goalkeeper . In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season . In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the clubs new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season , however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee . Following John Sheridans dismissal from Chesterfield , Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright . In September 2012 , despite having retired from playing in 2011 , Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfields 2–2 draw at York City , taking the number 26 shirt . He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013 . On 13 August 2013 , Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls academy goalkeeper coach . Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach . Prior to the 2015/2016 season , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach . On 21 June 2019 , Crossley left the Notts County first-team coaching set-up . On 2 July 2019 , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach . International career . Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent . He was a regular in the Welsh international squad , but served as understudy to Neville Southall , and then Paul Jones . He started only eight games . His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland . His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales 4–0 win over Scotland . Prior to representing Wales , Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon , France , in 1990 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : |
[
"Fulham"
] | easy | Which team did Mark Crossley play for from 2003 to 2006? | /wiki/Mark_Crossley#P54#2 | Mark Crossley Mark Geoffrey Crossley ( born 16 June 1969 ) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in Englands top flight , notably for Nottingham Forest , where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick . He has also played for Manchester United , Milwall , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Fulham , Sheffield Wednesday , Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield . He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004 . Club career . Nottingham Forest . Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee . He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon F.C . and Peterborough United respectively , and when Steve Sutton fell ill , Crossley found himself thrust into the first team , playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Suttons return . He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team , although he played three times for the reserves . He had two spells in Forests team , firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form . He was a huge favourite with the fans , despite being prone to occasional mistakes , and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club , becoming first-choice keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season . This was strengthened by Steve Suttons move to Derby County in 1992 . Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur . He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules . Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place , although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final . He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal , in Forests 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992 . He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest , which was played in front of 15,000 supporters . During that season , Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times , playing second choice keeper to Dave Beasant . He was finally released from Forest , in 2000 as the clubs financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill . Middlesbrough . Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club . He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season , but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000 , and did not play again for the rest of the season . He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season . He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day . However , he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season . He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division . Fulham . Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro , Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003 . He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club , although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . His finest match that season came when , deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi , he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory , producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game . Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan , he was the number 3 keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham . Sheffield Wednesday . Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006 , bringing him in on loan . Crossley impressed , with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season . On 23 December 2006 , Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough , in his 481st career match , after coming up for a late corner . However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham . Oldham Athletic . After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season , Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic . He also took a coaching role at the club . He played most of the games available , despite being injured for 6 games in March . Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract , he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season . After the final game of the season , the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club . Coaching career . In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridans new coaching team , as well as signing playing terms making him the clubs second choice goalkeeper . In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season . In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the clubs new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season , however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee . Following John Sheridans dismissal from Chesterfield , Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright . In September 2012 , despite having retired from playing in 2011 , Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfields 2–2 draw at York City , taking the number 26 shirt . He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013 . On 13 August 2013 , Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls academy goalkeeper coach . Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach . Prior to the 2015/2016 season , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach . On 21 June 2019 , Crossley left the Notts County first-team coaching set-up . On 2 July 2019 , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach . International career . Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent . He was a regular in the Welsh international squad , but served as understudy to Neville Southall , and then Paul Jones . He started only eight games . His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland . His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales 4–0 win over Scotland . Prior to representing Wales , Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon , France , in 1990 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : |
[
"Oldham Athletic"
] | easy | Mark Crossley played for which team from 2006 to 2009? | /wiki/Mark_Crossley#P54#3 | Mark Crossley Mark Geoffrey Crossley ( born 16 June 1969 ) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in Englands top flight , notably for Nottingham Forest , where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick . He has also played for Manchester United , Milwall , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Fulham , Sheffield Wednesday , Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield . He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004 . Club career . Nottingham Forest . Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee . He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon F.C . and Peterborough United respectively , and when Steve Sutton fell ill , Crossley found himself thrust into the first team , playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Suttons return . He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team , although he played three times for the reserves . He had two spells in Forests team , firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form . He was a huge favourite with the fans , despite being prone to occasional mistakes , and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club , becoming first-choice keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season . This was strengthened by Steve Suttons move to Derby County in 1992 . Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur . He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules . Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place , although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final . He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal , in Forests 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992 . He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest , which was played in front of 15,000 supporters . During that season , Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times , playing second choice keeper to Dave Beasant . He was finally released from Forest , in 2000 as the clubs financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill . Middlesbrough . Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club . He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season , but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000 , and did not play again for the rest of the season . He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season . He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day . However , he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season . He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division . Fulham . Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro , Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003 . He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club , although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . His finest match that season came when , deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi , he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory , producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game . Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan , he was the number 3 keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham . Sheffield Wednesday . Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006 , bringing him in on loan . Crossley impressed , with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season . On 23 December 2006 , Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough , in his 481st career match , after coming up for a late corner . However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham . Oldham Athletic . After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season , Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic . He also took a coaching role at the club . He played most of the games available , despite being injured for 6 games in March . Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract , he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season . After the final game of the season , the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club . Coaching career . In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridans new coaching team , as well as signing playing terms making him the clubs second choice goalkeeper . In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season . In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the clubs new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season , however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee . Following John Sheridans dismissal from Chesterfield , Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright . In September 2012 , despite having retired from playing in 2011 , Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfields 2–2 draw at York City , taking the number 26 shirt . He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013 . On 13 August 2013 , Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls academy goalkeeper coach . Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach . Prior to the 2015/2016 season , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach . On 21 June 2019 , Crossley left the Notts County first-team coaching set-up . On 2 July 2019 , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach . International career . Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent . He was a regular in the Welsh international squad , but served as understudy to Neville Southall , and then Paul Jones . He started only eight games . His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland . His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales 4–0 win over Scotland . Prior to representing Wales , Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon , France , in 1990 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : |
[
"Chesterfield",
"Sheffield Wednesday"
] | easy | Which team did Mark Crossley play for from 2009 to 2013? | /wiki/Mark_Crossley#P54#4 | Mark Crossley Mark Geoffrey Crossley ( born 16 June 1969 ) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in Englands top flight , notably for Nottingham Forest , where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick . He has also played for Manchester United , Milwall , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Fulham , Sheffield Wednesday , Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield . He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004 . Club career . Nottingham Forest . Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee . He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon F.C . and Peterborough United respectively , and when Steve Sutton fell ill , Crossley found himself thrust into the first team , playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Suttons return . He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team , although he played three times for the reserves . He had two spells in Forests team , firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form . He was a huge favourite with the fans , despite being prone to occasional mistakes , and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club , becoming first-choice keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season . This was strengthened by Steve Suttons move to Derby County in 1992 . Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur . He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules . Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place , although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final . He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal , in Forests 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992 . He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest , which was played in front of 15,000 supporters . During that season , Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times , playing second choice keeper to Dave Beasant . He was finally released from Forest , in 2000 as the clubs financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill . Middlesbrough . Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club . He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season , but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000 , and did not play again for the rest of the season . He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season . He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day . However , he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season . He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division . Fulham . Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro , Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003 . He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club , although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . His finest match that season came when , deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi , he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory , producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game . Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan , he was the number 3 keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham . Sheffield Wednesday . Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006 , bringing him in on loan . Crossley impressed , with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season . On 23 December 2006 , Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough , in his 481st career match , after coming up for a late corner . However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham . Oldham Athletic . After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season , Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic . He also took a coaching role at the club . He played most of the games available , despite being injured for 6 games in March . Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract , he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season . After the final game of the season , the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club . Coaching career . In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridans new coaching team , as well as signing playing terms making him the clubs second choice goalkeeper . In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season . In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the clubs new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season , however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee . Following John Sheridans dismissal from Chesterfield , Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright . In September 2012 , despite having retired from playing in 2011 , Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfields 2–2 draw at York City , taking the number 26 shirt . He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013 . On 13 August 2013 , Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls academy goalkeeper coach . Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach . Prior to the 2015/2016 season , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach . On 21 June 2019 , Crossley left the Notts County first-team coaching set-up . On 2 July 2019 , Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach . International career . Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent . He was a regular in the Welsh international squad , but served as understudy to Neville Southall , and then Paul Jones . He started only eight games . His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland . His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales 4–0 win over Scotland . Prior to representing Wales , Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon , France , in 1990 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : |
[
"Technische Hogeschool Bandung",
"Netherlands Government Information Service in India"
] | easy | Which employer did Kees Posthumus work for from 1941 to 1947? | /wiki/Kees_Posthumus#P108#0 | Kees Posthumus Kees Posthumus ( 16 June 1902 – 15 September 1972 ) was a Dutch chemist . He was the second rector magnificus of the Eindhoven University of Technology . Biography . Kees Posthumus was born in Harlingen , Friesland , as the son of a wholesaler in wood . He attended HBS and then went on to study chemistry at the University of Groningen . He attained his propaedeuse there , whereupon he moved to the University of Leiden to continue his studies . While there he came into contact with Albert Einstein ( who was a guest lecturer there ) and with Johan Huizinga ( through the rowing club ) . Upon gaining his engineering degree he took a teaching position at the Christian HBS in Leiden , while working on his doctorate under prof.dr . F.A. . Schreinemakers . While at the HBS he also made use of the HBS lab to do experiments for his thesis ; he was promoted in 1929 on the topic of Explosion areas in gaseous mixtures . He left for the Dutch East Indies soon after his promotion , to teach chemistry at the Christian Lyceum of Bandung . He later became rector of the school . He published an article in De Gids in 1940 that is known as Posthumus Law nowadays . In 1941 he was appointed extraordinary professor of the Technische Hogeschool Bandung . After the start of the Japanese occupation Posthumus was first interned at Bandung prison , then at the Cimahi concentration camp . He kept on teaching during his imprisonment . After the Japanese surrender Posthumus became head of the Netherlands Government Information Service in India ; in March 1946 , he was made chairman of the Department of Technical Sciences at the provisional University of Bandung ( housed in the facilities of the TH Bandung ) . In 1947 and 1948 he was a foreign correspondent for the Groene Amsterdammer and openly opposed the first police actions against the Indonesian independence movement . Following the independence of Indonesia , he remained at the Bandung Institute of Technology until 1955 . After his return to The Netherlands in 1955 Posthumus was part of the advisory committee for the founding of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven . As a result , professor Dorgelo hired him as part of the original staff and he became one of the institutions first professors in September 1956 . He succeeded Dorgelo as rector in 1961 . Posthumus tenure as rector magnificus was a time of expansion for the Hogeschool . First of all in the physical sense : the campus was expanded and the first highrises were erected . Posthumus also secured funds from Philips to buy the organ that is still in the Auditorium . Posthumus also pushed for expansion of scientific activities , lobbying for the creation of a center for educational research , an architectural department , a business administration department and a faculty of medicine – all of which he achieved , with the exception of a medical department ( the university did start a department of biomedical technology in 1997 though ) . He also supported a cooperative agreement with the University of Nigeria , Nsukka , the first university of the newly independent Nigeria . Posthumus is not remembered by his colleagues and students for being a brilliant scientist ; rather , he left his mark through his administrative qualities and achievements . Starting in 1960 he was appointed deputy chairman of the national Board of Education ( Dutch : Onderwijsraad ) . In November 1967 he was appointed government commissioner for higher education by Education minister Veringa ; this was also the reason for his stepping down as rector per the following academic year ( conflict of interest of these positions ) , in favor of Ton van Trier . In 1968 Posthumus published a policy brief entitled De universiteit , doelstellingen , functies , structuren ( English : The university , goals , functions , structures ) , which is commonly known as the Nota Posthumus . This brief was the basis for policy reform proposals by minister Veringa and his successor van Veen . Posthumus died in Eindhoven in 1972 . The Eindhoven University has a bust of him in the Traverse building . Posthumus Law . According to Posthumus Law , the result of grading a test or exam in education is that one quarter of students will fail , one half will get a middle but passing grade and one quarter will receive a high grade . Put differently : the academic requirements adjust themselves to the bell curve . Quotes . - Theoretical physicists are prophets , mathematicians are high priests and chemists are acolytes . - Academic research and educations are two parts of the same weave ; their threads may be discerned from one another , but not separated from each other without destroying the texture . References . - De kleine TU/e encyclopedie 1956-2006 , Joep Huiskamp , Eindhoven , 2006 , External links . - Theorie of praktijk : een pseudoprobleem Lecture given by Posthumus at the second Dies Natalis of the TU/e , on 23 June 1958 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1960/1961 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 20 September 1961 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1962–1963 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 16 September 1963 . - En toch.. . maar ook.. . : lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , gedurende het cursusjaar 1963–1964 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 21 September 1964 . - Vrijheid en vrijheidsgraden Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , on 20 September 1965 . - Academische Renaissance Posthumus farewell lecture upon transferring the rectorship of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven on 16 September 1968 . |
[
"Groene Amsterdammer",
"Bandung Institute of Technology"
] | easy | Which employer did Kees Posthumus work for from 1947 to 1948? | /wiki/Kees_Posthumus#P108#1 | Kees Posthumus Kees Posthumus ( 16 June 1902 – 15 September 1972 ) was a Dutch chemist . He was the second rector magnificus of the Eindhoven University of Technology . Biography . Kees Posthumus was born in Harlingen , Friesland , as the son of a wholesaler in wood . He attended HBS and then went on to study chemistry at the University of Groningen . He attained his propaedeuse there , whereupon he moved to the University of Leiden to continue his studies . While there he came into contact with Albert Einstein ( who was a guest lecturer there ) and with Johan Huizinga ( through the rowing club ) . Upon gaining his engineering degree he took a teaching position at the Christian HBS in Leiden , while working on his doctorate under prof.dr . F.A. . Schreinemakers . While at the HBS he also made use of the HBS lab to do experiments for his thesis ; he was promoted in 1929 on the topic of Explosion areas in gaseous mixtures . He left for the Dutch East Indies soon after his promotion , to teach chemistry at the Christian Lyceum of Bandung . He later became rector of the school . He published an article in De Gids in 1940 that is known as Posthumus Law nowadays . In 1941 he was appointed extraordinary professor of the Technische Hogeschool Bandung . After the start of the Japanese occupation Posthumus was first interned at Bandung prison , then at the Cimahi concentration camp . He kept on teaching during his imprisonment . After the Japanese surrender Posthumus became head of the Netherlands Government Information Service in India ; in March 1946 , he was made chairman of the Department of Technical Sciences at the provisional University of Bandung ( housed in the facilities of the TH Bandung ) . In 1947 and 1948 he was a foreign correspondent for the Groene Amsterdammer and openly opposed the first police actions against the Indonesian independence movement . Following the independence of Indonesia , he remained at the Bandung Institute of Technology until 1955 . After his return to The Netherlands in 1955 Posthumus was part of the advisory committee for the founding of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven . As a result , professor Dorgelo hired him as part of the original staff and he became one of the institutions first professors in September 1956 . He succeeded Dorgelo as rector in 1961 . Posthumus tenure as rector magnificus was a time of expansion for the Hogeschool . First of all in the physical sense : the campus was expanded and the first highrises were erected . Posthumus also secured funds from Philips to buy the organ that is still in the Auditorium . Posthumus also pushed for expansion of scientific activities , lobbying for the creation of a center for educational research , an architectural department , a business administration department and a faculty of medicine – all of which he achieved , with the exception of a medical department ( the university did start a department of biomedical technology in 1997 though ) . He also supported a cooperative agreement with the University of Nigeria , Nsukka , the first university of the newly independent Nigeria . Posthumus is not remembered by his colleagues and students for being a brilliant scientist ; rather , he left his mark through his administrative qualities and achievements . Starting in 1960 he was appointed deputy chairman of the national Board of Education ( Dutch : Onderwijsraad ) . In November 1967 he was appointed government commissioner for higher education by Education minister Veringa ; this was also the reason for his stepping down as rector per the following academic year ( conflict of interest of these positions ) , in favor of Ton van Trier . In 1968 Posthumus published a policy brief entitled De universiteit , doelstellingen , functies , structuren ( English : The university , goals , functions , structures ) , which is commonly known as the Nota Posthumus . This brief was the basis for policy reform proposals by minister Veringa and his successor van Veen . Posthumus died in Eindhoven in 1972 . The Eindhoven University has a bust of him in the Traverse building . Posthumus Law . According to Posthumus Law , the result of grading a test or exam in education is that one quarter of students will fail , one half will get a middle but passing grade and one quarter will receive a high grade . Put differently : the academic requirements adjust themselves to the bell curve . Quotes . - Theoretical physicists are prophets , mathematicians are high priests and chemists are acolytes . - Academic research and educations are two parts of the same weave ; their threads may be discerned from one another , but not separated from each other without destroying the texture . References . - De kleine TU/e encyclopedie 1956-2006 , Joep Huiskamp , Eindhoven , 2006 , External links . - Theorie of praktijk : een pseudoprobleem Lecture given by Posthumus at the second Dies Natalis of the TU/e , on 23 June 1958 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1960/1961 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 20 September 1961 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1962–1963 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 16 September 1963 . - En toch.. . maar ook.. . : lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , gedurende het cursusjaar 1963–1964 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 21 September 1964 . - Vrijheid en vrijheidsgraden Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , on 20 September 1965 . - Academische Renaissance Posthumus farewell lecture upon transferring the rectorship of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven on 16 September 1968 . |
[
"Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Kees Posthumus work for from 1956 to 1957? | /wiki/Kees_Posthumus#P108#2 | Kees Posthumus Kees Posthumus ( 16 June 1902 – 15 September 1972 ) was a Dutch chemist . He was the second rector magnificus of the Eindhoven University of Technology . Biography . Kees Posthumus was born in Harlingen , Friesland , as the son of a wholesaler in wood . He attended HBS and then went on to study chemistry at the University of Groningen . He attained his propaedeuse there , whereupon he moved to the University of Leiden to continue his studies . While there he came into contact with Albert Einstein ( who was a guest lecturer there ) and with Johan Huizinga ( through the rowing club ) . Upon gaining his engineering degree he took a teaching position at the Christian HBS in Leiden , while working on his doctorate under prof.dr . F.A. . Schreinemakers . While at the HBS he also made use of the HBS lab to do experiments for his thesis ; he was promoted in 1929 on the topic of Explosion areas in gaseous mixtures . He left for the Dutch East Indies soon after his promotion , to teach chemistry at the Christian Lyceum of Bandung . He later became rector of the school . He published an article in De Gids in 1940 that is known as Posthumus Law nowadays . In 1941 he was appointed extraordinary professor of the Technische Hogeschool Bandung . After the start of the Japanese occupation Posthumus was first interned at Bandung prison , then at the Cimahi concentration camp . He kept on teaching during his imprisonment . After the Japanese surrender Posthumus became head of the Netherlands Government Information Service in India ; in March 1946 , he was made chairman of the Department of Technical Sciences at the provisional University of Bandung ( housed in the facilities of the TH Bandung ) . In 1947 and 1948 he was a foreign correspondent for the Groene Amsterdammer and openly opposed the first police actions against the Indonesian independence movement . Following the independence of Indonesia , he remained at the Bandung Institute of Technology until 1955 . After his return to The Netherlands in 1955 Posthumus was part of the advisory committee for the founding of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven . As a result , professor Dorgelo hired him as part of the original staff and he became one of the institutions first professors in September 1956 . He succeeded Dorgelo as rector in 1961 . Posthumus tenure as rector magnificus was a time of expansion for the Hogeschool . First of all in the physical sense : the campus was expanded and the first highrises were erected . Posthumus also secured funds from Philips to buy the organ that is still in the Auditorium . Posthumus also pushed for expansion of scientific activities , lobbying for the creation of a center for educational research , an architectural department , a business administration department and a faculty of medicine – all of which he achieved , with the exception of a medical department ( the university did start a department of biomedical technology in 1997 though ) . He also supported a cooperative agreement with the University of Nigeria , Nsukka , the first university of the newly independent Nigeria . Posthumus is not remembered by his colleagues and students for being a brilliant scientist ; rather , he left his mark through his administrative qualities and achievements . Starting in 1960 he was appointed deputy chairman of the national Board of Education ( Dutch : Onderwijsraad ) . In November 1967 he was appointed government commissioner for higher education by Education minister Veringa ; this was also the reason for his stepping down as rector per the following academic year ( conflict of interest of these positions ) , in favor of Ton van Trier . In 1968 Posthumus published a policy brief entitled De universiteit , doelstellingen , functies , structuren ( English : The university , goals , functions , structures ) , which is commonly known as the Nota Posthumus . This brief was the basis for policy reform proposals by minister Veringa and his successor van Veen . Posthumus died in Eindhoven in 1972 . The Eindhoven University has a bust of him in the Traverse building . Posthumus Law . According to Posthumus Law , the result of grading a test or exam in education is that one quarter of students will fail , one half will get a middle but passing grade and one quarter will receive a high grade . Put differently : the academic requirements adjust themselves to the bell curve . Quotes . - Theoretical physicists are prophets , mathematicians are high priests and chemists are acolytes . - Academic research and educations are two parts of the same weave ; their threads may be discerned from one another , but not separated from each other without destroying the texture . References . - De kleine TU/e encyclopedie 1956-2006 , Joep Huiskamp , Eindhoven , 2006 , External links . - Theorie of praktijk : een pseudoprobleem Lecture given by Posthumus at the second Dies Natalis of the TU/e , on 23 June 1958 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1960/1961 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 20 September 1961 . - De lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven gedurende het cursusjaar 1962–1963 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 16 September 1963 . - En toch.. . maar ook.. . : lotgevallen van de Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , gedurende het cursusjaar 1963–1964 Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven on 21 September 1964 . - Vrijheid en vrijheidsgraden Lecture by the Rector Magnificus of the Technische Hogeschool te Eindhoven , on 20 September 1965 . - Academische Renaissance Posthumus farewell lecture upon transferring the rectorship of the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven on 16 September 1968 . |
[
"Hamilton Academical"
] | easy | Nicki Paterson played for which team from 2002 to 2004? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#0 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"Des Moines Menace"
] | easy | Which team did Nicki Paterson play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#1 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"Clyde"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nicki Paterson belong to from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#2 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"Baltimore Blast"
] | easy | Which team did Nicki Paterson play for from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#3 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"Ottawa Fury FCs"
] | easy | Which team did Nicki Paterson play for from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#4 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"NASLs Indy Eleven"
] | easy | Nicki Paterson played for which team from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Nicki_Paterson#P54#5 | Nicki Paterson Nicholas Stephen Nicki Paterson ( born 19 January 1985 in Lanark ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albion Rovers . Career . Early career in Scotland . Paterson grew up in Motherwell , and was a member of the academy at Scottish football club Motherwell , before signing a professional deal with Hamilton Academical in 2002 . He made his professional debut on 3 August 2002 in a Scottish Second Division game against Cowdenbeath as a 17-year-old . He went on to play seven league , two Scottish League Cup and one Scottish Challenge Cup games for Hamilton over the next two seasons , usually from the substitutes bench , before leaving at the end of the 2003–2004 season . College and amateur . Paterson moved to the United States in 2005 after being offered a college scholarship by the University of Nevada Las Vegas . He played four years college soccer for the UNLV Rebels , earning Second Team All-Mountain Pacific Sports Federation honours as a sophomore in 2006 . During his college years Paterson also played two seasons for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League scoring 15 goals earning top scorer in both seasons . Professional . Paterson returned to the professional ranks in 2009 when he was signed by the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division . He made his debut for Harrisburg on 18 April 2009 in a 2–2 opening day tie with the Richmond Kickers . After playing for USL-2 club Real Maryland Monarchs in 2010 , Paterson transferred up a division to USSF Division 2 club AC St . Louis . However , after only a few days at the club it emerged that Paterson could not extend his current visa and had to return to the UK with an option to sign with AC St . Louis next season . While home Paterson signed a short-term contract for Scottish side Clyde in September 2010 , and played his first game for the team on 25 September , a 0–0 draw against East Stirlingshire . He scored his first goal for the Bully Wee on 16 October , in a 3–2 loss to Arbroath . Paterson signed a contract on 21 January 2011 to play for Charleston Battery in the American Soccer USL Pro league . He led the team in scoring with 8 goals and was named the offensive MVP . He moved indoors for the 2011–12 season with the Baltimore Blast . In 2012 , Paterson increased his offensive output from his midfield position and was the leagues second top scorer with 10 goals amassing 22 points . He was selected 7 times to the USL Team of the week . Paterson for the second year running was named the Offensive MVP for the Charleston Battery and added the overall team MVP . On 6 November 2013 , he became Ottawa Fury FCs first signing . Paterson signed with the NASLs Indy Eleven on 26 January 2016 . After almost a year with the club , Paterson returned to his native Scotland , signing for Scottish League One side East Fife until the end of the 2016–17 season , at which point his contract was not renewed and he left the club . Paterson subsequently signed a short-term contract with Scottish League Two club Stenhousemuir in September 2017 . Ahead of the 2019–20 season , Paterson signed for Albion Rovers . External links . - UNLV bio |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did William Mainwaring hold from Mar 1933 to Oct 1935? | /wiki/William_Mainwaring#P39#0 | William Mainwaring William Henry Mainwaring ( 1884 – 18 May 1971 ) was a Welsh coal miner , lecturer and trade unionist , who became a long-serving Labour Party Member of Parliament . Both as a trade unionist and a politician he struggled , largely successfully to counter Communist influence . He was said to have spoken with passion and fire on behalf of his fellow miners . Mining . Mainwaring was born in Swansea and went to local schools , leaving to work as miner in the South Wales coalfield . He was a member of the South Wales Miners Federation , and through their sponsorship was able to continue his education at the Central Labour College in London where he studied economics . Labour College lecturer . After two years at the College , he returned to the coal face , but in 1919 , Mainwaring was appointed as a Lecturer in Economics and Vice-Principal of the Central Labour College . This college , which renamed as The Labour College in 1920 , was founded by the South Wales Miners Federation and the National Union of Railwaymen , but most of the students were South Wales miners ; opponents suspected the college was class teaching for revolutionary aims . Miners agent . Mainwaring ran for the South Wales nomination for a candidate to be Secretary of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1924 , but was narrowly defeated by A . J . Cook . Mainwaring polled 49,617 against Cooks 50,123 votes . Cook went on to win the post and vacated his previous post as miners agent for the Rhondda district ; Mainwaring was appointed to succeed him . He was one of two agents for the district , and with his fellow agent Alderman David Lewis , Mainwaring had to fight the attempts by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain to gain influence . In 1928 , under Communist influence , the lodges of the Rhondda Miners Federation called for a membership ballot to elect their representative on the South Wales Miners Federation executive . Mainwaring and Lewis offered their resignations but the district committee refused to accept them . Industrial dispute . After a new law allowed the miners working day to increase to 7½ hours , the South Wales coalowners decided to reduce the wages of miners in November 1930 . Mainwaring declared that the new terms of employment were absolutely preposterous and threatened to lead a strike . However , after lengthy negotiations , the South Wales miners agreed to work under the new terms under protest . Communists picketed the Lewis Merthyr colliery at Trehafod in Rhondda , and nearly half of the men did not go in to work . Mainwaring did get the South Wales nomination for the secretaryship of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1932 , after the death of A . J . Cook . A preferential voting system was used , and Mainwaring came in third place on first preference votes , being eliminated from the voting . Rhondda East byelection . The death of Lieutenant-Colonel David Watts-Morgan , the Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rhondda East , in early 1933 left a vacancy for a Labour candidate in which the influence of the miners was predominant . Mainwarings name was immediately mentioned as a possible candidate , with rivals including Alderman David Lewis , Mrs Watts-Morgan ( the widow of the former MP ) , and some local party figures . Mainwaring was selected , and faced opposition from Arthur Horner of the Communist Party and William Thomas , a local Liberal , in the byelection . Mainwaring received a letter of support from Labour Party leader George Lansbury , and an appeal from the President , Vice-President and General Secretary of the South Wales Miners Federation was made for all miners and their families to vote for him . The Labour Party had won easily in a straight fight with Arthur Horner at the previous election , but the decision of the Liberal Party to fight an energetic campaign ( the Liberal candidate was allied with David Lloyd George and opposed to the National Government ) was thought to have given the party a scare because Labour had benefited from Liberal votes in 1931 . Mainwaring predicted that he would get between 20,000 and 22,000 votes . In the event , Mainwaring won with 14,127 votes , with Horner second having increased his vote compared with 1931 . Parliament . In Parliament , Mainwaring concentrated on mining issues , calling in July 1933 for the Home Secretary to examine the circumstances of the Bedwas colliery dispute where miners and their families had been imprisoned for breaches of the peace . He moved the rejection of the governments Coal Mines Bill in 1934 , arguing that legislation dealing with coal mines was futile while the mines were in private ownership , and had evaded previous acts . He was also active on issues affecting the unemployed , where he consistently opposed attempts to reduce unemployment benefit ; in 1935 he warned that agitation on the subject in South Wales would spread like a flame throughout the country . Arms industry . During the 1930s he was a pacifist , criticising private armament firms for trafficking in the blood of nations . Mainwaring also moved to delete a provision which would criminalise possession of documents which if distributed to the armed forces would incite disaffection , pointing to the fact that some parts of holy scripture might be included within the description and declaring his certainty that his own possessions included enough to keep him in prison forever . He also moved a motion in 1936 that called for the government to be given full power to take action against profiteers in the event of war ; this motion was agreed . At the 1935 general election , Mainwaring had to defend his seat against the Communist leader Harry Pollitt . The Communists caused some amusement when they appealed to Labour to withdraw their candidate to stop splitting the working-class vote . Mainwaring succeeded in increasing his majority to 8,433 . Employment law . In the new Parliament , Mainwaring won sixth place on the ballot to introduce a Private Members Bill and chose to try to make employers liable for injuries to workmen caused by the negligence of fellow workmen . When debated , a Conservative MP moved to reject the Bill , and the Government declared their opposition ; the Bill was defeated by 146 to 85 . In the next session , Mainwaring won again , this time in first place ; he introduced the Workmens Compensation Bill , which aimed to compensate more dependents of employees for injuries caused in the workplace . He was again met with a motion for rejection which was passed by only six votes ( 115 to 109 ) . Unemployment . Mainwaring organised a march of the unemployed from South Wales to Westminster in November 1936 , calling for work . When the Minister of Labour went in a delegation to South Wales to unveil charity gifts , Mainwaring urged the people of South Wales to refuse to meet them and to turn the insult back in their faces . He criticised the Government for failing to direct industry to the Special areas in South Wales suffering unemployment , pointing to statistics which showed they had been developed elsewhere . Rhodesia . Outside his normal area , Mainwaring was named as a member of the Royal Commission on Rhodesia in 1938 . He went on a long visit to the territories in August 1938 to gather evidence , and then went on to visit the Rand in South Africa . Mainwaring endorsed the report of the Royal Commission which called for a single Governor for the three territories of Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Wartime . During the wartime coalition , Mainwaring was not always prepared to go along with the Labour Partys alliance with the Conservatives . He supported an amendment to criticise the poor position of old age and widow pensioners in 1942 , along with 48 other Labour MPs but against the wishes of the front bench . He also voted to criticise the Government for delaying implementation of the Beveridge Report in February 1943 . 1945 general election . At the 1945 general election , Mainwaring faced a tough fight against Harry Pollitt who had kept up his connection with the Rhondda East constituency . Although the Liberal Party did not field a candidate , the Welsh nationalists of Plaid Cymru did . Senior Labour figures including Professor Harold Laski spoke for Mainwaring , who was put under pressure by the Communists identifying with the working class while the Labour national campaign made a bid for middle-class votes . Civil aviation . Mainwaring succeeded in winning a very narrow victory by 972 votes . He was a notably less frequent speaker in the post-war Parliaments , but kept up his allegiance to the left . In 1946 he broke with the whip to support an amendment to the Civil Aviation Bill which required the directors of the new airline corporations to be full-time , and to oppose a Lords amendment affecting the Air Traffic Advisory Council . However Mainwaring opposed an amendment to exclude men from Wales and Monmouthshire from the liability to do National Service , declaring that no decent man or woman in Wales would support the amendment . Korean war . At the 1950 general election , Harry Pollitt made his third challenge to win the Rhondda East constituency . However , the outbreak of the Cold War against Soviet Union was thought to have alienated many in the coalfield . At the poll , Mainwaring obtained a majority of 22,182 and Pollitt barely retained his deposit . Mainwaring was a strong supporter of the Government policy of fighting the Korean War , which he declared to be in the interests of workers of Britain . Welsh nationalism . Mainwaring became a staunch opponent of Welsh nationalism . In 1955 he denounced the assumption that the English were in some peculiar way wholly foreign and alien to Wales , and ridiculed basing a nation on poets , preachers and musicians . He supported reform of the system of leasehold ownership to allow leasehold tenants to buy their freeholds , attacking the sale of estates to financiers . Retirement . After being little active in his last Parliament , Mainwaring announced his retirement a year before the 1959 general election . He lived to the age of 87 . |
[
"Member of Parliament ("
] | easy | What was the position of William Mainwaring from Nov 1935 to Jun 1945? | /wiki/William_Mainwaring#P39#1 | William Mainwaring William Henry Mainwaring ( 1884 – 18 May 1971 ) was a Welsh coal miner , lecturer and trade unionist , who became a long-serving Labour Party Member of Parliament . Both as a trade unionist and a politician he struggled , largely successfully to counter Communist influence . He was said to have spoken with passion and fire on behalf of his fellow miners . Mining . Mainwaring was born in Swansea and went to local schools , leaving to work as miner in the South Wales coalfield . He was a member of the South Wales Miners Federation , and through their sponsorship was able to continue his education at the Central Labour College in London where he studied economics . Labour College lecturer . After two years at the College , he returned to the coal face , but in 1919 , Mainwaring was appointed as a Lecturer in Economics and Vice-Principal of the Central Labour College . This college , which renamed as The Labour College in 1920 , was founded by the South Wales Miners Federation and the National Union of Railwaymen , but most of the students were South Wales miners ; opponents suspected the college was class teaching for revolutionary aims . Miners agent . Mainwaring ran for the South Wales nomination for a candidate to be Secretary of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1924 , but was narrowly defeated by A . J . Cook . Mainwaring polled 49,617 against Cooks 50,123 votes . Cook went on to win the post and vacated his previous post as miners agent for the Rhondda district ; Mainwaring was appointed to succeed him . He was one of two agents for the district , and with his fellow agent Alderman David Lewis , Mainwaring had to fight the attempts by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain to gain influence . In 1928 , under Communist influence , the lodges of the Rhondda Miners Federation called for a membership ballot to elect their representative on the South Wales Miners Federation executive . Mainwaring and Lewis offered their resignations but the district committee refused to accept them . Industrial dispute . After a new law allowed the miners working day to increase to 7½ hours , the South Wales coalowners decided to reduce the wages of miners in November 1930 . Mainwaring declared that the new terms of employment were absolutely preposterous and threatened to lead a strike . However , after lengthy negotiations , the South Wales miners agreed to work under the new terms under protest . Communists picketed the Lewis Merthyr colliery at Trehafod in Rhondda , and nearly half of the men did not go in to work . Mainwaring did get the South Wales nomination for the secretaryship of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1932 , after the death of A . J . Cook . A preferential voting system was used , and Mainwaring came in third place on first preference votes , being eliminated from the voting . Rhondda East byelection . The death of Lieutenant-Colonel David Watts-Morgan , the Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rhondda East , in early 1933 left a vacancy for a Labour candidate in which the influence of the miners was predominant . Mainwarings name was immediately mentioned as a possible candidate , with rivals including Alderman David Lewis , Mrs Watts-Morgan ( the widow of the former MP ) , and some local party figures . Mainwaring was selected , and faced opposition from Arthur Horner of the Communist Party and William Thomas , a local Liberal , in the byelection . Mainwaring received a letter of support from Labour Party leader George Lansbury , and an appeal from the President , Vice-President and General Secretary of the South Wales Miners Federation was made for all miners and their families to vote for him . The Labour Party had won easily in a straight fight with Arthur Horner at the previous election , but the decision of the Liberal Party to fight an energetic campaign ( the Liberal candidate was allied with David Lloyd George and opposed to the National Government ) was thought to have given the party a scare because Labour had benefited from Liberal votes in 1931 . Mainwaring predicted that he would get between 20,000 and 22,000 votes . In the event , Mainwaring won with 14,127 votes , with Horner second having increased his vote compared with 1931 . Parliament . In Parliament , Mainwaring concentrated on mining issues , calling in July 1933 for the Home Secretary to examine the circumstances of the Bedwas colliery dispute where miners and their families had been imprisoned for breaches of the peace . He moved the rejection of the governments Coal Mines Bill in 1934 , arguing that legislation dealing with coal mines was futile while the mines were in private ownership , and had evaded previous acts . He was also active on issues affecting the unemployed , where he consistently opposed attempts to reduce unemployment benefit ; in 1935 he warned that agitation on the subject in South Wales would spread like a flame throughout the country . Arms industry . During the 1930s he was a pacifist , criticising private armament firms for trafficking in the blood of nations . Mainwaring also moved to delete a provision which would criminalise possession of documents which if distributed to the armed forces would incite disaffection , pointing to the fact that some parts of holy scripture might be included within the description and declaring his certainty that his own possessions included enough to keep him in prison forever . He also moved a motion in 1936 that called for the government to be given full power to take action against profiteers in the event of war ; this motion was agreed . At the 1935 general election , Mainwaring had to defend his seat against the Communist leader Harry Pollitt . The Communists caused some amusement when they appealed to Labour to withdraw their candidate to stop splitting the working-class vote . Mainwaring succeeded in increasing his majority to 8,433 . Employment law . In the new Parliament , Mainwaring won sixth place on the ballot to introduce a Private Members Bill and chose to try to make employers liable for injuries to workmen caused by the negligence of fellow workmen . When debated , a Conservative MP moved to reject the Bill , and the Government declared their opposition ; the Bill was defeated by 146 to 85 . In the next session , Mainwaring won again , this time in first place ; he introduced the Workmens Compensation Bill , which aimed to compensate more dependents of employees for injuries caused in the workplace . He was again met with a motion for rejection which was passed by only six votes ( 115 to 109 ) . Unemployment . Mainwaring organised a march of the unemployed from South Wales to Westminster in November 1936 , calling for work . When the Minister of Labour went in a delegation to South Wales to unveil charity gifts , Mainwaring urged the people of South Wales to refuse to meet them and to turn the insult back in their faces . He criticised the Government for failing to direct industry to the Special areas in South Wales suffering unemployment , pointing to statistics which showed they had been developed elsewhere . Rhodesia . Outside his normal area , Mainwaring was named as a member of the Royal Commission on Rhodesia in 1938 . He went on a long visit to the territories in August 1938 to gather evidence , and then went on to visit the Rand in South Africa . Mainwaring endorsed the report of the Royal Commission which called for a single Governor for the three territories of Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Wartime . During the wartime coalition , Mainwaring was not always prepared to go along with the Labour Partys alliance with the Conservatives . He supported an amendment to criticise the poor position of old age and widow pensioners in 1942 , along with 48 other Labour MPs but against the wishes of the front bench . He also voted to criticise the Government for delaying implementation of the Beveridge Report in February 1943 . 1945 general election . At the 1945 general election , Mainwaring faced a tough fight against Harry Pollitt who had kept up his connection with the Rhondda East constituency . Although the Liberal Party did not field a candidate , the Welsh nationalists of Plaid Cymru did . Senior Labour figures including Professor Harold Laski spoke for Mainwaring , who was put under pressure by the Communists identifying with the working class while the Labour national campaign made a bid for middle-class votes . Civil aviation . Mainwaring succeeded in winning a very narrow victory by 972 votes . He was a notably less frequent speaker in the post-war Parliaments , but kept up his allegiance to the left . In 1946 he broke with the whip to support an amendment to the Civil Aviation Bill which required the directors of the new airline corporations to be full-time , and to oppose a Lords amendment affecting the Air Traffic Advisory Council . However Mainwaring opposed an amendment to exclude men from Wales and Monmouthshire from the liability to do National Service , declaring that no decent man or woman in Wales would support the amendment . Korean war . At the 1950 general election , Harry Pollitt made his third challenge to win the Rhondda East constituency . However , the outbreak of the Cold War against Soviet Union was thought to have alienated many in the coalfield . At the poll , Mainwaring obtained a majority of 22,182 and Pollitt barely retained his deposit . Mainwaring was a strong supporter of the Government policy of fighting the Korean War , which he declared to be in the interests of workers of Britain . Welsh nationalism . Mainwaring became a staunch opponent of Welsh nationalism . In 1955 he denounced the assumption that the English were in some peculiar way wholly foreign and alien to Wales , and ridiculed basing a nation on poets , preachers and musicians . He supported reform of the system of leasehold ownership to allow leasehold tenants to buy their freeholds , attacking the sale of estates to financiers . Retirement . After being little active in his last Parliament , Mainwaring announced his retirement a year before the 1959 general election . He lived to the age of 87 . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | What position did William Mainwaring take from Jul 1945 to Feb 1950? | /wiki/William_Mainwaring#P39#2 | William Mainwaring William Henry Mainwaring ( 1884 – 18 May 1971 ) was a Welsh coal miner , lecturer and trade unionist , who became a long-serving Labour Party Member of Parliament . Both as a trade unionist and a politician he struggled , largely successfully to counter Communist influence . He was said to have spoken with passion and fire on behalf of his fellow miners . Mining . Mainwaring was born in Swansea and went to local schools , leaving to work as miner in the South Wales coalfield . He was a member of the South Wales Miners Federation , and through their sponsorship was able to continue his education at the Central Labour College in London where he studied economics . Labour College lecturer . After two years at the College , he returned to the coal face , but in 1919 , Mainwaring was appointed as a Lecturer in Economics and Vice-Principal of the Central Labour College . This college , which renamed as The Labour College in 1920 , was founded by the South Wales Miners Federation and the National Union of Railwaymen , but most of the students were South Wales miners ; opponents suspected the college was class teaching for revolutionary aims . Miners agent . Mainwaring ran for the South Wales nomination for a candidate to be Secretary of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1924 , but was narrowly defeated by A . J . Cook . Mainwaring polled 49,617 against Cooks 50,123 votes . Cook went on to win the post and vacated his previous post as miners agent for the Rhondda district ; Mainwaring was appointed to succeed him . He was one of two agents for the district , and with his fellow agent Alderman David Lewis , Mainwaring had to fight the attempts by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain to gain influence . In 1928 , under Communist influence , the lodges of the Rhondda Miners Federation called for a membership ballot to elect their representative on the South Wales Miners Federation executive . Mainwaring and Lewis offered their resignations but the district committee refused to accept them . Industrial dispute . After a new law allowed the miners working day to increase to 7½ hours , the South Wales coalowners decided to reduce the wages of miners in November 1930 . Mainwaring declared that the new terms of employment were absolutely preposterous and threatened to lead a strike . However , after lengthy negotiations , the South Wales miners agreed to work under the new terms under protest . Communists picketed the Lewis Merthyr colliery at Trehafod in Rhondda , and nearly half of the men did not go in to work . Mainwaring did get the South Wales nomination for the secretaryship of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1932 , after the death of A . J . Cook . A preferential voting system was used , and Mainwaring came in third place on first preference votes , being eliminated from the voting . Rhondda East byelection . The death of Lieutenant-Colonel David Watts-Morgan , the Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rhondda East , in early 1933 left a vacancy for a Labour candidate in which the influence of the miners was predominant . Mainwarings name was immediately mentioned as a possible candidate , with rivals including Alderman David Lewis , Mrs Watts-Morgan ( the widow of the former MP ) , and some local party figures . Mainwaring was selected , and faced opposition from Arthur Horner of the Communist Party and William Thomas , a local Liberal , in the byelection . Mainwaring received a letter of support from Labour Party leader George Lansbury , and an appeal from the President , Vice-President and General Secretary of the South Wales Miners Federation was made for all miners and their families to vote for him . The Labour Party had won easily in a straight fight with Arthur Horner at the previous election , but the decision of the Liberal Party to fight an energetic campaign ( the Liberal candidate was allied with David Lloyd George and opposed to the National Government ) was thought to have given the party a scare because Labour had benefited from Liberal votes in 1931 . Mainwaring predicted that he would get between 20,000 and 22,000 votes . In the event , Mainwaring won with 14,127 votes , with Horner second having increased his vote compared with 1931 . Parliament . In Parliament , Mainwaring concentrated on mining issues , calling in July 1933 for the Home Secretary to examine the circumstances of the Bedwas colliery dispute where miners and their families had been imprisoned for breaches of the peace . He moved the rejection of the governments Coal Mines Bill in 1934 , arguing that legislation dealing with coal mines was futile while the mines were in private ownership , and had evaded previous acts . He was also active on issues affecting the unemployed , where he consistently opposed attempts to reduce unemployment benefit ; in 1935 he warned that agitation on the subject in South Wales would spread like a flame throughout the country . Arms industry . During the 1930s he was a pacifist , criticising private armament firms for trafficking in the blood of nations . Mainwaring also moved to delete a provision which would criminalise possession of documents which if distributed to the armed forces would incite disaffection , pointing to the fact that some parts of holy scripture might be included within the description and declaring his certainty that his own possessions included enough to keep him in prison forever . He also moved a motion in 1936 that called for the government to be given full power to take action against profiteers in the event of war ; this motion was agreed . At the 1935 general election , Mainwaring had to defend his seat against the Communist leader Harry Pollitt . The Communists caused some amusement when they appealed to Labour to withdraw their candidate to stop splitting the working-class vote . Mainwaring succeeded in increasing his majority to 8,433 . Employment law . In the new Parliament , Mainwaring won sixth place on the ballot to introduce a Private Members Bill and chose to try to make employers liable for injuries to workmen caused by the negligence of fellow workmen . When debated , a Conservative MP moved to reject the Bill , and the Government declared their opposition ; the Bill was defeated by 146 to 85 . In the next session , Mainwaring won again , this time in first place ; he introduced the Workmens Compensation Bill , which aimed to compensate more dependents of employees for injuries caused in the workplace . He was again met with a motion for rejection which was passed by only six votes ( 115 to 109 ) . Unemployment . Mainwaring organised a march of the unemployed from South Wales to Westminster in November 1936 , calling for work . When the Minister of Labour went in a delegation to South Wales to unveil charity gifts , Mainwaring urged the people of South Wales to refuse to meet them and to turn the insult back in their faces . He criticised the Government for failing to direct industry to the Special areas in South Wales suffering unemployment , pointing to statistics which showed they had been developed elsewhere . Rhodesia . Outside his normal area , Mainwaring was named as a member of the Royal Commission on Rhodesia in 1938 . He went on a long visit to the territories in August 1938 to gather evidence , and then went on to visit the Rand in South Africa . Mainwaring endorsed the report of the Royal Commission which called for a single Governor for the three territories of Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Wartime . During the wartime coalition , Mainwaring was not always prepared to go along with the Labour Partys alliance with the Conservatives . He supported an amendment to criticise the poor position of old age and widow pensioners in 1942 , along with 48 other Labour MPs but against the wishes of the front bench . He also voted to criticise the Government for delaying implementation of the Beveridge Report in February 1943 . 1945 general election . At the 1945 general election , Mainwaring faced a tough fight against Harry Pollitt who had kept up his connection with the Rhondda East constituency . Although the Liberal Party did not field a candidate , the Welsh nationalists of Plaid Cymru did . Senior Labour figures including Professor Harold Laski spoke for Mainwaring , who was put under pressure by the Communists identifying with the working class while the Labour national campaign made a bid for middle-class votes . Civil aviation . Mainwaring succeeded in winning a very narrow victory by 972 votes . He was a notably less frequent speaker in the post-war Parliaments , but kept up his allegiance to the left . In 1946 he broke with the whip to support an amendment to the Civil Aviation Bill which required the directors of the new airline corporations to be full-time , and to oppose a Lords amendment affecting the Air Traffic Advisory Council . However Mainwaring opposed an amendment to exclude men from Wales and Monmouthshire from the liability to do National Service , declaring that no decent man or woman in Wales would support the amendment . Korean war . At the 1950 general election , Harry Pollitt made his third challenge to win the Rhondda East constituency . However , the outbreak of the Cold War against Soviet Union was thought to have alienated many in the coalfield . At the poll , Mainwaring obtained a majority of 22,182 and Pollitt barely retained his deposit . Mainwaring was a strong supporter of the Government policy of fighting the Korean War , which he declared to be in the interests of workers of Britain . Welsh nationalism . Mainwaring became a staunch opponent of Welsh nationalism . In 1955 he denounced the assumption that the English were in some peculiar way wholly foreign and alien to Wales , and ridiculed basing a nation on poets , preachers and musicians . He supported reform of the system of leasehold ownership to allow leasehold tenants to buy their freeholds , attacking the sale of estates to financiers . Retirement . After being little active in his last Parliament , Mainwaring announced his retirement a year before the 1959 general election . He lived to the age of 87 . |
[
"Member of Parliament"
] | easy | William Mainwaring took which position from Feb 1950 to Sep 1959? | /wiki/William_Mainwaring#P39#3 | William Mainwaring William Henry Mainwaring ( 1884 – 18 May 1971 ) was a Welsh coal miner , lecturer and trade unionist , who became a long-serving Labour Party Member of Parliament . Both as a trade unionist and a politician he struggled , largely successfully to counter Communist influence . He was said to have spoken with passion and fire on behalf of his fellow miners . Mining . Mainwaring was born in Swansea and went to local schools , leaving to work as miner in the South Wales coalfield . He was a member of the South Wales Miners Federation , and through their sponsorship was able to continue his education at the Central Labour College in London where he studied economics . Labour College lecturer . After two years at the College , he returned to the coal face , but in 1919 , Mainwaring was appointed as a Lecturer in Economics and Vice-Principal of the Central Labour College . This college , which renamed as The Labour College in 1920 , was founded by the South Wales Miners Federation and the National Union of Railwaymen , but most of the students were South Wales miners ; opponents suspected the college was class teaching for revolutionary aims . Miners agent . Mainwaring ran for the South Wales nomination for a candidate to be Secretary of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1924 , but was narrowly defeated by A . J . Cook . Mainwaring polled 49,617 against Cooks 50,123 votes . Cook went on to win the post and vacated his previous post as miners agent for the Rhondda district ; Mainwaring was appointed to succeed him . He was one of two agents for the district , and with his fellow agent Alderman David Lewis , Mainwaring had to fight the attempts by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain to gain influence . In 1928 , under Communist influence , the lodges of the Rhondda Miners Federation called for a membership ballot to elect their representative on the South Wales Miners Federation executive . Mainwaring and Lewis offered their resignations but the district committee refused to accept them . Industrial dispute . After a new law allowed the miners working day to increase to 7½ hours , the South Wales coalowners decided to reduce the wages of miners in November 1930 . Mainwaring declared that the new terms of employment were absolutely preposterous and threatened to lead a strike . However , after lengthy negotiations , the South Wales miners agreed to work under the new terms under protest . Communists picketed the Lewis Merthyr colliery at Trehafod in Rhondda , and nearly half of the men did not go in to work . Mainwaring did get the South Wales nomination for the secretaryship of the Miners Federation of Great Britain in 1932 , after the death of A . J . Cook . A preferential voting system was used , and Mainwaring came in third place on first preference votes , being eliminated from the voting . Rhondda East byelection . The death of Lieutenant-Colonel David Watts-Morgan , the Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rhondda East , in early 1933 left a vacancy for a Labour candidate in which the influence of the miners was predominant . Mainwarings name was immediately mentioned as a possible candidate , with rivals including Alderman David Lewis , Mrs Watts-Morgan ( the widow of the former MP ) , and some local party figures . Mainwaring was selected , and faced opposition from Arthur Horner of the Communist Party and William Thomas , a local Liberal , in the byelection . Mainwaring received a letter of support from Labour Party leader George Lansbury , and an appeal from the President , Vice-President and General Secretary of the South Wales Miners Federation was made for all miners and their families to vote for him . The Labour Party had won easily in a straight fight with Arthur Horner at the previous election , but the decision of the Liberal Party to fight an energetic campaign ( the Liberal candidate was allied with David Lloyd George and opposed to the National Government ) was thought to have given the party a scare because Labour had benefited from Liberal votes in 1931 . Mainwaring predicted that he would get between 20,000 and 22,000 votes . In the event , Mainwaring won with 14,127 votes , with Horner second having increased his vote compared with 1931 . Parliament . In Parliament , Mainwaring concentrated on mining issues , calling in July 1933 for the Home Secretary to examine the circumstances of the Bedwas colliery dispute where miners and their families had been imprisoned for breaches of the peace . He moved the rejection of the governments Coal Mines Bill in 1934 , arguing that legislation dealing with coal mines was futile while the mines were in private ownership , and had evaded previous acts . He was also active on issues affecting the unemployed , where he consistently opposed attempts to reduce unemployment benefit ; in 1935 he warned that agitation on the subject in South Wales would spread like a flame throughout the country . Arms industry . During the 1930s he was a pacifist , criticising private armament firms for trafficking in the blood of nations . Mainwaring also moved to delete a provision which would criminalise possession of documents which if distributed to the armed forces would incite disaffection , pointing to the fact that some parts of holy scripture might be included within the description and declaring his certainty that his own possessions included enough to keep him in prison forever . He also moved a motion in 1936 that called for the government to be given full power to take action against profiteers in the event of war ; this motion was agreed . At the 1935 general election , Mainwaring had to defend his seat against the Communist leader Harry Pollitt . The Communists caused some amusement when they appealed to Labour to withdraw their candidate to stop splitting the working-class vote . Mainwaring succeeded in increasing his majority to 8,433 . Employment law . In the new Parliament , Mainwaring won sixth place on the ballot to introduce a Private Members Bill and chose to try to make employers liable for injuries to workmen caused by the negligence of fellow workmen . When debated , a Conservative MP moved to reject the Bill , and the Government declared their opposition ; the Bill was defeated by 146 to 85 . In the next session , Mainwaring won again , this time in first place ; he introduced the Workmens Compensation Bill , which aimed to compensate more dependents of employees for injuries caused in the workplace . He was again met with a motion for rejection which was passed by only six votes ( 115 to 109 ) . Unemployment . Mainwaring organised a march of the unemployed from South Wales to Westminster in November 1936 , calling for work . When the Minister of Labour went in a delegation to South Wales to unveil charity gifts , Mainwaring urged the people of South Wales to refuse to meet them and to turn the insult back in their faces . He criticised the Government for failing to direct industry to the Special areas in South Wales suffering unemployment , pointing to statistics which showed they had been developed elsewhere . Rhodesia . Outside his normal area , Mainwaring was named as a member of the Royal Commission on Rhodesia in 1938 . He went on a long visit to the territories in August 1938 to gather evidence , and then went on to visit the Rand in South Africa . Mainwaring endorsed the report of the Royal Commission which called for a single Governor for the three territories of Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Wartime . During the wartime coalition , Mainwaring was not always prepared to go along with the Labour Partys alliance with the Conservatives . He supported an amendment to criticise the poor position of old age and widow pensioners in 1942 , along with 48 other Labour MPs but against the wishes of the front bench . He also voted to criticise the Government for delaying implementation of the Beveridge Report in February 1943 . 1945 general election . At the 1945 general election , Mainwaring faced a tough fight against Harry Pollitt who had kept up his connection with the Rhondda East constituency . Although the Liberal Party did not field a candidate , the Welsh nationalists of Plaid Cymru did . Senior Labour figures including Professor Harold Laski spoke for Mainwaring , who was put under pressure by the Communists identifying with the working class while the Labour national campaign made a bid for middle-class votes . Civil aviation . Mainwaring succeeded in winning a very narrow victory by 972 votes . He was a notably less frequent speaker in the post-war Parliaments , but kept up his allegiance to the left . In 1946 he broke with the whip to support an amendment to the Civil Aviation Bill which required the directors of the new airline corporations to be full-time , and to oppose a Lords amendment affecting the Air Traffic Advisory Council . However Mainwaring opposed an amendment to exclude men from Wales and Monmouthshire from the liability to do National Service , declaring that no decent man or woman in Wales would support the amendment . Korean war . At the 1950 general election , Harry Pollitt made his third challenge to win the Rhondda East constituency . However , the outbreak of the Cold War against Soviet Union was thought to have alienated many in the coalfield . At the poll , Mainwaring obtained a majority of 22,182 and Pollitt barely retained his deposit . Mainwaring was a strong supporter of the Government policy of fighting the Korean War , which he declared to be in the interests of workers of Britain . Welsh nationalism . Mainwaring became a staunch opponent of Welsh nationalism . In 1955 he denounced the assumption that the English were in some peculiar way wholly foreign and alien to Wales , and ridiculed basing a nation on poets , preachers and musicians . He supported reform of the system of leasehold ownership to allow leasehold tenants to buy their freeholds , attacking the sale of estates to financiers . Retirement . After being little active in his last Parliament , Mainwaring announced his retirement a year before the 1959 general election . He lived to the age of 87 . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the residence of Kostis Palamas from 1859 to 1867? | /wiki/Kostis_Palamas#P551#0 | Kostis Palamas Kostis Palamas ( ; – 27 February 1943 ) was a Greek poet who wrote the words to the Olympic Hymn . He was a central figure of the Greek literary generation of the 1880s and one of the cofounders of the so-called New Athenian School ( or Palamian School , or Second Athenian School ) along with Georgios Drosinis , Nikos Kampas , and Ioannis Polemis . Biography . Born in Patras , he received his primary and secondary education in Mesolonghi . In 1877 he enrolled at the School of Law , Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens , but he soon abandoned his studies . In 1880s , he worked as a journalist . He published his first collection of verses , the Songs of My Fatherland , in 1886 . He held an administrative post at the University of Athens between 1897 and 1926 , and died during the German occupation of Greece during World War II . His funeral was a major event of the Greek resistance : the funerary poem composed and recited by fellow poet Angelos Sikelianos roused the mourners and culminated in an angry demonstration of a 100,000 people against Nazi occupation . Palamas wrote the lyrics to the Olympic Hymn , composed by Spyridon Samaras . It was first performed at the 1896 Summer Olympics , the first modern Olympic Games . The Hymn was then shelved as each host city from then until the 1960 Winter Olympics commissioned an original piece for its celebration of the Games , but the version by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem in 1958 and has been performed at each celebration of the Games since the 1960 Winter Olympics . The old administration building of the University of Athens , in central Athens , where his office was located , is now dedicated to him as the Kosti Palamas Building and houses the Greek Theater Museum , as well as many temporary exhibitions . Poetry . He has been informally called the national poet of Greece and was closely associated with the struggle to rid Modern Greece of the purist language and with political liberalism . He dominated literary life for 30 or more years and greatly influenced the entire political-intellectual climate of his time . Romain Rolland considered him the greatest poet of Europe and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on a total of 14 occasions , but never received it . His most important poem , The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) , is a poetical and philosophical journey . His Gypsy is a free-thinking , intellectual rebel , a Greek Gypsy in a post-classical , post-Byzantine Greek world , an explorer of work , love , art , country , history , religion and science , keenly aware of his roots and of the contradictions between his classical and Christian heritages . Works . Collections of poems . - Songs of my Fatherland ( 1886 ) - Hymn to Athena ( 1889 ) - Eyes of my Soul ( 1892 ) - Iambs and Anapaests ( 1897 ) - The Grave ( 1898 ) - The Greetings of the Sun-born ( 1900 ) - Ή Ασάλευτη Ζωή ( The Motionless Life ) ( 1904 ) - Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) - The Kings flute ( 1910 ) - Yearnings of the Lagoon ( 1912 ) - Satirical Exercises ( 1912 ) - The State and Solitude ( 1912 ) - Altars ( 1915 ) - Extempora ( 1919 ) - The 14 verses ( 1919 ) - The 5 verses - The passionate secret whispers - The Wolves - Two flowers from afar ( 1925 ) - Cowardly and Harsh verses ( 1928 ) - The 3 Verse Cycle ( 1929 ) - Passages and Greetings ( 1931 ) - The Nights of Phemius ( 1935 ) - Evening Fire ( 1944 , posthumous edition by his son , Leander Palamas ) Prose . - Death of a Youth ( novel , 1901 ) - Novels ( 1920 ) Theater . - The Thrice-noble ( drama , 1903 ) Criticism . Palamas was one of the most respected literary critics of his day , and instrumental in the reappraisal of the works of Andreas Kalvos , Dionysios Solomos and the Ionian School of poetry , Kostas Krystallis et al . Translations . - The Kings Flute , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1982 ) [ Greek and English texts ] - The Kings Flute , tr . F . Will ( 1967 ) - The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy , tr . G . Thomson ( 1969 ) - The Twelve Words of the Gypsy , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1974 ; repr . 1975 ) - Ruins , Grief , On The Trip You Are Taken , Rose Fragrance , tr . A . Moskios |
[
"Mesolonghi"
] | easy | What was the residence of Kostis Palamas from 1867 to 1875? | /wiki/Kostis_Palamas#P551#1 | Kostis Palamas Kostis Palamas ( ; – 27 February 1943 ) was a Greek poet who wrote the words to the Olympic Hymn . He was a central figure of the Greek literary generation of the 1880s and one of the cofounders of the so-called New Athenian School ( or Palamian School , or Second Athenian School ) along with Georgios Drosinis , Nikos Kampas , and Ioannis Polemis . Biography . Born in Patras , he received his primary and secondary education in Mesolonghi . In 1877 he enrolled at the School of Law , Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens , but he soon abandoned his studies . In 1880s , he worked as a journalist . He published his first collection of verses , the Songs of My Fatherland , in 1886 . He held an administrative post at the University of Athens between 1897 and 1926 , and died during the German occupation of Greece during World War II . His funeral was a major event of the Greek resistance : the funerary poem composed and recited by fellow poet Angelos Sikelianos roused the mourners and culminated in an angry demonstration of a 100,000 people against Nazi occupation . Palamas wrote the lyrics to the Olympic Hymn , composed by Spyridon Samaras . It was first performed at the 1896 Summer Olympics , the first modern Olympic Games . The Hymn was then shelved as each host city from then until the 1960 Winter Olympics commissioned an original piece for its celebration of the Games , but the version by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem in 1958 and has been performed at each celebration of the Games since the 1960 Winter Olympics . The old administration building of the University of Athens , in central Athens , where his office was located , is now dedicated to him as the Kosti Palamas Building and houses the Greek Theater Museum , as well as many temporary exhibitions . Poetry . He has been informally called the national poet of Greece and was closely associated with the struggle to rid Modern Greece of the purist language and with political liberalism . He dominated literary life for 30 or more years and greatly influenced the entire political-intellectual climate of his time . Romain Rolland considered him the greatest poet of Europe and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on a total of 14 occasions , but never received it . His most important poem , The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) , is a poetical and philosophical journey . His Gypsy is a free-thinking , intellectual rebel , a Greek Gypsy in a post-classical , post-Byzantine Greek world , an explorer of work , love , art , country , history , religion and science , keenly aware of his roots and of the contradictions between his classical and Christian heritages . Works . Collections of poems . - Songs of my Fatherland ( 1886 ) - Hymn to Athena ( 1889 ) - Eyes of my Soul ( 1892 ) - Iambs and Anapaests ( 1897 ) - The Grave ( 1898 ) - The Greetings of the Sun-born ( 1900 ) - Ή Ασάλευτη Ζωή ( The Motionless Life ) ( 1904 ) - Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) - The Kings flute ( 1910 ) - Yearnings of the Lagoon ( 1912 ) - Satirical Exercises ( 1912 ) - The State and Solitude ( 1912 ) - Altars ( 1915 ) - Extempora ( 1919 ) - The 14 verses ( 1919 ) - The 5 verses - The passionate secret whispers - The Wolves - Two flowers from afar ( 1925 ) - Cowardly and Harsh verses ( 1928 ) - The 3 Verse Cycle ( 1929 ) - Passages and Greetings ( 1931 ) - The Nights of Phemius ( 1935 ) - Evening Fire ( 1944 , posthumous edition by his son , Leander Palamas ) Prose . - Death of a Youth ( novel , 1901 ) - Novels ( 1920 ) Theater . - The Thrice-noble ( drama , 1903 ) Criticism . Palamas was one of the most respected literary critics of his day , and instrumental in the reappraisal of the works of Andreas Kalvos , Dionysios Solomos and the Ionian School of poetry , Kostas Krystallis et al . Translations . - The Kings Flute , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1982 ) [ Greek and English texts ] - The Kings Flute , tr . F . Will ( 1967 ) - The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy , tr . G . Thomson ( 1969 ) - The Twelve Words of the Gypsy , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1974 ; repr . 1975 ) - Ruins , Grief , On The Trip You Are Taken , Rose Fragrance , tr . A . Moskios |
[
"Athens"
