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[
"Västra Frölunda IF"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team in Nov 2003?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#0
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national under-21 team"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between Dec 2004 and 2005?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#1
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"IFK Göteborg"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team in Dec 2008?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#2
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national team"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between May 2011 and Nov 2011?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#3
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Seattle Sounders FC"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between Oct 2012 and Dec 2012?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#4
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national team"
] |
hard
|
Adam Johansson played for which team after Nov 2013?
|
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#5
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"First Division West Bromwich Albion"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team between Jan 1959 and Aug 1959?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#0
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Second Division Southampton"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team in Dec 1963?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#1
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Crystal Palace"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team between Apr 1964 and Aug 1965?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#2
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team in Sep 1967?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#3
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Plymouth Argyle"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team between Sep 1969 and Oct 1969?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#4
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Bristol City"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team in Oct 1971?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#5
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Bath City"
] |
hard
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team between Sep 1972 and Dec 1972?
|
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#6
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Sheffield United"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Kyle McFadzean play for before Sep 2006?
|
/wiki/Kyle_McFadzean#P54#0
|
Kyle McFadzean Kyle John McFadzean ( born 28 February 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Coventry City . Club career . Sheffield United . Born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire , McFadzean was a member of Sheffield Uniteds academy before being given a squad number for the 2005–06 season despite playing the majority of the campaign in the reserves . He made his first-team debut as a substitute in place of Keith Gillespie in a League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town on 20 September 2005 . Alfreton Town . He signed for Conference North club Alfreton Town on a free transfer in July 2007 . Crawley Town . On 20 August 2010 , McFadzean signed for Conference Premier club Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , making his debut as a substitute in Crawleys 1–0 away win at Altrincham . He was named in the Conference Premier Team of the Year for the 2010–11 season after Crawley won the title and so promotion to League Two . Milton Keynes Dons . On 20 June 2014 , McFadzean signed for Milton Keynes Dons from Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , on a two-year deal with an option of a third year . He scored in his league debut against Gillingham capitalising off fellow new signing Danny Greens cross . The match ended a 4–2 victory to the Dons . On top of that , in his cup debut he scored with a back-heel in what ended up being a 3–1 win over fierce rivals AFC Wimbledon he was awarded the man-of-the-match award . Although he had signed a two-year contract extension seven months earlier to keep him at the club until June 2018 , McFadzean made a transfer request at the end of the 2015–16 season following the clubs relegation back to League One and failed to attend pre-season training with MK Dons . Burton Albion . On 12 July 2016 , McFadzean signed a three-year contract for newly promoted Championship club Burton Albion for a club record undisclosed fee . He scored his first goal for Burton in a 3–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 16 August 2016 . Coventry City . McFadzean signed for League One club Coventry City on 9 May 2019 on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Coventry in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers on 18 September 2020 . International career . McFadzean gained England C recognition in September 2009 , as he was called into the team that played against Hungary U23s , and then retained his place in the squad for a 2–1 victory in November over Poland U23s . Personal life . Born in England , McFadzean is of Scottish descent . His younger brother Callum McFadzean is also a footballer . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference Premier : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12 Milton Keynes Dons - Football League One runner-up : 2014–15 Individual - Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2010–11 - PFA Team of the Year : 2011–12 League Two External links . - Profile at the Coventry City F.C . website
|
[
"Alfreton Town"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Kyle McFadzean play for between Feb 2008 and Nov 2009?