] | easy | What was the residence of Kostis Palamas from 1875 to 1943? | /wiki/Kostis_Palamas#P551#2 | Kostis Palamas Kostis Palamas ( ; – 27 February 1943 ) was a Greek poet who wrote the words to the Olympic Hymn . He was a central figure of the Greek literary generation of the 1880s and one of the cofounders of the so-called New Athenian School ( or Palamian School , or Second Athenian School ) along with Georgios Drosinis , Nikos Kampas , and Ioannis Polemis . Biography . Born in Patras , he received his primary and secondary education in Mesolonghi . In 1877 he enrolled at the School of Law , Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens , but he soon abandoned his studies . In 1880s , he worked as a journalist . He published his first collection of verses , the Songs of My Fatherland , in 1886 . He held an administrative post at the University of Athens between 1897 and 1926 , and died during the German occupation of Greece during World War II . His funeral was a major event of the Greek resistance : the funerary poem composed and recited by fellow poet Angelos Sikelianos roused the mourners and culminated in an angry demonstration of a 100,000 people against Nazi occupation . Palamas wrote the lyrics to the Olympic Hymn , composed by Spyridon Samaras . It was first performed at the 1896 Summer Olympics , the first modern Olympic Games . The Hymn was then shelved as each host city from then until the 1960 Winter Olympics commissioned an original piece for its celebration of the Games , but the version by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem in 1958 and has been performed at each celebration of the Games since the 1960 Winter Olympics . The old administration building of the University of Athens , in central Athens , where his office was located , is now dedicated to him as the Kosti Palamas Building and houses the Greek Theater Museum , as well as many temporary exhibitions . Poetry . He has been informally called the national poet of Greece and was closely associated with the struggle to rid Modern Greece of the purist language and with political liberalism . He dominated literary life for 30 or more years and greatly influenced the entire political-intellectual climate of his time . Romain Rolland considered him the greatest poet of Europe and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on a total of 14 occasions , but never received it . His most important poem , The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) , is a poetical and philosophical journey . His Gypsy is a free-thinking , intellectual rebel , a Greek Gypsy in a post-classical , post-Byzantine Greek world , an explorer of work , love , art , country , history , religion and science , keenly aware of his roots and of the contradictions between his classical and Christian heritages . Works . Collections of poems . - Songs of my Fatherland ( 1886 ) - Hymn to Athena ( 1889 ) - Eyes of my Soul ( 1892 ) - Iambs and Anapaests ( 1897 ) - The Grave ( 1898 ) - The Greetings of the Sun-born ( 1900 ) - Ή Ασάλευτη Ζωή ( The Motionless Life ) ( 1904 ) - Twelve Lays of the Gypsy ( 1907 ) - The Kings flute ( 1910 ) - Yearnings of the Lagoon ( 1912 ) - Satirical Exercises ( 1912 ) - The State and Solitude ( 1912 ) - Altars ( 1915 ) - Extempora ( 1919 ) - The 14 verses ( 1919 ) - The 5 verses - The passionate secret whispers - The Wolves - Two flowers from afar ( 1925 ) - Cowardly and Harsh verses ( 1928 ) - The 3 Verse Cycle ( 1929 ) - Passages and Greetings ( 1931 ) - The Nights of Phemius ( 1935 ) - Evening Fire ( 1944 , posthumous edition by his son , Leander Palamas ) Prose . - Death of a Youth ( novel , 1901 ) - Novels ( 1920 ) Theater . - The Thrice-noble ( drama , 1903 ) Criticism . Palamas was one of the most respected literary critics of his day , and instrumental in the reappraisal of the works of Andreas Kalvos , Dionysios Solomos and the Ionian School of poetry , Kostas Krystallis et al . Translations . - The Kings Flute , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1982 ) [ Greek and English texts ] - The Kings Flute , tr . F . Will ( 1967 ) - The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy , tr . G . Thomson ( 1969 ) - The Twelve Words of the Gypsy , tr . T . P . Stephanides , G . C . Katsimbalis ( 1974 ; repr . 1975 ) - Ruins , Grief , On The Trip You Are Taken , Rose Fragrance , tr . A . Moskios |
[
"Union of Burma"
] | easy | Myanmar was officially named what from 1948 to 1974? | /wiki/Myanmar#P1448#0 | Myanmar Myanmar ( UK pronunciations incl . , US pronunciations incl . , ; ) or Burma ( ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area . As of 2017 , the population was about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley , and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture , and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions , and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period . The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century , and the country became a British colony . After a brief Japanese occupation , Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies and granted independence in 1948 . Following a coup détat in 1962 , it became a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party . For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the worlds longest-running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , had improved the countrys human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the governments treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remained a powerful force in politics and , on 1 February 2021 , again seized power in a coup détat . Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , ASEAN , and BIMSTEC , but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . It is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas , and other mineral resources . Myanmar is also endowed with renewable energy ; it has the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US$221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the military government . , according to the Human Development Index , Myanmar ranks 147 out of 189 countries in human development . Etymology . The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement , particularly in the early 21st century , focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using Myanmar versus Burma . Both names derive from the earlier Burmese Myanma or Myamma , an ethnonym for the majority Bamar ethnic group , of uncertain etymology . The terms are also popularly thought to derive from Brahma Desha or ब्रह्मादेश/ब्रह्मावर्त ( Sanskrit ) after Brahma . In 1989 , the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burmas colonial period or earlier , including that of the country itself : Burma became Myanmar . The renaming remains a contested issue . Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country . In April 2016 , soon after taking office , Aung San Suu Kyi commented on the question of which name should be used and said that it is up to you because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular . She continued , I use Burma very often because I am used to using it . But it does not mean that I require other people to do that as well . And Ill make an effort to say Myanmar from time to time so you all feel comfortable . The countrys official full name is Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( , , ) . Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead . In English , the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar . In Burmese , the pronunciation depends on the register used and is either ( ) or ( ) . The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century . Official United States policy retains Burma as the countrys name although the State Departments website lists the country as Burma ( Myanmar ) . The CIAs World Factbook lists the country as Burma . The government of Canada has in the past used Burma , such as in its 2007 legislation imposing sanctions but as of August 2020 generally uses Myanmar . The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar , although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses both Myanmar and Burma on its website . The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the ASEAN , Australia , Russia , Germany , China , India , Bangladesh , Norway , Japan and Switzerland . Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar , including the BBC , CNN , Al Jazeera , Reuters , and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) /Radio Australia . Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish , Italian , Romanian , and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language , for example . Myanmar used to be known as Birmânia in Portuguese , and as Birmanie in French . As in the past , French-language media today consistently use Birmanie . There is no established pronunciation of the English name Myanmar , and at least nine different pronunciations exist . Those with two syllables are listed as more common by major UK and US dictionaries except Collins : , , , . Dictionaries and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables , , , , . Wikipedias IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables . As John Wells explains , the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English , in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel : [ ˈmjænmɑː , ˈbɜːmə ] . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [ mɑːr ] or of Burma as [ bɜːrmə ] by some speakers in the UK and all in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions . The final r in Myanmar was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad ah ( ) in father . If the Burmese name were spelled Myanma in English , this would be pronounced at the end by all English speakers . If it were spelled Myanmah , the end would be pronounced by all English speakers . History . Prehistory . Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago , with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago . The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar . Evidence of Neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves . The Bronze Age arrived when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so . Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Region . The Iron Age began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay . Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE . Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand , as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials . This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places , possibly through trade . Early city-states . Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar . The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present-day Yunnan . The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts , which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation . By the 9th century , several city-states had sprouted across the land : the Pyu in the central dry zone , Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral . The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s . In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan . It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century , when it grew in authority and grandeur . Pagan Kingdom . Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom , the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery . In the 12th and 13th centuries , the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia . The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley , eclipsing the Pyu , Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century . Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level , although Tantric , Mahayana , Hinduism , and folk religion remained heavily entrenched . Pagans rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone . Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287 . Pagans collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century . Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind . Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley . The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged . In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 . The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods . In the 14th and 15th centuries , Ava fought wars of unification but could never quite reassemble the lost empire . Having held off Ava , the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age , and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years . In contrast , constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened , and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward . In 1527 , the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555 . Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities . Despite the wars , cultural synchronisation continued . This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture . Burmese literature grew more confident , popular , and stylistically diverse , and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged . Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country . Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period . Taungoo and Konbaung . Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , through the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava . Taungoos young , ambitious King Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War . His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states , Lan Na , Manipur , Mong Mao , the Ayutthaya Kingdom , Lan Xang and southern Arakan . However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaungs death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 . Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin ( Syriam ) . The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 . It restored a smaller , more manageable kingdom , encompassing Lower Myanmar , Upper Myanmar , Shan states , Lan Na and upper Tenasserim . The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century . The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs . Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years . From the 1720s onward , the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na . In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752 , ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty . After the fall of Ava , the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy , and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British , who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy . By 1770 , Alaungpayas heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China . With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 . Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 , but all resulted in a stalemate , exchanging Tenasserim ( to Burma ) and Lan Na ( to Ayutthaya ) . Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan ( 1785 ) , Manipur ( 1814 ) and Assam ( 1817 ) . It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India . The breadth of this empire was short-lived . In 1826 , Burma lost Arakan , Manipur , Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War . In 1852 , the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War . King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States . The British , alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina , annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885 . Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoos administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion . For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley . The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era ( half of all males and 5% of females ) . Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism . British Burma ( 1885–1948 ) . In the 19th century , Burmese rulers , whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders , sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam , Manipur and Arakan . Pressing them , however , was the British East India Company , which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory . Over the next sixty years , diplomacy , raids , treaties and compromises , known collectively as the Anglo-Burmese Wars , continued until Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma . With the fall of Mandalay , all of Burma came under British rule , being annexed on 1 January 1886 . Throughout the colonial era , many Indians arrived as soldiers , civil servants , construction workers and traders and , along with the Anglo-Burmese community , dominated commercial and civil life in Burma . Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore . Burmese resentment was strong , and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion until the 1930s . Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas . Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement . U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned . On 1 April 1937 , Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain , and Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma . Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule , and he opposed the participation of Great Britain , and by extension Burma , in World War II . He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition . In 1940 , before Japan formally entered the war , Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan . As a major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion . Within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon , and the British administration had collapsed . A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942 . Wingates British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines . A similar American unit , Merrills Marauders , followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943 . Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 . The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken . Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army , many Burmese , mostly from the ethnic minorities , served in the British Burma Army . The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945 . Overall , 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II . Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state . Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr . Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historic Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 . In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government . But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members . Independence ( 1948–1962 ) . On 4 January 1948 , the nation became an independent republic , under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947 . The new country was named the Union of Burma , with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister . Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories , Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth . A bicameral parliament was formed , consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities , and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952 , 1956 and 1960 . The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement , which combined Burma Proper , which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma , and the Frontier Areas , which had been administered separately by the British . In 1961 , U Thant , the Union of Burmas Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister , was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations , a position he held for ten years . Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was secretary-general was Aung San Suu Kyi ( daughter of Aung San ) , who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize . When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism , alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre , the military leadership staged a coup détat in 1962 . Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution , successive military governments construed the use of the term federalism as being anti-national , anti-unity and pro-disintegration . Military rule ( 1962–2011 ) . On 2 March 1962 , the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup détat , and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then . Between 1962 and 1974 , Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general . Almost all aspects of society ( business , media , production ) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism , which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning . A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974 . Until 1988 , the country was ruled as a one-party system , with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party ( BSPP ) . During this period , Myanmar became one of the worlds most impoverished countries . There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years , and these were almost always violently suppressed . On 7 July 1962 , the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University , killing 15 students . In 1974 , the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant . Student protests in 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force . In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup détat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests . The military government finalised plans for Peoples Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 . SLORC changed the countrys official English name from the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law . In May 1990 , the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years , and the National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of Aung San Suu Kyi , won earning 392 out of a total 492 seats ( i.e. , 80% of the seats ) . However , the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997 , and then as the State Peace and Development Council ( SPDC ) until its dissolution in March 2011 . On 23 June 1997 , Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . On 27 March 2006 , the military junta , which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005 , officially named the new capital Naypyidaw , meaning city of the kings . In August 2007 , an increase in the price of fuel led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government . The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007 , with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed . There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces , but none was confirmed . The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government . In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division . It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars , and as many as 1 million were left homeless . In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmars isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts . Humanitarian aid was requested , but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine , food , and other supplies . In early August 2009 , a conflict broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar . For several weeks , junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese , Wa , and Kachin . During 8–12 August , the first days of the conflict , as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China . Civil wars . Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmars socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948 . These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy , with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict . Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmars civil wars continue . In October 2012 , the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu , and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country . In addition , al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar . In a video released on 3 September 2014 , mainly addressed to India , the militant groups leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing what they can to rescue you . In response , the military raised its level of alertness , while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland . Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 . The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border . During the incident , the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels . Burmese officials have been historically manipulated and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia . However , uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue . Democratic reforms . The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a discipline-flourishing democracy . As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the Union of Myanmar to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 . Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations ( UN ) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent . The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections , stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes ; however , the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud . One report documented 77 per cent as the official turnout rate of the election . The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011 . Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway . According to some reports , the militarys presence continues as the label disciplined democracy suggests . This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics . Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here , transition does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy but transition to a quasi-military rule . Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms . The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices . The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEANs approval of Myanmars bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress , which was the first visit by a secretary of state in more than fifty years , during which President Bill Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyis NLD party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the governments abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD . In the April 2012 by-elections , the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had not won a single seat under the new constitution . The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar . 2015 general elections . General elections were held on 8 November 2015 . These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election ( which was annulled ) .The results gave the NLD an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament , enough to ensure that its candidate would become president , while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency . The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016 , and on 15 March 2016 , Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962 . On 6 April 2016 , Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of state counsellor , a role akin to a prime minister . 2020 elections and 2021 military coup détat . Election and aftermath . In Myanmars 2020 parliamentary election , the ostensibly ruling National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi , competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated Union Solidarity and Development Party ( USDP ) . Other parties and individuals allied with specific ethnic minorities also ran for office . Suu Kyis NLD won the 2020 Myanmar general election on 8 November in a landslide , again winning supermajorities in both houses—winning 396 out of 476 elected seats in parliament . The USDP , regarded as a proxy for the military , suffered a humiliating defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats . As the election results began emerging , the USDP rejected them , urging a new election with the military as observers . More than 90 other , smaller parties contested the vote , including more than 15 who complained of irregularities . However , election observers declared there were no major irregularities in the voting . The military – arguing that it had found over 8 million irregularities in voter lists , in over 300 townships – called on Myanmars Union Election Commission ( UEC ) and government to review the results , but the commission dismissed the claims for lack of any evidence . The election commission declared that any irregularities were too few and too minor to affect the outcome of the election . However , despite the election commission validating the NLDs overwhelming victory , the USDP and Myanmars military persistently alleged fraud and the military threatened to take action . In January , 2021 , just before the new parliament was to be sworn in , The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government . Coup . In the early morning of 1 February 2021 , the day parliament was set to convene , the Tatmadaw , Myanmars military , detained State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party . The military announced it would replace the current election commission with a new one , and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that . State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were placed under house arrest , and the military began filing various charges against them . The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city , Naypyitaw . By March 15 , 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon , while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence . Reaction . By the second day of the coup , thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of the nations largest city , and commercial capital , Yangon , and other protests erupted nationwide , largely halting commerce and transportation . Despite the militarys arrests and killings of protesters , the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation , including groups of civil servants , teachers , students , workers , monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities . The coup was immediately condemned by the United Nations Secretary General , and leaders of democratic nations – including the United States President Joe Biden , western European political leaders , Southeast Asian democracies , and others around the world , who demanded or urged release of the captive leaders , and an immediate return to democratic rule in Myanmar . The U.S . threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders , including a freeze of US$1 billion of their assets in the U.S . Russia and China – whose representatives had conferred with the Tatmadaw leader Gen . Hlaing just days before the coup – refrained from criticizing it . Their apparent complicity angered civilian protesters in Myanmar . However , both of those nations refrained from blocking a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders . – a position shared by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . International development and aid partners – business , non-governmental , and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar . Banks closed . Social media communications platforms , including Facebook and Twitter , removed Tatmadaw postings . Protesters appeared at Myanmar embassies in foreign countries . Geography . Myanmar has a total area of . It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N , and longitudes 92° and 102°E . Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India . Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan for a Sino-Myanmar border total of . It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast . Myanmar has of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter . In the north , the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China . Hkakabo Razi , located in Kachin State , at an elevation of , is the highest point in Myanmar . Many mountain ranges , such as the Rakhine Yoma , the Bago Yoma , the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar , all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas . The mountain chains divide Myanmars three river systems , which are the Irrawaddy , Salween ( Thanlwin ) , and the Sittaung rivers . The Irrawaddy River , Myanmars longest river at nearly , flows into the Gulf of Martaban . Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains . The majority of Myanmars population lives in the Irrawaddy valley , which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau . Administrative divisions . Myanmar is divided into seven states ( ) and seven regions ( ) , formerly called divisions . Regions are predominantly Bamar ( that is , mainly inhabited by Myanmars dominant ethnic group ) . States , in essence , are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities . The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts , which are further subdivided into townships , wards , and villages . Below are the number of districts , townships , cities/towns , wards , village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001 : Climate . Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator . It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over of rain annually . Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately , while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than . The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of . Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of . Biodiversity . Myanmar is a biodiverse country with more than 16,000 plant , 314 mammal , 1131 bird , 293 reptile , and 139 amphibian species , and 64 terrestrial ecosystems including tropical and subtropical vegetation , seasonally inundated wetlands , shoreline and tidal systems , and alpine ecosystems . Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in Southeast Asia , but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation . According to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmars land area has been converted to anthropogenic ecosystems over the last 2–3 centuries , and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened . Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems , there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive protected area network that protects its terrestrial biodiversity . Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016 ; among the worst in the South Asian region , only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst ( i.e . highest ranking ) are air quality ( 174 ) , health impacts of environmental issues ( 143 ) and biodiversity and habitat ( 142 ) . Myanmar performs best ( i.e . lowest ranking ) in environmental impacts of fisheries ( 21 ) but with declining fish stocks . Despite several issues , Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good ( i.e . a high percentage of 93.73% ) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle . Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to climate change ; this poses a number of social , political , economic and foreign policy challenges to the country . The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.18/10 , ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries . Myanmars slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems . Forests , including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar , cover over 49% of the country , including areas of acacia , bamboo , ironwood and Magnolia champaca . Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced . In the highlands of the north , oak , pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land . Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat . The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared . In much of central Myanmar ( the dry zone ) , vegetation is sparse and stunted . Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers , occur sparsely in Myanmar . In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild water buffalo , clouded leopard , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry . Smaller mammals are also numerous , ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes . The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , myna , peafowl , red junglefowl , weaverbirds , crows , herons , and barn owl . Among reptile species there are crocodiles , geckos , cobras , Burmese pythons , and turtles . Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources . Climate change . Previously and currently analysed data , as well as future projections on changes caused by climate change predict serious consequences to development for all economic , productive , social , and environmental sectors in Myanmar . In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help combat climate change Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions . Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the UN Environment Programme , Myanmar Climate Change Alliance , and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review . In April 2015 , it was announced that the World Bank and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services . Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods , rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters , and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Government and politics . Myanmar operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution . But in February 2021 , the civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi , was deposed by the Tatmadaw . In February 2021 , Myanmar military declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President Myint Swe became the Acting President of Myanmar and handed the power to the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing and he assumed the role Chairman of the State Administration Council . The President of Myanmar acts as the head of state and the Chairman of the State Administration Council acts as the de facto head of government . The constitution of Myanmar , its third since independence , was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008 . The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature ( with an executive president accountable to the legislature ) , with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections . The legislature , called the Assembly of the Union , is bicameral and made up of two houses : the 224-seat upper House of Nationalities and the 440-seat lower House of Representatives . The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces . The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces . Political culture . The major political parties are the National League for Democracy and the Union Solidarity and Development Party . Myanmars army-drafted constitution was approved in a referendum in May 2008 . The results , 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99% , are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud , ballot stuffing , and voter intimidation . The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party . Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections . One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal . However , immediately following the elections , the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy , Aung San Suu Kyi , and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the militarys movement toward more openness . After unexpected reforms in 2011 , NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections . Myanmars political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting factions . This political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar . The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy in the 2015 general election raised hope for a successful culmination of this transition . Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide , with 1st being least corrupt , . Foreign relations . Though the countrys foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have historically been strained , the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections . After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S . and many European companies . On 13 April 2012 , British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament . Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country . Under Indias Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydropower and construction of ports and buildings . In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue . The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by U.S . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi . International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited the United States followed by Myanmars reformist president visit to the United Nations . In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 . President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States . Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar , but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S . support . The two leaders discussed the release of more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and the rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar—the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 . In June 2013 , Myanmar held its first ever summit , the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013 . A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants , including 10 heads of state , 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world . In July 2019 , UN ambassadors of 37 countries , including Myanmar , have signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending Chinas treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region . Military . Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past . Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 . Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 . In November 2008 , Myanmars political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal . Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar . Myanmars armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 . The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force . The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service . The military is very influential in Myanmar , with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials . Official figures for military spending are not available . Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates , but Myanmars military forces expenses are high . Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India . Myanmar is building a research nuclear reactor near Pyin Oo Lwin with help from Russia . It is one of the signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation pact since 1992 and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 1957 . The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor . In 2010 as part of the Wikileaks leaked cables , Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility . As of 2019 , the United States Bureau of Arms Control assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims . Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus . But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights . In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition . South Africa also voted against the resolution . Human rights and internal conflicts . There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar ( 1962–2010 ) was one of the worlds most repressive and abusive regimes . In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obamas Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the presidents visit that Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar . The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and calling on the Burmese military regime to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law . International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar . The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , The military junta has .. . suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons . Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or Burmisation of certain ethnic minorities , such as the Karen , Karenni and Shan . Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army ( AA ) , attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State . Ming Yu Hah , Amnesty Internationals Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said , the UN Security Council must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court . Child soldiers . Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012 . The Independent reported in June 2012 that Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . The UNs Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict , Radhika Coomaraswamy , who stepped down from her position a week later , met representatives of the government of Myanmar in July 2012 and stated that she hoped the governments signing of an action plan would signal a transformation . In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers , and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers . According to Samantha Power , a U.S . delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012 . However , she did not comment on the governments progress towards reform in this area . Slavery and human trafficking . Forced labour , human trafficking , and child labour are common in Myanmar . The military is also notorious for rampant use of sexual violence . In 2007 the international movement to defend womens human rights issues in Myanmar was said to be gaining speed . Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes . They are mainly targeted or deceived by brokers into making them believe that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad . In 2017 , the government reported investigating 185 trafficking cases . The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking . Burmese armed forces compel troops to acquire labour and supplies from local communities . The U.S . State Department reported that both the government and Tatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking . Women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar . They are forced into prostitution , marriages , and or pregnancies . Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people . The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens ( despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations ) —the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law . The law created three categories of citizenship : citizenship , associate citizenship , and naturalised citizenship . Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah ( Karenni ) , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee . Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws . Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide conclusive evidence that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948 . The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as among the worlds least wanted and one of the worlds most persecuted minorities . But the origin of the most persecuted minority statement is unclear . Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission , are banned from owning land , and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children . As of July 2012 , the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the governments list of more than 130 ethnic races and , therefore , the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship . In 2007 German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II—during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma ( composed mostly of Bamar Japanese ) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 . Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state . A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmars Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon . Government reforms . According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the countrys human rights record has been improving . Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions . In 2013 , Myanmar improved yet again , receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms . The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds . Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Seins invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development . In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmars Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the governments intention to release prisoners in the near future . The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive . In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked . A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level . At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it . Following Thein Seins first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nations political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community . In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that We [ Myanmar government ] are reviewing all cases . I guarantee to you that by the end of this year , there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar. , in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmars military forces . Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar and can be punishable by life imprisonment . In 2016 , Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmars Muslim minority . Since August 2017 Doctors Without Borders have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants . Economy . Myanmars economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a nominal GDP of US$76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank . Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property . In December 2014 , Myanmar set up its first stock exchange , the Yangon Stock Exchange . The informal economys share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption , smuggling and illegal trade activities . In addition , decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmars current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress . Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure . Goods travel primarily across the Thai border ( where most illegal drugs are exported ) and along the Irrawaddy River . Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s . Many Western nations , including the United States and Canada , and the European Union , historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar . The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012 . From May 2012 to February 2013 , the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country . Foreign investment comes primarily from China , Singapore , the Philippines , South Korea , India , and Thailand . The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country ( from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism ) . Economic history . Under the British administration , the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy , with Europeans at the top , Indians , Chinese , and Christianized minorities in the middle , and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom . Forcefully integrated into the world economy , Burmas economy grew in extractive industries and cash crops agriculture ; much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans , however . The country became the worlds largest exporter of rice , mainly to European markets , while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation . The British followed the ideologies of Social Darwinism and the free market , and opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s . Historian Thant Myint-U states , This was out of a total population of only 13 million ; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year . By then , in most of the largest cities in Burma , Rangoon , Akyab , Bassein and Moulmein , the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population . The Burmese under British rule felt helpless , and reacted with a racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear . Crude oil production , an indigenous industry of Yenangyaung , was taken over by the British and put under Burmah Oil monopoly . British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 . It produced 75% of the worlds teak . The wealth was however , mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans . In the 1930s , agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades . During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II , the British followed a scorched earth policy . They destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese . Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies . After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed . With the loss of India , Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British . After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land . The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy which caused some inflation . The 1962 coup détat was followed by an economic scheme called the Burmese Way to Socialism , a plan to nationalise all industries , with the exception of agriculture . While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate , the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model , and by the 1980s , was left behind capitalist powerhouses like Singapore which were integrated into Western economy . Myanmar asked for admittance to a least developed country status in 1987 to receive debt relief . Agriculture . The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60% of the countrys total cultivated land area . Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight . Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 . By 1988 , modern varieties were planted on half of the countrys ricelands , including 98 per cent of the irrigated areas . In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons . Extractive industries . Myanmar produces precious stones such as rubies , sapphires , pearls , and jade . Rubies are the biggest earner ; 90% of the worlds rubies come from the country , whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue . Thailand buys the majority of the countrys gems . Myanmars Valley of Rubies , the mountainous Mogok area , north of Mandalay , is noted for its rare pigeons blood rubies and blue sapphires . Many U.S . and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines . Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run . The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines . Other industries include agricultural goods , textiles , wood products , construction materials , gems , metals , oil and natural gas . Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production . Tourism . The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services . The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui . Nevertheless , much of the country is off-limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny . They are not to discuss politics with foreigners , under penalty of imprisonment and , in 2001 , the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit unnecessary contact between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people . The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air . According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across . They further state that It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river . There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles , such as the border between Ruili ( China ) to Mu-se , the border between Htee Kee ( Myanmar ) and Phu Nam Ron ( Thailand ) —the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi , and the border between Myawaddy and Mae Sot , Thailand . At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 . Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines . According to Eleven magazine , In the past , there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan , Qatar , Taiwan , South Korea , Germany and Singapore . Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines . Society . Demographics . The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 . This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted . People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures . There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally . Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand . The national population density is , among the lowest in Southeast Asia . Myanmars fertility rate is 2.23 , which is slightly above replacement level and is low compared to Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing , such as Cambodia ( 3.18 ) and Laos ( 4.41 ) . There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s , from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983 , down to 2.4 in 2001 , despite the absence of any national population policy . The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas . The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors , including extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region ) , the prevalence of illegal abortions , and the high proportion of single , unmarried women of reproductive age , with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single . These patterns stem from economic dynamics , including high income inequality , which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth ; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men , 26.4 for women . Ethnic groups . Myanmar is ethnically diverse . The government recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups . There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar , consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto-Burman peoples , but with sizeable populations of Tai–Kadai , Hmong–Mien , and Austroasiatic ( Mon–Khmer ) peoples . The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population . 10% of the population are Shan . The Kayin make up 7% of the population . The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population . Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population . Myanmars ethnic minority groups prefer the term ethnic nationality over ethnic minority as the term minority furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as Burmanisation—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures . Mon , who form 2% of the population , are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer . Overseas Indians are 2% . The remainder are Kachin , Chin , Rohingya , Anglo-Indians , Gurkha , Nepali and other ethnic minorities . Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese . Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the United Kingdom . It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar . , 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand . Refugee camps exist along Indian , Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia . Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar , with the majority being Rohingya , Karen , and Karenni are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border . There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border , most of which were established in the mid-1980s . The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium ( TBBC ) . Since 2006 , over 55,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled in the United States . The persecution of Burmese Indians , Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964 . The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society . Many Rohingya Muslims have fled Myanmar . Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh , including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . 250,000 more left in 1991 . Languages . Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino-Tibetan , Tai–Kadai , Austro-Asiatic , and Indo-European . Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken . They include Burmese , Karen , Kachin , Chin , and Chinese ( mainly Hokkien ) . The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan . Mon , Palaung , and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar . The two major Indo-European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English . More than a hundred languages are spoken in total . Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost ( many if not all ) after a few generations . Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese . It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century . The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century . It is also used to write Pali , the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism , as well as several ethnic minority languages , including Shan , several Karen dialects , and Kayah ( Karenni ) , with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language . The Burmese language incorporates widespread usage of honorifics and is age-oriented . Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education . In villages , secular schooling often takes place in monasteries . Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools . Religion . Many religions are practised in Myanmar . Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years . The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country . Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar , where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years . More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution . A large majority of the population practices Buddhism ; estimates range from 80% to 89% . According to 2014 Myanmar Census , 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists . Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread . There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million . Other religions are practised largely without obstruction , with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people , who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead , and Christians in Chin State . According to 2014 census , 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian ; 4.3% as Muslim ; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions ; 0.5% as Hindus ; 0.2% as followers of other religions ; and 0.1% follow no religion . According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center , 7% of the population is Christian ; 4% is Muslim ; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2% follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions . Jehovahs Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages . A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services . Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population , it was a major religion in Myanmars past . Several strains of Hinduism existed alongside both Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu period in the first millennium , and down to the Pagan period ( 9th to 13th centuries ) when Saivite and Vaishana elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do . Burmese folk religion is practised by many Bamars alongside Buddhism . Health . The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor . The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the countrys GDP on health care , consistently ranking among the lowest in the world . Although health care is nominally free , in reality , patients have to pay for medicine and treatment , even in public clinics and hospitals . Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240 . This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 47 . According to the report named Preventable Fate , published by Doctors without Borders , 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007 , deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment . HIV/AIDS , recognised as a disease of concern by the Burmese Ministry of Health , is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users . In 2005 , the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% ( 200,000–570,000 people ) , according to UNAIDS , and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent . However , the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV . Education . According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics , Myanmars official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90% . Historically , Myanmar has had high literacy rates . The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education . The education system is based on the United Kingdoms system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar . Nearly all schools are government-operated , but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century . Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level . There are 101 universities , 12 institutes , 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar , a total of 146 higher education institutions . There are 10 technical training schools , 23 nursing training schools , 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools . There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board—The International School Yangon , Myanmar International School , Yangon International School , and International School of Myanmar in Yangon . Crime . Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012 . Factors influencing Myanmars high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict . Myanmar is one of the worlds most corrupt nations . The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 171 , out of 176 countries in total . Myanmar is the worlds second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan , producing some 25% of the worlds opium , and forms part of the Golden Triangle . The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters , primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture . Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world , with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar , particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State , which borders Thailand , Laos and China . Burmese-produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos , before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of Isan . Culture . A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , with majority culture primarily Buddhist and Bamar . Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries , manifested in its language , cuisine , music , dance and theatre . The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism . Considered the national epic of Myanmar , the Yama Zatdaw , an adaptation of Indias Ramayana , has been influenced greatly by Thai , Mon , and Indian versions of the play . Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats . In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life . Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people . A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time . All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice ( beginner for Buddhism ) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty . Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies ( ) at the same time . Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival . Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace . British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar . Myanmars education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom . Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon . Many ethnic minorities , particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast , practice Christianity . According to The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32% . In contrast , the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic . Cuisine . Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce , ngapi ( fermented seafood ) and dried prawn . Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmars national dish . Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay . Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed . Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads ( a thoke ) , centred on one major ingredient , ranging from starches like rice , wheat and rice noodles , glass noodles and vermicelli , to potato , ginger , tomato , kaffir lime , long bean , and lahpet ( pickled tea leaves ) . Sport . The Lethwei , Bando , Banshay , and Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are traditional sports in Myanmar . Football is played all over the country , even in villages , and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation . The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw , Yangon , Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar . Myanmar previously hosted the games in 1961 and 1969 . Art . Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad . Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms . Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country . One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan . Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists , they were the pioneers of western painting style . Later on most young children learned the concepts from them . Some well known contemporary artists are Lun Gywe , Aung Kyaw Htet , MPP Yei Myint , Myint Swe , Min Wai Aung , Aung Myint , Kin Maung Yin , Po Po and Zaw Zaw Aung . Media and communications . Because of Myanmars political climate , there are not many media companies in relation to the countrys population . Some are privately owned . All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board . The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication . Following the announcement , newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors ; however , journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say . In April 2013 , international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012 . For the first time in numerous decades , the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country . Internet . Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries . Myanmars internet used to be subject to censorship , and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship . During the strict censorship days , activity at internet cafes was regulated , and one blogger named Zarganar was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 ; Zarganar was released in October 2011 . In regards to communications infrastructure , Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a countrys information and communication technologies . With 139 countries reported on , Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking . Film . Myanmars first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London . The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya ( Love and Liquor ) in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories . During the 1920s and 1930s , many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films . The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay , India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya ( Money Cant Buy It ) . After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes . Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them . In the era that followed the political events of 1988 , the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government . Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films . The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films , as well as who gets academy awards . Over the years , the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget direct-to-video films . Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies . In 2008 , only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made , although at least 800 VCDs were produced . Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator , Guy Delisle . The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008 . In 2009 , a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released . This film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 Academy Awards . The Lady had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival . |
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"Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma"
] | easy | Myanmar was officially named what from 1974 to Jun 1989? | /wiki/Myanmar#P1448#1 | Myanmar Myanmar ( UK pronunciations incl . , US pronunciations incl . , ; ) or Burma ( ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area . As of 2017 , the population was about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley , and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture , and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions , and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period . The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century , and the country became a British colony . After a brief Japanese occupation , Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies and granted independence in 1948 . Following a coup détat in 1962 , it became a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party . For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the worlds longest-running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , had improved the countrys human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the governments treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remained a powerful force in politics and , on 1 February 2021 , again seized power in a coup détat . Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , ASEAN , and BIMSTEC , but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . It is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas , and other mineral resources . Myanmar is also endowed with renewable energy ; it has the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US$221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the military government . , according to the Human Development Index , Myanmar ranks 147 out of 189 countries in human development . Etymology . The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement , particularly in the early 21st century , focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using Myanmar versus Burma . Both names derive from the earlier Burmese Myanma or Myamma , an ethnonym for the majority Bamar ethnic group , of uncertain etymology . The terms are also popularly thought to derive from Brahma Desha or ब्रह्मादेश/ब्रह्मावर्त ( Sanskrit ) after Brahma . In 1989 , the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burmas colonial period or earlier , including that of the country itself : Burma became Myanmar . The renaming remains a contested issue . Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country . In April 2016 , soon after taking office , Aung San Suu Kyi commented on the question of which name should be used and said that it is up to you because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular . She continued , I use Burma very often because I am used to using it . But it does not mean that I require other people to do that as well . And Ill make an effort to say Myanmar from time to time so you all feel comfortable . The countrys official full name is Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( , , ) . Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead . In English , the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar . In Burmese , the pronunciation depends on the register used and is either ( ) or ( ) . The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century . Official United States policy retains Burma as the countrys name although the State Departments website lists the country as Burma ( Myanmar ) . The CIAs World Factbook lists the country as Burma . The government of Canada has in the past used Burma , such as in its 2007 legislation imposing sanctions but as of August 2020 generally uses Myanmar . The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar , although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses both Myanmar and Burma on its website . The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the ASEAN , Australia , Russia , Germany , China , India , Bangladesh , Norway , Japan and Switzerland . Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar , including the BBC , CNN , Al Jazeera , Reuters , and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) /Radio Australia . Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish , Italian , Romanian , and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language , for example . Myanmar used to be known as Birmânia in Portuguese , and as Birmanie in French . As in the past , French-language media today consistently use Birmanie . There is no established pronunciation of the English name Myanmar , and at least nine different pronunciations exist . Those with two syllables are listed as more common by major UK and US dictionaries except Collins : , , , . Dictionaries and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables , , , , . Wikipedias IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables . As John Wells explains , the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English , in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel : [ ˈmjænmɑː , ˈbɜːmə ] . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [ mɑːr ] or of Burma as [ bɜːrmə ] by some speakers in the UK and all in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions . The final r in Myanmar was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad ah ( ) in father . If the Burmese name were spelled Myanma in English , this would be pronounced at the end by all English speakers . If it were spelled Myanmah , the end would be pronounced by all English speakers . History . Prehistory . Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago , with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago . The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar . Evidence of Neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves . The Bronze Age arrived when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so . Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Region . The Iron Age began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay . Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE . Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand , as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials . This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places , possibly through trade . Early city-states . Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar . The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present-day Yunnan . The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts , which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation . By the 9th century , several city-states had sprouted across the land : the Pyu in the central dry zone , Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral . The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s . In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan . It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century , when it grew in authority and grandeur . Pagan Kingdom . Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom , the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery . In the 12th and 13th centuries , the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia . The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley , eclipsing the Pyu , Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century . Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level , although Tantric , Mahayana , Hinduism , and folk religion remained heavily entrenched . Pagans rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone . Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287 . Pagans collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century . Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind . Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley . The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged . In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 . The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods . In the 14th and 15th centuries , Ava fought wars of unification but could never quite reassemble the lost empire . Having held off Ava , the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age , and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years . In contrast , constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened , and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward . In 1527 , the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555 . Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities . Despite the wars , cultural synchronisation continued . This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture . Burmese literature grew more confident , popular , and stylistically diverse , and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged . Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country . Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period . Taungoo and Konbaung . Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , through the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava . Taungoos young , ambitious King Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War . His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states , Lan Na , Manipur , Mong Mao , the Ayutthaya Kingdom , Lan Xang and southern Arakan . However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaungs death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 . Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin ( Syriam ) . The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 . It restored a smaller , more manageable kingdom , encompassing Lower Myanmar , Upper Myanmar , Shan states , Lan Na and upper Tenasserim . The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century . The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs . Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years . From the 1720s onward , the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na . In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752 , ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty . After the fall of Ava , the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy , and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British , who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy . By 1770 , Alaungpayas heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China . With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 . Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 , but all resulted in a stalemate , exchanging Tenasserim ( to Burma ) and Lan Na ( to Ayutthaya ) . Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan ( 1785 ) , Manipur ( 1814 ) and Assam ( 1817 ) . It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India . The breadth of this empire was short-lived . In 1826 , Burma lost Arakan , Manipur , Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War . In 1852 , the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War . King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States . The British , alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina , annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885 . Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoos administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion . For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley . The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era ( half of all males and 5% of females ) . Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism . British Burma ( 1885–1948 ) . In the 19th century , Burmese rulers , whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders , sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam , Manipur and Arakan . Pressing them , however , was the British East India Company , which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory . Over the next sixty years , diplomacy , raids , treaties and compromises , known collectively as the Anglo-Burmese Wars , continued until Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma . With the fall of Mandalay , all of Burma came under British rule , being annexed on 1 January 1886 . Throughout the colonial era , many Indians arrived as soldiers , civil servants , construction workers and traders and , along with the Anglo-Burmese community , dominated commercial and civil life in Burma . Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore . Burmese resentment was strong , and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion until the 1930s . Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas . Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement . U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned . On 1 April 1937 , Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain , and Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma . Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule , and he opposed the participation of Great Britain , and by extension Burma , in World War II . He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition . In 1940 , before Japan formally entered the war , Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan . As a major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion . Within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon , and the British administration had collapsed . A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942 . Wingates British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines . A similar American unit , Merrills Marauders , followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943 . Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 . The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken . Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army , many Burmese , mostly from the ethnic minorities , served in the British Burma Army . The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945 . Overall , 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II . Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state . Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr . Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historic Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 . In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government . But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members . Independence ( 1948–1962 ) . On 4 January 1948 , the nation became an independent republic , under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947 . The new country was named the Union of Burma , with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister . Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories , Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth . A bicameral parliament was formed , consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities , and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952 , 1956 and 1960 . The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement , which combined Burma Proper , which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma , and the Frontier Areas , which had been administered separately by the British . In 1961 , U Thant , the Union of Burmas Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister , was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations , a position he held for ten years . Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was secretary-general was Aung San Suu Kyi ( daughter of Aung San ) , who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize . When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism , alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre , the military leadership staged a coup détat in 1962 . Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution , successive military governments construed the use of the term federalism as being anti-national , anti-unity and pro-disintegration . Military rule ( 1962–2011 ) . On 2 March 1962 , the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup détat , and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then . Between 1962 and 1974 , Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general . Almost all aspects of society ( business , media , production ) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism , which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning . A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974 . Until 1988 , the country was ruled as a one-party system , with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party ( BSPP ) . During this period , Myanmar became one of the worlds most impoverished countries . There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years , and these were almost always violently suppressed . On 7 July 1962 , the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University , killing 15 students . In 1974 , the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant . Student protests in 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force . In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup détat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests . The military government finalised plans for Peoples Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 . SLORC changed the countrys official English name from the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law . In May 1990 , the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years , and the National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of Aung San Suu Kyi , won earning 392 out of a total 492 seats ( i.e. , 80% of the seats ) . However , the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997 , and then as the State Peace and Development Council ( SPDC ) until its dissolution in March 2011 . On 23 June 1997 , Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . On 27 March 2006 , the military junta , which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005 , officially named the new capital Naypyidaw , meaning city of the kings . In August 2007 , an increase in the price of fuel led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government . The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007 , with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed . There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces , but none was confirmed . The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government . In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division . It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars , and as many as 1 million were left homeless . In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmars isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts . Humanitarian aid was requested , but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine , food , and other supplies . In early August 2009 , a conflict broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar . For several weeks , junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese , Wa , and Kachin . During 8–12 August , the first days of the conflict , as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China . Civil wars . Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmars socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948 . These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy , with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict . Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmars civil wars continue . In October 2012 , the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu , and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country . In addition , al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar . In a video released on 3 September 2014 , mainly addressed to India , the militant groups leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing what they can to rescue you . In response , the military raised its level of alertness , while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland . Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 . The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border . During the incident , the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels . Burmese officials have been historically manipulated and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia . However , uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue . Democratic reforms . The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a discipline-flourishing democracy . As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the Union of Myanmar to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 . Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations ( UN ) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent . The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections , stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes ; however , the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud . One report documented 77 per cent as the official turnout rate of the election . The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011 . Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway . According to some reports , the militarys presence continues as the label disciplined democracy suggests . This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics . Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here , transition does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy but transition to a quasi-military rule . Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms . The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices . The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEANs approval of Myanmars bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress , which was the first visit by a secretary of state in more than fifty years , during which President Bill Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyis NLD party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the governments abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD . In the April 2012 by-elections , the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had not won a single seat under the new constitution . The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar . 2015 general elections . General elections were held on 8 November 2015 . These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election ( which was annulled ) .The results gave the NLD an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament , enough to ensure that its candidate would become president , while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency . The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016 , and on 15 March 2016 , Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962 . On 6 April 2016 , Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of state counsellor , a role akin to a prime minister . 2020 elections and 2021 military coup détat . Election and aftermath . In Myanmars 2020 parliamentary election , the ostensibly ruling National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi , competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated Union Solidarity and Development Party ( USDP ) . Other parties and individuals allied with specific ethnic minorities also ran for office . Suu Kyis NLD won the 2020 Myanmar general election on 8 November in a landslide , again winning supermajorities in both houses—winning 396 out of 476 elected seats in parliament . The USDP , regarded as a proxy for the military , suffered a humiliating defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats . As the election results began emerging , the USDP rejected them , urging a new election with the military as observers . More than 90 other , smaller parties contested the vote , including more than 15 who complained of irregularities . However , election observers declared there were no major irregularities in the voting . The military – arguing that it had found over 8 million irregularities in voter lists , in over 300 townships – called on Myanmars Union Election Commission ( UEC ) and government to review the results , but the commission dismissed the claims for lack of any evidence . The election commission declared that any irregularities were too few and too minor to affect the outcome of the election . However , despite the election commission validating the NLDs overwhelming victory , the USDP and Myanmars military persistently alleged fraud and the military threatened to take action . In January , 2021 , just before the new parliament was to be sworn in , The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government . Coup . In the early morning of 1 February 2021 , the day parliament was set to convene , the Tatmadaw , Myanmars military , detained State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party . The military announced it would replace the current election commission with a new one , and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that . State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were placed under house arrest , and the military began filing various charges against them . The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city , Naypyitaw . By March 15 , 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon , while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence . Reaction . By the second day of the coup , thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of the nations largest city , and commercial capital , Yangon , and other protests erupted nationwide , largely halting commerce and transportation . Despite the militarys arrests and killings of protesters , the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation , including groups of civil servants , teachers , students , workers , monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities . The coup was immediately condemned by the United Nations Secretary General , and leaders of democratic nations – including the United States President Joe Biden , western European political leaders , Southeast Asian democracies , and others around the world , who demanded or urged release of the captive leaders , and an immediate return to democratic rule in Myanmar . The U.S . threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders , including a freeze of US$1 billion of their assets in the U.S . Russia and China – whose representatives had conferred with the Tatmadaw leader Gen . Hlaing just days before the coup – refrained from criticizing it . Their apparent complicity angered civilian protesters in Myanmar . However , both of those nations refrained from blocking a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders . – a position shared by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . International development and aid partners – business , non-governmental , and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar . Banks closed . Social media communications platforms , including Facebook and Twitter , removed Tatmadaw postings . Protesters appeared at Myanmar embassies in foreign countries . Geography . Myanmar has a total area of . It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N , and longitudes 92° and 102°E . Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India . Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan for a Sino-Myanmar border total of . It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast . Myanmar has of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter . In the north , the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China . Hkakabo Razi , located in Kachin State , at an elevation of , is the highest point in Myanmar . Many mountain ranges , such as the Rakhine Yoma , the Bago Yoma , the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar , all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas . The mountain chains divide Myanmars three river systems , which are the Irrawaddy , Salween ( Thanlwin ) , and the Sittaung rivers . The Irrawaddy River , Myanmars longest river at nearly , flows into the Gulf of Martaban . Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains . The majority of Myanmars population lives in the Irrawaddy valley , which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau . Administrative divisions . Myanmar is divided into seven states ( ) and seven regions ( ) , formerly called divisions . Regions are predominantly Bamar ( that is , mainly inhabited by Myanmars dominant ethnic group ) . States , in essence , are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities . The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts , which are further subdivided into townships , wards , and villages . Below are the number of districts , townships , cities/towns , wards , village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001 : Climate . Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator . It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over of rain annually . Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately , while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than . The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of . Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of . Biodiversity . Myanmar is a biodiverse country with more than 16,000 plant , 314 mammal , 1131 bird , 293 reptile , and 139 amphibian species , and 64 terrestrial ecosystems including tropical and subtropical vegetation , seasonally inundated wetlands , shoreline and tidal systems , and alpine ecosystems . Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in Southeast Asia , but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation . According to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmars land area has been converted to anthropogenic ecosystems over the last 2–3 centuries , and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened . Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems , there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive protected area network that protects its terrestrial biodiversity . Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016 ; among the worst in the South Asian region , only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst ( i.e . highest ranking ) are air quality ( 174 ) , health impacts of environmental issues ( 143 ) and biodiversity and habitat ( 142 ) . Myanmar performs best ( i.e . lowest ranking ) in environmental impacts of fisheries ( 21 ) but with declining fish stocks . Despite several issues , Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good ( i.e . a high percentage of 93.73% ) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle . Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to climate change ; this poses a number of social , political , economic and foreign policy challenges to the country . The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.18/10 , ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries . Myanmars slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems . Forests , including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar , cover over 49% of the country , including areas of acacia , bamboo , ironwood and Magnolia champaca . Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced . In the highlands of the north , oak , pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land . Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat . The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared . In much of central Myanmar ( the dry zone ) , vegetation is sparse and stunted . Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers , occur sparsely in Myanmar . In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild water buffalo , clouded leopard , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry . Smaller mammals are also numerous , ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes . The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , myna , peafowl , red junglefowl , weaverbirds , crows , herons , and barn owl . Among reptile species there are crocodiles , geckos , cobras , Burmese pythons , and turtles . Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources . Climate change . Previously and currently analysed data , as well as future projections on changes caused by climate change predict serious consequences to development for all economic , productive , social , and environmental sectors in Myanmar . In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help combat climate change Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions . Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the UN Environment Programme , Myanmar Climate Change Alliance , and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review . In April 2015 , it was announced that the World Bank and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services . Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods , rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters , and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Government and politics . Myanmar operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution . But in February 2021 , the civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi , was deposed by the Tatmadaw . In February 2021 , Myanmar military declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President Myint Swe became the Acting President of Myanmar and handed the power to the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing and he assumed the role Chairman of the State Administration Council . The President of Myanmar acts as the head of state and the Chairman of the State Administration Council acts as the de facto head of government . The constitution of Myanmar , its third since independence , was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008 . The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature ( with an executive president accountable to the legislature ) , with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections . The legislature , called the Assembly of the Union , is bicameral and made up of two houses : the 224-seat upper House of Nationalities and the 440-seat lower House of Representatives . The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces . The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces . Political culture . The major political parties are the National League for Democracy and the Union Solidarity and Development Party . Myanmars army-drafted constitution was approved in a referendum in May 2008 . The results , 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99% , are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud , ballot stuffing , and voter intimidation . The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party . Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections . One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal . However , immediately following the elections , the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy , Aung San Suu Kyi , and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the militarys movement toward more openness . After unexpected reforms in 2011 , NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections . Myanmars political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting factions . This political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar . The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy in the 2015 general election raised hope for a successful culmination of this transition . Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide , with 1st being least corrupt , . Foreign relations . Though the countrys foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have historically been strained , the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections . After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S . and many European companies . On 13 April 2012 , British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament . Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country . Under Indias Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydropower and construction of ports and buildings . In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue . The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by U.S . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi . International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited the United States followed by Myanmars reformist president visit to the United Nations . In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 . President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States . Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar , but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S . support . The two leaders discussed the release of more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and the rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar—the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 . In June 2013 , Myanmar held its first ever summit , the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013 . A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants , including 10 heads of state , 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world . In July 2019 , UN ambassadors of 37 countries , including Myanmar , have signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending Chinas treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region . Military . Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past . Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 . Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 . In November 2008 , Myanmars political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal . Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar . Myanmars armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 . The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force . The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service . The military is very influential in Myanmar , with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials . Official figures for military spending are not available . Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates , but Myanmars military forces expenses are high . Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India . Myanmar is building a research nuclear reactor near Pyin Oo Lwin with help from Russia . It is one of the signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation pact since 1992 and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 1957 . The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor . In 2010 as part of the Wikileaks leaked cables , Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility . As of 2019 , the United States Bureau of Arms Control assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims . Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus . But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights . In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition . South Africa also voted against the resolution . Human rights and internal conflicts . There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar ( 1962–2010 ) was one of the worlds most repressive and abusive regimes . In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obamas Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the presidents visit that Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar . The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and calling on the Burmese military regime to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law . International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar . The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , The military junta has .. . suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons . Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or Burmisation of certain ethnic minorities , such as the Karen , Karenni and Shan . Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army ( AA ) , attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State . Ming Yu Hah , Amnesty Internationals Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said , the UN Security Council must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court . Child soldiers . Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012 . The Independent reported in June 2012 that Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . The UNs Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict , Radhika Coomaraswamy , who stepped down from her position a week later , met representatives of the government of Myanmar in July 2012 and stated that she hoped the governments signing of an action plan would signal a transformation . In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers , and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers . According to Samantha Power , a U.S . delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012 . However , she did not comment on the governments progress towards reform in this area . Slavery and human trafficking . Forced labour , human trafficking , and child labour are common in Myanmar . The military is also notorious for rampant use of sexual violence . In 2007 the international movement to defend womens human rights issues in Myanmar was said to be gaining speed . Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes . They are mainly targeted or deceived by brokers into making them believe that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad . In 2017 , the government reported investigating 185 trafficking cases . The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking . Burmese armed forces compel troops to acquire labour and supplies from local communities . The U.S . State Department reported that both the government and Tatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking . Women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar . They are forced into prostitution , marriages , and or pregnancies . Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people . The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens ( despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations ) —the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law . The law created three categories of citizenship : citizenship , associate citizenship , and naturalised citizenship . Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah ( Karenni ) , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee . Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws . Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide conclusive evidence that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948 . The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as among the worlds least wanted and one of the worlds most persecuted minorities . But the origin of the most persecuted minority statement is unclear . Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission , are banned from owning land , and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children . As of July 2012 , the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the governments list of more than 130 ethnic races and , therefore , the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship . In 2007 German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II—during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma ( composed mostly of Bamar Japanese ) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 . Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state . A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmars Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon . Government reforms . According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the countrys human rights record has been improving . Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions . In 2013 , Myanmar improved yet again , receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms . The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds . Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Seins invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development . In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmars Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the governments intention to release prisoners in the near future . The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive . In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked . A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level . At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it . Following Thein Seins first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nations political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community . In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that We [ Myanmar government ] are reviewing all cases . I guarantee to you that by the end of this year , there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar. , in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmars military forces . Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar and can be punishable by life imprisonment . In 2016 , Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmars Muslim minority . Since August 2017 Doctors Without Borders have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants . Economy . Myanmars economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a nominal GDP of US$76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank . Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property . In December 2014 , Myanmar set up its first stock exchange , the Yangon Stock Exchange . The informal economys share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption , smuggling and illegal trade activities . In addition , decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmars current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress . Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure . Goods travel primarily across the Thai border ( where most illegal drugs are exported ) and along the Irrawaddy River . Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s . Many Western nations , including the United States and Canada , and the European Union , historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar . The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012 . From May 2012 to February 2013 , the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country . Foreign investment comes primarily from China , Singapore , the Philippines , South Korea , India , and Thailand . The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country ( from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism ) . Economic history . Under the British administration , the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy , with Europeans at the top , Indians , Chinese , and Christianized minorities in the middle , and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom . Forcefully integrated into the world economy , Burmas economy grew in extractive industries and cash crops agriculture ; much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans , however . The country became the worlds largest exporter of rice , mainly to European markets , while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation . The British followed the ideologies of Social Darwinism and the free market , and opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s . Historian Thant Myint-U states , This was out of a total population of only 13 million ; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year . By then , in most of the largest cities in Burma , Rangoon , Akyab , Bassein and Moulmein , the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population . The Burmese under British rule felt helpless , and reacted with a racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear . Crude oil production , an indigenous industry of Yenangyaung , was taken over by the British and put under Burmah Oil monopoly . British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 . It produced 75% of the worlds teak . The wealth was however , mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans . In the 1930s , agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades . During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II , the British followed a scorched earth policy . They destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese . Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies . After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed . With the loss of India , Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British . After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land . The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy which caused some inflation . The 1962 coup détat was followed by an economic scheme called the Burmese Way to Socialism , a plan to nationalise all industries , with the exception of agriculture . While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate , the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model , and by the 1980s , was left behind capitalist powerhouses like Singapore which were integrated into Western economy . Myanmar asked for admittance to a least developed country status in 1987 to receive debt relief . Agriculture . The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60% of the countrys total cultivated land area . Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight . Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 . By 1988 , modern varieties were planted on half of the countrys ricelands , including 98 per cent of the irrigated areas . In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons . Extractive industries . Myanmar produces precious stones such as rubies , sapphires , pearls , and jade . Rubies are the biggest earner ; 90% of the worlds rubies come from the country , whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue . Thailand buys the majority of the countrys gems . Myanmars Valley of Rubies , the mountainous Mogok area , north of Mandalay , is noted for its rare pigeons blood rubies and blue sapphires . Many U.S . and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines . Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run . The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines . Other industries include agricultural goods , textiles , wood products , construction materials , gems , metals , oil and natural gas . Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production . Tourism . The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services . The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui . Nevertheless , much of the country is off-limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny . They are not to discuss politics with foreigners , under penalty of imprisonment and , in 2001 , the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit unnecessary contact between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people . The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air . According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across . They further state that It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river . There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles , such as the border between Ruili ( China ) to Mu-se , the border between Htee Kee ( Myanmar ) and Phu Nam Ron ( Thailand ) —the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi , and the border between Myawaddy and Mae Sot , Thailand . At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 . Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines . According to Eleven magazine , In the past , there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan , Qatar , Taiwan , South Korea , Germany and Singapore . Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines . Society . Demographics . The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 . This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted . People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures . There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally . Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand . The national population density is , among the lowest in Southeast Asia . Myanmars fertility rate is 2.23 , which is slightly above replacement level and is low compared to Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing , such as Cambodia ( 3.18 ) and Laos ( 4.41 ) . There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s , from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983 , down to 2.4 in 2001 , despite the absence of any national population policy . The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas . The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors , including extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region ) , the prevalence of illegal abortions , and the high proportion of single , unmarried women of reproductive age , with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single . These patterns stem from economic dynamics , including high income inequality , which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth ; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men , 26.4 for women . Ethnic groups . Myanmar is ethnically diverse . The government recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups . There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar , consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto-Burman peoples , but with sizeable populations of Tai–Kadai , Hmong–Mien , and Austroasiatic ( Mon–Khmer ) peoples . The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population . 10% of the population are Shan . The Kayin make up 7% of the population . The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population . Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population . Myanmars ethnic minority groups prefer the term ethnic nationality over ethnic minority as the term minority furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as Burmanisation—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures . Mon , who form 2% of the population , are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer . Overseas Indians are 2% . The remainder are Kachin , Chin , Rohingya , Anglo-Indians , Gurkha , Nepali and other ethnic minorities . Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese . Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the United Kingdom . It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar . , 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand . Refugee camps exist along Indian , Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia . Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar , with the majority being Rohingya , Karen , and Karenni are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border . There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border , most of which were established in the mid-1980s . The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium ( TBBC ) . Since 2006 , over 55,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled in the United States . The persecution of Burmese Indians , Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964 . The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society . Many Rohingya Muslims have fled Myanmar . Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh , including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . 250,000 more left in 1991 . Languages . Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino-Tibetan , Tai–Kadai , Austro-Asiatic , and Indo-European . Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken . They include Burmese , Karen , Kachin , Chin , and Chinese ( mainly Hokkien ) . The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan . Mon , Palaung , and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar . The two major Indo-European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English . More than a hundred languages are spoken in total . Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost ( many if not all ) after a few generations . Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese . It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century . The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century . It is also used to write Pali , the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism , as well as several ethnic minority languages , including Shan , several Karen dialects , and Kayah ( Karenni ) , with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language . The Burmese language incorporates widespread usage of honorifics and is age-oriented . Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education . In villages , secular schooling often takes place in monasteries . Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools . Religion . Many religions are practised in Myanmar . Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years . The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country . Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar , where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years . More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution . A large majority of the population practices Buddhism ; estimates range from 80% to 89% . According to 2014 Myanmar Census , 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists . Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread . There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million . Other religions are practised largely without obstruction , with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people , who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead , and Christians in Chin State . According to 2014 census , 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian ; 4.3% as Muslim ; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions ; 0.5% as Hindus ; 0.2% as followers of other religions ; and 0.1% follow no religion . According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center , 7% of the population is Christian ; 4% is Muslim ; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2% follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions . Jehovahs Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages . A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services . Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population , it was a major religion in Myanmars past . Several strains of Hinduism existed alongside both Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu period in the first millennium , and down to the Pagan period ( 9th to 13th centuries ) when Saivite and Vaishana elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do . Burmese folk religion is practised by many Bamars alongside Buddhism . Health . The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor . The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the countrys GDP on health care , consistently ranking among the lowest in the world . Although health care is nominally free , in reality , patients have to pay for medicine and treatment , even in public clinics and hospitals . Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240 . This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 47 . According to the report named Preventable Fate , published by Doctors without Borders , 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007 , deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment . HIV/AIDS , recognised as a disease of concern by the Burmese Ministry of Health , is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users . In 2005 , the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% ( 200,000–570,000 people ) , according to UNAIDS , and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent . However , the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV . Education . According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics , Myanmars official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90% . Historically , Myanmar has had high literacy rates . The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education . The education system is based on the United Kingdoms system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar . Nearly all schools are government-operated , but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century . Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level . There are 101 universities , 12 institutes , 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar , a total of 146 higher education institutions . There are 10 technical training schools , 23 nursing training schools , 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools . There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board—The International School Yangon , Myanmar International School , Yangon International School , and International School of Myanmar in Yangon . Crime . Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012 . Factors influencing Myanmars high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict . Myanmar is one of the worlds most corrupt nations . The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 171 , out of 176 countries in total . Myanmar is the worlds second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan , producing some 25% of the worlds opium , and forms part of the Golden Triangle . The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters , primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture . Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world , with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar , particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State , which borders Thailand , Laos and China . Burmese-produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos , before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of Isan . Culture . A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , with majority culture primarily Buddhist and Bamar . Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries , manifested in its language , cuisine , music , dance and theatre . The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism . Considered the national epic of Myanmar , the Yama Zatdaw , an adaptation of Indias Ramayana , has been influenced greatly by Thai , Mon , and Indian versions of the play . Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats . In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life . Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people . A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time . All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice ( beginner for Buddhism ) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty . Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies ( ) at the same time . Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival . Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace . British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar . Myanmars education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom . Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon . Many ethnic minorities , particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast , practice Christianity . According to The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32% . In contrast , the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic . Cuisine . Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce , ngapi ( fermented seafood ) and dried prawn . Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmars national dish . Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay . Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed . Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads ( a thoke ) , centred on one major ingredient , ranging from starches like rice , wheat and rice noodles , glass noodles and vermicelli , to potato , ginger , tomato , kaffir lime , long bean , and lahpet ( pickled tea leaves ) . Sport . The Lethwei , Bando , Banshay , and Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are traditional sports in Myanmar . Football is played all over the country , even in villages , and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation . The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw , Yangon , Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar . Myanmar previously hosted the games in 1961 and 1969 . Art . Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad . Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms . Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country . One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan . Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists , they were the pioneers of western painting style . Later on most young children learned the concepts from them . Some well known contemporary artists are Lun Gywe , Aung Kyaw Htet , MPP Yei Myint , Myint Swe , Min Wai Aung , Aung Myint , Kin Maung Yin , Po Po and Zaw Zaw Aung . Media and communications . Because of Myanmars political climate , there are not many media companies in relation to the countrys population . Some are privately owned . All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board . The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication . Following the announcement , newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors ; however , journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say . In April 2013 , international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012 . For the first time in numerous decades , the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country . Internet . Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries . Myanmars internet used to be subject to censorship , and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship . During the strict censorship days , activity at internet cafes was regulated , and one blogger named Zarganar was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 ; Zarganar was released in October 2011 . In regards to communications infrastructure , Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a countrys information and communication technologies . With 139 countries reported on , Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking . Film . Myanmars first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London . The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya ( Love and Liquor ) in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories . During the 1920s and 1930s , many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films . The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay , India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya ( Money Cant Buy It ) . After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes . Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them . In the era that followed the political events of 1988 , the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government . Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films . The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films , as well as who gets academy awards . Over the years , the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget direct-to-video films . Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies . In 2008 , only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made , although at least 800 VCDs were produced . Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator , Guy Delisle . The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008 . In 2009 , a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released . This film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 Academy Awards . The Lady had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival . |
[
"Union of Myanmar"
] | easy | Myanmar was officially named what from Jun 1989 to Oct 2010? | /wiki/Myanmar#P1448#2 | Myanmar Myanmar ( UK pronunciations incl . , US pronunciations incl . , ; ) or Burma ( ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area . As of 2017 , the population was about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley , and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture , and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions , and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period . The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century , and the country became a British colony . After a brief Japanese occupation , Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies and granted independence in 1948 . Following a coup détat in 1962 , it became a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party . For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the worlds longest-running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , had improved the countrys human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the governments treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remained a powerful force in politics and , on 1 February 2021 , again seized power in a coup détat . Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , ASEAN , and BIMSTEC , but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . It is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas , and other mineral resources . Myanmar is also endowed with renewable energy ; it has the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US$221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the military government . , according to the Human Development Index , Myanmar ranks 147 out of 189 countries in human development . Etymology . The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement , particularly in the early 21st century , focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using Myanmar versus Burma . Both names derive from the earlier Burmese Myanma or Myamma , an ethnonym for the majority Bamar ethnic group , of uncertain etymology . The terms are also popularly thought to derive from Brahma Desha or ब्रह्मादेश/ब्रह्मावर्त ( Sanskrit ) after Brahma . In 1989 , the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burmas colonial period or earlier , including that of the country itself : Burma became Myanmar . The renaming remains a contested issue . Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country . In April 2016 , soon after taking office , Aung San Suu Kyi commented on the question of which name should be used and said that it is up to you because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular . She continued , I use Burma very often because I am used to using it . But it does not mean that I require other people to do that as well . And Ill make an effort to say Myanmar from time to time so you all feel comfortable . The countrys official full name is Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( , , ) . Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead . In English , the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar . In Burmese , the pronunciation depends on the register used and is either ( ) or ( ) . The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century . Official United States policy retains Burma as the countrys name although the State Departments website lists the country as Burma ( Myanmar ) . The CIAs World Factbook lists the country as Burma . The government of Canada has in the past used Burma , such as in its 2007 legislation imposing sanctions but as of August 2020 generally uses Myanmar . The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar , although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses both Myanmar and Burma on its website . The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the ASEAN , Australia , Russia , Germany , China , India , Bangladesh , Norway , Japan and Switzerland . Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar , including the BBC , CNN , Al Jazeera , Reuters , and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) /Radio Australia . Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish , Italian , Romanian , and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language , for example . Myanmar used to be known as Birmânia in Portuguese , and as Birmanie in French . As in the past , French-language media today consistently use Birmanie . There is no established pronunciation of the English name Myanmar , and at least nine different pronunciations exist . Those with two syllables are listed as more common by major UK and US dictionaries except Collins : , , , . Dictionaries and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables , , , , . Wikipedias IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables . As John Wells explains , the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English , in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel : [ ˈmjænmɑː , ˈbɜːmə ] . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [ mɑːr ] or of Burma as [ bɜːrmə ] by some speakers in the UK and all in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions . The final r in Myanmar was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad ah ( ) in father . If the Burmese name were spelled Myanma in English , this would be pronounced at the end by all English speakers . If it were spelled Myanmah , the end would be pronounced by all English speakers . History . Prehistory . Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago , with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago . The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar . Evidence of Neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves . The Bronze Age arrived when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so . Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Region . The Iron Age began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay . Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE . Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand , as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials . This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places , possibly through trade . Early city-states . Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar . The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present-day Yunnan . The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts , which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation . By the 9th century , several city-states had sprouted across the land : the Pyu in the central dry zone , Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral . The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s . In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan . It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century , when it grew in authority and grandeur . Pagan Kingdom . Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom , the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery . In the 12th and 13th centuries , the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia . The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley , eclipsing the Pyu , Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century . Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level , although Tantric , Mahayana , Hinduism , and folk religion remained heavily entrenched . Pagans rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone . Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287 . Pagans collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century . Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind . Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley . The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged . In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 . The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods . In the 14th and 15th centuries , Ava fought wars of unification but could never quite reassemble the lost empire . Having held off Ava , the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age , and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years . In contrast , constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened , and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward . In 1527 , the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555 . Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities . Despite the wars , cultural synchronisation continued . This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture . Burmese literature grew more confident , popular , and stylistically diverse , and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged . Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country . Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period . Taungoo and Konbaung . Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , through the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava . Taungoos young , ambitious King Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War . His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states , Lan Na , Manipur , Mong Mao , the Ayutthaya Kingdom , Lan Xang and southern Arakan . However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaungs death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 . Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin ( Syriam ) . The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 . It restored a smaller , more manageable kingdom , encompassing Lower Myanmar , Upper Myanmar , Shan states , Lan Na and upper Tenasserim . The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century . The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs . Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years . From the 1720s onward , the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na . In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752 , ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty . After the fall of Ava , the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy , and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British , who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy . By 1770 , Alaungpayas heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China . With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 . Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 , but all resulted in a stalemate , exchanging Tenasserim ( to Burma ) and Lan Na ( to Ayutthaya ) . Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan ( 1785 ) , Manipur ( 1814 ) and Assam ( 1817 ) . It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India . The breadth of this empire was short-lived . In 1826 , Burma lost Arakan , Manipur , Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War . In 1852 , the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War . King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States . The British , alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina , annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885 . Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoos administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion . For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley . The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era ( half of all males and 5% of females ) . Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism . British Burma ( 1885–1948 ) . In the 19th century , Burmese rulers , whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders , sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam , Manipur and Arakan . Pressing them , however , was the British East India Company , which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory . Over the next sixty years , diplomacy , raids , treaties and compromises , known collectively as the Anglo-Burmese Wars , continued until Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma . With the fall of Mandalay , all of Burma came under British rule , being annexed on 1 January 1886 . Throughout the colonial era , many Indians arrived as soldiers , civil servants , construction workers and traders and , along with the Anglo-Burmese community , dominated commercial and civil life in Burma . Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore . Burmese resentment was strong , and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion until the 1930s . Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas . Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement . U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned . On 1 April 1937 , Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain , and Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma . Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule , and he opposed the participation of Great Britain , and by extension Burma , in World War II . He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition . In 1940 , before Japan formally entered the war , Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan . As a major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion . Within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon , and the British administration had collapsed . A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942 . Wingates British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines . A similar American unit , Merrills Marauders , followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943 . Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 . The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken . Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army , many Burmese , mostly from the ethnic minorities , served in the British Burma Army . The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945 . Overall , 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II . Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state . Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr . Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historic Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 . In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government . But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members . Independence ( 1948–1962 ) . On 4 January 1948 , the nation became an independent republic , under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947 . The new country was named the Union of Burma , with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister . Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories , Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth . A bicameral parliament was formed , consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities , and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952 , 1956 and 1960 . The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement , which combined Burma Proper , which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma , and the Frontier Areas , which had been administered separately by the British . In 1961 , U Thant , the Union of Burmas Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister , was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations , a position he held for ten years . Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was secretary-general was Aung San Suu Kyi ( daughter of Aung San ) , who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize . When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism , alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre , the military leadership staged a coup détat in 1962 . Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution , successive military governments construed the use of the term federalism as being anti-national , anti-unity and pro-disintegration . Military rule ( 1962–2011 ) . On 2 March 1962 , the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup détat , and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then . Between 1962 and 1974 , Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general . Almost all aspects of society ( business , media , production ) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism , which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning . A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974 . Until 1988 , the country was ruled as a one-party system , with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party ( BSPP ) . During this period , Myanmar became one of the worlds most impoverished countries . There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years , and these were almost always violently suppressed . On 7 July 1962 , the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University , killing 15 students . In 1974 , the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant . Student protests in 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force . In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup détat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests . The military government finalised plans for Peoples Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 . SLORC changed the countrys official English name from the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law . In May 1990 , the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years , and the National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of Aung San Suu Kyi , won earning 392 out of a total 492 seats ( i.e. , 80% of the seats ) . However , the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997 , and then as the State Peace and Development Council ( SPDC ) until its dissolution in March 2011 . On 23 June 1997 , Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . On 27 March 2006 , the military junta , which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005 , officially named the new capital Naypyidaw , meaning city of the kings . In August 2007 , an increase in the price of fuel led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government . The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007 , with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed . There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces , but none was confirmed . The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government . In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division . It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars , and as many as 1 million were left homeless . In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmars isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts . Humanitarian aid was requested , but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine , food , and other supplies . In early August 2009 , a conflict broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar . For several weeks , junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese , Wa , and Kachin . During 8–12 August , the first days of the conflict , as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China . Civil wars . Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmars socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948 . These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy , with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict . Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmars civil wars continue . In October 2012 , the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu , and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country . In addition , al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar . In a video released on 3 September 2014 , mainly addressed to India , the militant groups leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing what they can to rescue you . In response , the military raised its level of alertness , while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland . Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 . The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border . During the incident , the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels . Burmese officials have been historically manipulated and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia . However , uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue . Democratic reforms . The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a discipline-flourishing democracy . As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the Union of Myanmar to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 . Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations ( UN ) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent . The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections , stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes ; however , the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud . One report documented 77 per cent as the official turnout rate of the election . The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011 . Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway . According to some reports , the militarys presence continues as the label disciplined democracy suggests . This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics . Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here , transition does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy but transition to a quasi-military rule . Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms . The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices . The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEANs approval of Myanmars bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress , which was the first visit by a secretary of state in more than fifty years , during which President Bill Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyis NLD party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the governments abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD . In the April 2012 by-elections , the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had not won a single seat under the new constitution . The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar . 2015 general elections . General elections were held on 8 November 2015 . These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election ( which was annulled ) .The results gave the NLD an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament , enough to ensure that its candidate would become president , while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency . The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016 , and on 15 March 2016 , Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962 . On 6 April 2016 , Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of state counsellor , a role akin to a prime minister . 2020 elections and 2021 military coup détat . Election and aftermath . In Myanmars 2020 parliamentary election , the ostensibly ruling National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi , competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated Union Solidarity and Development Party ( USDP ) . Other parties and individuals allied with specific ethnic minorities also ran for office . Suu Kyis NLD won the 2020 Myanmar general election on 8 November in a landslide , again winning supermajorities in both houses—winning 396 out of 476 elected seats in parliament . The USDP , regarded as a proxy for the military , suffered a humiliating defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats . As the election results began emerging , the USDP rejected them , urging a new election with the military as observers . More than 90 other , smaller parties contested the vote , including more than 15 who complained of irregularities . However , election observers declared there were no major irregularities in the voting . The military – arguing that it had found over 8 million irregularities in voter lists , in over 300 townships – called on Myanmars Union Election Commission ( UEC ) and government to review the results , but the commission dismissed the claims for lack of any evidence . The election commission declared that any irregularities were too few and too minor to affect the outcome of the election . However , despite the election commission validating the NLDs overwhelming victory , the USDP and Myanmars military persistently alleged fraud and the military threatened to take action . In January , 2021 , just before the new parliament was to be sworn in , The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government . Coup . In the early morning of 1 February 2021 , the day parliament was set to convene , the Tatmadaw , Myanmars military , detained State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party . The military announced it would replace the current election commission with a new one , and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that . State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were placed under house arrest , and the military began filing various charges against them . The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city , Naypyitaw . By March 15 , 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon , while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence . Reaction . By the second day of the coup , thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of the nations largest city , and commercial capital , Yangon , and other protests erupted nationwide , largely halting commerce and transportation . Despite the militarys arrests and killings of protesters , the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation , including groups of civil servants , teachers , students , workers , monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities . The coup was immediately condemned by the United Nations Secretary General , and leaders of democratic nations – including the United States President Joe Biden , western European political leaders , Southeast Asian democracies , and others around the world , who demanded or urged release of the captive leaders , and an immediate return to democratic rule in Myanmar . The U.S . threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders , including a freeze of US$1 billion of their assets in the U.S . Russia and China – whose representatives had conferred with the Tatmadaw leader Gen . Hlaing just days before the coup – refrained from criticizing it . Their apparent complicity angered civilian protesters in Myanmar . However , both of those nations refrained from blocking a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders . – a position shared by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . International development and aid partners – business , non-governmental , and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar . Banks closed . Social media communications platforms , including Facebook and Twitter , removed Tatmadaw postings . Protesters appeared at Myanmar embassies in foreign countries . Geography . Myanmar has a total area of . It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N , and longitudes 92° and 102°E . Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India . Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan for a Sino-Myanmar border total of . It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast . Myanmar has of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter . In the north , the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China . Hkakabo Razi , located in Kachin State , at an elevation of , is the highest point in Myanmar . Many mountain ranges , such as the Rakhine Yoma , the Bago Yoma , the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar , all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas . The mountain chains divide Myanmars three river systems , which are the Irrawaddy , Salween ( Thanlwin ) , and the Sittaung rivers . The Irrawaddy River , Myanmars longest river at nearly , flows into the Gulf of Martaban . Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains . The majority of Myanmars population lives in the Irrawaddy valley , which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau . Administrative divisions . Myanmar is divided into seven states ( ) and seven regions ( ) , formerly called divisions . Regions are predominantly Bamar ( that is , mainly inhabited by Myanmars dominant ethnic group ) . States , in essence , are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities . The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts , which are further subdivided into townships , wards , and villages . Below are the number of districts , townships , cities/towns , wards , village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001 : Climate . Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator . It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over of rain annually . Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately , while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than . The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of . Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of . Biodiversity . Myanmar is a biodiverse country with more than 16,000 plant , 314 mammal , 1131 bird , 293 reptile , and 139 amphibian species , and 64 terrestrial ecosystems including tropical and subtropical vegetation , seasonally inundated wetlands , shoreline and tidal systems , and alpine ecosystems . Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in Southeast Asia , but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation . According to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmars land area has been converted to anthropogenic ecosystems over the last 2–3 centuries , and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened . Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems , there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive protected area network that protects its terrestrial biodiversity . Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016 ; among the worst in the South Asian region , only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst ( i.e . highest ranking ) are air quality ( 174 ) , health impacts of environmental issues ( 143 ) and biodiversity and habitat ( 142 ) . Myanmar performs best ( i.e . lowest ranking ) in environmental impacts of fisheries ( 21 ) but with declining fish stocks . Despite several issues , Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good ( i.e . a high percentage of 93.73% ) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle . Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to climate change ; this poses a number of social , political , economic and foreign policy challenges to the country . The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.18/10 , ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries . Myanmars slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems . Forests , including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar , cover over 49% of the country , including areas of acacia , bamboo , ironwood and Magnolia champaca . Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced . In the highlands of the north , oak , pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land . Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat . The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared . In much of central Myanmar ( the dry zone ) , vegetation is sparse and stunted . Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers , occur sparsely in Myanmar . In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild water buffalo , clouded leopard , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry . Smaller mammals are also numerous , ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes . The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , myna , peafowl , red junglefowl , weaverbirds , crows , herons , and barn owl . Among reptile species there are crocodiles , geckos , cobras , Burmese pythons , and turtles . Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources . Climate change . Previously and currently analysed data , as well as future projections on changes caused by climate change predict serious consequences to development for all economic , productive , social , and environmental sectors in Myanmar . In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help combat climate change Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions . Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the UN Environment Programme , Myanmar Climate Change Alliance , and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review . In April 2015 , it was announced that the World Bank and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services . Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods , rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters , and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Government and politics . Myanmar operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution . But in February 2021 , the civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi , was deposed by the Tatmadaw . In February 2021 , Myanmar military declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President Myint Swe became the Acting President of Myanmar and handed the power to the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing and he assumed the role Chairman of the State Administration Council . The President of Myanmar acts as the head of state and the Chairman of the State Administration Council acts as the de facto head of government . The constitution of Myanmar , its third since independence , was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008 . The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature ( with an executive president accountable to the legislature ) , with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections . The legislature , called the Assembly of the Union , is bicameral and made up of two houses : the 224-seat upper House of Nationalities and the 440-seat lower House of Representatives . The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces . The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces . Political culture . The major political parties are the National League for Democracy and the Union Solidarity and Development Party . Myanmars army-drafted constitution was approved in a referendum in May 2008 . The results , 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99% , are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud , ballot stuffing , and voter intimidation . The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party . Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections . One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal . However , immediately following the elections , the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy , Aung San Suu Kyi , and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the militarys movement toward more openness . After unexpected reforms in 2011 , NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections . Myanmars political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting factions . This political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar . The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy in the 2015 general election raised hope for a successful culmination of this transition . Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide , with 1st being least corrupt , . Foreign relations . Though the countrys foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have historically been strained , the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections . After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S . and many European companies . On 13 April 2012 , British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament . Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country . Under Indias Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydropower and construction of ports and buildings . In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue . The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by U.S . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi . International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited the United States followed by Myanmars reformist president visit to the United Nations . In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 . President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States . Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar , but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S . support . The two leaders discussed the release of more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and the rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar—the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 . In June 2013 , Myanmar held its first ever summit , the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013 . A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants , including 10 heads of state , 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world . In July 2019 , UN ambassadors of 37 countries , including Myanmar , have signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending Chinas treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region . Military . Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past . Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 . Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 . In November 2008 , Myanmars political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal . Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar . Myanmars armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 . The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force . The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service . The military is very influential in Myanmar , with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials . Official figures for military spending are not available . Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates , but Myanmars military forces expenses are high . Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India . Myanmar is building a research nuclear reactor near Pyin Oo Lwin with help from Russia . It is one of the signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation pact since 1992 and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 1957 . The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor . In 2010 as part of the Wikileaks leaked cables , Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility . As of 2019 , the United States Bureau of Arms Control assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims . Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus . But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights . In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition . South Africa also voted against the resolution . Human rights and internal conflicts . There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar ( 1962–2010 ) was one of the worlds most repressive and abusive regimes . In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obamas Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the presidents visit that Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar . The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and calling on the Burmese military regime to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law . International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar . The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , The military junta has .. . suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons . Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or Burmisation of certain ethnic minorities , such as the Karen , Karenni and Shan . Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army ( AA ) , attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State . Ming Yu Hah , Amnesty Internationals Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said , the UN Security Council must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court . Child soldiers . Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012 . The Independent reported in June 2012 that Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . The UNs Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict , Radhika Coomaraswamy , who stepped down from her position a week later , met representatives of the government of Myanmar in July 2012 and stated that she hoped the governments signing of an action plan would signal a transformation . In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers , and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers . According to Samantha Power , a U.S . delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012 . However , she did not comment on the governments progress towards reform in this area . Slavery and human trafficking . Forced labour , human trafficking , and child labour are common in Myanmar . The military is also notorious for rampant use of sexual violence . In 2007 the international movement to defend womens human rights issues in Myanmar was said to be gaining speed . Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes . They are mainly targeted or deceived by brokers into making them believe that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad . In 2017 , the government reported investigating 185 trafficking cases . The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking . Burmese armed forces compel troops to acquire labour and supplies from local communities . The U.S . State Department reported that both the government and Tatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking . Women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar . They are forced into prostitution , marriages , and or pregnancies . Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people . The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens ( despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations ) —the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law . The law created three categories of citizenship : citizenship , associate citizenship , and naturalised citizenship . Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah ( Karenni ) , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee . Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws . Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide conclusive evidence that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948 . The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as among the worlds least wanted and one of the worlds most persecuted minorities . But the origin of the most persecuted minority statement is unclear . Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission , are banned from owning land , and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children . As of July 2012 , the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the governments list of more than 130 ethnic races and , therefore , the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship . In 2007 German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II—during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma ( composed mostly of Bamar Japanese ) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 . Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state . A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmars Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon . Government reforms . According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the countrys human rights record has been improving . Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions . In 2013 , Myanmar improved yet again , receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms . The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds . Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Seins invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development . In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmars Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the governments intention to release prisoners in the near future . The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive . In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked . A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level . At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it . Following Thein Seins first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nations political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community . In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that We [ Myanmar government ] are reviewing all cases . I guarantee to you that by the end of this year , there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar. , in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmars military forces . Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar and can be punishable by life imprisonment . In 2016 , Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmars Muslim minority . Since August 2017 Doctors Without Borders have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants . Economy . Myanmars economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a nominal GDP of US$76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank . Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property . In December 2014 , Myanmar set up its first stock exchange , the Yangon Stock Exchange . The informal economys share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption , smuggling and illegal trade activities . In addition , decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmars current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress . Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure . Goods travel primarily across the Thai border ( where most illegal drugs are exported ) and along the Irrawaddy River . Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s . Many Western nations , including the United States and Canada , and the European Union , historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar . The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012 . From May 2012 to February 2013 , the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country . Foreign investment comes primarily from China , Singapore , the Philippines , South Korea , India , and Thailand . The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country ( from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism ) . Economic history . Under the British administration , the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy , with Europeans at the top , Indians , Chinese , and Christianized minorities in the middle , and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom . Forcefully integrated into the world economy , Burmas economy grew in extractive industries and cash crops agriculture ; much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans , however . The country became the worlds largest exporter of rice , mainly to European markets , while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation . The British followed the ideologies of Social Darwinism and the free market , and opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s . Historian Thant Myint-U states , This was out of a total population of only 13 million ; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year . By then , in most of the largest cities in Burma , Rangoon , Akyab , Bassein and Moulmein , the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population . The Burmese under British rule felt helpless , and reacted with a racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear . Crude oil production , an indigenous industry of Yenangyaung , was taken over by the British and put under Burmah Oil monopoly . British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 . It produced 75% of the worlds teak . The wealth was however , mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans . In the 1930s , agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades . During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II , the British followed a scorched earth policy . They destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese . Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies . After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed . With the loss of India , Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British . After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land . The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy which caused some inflation . The 1962 coup détat was followed by an economic scheme called the Burmese Way to Socialism , a plan to nationalise all industries , with the exception of agriculture . While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate , the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model , and by the 1980s , was left behind capitalist powerhouses like Singapore which were integrated into Western economy . Myanmar asked for admittance to a least developed country status in 1987 to receive debt relief . Agriculture . The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60% of the countrys total cultivated land area . Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight . Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 . By 1988 , modern varieties were planted on half of the countrys ricelands , including 98 per cent of the irrigated areas . In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons . Extractive industries . Myanmar produces precious stones such as rubies , sapphires , pearls , and jade . Rubies are the biggest earner ; 90% of the worlds rubies come from the country , whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue . Thailand buys the majority of the countrys gems . Myanmars Valley of Rubies , the mountainous Mogok area , north of Mandalay , is noted for its rare pigeons blood rubies and blue sapphires . Many U.S . and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines . Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run . The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines . Other industries include agricultural goods , textiles , wood products , construction materials , gems , metals , oil and natural gas . Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production . Tourism . The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services . The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui . Nevertheless , much of the country is off-limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny . They are not to discuss politics with foreigners , under penalty of imprisonment and , in 2001 , the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit unnecessary contact between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people . The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air . According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across . They further state that It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river . There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles , such as the border between Ruili ( China ) to Mu-se , the border between Htee Kee ( Myanmar ) and Phu Nam Ron ( Thailand ) —the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi , and the border between Myawaddy and Mae Sot , Thailand . At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 . Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines . According to Eleven magazine , In the past , there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan , Qatar , Taiwan , South Korea , Germany and Singapore . Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines . Society . Demographics . The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 . This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted . People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures . There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally . Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand . The national population density is , among the lowest in Southeast Asia . Myanmars fertility rate is 2.23 , which is slightly above replacement level and is low compared to Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing , such as Cambodia ( 3.18 ) and Laos ( 4.41 ) . There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s , from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983 , down to 2.4 in 2001 , despite the absence of any national population policy . The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas . The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors , including extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region ) , the prevalence of illegal abortions , and the high proportion of single , unmarried women of reproductive age , with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single . These patterns stem from economic dynamics , including high income inequality , which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth ; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men , 26.4 for women . Ethnic groups . Myanmar is ethnically diverse . The government recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups . There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar , consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto-Burman peoples , but with sizeable populations of Tai–Kadai , Hmong–Mien , and Austroasiatic ( Mon–Khmer ) peoples . The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population . 10% of the population are Shan . The Kayin make up 7% of the population . The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population . Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population . Myanmars ethnic minority groups prefer the term ethnic nationality over ethnic minority as the term minority furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as Burmanisation—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures . Mon , who form 2% of the population , are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer . Overseas Indians are 2% . The remainder are Kachin , Chin , Rohingya , Anglo-Indians , Gurkha , Nepali and other ethnic minorities . Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese . Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the United Kingdom . It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar . , 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand . Refugee camps exist along Indian , Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia . Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar , with the majority being Rohingya , Karen , and Karenni are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border . There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border , most of which were established in the mid-1980s . The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium ( TBBC ) . Since 2006 , over 55,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled in the United States . The persecution of Burmese Indians , Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964 . The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society . Many Rohingya Muslims have fled Myanmar . Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh , including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . 250,000 more left in 1991 . Languages . Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino-Tibetan , Tai–Kadai , Austro-Asiatic , and Indo-European . Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken . They include Burmese , Karen , Kachin , Chin , and Chinese ( mainly Hokkien ) . The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan . Mon , Palaung , and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar . The two major Indo-European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English . More than a hundred languages are spoken in total . Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost ( many if not all ) after a few generations . Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese . It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century . The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century . It is also used to write Pali , the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism , as well as several ethnic minority languages , including Shan , several Karen dialects , and Kayah ( Karenni ) , with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language . The Burmese language incorporates widespread usage of honorifics and is age-oriented . Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education . In villages , secular schooling often takes place in monasteries . Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools . Religion . Many religions are practised in Myanmar . Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years . The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country . Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar , where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years . More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution . A large majority of the population practices Buddhism ; estimates range from 80% to 89% . According to 2014 Myanmar Census , 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists . Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread . There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million . Other religions are practised largely without obstruction , with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people , who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead , and Christians in Chin State . According to 2014 census , 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian ; 4.3% as Muslim ; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions ; 0.5% as Hindus ; 0.2% as followers of other religions ; and 0.1% follow no religion . According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center , 7% of the population is Christian ; 4% is Muslim ; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2% follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions . Jehovahs Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages . A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services . Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population , it was a major religion in Myanmars past . Several strains of Hinduism existed alongside both Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu period in the first millennium , and down to the Pagan period ( 9th to 13th centuries ) when Saivite and Vaishana elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do . Burmese folk religion is practised by many Bamars alongside Buddhism . Health . The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor . The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the countrys GDP on health care , consistently ranking among the lowest in the world . Although health care is nominally free , in reality , patients have to pay for medicine and treatment , even in public clinics and hospitals . Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240 . This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 47 . According to the report named Preventable Fate , published by Doctors without Borders , 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007 , deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment . HIV/AIDS , recognised as a disease of concern by the Burmese Ministry of Health , is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users . In 2005 , the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% ( 200,000–570,000 people ) , according to UNAIDS , and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent . However , the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV . Education . According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics , Myanmars official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90% . Historically , Myanmar has had high literacy rates . The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education . The education system is based on the United Kingdoms system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar . Nearly all schools are government-operated , but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century . Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level . There are 101 universities , 12 institutes , 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar , a total of 146 higher education institutions . There are 10 technical training schools , 23 nursing training schools , 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools . There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board—The International School Yangon , Myanmar International School , Yangon International School , and International School of Myanmar in Yangon . Crime . Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012 . Factors influencing Myanmars high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict . Myanmar is one of the worlds most corrupt nations . The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 171 , out of 176 countries in total . Myanmar is the worlds second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan , producing some 25% of the worlds opium , and forms part of the Golden Triangle . The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters , primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture . Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world , with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar , particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State , which borders Thailand , Laos and China . Burmese-produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos , before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of Isan . Culture . A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , with majority culture primarily Buddhist and Bamar . Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries , manifested in its language , cuisine , music , dance and theatre . The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism . Considered the national epic of Myanmar , the Yama Zatdaw , an adaptation of Indias Ramayana , has been influenced greatly by Thai , Mon , and Indian versions of the play . Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats . In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life . Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people . A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time . All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice ( beginner for Buddhism ) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty . Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies ( ) at the same time . Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival . Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace . British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar . Myanmars education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom . Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon . Many ethnic minorities , particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast , practice Christianity . According to The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32% . In contrast , the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic . Cuisine . Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce , ngapi ( fermented seafood ) and dried prawn . Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmars national dish . Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay . Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed . Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads ( a thoke ) , centred on one major ingredient , ranging from starches like rice , wheat and rice noodles , glass noodles and vermicelli , to potato , ginger , tomato , kaffir lime , long bean , and lahpet ( pickled tea leaves ) . Sport . The Lethwei , Bando , Banshay , and Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are traditional sports in Myanmar . Football is played all over the country , even in villages , and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation . The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw , Yangon , Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar . Myanmar previously hosted the games in 1961 and 1969 . Art . Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad . Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms . Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country . One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan . Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists , they were the pioneers of western painting style . Later on most young children learned the concepts from them . Some well known contemporary artists are Lun Gywe , Aung Kyaw Htet , MPP Yei Myint , Myint Swe , Min Wai Aung , Aung Myint , Kin Maung Yin , Po Po and Zaw Zaw Aung . Media and communications . Because of Myanmars political climate , there are not many media companies in relation to the countrys population . Some are privately owned . All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board . The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication . Following the announcement , newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors ; however , journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say . In April 2013 , international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012 . For the first time in numerous decades , the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country . Internet . Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries . Myanmars internet used to be subject to censorship , and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship . During the strict censorship days , activity at internet cafes was regulated , and one blogger named Zarganar was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 ; Zarganar was released in October 2011 . In regards to communications infrastructure , Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a countrys information and communication technologies . With 139 countries reported on , Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking . Film . Myanmars first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London . The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya ( Love and Liquor ) in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories . During the 1920s and 1930s , many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films . The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay , India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya ( Money Cant Buy It ) . After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes . Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them . In the era that followed the political events of 1988 , the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government . Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films . The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films , as well as who gets academy awards . Over the years , the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget direct-to-video films . Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies . In 2008 , only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made , although at least 800 VCDs were produced . Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator , Guy Delisle . The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008 . In 2009 , a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released . This film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 Academy Awards . The Lady had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival . |
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"Republic of the Union of Myanmar"
] | easy | What was the official name of Myanmar from Oct 2010 to Oct 2011? | /wiki/Myanmar#P1448#3 | Myanmar Myanmar ( UK pronunciations incl . , US pronunciations incl . , ; ) or Burma ( ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area . As of 2017 , the population was about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley , and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture , and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions , and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period . The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century , and the country became a British colony . After a brief Japanese occupation , Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies and granted independence in 1948 . Following a coup détat in 1962 , it became a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party . For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the worlds longest-running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , had improved the countrys human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the governments treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remained a powerful force in politics and , on 1 February 2021 , again seized power in a coup détat . Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , ASEAN , and BIMSTEC , but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . It is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas , and other mineral resources . Myanmar is also endowed with renewable energy ; it has the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US$221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the military government . , according to the Human Development Index , Myanmar ranks 147 out of 189 countries in human development . Etymology . The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement , particularly in the early 21st century , focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using Myanmar versus Burma . Both names derive from the earlier Burmese Myanma or Myamma , an ethnonym for the majority Bamar ethnic group , of uncertain etymology . The terms are also popularly thought to derive from Brahma Desha or ब्रह्मादेश/ब्रह्मावर्त ( Sanskrit ) after Brahma . In 1989 , the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burmas colonial period or earlier , including that of the country itself : Burma became Myanmar . The renaming remains a contested issue . Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country . In April 2016 , soon after taking office , Aung San Suu Kyi commented on the question of which name should be used and said that it is up to you because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular . She continued , I use Burma very often because I am used to using it . But it does not mean that I require other people to do that as well . And Ill make an effort to say Myanmar from time to time so you all feel comfortable . The countrys official full name is Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( , , ) . Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead . In English , the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar . In Burmese , the pronunciation depends on the register used and is either ( ) or ( ) . The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century . Official United States policy retains Burma as the countrys name although the State Departments website lists the country as Burma ( Myanmar ) . The CIAs World Factbook lists the country as Burma . The government of Canada has in the past used Burma , such as in its 2007 legislation imposing sanctions but as of August 2020 generally uses Myanmar . The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar , although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses both Myanmar and Burma on its website . The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the ASEAN , Australia , Russia , Germany , China , India , Bangladesh , Norway , Japan and Switzerland . Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar , including the BBC , CNN , Al Jazeera , Reuters , and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) /Radio Australia . Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish , Italian , Romanian , and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language , for example . Myanmar used to be known as Birmânia in Portuguese , and as Birmanie in French . As in the past , French-language media today consistently use Birmanie . There is no established pronunciation of the English name Myanmar , and at least nine different pronunciations exist . Those with two syllables are listed as more common by major UK and US dictionaries except Collins : , , , . Dictionaries and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables , , , , . Wikipedias IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables . As John Wells explains , the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English , in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel : [ ˈmjænmɑː , ˈbɜːmə ] . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [ mɑːr ] or of Burma as [ bɜːrmə ] by some speakers in the UK and all in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions . The final r in Myanmar was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad ah ( ) in father . If the Burmese name were spelled Myanma in English , this would be pronounced at the end by all English speakers . If it were spelled Myanmah , the end would be pronounced by all English speakers . History . Prehistory . Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago , with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago . The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar . Evidence of Neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves . The Bronze Age arrived when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so . Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Region . The Iron Age began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay . Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE . Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand , as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials . This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places , possibly through trade . Early city-states . Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar . The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present-day Yunnan . The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts , which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation . By the 9th century , several city-states had sprouted across the land : the Pyu in the central dry zone , Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral . The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s . In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan . It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century , when it grew in authority and grandeur . Pagan Kingdom . Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom , the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery . In the 12th and 13th centuries , the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia . The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley , eclipsing the Pyu , Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century . Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level , although Tantric , Mahayana , Hinduism , and folk religion remained heavily entrenched . Pagans rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone . Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287 . Pagans collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century . Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind . Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley . The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged . In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 . The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods . In the 14th and 15th centuries , Ava fought wars of unification but could never quite reassemble the lost empire . Having held off Ava , the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age , and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years . In contrast , constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened , and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward . In 1527 , the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555 . Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities . Despite the wars , cultural synchronisation continued . This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture . Burmese literature grew more confident , popular , and stylistically diverse , and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged . Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country . Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period . Taungoo and Konbaung . Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , through the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava . Taungoos young , ambitious King Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War . His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states , Lan Na , Manipur , Mong Mao , the Ayutthaya Kingdom , Lan Xang and southern Arakan . However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaungs death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 . Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin ( Syriam ) . The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 . It restored a smaller , more manageable kingdom , encompassing Lower Myanmar , Upper Myanmar , Shan states , Lan Na and upper Tenasserim . The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century . The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs . Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years . From the 1720s onward , the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na . In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752 , ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty . After the fall of Ava , the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy , and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British , who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy . By 1770 , Alaungpayas heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China . With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 . Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 , but all resulted in a stalemate , exchanging Tenasserim ( to Burma ) and Lan Na ( to Ayutthaya ) . Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan ( 1785 ) , Manipur ( 1814 ) and Assam ( 1817 ) . It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India . The breadth of this empire was short-lived . In 1826 , Burma lost Arakan , Manipur , Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War . In 1852 , the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War . King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States . The British , alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina , annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885 . Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoos administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion . For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley . The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era ( half of all males and 5% of females ) . Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism . British Burma ( 1885–1948 ) . In the 19th century , Burmese rulers , whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders , sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam , Manipur and Arakan . Pressing them , however , was the British East India Company , which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory . Over the next sixty years , diplomacy , raids , treaties and compromises , known collectively as the Anglo-Burmese Wars , continued until Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma . With the fall of Mandalay , all of Burma came under British rule , being annexed on 1 January 1886 . Throughout the colonial era , many Indians arrived as soldiers , civil servants , construction workers and traders and , along with the Anglo-Burmese community , dominated commercial and civil life in Burma . Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore . Burmese resentment was strong , and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion until the 1930s . Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas . Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement . U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned . On 1 April 1937 , Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain , and Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma . Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule , and he opposed the participation of Great Britain , and by extension Burma , in World War II . He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition . In 1940 , before Japan formally entered the war , Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan . As a major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion . Within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon , and the British administration had collapsed . A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942 . Wingates British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines . A similar American unit , Merrills Marauders , followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943 . Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 . The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken . Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army , many Burmese , mostly from the ethnic minorities , served in the British Burma Army . The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945 . Overall , 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II . Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state . Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr . Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historic Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 . In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government . But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members . Independence ( 1948–1962 ) . On 4 January 1948 , the nation became an independent republic , under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947 . The new country was named the Union of Burma , with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister . Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories , Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth . A bicameral parliament was formed , consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities , and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952 , 1956 and 1960 . The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement , which combined Burma Proper , which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma , and the Frontier Areas , which had been administered separately by the British . In 1961 , U Thant , the Union of Burmas Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister , was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations , a position he held for ten years . Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was secretary-general was Aung San Suu Kyi ( daughter of Aung San ) , who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize . When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism , alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre , the military leadership staged a coup détat in 1962 . Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution , successive military governments construed the use of the term federalism as being anti-national , anti-unity and pro-disintegration . Military rule ( 1962–2011 ) . On 2 March 1962 , the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup détat , and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then . Between 1962 and 1974 , Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general . Almost all aspects of society ( business , media , production ) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism , which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning . A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974 . Until 1988 , the country was ruled as a one-party system , with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party ( BSPP ) . During this period , Myanmar became one of the worlds most impoverished countries . There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years , and these were almost always violently suppressed . On 7 July 1962 , the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University , killing 15 students . In 1974 , the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant . Student protests in 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force . In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup détat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests . The military government finalised plans for Peoples Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 . SLORC changed the countrys official English name from the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law . In May 1990 , the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years , and the National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of Aung San Suu Kyi , won earning 392 out of a total 492 seats ( i.e. , 80% of the seats ) . However , the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997 , and then as the State Peace and Development Council ( SPDC ) until its dissolution in March 2011 . On 23 June 1997 , Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . On 27 March 2006 , the military junta , which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005 , officially named the new capital Naypyidaw , meaning city of the kings . In August 2007 , an increase in the price of fuel led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government . The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007 , with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed . There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces , but none was confirmed . The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government . In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division . It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars , and as many as 1 million were left homeless . In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmars isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts . Humanitarian aid was requested , but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine , food , and other supplies . In early August 2009 , a conflict broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar . For several weeks , junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese , Wa , and Kachin . During 8–12 August , the first days of the conflict , as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China . Civil wars . Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmars socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948 . These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy , with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict . Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmars civil wars continue . In October 2012 , the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu , and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country . In addition , al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar . In a video released on 3 September 2014 , mainly addressed to India , the militant groups leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing what they can to rescue you . In response , the military raised its level of alertness , while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland . Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 . The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border . During the incident , the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels . Burmese officials have been historically manipulated and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia . However , uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue . Democratic reforms . The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a discipline-flourishing democracy . As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the Union of Myanmar to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 . Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations ( UN ) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent . The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections , stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes ; however , the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud . One report documented 77 per cent as the official turnout rate of the election . The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011 . Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway . According to some reports , the militarys presence continues as the label disciplined democracy suggests . This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics . Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here , transition does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy but transition to a quasi-military rule . Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms . The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices . The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEANs approval of Myanmars bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress , which was the first visit by a secretary of state in more than fifty years , during which President Bill Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyis NLD party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the governments abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD . In the April 2012 by-elections , the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had not won a single seat under the new constitution . The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar . 2015 general elections . General elections were held on 8 November 2015 . These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election ( which was annulled ) .The results gave the NLD an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament , enough to ensure that its candidate would become president , while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency . The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016 , and on 15 March 2016 , Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962 . On 6 April 2016 , Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of state counsellor , a role akin to a prime minister . 2020 elections and 2021 military coup détat . Election and aftermath . In Myanmars 2020 parliamentary election , the ostensibly ruling National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi , competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated Union Solidarity and Development Party ( USDP ) . Other parties and individuals allied with specific ethnic minorities also ran for office . Suu Kyis NLD won the 2020 Myanmar general election on 8 November in a landslide , again winning supermajorities in both houses—winning 396 out of 476 elected seats in parliament . The USDP , regarded as a proxy for the military , suffered a humiliating defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats . As the election results began emerging , the USDP rejected them , urging a new election with the military as observers . More than 90 other , smaller parties contested the vote , including more than 15 who complained of irregularities . However , election observers declared there were no major irregularities in the voting . The military – arguing that it had found over 8 million irregularities in voter lists , in over 300 townships – called on Myanmars Union Election Commission ( UEC ) and government to review the results , but the commission dismissed the claims for lack of any evidence . The election commission declared that any irregularities were too few and too minor to affect the outcome of the election . However , despite the election commission validating the NLDs overwhelming victory , the USDP and Myanmars military persistently alleged fraud and the military threatened to take action . In January , 2021 , just before the new parliament was to be sworn in , The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government . Coup . In the early morning of 1 February 2021 , the day parliament was set to convene , the Tatmadaw , Myanmars military , detained State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party . The military announced it would replace the current election commission with a new one , and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that . State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were placed under house arrest , and the military began filing various charges against them . The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city , Naypyitaw . By March 15 , 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon , while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence . Reaction . By the second day of the coup , thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of the nations largest city , and commercial capital , Yangon , and other protests erupted nationwide , largely halting commerce and transportation . Despite the militarys arrests and killings of protesters , the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation , including groups of civil servants , teachers , students , workers , monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities . The coup was immediately condemned by the United Nations Secretary General , and leaders of democratic nations – including the United States President Joe Biden , western European political leaders , Southeast Asian democracies , and others around the world , who demanded or urged release of the captive leaders , and an immediate return to democratic rule in Myanmar . The U.S . threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders , including a freeze of US$1 billion of their assets in the U.S . Russia and China – whose representatives had conferred with the Tatmadaw leader Gen . Hlaing just days before the coup – refrained from criticizing it . Their apparent complicity angered civilian protesters in Myanmar . However , both of those nations refrained from blocking a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders . – a position shared by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . International development and aid partners – business , non-governmental , and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar . Banks closed . Social media communications platforms , including Facebook and Twitter , removed Tatmadaw postings . Protesters appeared at Myanmar embassies in foreign countries . Geography . Myanmar has a total area of . It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N , and longitudes 92° and 102°E . Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India . Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan for a Sino-Myanmar border total of . It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast . Myanmar has of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter . In the north , the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China . Hkakabo Razi , located in Kachin State , at an elevation of , is the highest point in Myanmar . Many mountain ranges , such as the Rakhine Yoma , the Bago Yoma , the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar , all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas . The mountain chains divide Myanmars three river systems , which are the Irrawaddy , Salween ( Thanlwin ) , and the Sittaung rivers . The Irrawaddy River , Myanmars longest river at nearly , flows into the Gulf of Martaban . Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains . The majority of Myanmars population lives in the Irrawaddy valley , which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau . Administrative divisions . Myanmar is divided into seven states ( ) and seven regions ( ) , formerly called divisions . Regions are predominantly Bamar ( that is , mainly inhabited by Myanmars dominant ethnic group ) . States , in essence , are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities . The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts , which are further subdivided into townships , wards , and villages . Below are the number of districts , townships , cities/towns , wards , village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001 : Climate . Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator . It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over of rain annually . Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately , while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than . The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of . Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of . Biodiversity . Myanmar is a biodiverse country with more than 16,000 plant , 314 mammal , 1131 bird , 293 reptile , and 139 amphibian species , and 64 terrestrial ecosystems including tropical and subtropical vegetation , seasonally inundated wetlands , shoreline and tidal systems , and alpine ecosystems . Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in Southeast Asia , but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation . According to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmars land area has been converted to anthropogenic ecosystems over the last 2–3 centuries , and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened . Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems , there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive protected area network that protects its terrestrial biodiversity . Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016 ; among the worst in the South Asian region , only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst ( i.e . highest ranking ) are air quality ( 174 ) , health impacts of environmental issues ( 143 ) and biodiversity and habitat ( 142 ) . Myanmar performs best ( i.e . lowest ranking ) in environmental impacts of fisheries ( 21 ) but with declining fish stocks . Despite several issues , Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good ( i.e . a high percentage of 93.73% ) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle . Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to climate change ; this poses a number of social , political , economic and foreign policy challenges to the country . The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.18/10 , ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries . Myanmars slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems . Forests , including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar , cover over 49% of the country , including areas of acacia , bamboo , ironwood and Magnolia champaca . Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced . In the highlands of the north , oak , pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land . Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat . The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared . In much of central Myanmar ( the dry zone ) , vegetation is sparse and stunted . Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers , occur sparsely in Myanmar . In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild water buffalo , clouded leopard , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry . Smaller mammals are also numerous , ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes . The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , myna , peafowl , red junglefowl , weaverbirds , crows , herons , and barn owl . Among reptile species there are crocodiles , geckos , cobras , Burmese pythons , and turtles . Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources . Climate change . Previously and currently analysed data , as well as future projections on changes caused by climate change predict serious consequences to development for all economic , productive , social , and environmental sectors in Myanmar . In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help combat climate change Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions . Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the UN Environment Programme , Myanmar Climate Change Alliance , and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review . In April 2015 , it was announced that the World Bank and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services . Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods , rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters , and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Government and politics . Myanmar operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution . But in February 2021 , the civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi , was deposed by the Tatmadaw . In February 2021 , Myanmar military declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President Myint Swe became the Acting President of Myanmar and handed the power to the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing and he assumed the role Chairman of the State Administration Council . The President of Myanmar acts as the head of state and the Chairman of the State Administration Council acts as the de facto head of government . The constitution of Myanmar , its third since independence , was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008 . The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature ( with an executive president accountable to the legislature ) , with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections . The legislature , called the Assembly of the Union , is bicameral and made up of two houses : the 224-seat upper House of Nationalities and the 440-seat lower House of Representatives . The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces . The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces . Political culture . The major political parties are the National League for Democracy and the Union Solidarity and Development Party . Myanmars army-drafted constitution was approved in a referendum in May 2008 . The results , 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99% , are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud , ballot stuffing , and voter intimidation . The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party . Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections . One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal . However , immediately following the elections , the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy , Aung San Suu Kyi , and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the militarys movement toward more openness . After unexpected reforms in 2011 , NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections . Myanmars political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting factions . This political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar . The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy in the 2015 general election raised hope for a successful culmination of this transition . Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide , with 1st being least corrupt , . Foreign relations . Though the countrys foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have historically been strained , the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections . After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S . and many European companies . On 13 April 2012 , British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament . Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country . Under Indias Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydropower and construction of ports and buildings . In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue . The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by U.S . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi . International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited the United States followed by Myanmars reformist president visit to the United Nations . In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 . President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States . Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar , but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S . support . The two leaders discussed the release of more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and the rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar—the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 . In June 2013 , Myanmar held its first ever summit , the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013 . A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants , including 10 heads of state , 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world . In July 2019 , UN ambassadors of 37 countries , including Myanmar , have signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending Chinas treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region . Military . Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past . Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 . Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 . In November 2008 , Myanmars political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal . Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar . Myanmars armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 . The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force . The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service . The military is very influential in Myanmar , with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials . Official figures for military spending are not available . Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates , but Myanmars military forces expenses are high . Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India . Myanmar is building a research nuclear reactor near Pyin Oo Lwin with help from Russia . It is one of the signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation pact since 1992 and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 1957 . The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor . In 2010 as part of the Wikileaks leaked cables , Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility . As of 2019 , the United States Bureau of Arms Control assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims . Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus . But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights . In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition . South Africa also voted against the resolution . Human rights and internal conflicts . There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar ( 1962–2010 ) was one of the worlds most repressive and abusive regimes . In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obamas Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the presidents visit that Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar . The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and calling on the Burmese military regime to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law . International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar . The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , The military junta has .. . suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons . Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or Burmisation of certain ethnic minorities , such as the Karen , Karenni and Shan . Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army ( AA ) , attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State . Ming Yu Hah , Amnesty Internationals Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said , the UN Security Council must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court . Child soldiers . Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012 . The Independent reported in June 2012 that Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . The UNs Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict , Radhika Coomaraswamy , who stepped down from her position a week later , met representatives of the government of Myanmar in July 2012 and stated that she hoped the governments signing of an action plan would signal a transformation . In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers , and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers . According to Samantha Power , a U.S . delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012 . However , she did not comment on the governments progress towards reform in this area . Slavery and human trafficking . Forced labour , human trafficking , and child labour are common in Myanmar . The military is also notorious for rampant use of sexual violence . In 2007 the international movement to defend womens human rights issues in Myanmar was said to be gaining speed . Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes . They are mainly targeted or deceived by brokers into making them believe that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad . In 2017 , the government reported investigating 185 trafficking cases . The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking . Burmese armed forces compel troops to acquire labour and supplies from local communities . The U.S . State Department reported that both the government and Tatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking . Women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar . They are forced into prostitution , marriages , and or pregnancies . Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people . The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens ( despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations ) —the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law . The law created three categories of citizenship : citizenship , associate citizenship , and naturalised citizenship . Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah ( Karenni ) , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee . Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws . Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide conclusive evidence that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948 . The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as among the worlds least wanted and one of the worlds most persecuted minorities . But the origin of the most persecuted minority statement is unclear . Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission , are banned from owning land , and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children . As of July 2012 , the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the governments list of more than 130 ethnic races and , therefore , the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship . In 2007 German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II—during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma ( composed mostly of Bamar Japanese ) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 . Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state . A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmars Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon . Government reforms . According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the countrys human rights record has been improving . Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions . In 2013 , Myanmar improved yet again , receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms . The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds . Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Seins invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development . In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmars Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the governments intention to release prisoners in the near future . The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive . In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked . A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level . At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it . Following Thein Seins first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nations political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community . In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that We [ Myanmar government ] are reviewing all cases . I guarantee to you that by the end of this year , there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar. , in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmars military forces . Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar and can be punishable by life imprisonment . In 2016 , Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmars Muslim minority . Since August 2017 Doctors Without Borders have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants . Economy . Myanmars economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a nominal GDP of US$76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank . Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property . In December 2014 , Myanmar set up its first stock exchange , the Yangon Stock Exchange . The informal economys share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption , smuggling and illegal trade activities . In addition , decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmars current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress . Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure . Goods travel primarily across the Thai border ( where most illegal drugs are exported ) and along the Irrawaddy River . Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s . Many Western nations , including the United States and Canada , and the European Union , historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar . The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012 . From May 2012 to February 2013 , the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country . Foreign investment comes primarily from China , Singapore , the Philippines , South Korea , India , and Thailand . The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country ( from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism ) . Economic history . Under the British administration , the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy , with Europeans at the top , Indians , Chinese , and Christianized minorities in the middle , and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom . Forcefully integrated into the world economy , Burmas economy grew in extractive industries and cash crops agriculture ; much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans , however . The country became the worlds largest exporter of rice , mainly to European markets , while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation . The British followed the ideologies of Social Darwinism and the free market , and opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s . Historian Thant Myint-U states , This was out of a total population of only 13 million ; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year . By then , in most of the largest cities in Burma , Rangoon , Akyab , Bassein and Moulmein , the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population . The Burmese under British rule felt helpless , and reacted with a racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear . Crude oil production , an indigenous industry of Yenangyaung , was taken over by the British and put under Burmah Oil monopoly . British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 . It produced 75% of the worlds teak . The wealth was however , mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans . In the 1930s , agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades . During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II , the British followed a scorched earth policy . They destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese . Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies . After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed . With the loss of India , Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British . After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land . The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy which caused some inflation . The 1962 coup détat was followed by an economic scheme called the Burmese Way to Socialism , a plan to nationalise all industries , with the exception of agriculture . While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate , the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model , and by the 1980s , was left behind capitalist powerhouses like Singapore which were integrated into Western economy . Myanmar asked for admittance to a least developed country status in 1987 to receive debt relief . Agriculture . The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60% of the countrys total cultivated land area . Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight . Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 . By 1988 , modern varieties were planted on half of the countrys ricelands , including 98 per cent of the irrigated areas . In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons . Extractive industries . Myanmar produces precious stones such as rubies , sapphires , pearls , and jade . Rubies are the biggest earner ; 90% of the worlds rubies come from the country , whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue . Thailand buys the majority of the countrys gems . Myanmars Valley of Rubies , the mountainous Mogok area , north of Mandalay , is noted for its rare pigeons blood rubies and blue sapphires . Many U.S . and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines . Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run . The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines . Other industries include agricultural goods , textiles , wood products , construction materials , gems , metals , oil and natural gas . Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production . Tourism . The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services . The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui . Nevertheless , much of the country is off-limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny . They are not to discuss politics with foreigners , under penalty of imprisonment and , in 2001 , the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit unnecessary contact between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people . The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air . According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across . They further state that It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river . There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles , such as the border between Ruili ( China ) to Mu-se , the border between Htee Kee ( Myanmar ) and Phu Nam Ron ( Thailand ) —the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi , and the border between Myawaddy and Mae Sot , Thailand . At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 . Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines . According to Eleven magazine , In the past , there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan , Qatar , Taiwan , South Korea , Germany and Singapore . Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines . Society . Demographics . The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 . This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted . People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures . There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally . Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand . The national population density is , among the lowest in Southeast Asia . Myanmars fertility rate is 2.23 , which is slightly above replacement level and is low compared to Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing , such as Cambodia ( 3.18 ) and Laos ( 4.41 ) . There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s , from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983 , down to 2.4 in 2001 , despite the absence of any national population policy . The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas . The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors , including extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region ) , the prevalence of illegal abortions , and the high proportion of single , unmarried women of reproductive age , with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single . These patterns stem from economic dynamics , including high income inequality , which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth ; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men , 26.4 for women . Ethnic groups . Myanmar is ethnically diverse . The government recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups . There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar , consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto-Burman peoples , but with sizeable populations of Tai–Kadai , Hmong–Mien , and Austroasiatic ( Mon–Khmer ) peoples . The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population . 10% of the population are Shan . The Kayin make up 7% of the population . The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population . Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population . Myanmars ethnic minority groups prefer the term ethnic nationality over ethnic minority as the term minority furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as Burmanisation—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures . Mon , who form 2% of the population , are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer . Overseas Indians are 2% . The remainder are Kachin , Chin , Rohingya , Anglo-Indians , Gurkha , Nepali and other ethnic minorities . Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese . Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the United Kingdom . It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar . , 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand . Refugee camps exist along Indian , Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia . Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar , with the majority being Rohingya , Karen , and Karenni are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border . There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border , most of which were established in the mid-1980s . The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium ( TBBC ) . Since 2006 , over 55,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled in the United States . The persecution of Burmese Indians , Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964 . The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society . Many Rohingya Muslims have fled Myanmar . Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh , including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . 250,000 more left in 1991 . Languages . Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino-Tibetan , Tai–Kadai , Austro-Asiatic , and Indo-European . Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken . They include Burmese , Karen , Kachin , Chin , and Chinese ( mainly Hokkien ) . The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan . Mon , Palaung , and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar . The two major Indo-European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English . More than a hundred languages are spoken in total . Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost ( many if not all ) after a few generations . Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese . It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century . The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century . It is also used to write Pali , the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism , as well as several ethnic minority languages , including Shan , several Karen dialects , and Kayah ( Karenni ) , with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language . The Burmese language incorporates widespread usage of honorifics and is age-oriented . Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education . In villages , secular schooling often takes place in monasteries . Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools . Religion . Many religions are practised in Myanmar . Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years . The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country . Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar , where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years . More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution . A large majority of the population practices Buddhism ; estimates range from 80% to 89% . According to 2014 Myanmar Census , 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists . Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread . There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million . Other religions are practised largely without obstruction , with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people , who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead , and Christians in Chin State . According to 2014 census , 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian ; 4.3% as Muslim ; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions ; 0.5% as Hindus ; 0.2% as followers of other religions ; and 0.1% follow no religion . According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center , 7% of the population is Christian ; 4% is Muslim ; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2% follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions . Jehovahs Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages . A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services . Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population , it was a major religion in Myanmars past . Several strains of Hinduism existed alongside both Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu period in the first millennium , and down to the Pagan period ( 9th to 13th centuries ) when Saivite and Vaishana elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do . Burmese folk religion is practised by many Bamars alongside Buddhism . Health . The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor . The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the countrys GDP on health care , consistently ranking among the lowest in the world . Although health care is nominally free , in reality , patients have to pay for medicine and treatment , even in public clinics and hospitals . Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240 . This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 47 . According to the report named Preventable Fate , published by Doctors without Borders , 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007 , deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment . HIV/AIDS , recognised as a disease of concern by the Burmese Ministry of Health , is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users . In 2005 , the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% ( 200,000–570,000 people ) , according to UNAIDS , and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent . However , the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV . Education . According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics , Myanmars official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90% . Historically , Myanmar has had high literacy rates . The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education . The education system is based on the United Kingdoms system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar . Nearly all schools are government-operated , but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century . Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level . There are 101 universities , 12 institutes , 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar , a total of 146 higher education institutions . There are 10 technical training schools , 23 nursing training schools , 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools . There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board—The International School Yangon , Myanmar International School , Yangon International School , and International School of Myanmar in Yangon . Crime . Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012 . Factors influencing Myanmars high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict . Myanmar is one of the worlds most corrupt nations . The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 171 , out of 176 countries in total . Myanmar is the worlds second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan , producing some 25% of the worlds opium , and forms part of the Golden Triangle . The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters , primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture . Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world , with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar , particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State , which borders Thailand , Laos and China . Burmese-produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos , before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of Isan . Culture . A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , with majority culture primarily Buddhist and Bamar . Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries , manifested in its language , cuisine , music , dance and theatre . The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism . Considered the national epic of Myanmar , the Yama Zatdaw , an adaptation of Indias Ramayana , has been influenced greatly by Thai , Mon , and Indian versions of the play . Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats . In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life . Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people . A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time . All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice ( beginner for Buddhism ) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty . Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies ( ) at the same time . Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival . Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace . British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar . Myanmars education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom . Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon . Many ethnic minorities , particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast , practice Christianity . According to The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32% . In contrast , the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic . Cuisine . Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce , ngapi ( fermented seafood ) and dried prawn . Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmars national dish . Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay . Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed . Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads ( a thoke ) , centred on one major ingredient , ranging from starches like rice , wheat and rice noodles , glass noodles and vermicelli , to potato , ginger , tomato , kaffir lime , long bean , and lahpet ( pickled tea leaves ) . Sport . The Lethwei , Bando , Banshay , and Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are traditional sports in Myanmar . Football is played all over the country , even in villages , and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation . The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw , Yangon , Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar . Myanmar previously hosted the games in 1961 and 1969 . Art . Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad . Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms . Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country . One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan . Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists , they were the pioneers of western painting style . Later on most young children learned the concepts from them . Some well known contemporary artists are Lun Gywe , Aung Kyaw Htet , MPP Yei Myint , Myint Swe , Min Wai Aung , Aung Myint , Kin Maung Yin , Po Po and Zaw Zaw Aung . Media and communications . Because of Myanmars political climate , there are not many media companies in relation to the countrys population . Some are privately owned . All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board . The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication . Following the announcement , newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors ; however , journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say . In April 2013 , international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012 . For the first time in numerous decades , the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country . Internet . Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries . Myanmars internet used to be subject to censorship , and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship . During the strict censorship days , activity at internet cafes was regulated , and one blogger named Zarganar was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 ; Zarganar was released in October 2011 . In regards to communications infrastructure , Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a countrys information and communication technologies . With 139 countries reported on , Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking . Film . Myanmars first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London . The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya ( Love and Liquor ) in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories . During the 1920s and 1930s , many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films . The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay , India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya ( Money Cant Buy It ) . After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes . Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them . In the era that followed the political events of 1988 , the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government . Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films . The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films , as well as who gets academy awards . Over the years , the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget direct-to-video films . Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies . In 2008 , only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made , although at least 800 VCDs were produced . Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator , Guy Delisle . The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008 . In 2009 , a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released . This film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 Academy Awards . The Lady had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival . |
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"Walt Disney Productions"
] | easy | Which employer did John Lasseter work for from 1979 to 1984? | /wiki/John_Lasseter#P108#0 | John Lasseter John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12 , 1957 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , voice actor , and the head of animation at Skydance Animation . He was previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios , Walt Disney Animation Studios , and Disneytoon Studios , as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering . Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company . After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation , he joined Lucasfilm , where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation . The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986 . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . In addition , he directed Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . From 2006 to 2018 , Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( and its division Disneytoon Studios ) films and associated projects as executive producer . The films he has made have grossed more than $19 billion ( USD ) , making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time . Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion , five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter . The films include Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , the first animated film to pass $1 billion , Frozen ( 2013 ) , the 3rd highest-grossing animated film of all time , as well as Zootopia ( 2016 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Best Animated Short Film ( for Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( for Toy Story ) . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called missteps in his behavior with employees . According to various news outlets , Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . In June 2018 , Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired , but took on a consulting role until then . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation . Early years . Lasseter was born in Hollywood , California . His mother , Jewell Mae ( née Risley ; 1918–2005 ) , was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School , and his father , Paul Eual Lasseter ( 1924–2011 ) , was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership . Lasseter is a fraternal twin ; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis , who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area , is six minutes older . Lasseter grew up in Whittier , California . His mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation . He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended . As a child , Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television . While in high school , he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas . The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself . When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone , he finally made the decision that he should become an animator . Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts ( often abbreviated as CalArts ) and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator . His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation , and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student ( Jerry Rees was the first ) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T . Hee . Lasseter was taught by three members of Disneys Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird , John Musker , Henry Selick , Tim Burton , and Chris Buck . During his time there , he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp ( 1979 ) and Nitemare ( 1980 ) —which each won the student Academy Award for Animation . While at CalArts , Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper , where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride . Career . First years at Disney . Upon graduating in 1979 , Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project , Lady and the Lamp . To put this into perspective , the studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent , then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices , of which only about 45 were kept on permanently . In the fall of 1979 , Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios .. . In time , hell make a fine contribution . At that same time , Lasseter worked on a sequence titled The Emperor and the Nightingale ( based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen ) for a Disney project called Musicana . Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 . However , Lasseter soon realized something was missing : after 101 Dalmatians , which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau , the studio had lost momentum and was criticized for often repeating itself without adding any new ideas or innovations . Between 1980 and 1981 , he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences , who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation , primarily floating spheres and such , which he experienced as a revelation . But it wasnt until shortly after , when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer , while working on Mickeys Christmas Carol , to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron , featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) , that he really saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation . Up to that time , the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation . Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before . He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators , going back to Walt Disney himself . Later , he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer animated , and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch , which he thought would be a good candidate for the film . Keane agreed , but first , they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are , a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak . Satisfied with the result , Lasseter , Keane and executive Thomas L . Wilhite went on with the project , especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it , while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective . Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion . The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseters supervisors , animation administrator Ed Hansen , and head of Disney studios , Ron W . Miller , due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation . A few minutes after the meeting , Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office . As Lasseter recalled , Hansen told him , Well , John , your project is now complete , so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated . Wilhite , who was part of Disneys live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio , was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984 , but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation . The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseters friends , Jerry Rees , and co-produced by Wilhite ( who had , by then , left to start Hyperion Pictures ) , and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter . Lucasfilm/Pixar . While putting together a crew for the planned feature , Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry , among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group . After being fired , and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly , Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach , where he met and talked to Catmull again . Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster , which Lasseter explained had been shelved . From his experience at Lucasfilm , Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy . Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for , Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired . Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney . Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now . Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer animated short : The Adventures of André & Wally B . Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators , he was given the title Interface Designer ; Nobody knew what that was but they didnt question it in budget meetings . Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984 , where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers . Lasseter learned how to use some of their software , and in turn , he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking , animation , and art . The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm . His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers , but in the final short everything was computer animated , including the characters . After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984 , Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures . He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news . Catmull called back with a job offer , and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area . after that , he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes , where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character , a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window . This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser . Lasseter and Catmulls collaboration , which has since lasted over thirty years , would ultimately result in Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film . Due to George Lucass financially crippling divorce , he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics , by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group , founded by Smith and Catmull , with Lasseter as one of the founding employees . It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986 . Over the next 10 years , Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . As well as Toy Story , he also personally directed A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Animated Short Film ( Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( Toy Story ) . Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature , for both Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) and Cars , in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo , Jr . ( 1986 ) —while the short Knick Knack ( 1989 ) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time . In 2008 , he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Return to Disney . Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006 , and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation , the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios . Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering , where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks . He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and associated projects as executive producer . He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger , bypassing Disneys studio and theme park executives . He also received green-light power on films with Roy E . Disneys consent . In December 2006 , Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D , CGI , or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically . Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas . In June 2007 , Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios , a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale . As president and chief creative officer , respectively , they have supervised three separate studios for Disney , each with its own production pipeline : Pixar , Disney Animation , and Disneytoon . While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area , Pixar is located over 350 miles ( 563 kilometers ) northwest in the Bay Area , where Catmull and Lasseter both live . Accordingly , they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs , then established a routine of spending at least two days per week ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) in Southern California . Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki , whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazakis first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazakis work after dinner to a woman he had just met ( who would become his wife ) . He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) . After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar , he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazakis films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks . The gentle forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits . His last position on the board was as first vice president . Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011 , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney/Pixar . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as missteps with employees in a memo to staff . The alleged misconduct towards employees included grabbing , kissing , [ and ] making comments about physical attributes . The alleged conduct became so well known that , according to Variety , at various times , Pixar had minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses . In June 2018 , Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year , taking a consulting role until then . Skydance Animation . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation , which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios . In a statement , Lasseter expressed his gratitude for the opportunity , adding I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection , learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable , which I deeply regret and apologize for . It has been humbling , but I believe it will make me a better leader . During a meeting at Skydance that same month , Lasseter expressed regret over his actions at Disney and Pixar . Lasseter said that [ he ] will continue to work every day for the rest of [ his ] life to prove [ ... ] that [ he has ] grown and learned . An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault , propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter , and [ ... ] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement . Personal life . Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen , California with his wife Nancy , a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University , whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985 . Nancy majored in computer graphics applications , and for a short period of time was a stay at home mother and worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer . They married in 1988 , and have four sons together in addition to Nancys son from a previous relationship , born between and 1997 . The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen , California . The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway ( for the Marie E. , the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston ) approximately long , including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball . Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave . Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day . Lasseter also inherited his late fathers passion for cars ; besides having directed two films about them , he watches auto races at Sonoma Raceway near his home and collects classic cars , of which one of his favorites is his black 1952 Jaguar XK120 . On May 2 , 2009 , Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University , where he delivered the commencement address . By the time of his exit from Disney and Pixar , Lasseter began working with a coach and therapist for unconscious bias training . His influences include Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Frank Capra , Hayao Miyazaki , and Preston Sturges . Lasseters favorite film is Walt Disneys Dumbo . |
[
"Lucasfilm"
] | easy | Which employer did John Lasseter work for from 1984 to 1986? | /wiki/John_Lasseter#P108#1 | John Lasseter John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12 , 1957 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , voice actor , and the head of animation at Skydance Animation . He was previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios , Walt Disney Animation Studios , and Disneytoon Studios , as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering . Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company . After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation , he joined Lucasfilm , where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation . The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986 . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . In addition , he directed Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . From 2006 to 2018 , Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( and its division Disneytoon Studios ) films and associated projects as executive producer . The films he has made have grossed more than $19 billion ( USD ) , making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time . Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion , five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter . The films include Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , the first animated film to pass $1 billion , Frozen ( 2013 ) , the 3rd highest-grossing animated film of all time , as well as Zootopia ( 2016 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Best Animated Short Film ( for Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( for Toy Story ) . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called missteps in his behavior with employees . According to various news outlets , Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . In June 2018 , Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired , but took on a consulting role until then . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation . Early years . Lasseter was born in Hollywood , California . His mother , Jewell Mae ( née Risley ; 1918–2005 ) , was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School , and his father , Paul Eual Lasseter ( 1924–2011 ) , was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership . Lasseter is a fraternal twin ; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis , who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area , is six minutes older . Lasseter grew up in Whittier , California . His mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation . He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended . As a child , Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television . While in high school , he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas . The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself . When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone , he finally made the decision that he should become an animator . Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts ( often abbreviated as CalArts ) and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator . His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation , and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student ( Jerry Rees was the first ) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T . Hee . Lasseter was taught by three members of Disneys Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird , John Musker , Henry Selick , Tim Burton , and Chris Buck . During his time there , he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp ( 1979 ) and Nitemare ( 1980 ) —which each won the student Academy Award for Animation . While at CalArts , Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper , where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride . Career . First years at Disney . Upon graduating in 1979 , Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project , Lady and the Lamp . To put this into perspective , the studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent , then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices , of which only about 45 were kept on permanently . In the fall of 1979 , Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios .. . In time , hell make a fine contribution . At that same time , Lasseter worked on a sequence titled The Emperor and the Nightingale ( based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen ) for a Disney project called Musicana . Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 . However , Lasseter soon realized something was missing : after 101 Dalmatians , which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau , the studio had lost momentum and was criticized for often repeating itself without adding any new ideas or innovations . Between 1980 and 1981 , he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences , who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation , primarily floating spheres and such , which he experienced as a revelation . But it wasnt until shortly after , when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer , while working on Mickeys Christmas Carol , to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron , featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) , that he really saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation . Up to that time , the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation . Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before . He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators , going back to Walt Disney himself . Later , he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer animated , and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch , which he thought would be a good candidate for the film . Keane agreed , but first , they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are , a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak . Satisfied with the result , Lasseter , Keane and executive Thomas L . Wilhite went on with the project , especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it , while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective . Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion . The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseters supervisors , animation administrator Ed Hansen , and head of Disney studios , Ron W . Miller , due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation . A few minutes after the meeting , Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office . As Lasseter recalled , Hansen told him , Well , John , your project is now complete , so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated . Wilhite , who was part of Disneys live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio , was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984 , but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation . The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseters friends , Jerry Rees , and co-produced by Wilhite ( who had , by then , left to start Hyperion Pictures ) , and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter . Lucasfilm/Pixar . While putting together a crew for the planned feature , Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry , among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group . After being fired , and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly , Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach , where he met and talked to Catmull again . Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster , which Lasseter explained had been shelved . From his experience at Lucasfilm , Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy . Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for , Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired . Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney . Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now . Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer animated short : The Adventures of André & Wally B . Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators , he was given the title Interface Designer ; Nobody knew what that was but they didnt question it in budget meetings . Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984 , where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers . Lasseter learned how to use some of their software , and in turn , he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking , animation , and art . The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm . His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers , but in the final short everything was computer animated , including the characters . After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984 , Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures . He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news . Catmull called back with a job offer , and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area . after that , he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes , where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character , a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window . This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser . Lasseter and Catmulls collaboration , which has since lasted over thirty years , would ultimately result in Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film . Due to George Lucass financially crippling divorce , he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics , by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group , founded by Smith and Catmull , with Lasseter as one of the founding employees . It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986 . Over the next 10 years , Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . As well as Toy Story , he also personally directed A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Animated Short Film ( Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( Toy Story ) . Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature , for both Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) and Cars , in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo , Jr . ( 1986 ) —while the short Knick Knack ( 1989 ) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time . In 2008 , he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Return to Disney . Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006 , and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation , the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios . Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering , where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks . He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and associated projects as executive producer . He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger , bypassing Disneys studio and theme park executives . He also received green-light power on films with Roy E . Disneys consent . In December 2006 , Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D , CGI , or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically . Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas . In June 2007 , Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios , a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale . As president and chief creative officer , respectively , they have supervised three separate studios for Disney , each with its own production pipeline : Pixar , Disney Animation , and Disneytoon . While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area , Pixar is located over 350 miles ( 563 kilometers ) northwest in the Bay Area , where Catmull and Lasseter both live . Accordingly , they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs , then established a routine of spending at least two days per week ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) in Southern California . Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki , whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazakis first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazakis work after dinner to a woman he had just met ( who would become his wife ) . He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) . After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar , he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazakis films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks . The gentle forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits . His last position on the board was as first vice president . Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011 , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney/Pixar . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as missteps with employees in a memo to staff . The alleged misconduct towards employees included grabbing , kissing , [ and ] making comments about physical attributes . The alleged conduct became so well known that , according to Variety , at various times , Pixar had minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses . In June 2018 , Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year , taking a consulting role until then . Skydance Animation . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation , which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios . In a statement , Lasseter expressed his gratitude for the opportunity , adding I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection , learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable , which I deeply regret and apologize for . It has been humbling , but I believe it will make me a better leader . During a meeting at Skydance that same month , Lasseter expressed regret over his actions at Disney and Pixar . Lasseter said that [ he ] will continue to work every day for the rest of [ his ] life to prove [ ... ] that [ he has ] grown and learned . An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault , propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter , and [ ... ] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement . Personal life . Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen , California with his wife Nancy , a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University , whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985 . Nancy majored in computer graphics applications , and for a short period of time was a stay at home mother and worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer . They married in 1988 , and have four sons together in addition to Nancys son from a previous relationship , born between and 1997 . The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen , California . The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway ( for the Marie E. , the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston ) approximately long , including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball . Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave . Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day . Lasseter also inherited his late fathers passion for cars ; besides having directed two films about them , he watches auto races at Sonoma Raceway near his home and collects classic cars , of which one of his favorites is his black 1952 Jaguar XK120 . On May 2 , 2009 , Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University , where he delivered the commencement address . By the time of his exit from Disney and Pixar , Lasseter began working with a coach and therapist for unconscious bias training . His influences include Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Frank Capra , Hayao Miyazaki , and Preston Sturges . Lasseters favorite film is Walt Disneys Dumbo . |
[
""
] | easy | John Lasseter was an employee for whom from 1986 to 2006? | /wiki/John_Lasseter#P108#2 | John Lasseter John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12 , 1957 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , voice actor , and the head of animation at Skydance Animation . He was previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios , Walt Disney Animation Studios , and Disneytoon Studios , as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering . Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company . After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation , he joined Lucasfilm , where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation . The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986 . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . In addition , he directed Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . From 2006 to 2018 , Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( and its division Disneytoon Studios ) films and associated projects as executive producer . The films he has made have grossed more than $19 billion ( USD ) , making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time . Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion , five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter . The films include Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , the first animated film to pass $1 billion , Frozen ( 2013 ) , the 3rd highest-grossing animated film of all time , as well as Zootopia ( 2016 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Best Animated Short Film ( for Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( for Toy Story ) . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called missteps in his behavior with employees . According to various news outlets , Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . In June 2018 , Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired , but took on a consulting role until then . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation . Early years . Lasseter was born in Hollywood , California . His mother , Jewell Mae ( née Risley ; 1918–2005 ) , was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School , and his father , Paul Eual Lasseter ( 1924–2011 ) , was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership . Lasseter is a fraternal twin ; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis , who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area , is six minutes older . Lasseter grew up in Whittier , California . His mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation . He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended . As a child , Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television . While in high school , he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas . The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself . When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone , he finally made the decision that he should become an animator . Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts ( often abbreviated as CalArts ) and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator . His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation , and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student ( Jerry Rees was the first ) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T . Hee . Lasseter was taught by three members of Disneys Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird , John Musker , Henry Selick , Tim Burton , and Chris Buck . During his time there , he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp ( 1979 ) and Nitemare ( 1980 ) —which each won the student Academy Award for Animation . While at CalArts , Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper , where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride . Career . First years at Disney . Upon graduating in 1979 , Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project , Lady and the Lamp . To put this into perspective , the studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent , then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices , of which only about 45 were kept on permanently . In the fall of 1979 , Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios .. . In time , hell make a fine contribution . At that same time , Lasseter worked on a sequence titled The Emperor and the Nightingale ( based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen ) for a Disney project called Musicana . Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 . However , Lasseter soon realized something was missing : after 101 Dalmatians , which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau , the studio had lost momentum and was criticized for often repeating itself without adding any new ideas or innovations . Between 1980 and 1981 , he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences , who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation , primarily floating spheres and such , which he experienced as a revelation . But it wasnt until shortly after , when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer , while working on Mickeys Christmas Carol , to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron , featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) , that he really saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation . Up to that time , the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation . Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before . He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators , going back to Walt Disney himself . Later , he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer animated , and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch , which he thought would be a good candidate for the film . Keane agreed , but first , they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are , a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak . Satisfied with the result , Lasseter , Keane and executive Thomas L . Wilhite went on with the project , especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it , while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective . Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion . The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseters supervisors , animation administrator Ed Hansen , and head of Disney studios , Ron W . Miller , due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation . A few minutes after the meeting , Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office . As Lasseter recalled , Hansen told him , Well , John , your project is now complete , so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated . Wilhite , who was part of Disneys live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio , was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984 , but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation . The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseters friends , Jerry Rees , and co-produced by Wilhite ( who had , by then , left to start Hyperion Pictures ) , and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter . Lucasfilm/Pixar . While putting together a crew for the planned feature , Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry , among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group . After being fired , and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly , Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach , where he met and talked to Catmull again . Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster , which Lasseter explained had been shelved . From his experience at Lucasfilm , Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy . Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for , Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired . Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney . Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now . Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer animated short : The Adventures of André & Wally B . Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators , he was given the title Interface Designer ; Nobody knew what that was but they didnt question it in budget meetings . Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984 , where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers . Lasseter learned how to use some of their software , and in turn , he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking , animation , and art . The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm . His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers , but in the final short everything was computer animated , including the characters . After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984 , Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures . He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news . Catmull called back with a job offer , and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area . after that , he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes , where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character , a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window . This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser . Lasseter and Catmulls collaboration , which has since lasted over thirty years , would ultimately result in Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film . Due to George Lucass financially crippling divorce , he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics , by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group , founded by Smith and Catmull , with Lasseter as one of the founding employees . It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986 . Over the next 10 years , Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . As well as Toy Story , he also personally directed A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Animated Short Film ( Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( Toy Story ) . Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature , for both Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) and Cars , in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo , Jr . ( 1986 ) —while the short Knick Knack ( 1989 ) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time . In 2008 , he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Return to Disney . Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006 , and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation , the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios . Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering , where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks . He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and associated projects as executive producer . He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger , bypassing Disneys studio and theme park executives . He also received green-light power on films with Roy E . Disneys consent . In December 2006 , Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D , CGI , or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically . Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas . In June 2007 , Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios , a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale . As president and chief creative officer , respectively , they have supervised three separate studios for Disney , each with its own production pipeline : Pixar , Disney Animation , and Disneytoon . While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area , Pixar is located over 350 miles ( 563 kilometers ) northwest in the Bay Area , where Catmull and Lasseter both live . Accordingly , they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs , then established a routine of spending at least two days per week ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) in Southern California . Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki , whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazakis first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazakis work after dinner to a woman he had just met ( who would become his wife ) . He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) . After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar , he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazakis films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks . The gentle forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits . His last position on the board was as first vice president . Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011 , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney/Pixar . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as missteps with employees in a memo to staff . The alleged misconduct towards employees included grabbing , kissing , [ and ] making comments about physical attributes . The alleged conduct became so well known that , according to Variety , at various times , Pixar had minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses . In June 2018 , Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year , taking a consulting role until then . Skydance Animation . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation , which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios . In a statement , Lasseter expressed his gratitude for the opportunity , adding I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection , learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable , which I deeply regret and apologize for . It has been humbling , but I believe it will make me a better leader . During a meeting at Skydance that same month , Lasseter expressed regret over his actions at Disney and Pixar . Lasseter said that [ he ] will continue to work every day for the rest of [ his ] life to prove [ ... ] that [ he has ] grown and learned . An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault , propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter , and [ ... ] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement . Personal life . Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen , California with his wife Nancy , a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University , whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985 . Nancy majored in computer graphics applications , and for a short period of time was a stay at home mother and worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer . They married in 1988 , and have four sons together in addition to Nancys son from a previous relationship , born between and 1997 . The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen , California . The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway ( for the Marie E. , the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston ) approximately long , including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball . Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave . Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day . Lasseter also inherited his late fathers passion for cars ; besides having directed two films about them , he watches auto races at Sonoma Raceway near his home and collects classic cars , of which one of his favorites is his black 1952 Jaguar XK120 . On May 2 , 2009 , Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University , where he delivered the commencement address . By the time of his exit from Disney and Pixar , Lasseter began working with a coach and therapist for unconscious bias training . His influences include Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Frank Capra , Hayao Miyazaki , and Preston Sturges . Lasseters favorite film is Walt Disneys Dumbo . |
[
"Walt Disney"
] | easy | John Lasseter was an employee for whom from 2006 to 2018? | /wiki/John_Lasseter#P108#3 | John Lasseter John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12 , 1957 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , voice actor , and the head of animation at Skydance Animation . He was previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios , Walt Disney Animation Studios , and Disneytoon Studios , as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering . Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company . After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation , he joined Lucasfilm , where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation . The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986 . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . In addition , he directed Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . From 2006 to 2018 , Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( and its division Disneytoon Studios ) films and associated projects as executive producer . The films he has made have grossed more than $19 billion ( USD ) , making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time . Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion , five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter . The films include Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , the first animated film to pass $1 billion , Frozen ( 2013 ) , the 3rd highest-grossing animated film of all time , as well as Zootopia ( 2016 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Best Animated Short Film ( for Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( for Toy Story ) . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called missteps in his behavior with employees . According to various news outlets , Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . In June 2018 , Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired , but took on a consulting role until then . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation . Early years . Lasseter was born in Hollywood , California . His mother , Jewell Mae ( née Risley ; 1918–2005 ) , was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School , and his father , Paul Eual Lasseter ( 1924–2011 ) , was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership . Lasseter is a fraternal twin ; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis , who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area , is six minutes older . Lasseter grew up in Whittier , California . His mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation . He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended . As a child , Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television . While in high school , he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas . The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself . When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone , he finally made the decision that he should become an animator . Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts ( often abbreviated as CalArts ) and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator . His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation , and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student ( Jerry Rees was the first ) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T . Hee . Lasseter was taught by three members of Disneys Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird , John Musker , Henry Selick , Tim Burton , and Chris Buck . During his time there , he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp ( 1979 ) and Nitemare ( 1980 ) —which each won the student Academy Award for Animation . While at CalArts , Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper , where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride . Career . First years at Disney . Upon graduating in 1979 , Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project , Lady and the Lamp . To put this into perspective , the studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent , then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices , of which only about 45 were kept on permanently . In the fall of 1979 , Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios .. . In time , hell make a fine contribution . At that same time , Lasseter worked on a sequence titled The Emperor and the Nightingale ( based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen ) for a Disney project called Musicana . Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 . However , Lasseter soon realized something was missing : after 101 Dalmatians , which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau , the studio had lost momentum and was criticized for often repeating itself without adding any new ideas or innovations . Between 1980 and 1981 , he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences , who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation , primarily floating spheres and such , which he experienced as a revelation . But it wasnt until shortly after , when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer , while working on Mickeys Christmas Carol , to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron , featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) , that he really saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation . Up to that time , the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation . Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before . He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators , going back to Walt Disney himself . Later , he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer animated , and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch , which he thought would be a good candidate for the film . Keane agreed , but first , they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are , a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak . Satisfied with the result , Lasseter , Keane and executive Thomas L . Wilhite went on with the project , especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it , while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective . Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion . The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseters supervisors , animation administrator Ed Hansen , and head of Disney studios , Ron W . Miller , due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation . A few minutes after the meeting , Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office . As Lasseter recalled , Hansen told him , Well , John , your project is now complete , so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated . Wilhite , who was part of Disneys live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio , was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984 , but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation . The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseters friends , Jerry Rees , and co-produced by Wilhite ( who had , by then , left to start Hyperion Pictures ) , and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter . Lucasfilm/Pixar . While putting together a crew for the planned feature , Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry , among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group . After being fired , and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly , Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach , where he met and talked to Catmull again . Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster , which Lasseter explained had been shelved . From his experience at Lucasfilm , Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy . Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for , Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired . Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney . Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now . Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer animated short : The Adventures of André & Wally B . Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators , he was given the title Interface Designer ; Nobody knew what that was but they didnt question it in budget meetings . Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984 , where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers . Lasseter learned how to use some of their software , and in turn , he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking , animation , and art . The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm . His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers , but in the final short everything was computer animated , including the characters . After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984 , Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures . He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news . Catmull called back with a job offer , and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area . after that , he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes , where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character , a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window . This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser . Lasseter and Catmulls collaboration , which has since lasted over thirty years , would ultimately result in Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film . Due to George Lucass financially crippling divorce , he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics , by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group , founded by Smith and Catmull , with Lasseter as one of the founding employees . It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986 . Over the next 10 years , Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . As well as Toy Story , he also personally directed A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Animated Short Film ( Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( Toy Story ) . Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature , for both Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) and Cars , in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo , Jr . ( 1986 ) —while the short Knick Knack ( 1989 ) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time . In 2008 , he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Return to Disney . Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006 , and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation , the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios . Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering , where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks . He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and associated projects as executive producer . He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger , bypassing Disneys studio and theme park executives . He also received green-light power on films with Roy E . Disneys consent . In December 2006 , Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D , CGI , or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically . Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas . In June 2007 , Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios , a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale . As president and chief creative officer , respectively , they have supervised three separate studios for Disney , each with its own production pipeline : Pixar , Disney Animation , and Disneytoon . While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area , Pixar is located over 350 miles ( 563 kilometers ) northwest in the Bay Area , where Catmull and Lasseter both live . Accordingly , they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs , then established a routine of spending at least two days per week ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) in Southern California . Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki , whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazakis first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazakis work after dinner to a woman he had just met ( who would become his wife ) . He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) . After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar , he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazakis films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks . The gentle forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits . His last position on the board was as first vice president . Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011 , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney/Pixar . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as missteps with employees in a memo to staff . The alleged misconduct towards employees included grabbing , kissing , [ and ] making comments about physical attributes . The alleged conduct became so well known that , according to Variety , at various times , Pixar had minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses . In June 2018 , Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year , taking a consulting role until then . Skydance Animation . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation , which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios . In a statement , Lasseter expressed his gratitude for the opportunity , adding I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection , learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable , which I deeply regret and apologize for . It has been humbling , but I believe it will make me a better leader . During a meeting at Skydance that same month , Lasseter expressed regret over his actions at Disney and Pixar . Lasseter said that [ he ] will continue to work every day for the rest of [ his ] life to prove [ ... ] that [ he has ] grown and learned . An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault , propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter , and [ ... ] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement . Personal life . Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen , California with his wife Nancy , a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University , whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985 . Nancy majored in computer graphics applications , and for a short period of time was a stay at home mother and worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer . They married in 1988 , and have four sons together in addition to Nancys son from a previous relationship , born between and 1997 . The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen , California . The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway ( for the Marie E. , the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston ) approximately long , including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball . Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave . Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day . Lasseter also inherited his late fathers passion for cars ; besides having directed two films about them , he watches auto races at Sonoma Raceway near his home and collects classic cars , of which one of his favorites is his black 1952 Jaguar XK120 . On May 2 , 2009 , Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University , where he delivered the commencement address . By the time of his exit from Disney and Pixar , Lasseter began working with a coach and therapist for unconscious bias training . His influences include Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Frank Capra , Hayao Miyazaki , and Preston Sturges . Lasseters favorite film is Walt Disneys Dumbo . |
[
"Skydance Animation"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer John Lasseter work for from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/John_Lasseter#P108#4 | John Lasseter John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12 , 1957 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , voice actor , and the head of animation at Skydance Animation . He was previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios , Walt Disney Animation Studios , and Disneytoon Studios , as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering . Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company . After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation , he joined Lucasfilm , where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation . The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986 . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . In addition , he directed Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . From 2006 to 2018 , Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( and its division Disneytoon Studios ) films and associated projects as executive producer . The films he has made have grossed more than $19 billion ( USD ) , making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time . Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion , five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter . The films include Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , the first animated film to pass $1 billion , Frozen ( 2013 ) , the 3rd highest-grossing animated film of all time , as well as Zootopia ( 2016 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Best Animated Short Film ( for Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( for Toy Story ) . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called missteps in his behavior with employees . According to various news outlets , Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . In June 2018 , Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired , but took on a consulting role until then . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation . Early years . Lasseter was born in Hollywood , California . His mother , Jewell Mae ( née Risley ; 1918–2005 ) , was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School , and his father , Paul Eual Lasseter ( 1924–2011 ) , was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership . Lasseter is a fraternal twin ; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis , who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area , is six minutes older . Lasseter grew up in Whittier , California . His mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation . He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended . As a child , Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television . While in high school , he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas . The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself . When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone , he finally made the decision that he should become an animator . Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts ( often abbreviated as CalArts ) and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator . His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation , and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student ( Jerry Rees was the first ) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T . Hee . Lasseter was taught by three members of Disneys Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird , John Musker , Henry Selick , Tim Burton , and Chris Buck . During his time there , he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp ( 1979 ) and Nitemare ( 1980 ) —which each won the student Academy Award for Animation . While at CalArts , Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper , where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride . Career . First years at Disney . Upon graduating in 1979 , Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project , Lady and the Lamp . To put this into perspective , the studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent , then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices , of which only about 45 were kept on permanently . In the fall of 1979 , Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios .. . In time , hell make a fine contribution . At that same time , Lasseter worked on a sequence titled The Emperor and the Nightingale ( based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen ) for a Disney project called Musicana . Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 . However , Lasseter soon realized something was missing : after 101 Dalmatians , which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau , the studio had lost momentum and was criticized for often repeating itself without adding any new ideas or innovations . Between 1980 and 1981 , he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences , who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation , primarily floating spheres and such , which he experienced as a revelation . But it wasnt until shortly after , when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer , while working on Mickeys Christmas Carol , to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron , featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) , that he really saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation . Up to that time , the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation . Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before . He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators , going back to Walt Disney himself . Later , he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer animated , and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch , which he thought would be a good candidate for the film . Keane agreed , but first , they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are , a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak . Satisfied with the result , Lasseter , Keane and executive Thomas L . Wilhite went on with the project , especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it , while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective . Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion . The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseters supervisors , animation administrator Ed Hansen , and head of Disney studios , Ron W . Miller , due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation . A few minutes after the meeting , Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office . As Lasseter recalled , Hansen told him , Well , John , your project is now complete , so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated . Wilhite , who was part of Disneys live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio , was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984 , but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation . The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseters friends , Jerry Rees , and co-produced by Wilhite ( who had , by then , left to start Hyperion Pictures ) , and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter . Lucasfilm/Pixar . While putting together a crew for the planned feature , Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry , among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group . After being fired , and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly , Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach , where he met and talked to Catmull again . Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster , which Lasseter explained had been shelved . From his experience at Lucasfilm , Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy . Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for , Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired . Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney . Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now . Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer animated short : The Adventures of André & Wally B . Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators , he was given the title Interface Designer ; Nobody knew what that was but they didnt question it in budget meetings . Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984 , where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers . Lasseter learned how to use some of their software , and in turn , he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking , animation , and art . The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm . His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers , but in the final short everything was computer animated , including the characters . After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984 , Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures . He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news . Catmull called back with a job offer , and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area . after that , he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes , where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character , a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window . This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser . Lasseter and Catmulls collaboration , which has since lasted over thirty years , would ultimately result in Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film . Due to George Lucass financially crippling divorce , he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics , by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group , founded by Smith and Catmull , with Lasseter as one of the founding employees . It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986 . Over the next 10 years , Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio . Lasseter oversaw all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer . As well as Toy Story , he also personally directed A Bugs Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . He has won two Academy Awards , for Animated Short Film ( Tin Toy ) , as well as a Special Achievement Award ( Toy Story ) . Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature , for both Monsters , Inc . ( 2001 ) and Cars , in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo , Jr . ( 1986 ) —while the short Knick Knack ( 1989 ) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time . In 2008 , he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Return to Disney . Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006 , and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation , the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios . Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering , where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks . He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and associated projects as executive producer . He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger , bypassing Disneys studio and theme park executives . He also received green-light power on films with Roy E . Disneys consent . In December 2006 , Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D , CGI , or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically . Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas . In June 2007 , Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios , a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale . As president and chief creative officer , respectively , they have supervised three separate studios for Disney , each with its own production pipeline : Pixar , Disney Animation , and Disneytoon . While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area , Pixar is located over 350 miles ( 563 kilometers ) northwest in the Bay Area , where Catmull and Lasseter both live . Accordingly , they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs , then established a routine of spending at least two days per week ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) in Southern California . Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki , whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazakis first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazakis work after dinner to a woman he had just met ( who would become his wife ) . He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) . After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar , he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazakis films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks . The gentle forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits . His last position on the board was as first vice president . Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011 , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney/Pixar . In November 2017 , Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as missteps with employees in a memo to staff . The alleged misconduct towards employees included grabbing , kissing , [ and ] making comments about physical attributes . The alleged conduct became so well known that , according to Variety , at various times , Pixar had minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses . In June 2018 , Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year , taking a consulting role until then . Skydance Animation . On January 9 , 2019 , Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation , which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios . In a statement , Lasseter expressed his gratitude for the opportunity , adding I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection , learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable , which I deeply regret and apologize for . It has been humbling , but I believe it will make me a better leader . During a meeting at Skydance that same month , Lasseter expressed regret over his actions at Disney and Pixar . Lasseter said that [ he ] will continue to work every day for the rest of [ his ] life to prove [ ... ] that [ he has ] grown and learned . An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault , propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter , and [ ... ] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement . Personal life . Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen , California with his wife Nancy , a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University , whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985 . Nancy majored in computer graphics applications , and for a short period of time was a stay at home mother and worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer . They married in 1988 , and have four sons together in addition to Nancys son from a previous relationship , born between and 1997 . The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen , California . The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway ( for the Marie E. , the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston ) approximately long , including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball . Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave . Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day . Lasseter also inherited his late fathers passion for cars ; besides having directed two films about them , he watches auto races at Sonoma Raceway near his home and collects classic cars , of which one of his favorites is his black 1952 Jaguar XK120 . On May 2 , 2009 , Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University , where he delivered the commencement address . By the time of his exit from Disney and Pixar , Lasseter began working with a coach and therapist for unconscious bias training . His influences include Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Frank Capra , Hayao Miyazaki , and Preston Sturges . Lasseters favorite film is Walt Disneys Dumbo . |
[
"federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands"
] | easy | Paul Ziemiak took which position from 2014 to Oct 2017? | /wiki/Paul_Ziemiak#P39#0 | Paul Ziemiak Paul Ziemiak ( born 6 September 1985 as Paweł Ziemiak ) is a German politician of the CDU who has been serving as Secretary General of his party since 8 December 2018 , under the leadership of chairwoman Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer . He is a member of the Bundestag . From 2014 until 2018 , Ziemiak served as federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands , in this capacity being a part of the CDU leadership under chairwoman Angela Merkel . In the 2017 federal election , he was elected to the Bundestag on the CDU party list . Early life and career . Ziemiak was born in Szczecin , Polish Peoples Republic . He moved to then-West Germany in 1988 with his parents , who wanted to escape the conditions of Communist Poland and the Eastern Bloc . The Ziemiaks were among the around 140,000 Polish citizens who left for Germany in that year , shortly before the Fall of Communism . Claiming partial German descent , they obtained citizenship under Germanys right of return laws and lived for a year in a refugee camp in Massen next to non-western asylum seekers . Ziemiak has said the facility was often visited by the police and that he befriended a Roma family that also lived there . After a year they settled permanently in Iserlohn . Both his parents had been doctors in Poland , but their qualifications were not recognised in West Germany and they had to retrain as interns in German hospitals before obtaining their German licenses and finding employment . Ziemiak grew up bilingual , with parents who were native Polish speakers and who only spoke German as a foreign language . He has said the family was culturally Polish and that Germany only gradually felt like home . After graduation Ziemiak studied law at the Universität Osnabrück and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster but failed the first legal exam on both attempts . He then enrolled at the Business and Information Technology School in Iserlohn to study corporate communications . Since 2005 Ziemiak has been a member of the Catholic fraternity AV Widukind Osnabrück within the CV . Furthermore , he is a member of the Catholic student fraternity KDStV Winfridia ( Breslau ) Münster . Political career . Ziemiak joined the Young Union in 1998 , and in 2001 the CDU . From 1999 to 2001 he was the first chairman of the newly founded Children and Youth Parliament of the city of Iserlohn . In 2002 he became a member of the district council of the Junge Union in the Märkischer Kreis . In 2006 he was elected to the state board of the JU NRW . In 2007 he became a member of the executive state board . In 2009 he took over the leadership of the district association of the Junge Union Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia ) . Since 2011 he has been serving as chairman of the CDU Iserlohn and member of the board of the CDU parliamentary group in the council of the city Iserlohn . In addition , he is a member of the district executive committee of the CDU Südwestfalen . Chairman of the Young Union , 2012–2018 . On 25 November 2012 Ziemiak was elected state chairman of the Junge Union NRW and held this office until 15 November 2014 . In 2014 , he won the vote for the presidency of the Junge Union against Benedict Poettering and won with 63 percent of the vote . It was the first battle candidacy for this position since 1973 . Ziemiak thus is a member of the CDU federal board and replaced Philipp Missfelder , who did not run again . On 14 October 2016 , Ziemiak was again elected Federal Chairman with 85 percent of the vote . In February 2017 , Ziemiak was a member of the 16th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President . In addition to his political career , Ziemiak worked with consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers until entering parliament . Member of Parliament , 2017–present . In the federal election 2017 , Ziemiak ran as successor to Ingrid Fischbach in the constituency Herne – Bochum II , but lost to Michelle Müntefering . Nevertheless , he moved to the Bundestag via the state party list . He has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections , Ziemiak was part of the working group on families , women , seniors and youth , led by Annette Widmann-Mauz , Angelika Niebler and Katarina Barley . Secretary General of the CDU , 2018–present . The new CDU party leader Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer nominated Ziemiak on 8 December 2018 as Secretary General . He was elected on the same day , with 63 percent of the delegates voting for him as the only candidate for the role . At the time of the vote , Ziemiaks nomination was widely interpreted as sign of Kramp-Karrenbauer willingness to build bridges to the defeated conservatives around her opponents Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn . Political positions . Within the CDU , Ziemiak represents the party’s more conservative wing . For example , he has stated that he is opposed to a revision of German criminal law paragraph 219a , which prohibits public advertisement of abortion procedures . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Bädergesellschaft Iserlohn mbH , Member of the Supervisory Board - Energie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board - Stadtwerke Iserlohn GmbH , Member of the Supervisory Board Non-profit organizations . - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Membe |
[
"Bundestag"
] | easy | Which position did Paul Ziemiak hold from Oct 2017 to Dec 2018? | /wiki/Paul_Ziemiak#P39#1 | Paul Ziemiak Paul Ziemiak ( born 6 September 1985 as Paweł Ziemiak ) is a German politician of the CDU who has been serving as Secretary General of his party since 8 December 2018 , under the leadership of chairwoman Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer . He is a member of the Bundestag . From 2014 until 2018 , Ziemiak served as federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands , in this capacity being a part of the CDU leadership under chairwoman Angela Merkel . In the 2017 federal election , he was elected to the Bundestag on the CDU party list . Early life and career . Ziemiak was born in Szczecin , Polish Peoples Republic . He moved to then-West Germany in 1988 with his parents , who wanted to escape the conditions of Communist Poland and the Eastern Bloc . The Ziemiaks were among the around 140,000 Polish citizens who left for Germany in that year , shortly before the Fall of Communism . Claiming partial German descent , they obtained citizenship under Germanys right of return laws and lived for a year in a refugee camp in Massen next to non-western asylum seekers . Ziemiak has said the facility was often visited by the police and that he befriended a Roma family that also lived there . After a year they settled permanently in Iserlohn . Both his parents had been doctors in Poland , but their qualifications were not recognised in West Germany and they had to retrain as interns in German hospitals before obtaining their German licenses and finding employment . Ziemiak grew up bilingual , with parents who were native Polish speakers and who only spoke German as a foreign language . He has said the family was culturally Polish and that Germany only gradually felt like home . After graduation Ziemiak studied law at the Universität Osnabrück and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster but failed the first legal exam on both attempts . He then enrolled at the Business and Information Technology School in Iserlohn to study corporate communications . Since 2005 Ziemiak has been a member of the Catholic fraternity AV Widukind Osnabrück within the CV . Furthermore , he is a member of the Catholic student fraternity KDStV Winfridia ( Breslau ) Münster . Political career . Ziemiak joined the Young Union in 1998 , and in 2001 the CDU . From 1999 to 2001 he was the first chairman of the newly founded Children and Youth Parliament of the city of Iserlohn . In 2002 he became a member of the district council of the Junge Union in the Märkischer Kreis . In 2006 he was elected to the state board of the JU NRW . In 2007 he became a member of the executive state board . In 2009 he took over the leadership of the district association of the Junge Union Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia ) . Since 2011 he has been serving as chairman of the CDU Iserlohn and member of the board of the CDU parliamentary group in the council of the city Iserlohn . In addition , he is a member of the district executive committee of the CDU Südwestfalen . Chairman of the Young Union , 2012–2018 . On 25 November 2012 Ziemiak was elected state chairman of the Junge Union NRW and held this office until 15 November 2014 . In 2014 , he won the vote for the presidency of the Junge Union against Benedict Poettering and won with 63 percent of the vote . It was the first battle candidacy for this position since 1973 . Ziemiak thus is a member of the CDU federal board and replaced Philipp Missfelder , who did not run again . On 14 October 2016 , Ziemiak was again elected Federal Chairman with 85 percent of the vote . In February 2017 , Ziemiak was a member of the 16th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President . In addition to his political career , Ziemiak worked with consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers until entering parliament . Member of Parliament , 2017–present . In the federal election 2017 , Ziemiak ran as successor to Ingrid Fischbach in the constituency Herne – Bochum II , but lost to Michelle Müntefering . Nevertheless , he moved to the Bundestag via the state party list . He has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections , Ziemiak was part of the working group on families , women , seniors and youth , led by Annette Widmann-Mauz , Angelika Niebler and Katarina Barley . Secretary General of the CDU , 2018–present . The new CDU party leader Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer nominated Ziemiak on 8 December 2018 as Secretary General . He was elected on the same day , with 63 percent of the delegates voting for him as the only candidate for the role . At the time of the vote , Ziemiaks nomination was widely interpreted as sign of Kramp-Karrenbauer willingness to build bridges to the defeated conservatives around her opponents Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn . Political positions . Within the CDU , Ziemiak represents the party’s more conservative wing . For example , he has stated that he is opposed to a revision of German criminal law paragraph 219a , which prohibits public advertisement of abortion procedures . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Bädergesellschaft Iserlohn mbH , Member of the Supervisory Board - Energie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board - Stadtwerke Iserlohn GmbH , Member of the Supervisory Board Non-profit organizations . - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Membe |