|
/wiki/Kyle_McFadzean#P54#1
|
Kyle McFadzean Kyle John McFadzean ( born 28 February 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Coventry City . Club career . Sheffield United . Born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire , McFadzean was a member of Sheffield Uniteds academy before being given a squad number for the 2005–06 season despite playing the majority of the campaign in the reserves . He made his first-team debut as a substitute in place of Keith Gillespie in a League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town on 20 September 2005 . Alfreton Town . He signed for Conference North club Alfreton Town on a free transfer in July 2007 . Crawley Town . On 20 August 2010 , McFadzean signed for Conference Premier club Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , making his debut as a substitute in Crawleys 1–0 away win at Altrincham . He was named in the Conference Premier Team of the Year for the 2010–11 season after Crawley won the title and so promotion to League Two . Milton Keynes Dons . On 20 June 2014 , McFadzean signed for Milton Keynes Dons from Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , on a two-year deal with an option of a third year . He scored in his league debut against Gillingham capitalising off fellow new signing Danny Greens cross . The match ended a 4–2 victory to the Dons . On top of that , in his cup debut he scored with a back-heel in what ended up being a 3–1 win over fierce rivals AFC Wimbledon he was awarded the man-of-the-match award . Although he had signed a two-year contract extension seven months earlier to keep him at the club until June 2018 , McFadzean made a transfer request at the end of the 2015–16 season following the clubs relegation back to League One and failed to attend pre-season training with MK Dons . Burton Albion . On 12 July 2016 , McFadzean signed a three-year contract for newly promoted Championship club Burton Albion for a club record undisclosed fee . He scored his first goal for Burton in a 3–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 16 August 2016 . Coventry City . McFadzean signed for League One club Coventry City on 9 May 2019 on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Coventry in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers on 18 September 2020 . International career . McFadzean gained England C recognition in September 2009 , as he was called into the team that played against Hungary U23s , and then retained his place in the squad for a 2–1 victory in November over Poland U23s . Personal life . Born in England , McFadzean is of Scottish descent . His younger brother Callum McFadzean is also a footballer . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference Premier : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12 Milton Keynes Dons - Football League One runner-up : 2014–15 Individual - Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2010–11 - PFA Team of the Year : 2011–12 League Two External links . - Profile at the Coventry City F.C . website
|
[
"Crawley Town"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Kyle McFadzean play for between Jun 2010 and Dec 2013?
|
/wiki/Kyle_McFadzean#P54#2
|
Kyle McFadzean Kyle John McFadzean ( born 28 February 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Coventry City . Club career . Sheffield United . Born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire , McFadzean was a member of Sheffield Uniteds academy before being given a squad number for the 2005–06 season despite playing the majority of the campaign in the reserves . He made his first-team debut as a substitute in place of Keith Gillespie in a League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town on 20 September 2005 . Alfreton Town . He signed for Conference North club Alfreton Town on a free transfer in July 2007 . Crawley Town . On 20 August 2010 , McFadzean signed for Conference Premier club Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , making his debut as a substitute in Crawleys 1–0 away win at Altrincham . He was named in the Conference Premier Team of the Year for the 2010–11 season after Crawley won the title and so promotion to League Two . Milton Keynes Dons . On 20 June 2014 , McFadzean signed for Milton Keynes Dons from Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , on a two-year deal with an option of a third year . He scored in his league debut against Gillingham capitalising off fellow new signing Danny Greens cross . The match ended a 4–2 victory to the Dons . On top of that , in his cup debut he scored with a back-heel in what ended up being a 3–1 win over fierce rivals AFC Wimbledon he was awarded the man-of-the-match award . Although he had signed a two-year contract extension seven months earlier to keep him at the club until June 2018 , McFadzean made a transfer request at the end of the 2015–16 season following the clubs relegation back to League One and failed to attend pre-season training with MK Dons . Burton Albion . On 12 July 2016 , McFadzean signed a three-year contract for newly promoted Championship club Burton Albion for a club record undisclosed fee . He scored his first goal for Burton in a 3–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 16 August 2016 . Coventry City . McFadzean signed for League One club Coventry City on 9 May 2019 on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Coventry in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers on 18 September 2020 . International career . McFadzean gained England C recognition in September 2009 , as he was called into the team that played against Hungary U23s , and then retained his place in the squad for a 2–1 victory in November over Poland U23s . Personal life . Born in England , McFadzean is of Scottish descent . His younger brother Callum McFadzean is also a footballer . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference Premier : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12 Milton Keynes Dons - Football League One runner-up : 2014–15 Individual - Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2010–11 - PFA Team of the Year : 2011–12 League Two External links . - Profile at the Coventry City F.C . website
|
[
"Milton Keynes Dons"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Kyle McFadzean play for after Nov 2014?