[
"Secretary General"
] | easy | What position did Paul Ziemiak take in Dec 2018? | /wiki/Paul_Ziemiak#P39#2 | Paul Ziemiak Paul Ziemiak ( born 6 September 1985 as Paweł Ziemiak ) is a German politician of the CDU who has been serving as Secretary General of his party since 8 December 2018 , under the leadership of chairwoman Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer . He is a member of the Bundestag . From 2014 until 2018 , Ziemiak served as federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands , in this capacity being a part of the CDU leadership under chairwoman Angela Merkel . In the 2017 federal election , he was elected to the Bundestag on the CDU party list . Early life and career . Ziemiak was born in Szczecin , Polish Peoples Republic . He moved to then-West Germany in 1988 with his parents , who wanted to escape the conditions of Communist Poland and the Eastern Bloc . The Ziemiaks were among the around 140,000 Polish citizens who left for Germany in that year , shortly before the Fall of Communism . Claiming partial German descent , they obtained citizenship under Germanys right of return laws and lived for a year in a refugee camp in Massen next to non-western asylum seekers . Ziemiak has said the facility was often visited by the police and that he befriended a Roma family that also lived there . After a year they settled permanently in Iserlohn . Both his parents had been doctors in Poland , but their qualifications were not recognised in West Germany and they had to retrain as interns in German hospitals before obtaining their German licenses and finding employment . Ziemiak grew up bilingual , with parents who were native Polish speakers and who only spoke German as a foreign language . He has said the family was culturally Polish and that Germany only gradually felt like home . After graduation Ziemiak studied law at the Universität Osnabrück and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster but failed the first legal exam on both attempts . He then enrolled at the Business and Information Technology School in Iserlohn to study corporate communications . Since 2005 Ziemiak has been a member of the Catholic fraternity AV Widukind Osnabrück within the CV . Furthermore , he is a member of the Catholic student fraternity KDStV Winfridia ( Breslau ) Münster . Political career . Ziemiak joined the Young Union in 1998 , and in 2001 the CDU . From 1999 to 2001 he was the first chairman of the newly founded Children and Youth Parliament of the city of Iserlohn . In 2002 he became a member of the district council of the Junge Union in the Märkischer Kreis . In 2006 he was elected to the state board of the JU NRW . In 2007 he became a member of the executive state board . In 2009 he took over the leadership of the district association of the Junge Union Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia ) . Since 2011 he has been serving as chairman of the CDU Iserlohn and member of the board of the CDU parliamentary group in the council of the city Iserlohn . In addition , he is a member of the district executive committee of the CDU Südwestfalen . Chairman of the Young Union , 2012–2018 . On 25 November 2012 Ziemiak was elected state chairman of the Junge Union NRW and held this office until 15 November 2014 . In 2014 , he won the vote for the presidency of the Junge Union against Benedict Poettering and won with 63 percent of the vote . It was the first battle candidacy for this position since 1973 . Ziemiak thus is a member of the CDU federal board and replaced Philipp Missfelder , who did not run again . On 14 October 2016 , Ziemiak was again elected Federal Chairman with 85 percent of the vote . In February 2017 , Ziemiak was a member of the 16th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President . In addition to his political career , Ziemiak worked with consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers until entering parliament . Member of Parliament , 2017–present . In the federal election 2017 , Ziemiak ran as successor to Ingrid Fischbach in the constituency Herne – Bochum II , but lost to Michelle Müntefering . Nevertheless , he moved to the Bundestag via the state party list . He has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections , Ziemiak was part of the working group on families , women , seniors and youth , led by Annette Widmann-Mauz , Angelika Niebler and Katarina Barley . Secretary General of the CDU , 2018–present . The new CDU party leader Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer nominated Ziemiak on 8 December 2018 as Secretary General . He was elected on the same day , with 63 percent of the delegates voting for him as the only candidate for the role . At the time of the vote , Ziemiaks nomination was widely interpreted as sign of Kramp-Karrenbauer willingness to build bridges to the defeated conservatives around her opponents Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn . Political positions . Within the CDU , Ziemiak represents the party’s more conservative wing . For example , he has stated that he is opposed to a revision of German criminal law paragraph 219a , which prohibits public advertisement of abortion procedures . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Bädergesellschaft Iserlohn mbH , Member of the Supervisory Board - Energie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board - Stadtwerke Iserlohn GmbH , Member of the Supervisory Board Non-profit organizations . - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Membe |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Paul Ziemiak take in 2019? | /wiki/Paul_Ziemiak#P39#3 | Paul Ziemiak Paul Ziemiak ( born 6 September 1985 as Paweł Ziemiak ) is a German politician of the CDU who has been serving as Secretary General of his party since 8 December 2018 , under the leadership of chairwoman Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer . He is a member of the Bundestag . From 2014 until 2018 , Ziemiak served as federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands , in this capacity being a part of the CDU leadership under chairwoman Angela Merkel . In the 2017 federal election , he was elected to the Bundestag on the CDU party list . Early life and career . Ziemiak was born in Szczecin , Polish Peoples Republic . He moved to then-West Germany in 1988 with his parents , who wanted to escape the conditions of Communist Poland and the Eastern Bloc . The Ziemiaks were among the around 140,000 Polish citizens who left for Germany in that year , shortly before the Fall of Communism . Claiming partial German descent , they obtained citizenship under Germanys right of return laws and lived for a year in a refugee camp in Massen next to non-western asylum seekers . Ziemiak has said the facility was often visited by the police and that he befriended a Roma family that also lived there . After a year they settled permanently in Iserlohn . Both his parents had been doctors in Poland , but their qualifications were not recognised in West Germany and they had to retrain as interns in German hospitals before obtaining their German licenses and finding employment . Ziemiak grew up bilingual , with parents who were native Polish speakers and who only spoke German as a foreign language . He has said the family was culturally Polish and that Germany only gradually felt like home . After graduation Ziemiak studied law at the Universität Osnabrück and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster but failed the first legal exam on both attempts . He then enrolled at the Business and Information Technology School in Iserlohn to study corporate communications . Since 2005 Ziemiak has been a member of the Catholic fraternity AV Widukind Osnabrück within the CV . Furthermore , he is a member of the Catholic student fraternity KDStV Winfridia ( Breslau ) Münster . Political career . Ziemiak joined the Young Union in 1998 , and in 2001 the CDU . From 1999 to 2001 he was the first chairman of the newly founded Children and Youth Parliament of the city of Iserlohn . In 2002 he became a member of the district council of the Junge Union in the Märkischer Kreis . In 2006 he was elected to the state board of the JU NRW . In 2007 he became a member of the executive state board . In 2009 he took over the leadership of the district association of the Junge Union Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia ) . Since 2011 he has been serving as chairman of the CDU Iserlohn and member of the board of the CDU parliamentary group in the council of the city Iserlohn . In addition , he is a member of the district executive committee of the CDU Südwestfalen . Chairman of the Young Union , 2012–2018 . On 25 November 2012 Ziemiak was elected state chairman of the Junge Union NRW and held this office until 15 November 2014 . In 2014 , he won the vote for the presidency of the Junge Union against Benedict Poettering and won with 63 percent of the vote . It was the first battle candidacy for this position since 1973 . Ziemiak thus is a member of the CDU federal board and replaced Philipp Missfelder , who did not run again . On 14 October 2016 , Ziemiak was again elected Federal Chairman with 85 percent of the vote . In February 2017 , Ziemiak was a member of the 16th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President . In addition to his political career , Ziemiak worked with consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers until entering parliament . Member of Parliament , 2017–present . In the federal election 2017 , Ziemiak ran as successor to Ingrid Fischbach in the constituency Herne – Bochum II , but lost to Michelle Müntefering . Nevertheless , he moved to the Bundestag via the state party list . He has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections , Ziemiak was part of the working group on families , women , seniors and youth , led by Annette Widmann-Mauz , Angelika Niebler and Katarina Barley . Secretary General of the CDU , 2018–present . The new CDU party leader Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer nominated Ziemiak on 8 December 2018 as Secretary General . He was elected on the same day , with 63 percent of the delegates voting for him as the only candidate for the role . At the time of the vote , Ziemiaks nomination was widely interpreted as sign of Kramp-Karrenbauer willingness to build bridges to the defeated conservatives around her opponents Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn . Political positions . Within the CDU , Ziemiak represents the party’s more conservative wing . For example , he has stated that he is opposed to a revision of German criminal law paragraph 219a , which prohibits public advertisement of abortion procedures . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Bädergesellschaft Iserlohn mbH , Member of the Supervisory Board - Energie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board - Stadtwerke Iserlohn GmbH , Member of the Supervisory Board Non-profit organizations . - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Membe |
[
"Paul"
] | easy | Paul Ziemiak took which position from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Paul_Ziemiak#P39#4 | Paul Ziemiak Paul Ziemiak ( born 6 September 1985 as Paweł Ziemiak ) is a German politician of the CDU who has been serving as Secretary General of his party since 8 December 2018 , under the leadership of chairwoman Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer . He is a member of the Bundestag . From 2014 until 2018 , Ziemiak served as federal chairman of the Junge Union Deutschlands , in this capacity being a part of the CDU leadership under chairwoman Angela Merkel . In the 2017 federal election , he was elected to the Bundestag on the CDU party list . Early life and career . Ziemiak was born in Szczecin , Polish Peoples Republic . He moved to then-West Germany in 1988 with his parents , who wanted to escape the conditions of Communist Poland and the Eastern Bloc . The Ziemiaks were among the around 140,000 Polish citizens who left for Germany in that year , shortly before the Fall of Communism . Claiming partial German descent , they obtained citizenship under Germanys right of return laws and lived for a year in a refugee camp in Massen next to non-western asylum seekers . Ziemiak has said the facility was often visited by the police and that he befriended a Roma family that also lived there . After a year they settled permanently in Iserlohn . Both his parents had been doctors in Poland , but their qualifications were not recognised in West Germany and they had to retrain as interns in German hospitals before obtaining their German licenses and finding employment . Ziemiak grew up bilingual , with parents who were native Polish speakers and who only spoke German as a foreign language . He has said the family was culturally Polish and that Germany only gradually felt like home . After graduation Ziemiak studied law at the Universität Osnabrück and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster but failed the first legal exam on both attempts . He then enrolled at the Business and Information Technology School in Iserlohn to study corporate communications . Since 2005 Ziemiak has been a member of the Catholic fraternity AV Widukind Osnabrück within the CV . Furthermore , he is a member of the Catholic student fraternity KDStV Winfridia ( Breslau ) Münster . Political career . Ziemiak joined the Young Union in 1998 , and in 2001 the CDU . From 1999 to 2001 he was the first chairman of the newly founded Children and Youth Parliament of the city of Iserlohn . In 2002 he became a member of the district council of the Junge Union in the Märkischer Kreis . In 2006 he was elected to the state board of the JU NRW . In 2007 he became a member of the executive state board . In 2009 he took over the leadership of the district association of the Junge Union Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia ) . Since 2011 he has been serving as chairman of the CDU Iserlohn and member of the board of the CDU parliamentary group in the council of the city Iserlohn . In addition , he is a member of the district executive committee of the CDU Südwestfalen . Chairman of the Young Union , 2012–2018 . On 25 November 2012 Ziemiak was elected state chairman of the Junge Union NRW and held this office until 15 November 2014 . In 2014 , he won the vote for the presidency of the Junge Union against Benedict Poettering and won with 63 percent of the vote . It was the first battle candidacy for this position since 1973 . Ziemiak thus is a member of the CDU federal board and replaced Philipp Missfelder , who did not run again . On 14 October 2016 , Ziemiak was again elected Federal Chairman with 85 percent of the vote . In February 2017 , Ziemiak was a member of the 16th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President . In addition to his political career , Ziemiak worked with consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers until entering parliament . Member of Parliament , 2017–present . In the federal election 2017 , Ziemiak ran as successor to Ingrid Fischbach in the constituency Herne – Bochum II , but lost to Michelle Müntefering . Nevertheless , he moved to the Bundestag via the state party list . He has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections , Ziemiak was part of the working group on families , women , seniors and youth , led by Annette Widmann-Mauz , Angelika Niebler and Katarina Barley . Secretary General of the CDU , 2018–present . The new CDU party leader Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer nominated Ziemiak on 8 December 2018 as Secretary General . He was elected on the same day , with 63 percent of the delegates voting for him as the only candidate for the role . At the time of the vote , Ziemiaks nomination was widely interpreted as sign of Kramp-Karrenbauer willingness to build bridges to the defeated conservatives around her opponents Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn . Political positions . Within the CDU , Ziemiak represents the party’s more conservative wing . For example , he has stated that he is opposed to a revision of German criminal law paragraph 219a , which prohibits public advertisement of abortion procedures . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Bädergesellschaft Iserlohn mbH , Member of the Supervisory Board - Energie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board - Stadtwerke Iserlohn GmbH , Member of the Supervisory Board Non-profit organizations . - Konrad Adenauer Foundation ( KAS ) , Membe |
[
"United States Coast Guard"
] | easy | What was the operator of USCGC Southwind from Mar 1943 to Mar 1945? | /wiki/USCGC_Southwind#P137#0 | USCGC Southwind USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) was a that served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) , the Soviet Navy as the Admiral Makarov , the United States Navy as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) and again in the U.S . Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) . Construction . Southwind was the third of the of icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard . Her keel was laid on 20 July 1942 at the Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro , California , she was christened by Mrs . Ona Jones and launched on 8 March 1943 , and commissioned on 15 July 1944 . Her hull was of unprecedented strength and structural integrity , with a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed , a cut away forefoot , rounded bottom , and fore , aft and side heeling tanks . Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage . Southwind , along with the other Wind-class icebreakers , was heavily armed for an icebreaker due to her design being crafted during World War II . Her main battery consisted of two twin-mount deck guns . Her anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of three quad-mounted Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft autocannons and six Oerlikon 20 mm autocannons . She also carried six K-gun depth charge projectors and a Hedgehog as anti-submarine weapons . After her return from Soviet service she had a single 5/38 caliber gun mount forward and a helicopter deck aft . In 1968 the forward mount was removed . First U.S . Coast Guard service . On 15 July 1944 , she was commissioned as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) . After service on the Greenland Patrol , and assisting in capturing the , Southwind was transferred to the Soviet Union on 23 or 25 March 1945 as part of the Lend-Lease Program . Soviet service . The ship served in the Soviet merchant marine under the name Admiral Makarov ( , named in honor of Stepan Makarov ) until being returned to the U.S . Navy on 28 December 1949 at Yokosuka , Japan . U.S . Navy service . In 1950 the ship was transferred to the U.S . Navy and rechristened as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) , after the small Aleutian island of Atka . Upon arrival at her home port of Boston , Atka entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a thorough overhaul and modernization . The work was completed late in May 1951 , and Atka began operations from Boston , Massachusetts in July 1951 . Throughout her career in the American navy , the icebreaker followed a routine established by the changing seasons . In the late spring , she would set sail for either the northern or southern polar regions to resupply American and Canadian air bases and weather and radar stations . In early fall , she would return to Boston for upkeep and repairs . In the winter , the ship would sail various routes in the North Atlantic Ocean to gather weather data before returning to Boston in early spring for repairs and preparation for her annual polar expedition . The ship often carried civilian scientists who plotted data on ocean currents and ocean water characteristics . They also assembled hydrographic data on the poorly charted polar regions . Atka was also involved in numerous tests of cold weather equipment and survival techniques . She served in the Atlantic fleet and completed three Arctic tours . Atka conducted a notable expeditionary cruise to Antarctica for Operation Deep Freeze , scouting locations for science stations in support of the International Geophysical Year . She departed Boston on 1 December 1954 , and after stops at Rodman Naval Station and Wellington , she sighted Scott Island and first ice on 12 January 1955 , and encountered the Ross Ice Barrier on 14 January , marking her arrival at the continent . Atka conducted surveys , samplings , and experiments from the Ross Sea eastward to Princess Martha Coast until she departed the region on 19 February 1955 . After stops at Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro , Atka returned to Boston on 12 April 1955 , completing her mission . Second U.S . Coast Guard service . On 31 October 1966 she was transferred to the United States Coast Guard and christened again as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) , changed homeport to the United States Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay , Baltimore , Maryland . After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda she proceeded on its first operational cruise north to Thule , Greenland . She deployed to the Arctic in 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , as well as to the Antarctic in December 1967 , December 1968 and January 1972 . In 1968 she was involved in a diplomatic incident between Chile and Argentine about navigation rights in the Beagle channel . In September 1970 , Southwind visited the port of Murmansk , being the first U.S . naval vessel to visit a Soviet port since the start of the cold war . During that visit , she took aboard a boilerplate ( BP-1227 ) from the Apollo program . The boilerplate had been lost in the North Sea in early 1970 , recovered by a Soviet fishing trawler in the Bay of Biscay , transferred to the Soviet Union , and passed to Southwind on 5 September 1970 . Southwind was decommissioned on 31 May 1974 , and sold for scrap on 17 March 1976 for $231,079.00 to Union Mineral & Alloy Corporation of New York . External links . - USCGC Southwind - USS Atka Association - Icebreakers : Historic Photo Gallery by the U.S . Coast Guard - Arctic Combat : The Capture of the German Naval Auxiliary Externsteine by the Coast Guard Icebreakers Eastwind & Southwind in Greenland , 1944 by the U.S . Coast Guard |
[
""
] | easy | What operated USCGC Southwind from Mar 1945 to Oct 1966? | /wiki/USCGC_Southwind#P137#1 | USCGC Southwind USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) was a that served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) , the Soviet Navy as the Admiral Makarov , the United States Navy as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) and again in the U.S . Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) . Construction . Southwind was the third of the of icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard . Her keel was laid on 20 July 1942 at the Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro , California , she was christened by Mrs . Ona Jones and launched on 8 March 1943 , and commissioned on 15 July 1944 . Her hull was of unprecedented strength and structural integrity , with a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed , a cut away forefoot , rounded bottom , and fore , aft and side heeling tanks . Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage . Southwind , along with the other Wind-class icebreakers , was heavily armed for an icebreaker due to her design being crafted during World War II . Her main battery consisted of two twin-mount deck guns . Her anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of three quad-mounted Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft autocannons and six Oerlikon 20 mm autocannons . She also carried six K-gun depth charge projectors and a Hedgehog as anti-submarine weapons . After her return from Soviet service she had a single 5/38 caliber gun mount forward and a helicopter deck aft . In 1968 the forward mount was removed . First U.S . Coast Guard service . On 15 July 1944 , she was commissioned as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) . After service on the Greenland Patrol , and assisting in capturing the , Southwind was transferred to the Soviet Union on 23 or 25 March 1945 as part of the Lend-Lease Program . Soviet service . The ship served in the Soviet merchant marine under the name Admiral Makarov ( , named in honor of Stepan Makarov ) until being returned to the U.S . Navy on 28 December 1949 at Yokosuka , Japan . U.S . Navy service . In 1950 the ship was transferred to the U.S . Navy and rechristened as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) , after the small Aleutian island of Atka . Upon arrival at her home port of Boston , Atka entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a thorough overhaul and modernization . The work was completed late in May 1951 , and Atka began operations from Boston , Massachusetts in July 1951 . Throughout her career in the American navy , the icebreaker followed a routine established by the changing seasons . In the late spring , she would set sail for either the northern or southern polar regions to resupply American and Canadian air bases and weather and radar stations . In early fall , she would return to Boston for upkeep and repairs . In the winter , the ship would sail various routes in the North Atlantic Ocean to gather weather data before returning to Boston in early spring for repairs and preparation for her annual polar expedition . The ship often carried civilian scientists who plotted data on ocean currents and ocean water characteristics . They also assembled hydrographic data on the poorly charted polar regions . Atka was also involved in numerous tests of cold weather equipment and survival techniques . She served in the Atlantic fleet and completed three Arctic tours . Atka conducted a notable expeditionary cruise to Antarctica for Operation Deep Freeze , scouting locations for science stations in support of the International Geophysical Year . She departed Boston on 1 December 1954 , and after stops at Rodman Naval Station and Wellington , she sighted Scott Island and first ice on 12 January 1955 , and encountered the Ross Ice Barrier on 14 January , marking her arrival at the continent . Atka conducted surveys , samplings , and experiments from the Ross Sea eastward to Princess Martha Coast until she departed the region on 19 February 1955 . After stops at Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro , Atka returned to Boston on 12 April 1955 , completing her mission . Second U.S . Coast Guard service . On 31 October 1966 she was transferred to the United States Coast Guard and christened again as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) , changed homeport to the United States Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay , Baltimore , Maryland . After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda she proceeded on its first operational cruise north to Thule , Greenland . She deployed to the Arctic in 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , as well as to the Antarctic in December 1967 , December 1968 and January 1972 . In 1968 she was involved in a diplomatic incident between Chile and Argentine about navigation rights in the Beagle channel . In September 1970 , Southwind visited the port of Murmansk , being the first U.S . naval vessel to visit a Soviet port since the start of the cold war . During that visit , she took aboard a boilerplate ( BP-1227 ) from the Apollo program . The boilerplate had been lost in the North Sea in early 1970 , recovered by a Soviet fishing trawler in the Bay of Biscay , transferred to the Soviet Union , and passed to Southwind on 5 September 1970 . Southwind was decommissioned on 31 May 1974 , and sold for scrap on 17 March 1976 for $231,079.00 to Union Mineral & Alloy Corporation of New York . External links . - USCGC Southwind - USS Atka Association - Icebreakers : Historic Photo Gallery by the U.S . Coast Guard - Arctic Combat : The Capture of the German Naval Auxiliary Externsteine by the Coast Guard Icebreakers Eastwind & Southwind in Greenland , 1944 by the U.S . Coast Guard |
[
"United States Coast Guard"
] | easy | What was the operator of USCGC Southwind from Oct 1966 to May 1974? | /wiki/USCGC_Southwind#P137#2 | USCGC Southwind USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) was a that served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) , the Soviet Navy as the Admiral Makarov , the United States Navy as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) and again in the U.S . Coast Guard as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) . Construction . Southwind was the third of the of icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard . Her keel was laid on 20 July 1942 at the Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro , California , she was christened by Mrs . Ona Jones and launched on 8 March 1943 , and commissioned on 15 July 1944 . Her hull was of unprecedented strength and structural integrity , with a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed , a cut away forefoot , rounded bottom , and fore , aft and side heeling tanks . Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage . Southwind , along with the other Wind-class icebreakers , was heavily armed for an icebreaker due to her design being crafted during World War II . Her main battery consisted of two twin-mount deck guns . Her anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of three quad-mounted Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft autocannons and six Oerlikon 20 mm autocannons . She also carried six K-gun depth charge projectors and a Hedgehog as anti-submarine weapons . After her return from Soviet service she had a single 5/38 caliber gun mount forward and a helicopter deck aft . In 1968 the forward mount was removed . First U.S . Coast Guard service . On 15 July 1944 , she was commissioned as USCGC Southwind ( WAG-280 ) . After service on the Greenland Patrol , and assisting in capturing the , Southwind was transferred to the Soviet Union on 23 or 25 March 1945 as part of the Lend-Lease Program . Soviet service . The ship served in the Soviet merchant marine under the name Admiral Makarov ( , named in honor of Stepan Makarov ) until being returned to the U.S . Navy on 28 December 1949 at Yokosuka , Japan . U.S . Navy service . In 1950 the ship was transferred to the U.S . Navy and rechristened as USS Atka ( AGB-3 ) , after the small Aleutian island of Atka . Upon arrival at her home port of Boston , Atka entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a thorough overhaul and modernization . The work was completed late in May 1951 , and Atka began operations from Boston , Massachusetts in July 1951 . Throughout her career in the American navy , the icebreaker followed a routine established by the changing seasons . In the late spring , she would set sail for either the northern or southern polar regions to resupply American and Canadian air bases and weather and radar stations . In early fall , she would return to Boston for upkeep and repairs . In the winter , the ship would sail various routes in the North Atlantic Ocean to gather weather data before returning to Boston in early spring for repairs and preparation for her annual polar expedition . The ship often carried civilian scientists who plotted data on ocean currents and ocean water characteristics . They also assembled hydrographic data on the poorly charted polar regions . Atka was also involved in numerous tests of cold weather equipment and survival techniques . She served in the Atlantic fleet and completed three Arctic tours . Atka conducted a notable expeditionary cruise to Antarctica for Operation Deep Freeze , scouting locations for science stations in support of the International Geophysical Year . She departed Boston on 1 December 1954 , and after stops at Rodman Naval Station and Wellington , she sighted Scott Island and first ice on 12 January 1955 , and encountered the Ross Ice Barrier on 14 January , marking her arrival at the continent . Atka conducted surveys , samplings , and experiments from the Ross Sea eastward to Princess Martha Coast until she departed the region on 19 February 1955 . After stops at Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro , Atka returned to Boston on 12 April 1955 , completing her mission . Second U.S . Coast Guard service . On 31 October 1966 she was transferred to the United States Coast Guard and christened again as USCGC Southwind ( WAGB-280 ) , changed homeport to the United States Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay , Baltimore , Maryland . After a shakedown cruise to Bermuda she proceeded on its first operational cruise north to Thule , Greenland . She deployed to the Arctic in 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , as well as to the Antarctic in December 1967 , December 1968 and January 1972 . In 1968 she was involved in a diplomatic incident between Chile and Argentine about navigation rights in the Beagle channel . In September 1970 , Southwind visited the port of Murmansk , being the first U.S . naval vessel to visit a Soviet port since the start of the cold war . During that visit , she took aboard a boilerplate ( BP-1227 ) from the Apollo program . The boilerplate had been lost in the North Sea in early 1970 , recovered by a Soviet fishing trawler in the Bay of Biscay , transferred to the Soviet Union , and passed to Southwind on 5 September 1970 . Southwind was decommissioned on 31 May 1974 , and sold for scrap on 17 March 1976 for $231,079.00 to Union Mineral & Alloy Corporation of New York . External links . - USCGC Southwind - USS Atka Association - Icebreakers : Historic Photo Gallery by the U.S . Coast Guard - Arctic Combat : The Capture of the German Naval Auxiliary Externsteine by the Coast Guard Icebreakers Eastwind & Southwind in Greenland , 1944 by the U.S . Coast Guard |
[
"Argentine second division",
"Talleres"
] | easy | Javier Pastore played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Javier_Pastore#P54#0 | Javier Pastore Javier Matías Pastore ( ; born 20 June 1989 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Roma and the Argentina national team . Pastore began his club career with Talleres and then Huracán in his native Argentina before moving to Serie A team Palermo in 2009 for a reported transfer fee of €4.7 million . In 2011 , French side Paris Saint-Germain bought him for a reported €39.8 million . He won numerous domestic honours with the club , including five Ligue 1 titles , before joining Roma in 2018 , for a fee of €24.7 million . At international level , Pastore made his senior debut in 2010 , and has since gone on to make over 20 appearances for his country . He represented Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and at three editions of the Copa América , reaching consecutive finals of the latter competition in 2015 and 2016 . Club career . Early life . Pastore was born in Córdoba in an Italian-Argentine family originally from Volvera , Turin . He started his career in the youth system of the Argentine club Talleres , and slowly worked his way up to the first team . In 2007 , he made his debut in the Argentine second division under the wing of manager Ricardo Gareca . In 2007 , he only managed to play five games . Huracán . During the 2008 season , Pastore was loaned to Huracán of the Argentine Primera . He made his professional debut for Huracán on 24 May 2008 in a 1–0 loss with River Plate . In the 2009 Clausura championship , he established himself as a regular first-team player for the club under the management of Ángel Cappa . This was his breakthrough tournament , where his side narrowly missed out on the championship title . His performance against River Plate was particularly lauded where he opened the scoring with a 25-yard shot and then scored again with a piece of individual brilliance helping Huracán win 4–0 in the clubs biggest win against River Plate in over 60 years . He ended up as the teams top scorer with seven goals and three assists . Pastore and teammate Matías De Federico was integral to Huracáns title challenge that season . Palermo . On 11 July 2009 Palermo formally announced the signing of Pastore for five years until 30 June 2014 , with the transfer fee listed at approximately €4.7 million . Before his move to Palermo , the player was also linked to number of other top European clubs , including Manchester United , Porto , Milan and Chelsea . Pastores debut was on 15 August in the Coppa Italia , while his debut in Serie A came eight days later . His breakthrough game was on 4 October against Juventus , when he assisted Edinson Cavanis goal in a 2–0 win , appearing in all the websites and national newspapers . He scored his first Serie A goal on 30 January 2010 in a 2–4 away defeat to Bari . In his first season at Palermo , Pastore proved himself as being a promising but inexperienced youngster , playing mostly as a second-half substitute under head coaches Walter Zenga and , later , Delio Rossi . Pastore then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi , playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani . Thanks to his performances , all praised by fans and pundits , Palermo finished off the season in fifth place , thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League . In the 2010–11 season , on 14 November , Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania . On 30 July 2011 , Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastores transfer to Paris Saint-Germain . Paris Saint-Germain . On 6 August 2011 , Paris Saint-Germain formally announced the signing of Pastore , issuing him the number 27 shirt . The transfer fee throughout was €39.8 million . However , due to third-party ownership by his agent Marcelo Simonian , who would received €12.5 million ( not known it included agent fee or not ) Palermo announced through its website that the club received only €22.8 million of the total fee . Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini had started a legal action over the matter , despite the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) prohibiting any Italian club from forming any ownership agreement with third parties , which Zamparini acknowledged risked a punishment for himself . Pastore scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match against Stade Brestois in a 1–0 win on 11 September 2011 . During his first season at the Parc des Princes , Pastore scored 13 goals in 33 league matches . The following year , Pastore appeared in 34 league matches as PSG won the first of four consecutive Ligue 1 titles . He also scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 4–1 win over FC Dynamo Kyiv on 18 September 2012 . In 2014–15 , Pastore made over 50 appearances and was named in the UNFP team of the season as PSG won an unprecedented domestic quadruple of Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and the Trophée des Champions . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Pastore inherited the number 10 shirt from the departing Zlatan Ibrahimović , switching from the number 27 shirt . As with 2015–16 , he missed a large portion of the season through injuries , but returned to the PSG starting line-up for Le Classique against rivals Olympique de Marseille , where he assisted Edinson Cavani in a 5–1 Ligue 1 away win on 26 February 2017 . Three days later , he came on as a substitute and scored the opening goal , before assisting Cavani again as PSG defeated Ligue 2 club Chamois Niortias 2–0 to reach the quarter-final stage of the 2016–17 Coupe de France . On 19 March 2017 , Pastore assisted both of PSGs goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Adrien Rabiot and Julian Draxler in their 2-1 Ligue 1 home win over Olympique Lyonnais . On 17 May 2017 , Pastore appeared as a 72nd-minute substitute for Julian Draxler as PSG defeated Angers 1–0 in the 2017 Coupe de France Final . Before the start of the next season , he vacated his number 10 jersey to new signing Neymar as a welcome gift and reclaimed his previous number 27 jersey . On 8 May 2018 , he came off the bench as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France . Roma . On 26 June 2018 , Pastore signed a five-year contract with Italian side Roma from Paris Saint-Germain for a reported fee of €24.7m . He was handed the number 27 shirt . He made his club debut in a 1–0 away win over Torino in Serie A on 19 August . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 August , opening the scoring with a back-heeled goal in the second minute of play in an eventual 3–3 home draw against Atalanta in the league . International career . Following a string of good performances in his first season in Serie A , Argentina head coach Diego Maradona called up Pastore for an unofficial friendly match against the Catalonia national team on 22 December 2009 . Pastore made his debut as a second-half substitute , scoring a goal in the process . Since the match was not a FIFA-recognized representative game , however , Pastore did not receive a cap . Pastore was subsequently called up by Maradona again for a friendly game against Germany , but did not make an appearance . His official debut was against Canada on 25 May 2010 , and he was subsequently included by Maradona in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 22 June , he made his FIFA World Cup debut when he came on the pitch in the 77th minute against Greece , replacing Sergio Agüero . Argentina won the match 2–0 . On 27 June , he was again substituted on against Mexico in the 87th minute , this time replacing Maxi Rodríguez . Argentina won the match 3–1 . Pastore was included by manager Sergio Batista in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América on home soil . Argentina were eliminated by eventual champions Uruguay on penalties in the quarter-finals . Pastore scored his first senior international goal on 31 March 2015 , in a 2–1 friendly win over Ecuador , at the MetLife Stadium , in New Jersey . Later that year , Pastore was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , and started in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . At the semi-final stage , Pastore scored the teams second goal and assisted Ángel Di María for the third as Argentina defeated Paraguay 6–1 to reach the tournament final . In the final against hosts Chile on 4 July , Pastore came off for Éver Banega in the 81st minute ; following a 0–0 draw after extra-time , Chile claimed the title with a 4–1 penalty shoot-out victory . In 2016 , Pastore was included in Argentinas 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario . Argentina went on to reach the final , only to lose out on penalties to Chile once again . Style of play . An elegant , creative and technically gifted advanced playmaker , with excellent dribbling skills and close control , Pastore is capable of playing in several offensive roles , due to his ability to both score and create goals . Although he is usually deployed as an attacking midfielder due to his vision , passing and striking ability from distance , he is also capable of functioning as a winger , as a supporting striker or even as a forward , and has also been deployed in more withdrawn midfield roles on occasion , operating as a central midfielder , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a mezzala , due to his work-rate , creativity , skill , and physical attributes , despite his lack of notable pace . A talented , strong , quick and hard-working right-footed player , his playing style has drawn comparisons to Kaká , Zinedine Zidane , Zlatan Ibrahimović and one of his childhood idols , Enzo Francescoli , although Pastore has stated that his main influence is compatriot Juan Román Riquelme . Nicknamed El Flaco ( like Francescoli before him ) due to his tall , slender build , he was regarded as a highly promising player as a youngster , and in 2010 , Don Balón named him as one of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1988 . Despite his talent , however , he is known to be injury prone , and has also drawn criticism in the media for being inconsistent . Honours . Club . Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Individual . - Serie A Young Footballer of the Year : 2010 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2014–15 - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : September 2011 , November 2014 , March 2015 , April 2015 External links . - Sky Sports profile - Profile at LegaSerieA |
[
"Huracán"
] | easy | Which team did Javier Pastore play for from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Javier_Pastore#P54#1 | Javier Pastore Javier Matías Pastore ( ; born 20 June 1989 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Roma and the Argentina national team . Pastore began his club career with Talleres and then Huracán in his native Argentina before moving to Serie A team Palermo in 2009 for a reported transfer fee of €4.7 million . In 2011 , French side Paris Saint-Germain bought him for a reported €39.8 million . He won numerous domestic honours with the club , including five Ligue 1 titles , before joining Roma in 2018 , for a fee of €24.7 million . At international level , Pastore made his senior debut in 2010 , and has since gone on to make over 20 appearances for his country . He represented Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and at three editions of the Copa América , reaching consecutive finals of the latter competition in 2015 and 2016 . Club career . Early life . Pastore was born in Córdoba in an Italian-Argentine family originally from Volvera , Turin . He started his career in the youth system of the Argentine club Talleres , and slowly worked his way up to the first team . In 2007 , he made his debut in the Argentine second division under the wing of manager Ricardo Gareca . In 2007 , he only managed to play five games . Huracán . During the 2008 season , Pastore was loaned to Huracán of the Argentine Primera . He made his professional debut for Huracán on 24 May 2008 in a 1–0 loss with River Plate . In the 2009 Clausura championship , he established himself as a regular first-team player for the club under the management of Ángel Cappa . This was his breakthrough tournament , where his side narrowly missed out on the championship title . His performance against River Plate was particularly lauded where he opened the scoring with a 25-yard shot and then scored again with a piece of individual brilliance helping Huracán win 4–0 in the clubs biggest win against River Plate in over 60 years . He ended up as the teams top scorer with seven goals and three assists . Pastore and teammate Matías De Federico was integral to Huracáns title challenge that season . Palermo . On 11 July 2009 Palermo formally announced the signing of Pastore for five years until 30 June 2014 , with the transfer fee listed at approximately €4.7 million . Before his move to Palermo , the player was also linked to number of other top European clubs , including Manchester United , Porto , Milan and Chelsea . Pastores debut was on 15 August in the Coppa Italia , while his debut in Serie A came eight days later . His breakthrough game was on 4 October against Juventus , when he assisted Edinson Cavanis goal in a 2–0 win , appearing in all the websites and national newspapers . He scored his first Serie A goal on 30 January 2010 in a 2–4 away defeat to Bari . In his first season at Palermo , Pastore proved himself as being a promising but inexperienced youngster , playing mostly as a second-half substitute under head coaches Walter Zenga and , later , Delio Rossi . Pastore then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi , playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani . Thanks to his performances , all praised by fans and pundits , Palermo finished off the season in fifth place , thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League . In the 2010–11 season , on 14 November , Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania . On 30 July 2011 , Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastores transfer to Paris Saint-Germain . Paris Saint-Germain . On 6 August 2011 , Paris Saint-Germain formally announced the signing of Pastore , issuing him the number 27 shirt . The transfer fee throughout was €39.8 million . However , due to third-party ownership by his agent Marcelo Simonian , who would received €12.5 million ( not known it included agent fee or not ) Palermo announced through its website that the club received only €22.8 million of the total fee . Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini had started a legal action over the matter , despite the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) prohibiting any Italian club from forming any ownership agreement with third parties , which Zamparini acknowledged risked a punishment for himself . Pastore scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match against Stade Brestois in a 1–0 win on 11 September 2011 . During his first season at the Parc des Princes , Pastore scored 13 goals in 33 league matches . The following year , Pastore appeared in 34 league matches as PSG won the first of four consecutive Ligue 1 titles . He also scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 4–1 win over FC Dynamo Kyiv on 18 September 2012 . In 2014–15 , Pastore made over 50 appearances and was named in the UNFP team of the season as PSG won an unprecedented domestic quadruple of Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and the Trophée des Champions . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Pastore inherited the number 10 shirt from the departing Zlatan Ibrahimović , switching from the number 27 shirt . As with 2015–16 , he missed a large portion of the season through injuries , but returned to the PSG starting line-up for Le Classique against rivals Olympique de Marseille , where he assisted Edinson Cavani in a 5–1 Ligue 1 away win on 26 February 2017 . Three days later , he came on as a substitute and scored the opening goal , before assisting Cavani again as PSG defeated Ligue 2 club Chamois Niortias 2–0 to reach the quarter-final stage of the 2016–17 Coupe de France . On 19 March 2017 , Pastore assisted both of PSGs goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Adrien Rabiot and Julian Draxler in their 2-1 Ligue 1 home win over Olympique Lyonnais . On 17 May 2017 , Pastore appeared as a 72nd-minute substitute for Julian Draxler as PSG defeated Angers 1–0 in the 2017 Coupe de France Final . Before the start of the next season , he vacated his number 10 jersey to new signing Neymar as a welcome gift and reclaimed his previous number 27 jersey . On 8 May 2018 , he came off the bench as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France . Roma . On 26 June 2018 , Pastore signed a five-year contract with Italian side Roma from Paris Saint-Germain for a reported fee of €24.7m . He was handed the number 27 shirt . He made his club debut in a 1–0 away win over Torino in Serie A on 19 August . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 August , opening the scoring with a back-heeled goal in the second minute of play in an eventual 3–3 home draw against Atalanta in the league . International career . Following a string of good performances in his first season in Serie A , Argentina head coach Diego Maradona called up Pastore for an unofficial friendly match against the Catalonia national team on 22 December 2009 . Pastore made his debut as a second-half substitute , scoring a goal in the process . Since the match was not a FIFA-recognized representative game , however , Pastore did not receive a cap . Pastore was subsequently called up by Maradona again for a friendly game against Germany , but did not make an appearance . His official debut was against Canada on 25 May 2010 , and he was subsequently included by Maradona in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 22 June , he made his FIFA World Cup debut when he came on the pitch in the 77th minute against Greece , replacing Sergio Agüero . Argentina won the match 2–0 . On 27 June , he was again substituted on against Mexico in the 87th minute , this time replacing Maxi Rodríguez . Argentina won the match 3–1 . Pastore was included by manager Sergio Batista in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América on home soil . Argentina were eliminated by eventual champions Uruguay on penalties in the quarter-finals . Pastore scored his first senior international goal on 31 March 2015 , in a 2–1 friendly win over Ecuador , at the MetLife Stadium , in New Jersey . Later that year , Pastore was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , and started in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . At the semi-final stage , Pastore scored the teams second goal and assisted Ángel Di María for the third as Argentina defeated Paraguay 6–1 to reach the tournament final . In the final against hosts Chile on 4 July , Pastore came off for Éver Banega in the 81st minute ; following a 0–0 draw after extra-time , Chile claimed the title with a 4–1 penalty shoot-out victory . In 2016 , Pastore was included in Argentinas 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario . Argentina went on to reach the final , only to lose out on penalties to Chile once again . Style of play . An elegant , creative and technically gifted advanced playmaker , with excellent dribbling skills and close control , Pastore is capable of playing in several offensive roles , due to his ability to both score and create goals . Although he is usually deployed as an attacking midfielder due to his vision , passing and striking ability from distance , he is also capable of functioning as a winger , as a supporting striker or even as a forward , and has also been deployed in more withdrawn midfield roles on occasion , operating as a central midfielder , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a mezzala , due to his work-rate , creativity , skill , and physical attributes , despite his lack of notable pace . A talented , strong , quick and hard-working right-footed player , his playing style has drawn comparisons to Kaká , Zinedine Zidane , Zlatan Ibrahimović and one of his childhood idols , Enzo Francescoli , although Pastore has stated that his main influence is compatriot Juan Román Riquelme . Nicknamed El Flaco ( like Francescoli before him ) due to his tall , slender build , he was regarded as a highly promising player as a youngster , and in 2010 , Don Balón named him as one of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1988 . Despite his talent , however , he is known to be injury prone , and has also drawn criticism in the media for being inconsistent . Honours . Club . Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Individual . - Serie A Young Footballer of the Year : 2010 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2014–15 - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : September 2011 , November 2014 , March 2015 , April 2015 External links . - Sky Sports profile - Profile at LegaSerieA |
[
"Palermo"
] | easy | Which team did the player Javier Pastore belong to from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Javier_Pastore#P54#2 | Javier Pastore Javier Matías Pastore ( ; born 20 June 1989 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Roma and the Argentina national team . Pastore began his club career with Talleres and then Huracán in his native Argentina before moving to Serie A team Palermo in 2009 for a reported transfer fee of €4.7 million . In 2011 , French side Paris Saint-Germain bought him for a reported €39.8 million . He won numerous domestic honours with the club , including five Ligue 1 titles , before joining Roma in 2018 , for a fee of €24.7 million . At international level , Pastore made his senior debut in 2010 , and has since gone on to make over 20 appearances for his country . He represented Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and at three editions of the Copa América , reaching consecutive finals of the latter competition in 2015 and 2016 . Club career . Early life . Pastore was born in Córdoba in an Italian-Argentine family originally from Volvera , Turin . He started his career in the youth system of the Argentine club Talleres , and slowly worked his way up to the first team . In 2007 , he made his debut in the Argentine second division under the wing of manager Ricardo Gareca . In 2007 , he only managed to play five games . Huracán . During the 2008 season , Pastore was loaned to Huracán of the Argentine Primera . He made his professional debut for Huracán on 24 May 2008 in a 1–0 loss with River Plate . In the 2009 Clausura championship , he established himself as a regular first-team player for the club under the management of Ángel Cappa . This was his breakthrough tournament , where his side narrowly missed out on the championship title . His performance against River Plate was particularly lauded where he opened the scoring with a 25-yard shot and then scored again with a piece of individual brilliance helping Huracán win 4–0 in the clubs biggest win against River Plate in over 60 years . He ended up as the teams top scorer with seven goals and three assists . Pastore and teammate Matías De Federico was integral to Huracáns title challenge that season . Palermo . On 11 July 2009 Palermo formally announced the signing of Pastore for five years until 30 June 2014 , with the transfer fee listed at approximately €4.7 million . Before his move to Palermo , the player was also linked to number of other top European clubs , including Manchester United , Porto , Milan and Chelsea . Pastores debut was on 15 August in the Coppa Italia , while his debut in Serie A came eight days later . His breakthrough game was on 4 October against Juventus , when he assisted Edinson Cavanis goal in a 2–0 win , appearing in all the websites and national newspapers . He scored his first Serie A goal on 30 January 2010 in a 2–4 away defeat to Bari . In his first season at Palermo , Pastore proved himself as being a promising but inexperienced youngster , playing mostly as a second-half substitute under head coaches Walter Zenga and , later , Delio Rossi . Pastore then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi , playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani . Thanks to his performances , all praised by fans and pundits , Palermo finished off the season in fifth place , thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League . In the 2010–11 season , on 14 November , Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania . On 30 July 2011 , Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastores transfer to Paris Saint-Germain . Paris Saint-Germain . On 6 August 2011 , Paris Saint-Germain formally announced the signing of Pastore , issuing him the number 27 shirt . The transfer fee throughout was €39.8 million . However , due to third-party ownership by his agent Marcelo Simonian , who would received €12.5 million ( not known it included agent fee or not ) Palermo announced through its website that the club received only €22.8 million of the total fee . Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini had started a legal action over the matter , despite the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) prohibiting any Italian club from forming any ownership agreement with third parties , which Zamparini acknowledged risked a punishment for himself . Pastore scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match against Stade Brestois in a 1–0 win on 11 September 2011 . During his first season at the Parc des Princes , Pastore scored 13 goals in 33 league matches . The following year , Pastore appeared in 34 league matches as PSG won the first of four consecutive Ligue 1 titles . He also scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 4–1 win over FC Dynamo Kyiv on 18 September 2012 . In 2014–15 , Pastore made over 50 appearances and was named in the UNFP team of the season as PSG won an unprecedented domestic quadruple of Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and the Trophée des Champions . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Pastore inherited the number 10 shirt from the departing Zlatan Ibrahimović , switching from the number 27 shirt . As with 2015–16 , he missed a large portion of the season through injuries , but returned to the PSG starting line-up for Le Classique against rivals Olympique de Marseille , where he assisted Edinson Cavani in a 5–1 Ligue 1 away win on 26 February 2017 . Three days later , he came on as a substitute and scored the opening goal , before assisting Cavani again as PSG defeated Ligue 2 club Chamois Niortias 2–0 to reach the quarter-final stage of the 2016–17 Coupe de France . On 19 March 2017 , Pastore assisted both of PSGs goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Adrien Rabiot and Julian Draxler in their 2-1 Ligue 1 home win over Olympique Lyonnais . On 17 May 2017 , Pastore appeared as a 72nd-minute substitute for Julian Draxler as PSG defeated Angers 1–0 in the 2017 Coupe de France Final . Before the start of the next season , he vacated his number 10 jersey to new signing Neymar as a welcome gift and reclaimed his previous number 27 jersey . On 8 May 2018 , he came off the bench as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France . Roma . On 26 June 2018 , Pastore signed a five-year contract with Italian side Roma from Paris Saint-Germain for a reported fee of €24.7m . He was handed the number 27 shirt . He made his club debut in a 1–0 away win over Torino in Serie A on 19 August . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 August , opening the scoring with a back-heeled goal in the second minute of play in an eventual 3–3 home draw against Atalanta in the league . International career . Following a string of good performances in his first season in Serie A , Argentina head coach Diego Maradona called up Pastore for an unofficial friendly match against the Catalonia national team on 22 December 2009 . Pastore made his debut as a second-half substitute , scoring a goal in the process . Since the match was not a FIFA-recognized representative game , however , Pastore did not receive a cap . Pastore was subsequently called up by Maradona again for a friendly game against Germany , but did not make an appearance . His official debut was against Canada on 25 May 2010 , and he was subsequently included by Maradona in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 22 June , he made his FIFA World Cup debut when he came on the pitch in the 77th minute against Greece , replacing Sergio Agüero . Argentina won the match 2–0 . On 27 June , he was again substituted on against Mexico in the 87th minute , this time replacing Maxi Rodríguez . Argentina won the match 3–1 . Pastore was included by manager Sergio Batista in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América on home soil . Argentina were eliminated by eventual champions Uruguay on penalties in the quarter-finals . Pastore scored his first senior international goal on 31 March 2015 , in a 2–1 friendly win over Ecuador , at the MetLife Stadium , in New Jersey . Later that year , Pastore was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , and started in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . At the semi-final stage , Pastore scored the teams second goal and assisted Ángel Di María for the third as Argentina defeated Paraguay 6–1 to reach the tournament final . In the final against hosts Chile on 4 July , Pastore came off for Éver Banega in the 81st minute ; following a 0–0 draw after extra-time , Chile claimed the title with a 4–1 penalty shoot-out victory . In 2016 , Pastore was included in Argentinas 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario . Argentina went on to reach the final , only to lose out on penalties to Chile once again . Style of play . An elegant , creative and technically gifted advanced playmaker , with excellent dribbling skills and close control , Pastore is capable of playing in several offensive roles , due to his ability to both score and create goals . Although he is usually deployed as an attacking midfielder due to his vision , passing and striking ability from distance , he is also capable of functioning as a winger , as a supporting striker or even as a forward , and has also been deployed in more withdrawn midfield roles on occasion , operating as a central midfielder , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a mezzala , due to his work-rate , creativity , skill , and physical attributes , despite his lack of notable pace . A talented , strong , quick and hard-working right-footed player , his playing style has drawn comparisons to Kaká , Zinedine Zidane , Zlatan Ibrahimović and one of his childhood idols , Enzo Francescoli , although Pastore has stated that his main influence is compatriot Juan Román Riquelme . Nicknamed El Flaco ( like Francescoli before him ) due to his tall , slender build , he was regarded as a highly promising player as a youngster , and in 2010 , Don Balón named him as one of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1988 . Despite his talent , however , he is known to be injury prone , and has also drawn criticism in the media for being inconsistent . Honours . Club . Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Individual . - Serie A Young Footballer of the Year : 2010 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2014–15 - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : September 2011 , November 2014 , March 2015 , April 2015 External links . - Sky Sports profile - Profile at LegaSerieA |
[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] | easy | Which team did Javier Pastore play for from 2011 to 2018? | /wiki/Javier_Pastore#P54#3 | Javier Pastore Javier Matías Pastore ( ; born 20 June 1989 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Roma and the Argentina national team . Pastore began his club career with Talleres and then Huracán in his native Argentina before moving to Serie A team Palermo in 2009 for a reported transfer fee of €4.7 million . In 2011 , French side Paris Saint-Germain bought him for a reported €39.8 million . He won numerous domestic honours with the club , including five Ligue 1 titles , before joining Roma in 2018 , for a fee of €24.7 million . At international level , Pastore made his senior debut in 2010 , and has since gone on to make over 20 appearances for his country . He represented Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and at three editions of the Copa América , reaching consecutive finals of the latter competition in 2015 and 2016 . Club career . Early life . Pastore was born in Córdoba in an Italian-Argentine family originally from Volvera , Turin . He started his career in the youth system of the Argentine club Talleres , and slowly worked his way up to the first team . In 2007 , he made his debut in the Argentine second division under the wing of manager Ricardo Gareca . In 2007 , he only managed to play five games . Huracán . During the 2008 season , Pastore was loaned to Huracán of the Argentine Primera . He made his professional debut for Huracán on 24 May 2008 in a 1–0 loss with River Plate . In the 2009 Clausura championship , he established himself as a regular first-team player for the club under the management of Ángel Cappa . This was his breakthrough tournament , where his side narrowly missed out on the championship title . His performance against River Plate was particularly lauded where he opened the scoring with a 25-yard shot and then scored again with a piece of individual brilliance helping Huracán win 4–0 in the clubs biggest win against River Plate in over 60 years . He ended up as the teams top scorer with seven goals and three assists . Pastore and teammate Matías De Federico was integral to Huracáns title challenge that season . Palermo . On 11 July 2009 Palermo formally announced the signing of Pastore for five years until 30 June 2014 , with the transfer fee listed at approximately €4.7 million . Before his move to Palermo , the player was also linked to number of other top European clubs , including Manchester United , Porto , Milan and Chelsea . Pastores debut was on 15 August in the Coppa Italia , while his debut in Serie A came eight days later . His breakthrough game was on 4 October against Juventus , when he assisted Edinson Cavanis goal in a 2–0 win , appearing in all the websites and national newspapers . He scored his first Serie A goal on 30 January 2010 in a 2–4 away defeat to Bari . In his first season at Palermo , Pastore proved himself as being a promising but inexperienced youngster , playing mostly as a second-half substitute under head coaches Walter Zenga and , later , Delio Rossi . Pastore then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi , playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani . Thanks to his performances , all praised by fans and pundits , Palermo finished off the season in fifth place , thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League . In the 2010–11 season , on 14 November , Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania . On 30 July 2011 , Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastores transfer to Paris Saint-Germain . Paris Saint-Germain . On 6 August 2011 , Paris Saint-Germain formally announced the signing of Pastore , issuing him the number 27 shirt . The transfer fee throughout was €39.8 million . However , due to third-party ownership by his agent Marcelo Simonian , who would received €12.5 million ( not known it included agent fee or not ) Palermo announced through its website that the club received only €22.8 million of the total fee . Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini had started a legal action over the matter , despite the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) prohibiting any Italian club from forming any ownership agreement with third parties , which Zamparini acknowledged risked a punishment for himself . Pastore scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match against Stade Brestois in a 1–0 win on 11 September 2011 . During his first season at the Parc des Princes , Pastore scored 13 goals in 33 league matches . The following year , Pastore appeared in 34 league matches as PSG won the first of four consecutive Ligue 1 titles . He also scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 4–1 win over FC Dynamo Kyiv on 18 September 2012 . In 2014–15 , Pastore made over 50 appearances and was named in the UNFP team of the season as PSG won an unprecedented domestic quadruple of Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and the Trophée des Champions . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Pastore inherited the number 10 shirt from the departing Zlatan Ibrahimović , switching from the number 27 shirt . As with 2015–16 , he missed a large portion of the season through injuries , but returned to the PSG starting line-up for Le Classique against rivals Olympique de Marseille , where he assisted Edinson Cavani in a 5–1 Ligue 1 away win on 26 February 2017 . Three days later , he came on as a substitute and scored the opening goal , before assisting Cavani again as PSG defeated Ligue 2 club Chamois Niortias 2–0 to reach the quarter-final stage of the 2016–17 Coupe de France . On 19 March 2017 , Pastore assisted both of PSGs goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Adrien Rabiot and Julian Draxler in their 2-1 Ligue 1 home win over Olympique Lyonnais . On 17 May 2017 , Pastore appeared as a 72nd-minute substitute for Julian Draxler as PSG defeated Angers 1–0 in the 2017 Coupe de France Final . Before the start of the next season , he vacated his number 10 jersey to new signing Neymar as a welcome gift and reclaimed his previous number 27 jersey . On 8 May 2018 , he came off the bench as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France . Roma . On 26 June 2018 , Pastore signed a five-year contract with Italian side Roma from Paris Saint-Germain for a reported fee of €24.7m . He was handed the number 27 shirt . He made his club debut in a 1–0 away win over Torino in Serie A on 19 August . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 August , opening the scoring with a back-heeled goal in the second minute of play in an eventual 3–3 home draw against Atalanta in the league . International career . Following a string of good performances in his first season in Serie A , Argentina head coach Diego Maradona called up Pastore for an unofficial friendly match against the Catalonia national team on 22 December 2009 . Pastore made his debut as a second-half substitute , scoring a goal in the process . Since the match was not a FIFA-recognized representative game , however , Pastore did not receive a cap . Pastore was subsequently called up by Maradona again for a friendly game against Germany , but did not make an appearance . His official debut was against Canada on 25 May 2010 , and he was subsequently included by Maradona in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 22 June , he made his FIFA World Cup debut when he came on the pitch in the 77th minute against Greece , replacing Sergio Agüero . Argentina won the match 2–0 . On 27 June , he was again substituted on against Mexico in the 87th minute , this time replacing Maxi Rodríguez . Argentina won the match 3–1 . Pastore was included by manager Sergio Batista in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América on home soil . Argentina were eliminated by eventual champions Uruguay on penalties in the quarter-finals . Pastore scored his first senior international goal on 31 March 2015 , in a 2–1 friendly win over Ecuador , at the MetLife Stadium , in New Jersey . Later that year , Pastore was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , and started in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . At the semi-final stage , Pastore scored the teams second goal and assisted Ángel Di María for the third as Argentina defeated Paraguay 6–1 to reach the tournament final . In the final against hosts Chile on 4 July , Pastore came off for Éver Banega in the 81st minute ; following a 0–0 draw after extra-time , Chile claimed the title with a 4–1 penalty shoot-out victory . In 2016 , Pastore was included in Argentinas 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario . Argentina went on to reach the final , only to lose out on penalties to Chile once again . Style of play . An elegant , creative and technically gifted advanced playmaker , with excellent dribbling skills and close control , Pastore is capable of playing in several offensive roles , due to his ability to both score and create goals . Although he is usually deployed as an attacking midfielder due to his vision , passing and striking ability from distance , he is also capable of functioning as a winger , as a supporting striker or even as a forward , and has also been deployed in more withdrawn midfield roles on occasion , operating as a central midfielder , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a mezzala , due to his work-rate , creativity , skill , and physical attributes , despite his lack of notable pace . A talented , strong , quick and hard-working right-footed player , his playing style has drawn comparisons to Kaká , Zinedine Zidane , Zlatan Ibrahimović and one of his childhood idols , Enzo Francescoli , although Pastore has stated that his main influence is compatriot Juan Román Riquelme . Nicknamed El Flaco ( like Francescoli before him ) due to his tall , slender build , he was regarded as a highly promising player as a youngster , and in 2010 , Don Balón named him as one of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1988 . Despite his talent , however , he is known to be injury prone , and has also drawn criticism in the media for being inconsistent . Honours . Club . Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Individual . - Serie A Young Footballer of the Year : 2010 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2014–15 - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : September 2011 , November 2014 , March 2015 , April 2015 External links . - Sky Sports profile - Profile at LegaSerieA |
[
"Roma"
] | easy | Which team did Javier Pastore play for from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Javier_Pastore#P54#4 | Javier Pastore Javier Matías Pastore ( ; born 20 June 1989 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Roma and the Argentina national team . Pastore began his club career with Talleres and then Huracán in his native Argentina before moving to Serie A team Palermo in 2009 for a reported transfer fee of €4.7 million . In 2011 , French side Paris Saint-Germain bought him for a reported €39.8 million . He won numerous domestic honours with the club , including five Ligue 1 titles , before joining Roma in 2018 , for a fee of €24.7 million . At international level , Pastore made his senior debut in 2010 , and has since gone on to make over 20 appearances for his country . He represented Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and at three editions of the Copa América , reaching consecutive finals of the latter competition in 2015 and 2016 . Club career . Early life . Pastore was born in Córdoba in an Italian-Argentine family originally from Volvera , Turin . He started his career in the youth system of the Argentine club Talleres , and slowly worked his way up to the first team . In 2007 , he made his debut in the Argentine second division under the wing of manager Ricardo Gareca . In 2007 , he only managed to play five games . Huracán . During the 2008 season , Pastore was loaned to Huracán of the Argentine Primera . He made his professional debut for Huracán on 24 May 2008 in a 1–0 loss with River Plate . In the 2009 Clausura championship , he established himself as a regular first-team player for the club under the management of Ángel Cappa . This was his breakthrough tournament , where his side narrowly missed out on the championship title . His performance against River Plate was particularly lauded where he opened the scoring with a 25-yard shot and then scored again with a piece of individual brilliance helping Huracán win 4–0 in the clubs biggest win against River Plate in over 60 years . He ended up as the teams top scorer with seven goals and three assists . Pastore and teammate Matías De Federico was integral to Huracáns title challenge that season . Palermo . On 11 July 2009 Palermo formally announced the signing of Pastore for five years until 30 June 2014 , with the transfer fee listed at approximately €4.7 million . Before his move to Palermo , the player was also linked to number of other top European clubs , including Manchester United , Porto , Milan and Chelsea . Pastores debut was on 15 August in the Coppa Italia , while his debut in Serie A came eight days later . His breakthrough game was on 4 October against Juventus , when he assisted Edinson Cavanis goal in a 2–0 win , appearing in all the websites and national newspapers . He scored his first Serie A goal on 30 January 2010 in a 2–4 away defeat to Bari . In his first season at Palermo , Pastore proved himself as being a promising but inexperienced youngster , playing mostly as a second-half substitute under head coaches Walter Zenga and , later , Delio Rossi . Pastore then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi , playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani . Thanks to his performances , all praised by fans and pundits , Palermo finished off the season in fifth place , thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League . In the 2010–11 season , on 14 November , Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania . On 30 July 2011 , Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastores transfer to Paris Saint-Germain . Paris Saint-Germain . On 6 August 2011 , Paris Saint-Germain formally announced the signing of Pastore , issuing him the number 27 shirt . The transfer fee throughout was €39.8 million . However , due to third-party ownership by his agent Marcelo Simonian , who would received €12.5 million ( not known it included agent fee or not ) Palermo announced through its website that the club received only €22.8 million of the total fee . Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini had started a legal action over the matter , despite the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) prohibiting any Italian club from forming any ownership agreement with third parties , which Zamparini acknowledged risked a punishment for himself . Pastore scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match against Stade Brestois in a 1–0 win on 11 September 2011 . During his first season at the Parc des Princes , Pastore scored 13 goals in 33 league matches . The following year , Pastore appeared in 34 league matches as PSG won the first of four consecutive Ligue 1 titles . He also scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 4–1 win over FC Dynamo Kyiv on 18 September 2012 . In 2014–15 , Pastore made over 50 appearances and was named in the UNFP team of the season as PSG won an unprecedented domestic quadruple of Ligue 1 , the Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and the Trophée des Champions . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Pastore inherited the number 10 shirt from the departing Zlatan Ibrahimović , switching from the number 27 shirt . As with 2015–16 , he missed a large portion of the season through injuries , but returned to the PSG starting line-up for Le Classique against rivals Olympique de Marseille , where he assisted Edinson Cavani in a 5–1 Ligue 1 away win on 26 February 2017 . Three days later , he came on as a substitute and scored the opening goal , before assisting Cavani again as PSG defeated Ligue 2 club Chamois Niortias 2–0 to reach the quarter-final stage of the 2016–17 Coupe de France . On 19 March 2017 , Pastore assisted both of PSGs goals by crossing the ball to the scorers Adrien Rabiot and Julian Draxler in their 2-1 Ligue 1 home win over Olympique Lyonnais . On 17 May 2017 , Pastore appeared as a 72nd-minute substitute for Julian Draxler as PSG defeated Angers 1–0 in the 2017 Coupe de France Final . Before the start of the next season , he vacated his number 10 jersey to new signing Neymar as a welcome gift and reclaimed his previous number 27 jersey . On 8 May 2018 , he came off the bench as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France . Roma . On 26 June 2018 , Pastore signed a five-year contract with Italian side Roma from Paris Saint-Germain for a reported fee of €24.7m . He was handed the number 27 shirt . He made his club debut in a 1–0 away win over Torino in Serie A on 19 August . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 August , opening the scoring with a back-heeled goal in the second minute of play in an eventual 3–3 home draw against Atalanta in the league . International career . Following a string of good performances in his first season in Serie A , Argentina head coach Diego Maradona called up Pastore for an unofficial friendly match against the Catalonia national team on 22 December 2009 . Pastore made his debut as a second-half substitute , scoring a goal in the process . Since the match was not a FIFA-recognized representative game , however , Pastore did not receive a cap . Pastore was subsequently called up by Maradona again for a friendly game against Germany , but did not make an appearance . His official debut was against Canada on 25 May 2010 , and he was subsequently included by Maradona in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 22 June , he made his FIFA World Cup debut when he came on the pitch in the 77th minute against Greece , replacing Sergio Agüero . Argentina won the match 2–0 . On 27 June , he was again substituted on against Mexico in the 87th minute , this time replacing Maxi Rodríguez . Argentina won the match 3–1 . Pastore was included by manager Sergio Batista in Argentinas 23-man squad for the 2011 Copa América on home soil . Argentina were eliminated by eventual champions Uruguay on penalties in the quarter-finals . Pastore scored his first senior international goal on 31 March 2015 , in a 2–1 friendly win over Ecuador , at the MetLife Stadium , in New Jersey . Later that year , Pastore was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , and started in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . At the semi-final stage , Pastore scored the teams second goal and assisted Ángel Di María for the third as Argentina defeated Paraguay 6–1 to reach the tournament final . In the final against hosts Chile on 4 July , Pastore came off for Éver Banega in the 81st minute ; following a 0–0 draw after extra-time , Chile claimed the title with a 4–1 penalty shoot-out victory . In 2016 , Pastore was included in Argentinas 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario . Argentina went on to reach the final , only to lose out on penalties to Chile once again . Style of play . An elegant , creative and technically gifted advanced playmaker , with excellent dribbling skills and close control , Pastore is capable of playing in several offensive roles , due to his ability to both score and create goals . Although he is usually deployed as an attacking midfielder due to his vision , passing and striking ability from distance , he is also capable of functioning as a winger , as a supporting striker or even as a forward , and has also been deployed in more withdrawn midfield roles on occasion , operating as a central midfielder , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a mezzala , due to his work-rate , creativity , skill , and physical attributes , despite his lack of notable pace . A talented , strong , quick and hard-working right-footed player , his playing style has drawn comparisons to Kaká , Zinedine Zidane , Zlatan Ibrahimović and one of his childhood idols , Enzo Francescoli , although Pastore has stated that his main influence is compatriot Juan Román Riquelme . Nicknamed El Flaco ( like Francescoli before him ) due to his tall , slender build , he was regarded as a highly promising player as a youngster , and in 2010 , Don Balón named him as one of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1988 . Despite his talent , however , he is known to be injury prone , and has also drawn criticism in the media for being inconsistent . Honours . Club . Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Trophée des Champions : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Individual . - Serie A Young Footballer of the Year : 2010 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2014–15 - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : September 2011 , November 2014 , March 2015 , April 2015 External links . - Sky Sports profile - Profile at LegaSerieA |
[
"Konstantinos Raktivan"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Council of State (Greece) from 1929 to 1935? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#0 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Stamos Papafrangos"
] | easy | Who was the head of Council of State (Greece) from 1935 to 1941? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#1 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Panagiotis Poulitsas"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Council of State (Greece) from 1943 to 1951? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#2 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Sotirios Souliotis"
] | easy | Who was the head of Council of State (Greece) from 1951 to 1961? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#3 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Charilaos Mitrelias"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Council of State (Greece) from 1961 to 1966? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#4 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Michail Stasinopoulos"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Council of State (Greece) from 1966 to 1969? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#5 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Nikolaos Bouropoulos"