|
/wiki/Kyle_McFadzean#P54#3
|
Kyle McFadzean Kyle John McFadzean ( born 28 February 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Coventry City . Club career . Sheffield United . Born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire , McFadzean was a member of Sheffield Uniteds academy before being given a squad number for the 2005–06 season despite playing the majority of the campaign in the reserves . He made his first-team debut as a substitute in place of Keith Gillespie in a League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town on 20 September 2005 . Alfreton Town . He signed for Conference North club Alfreton Town on a free transfer in July 2007 . Crawley Town . On 20 August 2010 , McFadzean signed for Conference Premier club Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , making his debut as a substitute in Crawleys 1–0 away win at Altrincham . He was named in the Conference Premier Team of the Year for the 2010–11 season after Crawley won the title and so promotion to League Two . Milton Keynes Dons . On 20 June 2014 , McFadzean signed for Milton Keynes Dons from Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee , on a two-year deal with an option of a third year . He scored in his league debut against Gillingham capitalising off fellow new signing Danny Greens cross . The match ended a 4–2 victory to the Dons . On top of that , in his cup debut he scored with a back-heel in what ended up being a 3–1 win over fierce rivals AFC Wimbledon he was awarded the man-of-the-match award . Although he had signed a two-year contract extension seven months earlier to keep him at the club until June 2018 , McFadzean made a transfer request at the end of the 2015–16 season following the clubs relegation back to League One and failed to attend pre-season training with MK Dons . Burton Albion . On 12 July 2016 , McFadzean signed a three-year contract for newly promoted Championship club Burton Albion for a club record undisclosed fee . He scored his first goal for Burton in a 3–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 16 August 2016 . Coventry City . McFadzean signed for League One club Coventry City on 9 May 2019 on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Coventry in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers on 18 September 2020 . International career . McFadzean gained England C recognition in September 2009 , as he was called into the team that played against Hungary U23s , and then retained his place in the squad for a 2–1 victory in November over Poland U23s . Personal life . Born in England , McFadzean is of Scottish descent . His younger brother Callum McFadzean is also a footballer . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference Premier : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12 Milton Keynes Dons - Football League One runner-up : 2014–15 Individual - Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2010–11 - PFA Team of the Year : 2011–12 League Two External links . - Profile at the Coventry City F.C . website
|
[
"Florida House of Representatives"
] |
hard
|
Darren Soto took which position between Feb 2007 and Dec 2009?
|
/wiki/Darren_Soto#P39#0
|
Darren Soto Darren Michael Soto ( born February 25 , 1978 ) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from Orlando , Florida , who is the U.S . Representative for Floridas 9th district . Prior to being elected to Congress , Soto served for four years in the Florida Senate and five in the Florida House of Representatives , representing parts of the Orlando area . Early life and education . Soto was born in the neighborhood of Ringwood , New Jersey , to a Puerto Rican father , O . Lou Soto , and an Italian-American mother , Jean Soto . From 1998 to 2001 , he worked for Prudential Insurance in finance while he attended college . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 2000 , a Juris Doctor from George Washington University in 2004 , and opened his law practice the following year . Soto has a bachelors degree in economics , and attended law school at George Washington University . In 2006 , he was named class counsel in the federal class action brought on behalf of Hispanic voters against the City of Kissimmee in the U.S . District Court for the Middle District of Florida . Soto is a former member of the Civil Service Board for the City of Orlando . He served as the Treasurer of the Orange County Democrats and the Vice President of Communications for the Orange County Young Democrats ( YDs ) . He was also the YD Co-Host for their Speak Easy events that provide a monthly forum for local and state leaders to speak to young voters . My familys history is the Puerto Rican history in Florida , Soto has said . Florida House of Representatives . In 2006 , Soto ran for the Florida House of