] | easy | Who was the head of Council of State (Greece) from 1977 to 1981? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#6 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"Themistoklis Kourousopoulos"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Council of State (Greece) from 1983 to 1988? | /wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)#P488#7 | Council of State ( Greece ) In Greece , the Council of State ( ) is the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece . Organization . The Council is headed by its president , who is chosen from among the members of the Council by the Cabinet of Greece for a term of four years . The court comprises the presiding board ( the President and 7 Vice-presidents ) , 42 Privy Councillors , 48 Associate Judges and 50 Reporting Judges , all graduates of the National School of Judges . The Council is seated in the Arsakeion building in the centre of Athens . The Council executes its jurisdiction in Plenary Session or in six Chambers-Judicial Formations ( Α , Β , Γ , Δ , Ε and ΣΤ ) . Each Chamber may have two compositions : five-member or seven-member . The jurisdiction of the Plenary Session is determined by the law ( Legislative Decree 170/1973 , Article 14 ) , while the competence of the Chambers is determined by the law and the presidential decrees , proposed by the Minister of Justice after an opinion of the Council . After the Constitutional Amendment of 2001 the Plenary Session ( and not the Chambers ) is the only competent to judge the constitutionality of laws . The Plenary Session is , also , competent : a ) for cases of general interest that the President introduces directly into it , b ) for cases that one of the Chambers submits to it . These cases are submitted by the Chambers to the Plenary Session for two reasons : either because they are cases of general interest or because the applicable legislative provision is judged unconstitutional . History . The Council was first founded in 1835 and it constituted an imitation of the French Conseil dÉtat . It had advisory competence with respect to the draft decrees and administrative jurisdiction , issuing irrevocable decisions . The Council was suppressed by the Constitution of 1844 ( article 102 ) . Following the deposing of King Otto in 1862 , the National Assembly that was convened decided to re-establish the Council in order to prepare and deliberate on law proposals . The new 1864 Constitution provided for a revision of this in the forthcoming parliamentary session , provided that a 3/4 majority voted against it . On 25 November 1865 a law was passed that abolished the Council of State again . Although the Constitution of 1911 provided for its re-establishment , it was not refounded until 1928 ( Law 3713/1928 as it has been repeatedly revised ) , after the adoption of the Constitution of 1927 ( articles 102-105 ) . Its first president , from 1928 until 1935 , was Konstantinos Raktivan . Its jurisdiction and composition is now provided for in the Constitution of 1975/1985/2001 ( article 95 ) , the Law 170/1973 ( as revised ) and the Presidential Decree 18/1989 . Administrative competence . The administrative competence of the Council , as one of the three Big Bodies of the Public Administration ( the other two are the Chamber of Accounts and the Hellenic Legal Council ) is regulated by the article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in the elaboration of all the regulative decrees , namely of all the decrees that include impersonal ( nor referring to a particular person ) legal rules . Competent for this elaboration is the fifth ( Ε ) Chamber of the Council , composed , for such cases , of three or five members . The Chamber may , at its option , submit the case to the nine member Plenary Session . The submission is obligatory for the Chamber , when the constitutionality of the relevant to the decree legal provisions is judged ( article 100 of the Constitution after the Amendment of 2001 ) . The Administration is obliged to send the regulative decrees to the Conseil for elaboration but it is not obliged to follow the consultory response of the Council . Nonetheless , the Administration usually abides by the Councils opinion . A promulgated regulative decree , if not sent to the Council for elaboration before its promulgation , shall be annulled , if a recourse ( writ of annulment ) is submitted to the competent court ( the Conseil d Etat or the Administrative Court of Appeals ) . The elaboration of the decrees by the Council is limited to the lato sensu legality ( and the constitutionality of the relevant legal provisions ) of the decrees , while the respective control of the French Conseil dÉtat goes to the substance of the context of the elaborated decree . Litigation . The Council is the head of the system of administrative justice and it constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court . A case is introduced into the Council with the following legal means or remedies : - the recourse ( αίτηση ακύρωσης ; the accurate translation is writ of annulment ) , with which the annulment of an administrative act is pursued . The Council judges only the legal aspects of the case and not the true facts . Its decision includes a judgement about legality and not a control upon the merits . - the writ of certiorari ( αίτηση αναιρέσεως ) against the decisions of the lower administrative courts ( Administrative Courts of First Instance and Administrative Courts of Appeals ) , which judge recourses ( προσφυγές ) and their decisions include a control upon the merits . The writ of certiorari is constitutionally consolidated ( article 95 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001 ) and places the Council at the top of the administrative branch of justice , because it has the last word in the legal aspects of every administrative litigation . - the clerical recourse , with which disputes between the State and the civil servants are introduced into the Council . The decision of the Council includes a judgement both about the legality and upon the merits of the case . - the appeal against the decisions of the Administrative Court of Appeals , which judges at first instance certain writs of annulment ( according to the provisions of the Law 702/1977 ) . In this case , the Council judges as a court of appeals and the Administrative Court of Appeals as a court of first instance . Acts of government . Following the jurisprudence of the French Conseil dÉtat , the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts , which are called acts of government . The Council includes in this limited category : - acts regulating the relationships between the executive branch and the Parliament , such as the dissolution of the Parliament or the act proclaiming a referendum . - acts connected with the foreign policy of Greece , such as international conventions , acts promulgated for the application of international treaties , acts relevant to the diplomatic protection of Greek citizens abroad etc . - the declaration of mobilisation . - the granting of pardons . Procedure . The procedure is based on the principles of the inquisitorial system and of the initiative of the litigant . According to this last principle the litigant is responsible for the commencement of the procedure . International relations . The Council of State is a founding member of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Courts and , since Greece’s accession to the European Union , of the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union . It also participates to the Commission of Venice , the Council of Europes advisory body on constitutional matters . Presidents . - Konstantinos Raktivan ( 1929–1935 ) - Stamos Papafrangos ( 1935–1941 ) - Panagiotis Triantafyllakos ( 1941–1943 ) - Panagiotis Poulitsas ( 1943–1951 ) , interim Prime Minister in April 1946 - Sotirios Souliotis ( 1951–1961 ) - Charilaos Mitrelias ( 1961–1966 ) , Deputy Prime Minister in October–November 1973 - Michail Stasinopoulos ( 1966–1969 ) , interim President of the Republic in 1974–75 - Alexandros Dimitsas ( 1969–1974 ) - Georgios Marangopoulos ( 1974–1976 ) - Othon Kyriakos ( 1976–1977 ) - Nikolaos Bouropoulos ( 1977–1981 ) - Angelos Iatridis ( 1981–1983 ) - Themistoklis Kourousopoulos ( 1983–1988 ) - Vasileios Rotis ( 1988 ) - Vasileios Botopoulos ( 1988–1999 ) - Christos Geraris ( 1999–2005 ) - Georgios Papangiotopoulos ( 2005–2010 ) - Panagiotis Pikrammenos ( 2010–16 May 2012 ) , interim Prime Minister in May–June 2012 - Konstantinos Menoudakos ( 17 May 2012 – 30 June 2013 ) - Sotirios Rizos ( 2013–2015 ) - Nikolaos Sakellariou ( 2015–2018 ) - Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou ( 2018–2020 ) - Athanasios Rantos ( 2020–present ) |
[
"auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia"
] | easy | Joseph P. McFadden took which position in Jun 2004? | /wiki/Joseph_P._McFadden#P39#0 | Joseph P . McFadden Joseph Patrick McFadden ( May 22 , 1947 – May 2 , 2013 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . Formerly an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia , he was installed as Bishop of Harrisburg on August 18 , 2010 . He served in that position until his death in 2013 . Early life and education . Joseph McFadden was born in West Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Thomas and Ellen ( née Griffin ) McFadden . His parents were Irish immigrants , and one of his sisters is a member of the Sisters Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , Immaculata , PA . He received his early education at the parochial school of Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Overbrook , and attended St . Thomas More High School for Boys in Philadelphia from 1961 to 1965 . At St . Thomas , he was a member of the National Honor Society , a player on the varsity basketball team , and the class valedictorian . McFadden then attended St . Josephs University , where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in politics in 1969 . He played on the freshmen basketball team at St . Josephs , and also coached at St . Thomas More High School and West Catholic Boys High School . Following his graduation from St . Josephs , he joined the faculty of West Catholic Boys High School , where he taught social studies . In addition to his teaching duties , he coached the junior varsity basketball team and served as the schools athletic director . In 1976 , McFadden decided to study for the priesthood , a vocation he had considered through high school and when [ he ] went to college . That year he entered St . Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook , where he earned a Master of Divinity degree summa cum laude . Priesthood . On May 16 , 1981 , McFadden was ordained a priest by Cardinal John Krol at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . His first assignment was as a parochial vicar at St . Laurence Church in Highland Park , where he remained for one year . From 1982 to 1993 , he served as administrative secretary to Cardinal Krol . He was named an Honorary Prelate of His Holiness on May 29 , 1991 . It was during McFaddens service as a secretary to Cardinal Krol that Krol is believed to have excused and enabled the sexual abuse of hundreds of children within the Philadelphia Archdiocese . In 1993 , McFadden became the first president of Cardinal OHara High School in Springfield . During his eight-year tenure , he increased the schools enrollment from 1,540 students to 2,000 students , and initiated the Laptops for Learning program . From 2001 to 2004 , he served as pastor of St . Josephs Church in Downingtown . In addition to his academic and pastoral duties , he served as chaplain to the Serra Club ( 1987–2001 ) and the Ancient Order of Hibernians ( 1986–95 ) , spiritual director of St . Charles Borromeo Seminary , and director of the archdiocesan pilgrimages to the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C . Episcopacy . Philadelphia . On June 28 , 2004 , McFadden was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia and titular bishop of Horreomargum by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 28 from Cardinal Justin Francis Rigali , with Bishops Robert P . Maginnis and Michael Francis Burbidge serving as co-consecrators , at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . He selected as his episcopal motto : Mary the Model - Jesus the Center . Later that year , McFadden expressed his opposition to the holding of a gay rights event at his alma mater of Saint Josephs University , saying , While the Church asks that we recognize the unique dignity of every human person , it does not mean supporting a lifestyle that is contrary to the natural law . He was considered one of the likely candidates to succeed Donald Wuerl as Bishop of Pittsburgh following the latters promotion to Archbishop of Washington . As an auxiliary bishop , McFadden headed the Secretariat of Catholic Education in the archdiocesan curia . As a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , he served on the Committee on Catholic Education and the Task Force on Faith Formation and Sacramental Practice . Bishop McFadden played a pivotal role in closing both Northeast Catholic High School for boys and Cardinal Dougherty High School . Harrisburg . On June 22 , 2010 , McFadden was appointed the tenth Bishop of Harrisburg by Pope Benedict XVI . His installation took place on August 18 , 2010 . Bishop McFadden died suddenly in Philadelphia on May 2 , 2013 while attending a meeting of the Catholic bishops of Pennsylvania . Removal of name in Diocese of Harrisburg . On August 1 , 2018 , Bishop Ronald Gainer , McFaddens successor as bishop of Harrisburg , announced that the names of every bishop of Harrisburg from 1947 onward -- including McFaddens -- will be removed from any building or room in the diocese named in their honor , due to their failure to protect victims from abuse . External links . - Office of Bishop McFadden - Cardinal Rigalis Homily at McFaddens Consecration |
[
"member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops"
] | easy | What position did Joseph P. McFadden take from Jul 2004 to Jun 2010? | /wiki/Joseph_P._McFadden#P39#1 | Joseph P . McFadden Joseph Patrick McFadden ( May 22 , 1947 – May 2 , 2013 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . Formerly an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia , he was installed as Bishop of Harrisburg on August 18 , 2010 . He served in that position until his death in 2013 . Early life and education . Joseph McFadden was born in West Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Thomas and Ellen ( née Griffin ) McFadden . His parents were Irish immigrants , and one of his sisters is a member of the Sisters Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , Immaculata , PA . He received his early education at the parochial school of Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Overbrook , and attended St . Thomas More High School for Boys in Philadelphia from 1961 to 1965 . At St . Thomas , he was a member of the National Honor Society , a player on the varsity basketball team , and the class valedictorian . McFadden then attended St . Josephs University , where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in politics in 1969 . He played on the freshmen basketball team at St . Josephs , and also coached at St . Thomas More High School and West Catholic Boys High School . Following his graduation from St . Josephs , he joined the faculty of West Catholic Boys High School , where he taught social studies . In addition to his teaching duties , he coached the junior varsity basketball team and served as the schools athletic director . In 1976 , McFadden decided to study for the priesthood , a vocation he had considered through high school and when [ he ] went to college . That year he entered St . Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook , where he earned a Master of Divinity degree summa cum laude . Priesthood . On May 16 , 1981 , McFadden was ordained a priest by Cardinal John Krol at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . His first assignment was as a parochial vicar at St . Laurence Church in Highland Park , where he remained for one year . From 1982 to 1993 , he served as administrative secretary to Cardinal Krol . He was named an Honorary Prelate of His Holiness on May 29 , 1991 . It was during McFaddens service as a secretary to Cardinal Krol that Krol is believed to have excused and enabled the sexual abuse of hundreds of children within the Philadelphia Archdiocese . In 1993 , McFadden became the first president of Cardinal OHara High School in Springfield . During his eight-year tenure , he increased the schools enrollment from 1,540 students to 2,000 students , and initiated the Laptops for Learning program . From 2001 to 2004 , he served as pastor of St . Josephs Church in Downingtown . In addition to his academic and pastoral duties , he served as chaplain to the Serra Club ( 1987–2001 ) and the Ancient Order of Hibernians ( 1986–95 ) , spiritual director of St . Charles Borromeo Seminary , and director of the archdiocesan pilgrimages to the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C . Episcopacy . Philadelphia . On June 28 , 2004 , McFadden was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia and titular bishop of Horreomargum by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 28 from Cardinal Justin Francis Rigali , with Bishops Robert P . Maginnis and Michael Francis Burbidge serving as co-consecrators , at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . He selected as his episcopal motto : Mary the Model - Jesus the Center . Later that year , McFadden expressed his opposition to the holding of a gay rights event at his alma mater of Saint Josephs University , saying , While the Church asks that we recognize the unique dignity of every human person , it does not mean supporting a lifestyle that is contrary to the natural law . He was considered one of the likely candidates to succeed Donald Wuerl as Bishop of Pittsburgh following the latters promotion to Archbishop of Washington . As an auxiliary bishop , McFadden headed the Secretariat of Catholic Education in the archdiocesan curia . As a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , he served on the Committee on Catholic Education and the Task Force on Faith Formation and Sacramental Practice . Bishop McFadden played a pivotal role in closing both Northeast Catholic High School for boys and Cardinal Dougherty High School . Harrisburg . On June 22 , 2010 , McFadden was appointed the tenth Bishop of Harrisburg by Pope Benedict XVI . His installation took place on August 18 , 2010 . Bishop McFadden died suddenly in Philadelphia on May 2 , 2013 while attending a meeting of the Catholic bishops of Pennsylvania . Removal of name in Diocese of Harrisburg . On August 1 , 2018 , Bishop Ronald Gainer , McFaddens successor as bishop of Harrisburg , announced that the names of every bishop of Harrisburg from 1947 onward -- including McFaddens -- will be removed from any building or room in the diocese named in their honor , due to their failure to protect victims from abuse . External links . - Office of Bishop McFadden - Cardinal Rigalis Homily at McFaddens Consecration |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did Joseph P. McFadden hold from Jun 2010 to Jun 2011? | /wiki/Joseph_P._McFadden#P39#2 | Joseph P . McFadden Joseph Patrick McFadden ( May 22 , 1947 – May 2 , 2013 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . Formerly an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia , he was installed as Bishop of Harrisburg on August 18 , 2010 . He served in that position until his death in 2013 . Early life and education . Joseph McFadden was born in West Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Thomas and Ellen ( née Griffin ) McFadden . His parents were Irish immigrants , and one of his sisters is a member of the Sisters Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , Immaculata , PA . He received his early education at the parochial school of Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Overbrook , and attended St . Thomas More High School for Boys in Philadelphia from 1961 to 1965 . At St . Thomas , he was a member of the National Honor Society , a player on the varsity basketball team , and the class valedictorian . McFadden then attended St . Josephs University , where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in politics in 1969 . He played on the freshmen basketball team at St . Josephs , and also coached at St . Thomas More High School and West Catholic Boys High School . Following his graduation from St . Josephs , he joined the faculty of West Catholic Boys High School , where he taught social studies . In addition to his teaching duties , he coached the junior varsity basketball team and served as the schools athletic director . In 1976 , McFadden decided to study for the priesthood , a vocation he had considered through high school and when [ he ] went to college . That year he entered St . Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook , where he earned a Master of Divinity degree summa cum laude . Priesthood . On May 16 , 1981 , McFadden was ordained a priest by Cardinal John Krol at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . His first assignment was as a parochial vicar at St . Laurence Church in Highland Park , where he remained for one year . From 1982 to 1993 , he served as administrative secretary to Cardinal Krol . He was named an Honorary Prelate of His Holiness on May 29 , 1991 . It was during McFaddens service as a secretary to Cardinal Krol that Krol is believed to have excused and enabled the sexual abuse of hundreds of children within the Philadelphia Archdiocese . In 1993 , McFadden became the first president of Cardinal OHara High School in Springfield . During his eight-year tenure , he increased the schools enrollment from 1,540 students to 2,000 students , and initiated the Laptops for Learning program . From 2001 to 2004 , he served as pastor of St . Josephs Church in Downingtown . In addition to his academic and pastoral duties , he served as chaplain to the Serra Club ( 1987–2001 ) and the Ancient Order of Hibernians ( 1986–95 ) , spiritual director of St . Charles Borromeo Seminary , and director of the archdiocesan pilgrimages to the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C . Episcopacy . Philadelphia . On June 28 , 2004 , McFadden was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia and titular bishop of Horreomargum by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 28 from Cardinal Justin Francis Rigali , with Bishops Robert P . Maginnis and Michael Francis Burbidge serving as co-consecrators , at the Cathedral Basilica of SS . Peter and Paul . He selected as his episcopal motto : Mary the Model - Jesus the Center . Later that year , McFadden expressed his opposition to the holding of a gay rights event at his alma mater of Saint Josephs University , saying , While the Church asks that we recognize the unique dignity of every human person , it does not mean supporting a lifestyle that is contrary to the natural law . He was considered one of the likely candidates to succeed Donald Wuerl as Bishop of Pittsburgh following the latters promotion to Archbishop of Washington . As an auxiliary bishop , McFadden headed the Secretariat of Catholic Education in the archdiocesan curia . As a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , he served on the Committee on Catholic Education and the Task Force on Faith Formation and Sacramental Practice . Bishop McFadden played a pivotal role in closing both Northeast Catholic High School for boys and Cardinal Dougherty High School . Harrisburg . On June 22 , 2010 , McFadden was appointed the tenth Bishop of Harrisburg by Pope Benedict XVI . His installation took place on August 18 , 2010 . Bishop McFadden died suddenly in Philadelphia on May 2 , 2013 while attending a meeting of the Catholic bishops of Pennsylvania . Removal of name in Diocese of Harrisburg . On August 1 , 2018 , Bishop Ronald Gainer , McFaddens successor as bishop of Harrisburg , announced that the names of every bishop of Harrisburg from 1947 onward -- including McFaddens -- will be removed from any building or room in the diocese named in their honor , due to their failure to protect victims from abuse . External links . - Office of Bishop McFadden - Cardinal Rigalis Homily at McFaddens Consecration |
[
"Bishop of Penrith"
] | easy | James Newcome took which position from 2002 to 2009? | /wiki/James_Newcome#P39#0 | James Newcome James William Scobie Newcome , ( born 24 July 1953 ) is an English Anglican bishop and Lord Spiritual . Since 2009 , he has been the Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He has been a member of the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual since October 2013 . From 2002 to 2009 , he was the Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle . Early life . He was born in Aldershot , the son of an officer in the Royal Artillery . As a result of his fathers army postings , he spent time in Malta and Germany during his childhood . He then attended Marlborough College from 1966 to 1971 , where he was Senior Prefect , and worked for Community Service Volunteers in childrens homes in Nottinghamshire . In 1971 , he matriculated into Trinity College , Oxford to study modern history . He won the University of Oxford history of art prize in 1972 . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1974 ; his BA was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Oxon ) degree in 1978 . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the General List of the Territorial Army on 23 May 1974 . He then spent a year working as an ambulance driver in Stevenage . He later resigned his TA commission on 8 July 1977 . From 1975 , he studied at the University of Cambridge , where he read theology at Selwyn College , Cambridge , whilst also preparing for ordination at Ridley Hall , Cambridge . He graduated Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) in 1977 ; this was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Cantab ) in 1981 . Ordained ministry . Newcome was ordained a deacon at Michaelmas 1978 ( 24 September ) at St Marys , Watford and a priest the following Michaelmas ( 30 September 1979 ) at St Albans Cathedral – both times by Robert Runcie when he was Bishop of St Albans . His ordained ministry began as a curate at All Saints Leavesden in the Diocese of St Albans . He was ordained a priest in 1979 and remained at All Saints until 1982 . Newcome was then appointed Vicar of Bar Hill and Dry Drayton in the Diocese of Ely in 1982 . He also became a tutor and lecturer in Pastoral Theology , Ethics and Integrating Theology at the Cambridge Federation of Theological Colleges from 1983 to 1988 . He was Rural Dean of the North Stowe Deanery from 1988 to 1994 . In 1994 he was appointed a canon residentiary at Chester Cathedral also holding the Diocesan posts of Director of Ordinands from 1994 to 2000 and Director of Ministry , Education and Training from 1996 to 2002 . Episcopal ministry . In March 2002 , Newcome was appointed Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle ; he was consecrated a bishop at York Minster on 19 March 2002 . In May 2009 , he was announced as the next Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He was enthroned at Carlisle Cathedral on 10 October 2009 . On 3 October 2013 , Newcome joined the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual . On 17 November 2014 , it was announced that Newcome had been appointed Clerk of the Closet . As such , he is head of the College of Chaplains of the Ecclesiastical Household and he undertakes a number of ceremonial roles such as presenting new diocesan bishops to the monarch . He is also a senior advisor to the sovereign on spiritual affairs . ( 2016 ) now chaplain to the Royal British Legion . Officiated at the 2016 , 2017 and 2018 Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall . Personal life . Newcome married Alison , a health visitor , in 1977 , and they have four adult children . He is a keen amateur runner , squash player and hill walker , and also enjoys films and restoring furniture . He was a governor of St . Bees School which announced that , after 432 years , it was closing in March 2015 . It reopened in 2018 . In 2009 Newcome appeared on the television programme Help ! I Caught it Abroad with a tick , which he had acquired in a remote part of Argentina , attached to his leg . Styles . - The Reverend James Newcome ( 1978–1994 ) - The Reverend Canon James Newcome ( 1994–2002 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2002–2013 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2013–present ) |
[
"Bishop of Carlisle",
"diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle"
] | easy | Which position did James Newcome hold from 2009 to 2014? | /wiki/James_Newcome#P39#1 | James Newcome James William Scobie Newcome , ( born 24 July 1953 ) is an English Anglican bishop and Lord Spiritual . Since 2009 , he has been the Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He has been a member of the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual since October 2013 . From 2002 to 2009 , he was the Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle . Early life . He was born in Aldershot , the son of an officer in the Royal Artillery . As a result of his fathers army postings , he spent time in Malta and Germany during his childhood . He then attended Marlborough College from 1966 to 1971 , where he was Senior Prefect , and worked for Community Service Volunteers in childrens homes in Nottinghamshire . In 1971 , he matriculated into Trinity College , Oxford to study modern history . He won the University of Oxford history of art prize in 1972 . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1974 ; his BA was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Oxon ) degree in 1978 . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the General List of the Territorial Army on 23 May 1974 . He then spent a year working as an ambulance driver in Stevenage . He later resigned his TA commission on 8 July 1977 . From 1975 , he studied at the University of Cambridge , where he read theology at Selwyn College , Cambridge , whilst also preparing for ordination at Ridley Hall , Cambridge . He graduated Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) in 1977 ; this was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Cantab ) in 1981 . Ordained ministry . Newcome was ordained a deacon at Michaelmas 1978 ( 24 September ) at St Marys , Watford and a priest the following Michaelmas ( 30 September 1979 ) at St Albans Cathedral – both times by Robert Runcie when he was Bishop of St Albans . His ordained ministry began as a curate at All Saints Leavesden in the Diocese of St Albans . He was ordained a priest in 1979 and remained at All Saints until 1982 . Newcome was then appointed Vicar of Bar Hill and Dry Drayton in the Diocese of Ely in 1982 . He also became a tutor and lecturer in Pastoral Theology , Ethics and Integrating Theology at the Cambridge Federation of Theological Colleges from 1983 to 1988 . He was Rural Dean of the North Stowe Deanery from 1988 to 1994 . In 1994 he was appointed a canon residentiary at Chester Cathedral also holding the Diocesan posts of Director of Ordinands from 1994 to 2000 and Director of Ministry , Education and Training from 1996 to 2002 . Episcopal ministry . In March 2002 , Newcome was appointed Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle ; he was consecrated a bishop at York Minster on 19 March 2002 . In May 2009 , he was announced as the next Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He was enthroned at Carlisle Cathedral on 10 October 2009 . On 3 October 2013 , Newcome joined the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual . On 17 November 2014 , it was announced that Newcome had been appointed Clerk of the Closet . As such , he is head of the College of Chaplains of the Ecclesiastical Household and he undertakes a number of ceremonial roles such as presenting new diocesan bishops to the monarch . He is also a senior advisor to the sovereign on spiritual affairs . ( 2016 ) now chaplain to the Royal British Legion . Officiated at the 2016 , 2017 and 2018 Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall . Personal life . Newcome married Alison , a health visitor , in 1977 , and they have four adult children . He is a keen amateur runner , squash player and hill walker , and also enjoys films and restoring furniture . He was a governor of St . Bees School which announced that , after 432 years , it was closing in March 2015 . It reopened in 2018 . In 2009 Newcome appeared on the television programme Help ! I Caught it Abroad with a tick , which he had acquired in a remote part of Argentina , attached to his leg . Styles . - The Reverend James Newcome ( 1978–1994 ) - The Reverend Canon James Newcome ( 1994–2002 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2002–2013 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2013–present ) |
[
"Clerk of the Closet",
"head of the College of Chaplains of the Ecclesiastical Household",
"senior advisor to the sovereign on spiritual affairs"
] | easy | James Newcome took which position from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/James_Newcome#P39#2 | James Newcome James William Scobie Newcome , ( born 24 July 1953 ) is an English Anglican bishop and Lord Spiritual . Since 2009 , he has been the Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He has been a member of the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual since October 2013 . From 2002 to 2009 , he was the Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle . Early life . He was born in Aldershot , the son of an officer in the Royal Artillery . As a result of his fathers army postings , he spent time in Malta and Germany during his childhood . He then attended Marlborough College from 1966 to 1971 , where he was Senior Prefect , and worked for Community Service Volunteers in childrens homes in Nottinghamshire . In 1971 , he matriculated into Trinity College , Oxford to study modern history . He won the University of Oxford history of art prize in 1972 . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1974 ; his BA was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Oxon ) degree in 1978 . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the General List of the Territorial Army on 23 May 1974 . He then spent a year working as an ambulance driver in Stevenage . He later resigned his TA commission on 8 July 1977 . From 1975 , he studied at the University of Cambridge , where he read theology at Selwyn College , Cambridge , whilst also preparing for ordination at Ridley Hall , Cambridge . He graduated Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) in 1977 ; this was promoted to Master of Arts ( MA Cantab ) in 1981 . Ordained ministry . Newcome was ordained a deacon at Michaelmas 1978 ( 24 September ) at St Marys , Watford and a priest the following Michaelmas ( 30 September 1979 ) at St Albans Cathedral – both times by Robert Runcie when he was Bishop of St Albans . His ordained ministry began as a curate at All Saints Leavesden in the Diocese of St Albans . He was ordained a priest in 1979 and remained at All Saints until 1982 . Newcome was then appointed Vicar of Bar Hill and Dry Drayton in the Diocese of Ely in 1982 . He also became a tutor and lecturer in Pastoral Theology , Ethics and Integrating Theology at the Cambridge Federation of Theological Colleges from 1983 to 1988 . He was Rural Dean of the North Stowe Deanery from 1988 to 1994 . In 1994 he was appointed a canon residentiary at Chester Cathedral also holding the Diocesan posts of Director of Ordinands from 1994 to 2000 and Director of Ministry , Education and Training from 1996 to 2002 . Episcopal ministry . In March 2002 , Newcome was appointed Bishop of Penrith , a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle ; he was consecrated a bishop at York Minster on 19 March 2002 . In May 2009 , he was announced as the next Bishop of Carlisle , the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle . He was enthroned at Carlisle Cathedral on 10 October 2009 . On 3 October 2013 , Newcome joined the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual . On 17 November 2014 , it was announced that Newcome had been appointed Clerk of the Closet . As such , he is head of the College of Chaplains of the Ecclesiastical Household and he undertakes a number of ceremonial roles such as presenting new diocesan bishops to the monarch . He is also a senior advisor to the sovereign on spiritual affairs . ( 2016 ) now chaplain to the Royal British Legion . Officiated at the 2016 , 2017 and 2018 Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall . Personal life . Newcome married Alison , a health visitor , in 1977 , and they have four adult children . He is a keen amateur runner , squash player and hill walker , and also enjoys films and restoring furniture . He was a governor of St . Bees School which announced that , after 432 years , it was closing in March 2015 . It reopened in 2018 . In 2009 Newcome appeared on the television programme Help ! I Caught it Abroad with a tick , which he had acquired in a remote part of Argentina , attached to his leg . Styles . - The Reverend James Newcome ( 1978–1994 ) - The Reverend Canon James Newcome ( 1994–2002 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2002–2013 ) - The Right Reverend James Newcome ( 2013–present ) |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Dan Benishek educated from 1969 to 1970? | /wiki/Dan_Benishek#P69#0 | Dan Benishek Daniel Joseph Benishek ( born April 20 , 1952 ) is an American physician and politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Early life , education , and medical career . Benishek was born in Iron River , Michigan in 1952 , the son of Helen ( née Kovaleski ) and Joseph Benishek . Three of his paternal great-grandparents were Bohemian ( Czech ) immigrants , while his maternal grandparents were Polish immigrants . His father was killed in local iron mines in 1957 , so Benishek was raised by his widowed mother and extended family . He worked in the family business , the Iron River Hotel , until he went to college . He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science in Zoology . From there , he graduated from Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1978 . Prior to his election to Congress , he was a general surgeon in the Dickinson County Healthcare System . U.S . House of Representatives elections . 2010 election . Benishek formally announced his candidacy for Congress on March 16 , 2010 , running against incumbent Democrat Bart Stupak . Stupaks vote in support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act fueled an outpouring of support for Benishek , who had no Internet presence aside from a basic website on the day the bill was passed . He received more than $50,000 in unsolicited donations in the first 48 hours after Stupaks vote for the bill on March 21 , 2010 . Its amazing , I just cant believe it , he said regarding the support he has gotten . I need to use this momentum to repeal this health care bill and Im going to do it . Were going to take over , the Republicans are going to regain the House of Representatives and were going to repeal this health care bill . The American Spectator called him The Most Popular Republican in America on March 21 , in the wake of Stupaks yea vote . Stupak announced his retirement on April 9 , 2010 . Benishek won the Republican primary against State Senator Jason Allen by 15 votes . On November 2 , 2010 , in the general election , Dan Benishek defeated Democratic nominee State Representative Gary McDowell , Independent Glenn Wilson , Libertarian Keith Shelton , Green Ellis Boal , and UST Patrick Lambert . Benishek was sworn into office on January 5 , 2011 , as a member of the 112th United States Congress ; he succeeded Bart Stupak . 2012 election . Benishek faced re-election against McDowell in the 2012 election cycle . A September 20 , 2012 Public Policy Polling poll showed the race as a statistical dead heat , with McDowell leading Benishek 44% to 42% . Benishek was re-elected by a margin of 2,297 votes , less than 1% of the total votes cast . Benishek endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican presidential primary . 2014 election . Benisheks opponent for the 2014 midterm elections was Democratic nominee Jerry Cannon . In October 2014 , the Rothenberg Political Report moved the district from one that tilts Republican to Republican favored . Benishek won reelection with 52% of the vote , which was the closest race for a victorious Republican incumbent in 2014 . 2016 election . After temporarily considering running for a fourth term , Benishek decided not to seek re-election in 2016 ; he endorsed Republican State Sen . Tom Casperson as his successor . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources - Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Legislation sponsored . On January 4 , 2013 , Benishek introduced , a bill identical to the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act ( S . 23 ; 113th Congress ) , which was introduced into the U.S . Senate by Carl Levin . The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan . The newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness , a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Benishek expressed his pleasure that the bill was developed locally , describing it as the ideal way federal land management should occur , with input from the local communities . The Senate version , S . 23 , passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Obama on March 13 , 2014 . On May 21 , 2013 , Benishek introduced the Demanding Accountability for Veterans Act of 2013 ( H.R . 2072 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the Inspector General ( IG ) of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) to take additional action if the VA has not appropriately responded to an IG report that recommends actions to be taken by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to address a VA public health or safety issue . The Secretary would be required to act swiftly on such IG reports , with the bill specifying actions to take . The Secretary would also be forbidden from giving any bonuses to managers with unresolved issues . Benishek said that the bill targets bureaucrats in Washington who drag their feet and dont do their jobs . Political positions . Benishek favors reduced government spending and a smaller government , and is pro-life and pro-gun rights . In 2014 , he received an A+ grade from the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund . He supports term limits and said before he was elected in 2010 , I am happy to tell voters I strongly favor term limits . Three terms and youre retired seems about right to me . He was also a signatory to a pledge by U.S . Term Limits that would impose a three-term limit on Congressmen . However , in March 2015 , Benishek announced he would break that pledge and run for a 4th term . In September 2015 , he reverted course , announcing that he would in fact retire at the end of his current term rather than seeing re-election in 2016 . In healthcare reform , he supports tort reform and allowing insurance companies to compete across state lines without federal regulation . He opposes federal funding for elective abortions . He supports lower taxes and increased border security . Benishek dismisses the scientific consensus on climate change . Caucus memberships . - Congressional Cement Caucus Personal life . Benishek lives with his wife Judy in Iron County . They have five children and four grandchildren . |
[
"University of Michigan"
] | easy | Which school did Dan Benishek go to in 1970? | /wiki/Dan_Benishek#P69#1 | Dan Benishek Daniel Joseph Benishek ( born April 20 , 1952 ) is an American physician and politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Early life , education , and medical career . Benishek was born in Iron River , Michigan in 1952 , the son of Helen ( née Kovaleski ) and Joseph Benishek . Three of his paternal great-grandparents were Bohemian ( Czech ) immigrants , while his maternal grandparents were Polish immigrants . His father was killed in local iron mines in 1957 , so Benishek was raised by his widowed mother and extended family . He worked in the family business , the Iron River Hotel , until he went to college . He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science in Zoology . From there , he graduated from Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1978 . Prior to his election to Congress , he was a general surgeon in the Dickinson County Healthcare System . U.S . House of Representatives elections . 2010 election . Benishek formally announced his candidacy for Congress on March 16 , 2010 , running against incumbent Democrat Bart Stupak . Stupaks vote in support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act fueled an outpouring of support for Benishek , who had no Internet presence aside from a basic website on the day the bill was passed . He received more than $50,000 in unsolicited donations in the first 48 hours after Stupaks vote for the bill on March 21 , 2010 . Its amazing , I just cant believe it , he said regarding the support he has gotten . I need to use this momentum to repeal this health care bill and Im going to do it . Were going to take over , the Republicans are going to regain the House of Representatives and were going to repeal this health care bill . The American Spectator called him The Most Popular Republican in America on March 21 , in the wake of Stupaks yea vote . Stupak announced his retirement on April 9 , 2010 . Benishek won the Republican primary against State Senator Jason Allen by 15 votes . On November 2 , 2010 , in the general election , Dan Benishek defeated Democratic nominee State Representative Gary McDowell , Independent Glenn Wilson , Libertarian Keith Shelton , Green Ellis Boal , and UST Patrick Lambert . Benishek was sworn into office on January 5 , 2011 , as a member of the 112th United States Congress ; he succeeded Bart Stupak . 2012 election . Benishek faced re-election against McDowell in the 2012 election cycle . A September 20 , 2012 Public Policy Polling poll showed the race as a statistical dead heat , with McDowell leading Benishek 44% to 42% . Benishek was re-elected by a margin of 2,297 votes , less than 1% of the total votes cast . Benishek endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican presidential primary . 2014 election . Benisheks opponent for the 2014 midterm elections was Democratic nominee Jerry Cannon . In October 2014 , the Rothenberg Political Report moved the district from one that tilts Republican to Republican favored . Benishek won reelection with 52% of the vote , which was the closest race for a victorious Republican incumbent in 2014 . 2016 election . After temporarily considering running for a fourth term , Benishek decided not to seek re-election in 2016 ; he endorsed Republican State Sen . Tom Casperson as his successor . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources - Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Legislation sponsored . On January 4 , 2013 , Benishek introduced , a bill identical to the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act ( S . 23 ; 113th Congress ) , which was introduced into the U.S . Senate by Carl Levin . The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan . The newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness , a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Benishek expressed his pleasure that the bill was developed locally , describing it as the ideal way federal land management should occur , with input from the local communities . The Senate version , S . 23 , passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Obama on March 13 , 2014 . On May 21 , 2013 , Benishek introduced the Demanding Accountability for Veterans Act of 2013 ( H.R . 2072 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the Inspector General ( IG ) of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) to take additional action if the VA has not appropriately responded to an IG report that recommends actions to be taken by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to address a VA public health or safety issue . The Secretary would be required to act swiftly on such IG reports , with the bill specifying actions to take . The Secretary would also be forbidden from giving any bonuses to managers with unresolved issues . Benishek said that the bill targets bureaucrats in Washington who drag their feet and dont do their jobs . Political positions . Benishek favors reduced government spending and a smaller government , and is pro-life and pro-gun rights . In 2014 , he received an A+ grade from the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund . He supports term limits and said before he was elected in 2010 , I am happy to tell voters I strongly favor term limits . Three terms and youre retired seems about right to me . He was also a signatory to a pledge by U.S . Term Limits that would impose a three-term limit on Congressmen . However , in March 2015 , Benishek announced he would break that pledge and run for a 4th term . In September 2015 , he reverted course , announcing that he would in fact retire at the end of his current term rather than seeing re-election in 2016 . In healthcare reform , he supports tort reform and allowing insurance companies to compete across state lines without federal regulation . He opposes federal funding for elective abortions . He supports lower taxes and increased border security . Benishek dismisses the scientific consensus on climate change . Caucus memberships . - Congressional Cement Caucus Personal life . Benishek lives with his wife Judy in Iron County . They have five children and four grandchildren . |
[
"Wayne State University School of Medicine"
] | easy | Where was Dan Benishek educated from 1974 to 1978? | /wiki/Dan_Benishek#P69#2 | Dan Benishek Daniel Joseph Benishek ( born April 20 , 1952 ) is an American physician and politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Early life , education , and medical career . Benishek was born in Iron River , Michigan in 1952 , the son of Helen ( née Kovaleski ) and Joseph Benishek . Three of his paternal great-grandparents were Bohemian ( Czech ) immigrants , while his maternal grandparents were Polish immigrants . His father was killed in local iron mines in 1957 , so Benishek was raised by his widowed mother and extended family . He worked in the family business , the Iron River Hotel , until he went to college . He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science in Zoology . From there , he graduated from Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1978 . Prior to his election to Congress , he was a general surgeon in the Dickinson County Healthcare System . U.S . House of Representatives elections . 2010 election . Benishek formally announced his candidacy for Congress on March 16 , 2010 , running against incumbent Democrat Bart Stupak . Stupaks vote in support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act fueled an outpouring of support for Benishek , who had no Internet presence aside from a basic website on the day the bill was passed . He received more than $50,000 in unsolicited donations in the first 48 hours after Stupaks vote for the bill on March 21 , 2010 . Its amazing , I just cant believe it , he said regarding the support he has gotten . I need to use this momentum to repeal this health care bill and Im going to do it . Were going to take over , the Republicans are going to regain the House of Representatives and were going to repeal this health care bill . The American Spectator called him The Most Popular Republican in America on March 21 , in the wake of Stupaks yea vote . Stupak announced his retirement on April 9 , 2010 . Benishek won the Republican primary against State Senator Jason Allen by 15 votes . On November 2 , 2010 , in the general election , Dan Benishek defeated Democratic nominee State Representative Gary McDowell , Independent Glenn Wilson , Libertarian Keith Shelton , Green Ellis Boal , and UST Patrick Lambert . Benishek was sworn into office on January 5 , 2011 , as a member of the 112th United States Congress ; he succeeded Bart Stupak . 2012 election . Benishek faced re-election against McDowell in the 2012 election cycle . A September 20 , 2012 Public Policy Polling poll showed the race as a statistical dead heat , with McDowell leading Benishek 44% to 42% . Benishek was re-elected by a margin of 2,297 votes , less than 1% of the total votes cast . Benishek endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican presidential primary . 2014 election . Benisheks opponent for the 2014 midterm elections was Democratic nominee Jerry Cannon . In October 2014 , the Rothenberg Political Report moved the district from one that tilts Republican to Republican favored . Benishek won reelection with 52% of the vote , which was the closest race for a victorious Republican incumbent in 2014 . 2016 election . After temporarily considering running for a fourth term , Benishek decided not to seek re-election in 2016 ; he endorsed Republican State Sen . Tom Casperson as his successor . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources - Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Legislation sponsored . On January 4 , 2013 , Benishek introduced , a bill identical to the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act ( S . 23 ; 113th Congress ) , which was introduced into the U.S . Senate by Carl Levin . The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan . The newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness , a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Benishek expressed his pleasure that the bill was developed locally , describing it as the ideal way federal land management should occur , with input from the local communities . The Senate version , S . 23 , passed the Senate and was signed into law by President Obama on March 13 , 2014 . On May 21 , 2013 , Benishek introduced the Demanding Accountability for Veterans Act of 2013 ( H.R . 2072 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the Inspector General ( IG ) of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) to take additional action if the VA has not appropriately responded to an IG report that recommends actions to be taken by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to address a VA public health or safety issue . The Secretary would be required to act swiftly on such IG reports , with the bill specifying actions to take . The Secretary would also be forbidden from giving any bonuses to managers with unresolved issues . Benishek said that the bill targets bureaucrats in Washington who drag their feet and dont do their jobs . Political positions . Benishek favors reduced government spending and a smaller government , and is pro-life and pro-gun rights . In 2014 , he received an A+ grade from the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund . He supports term limits and said before he was elected in 2010 , I am happy to tell voters I strongly favor term limits . Three terms and youre retired seems about right to me . He was also a signatory to a pledge by U.S . Term Limits that would impose a three-term limit on Congressmen . However , in March 2015 , Benishek announced he would break that pledge and run for a 4th term . In September 2015 , he reverted course , announcing that he would in fact retire at the end of his current term rather than seeing re-election in 2016 . In healthcare reform , he supports tort reform and allowing insurance companies to compete across state lines without federal regulation . He opposes federal funding for elective abortions . He supports lower taxes and increased border security . Benishek dismisses the scientific consensus on climate change . Caucus memberships . - Congressional Cement Caucus Personal life . Benishek lives with his wife Judy in Iron County . They have five children and four grandchildren . |
[
""
] | easy | Which employer did Daniel Weinreb work for from 1979 to 1980? | /wiki/Daniel_Weinreb#P108#0 | Daniel Weinreb Daniel L . Weinreb ( January 6 , 1959 – September 7 , 2012 ) was an American computer scientist and programmer , with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp . Early life . Weinreb was born on January 6 , 1959 , in Brooklyn , New York , and was raised there by his parents , Herbert and Phyllis Weinreb . He had two brothers , Bill and David , and attended Saint Anns School . Education . Weinreb graduated from St . Anns School in Brooklyn , New York in 1975 . He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from 1975–1979 ( starting at age 16 ) , graduating with a B.S . in computer science and electrical engineering , where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI , text editors for MIT Lisp machines . EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine , and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written , and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp . Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp , including Richard Stallmans GNU Emacs , James Goslings Gosmacs , and Bernard Greenbergs Multics Emacs . Professional life . During 1979–1980 , Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer , more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler . In 1980 , he cofounded Symbolics , developing software for their Lisp machine . He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp ( CL ) . He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification , Common Lisp the Language , First Edition . He worked on Statice , an object-oriented database published by Symbolics in 1988 . In 1988 , he cofounded Object Design , Incorporated ( ODI ) , where he was one of the architects and implementors of ObjectStore , a leading commercial object-oriented database management system object database . It is still commercially maintained and available from Progress Software , which bought Object Design ( then eXcelon , Inc. ) . In 2002 , he joined BEA Systems , where he was Operations , Administration , and Management Architect for WebLogic . In 2006 , he joined ITA Software , working on an airline reservations system ( ARS ) . In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system . In 2009 , he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Personal life . Weinreb married Cheryl Moreau in 1986 and they had a son , Adam , in 1991 . Dan Weinreb died on September 7 , 2012 , after a year-long battle with cancer . External links . - Daniel Weinrebs Road to Lisp - Daniel Weinrebs Common Lisp Implementations : A Survey |
[
"Symbolics"
] | easy | Which employer did Daniel Weinreb work for from 1980 to 1988? | /wiki/Daniel_Weinreb#P108#1 | Daniel Weinreb Daniel L . Weinreb ( January 6 , 1959 – September 7 , 2012 ) was an American computer scientist and programmer , with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp . Early life . Weinreb was born on January 6 , 1959 , in Brooklyn , New York , and was raised there by his parents , Herbert and Phyllis Weinreb . He had two brothers , Bill and David , and attended Saint Anns School . Education . Weinreb graduated from St . Anns School in Brooklyn , New York in 1975 . He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from 1975–1979 ( starting at age 16 ) , graduating with a B.S . in computer science and electrical engineering , where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI , text editors for MIT Lisp machines . EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine , and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written , and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp . Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp , including Richard Stallmans GNU Emacs , James Goslings Gosmacs , and Bernard Greenbergs Multics Emacs . Professional life . During 1979–1980 , Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer , more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler . In 1980 , he cofounded Symbolics , developing software for their Lisp machine . He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp ( CL ) . He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification , Common Lisp the Language , First Edition . He worked on Statice , an object-oriented database published by Symbolics in 1988 . In 1988 , he cofounded Object Design , Incorporated ( ODI ) , where he was one of the architects and implementors of ObjectStore , a leading commercial object-oriented database management system object database . It is still commercially maintained and available from Progress Software , which bought Object Design ( then eXcelon , Inc. ) . In 2002 , he joined BEA Systems , where he was Operations , Administration , and Management Architect for WebLogic . In 2006 , he joined ITA Software , working on an airline reservations system ( ARS ) . In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system . In 2009 , he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Personal life . Weinreb married Cheryl Moreau in 1986 and they had a son , Adam , in 1991 . Dan Weinreb died on September 7 , 2012 , after a year-long battle with cancer . External links . - Daniel Weinrebs Road to Lisp - Daniel Weinrebs Common Lisp Implementations : A Survey |
[
"Object Design"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Daniel Weinreb work for from 1988 to 2002? | /wiki/Daniel_Weinreb#P108#2 | Daniel Weinreb Daniel L . Weinreb ( January 6 , 1959 – September 7 , 2012 ) was an American computer scientist and programmer , with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp . Early life . Weinreb was born on January 6 , 1959 , in Brooklyn , New York , and was raised there by his parents , Herbert and Phyllis Weinreb . He had two brothers , Bill and David , and attended Saint Anns School . Education . Weinreb graduated from St . Anns School in Brooklyn , New York in 1975 . He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from 1975–1979 ( starting at age 16 ) , graduating with a B.S . in computer science and electrical engineering , where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI , text editors for MIT Lisp machines . EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine , and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written , and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp . Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp , including Richard Stallmans GNU Emacs , James Goslings Gosmacs , and Bernard Greenbergs Multics Emacs . Professional life . During 1979–1980 , Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer , more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler . In 1980 , he cofounded Symbolics , developing software for their Lisp machine . He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp ( CL ) . He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification , Common Lisp the Language , First Edition . He worked on Statice , an object-oriented database published by Symbolics in 1988 . In 1988 , he cofounded Object Design , Incorporated ( ODI ) , where he was one of the architects and implementors of ObjectStore , a leading commercial object-oriented database management system object database . It is still commercially maintained and available from Progress Software , which bought Object Design ( then eXcelon , Inc. ) . In 2002 , he joined BEA Systems , where he was Operations , Administration , and Management Architect for WebLogic . In 2006 , he joined ITA Software , working on an airline reservations system ( ARS ) . In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system . In 2009 , he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Personal life . Weinreb married Cheryl Moreau in 1986 and they had a son , Adam , in 1991 . Dan Weinreb died on September 7 , 2012 , after a year-long battle with cancer . External links . - Daniel Weinrebs Road to Lisp - Daniel Weinrebs Common Lisp Implementations : A Survey |
[
"BEA Systems"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Daniel Weinreb work for from 2002 to 2006? | /wiki/Daniel_Weinreb#P108#3 | Daniel Weinreb Daniel L . Weinreb ( January 6 , 1959 – September 7 , 2012 ) was an American computer scientist and programmer , with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp . Early life . Weinreb was born on January 6 , 1959 , in Brooklyn , New York , and was raised there by his parents , Herbert and Phyllis Weinreb . He had two brothers , Bill and David , and attended Saint Anns School . Education . Weinreb graduated from St . Anns School in Brooklyn , New York in 1975 . He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from 1975–1979 ( starting at age 16 ) , graduating with a B.S . in computer science and electrical engineering , where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI , text editors for MIT Lisp machines . EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine , and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written , and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp . Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp , including Richard Stallmans GNU Emacs , James Goslings Gosmacs , and Bernard Greenbergs Multics Emacs . Professional life . During 1979–1980 , Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer , more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler . In 1980 , he cofounded Symbolics , developing software for their Lisp machine . He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp ( CL ) . He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification , Common Lisp the Language , First Edition . He worked on Statice , an object-oriented database published by Symbolics in 1988 . In 1988 , he cofounded Object Design , Incorporated ( ODI ) , where he was one of the architects and implementors of ObjectStore , a leading commercial object-oriented database management system object database . It is still commercially maintained and available from Progress Software , which bought Object Design ( then eXcelon , Inc. ) . In 2002 , he joined BEA Systems , where he was Operations , Administration , and Management Architect for WebLogic . In 2006 , he joined ITA Software , working on an airline reservations system ( ARS ) . In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system . In 2009 , he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Personal life . Weinreb married Cheryl Moreau in 1986 and they had a son , Adam , in 1991 . Dan Weinreb died on September 7 , 2012 , after a year-long battle with cancer . External links . - Daniel Weinrebs Road to Lisp - Daniel Weinrebs Common Lisp Implementations : A Survey |
[
"ITA Software"
] | easy | Who did Daniel Weinreb work for from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Daniel_Weinreb#P108#4 | Daniel Weinreb Daniel L . Weinreb ( January 6 , 1959 – September 7 , 2012 ) was an American computer scientist and programmer , with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp . Early life . Weinreb was born on January 6 , 1959 , in Brooklyn , New York , and was raised there by his parents , Herbert and Phyllis Weinreb . He had two brothers , Bill and David , and attended Saint Anns School . Education . Weinreb graduated from St . Anns School in Brooklyn , New York in 1975 . He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from 1975–1979 ( starting at age 16 ) , graduating with a B.S . in computer science and electrical engineering , where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI , text editors for MIT Lisp machines . EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine , and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written , and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp . Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp , including Richard Stallmans GNU Emacs , James Goslings Gosmacs , and Bernard Greenbergs Multics Emacs . Professional life . During 1979–1980 , Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer , more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler . In 1980 , he cofounded Symbolics , developing software for their Lisp machine . He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp ( CL ) . He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification , Common Lisp the Language , First Edition . He worked on Statice , an object-oriented database published by Symbolics in 1988 . In 1988 , he cofounded Object Design , Incorporated ( ODI ) , where he was one of the architects and implementors of ObjectStore , a leading commercial object-oriented database management system object database . It is still commercially maintained and available from Progress Software , which bought Object Design ( then eXcelon , Inc. ) . In 2002 , he joined BEA Systems , where he was Operations , Administration , and Management Architect for WebLogic . In 2006 , he joined ITA Software , working on an airline reservations system ( ARS ) . In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system . In 2009 , he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Personal life . Weinreb married Cheryl Moreau in 1986 and they had a son , Adam , in 1991 . Dan Weinreb died on September 7 , 2012 , after a year-long battle with cancer . External links . - Daniel Weinrebs Road to Lisp - Daniel Weinrebs Common Lisp Implementations : A Survey |
[
"Cambridge United",
"Bath City",
"Sabah FA",
"Cheltenham Town"
] | easy | Which team did Paul Bastock play for from 1988 to 1989? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#0 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"Kettering Town"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paul Bastock belong to from 1990 to 1992? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#1 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"Boston United"
] | easy | Which team did Paul Bastock play for from 1992 to 2004? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#2 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"St Albans City"
] | easy | Paul Bastock played for which team from 2004 to 2007? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#3 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"Rushden & Diamonds"
] | easy | Paul Bastock played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#4 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"Worksop Town"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paul Bastock belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Paul_Bastock#P54#5 | Paul Bastock Paul Anthony Bastock ( born 19 May 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He holds the all-time record for the most competitive club appearances in world football , having played 1,284 times in league and cup competitions , primarily across the English lower leagues . During his career , which began in 1988 , Bastock has represented nine different clubs including Cambridge United , Boston United , Rushden & Diamonds and St Albans City . He was voted as Bostons all-time cult hero by viewers of the BBC show Football Focus in April 2005 . In addition to the all-time appearances record , Bastock holds the same record at Boston United , having played 625 games in all competitions for the club . He has also played several times for the England National Game XI . Career . He started his career in the youth team at Coventry City in the eighties and was a member of their 1987 FA Youth Cup winning side that beat a Southampton youth side including Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier . He was released by Coventry and signed his first professional contract in 1988 with Cambridge United where he stayed for one season during which he also played once on loan for Bath City in October 1988 , a 1–1 draw against VS Rugby . He then moved to Malaysia to play in the Malaysian Super League where he had a short spell with Sabah FA . He then moved back to England , playing a single match for Cheltenham Town in the Gloucestershire Senior Cup in return for a pair of gloves , before signing for Fisher Athletic . After a season with Fisher , he transferred to Kettering Town in 1990 where he spent two years . At Kettering , after a brief period on loan at Aylesbury United , he impressed and was snapped up by Boston United in 1992 . His next 12 years with the Lincolnshire club were to prove the best of his footballing career . His first season with Boston was a disaster , with the club finishing bottom and being relegated from the Football Conference to the Northern Premier League . However , despite conceding 69 goals in 42 games , Bastock was still voted Player of the Season by supporters . He started to concede less goals the season after and Boston had a string of respectable league positions from 1993–1998 when the Pilgrims were moved to the Southern Premier League and their fortunes took an upturn . Bastock helped them to a second-place finish in the 1998–99 season and the team won the league and were promoted back to the Conference in 2000 . He spent two seasons in the Conference before Boston were promoted to the Football League Third Division , Bastock missing just one game all season as Boston won the Conference . He won the Player of the Season award again in the 2002–03 season , ten years after last winning it . He remained first choice throughout the whole 2003–04 season ; the highlight of which was saving a penalty from Yeovils Gavin Williams to help his side to a 3–2 win . In the summer of 2004 , Boston signed Nathan Abbey and Bastock was unable to regain his first-team place . Whilst playing for Boston , he also worked as a care assistant in a nursing home . He was awarded a testimonial match for his great service to the club before leaving to join Scarborough in October 2004 . However , he stayed with Scarborough for just one week , before leaving due to family and travelling issues . He signed for Dagenham & Redbridge later the same month . He stayed there for two months , making just one appearance , before he was signed by then Conference South side St Albans City in November 2004 . He played in 84 consecutive league games for St Albans between his debut match on 23 November 2004 against Hornchurch and 10 November 2006 before he received a suspension after being sent off in an FA Cup tie against Yeading . During the 2005–06 season he was named Supporters Player of the Year , having kept a club record seven consecutive home clean sheets and also equalled the record of six consecutive clean sheets home or away as St Albans win promotion to the Conference . In 2006 , Bastock took a position as part-time goalkeeping coach with Boston United , continuing to play for St Albans until May 2007 when he joined Rushden & Diamonds after St Albans relegation from the Conference . However , he was released by Rushden in February 2008 and rejoined St Albans City the following month . Within six games of returning was named Conference South Player of the Month He played a crucial role in helping St Albans escape a further relegation and was named as the Supporters Club Player of the Year at the end of the season , only the second player to with the honour twice . Bastock rejoined former club Boston United , in March 2011 . He left the club at the end of the season . After spending the 2012–13 season at Worksop Town it was announced he would be rejoining St Albans City for a third time for the 2013–14 season . After one season with St Albans City , Bastock joined Royston Town in the summer of 2014 , linking up with ex-St Albans manager Steve Castle . Bastock moved up a division to sign for St Neots Town in October 2014 where he would go on to play his 1,000th game in senior football . However , despite being a regular for St Neots Town , Bastock was released by the club along with Matt Spring in 2015 . Bastock then moved to league counterparts Dunstable Town in the summer of 2015 . In January 2016 , Bastock moved to Stamford . Injury sidelined him for parts of his time at the Lincolnshire-based club , restricting him to 20 league appearances before he departed in the summer of 2017 . He joined Corby Town prior to the 2017–18 season , making his debut in a 5–1 win at home to Romulus on 12 August . He signed for Wisbech Town on dual registration terms on 21 September 2017 . On 2 October 2017 he announced that his stay at Corby Town had ended . In March 2018 , he returned to Kettering Town on dual registration . Bastock announced his retirement from playing at the end of the 2017–18 season at the age of 48 and joined the coaching staff of Grantham Town but was called upon at short notice to come out of retirement for one final league game due to injury , playing in the Northern Premier League fixture away to Basford United on 27 August 2018 . He was named as one of the substitutes for a further 11 games that season but was not called upon to play . On 1 November 2018 , Bastock joined Kings Lynn Town as assistant manager . Eighteen days later , he turned out for the team in their Norfolk County FA Senior Cup tie at the University of East Anglia . In March 2021 , aged 50 , Bastock was named as a substitute for an away fixture against Notts County in the National League . Personal life . Bastocks son Callum is also a footballer and a fellow goalkeeper . He has played several first-team games at semi-professional level for Boston Town before moving on 22 February 2013 to Grimsby Town on a two-year scholarship deal . Honours . - Coventry City - FA Youth Cup Winners : 1986–87 - Boston United - Southern Football League Premier Division Champions : 1999–2000 - Football Conference Champions : 2001–02 - St Albans City - Conference South Play-off Winners : 2005–06 |
[
"Heart of Midlothian"
] | easy | Which team did the player Allan Johnston belong to from 1990 to 1996? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#0 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Rennes"
] | easy | Which team did Allan Johnston play for from 1996 to 1997? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#1 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Sunderland"
] | easy | Allan Johnston played for which team from 1997 to 2000? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#2 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Rangers"
] | easy | Which team did the player Allan Johnston belong to from 2000 to 2001? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#3 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Middlesbrough"
] | easy | Which team did the player Allan Johnston belong to from 2001 to 2002? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#4 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Sheffield Wednesday"
] | easy | Which team did the player Allan Johnston belong to from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#5 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"Kilmarnock"
] | easy | Which team did Allan Johnston play for from 2004 to 2009? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#6 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
[
"St Mirren"
] | easy | Allan Johnston played for which team from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Allan_Johnston#P54#7 | Allan Johnston Allan Johnston ( born 14 December 1973 ) is a Scottish football player and coach , who is the current Queen of the South manager . Johnston started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers . Johnston then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday . Johnston returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock , St Mirren and Queen of the South . Johnston played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals , and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams . Johnston started his managerial career in 2012 , as player-manager of Queen of the South . Johnston won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager , then moved to Kilmarnock . Johnston departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the clubs board about the sale of a player . Johnston was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015 , where he won the League One Championship in his first season . Playing career . Club . Heart of Midlothian . Johnston began his career with Heart of Midlothian , becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s . In January 1996 , Johnston scored his first career hat-trick , scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox . Johnston picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final . Rennes . During the summer of 1996 , Johnston moved to French club Rennes ( Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move ) , but he left after less than one season . Sunderland . Johnston finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division . Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final , the club won the title the following season . During the summer of 1999 , with just one year left on his contract , Johnston began negotiations about an extension . During this time , interest in Johnston was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland , Johnston stated his desire to move to Glasgow . Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers , the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final . However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out . Johnston was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season . Rangers . At the end of the 1999–00 season , having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign , Johnston moved to Rangers on a free transfer , scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas . He scored twice more for Rangers , his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup . Middlesbrough . Little over twelve months later , in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway , Johnston moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal , making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend . Johnston scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season , missing February and March due to injury . The following season , Johnston spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday , scoring twice , having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro , subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season . Kilmarnock . Johnston signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004 , reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown . In April 2007 , with his contract about to expire , Johnston agreed a new two-year deal , which wasnt extended upon its expiry in June 2009 , resulting in his release from Rugby Park . St Mirren . On 8 August 2009 , Johnston played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic . After the match , manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him , but felt he might be out of their price range . After making 10 appearances for St Mirren , he was released at the end of the season . Queen of the South . In July 2010 Johnston played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South . Johnston was then confirmed on the clubs website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010 . Johnstons competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath . Johnston scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010 . International . Johnston made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002 , and was also capped at under–21 level . Coaching career . Queen of the South ( first spell ) . Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that Johnston had signed a contract as player coach . On 3 May 2012 , Johnston was appointed as Queens new player-manager . Johnston led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management , winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup . Kilmarnock . Johnston and Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the clubs new management team on 24 June 2013 . Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation . Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in Johnstons first season in charge , winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position . The club performed better in the league during his second season , but in February 2015 Johnston announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season . He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead , which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed . The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately . Dunfermline Athletic . On 8 May 2015 , after three months out of work , Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract . His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month , guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship , and additionally , saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup . In April 2016 , Johnston was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract , keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018 . Johnstons first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place , four points off the play-off positions . The following season , Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United . After a goalless first leg , the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice . On 22 May 2018 , Johnston signed a new two-year contract . In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot . On 9 January the club announced Johnston had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead . Queen of the South ( second spell ) . On 5 May 2019 , soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position , the Doonhamers appointed Johnston and Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose . On 16 April 2021 , Johnston and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Doonhamers management team until May 2023 . Honours and Achievements . Player . - Sunderland - Football League First Division : 1998–99 - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012–13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012–13 Manager . - Queen of the South - Scottish Second Division : 2012-13 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2012-13 - Scottish Championship play-offs : 2018-19 - Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish League One : 2015-16 Individual . - Queen of the South - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13 - Dunfermline Athletic - SPFL Championship Manager of the Month ( 1 ) : August 2017 - SPFL League One Manager of the Month ( 2 ) : December 2015 , March 2016 |
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""
] | easy | Paul Johnsgard went to which school from 1949 to 1955? | /wiki/Paul_Johnsgard#P69#0 | Paul Johnsgard Paul Austin Johnsgard ( 28 June 1931-28 May 2021 ) was an ornithologist , artist and emeritus professor at the University of Nebraska . His works include nearly fifty books including several monographs , principally about the waterfowl and cranes . Childhood and education . Born in Fargo , North Dakota , he was introduced to the study of birds by a distant cousin who was a game warden . He spent these early years taking part in duck counts . After high school and junior college at Wahpeton , he enrolled at North Dakota State University to major in zoology . He then moved to Washington State University for his masters degree , encouraged by a professor who suggested that he could have a career in ornithology . His masters study was on the impact of the construction of OSullivan Dam to wetland habitats . Apart from the data collected and his interpretation , it included his pen sketches . This was published in The Condor and the article attracted the attention of Charles Sibley who invited him to consider a Ph.D . at Cornell University with him , with his work focusing on the phylogeny of six ducks Career . After completing his graduate degree , Johnsgard moved to England at the Wildfowl Trust at Gloucestershire founded by Sir Peter Scott . Over the course of two years , he produced his first book , the Handbook of Waterfowl Behaviour , which was published by Cornell University in 1965 . He is considered one of the most prolific authors of ornithology books . Selected publications . - Grouse and Quails of North America . 1973 . - The Plovers , Sandpipers and Snipes of the World . - The Grouse of the World . 1983 . - The Hummingbirds of North America . 1983 , 2nd ed . 1997 , ebook for 2nd ed . 2016 . - The Platte : Channels in Time . 1984 , 2nd ed . - The Pheasants of the World . 1986 . 2nd . ed . 1999 . - Diving Birds of North America . 1987 . - The Quails , Partridges and Francolins of the World . 1988 . - North American Owls : Biology and Natural History . 1988 . 2nd . ed . 2002 . - Hawks , Eagles and Falcons of North America : Biology and Natural History . 1990 . - Bustards , Hemipodes and Sandgrouse : Birds of Dry Places . 1991 . - Cormorants , Darters and Pelicans of the World . 1993 . - Arena Birds : Sexual Selection and Behavior . 1994 - This Fragile Land : A Natural History of the Nebraska Sandhills . 1995 . - Ruddy Ducks and other Stifftails : Their Behavior and Biology . 1996 ( With M . Carbonell ) - The Avian Brood Parasites : Deception at the Nest . 1997 . - Trogons and Quetzals of the World . 2000 . - Prairie Birds : Fragile Splendor in the Great Plains . 2001 . - The Nature of Nebraska : Ecology and Biodiversity . 2001 . - Grassland Grouse and their Conservation . 2002 . ebook 2014 - Great Wildlife of the Great Plains . 2003 . - Lewis and Clark on the Great Plains : A Natural History . 2003 . - Prairie Dog Empire : A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie . 2004 . 2005 pbk edition - The Niobrara : A River Running Through Time . 2007 . - Ancient Voices over Americas Wetlands : The Sandhill and Whooping Cranes . 2011 . - Rocky Mountain Birds : Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rocky Mountains . 2011 . - Wetland Birds of the Central Plains : South Dakota , Nebraska and Kansas . 2012 . - Nebraskas Wetlands : Their Wildlife and Ecology . 2012 . - Yellowstone Wildlife : Ecology and Natural History of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . 2012 . ebook 2013 - A Prairie’s Not Scary . 2012 . ( Children’s book on prairie ecology ) - Birds of the Central Platte Valley , Nebraska . 2013 . 182 pp . ( With Mary B . Brown. ) - The Birds of Nebraska . Revised edition 2013 . - Birds and Birding in the Bighorn Mountains Region of Wyoming . 2013 , With Jacqueline R . Canterbury & Helen Downing . - Musica de las Grullas : Una Historia Natural de las Grullas de América . 2014 . Spanish translation by E . Weir & Karine Gil-Weir of Crane Music ( 1991 , rev . 2013. ) - Game Birds of the World : A Catalog of the Madson Collection . 2014 . - Seasons of the Tallgrass Prairie : A Nebraska Year . 2014 . - Global Warming and Population Responses among Great Plains Birds . 2015 . - Natural Treasures of the Great Plains : An Ecological Perspective . 2015 . Edited with T . Lynch & J . Phillips ( 6 drawings and 4 contributed essays ) . - At Home and at Large on the Great Plains : Essays and Memories . 2015 . - A Chorus of Cranes . The Cranes of North America and the World . 2015 . - Birding Nebraska’s Central Platte Valley and Rainwater Basin . 2015 . - Swans : Their Biology and Natural History . 2016 . - The North American Grouse : Biology and Behavior . 2016 . - The North American Geese : Their Biology and Behavior . 2016 . - The North American Sea Ducks . 2016 . - The North American Perching and Dabbling Ducks . 2017 . - The North American Whistling-Ducks , Pochards and Stiff-tailed Ducks . 2017 . - Common Birds of The Brinton Museum and The Bighorn Mountains Foothills . ( with J . L . Canterbury ) . 2017 . - The North American Quails , Partridges and Pheasants . 2017 . - A Naturalist’s Guide to the Great Plains . 2018 - Wyoming’s Ucross Ranch : Its Birds , History , and Natural Environment . 2018 . ( With Jacqueline L . Canterbury ) - The Ecology of a Tallgrass Treasure : Audubon’s Spring Creek Prairie . 2018 . - Wyoming Wildlife : A Natural History . 2019 . - The North American Swans Their Biology and Conservation . 2020 . - The Abyssinian Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes in the Field Museum , 2020 . - Audubon’s Lillian Annette Rowe Sanctuary : A Refuge , a River , and a Migration . 2020 . - Wildlife of Nebraska : A Natural History . 2020 . - Cranes in Life , Lore and Literature : A Catechism for Crane-lovers , 2020 . - Birds of the Nebraska Sandhills . 2020 . With Josef Kren . Sources . - Farrar , J . 1993 . Paul Johnsgard , Nebraskas Birdman . Nebraskaland 71 ( 2 ) : 38–47 . - Johnsgard , Paul . 2010 . My life in biology . Nebraska Bird Review 78 ( 3 ) :103-120 . - Klucas , G . 2002 . A beautiful mind . Nebraska Magazine . Summer , 2002 . pp . 24–27 . - Miles , L . 1993 . Paul Johnsgard and the Harmony of Nature . pp . 91–93 , in A . Jenkins ( ed. ) , The Platte River : An Atlas of the Big Bend Region . Univ . Nebr . Kearney . 194 pp . - Scully , M . G . 2001 . Heeding the call of sandhill cranes . Chronicle of Higher Educ . 47 ( 30: ) : B-17 . External links . - Downloadable publications by Johnsgard - Vita and biography - Audubon award - Profile |
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""
] | easy | Paul Johnsgard went to which school from 1956 to 1959? | /wiki/Paul_Johnsgard#P69#1 | Paul Johnsgard Paul Austin Johnsgard ( 28 June 1931-28 May 2021 ) was an ornithologist , artist and emeritus professor at the University of Nebraska . His works include nearly fifty books including several monographs , principally about the waterfowl and cranes . Childhood and education . Born in Fargo , North Dakota , he was introduced to the study of birds by a distant cousin who was a game warden . He spent these early years taking part in duck counts . After high school and junior college at Wahpeton , he enrolled at North Dakota State University to major in zoology . He then moved to Washington State University for his masters degree , encouraged by a professor who suggested that he could have a career in ornithology . His masters study was on the impact of the construction of OSullivan Dam to wetland habitats . Apart from the data collected and his interpretation , it included his pen sketches . This was published in The Condor and the article attracted the attention of Charles Sibley who invited him to consider a Ph.D . at Cornell University with him , with his work focusing on the phylogeny of six ducks Career . After completing his graduate degree , Johnsgard moved to England at the Wildfowl Trust at Gloucestershire founded by Sir Peter Scott . Over the course of two years , he produced his first book , the Handbook of Waterfowl Behaviour , which was published by Cornell University in 1965 . He is considered one of the most prolific authors of ornithology books . Selected publications . - Grouse and Quails of North America . 1973 . - The Plovers , Sandpipers and Snipes of the World . - The Grouse of the World . 1983 . - The Hummingbirds of North America . 1983 , 2nd ed . 1997 , ebook for 2nd ed . 2016 . - The Platte : Channels in Time . 1984 , 2nd ed . - The Pheasants of the World . 1986 . 2nd . ed . 1999 . - Diving Birds of North America . 1987 . - The Quails , Partridges and Francolins of the World . 1988 . - North American Owls : Biology and Natural History . 1988 . 2nd . ed . 2002 . - Hawks , Eagles and Falcons of North America : Biology and Natural History . 1990 . - Bustards , Hemipodes and Sandgrouse : Birds of Dry Places . 1991 . - Cormorants , Darters and Pelicans of the World . 1993 . - Arena Birds : Sexual Selection and Behavior . 1994 - This Fragile Land : A Natural History of the Nebraska Sandhills . 1995 . - Ruddy Ducks and other Stifftails : Their Behavior and Biology . 1996 ( With M . Carbonell ) - The Avian Brood Parasites : Deception at the Nest . 1997 . - Trogons and Quetzals of the World . 2000 . - Prairie Birds : Fragile Splendor in the Great Plains . 2001 . - The Nature of Nebraska : Ecology and Biodiversity . 2001 . - Grassland Grouse and their Conservation . 2002 . ebook 2014 - Great Wildlife of the Great Plains . 2003 . - Lewis and Clark on the Great Plains : A Natural History . 2003 . - Prairie Dog Empire : A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie . 2004 . 2005 pbk edition - The Niobrara : A River Running Through Time . 2007 . - Ancient Voices over Americas Wetlands : The Sandhill and Whooping Cranes . 2011 . - Rocky Mountain Birds : Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rocky Mountains . 2011 . - Wetland Birds of the Central Plains : South Dakota , Nebraska and Kansas . 2012 . - Nebraskas Wetlands : Their Wildlife and Ecology . 2012 . - Yellowstone Wildlife : Ecology and Natural History of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . 2012 . ebook 2013 - A Prairie’s Not Scary . 2012 . ( Children’s book on prairie ecology ) - Birds of the Central Platte Valley , Nebraska . 2013 . 182 pp . ( With Mary B . Brown. ) - The Birds of Nebraska . Revised edition 2013 . - Birds and Birding in the Bighorn Mountains Region of Wyoming . 2013 , With Jacqueline R . Canterbury & Helen Downing . - Musica de las Grullas : Una Historia Natural de las Grullas de América . 2014 . Spanish translation by E . Weir & Karine Gil-Weir of Crane Music ( 1991 , rev . 2013. ) - Game Birds of the World : A Catalog of the Madson Collection . 2014 . - Seasons of the Tallgrass Prairie : A Nebraska Year . 2014 . - Global Warming and Population Responses among Great Plains Birds . 2015 . - Natural Treasures of the Great Plains : An Ecological Perspective . 2015 . Edited with T . Lynch & J . Phillips ( 6 drawings and 4 contributed essays ) . - At Home and at Large on the Great Plains : Essays and Memories . 2015 . - A Chorus of Cranes . The Cranes of North America and the World . 2015 . - Birding Nebraska’s Central Platte Valley and Rainwater Basin . 2015 . - Swans : Their Biology and Natural History . 2016 . - The North American Grouse : Biology and Behavior . 2016 . - The North American Geese : Their Biology and Behavior . 2016 . - The North American Sea Ducks . 2016 . - The North American Perching and Dabbling Ducks . 2017 . - The North American Whistling-Ducks , Pochards and Stiff-tailed Ducks . 2017 . - Common Birds of The Brinton Museum and The Bighorn Mountains Foothills . ( with J . L . Canterbury ) . 2017 . - The North American Quails , Partridges and Pheasants . 2017 . - A Naturalist’s Guide to the Great Plains . 2018 - Wyoming’s Ucross Ranch : Its Birds , History , and Natural Environment . 2018 . ( With Jacqueline L . Canterbury ) - The Ecology of a Tallgrass Treasure : Audubon’s Spring Creek Prairie . 2018 . - Wyoming Wildlife : A Natural History . 2019 . - The North American Swans Their Biology and Conservation . 2020 . - The Abyssinian Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes in the Field Museum , 2020 . - Audubon’s Lillian Annette Rowe Sanctuary : A Refuge , a River , and a Migration . 2020 . - Wildlife of Nebraska : A Natural History . 2020 . - Cranes in Life , Lore and Literature : A Catechism for Crane-lovers , 2020 . - Birds of the Nebraska Sandhills . 2020 . With Josef Kren . Sources . - Farrar , J . 1993 . Paul Johnsgard , Nebraskas Birdman . Nebraskaland 71 ( 2 ) : 38–47 . - Johnsgard , Paul . 2010 . My life in biology . Nebraska Bird Review 78 ( 3 ) :103-120 . - Klucas , G . 2002 . A beautiful mind . Nebraska Magazine . Summer , 2002 . pp . 24–27 . - Miles , L . 1993 . Paul Johnsgard and the Harmony of Nature . pp . 91–93 , in A . Jenkins ( ed. ) , The Platte River : An Atlas of the Big Bend Region . Univ . Nebr . Kearney . 194 pp . - Scully , M . G . 2001 . Heeding the call of sandhill cranes . Chronicle of Higher Educ . 47 ( 30: ) : B-17 . External links . - Downloadable publications by Johnsgard - Vita and biography - Audubon award - Profile |
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] | easy | What was the official name of Bellingham Mariners from 1973 to 1976? | /wiki/Bellingham_Mariners#P1448#0 | Bellingham Mariners The Bellingham Mariners were a Minor League Baseball team in the Class A-Short Season Northwest League , based in Bellingham , Washington . The club served as the Seattle Mariners short-season affiliate for eighteen years from 1977–1994 . History . Major League Baseball returned to Seattle in 1977 with the expansion Mariners of the American League . Bellingham signed a player development contract with the Seattle and adopted their parent clubs identity , taking the name Mariners . Affectionately referred to as Baby Ms , the team would serve as Seattles only affiliate in their inaugural season . In a strange alignment , the Northwest League would have two divisions , one of teams with affiliation and the other comprised on independents . Bellingham would win the affiliate division with a 42–26 record . The club would square off against the infamous Portland Mavericks for the league championship . In a best of three series , Bellingham and Portland would split the first two games . The Baby Ms would hold off the Mavericks by a score of 4–2 in the decisive game to claim the 1977 Northwest League crown . Mariners skipper Bobby Floyd earned the leagues manager of the year award . The Mariners continued their on-field success with nearly identical records going 41–30 and 41–31 in consecutive seasons . 1980 was a banner year for Bellingham . The club amassed a 45-25 en route to a North Division title . The Baby M’s faced the Eugene Emeralds in the league championship series . Eugene and Bellingham split the first two games of the series . The decisive third game was cancelled due to rain . The two clubs were awarded Co-Northwest League Champions . The club witnessed a significant jump in attendance with 42,292 passing through the turnstiles . Seeking to repeat as league champions the Baby Ms claimed the north division . Bellingham faced the Medford As in the championship series , but were swept in two games . Two seasons later in 1983 , with a roster that included future Hall of Famer Edgar Martinez , the Mariners claimed the division title with a 40-28 record . Bellingham was again swept by Medford in the championship series . In 1984 and 1985 the Baby Ms posted mirror finishes at 39-35 taking second in the Washington division standings . In 1987 , 17-year-old Ken Griffey , Jr . hit his first professional home run while on the road at Everett Memorial Stadium on June 18 . A plaque was placed on the sidewalk outside the stadium where the ball landed . Despite on-field success and a steady stream of Mariners prospects , the club struggled with poor attendance . Following the 1994 season , the Mariners ended their relationship with Bellingham . Seattle moved their affiliation south to Everett were the team assumed a new identity as the Everett AquaSox . Everett , who had been affiliated with the San Francisco Giants swapped with Seattle and moved their short-season affiliation to Bellingham . Bellingham assumed their parent clubs moniker to become the Bellingham Giants in 1995 . Ballpark . The Bellingham franchise played at Joe Martin Field , a venue with a seating capacity near 1,600 . The park is currently the home of the Bellingham Bells of the West Coast League . Hall of Fame alumni . - Ken Griffey , Jr . ( 1987 ) Inducted , 2016 - Edgar Martinez ( 1983 ) Inducted , 2019 Notable players . - Phil Bradley - Iván Calderón - Dave Henderson - Raúl Ibañez - Mark Langston - Derek Lowe - Joe Nathan - Russ Ortiz - Jim Presley - Dave Stewart MLB All-Star - Dave Valle - Omar Vizquel MLB All-Sta |
[
"Seattle Mariners"
] | easy | Bellingham Mariners was officially named what from 1977 to 1994? | /wiki/Bellingham_Mariners#P1448#1 | Bellingham Mariners The Bellingham Mariners were a Minor League Baseball team in the Class A-Short Season Northwest League , based in Bellingham , Washington . The club served as the Seattle Mariners short-season affiliate for eighteen years from 1977–1994 . History . Major League Baseball returned to Seattle in 1977 with the expansion Mariners of the American League . Bellingham signed a player development contract with the Seattle and adopted their parent clubs identity , taking the name Mariners . Affectionately referred to as Baby Ms , the team would serve as Seattles only affiliate in their inaugural season . In a strange alignment , the Northwest League would have two divisions , one of teams with affiliation and the other comprised on independents . Bellingham would win the affiliate division with a 42–26 record . The club would square off against the infamous Portland Mavericks for the league championship . In a best of three series , Bellingham and Portland would split the first two games . The Baby Ms would hold off the Mavericks by a score of 4–2 in the decisive game to claim the 1977 Northwest League crown . Mariners skipper Bobby Floyd earned the leagues manager of the year award . The Mariners continued their on-field success with nearly identical records going 41–30 and 41–31 in consecutive seasons . 1980 was a banner year for Bellingham . The club amassed a 45-25 en route to a North Division title . The Baby M’s faced the Eugene Emeralds in the league championship series . Eugene and Bellingham split the first two games of the series . The decisive third game was cancelled due to rain . The two clubs were awarded Co-Northwest League Champions . The club witnessed a significant jump in attendance with 42,292 passing through the turnstiles . Seeking to repeat as league champions the Baby Ms claimed the north division . Bellingham faced the Medford As in the championship series , but were swept in two games . Two seasons later in 1983 , with a roster that included future Hall of Famer Edgar Martinez , the Mariners claimed the division title with a 40-28 record . Bellingham was again swept by Medford in the championship series . In 1984 and 1985 the Baby Ms posted mirror finishes at 39-35 taking second in the Washington division standings . In 1987 , 17-year-old Ken Griffey , Jr . hit his first professional home run while on the road at Everett Memorial Stadium on June 18 . A plaque was placed on the sidewalk outside the stadium where the ball landed . Despite on-field success and a steady stream of Mariners prospects , the club struggled with poor attendance . Following the 1994 season , the Mariners ended their relationship with Bellingham . Seattle moved their affiliation south to Everett were the team assumed a new identity as the Everett AquaSox . Everett , who had been affiliated with the San Francisco Giants swapped with Seattle and moved their short-season affiliation to Bellingham . Bellingham assumed their parent clubs moniker to become the Bellingham Giants in 1995 . Ballpark . The Bellingham franchise played at Joe Martin Field , a venue with a seating capacity near 1,600 . The park is currently the home of the Bellingham Bells of the West Coast League . Hall of Fame alumni . - Ken Griffey , Jr . ( 1987 ) Inducted , 2016 - Edgar Martinez ( 1983 ) Inducted , 2019 Notable players . - Phil Bradley - Iván Calderón - Dave Henderson - Raúl Ibañez - Mark Langston - Derek Lowe - Joe Nathan - Russ Ortiz - Jim Presley - Dave Stewart MLB All-Star - Dave Valle - Omar Vizquel MLB All-Sta |
[
""
] | easy | Bellingham Mariners was officially named what from 1995 to 1996? | /wiki/Bellingham_Mariners#P1448#2 | Bellingham Mariners The Bellingham Mariners were a Minor League Baseball team in the Class A-Short Season Northwest League , based in Bellingham , Washington . The club served as the Seattle Mariners short-season affiliate for eighteen years from 1977–1994 . History . Major League Baseball returned to Seattle in 1977 with the expansion Mariners of the American League . Bellingham signed a player development contract with the Seattle and adopted their parent clubs identity , taking the name Mariners . Affectionately referred to as Baby Ms , the team would serve as Seattles only affiliate in their inaugural season . In a strange alignment , the Northwest League would have two divisions , one of teams with affiliation and the other comprised on independents . Bellingham would win the affiliate division with a 42–26 record . The club would square off against the infamous Portland Mavericks for the league championship . In a best of three series , Bellingham and Portland would split the first two games . The Baby Ms would hold off the Mavericks by a score of 4–2 in the decisive game to claim the 1977 Northwest League crown . Mariners skipper Bobby Floyd earned the leagues manager of the year award . The Mariners continued their on-field success with nearly identical records going 41–30 and 41–31 in consecutive seasons . 1980 was a banner year for Bellingham . The club amassed a 45-25 en route to a North Division title . The Baby M’s faced the Eugene Emeralds in the league championship series . Eugene and Bellingham split the first two games of the series . The decisive third game was cancelled due to rain . The two clubs were awarded Co-Northwest League Champions . The club witnessed a significant jump in attendance with 42,292 passing through the turnstiles . Seeking to repeat as league champions the Baby Ms claimed the north division . Bellingham faced the Medford As in the championship series , but were swept in two games . Two seasons later in 1983 , with a roster that included future Hall of Famer Edgar Martinez , the Mariners claimed the division title with a 40-28 record . Bellingham was again swept by Medford in the championship series . In 1984 and 1985 the Baby Ms posted mirror finishes at 39-35 taking second in the Washington division standings . In 1987 , 17-year-old Ken Griffey , Jr . hit his first professional home run while on the road at Everett Memorial Stadium on June 18 . A plaque was placed on the sidewalk outside the stadium where the ball landed . Despite on-field success and a steady stream of Mariners prospects , the club struggled with poor attendance . Following the 1994 season , the Mariners ended their relationship with Bellingham . Seattle moved their affiliation south to Everett were the team assumed a new identity as the Everett AquaSox . Everett , who had been affiliated with the San Francisco Giants swapped with Seattle and moved their short-season affiliation to Bellingham . Bellingham assumed their parent clubs moniker to become the Bellingham Giants in 1995 . Ballpark . The Bellingham franchise played at Joe Martin Field , a venue with a seating capacity near 1,600 . The park is currently the home of the Bellingham Bells of the West Coast League . Hall of Fame alumni . - Ken Griffey , Jr . ( 1987 ) Inducted , 2016 - Edgar Martinez ( 1983 ) Inducted , 2019 Notable players . - Phil Bradley - Iván Calderón - Dave Henderson - Raúl Ibañez - Mark Langston - Derek Lowe - Joe Nathan - Russ Ortiz - Jim Presley - Dave Stewart MLB All-Star - Dave Valle - Omar Vizquel MLB All-Sta |
[
"Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East"
] | easy | What was the position of David Ervine from Jun 1998 to Apr 2003? | /wiki/David_Ervine#P39#0 | David Ervine David Ervine ( 21 July 1953 – 8 January 2007 ) was a Northern Irish Unionist politician from Belfast and the leader of the Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) . During his youth Ervine was a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) and was imprisoned for possessing bomb-making equipment . Whilst in jail he became convinced of the benefits of a more political approach for Ulster loyalism and became involved with the PUP . As a leading PUP figure , Ervine helped to deliver the loyalist ceasefire of 1994 . Biography . David Ervine was the youngest of five children born to Walter and Elizabeth Ervine , and raised in a Protestant working-class area of east Belfast between the Albertbridge and Newtownards roads . His household was not loyalist at all , his father Walter described himself as a socialist , had no time for Ian Paisley and didnt attend church . When Ervine joined the Orange Order aged 18 , he said he was the first member of his family to ever be a member . His membership however didnt last long . Like many in his situation , he grew up closely identifying with his community and absorbed the Ulster Unionism ideals and opinions that go along with this identity . He left Orangefield High School ( Orangefield Boys Secondary School ) at 14 , and at the age of 19 Ervine joined the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) , believing this to be the only way to ensure the defence of the Protestant community after the events of Bloody Friday . A neighbour of Ervines who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) William Irvine , had died in one of the bomb blasts on Bloody Friday . Before joining the UVF Ervine had attempted to join the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) , but due to a misdemeanour in his childhood involving a stolen bicycle , he was refused entry . Arrest and imprisonment . Ervine was arrested in November 1974 , while an active member of the UVF . He was driving a stolen car containing five pounds of commercial explosives , a detonator and fuse wire . After 7 months on remand in Crumlin Road Gaol he was found guilty of possession of explosives with intent to endanger life . He was sentenced to 11 years and imprisoned in The Maze . While in prison , Ervine came under the influence of Gusty Spence who made him question what his struggle was about . Spences influence unquestionably changed Ervines direction : after much study and self-analysis , Ervine emerged with the view that change through politics was the only option . He also became friends with Billy Hutchinson while in prison . Release . Ervine was released from prison in 1980 . He owned a newsagents in Belfast for several years before taking up full-time politics . He stood in local council elections as a Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) candidate in 1985 . In 1998 , he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East and was re-elected in 2003 . He was also a member of Belfast City Council from 1997 . Loyalist ceasefire . Ervine is said to have played a pivotal role in bringing about the loyalist ceasefire of October 1994 . He was part of a delegation to Downing Street in June 1996 that met then British Prime Minister John Major to discuss the loyalist ceasefire . Forum . In 1996 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from the regional list , having been an unsuccessful candidate in the East Belfast constituency . Progressive . Ervine was considered to be one of the most progressive unionists in Northern Ireland politics . He had been a strong supporter of the Good Friday Agreement and was one of the few unionist politicians to actively support the Agreement . At a Labour Party meeting in 2001 , then Northern Ireland Secretary , John Reid , described him as one of the most eloquent politicians in Northern Ireland . Some of his opponents made references to him having swallowed a dictionary . Some saw Ervine as one of the few politicians actively engaged with conflict resolution . In the Northern Ireland Assembly , he was seen as a Unionist sympathetic to the short term demands of Sinn Féin . He abstained against attempts by the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) to exclude Sinn Féin from office in July 2000 and October 2001 . In April 2001 , he provoked a direct political attack from the DUP over him being the only Unionist to vote against a motion condemning the display of lilies commemorating the 1916 Easter Uprising at Parliament Buildings . He also expressed support for the right of Sinn Féin members to make speeches in Irish ( Gaelic ) on the floor of the Assembly . Later , political commentators noted how he sat next to Sinn Féins Martin McGuinness at the funeral of Northern Ireland football legend George Best in December 2005 as a sign of how Northern Ireland had moved on . The PUP , however , had close ties to the loyalist paramilitary organisation UVF , of which he was a past member , throughout his involvement in democratic politics . Controversy . In May 2005 , the Independent Monitoring Commission recommended a continuation of the financial sanctions on his Assembly salary imposed following its report of April 2004 . The IMC was of the opinion that the UVF and the PUP maintain strong links while the UVF is heavily involved in criminality such as drug dealing and tobacco and fuel smuggling . It further noted that the UVF was responsible for a number of acts of violence including murder and was actively maintaining its capacity to wage a terrorist campaign . It concluded that 12 months after the sanctions were originally imposed , the PUP leadership was still not doing enough to address the UVFs criminal and paramilitary activities . Ervine appealed against the IMCs recommendation to newly appointed Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain on the basis that he could not be held directly responsible for the UVFs actions and thus it was wrong to penalise him personally . Hain accepted his representations and his Assembly salary was fully restored . The IMC again recommended financial sanctions against him and the PUP in its special report of September 2005 on the violent feud that erupted between the UVF and the Loyalist Volunteer Force that summer in which a number of murders and attempted murders had been committed . It argued that the PUP leadership was still in a position to significantly influence the UVF and as such , the party could not have it both ways by associating with an active paramilitary organisation and not face any political consequences . In its final regular reports of Ervines life in April and October 2006 , the IMC concluded that it was satisfied the PUP leadership had taken appropriate action to de-escalate UVFs violence and criminality and withdrew its punitive recommendations . Links with the Ulster Unionists . On 13 May 2006 , it was announced that when the Northern Ireland Assembly reconvened , Ervine would join the Ulster Unionist assembly group , while remaining leader of the Progressive Unionists . Under the DHondt method used for allocating places on the Northern Ireland Executive , this would entitle the Ulster Unionists to an additional place . The Presiding Officer ( Speaker ) of the Assembly , Ms Eileen Bell , MLA indicated at the first meeting of the shadow Assembly ( 15 May 2006 ) that she would take legal advice before ruling on whether Mr Ervine could be treated as a member of the UUP group . On 11 September 2006 Ms Bell announced that the Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group did not have a headquarters , at least one party leader and a scheme for financial support ; thus it did not qualify as a political party . This meant that the UUPAG could not sit in the Assembly , so the alliance was deemed as invalid . Identity . Ervine was a Protestant and identified himself as both Irish and British . An Ulster unionist , he once exclaimed why cant I be an Irish citizen of the UK? . Ervine remarked “I am profoundly both British and Irish and those who have to deal with me have to take me on those terms . Illness and death . Ervine was reported as having suffered two massive heart attacks and a stroke after attending a football match between Glentoran F.C . and Armagh City F.C . at The Oval in Belfast on Saturday 6 January 2007 . It was later confirmed that he had one heart attack , a stroke and brain haemorrhage . He was taken to the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald and was later admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast . Ervine did not die until Monday 8 January 2007 , however it was reported by and on their website on the previous evening Sunday 7 January , that he had died that day . RTÉs Northern Editor , Tommie Gorman , later apologised for his wrongly reported story of the death of Ervine in a radio interview . Ervines body was cremated at Roselawn Crematorium after a funeral service on 12 January in East Belfast attended by Mark Durkan , Gerry Adams , Peter Hain , Dermot Ahern , Hugh Orde and David Trimble among others . Tributes . - Brian Ervine , Ervines elder brother : He had the guts and the courage to climb out of the traditional trenches , meet the enemy in no-mans land and play ball with him . - Bertie Ahern ( Taoiseach ) : ( Ervine ) was a courageous politician who sought to channel the energies of loyalism in a positive political direction . - Reg Empey MLA : Northern Ireland has today lost a unique , charismatic and uncharacteristically spin-free politician . - Gerry Adams MLA/MP : He made a valuable and important contribution to moving our society away from conflict . - George Mitchell ( Former US Senator ) : His legacy is that he has led loyalism out of the Dark Ages . - Mark Durkan MLA/MP : David emerged from a paramilitary past to pursue a peaceful future . Throughout the talks he played a positive role and worked always to keep loyalism onboard for the Good Friday Agreement . ( ... ) He also championed a more constructive unionism and argued that we can all gain from political accommodation . - Trevor Sargent TD : His death leaves a major vacuum in terms of the quality of political representatives in Northern Ireland . I hope that the legacy of Mr Ervines bravery will be taken up by others after him . - Tony Blair ( British Prime Minister ) : David was a man who , whatever his past , played a major part in this last 10 years in trying to bring peace to Ulster . |
[
""
] | easy | David Ervine took which position in Apr 2003? | /wiki/David_Ervine#P39#1 | David Ervine David Ervine ( 21 July 1953 – 8 January 2007 ) was a Northern Irish Unionist politician from Belfast and the leader of the Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) . During his youth Ervine was a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) and was imprisoned for possessing bomb-making equipment . Whilst in jail he became convinced of the benefits of a more political approach for Ulster loyalism and became involved with the PUP . As a leading PUP figure , Ervine helped to deliver the loyalist ceasefire of 1994 . Biography . David Ervine was the youngest of five children born to Walter and Elizabeth Ervine , and raised in a Protestant working-class area of east Belfast between the Albertbridge and Newtownards roads . His household was not loyalist at all , his father Walter described himself as a socialist , had no time for Ian Paisley and didnt attend church . When Ervine joined the Orange Order aged 18 , he said he was the first member of his family to ever be a member . His membership however didnt last long . Like many in his situation , he grew up closely identifying with his community and absorbed the Ulster Unionism ideals and opinions that go along with this identity . He left Orangefield High School ( Orangefield Boys Secondary School ) at 14 , and at the age of 19 Ervine joined the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) , believing this to be the only way to ensure the defence of the Protestant community after the events of Bloody Friday . A neighbour of Ervines who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) William Irvine , had died in one of the bomb blasts on Bloody Friday . Before joining the UVF Ervine had attempted to join the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) , but due to a misdemeanour in his childhood involving a stolen bicycle , he was refused entry . Arrest and imprisonment . Ervine was arrested in November 1974 , while an active member of the UVF . He was driving a stolen car containing five pounds of commercial explosives , a detonator and fuse wire . After 7 months on remand in Crumlin Road Gaol he was found guilty of possession of explosives with intent to endanger life . He was sentenced to 11 years and imprisoned in The Maze . While in prison , Ervine came under the influence of Gusty Spence who made him question what his struggle was about . Spences influence unquestionably changed Ervines direction : after much study and self-analysis , Ervine emerged with the view that change through politics was the only option . He also became friends with Billy Hutchinson while in prison . Release . Ervine was released from prison in 1980 . He owned a newsagents in Belfast for several years before taking up full-time politics . He stood in local council elections as a Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) candidate in 1985 . In 1998 , he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East and was re-elected in 2003 . He was also a member of Belfast City Council from 1997 . Loyalist ceasefire . Ervine is said to have played a pivotal role in bringing about the loyalist ceasefire of October 1994 . He was part of a delegation to Downing Street in June 1996 that met then British Prime Minister John Major to discuss the loyalist ceasefire . Forum . In 1996 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from the regional list , having been an unsuccessful candidate in the East Belfast constituency . Progressive . Ervine was considered to be one of the most progressive unionists in Northern Ireland politics . He had been a strong supporter of the Good Friday Agreement and was one of the few unionist politicians to actively support the Agreement . At a Labour Party meeting in 2001 , then Northern Ireland Secretary , John Reid , described him as one of the most eloquent politicians in Northern Ireland . Some of his opponents made references to him having swallowed a dictionary . Some saw Ervine as one of the few politicians actively engaged with conflict resolution . In the Northern Ireland Assembly , he was seen as a Unionist sympathetic to the short term demands of Sinn Féin . He abstained against attempts by the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) to exclude Sinn Féin from office in July 2000 and October 2001 . In April 2001 , he provoked a direct political attack from the DUP over him being the only Unionist to vote against a motion condemning the display of lilies commemorating the 1916 Easter Uprising at Parliament Buildings . He also expressed support for the right of Sinn Féin members to make speeches in Irish ( Gaelic ) on the floor of the Assembly . Later , political commentators noted how he sat next to Sinn Féins Martin McGuinness at the funeral of Northern Ireland football legend George Best in December 2005 as a sign of how Northern Ireland had moved on . The PUP , however , had close ties to the loyalist paramilitary organisation UVF , of which he was a past member , throughout his involvement in democratic politics . Controversy . In May 2005 , the Independent Monitoring Commission recommended a continuation of the financial sanctions on his Assembly salary imposed following its report of April 2004 . The IMC was of the opinion that the UVF and the PUP maintain strong links while the UVF is heavily involved in criminality such as drug dealing and tobacco and fuel smuggling . It further noted that the UVF was responsible for a number of acts of violence including murder and was actively maintaining its capacity to wage a terrorist campaign . It concluded that 12 months after the sanctions were originally imposed , the PUP leadership was still not doing enough to address the UVFs criminal and paramilitary activities . Ervine appealed against the IMCs recommendation to newly appointed Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain on the basis that he could not be held directly responsible for the UVFs actions and thus it was wrong to penalise him personally . Hain accepted his representations and his Assembly salary was fully restored . The IMC again recommended financial sanctions against him and the PUP in its special report of September 2005 on the violent feud that erupted between the UVF and the Loyalist Volunteer Force that summer in which a number of murders and attempted murders had been committed . It argued that the PUP leadership was still in a position to significantly influence the UVF and as such , the party could not have it both ways by associating with an active paramilitary organisation and not face any political consequences . In its final regular reports of Ervines life in April and October 2006 , the IMC concluded that it was satisfied the PUP leadership had taken appropriate action to de-escalate UVFs violence and criminality and withdrew its punitive recommendations . Links with the Ulster Unionists . On 13 May 2006 , it was announced that when the Northern Ireland Assembly reconvened , Ervine would join the Ulster Unionist assembly group , while remaining leader of the Progressive Unionists . Under the DHondt method used for allocating places on the Northern Ireland Executive , this would entitle the Ulster Unionists to an additional place . The Presiding Officer ( Speaker ) of the Assembly , Ms Eileen Bell , MLA indicated at the first meeting of the shadow Assembly ( 15 May 2006 ) that she would take legal advice before ruling on whether Mr Ervine could be treated as a member of the UUP group . On 11 September 2006 Ms Bell announced that the Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group did not have a headquarters , at least one party leader and a scheme for financial support ; thus it did not qualify as a political party . This meant that the UUPAG could not sit in the Assembly , so the alliance was deemed as invalid . Identity . Ervine was a Protestant and identified himself as both Irish and British . An Ulster unionist , he once exclaimed why cant I be an Irish citizen of the UK? . Ervine remarked “I am profoundly both British and Irish and those who have to deal with me have to take me on those terms . Illness and death . Ervine was reported as having suffered two massive heart attacks and a stroke after attending a football match between Glentoran F.C . and Armagh City F.C . at The Oval in Belfast on Saturday 6 January 2007 . It was later confirmed that he had one heart attack , a stroke and brain haemorrhage . He was taken to the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald and was later admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast . Ervine did not die until Monday 8 January 2007 , however it was reported by and on their website on the previous evening Sunday 7 January , that he had died that day . RTÉs Northern Editor , Tommie Gorman , later apologised for his wrongly reported story of the death of Ervine in a radio interview . Ervines body was cremated at Roselawn Crematorium after a funeral service on 12 January in East Belfast attended by Mark Durkan , Gerry Adams , Peter Hain , Dermot Ahern , Hugh Orde and David Trimble among others . Tributes . - Brian Ervine , Ervines elder brother : He had the guts and the courage to climb out of the traditional trenches , meet the enemy in no-mans land and play ball with him . - Bertie Ahern ( Taoiseach ) : ( Ervine ) was a courageous politician who sought to channel the energies of loyalism in a positive political direction . - Reg Empey MLA : Northern Ireland has today lost a unique , charismatic and uncharacteristically spin-free politician . - Gerry Adams MLA/MP : He made a valuable and important contribution to moving our society away from conflict . - George Mitchell ( Former US Senator ) : His legacy is that he has led loyalism out of the Dark Ages . - Mark Durkan MLA/MP : David emerged from a paramilitary past to pursue a peaceful future . Throughout the talks he played a positive role and worked always to keep loyalism onboard for the Good Friday Agreement . ( ... ) He also championed a more constructive unionism and argued that we can all gain from political accommodation . - Trevor Sargent TD : His death leaves a major vacuum in terms of the quality of political representatives in Northern Ireland . I hope that the legacy of Mr Ervines bravery will be taken up by others after him . - Tony Blair ( British Prime Minister ) : David was a man who , whatever his past , played a major part in this last 10 years in trying to bring peace to Ulster . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of David Ervine from Nov 2003 to 2007? | /wiki/David_Ervine#P39#2 | David Ervine David Ervine ( 21 July 1953 – 8 January 2007 ) was a Northern Irish Unionist politician from Belfast and the leader of the Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) . During his youth Ervine was a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) and was imprisoned for possessing bomb-making equipment . Whilst in jail he became convinced of the benefits of a more political approach for Ulster loyalism and became involved with the PUP . As a leading PUP figure , Ervine helped to deliver the loyalist ceasefire of 1994 . Biography . David Ervine was the youngest of five children born to Walter and Elizabeth Ervine , and raised in a Protestant working-class area of east Belfast between the Albertbridge and Newtownards roads . His household was not loyalist at all , his father Walter described himself as a socialist , had no time for Ian Paisley and didnt attend church . When Ervine joined the Orange Order aged 18 , he said he was the first member of his family to ever be a member . His membership however didnt last long . Like many in his situation , he grew up closely identifying with his community and absorbed the Ulster Unionism ideals and opinions that go along with this identity . He left Orangefield High School ( Orangefield Boys Secondary School ) at 14 , and at the age of 19 Ervine joined the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) , believing this to be the only way to ensure the defence of the Protestant community after the events of Bloody Friday . A neighbour of Ervines who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) William Irvine , had died in one of the bomb blasts on Bloody Friday . Before joining the UVF Ervine had attempted to join the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) , but due to a misdemeanour in his childhood involving a stolen bicycle , he was refused entry . Arrest and imprisonment . Ervine was arrested in November 1974 , while an active member of the UVF . He was driving a stolen car containing five pounds of commercial explosives , a detonator and fuse wire . After 7 months on remand in Crumlin Road Gaol he was found guilty of possession of explosives with intent to endanger life . He was sentenced to 11 years and imprisoned in The Maze . While in prison , Ervine came under the influence of Gusty Spence who made him question what his struggle was about . Spences influence unquestionably changed Ervines direction : after much study and self-analysis , Ervine emerged with the view that change through politics was the only option . He also became friends with Billy Hutchinson while in prison . Release . Ervine was released from prison in 1980 . He owned a newsagents in Belfast for several years before taking up full-time politics . He stood in local council elections as a Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) candidate in 1985 . In 1998 , he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East and was re-elected in 2003 . He was also a member of Belfast City Council from 1997 . Loyalist ceasefire . Ervine is said to have played a pivotal role in bringing about the loyalist ceasefire of October 1994 . He was part of a delegation to Downing Street in June 1996 that met then British Prime Minister John Major to discuss the loyalist ceasefire . Forum . In 1996 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from the regional list , having been an unsuccessful candidate in the East Belfast constituency . Progressive . Ervine was considered to be one of the most progressive unionists in Northern Ireland politics . He had been a strong supporter of the Good Friday Agreement and was one of the few unionist politicians to actively support the Agreement . At a Labour Party meeting in 2001 , then Northern Ireland Secretary , John Reid , described him as one of the most eloquent politicians in Northern Ireland . Some of his opponents made references to him having swallowed a dictionary . Some saw Ervine as one of the few politicians actively engaged with conflict resolution . In the Northern Ireland Assembly , he was seen as a Unionist sympathetic to the short term demands of Sinn Féin . He abstained against attempts by the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) to exclude Sinn Féin from office in July 2000 and October 2001 . In April 2001 , he provoked a direct political attack from the DUP over him being the only Unionist to vote against a motion condemning the display of lilies commemorating the 1916 Easter Uprising at Parliament Buildings . He also expressed support for the right of Sinn Féin members to make speeches in Irish ( Gaelic ) on the floor of the Assembly . Later , political commentators noted how he sat next to Sinn Féins Martin McGuinness at the funeral of Northern Ireland football legend George Best in December 2005 as a sign of how Northern Ireland had moved on . The PUP , however , had close ties to the loyalist paramilitary organisation UVF , of which he was a past member , throughout his involvement in democratic politics . Controversy . In May 2005 , the Independent Monitoring Commission recommended a continuation of the financial sanctions on his Assembly salary imposed following its report of April 2004 . The IMC was of the opinion that the UVF and the PUP maintain strong links while the UVF is heavily involved in criminality such as drug dealing and tobacco and fuel smuggling . It further noted that the UVF was responsible for a number of acts of violence including murder and was actively maintaining its capacity to wage a terrorist campaign . It concluded that 12 months after the sanctions were originally imposed , the PUP leadership was still not doing enough to address the UVFs criminal and paramilitary activities . Ervine appealed against the IMCs recommendation to newly appointed Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain on the basis that he could not be held directly responsible for the UVFs actions and thus it was wrong to penalise him personally . Hain accepted his representations and his Assembly salary was fully restored . The IMC again recommended financial sanctions against him and the PUP in its special report of September 2005 on the violent feud that erupted between the UVF and the Loyalist Volunteer Force that summer in which a number of murders and attempted murders had been committed . It argued that the PUP leadership was still in a position to significantly influence the UVF and as such , the party could not have it both ways by associating with an active paramilitary organisation and not face any political consequences . In its final regular reports of Ervines life in April and October 2006 , the IMC concluded that it was satisfied the PUP leadership had taken appropriate action to de-escalate UVFs violence and criminality and withdrew its punitive recommendations . Links with the Ulster Unionists . On 13 May 2006 , it was announced that when the Northern Ireland Assembly reconvened , Ervine would join the Ulster Unionist assembly group , while remaining leader of the Progressive Unionists . Under the DHondt method used for allocating places on the Northern Ireland Executive , this would entitle the Ulster Unionists to an additional place . The Presiding Officer ( Speaker ) of the Assembly , Ms Eileen Bell , MLA indicated at the first meeting of the shadow Assembly ( 15 May 2006 ) that she would take legal advice before ruling on whether Mr Ervine could be treated as a member of the UUP group . On 11 September 2006 Ms Bell announced that the Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group did not have a headquarters , at least one party leader and a scheme for financial support ; thus it did not qualify as a political party . This meant that the UUPAG could not sit in the Assembly , so the alliance was deemed as invalid . Identity . Ervine was a Protestant and identified himself as both Irish and British . An Ulster unionist , he once exclaimed why cant I be an Irish citizen of the UK? . Ervine remarked “I am profoundly both British and Irish and those who have to deal with me have to take me on those terms . Illness and death . Ervine was reported as having suffered two massive heart attacks and a stroke after attending a football match between Glentoran F.C . and Armagh City F.C . at The Oval in Belfast on Saturday 6 January 2007 . It was later confirmed that he had one heart attack , a stroke and brain haemorrhage . He was taken to the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald and was later admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast . Ervine did not die until Monday 8 January 2007 , however it was reported by and on their website on the previous evening Sunday 7 January , that he had died that day . RTÉs Northern Editor , Tommie Gorman , later apologised for his wrongly reported story of the death of Ervine in a radio interview . Ervines body was cremated at Roselawn Crematorium after a funeral service on 12 January in East Belfast attended by Mark Durkan , Gerry Adams , Peter Hain , Dermot Ahern , Hugh Orde and David Trimble among others . Tributes . - Brian Ervine , Ervines elder brother : He had the guts and the courage to climb out of the traditional trenches , meet the enemy in no-mans land and play ball with him . - Bertie Ahern ( Taoiseach ) : ( Ervine ) was a courageous politician who sought to channel the energies of loyalism in a positive political direction . - Reg Empey MLA : Northern Ireland has today lost a unique , charismatic and uncharacteristically spin-free politician . - Gerry Adams MLA/MP : He made a valuable and important contribution to moving our society away from conflict . - George Mitchell ( Former US Senator ) : His legacy is that he has led loyalism out of the Dark Ages . - Mark Durkan MLA/MP : David emerged from a paramilitary past to pursue a peaceful future . Throughout the talks he played a positive role and worked always to keep loyalism onboard for the Good Friday Agreement . ( ... ) He also championed a more constructive unionism and argued that we can all gain from political accommodation . - Trevor Sargent TD : His death leaves a major vacuum in terms of the quality of political representatives in Northern Ireland . I hope that the legacy of Mr Ervines bravery will be taken up by others after him . - Tony Blair ( British Prime Minister ) : David was a man who , whatever his past , played a major part in this last 10 years in trying to bring peace to Ulster . |
[
"Casuals",
"Southend United"
] | easy | Bernard Joy played for which team from 1931 to 1933? | /wiki/Bernard_Joy#P54#0 | Bernard Joy Bernard Joy ( 29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984 ) was an English footballer and journalist . He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team . Biography . Joy was born in Fulham , London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School . He studied at the University of London , playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half . After graduating , he played for Casuals , where he eventually became club captain , leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final . He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin . Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy . While still registered as a Casuals player , Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity , including Southend United ( 1931–33 ) and Fulham ( 1933–34 ) . In May 1935 he joined Arsenal , then First Division champions . Joy mainly played as a reserve , only playing two games in his first season – he didnt make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers . Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final . However , he did gain recognition at international level soon after , when on 9 May 1936 , he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium , making him the last amateur to play for the national side ; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day , it is exceedingly unlikely Joys record will ever be taken by another player . Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time , he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time , not Arsenal . Joy continued to play for Arsenal , mainly deputising for the Gunners established centre-half Herbie Roberts . Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season , winning a First Division winners medal , and then , with Roberts having retired from the game , on through the 1938-39 season ( earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners medal in the process ) . With the advent of World War II , Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor , though he still turned out for Arsenal ( playing over 200 wartime matches ) and won an unofficial wartime England cap . In June 1940 , he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage . He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances . When peace broke out and first-class football resumed , he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age ( 35 ) was counting against him ; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946 , though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948 . In all , he played 95 first-class ( i.e . non-wartime ) matches for Arsenal , though he never scored a goal . Before the war Joy was a teacher , but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism . Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star , one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s . He later moved to the Evening Standard and the Sunday Express as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976 . He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club , Forward , Arsenal ! ( 1952 ) , and several other football books . He died in 1984 , aged 72 of cancer . He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend . Honours . With Arsenal . Winner : - First Division : 1937-38 - FA Charity Shield ( now the FA Community Shield ) : 1938 With Casuals . Winner : - FA Amateur Cup : 1936 External links . - Profile at www.englandstats.com - Profile at www.englandfc.com |
[
"Fulham"
] | easy | Bernard Joy played for which team from 1933 to 1934? | /wiki/Bernard_Joy#P54#1 | Bernard Joy Bernard Joy ( 29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984 ) was an English footballer and journalist . He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team . Biography . Joy was born in Fulham , London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School . He studied at the University of London , playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half . After graduating , he played for Casuals , where he eventually became club captain , leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final . He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin . Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy . While still registered as a Casuals player , Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity , including Southend United ( 1931–33 ) and Fulham ( 1933–34 ) . In May 1935 he joined Arsenal , then First Division champions . Joy mainly played as a reserve , only playing two games in his first season – he didnt make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers . Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final . However , he did gain recognition at international level soon after , when on 9 May 1936 , he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium , making him the last amateur to play for the national side ; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day , it is exceedingly unlikely Joys record will ever be taken by another player . Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time , he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time , not Arsenal . Joy continued to play for Arsenal , mainly deputising for the Gunners established centre-half Herbie Roberts . Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season , winning a First Division winners medal , and then , with Roberts having retired from the game , on through the 1938-39 season ( earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners medal in the process ) . With the advent of World War II , Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor , though he still turned out for Arsenal ( playing over 200 wartime matches ) and won an unofficial wartime England cap . In June 1940 , he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage . He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances . When peace broke out and first-class football resumed , he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age ( 35 ) was counting against him ; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946 , though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948 . In all , he played 95 first-class ( i.e . non-wartime ) matches for Arsenal , though he never scored a goal . Before the war Joy was a teacher , but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism . Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star , one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s . He later moved to the Evening Standard and the Sunday Express as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976 . He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club , Forward , Arsenal ! ( 1952 ) , and several other football books . He died in 1984 , aged 72 of cancer . He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend . Honours . With Arsenal . Winner : - First Division : 1937-38 - FA Charity Shield ( now the FA Community Shield ) : 1938 With Casuals . Winner : - FA Amateur Cup : 1936 External links . - Profile at www.englandstats.com - Profile at www.englandfc.com |
[
"Arsenal Football Club",
"Casuals"
] | easy | Which team did Bernard Joy play for from 1935 to 1947? | /wiki/Bernard_Joy#P54#2 | Bernard Joy Bernard Joy ( 29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984 ) was an English footballer and journalist . He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team . Biography . Joy was born in Fulham , London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School . He studied at the University of London , playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half . After graduating , he played for Casuals , where he eventually became club captain , leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final . He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin . Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy . While still registered as a Casuals player , Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity , including Southend United ( 1931–33 ) and Fulham ( 1933–34 ) . In May 1935 he joined Arsenal , then First Division champions . Joy mainly played as a reserve , only playing two games in his first season – he didnt make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers . Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final . However , he did gain recognition at international level soon after , when on 9 May 1936 , he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium , making him the last amateur to play for the national side ; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day , it is exceedingly unlikely Joys record will ever be taken by another player . Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time , he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time , not Arsenal . Joy continued to play for Arsenal , mainly deputising for the Gunners established centre-half Herbie Roberts . Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season , winning a First Division winners medal , and then , with Roberts having retired from the game , on through the 1938-39 season ( earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners medal in the process ) . With the advent of World War II , Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor , though he still turned out for Arsenal ( playing over 200 wartime matches ) and won an unofficial wartime England cap . In June 1940 , he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage . He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances . When peace broke out and first-class football resumed , he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age ( 35 ) was counting against him ; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946 , though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948 . In all , he played 95 first-class ( i.e . non-wartime ) matches for Arsenal , though he never scored a goal . Before the war Joy was a teacher , but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism . Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star , one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s . He later moved to the Evening Standard and the Sunday Express as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976 . He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club , Forward , Arsenal ! ( 1952 ) , and several other football books . He died in 1984 , aged 72 of cancer . He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend . Honours . With Arsenal . Winner : - First Division : 1937-38 - FA Charity Shield ( now the FA Community Shield ) : 1938 With Casuals . Winner : - FA Amateur Cup : 1936 External links . - Profile at www.englandstats.com - Profile at www.englandfc.com |
[
"Casuals"
] | easy | Which team did Bernard Joy play for from 1947 to 1948? | /wiki/Bernard_Joy#P54#3 | Bernard Joy Bernard Joy ( 29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984 ) was an English footballer and journalist . He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team . Biography . Joy was born in Fulham , London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School . He studied at the University of London , playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half . After graduating , he played for Casuals , where he eventually became club captain , leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final . He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin . Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy . While still registered as a Casuals player , Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity , including Southend United ( 1931–33 ) and Fulham ( 1933–34 ) . In May 1935 he joined Arsenal , then First Division champions . Joy mainly played as a reserve , only playing two games in his first season – he didnt make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers . Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final . However , he did gain recognition at international level soon after , when on 9 May 1936 , he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium , making him the last amateur to play for the national side ; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day , it is exceedingly unlikely Joys record will ever be taken by another player . Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time , he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time , not Arsenal . Joy continued to play for Arsenal , mainly deputising for the Gunners established centre-half Herbie Roberts . Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season , winning a First Division winners medal , and then , with Roberts having retired from the game , on through the 1938-39 season ( earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners medal in the process ) . With the advent of World War II , Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor , though he still turned out for Arsenal ( playing over 200 wartime matches ) and won an unofficial wartime England cap . In June 1940 , he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage . He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances . When peace broke out and first-class football resumed , he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age ( 35 ) was counting against him ; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946 , though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948 . In all , he played 95 first-class ( i.e . non-wartime ) matches for Arsenal , though he never scored a goal . Before the war Joy was a teacher , but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism . Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star , one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s . He later moved to the Evening Standard and the Sunday Express as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976 . He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club , Forward , Arsenal ! ( 1952 ) , and several other football books . He died in 1984 , aged 72 of cancer . He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend . Honours . With Arsenal . Winner : - First Division : 1937-38 - FA Charity Shield ( now the FA Community Shield ) : 1938 With Casuals . Winner : - FA Amateur Cup : 1936 External links . - Profile at www.englandstats.com - Profile at www.englandfc.com |
[
"Member of the House of Representatives"
] | easy | Jan Terlouw took which position from May 1971 to Sep 1973? | /wiki/Jan_Terlouw#P39#0 | Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 ( D66 ) party and physicist and author . Terlouw studied Physics and Mathematics at the Utrecht University simultaneously obtaining Master of Physics and Mathematics degree and worked as a researcher at the FOM before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Science in Nuclear physics . Terlouw worked as a nuclear physics researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from February 1960 until April 1962 and for the Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) from August 1965 until December 1966 . After the election of 1971 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 May 1971 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Science . After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Hans van Mierlo announced he was stepping down Terlouw was unanimously selected as his successor on 1 September 1973 . For the elections of 1977 and 1981 Terlouw served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and following a cabinet formation with Christian-democratic Leader Dries van Agt and Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II with Terlouw appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs taking office on 11 September 1981 . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Terlouw continuing his offices . For the election of 1982 Terlouw again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter announced he was stepping down as Leader on 8 September 1982 . Terlouw continued to be active in politics and in December 1982 he was nominated as the next Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum ( ITF ) serving from 30 January 1983 until 15 October 1991 . In October 1991 Terlouw was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of Gelderland serving from 1 November 1991 until 1 December 1996 . Terlouw also became active in the public sector , and worked as a distinguished professor of Urbanization at the University of Amsterdam from January 1997 until January 2000 . After the Senate election of 1999 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the Senate serving from 8 June 1999 until 10 June 2003 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior , Economic Affairs and Defence . Terlouw retired from active politics at 71 but continued to be active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , and worked as a distinguished professor of Literature at the Tilburg University from September 2003 until September 2004 . Following his retirement Terlouw continues to be active as a advocate and activist for Social norms , Sustainable development , Animal welfare and for more European integration . Terlouw is known for his abilities as a skillful consensus builder and effective negotiator and continues to comment on political affairs as of . Terlouw has been active as a prolific author since the 1970s having written more than dozen young adult fiction books , his 1972 novel Winter in Wartime was adapted and released as a feature film in 2008 . Background . Early life and education . Terlouw was born in Kamperveen , Overijssel and grew up in the Veluwe . He was the eldest son a family of five , having two younger brothers and two sisters . After high school , Terlouw studied at Utrecht University , where he obtained an MSc degree in mathematics and physics , and a PhD degree in nuclear physics . Career . After graduating from Utrecht University , he worked as a physics researcher in the Netherlands , the United States , and Sweden . After working for thirteen years , he became a politician , joining the Dutch House of Representatives ( the lower house of the Dutch legislature ) as a member of the Democraten 66 political party in 1970 Personal life . Terlouw was married to Alexandra van Hulst until her death on 23 August 2017 . Terlouw is a father of four and grandfather of twelve . Publications . Terlouw wrote 24 childrens books , most notably Winter in Wartime ( Oorlogswinter , 1972 ) and How to Become King ( Koning van Katoren , 1971 ) , both of which won the Gouden Griffel and have been made into motion pictures directed by Martin Koolhoven . Terlouws books have been illustrated by various illustrators , including Dick van der Maat , Martijn van der Linden and Fiel van der Veen . Awards . - 1972 Gouden Griffel for the novel How to Become King - 1973 Gouden Griffel for the novel Winter in Wartime - 1990 Prize of the Netherlands Childrens Jury for the novel The Figure-skater - 2000 Prize of the Dutch Joung Jury for Eigen rechter ( 1988 ) External links . - Official - Dr . J.C . ( Jan ) Terlouw Parlement & Politiek - Dr . J.C . Terlouw ( D66 ) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |
[
"Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs"
] | easy | What was the position of Jan Terlouw from Sep 1973 to Sep 1981? | /wiki/Jan_Terlouw#P39#1 | Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 ( D66 ) party and physicist and author . Terlouw studied Physics and Mathematics at the Utrecht University simultaneously obtaining Master of Physics and Mathematics degree and worked as a researcher at the FOM before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Science in Nuclear physics . Terlouw worked as a nuclear physics researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from February 1960 until April 1962 and for the Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) from August 1965 until December 1966 . After the election of 1971 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 May 1971 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Science . After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Hans van Mierlo announced he was stepping down Terlouw was unanimously selected as his successor on 1 September 1973 . For the elections of 1977 and 1981 Terlouw served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and following a cabinet formation with Christian-democratic Leader Dries van Agt and Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II with Terlouw appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs taking office on 11 September 1981 . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Terlouw continuing his offices . For the election of 1982 Terlouw again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter announced he was stepping down as Leader on 8 September 1982 . Terlouw continued to be active in politics and in December 1982 he was nominated as the next Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum ( ITF ) serving from 30 January 1983 until 15 October 1991 . In October 1991 Terlouw was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of Gelderland serving from 1 November 1991 until 1 December 1996 . Terlouw also became active in the public sector , and worked as a distinguished professor of Urbanization at the University of Amsterdam from January 1997 until January 2000 . After the Senate election of 1999 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the Senate serving from 8 June 1999 until 10 June 2003 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior , Economic Affairs and Defence . Terlouw retired from active politics at 71 but continued to be active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , and worked as a distinguished professor of Literature at the Tilburg University from September 2003 until September 2004 . Following his retirement Terlouw continues to be active as a advocate and activist for Social norms , Sustainable development , Animal welfare and for more European integration . Terlouw is known for his abilities as a skillful consensus builder and effective negotiator and continues to comment on political affairs as of . Terlouw has been active as a prolific author since the 1970s having written more than dozen young adult fiction books , his 1972 novel Winter in Wartime was adapted and released as a feature film in 2008 . Background . Early life and education . Terlouw was born in Kamperveen , Overijssel and grew up in the Veluwe . He was the eldest son a family of five , having two younger brothers and two sisters . After high school , Terlouw studied at Utrecht University , where he obtained an MSc degree in mathematics and physics , and a PhD degree in nuclear physics . Career . After graduating from Utrecht University , he worked as a physics researcher in the Netherlands , the United States , and Sweden . After working for thirteen years , he became a politician , joining the Dutch House of Representatives ( the lower house of the Dutch legislature ) as a member of the Democraten 66 political party in 1970 Personal life . Terlouw was married to Alexandra van Hulst until her death on 23 August 2017 . Terlouw is a father of four and grandfather of twelve . Publications . Terlouw wrote 24 childrens books , most notably Winter in Wartime ( Oorlogswinter , 1972 ) and How to Become King ( Koning van Katoren , 1971 ) , both of which won the Gouden Griffel and have been made into motion pictures directed by Martin Koolhoven . Terlouws books have been illustrated by various illustrators , including Dick van der Maat , Martijn van der Linden and Fiel van der Veen . Awards . - 1972 Gouden Griffel for the novel How to Become King - 1973 Gouden Griffel for the novel Winter in Wartime - 1990 Prize of the Netherlands Childrens Jury for the novel The Figure-skater - 2000 Prize of the Dutch Joung Jury for Eigen rechter ( 1988 ) External links . - Official - Dr . J.C . ( Jan ) Terlouw Parlement & Politiek - Dr . J.C . Terlouw ( D66 ) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |
[
"Lijsttrekker"
] | easy | What position did Jan Terlouw take from Sep 1981 to Sep 1982? | /wiki/Jan_Terlouw#P39#2 | Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 ( D66 ) party and physicist and author . Terlouw studied Physics and Mathematics at the Utrecht University simultaneously obtaining Master of Physics and Mathematics degree and worked as a researcher at the FOM before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Science in Nuclear physics . Terlouw worked as a nuclear physics researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from February 1960 until April 1962 and for the Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) from August 1965 until December 1966 . After the election of 1971 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 May 1971 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Science . After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Hans van Mierlo announced he was stepping down Terlouw was unanimously selected as his successor on 1 September 1973 . For the elections of 1977 and 1981 Terlouw served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and following a cabinet formation with Christian-democratic Leader Dries van Agt and Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II with Terlouw appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs taking office on 11 September 1981 . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Terlouw continuing his offices . For the election of 1982 Terlouw again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter announced he was stepping down as Leader on 8 September 1982 . Terlouw continued to be active in politics and in December 1982 he was nominated as the next Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum ( ITF ) serving from 30 January 1983 until 15 October 1991 . In October 1991 Terlouw was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of Gelderland serving from 1 November 1991 until 1 December 1996 . Terlouw also became active in the public sector , and worked as a distinguished professor of Urbanization at the University of Amsterdam from January 1997 until January 2000 . After the Senate election of 1999 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the Senate serving from 8 June 1999 until 10 June 2003 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior , Economic Affairs and Defence . Terlouw retired from active politics at 71 but continued to be active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , and worked as a distinguished professor of Literature at the Tilburg University from September 2003 until September 2004 . Following his retirement Terlouw continues to be active as a advocate and activist for Social norms , Sustainable development , Animal welfare and for more European integration . Terlouw is known for his abilities as a skillful consensus builder and effective negotiator and continues to comment on political affairs as of . Terlouw has been active as a prolific author since the 1970s having written more than dozen young adult fiction books , his 1972 novel Winter in Wartime was adapted and released as a feature film in 2008 . Background . Early life and education . Terlouw was born in Kamperveen , Overijssel and grew up in the Veluwe . He was the eldest son a family of five , having two younger brothers and two sisters . After high school , Terlouw studied at Utrecht University , where he obtained an MSc degree in mathematics and physics , and a PhD degree in nuclear physics . Career . After graduating from Utrecht University , he worked as a physics researcher in the Netherlands , the United States , and Sweden . After working for thirteen years , he became a politician , joining the Dutch House of Representatives ( the lower house of the Dutch legislature ) as a member of the Democraten 66 political party in 1970 Personal life . Terlouw was married to Alexandra van Hulst until her death on 23 August 2017 . Terlouw is a father of four and grandfather of twelve . Publications . Terlouw wrote 24 childrens books , most notably Winter in Wartime ( Oorlogswinter , 1972 ) and How to Become King ( Koning van Katoren , 1971 ) , both of which won the Gouden Griffel and have been made into motion pictures directed by Martin Koolhoven . Terlouws books have been illustrated by various illustrators , including Dick van der Maat , Martijn van der Linden and Fiel van der Veen . Awards . - 1972 Gouden Griffel for the novel How to Become King - 1973 Gouden Griffel for the novel Winter in Wartime - 1990 Prize of the Netherlands Childrens Jury for the novel The Figure-skater - 2000 Prize of the Dutch Joung Jury for Eigen rechter ( 1988 ) External links . - Official - Dr . J.C . ( Jan ) Terlouw Parlement & Politiek - Dr . J.C . Terlouw ( D66 ) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |
[
"Leader"
] | easy | What was the position of Jan Terlouw in Sep 1982? | /wiki/Jan_Terlouw#P39#3 | Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 ( D66 ) party and physicist and author . Terlouw studied Physics and Mathematics at the Utrecht University simultaneously obtaining Master of Physics and Mathematics degree and worked as a researcher at the FOM before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Science in Nuclear physics . Terlouw worked as a nuclear physics researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from February 1960 until April 1962 and for the Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) from August 1965 until December 1966 . After the election of 1971 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 May 1971 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Science . After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Hans van Mierlo announced he was stepping down Terlouw was unanimously selected as his successor on 1 September 1973 . For the elections of 1977 and 1981 Terlouw served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and following a cabinet formation with Christian-democratic Leader Dries van Agt and Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II with Terlouw appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs taking office on 11 September 1981 . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Terlouw continuing his offices . For the election of 1982 Terlouw again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter announced he was stepping down as Leader on 8 September 1982 . Terlouw continued to be active in politics and in December 1982 he was nominated as the next Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum ( ITF ) serving from 30 January 1983 until 15 October 1991 . In October 1991 Terlouw was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of Gelderland serving from 1 November 1991 until 1 December 1996 . Terlouw also became active in the public sector , and worked as a distinguished professor of Urbanization at the University of Amsterdam from January 1997 until January 2000 . After the Senate election of 1999 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the Senate serving from 8 June 1999 until 10 June 2003 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior , Economic Affairs and Defence . Terlouw retired from active politics at 71 but continued to be active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , and worked as a distinguished professor of Literature at the Tilburg University from September 2003 until September 2004 . Following his retirement Terlouw continues to be active as a advocate and activist for Social norms , Sustainable development , Animal welfare and for more European integration . Terlouw is known for his abilities as a skillful consensus builder and effective negotiator and continues to comment on political affairs as of . Terlouw has been active as a prolific author since the 1970s having written more than dozen young adult fiction books , his 1972 novel Winter in Wartime was adapted and released as a feature film in 2008 . Background . Early life and education . Terlouw was born in Kamperveen , Overijssel and grew up in the Veluwe . He was the eldest son a family of five , having two younger brothers and two sisters . After high school , Terlouw studied at Utrecht University , where he obtained an MSc degree in mathematics and physics , and a PhD degree in nuclear physics . Career . After graduating from Utrecht University , he worked as a physics researcher in the Netherlands , the United States , and Sweden . After working for thirteen years , he became a politician , joining the Dutch House of Representatives ( the lower house of the Dutch legislature ) as a member of the Democraten 66 political party in 1970 Personal life . Terlouw was married to Alexandra van Hulst until her death on 23 August 2017 . Terlouw is a father of four and grandfather of twelve . Publications . Terlouw wrote 24 childrens books , most notably Winter in Wartime ( Oorlogswinter , 1972 ) and How to Become King ( Koning van Katoren , 1971 ) , both of which won the Gouden Griffel and have been made into motion pictures directed by Martin Koolhoven . Terlouws books have been illustrated by various illustrators , including Dick van der Maat , Martijn van der Linden and Fiel van der Veen . Awards . - 1972 Gouden Griffel for the novel How to Become King - 1973 Gouden Griffel for the novel Winter in Wartime - 1990 Prize of the Netherlands Childrens Jury for the novel The Figure-skater - 2000 Prize of the Dutch Joung Jury for Eigen rechter ( 1988 ) External links . - Official - Dr . J.C . ( Jan ) Terlouw Parlement & Politiek - Dr . J.C . Terlouw ( D66 ) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |
[
"Member of the Senate"
] | easy | What was the position of Jan Terlouw from Jun 1999 to Jun 2003? | /wiki/Jan_Terlouw#P39#4 | Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 ( D66 ) party and physicist and author . Terlouw studied Physics and Mathematics at the Utrecht University simultaneously obtaining Master of Physics and Mathematics degree and worked as a researcher at the FOM before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Science in Nuclear physics . Terlouw worked as a nuclear physics researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) from February 1960 until April 1962 and for the Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) from August 1965 until December 1966 . After the election of 1971 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 May 1971 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Science . After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Hans van Mierlo announced he was stepping down Terlouw was unanimously selected as his successor on 1 September 1973 . For the elections of 1977 and 1981 Terlouw served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and following a cabinet formation with Christian-democratic Leader Dries van Agt and Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II with Terlouw appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs taking office on 11 September 1981 . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Terlouw continuing his offices . For the election of 1982 Terlouw again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter announced he was stepping down as Leader on 8 September 1982 . Terlouw continued to be active in politics and in December 1982 he was nominated as the next Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum ( ITF ) serving from 30 January 1983 until 15 October 1991 . In October 1991 Terlouw was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of Gelderland serving from 1 November 1991 until 1 December 1996 . Terlouw also became active in the public sector , and worked as a distinguished professor of Urbanization at the University of Amsterdam from January 1997 until January 2000 . After the Senate election of 1999 Terlouw was elected as a Member of the Senate serving from 8 June 1999 until 10 June 2003 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior , Economic Affairs and Defence . Terlouw retired from active politics at 71 but continued to be active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , and worked as a distinguished professor of Literature at the Tilburg University from September 2003 until September 2004 . Following his retirement Terlouw continues to be active as a advocate and activist for Social norms , Sustainable development , Animal welfare and for more European integration . Terlouw is known for his abilities as a skillful consensus builder and effective negotiator and continues to comment on political affairs as of . Terlouw has been active as a prolific author since the 1970s having written more than dozen young adult fiction books , his 1972 novel Winter in Wartime was adapted and released as a feature film in 2008 . Background . Early life and education . Terlouw was born in Kamperveen , Overijssel and grew up in the Veluwe . He was the eldest son a family of five , having two younger brothers and two sisters . After high school , Terlouw studied at Utrecht University , where he obtained an MSc degree in mathematics and physics , and a PhD degree in nuclear physics . Career . After graduating from Utrecht University , he worked as a physics researcher in the Netherlands , the United States , and Sweden . After working for thirteen years , he became a politician , joining the Dutch House of Representatives ( the lower house of the Dutch legislature ) as a member of the Democraten 66 political party in 1970 Personal life . Terlouw was married to Alexandra van Hulst until her death on 23 August 2017 . Terlouw is a father of four and grandfather of twelve . Publications . Terlouw wrote 24 childrens books , most notably Winter in Wartime ( Oorlogswinter , 1972 ) and How to Become King ( Koning van Katoren , 1971 ) , both of which won the Gouden Griffel and have been made into motion pictures directed by Martin Koolhoven . Terlouws books have been illustrated by various illustrators , including Dick van der Maat , Martijn van der Linden and Fiel van der Veen . Awards . - 1972 Gouden Griffel for the novel How to Become King - 1973 Gouden Griffel for the novel Winter in Wartime - 1990 Prize of the Netherlands Childrens Jury for the novel The Figure-skater - 2000 Prize of the Dutch Joung Jury for Eigen rechter ( 1988 ) External links . - Official - Dr . J.C . ( Jan ) Terlouw Parlement & Politiek - Dr . J.C . Terlouw ( D66 ) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |
[
"Rome"
] | easy | What was the residence of Alexandra Biriukova from 1916 to 1917? | /wiki/Alexandra_Biriukova#P551#0 | Alexandra Biriukova Alexandra Biriukova ( July 10 , 1895 - February 10 , 1967 ) was a Canadian architect and nurse . She is known for being the first woman in the Ontario Association of Architects and for her design of Lawren Harriss residence . She was the second woman to register as an architect in Canada . Biography . Biriukova was born in Vladivostok , Russia . Her father was Dimiti Biriukoff , who was the chief civil engineer on the first trans-Siberian railway . In 1911 , Biriukova studied architecture and received a degree from the School of Architecture in Petrograd . In 1914 , during the Russian Revolution , she and her family left the country and moved to Rome . In 1925 , in Rome , she received a post-graduate degree in architecture from the Royal Superior School of Architecture . Between 1924 and 1929 , she worked in Rome for architect Arnoldo Foschini . In 1929 she moved again to Toronto where her sister , Yulia Biriukova , an artist , lived . She registered with the Ontario Association of Architects ( OAA ) in 1931 . Work . In Toronto , her first commission is believed to be an interior design for a Russian Orthodox Church . However , Biriukovas most recognized work is the Lawren Harris residence , which was designed in the Art Deco style and is one of the few homes to be built in Toronto along avant garde lines . Construction on the home , located at 2 Ava Crescent in Forest Hill , began in 1931 . The house is symmetrical , smooth and made up of almost austere two- and three-storey masses . While the designs for the house had initially been prepared by Douglas Kertland , she reworked the designs at Harriss request and she is credited for all of the final design work . Biriukovas design was considered radical for the time . At first , the Harris home received a negative critical reception from contemporaries . However , today , the building continues to be recognized : the OAA named it one of the top ten Art Deco Buildings in Toronto . Biriukova has not been well recognized in art history due to architectural historians who have tried to diminish the role she played in the design of Harriss well-known house . Even though she was named as architect on the contract drawings , some historians have questioned how much credit Biriukova should receive for this elegant and iconic house . Geoffrey Simmins , an art historian from the University of Calgary , asserted , with little evidence , that Harris instead may have influenced most of the homes design , saying , Certainly the houses geometric plan and clear , axial sequence of spaces...accord with Harriss own interests . Cynthia Hammond calls such readings of Biriukovas work troubling narratives which are loaded with gendered assumptions . It seems likely that Biriukova , coming from Europe , would have already been aware of the avant-garde , pre-revolution Russian architects and the modernist designs coming from the Bauhaus School , and her design reflected the emerging early international style emanating from Europe . Harris had been to Europe prior to building his house and had consciously sought European precedents for the design of his home . After her work on Harriss house , she received no further commissions . Other architectural historians , like Ayla Lepine , have wondered if Modernism was too much for conservative Canadians , or if the Depression dried up opportunities for architects , or if it was because she was a Russian woman . The Depression most likely created a dearth of work . Later life . In 1934 , Biriukova registered as a nurse and never practiced as an architect again . Instead , she worked at the Free Toronto Hospital for the Consumptive Poor until she retired in the 1960s . Biriukova died in Toronto in 1967 . External links . - Image of Harris house |
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