Representatives from the 40th district , unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Andy Gardiner . In April 2007 , he emerged victorious from a crowded Democratic primary in a special election to replace John Quinones , who had resigned to run for the Osceola County Commission . In the general election , Soto defeated Tony Suarez , the Republican nominee , by 285 votes . Soto was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2008 and 2010 . During his three terms in the Florida House , Soto supported laws to curb illegal street racing , passed the “John C Curry” Firefighter Death Benefit Act to protect families of fallen firefighters who died in training exercises , and the Bus Driver Notification Act to help school bus safety . Florida Senate . In 2012 , Florida Senate districts were redrawn , and Soto opted not to run for re-election in the House but instead to run for the newly created 14th district , which included predominantly Latino areas of Orange , Osceola , and Polk Counties . He won his partys nomination uncontested and faced Republican Will McBride . Soto defeated McBride with over 70% of the vote . In 2013 , Soto voted for legislation to expedite drivers license access for DREAMers but it was ultimately vetoed by Governor Rick Scott , setting off statewide protests . He unsuccessfully proposed an amendment to require jury votes of 10 jurors rather than a majority of 7 for death penalties . In 2014 , Soto passed legislation answering the Florida Supreme Courts call to give it the authority to admit immigrant lawyers to the Florida Bar . He also advocated legislation giving DREAMers in-state college tuition . He secured the initial state funding to establish a Poinciana Valencia Campus and to initiate the Lake Toho Restoration , which will clean water flowing through the Northern Everglades . In addition , he led the Democratic House and Senate Caucuses in drafting a Congressional Map during the 2014 Special Session on Redistricting . During the 2015 legislative session , Soto was fundamental in securing $11.9M in funding for Valencia Colleges Poinciana campus . Soto also successfully pushed for $20M to restore the Kissimmee River . This earned him the Champion of the Everglades award from the Audubon Society of Florida . Soto also proposed legislation to ban fracking in Florida . He secured $10M in Floridas budget to promote economic growth in Osceola County for a new facility to manufacture high-tech sensors . However , the project was vetoed by Governor Rick Scott . Soto also introduced a bill to boost minimum teacher pay to $50,000 per year . Senator Soto steered funding to his district , including $15M for the UCF Sensors Manufacturing Center , $12M to complete the construction of the Poinciana Valencia College campus , $4M in supplemental school construction money , $750k for the Northern Everglades and Lake Toho initiatives and $150k for a transition house that offers temporary housing for veterans . In 2016 , Soto supported Chloes Law to construct barriers around water bodies adjacent to state roads , the Deaf Floridians ID bill , and the Juvenile Clean Slate bill which automatically seals misdemeanor records for juveniles who reach 21 years of age and do not reoffend as adults . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Soto won the Democratic nomination to succeed Representative Alan Grayson , who had stepped down to run in the primary for U.S . Senate in Floridas 9th congressional district . Soto earned 36% of the vote in a four-way primary election . The district is Democratic-leaning and contains all of Osceola County and parts of Orange and Polk counties . Soto has represented the majority of this district while serving in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate . The Orlando Sentinel endorsed him in his primary race , calling him an effective lawmaker . Soto won the general election for the seat , defeating Republican Wayne Liebnitzky , 57–43% . - 2018 On August 28 , 2018 , Congressman Soto won the Democratic primary election with 66% of the vote , defeating a challenge from his predecessor Alan Grayson . Soto received endorsements from multiple Democratic organizations in his reelection campaign such as the National Organization for Women , Pride Fund to End Gun Violence , Giffords PAC , Democratic Environmental Caucus of Florida , National Committee to Preserve Social Security & Medicare , Equality PAC , League of Conservation Voters , Human Rights Campaign , Florida AFL-CIO , Florida Young Democrats , Orlando Professional Fire Fighters International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1365 , Central Florida Police Benevolent Association , Florida LGBTA Democratic Caucus , eMgage PAC , Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC , and Planned Parenthood . Soto also has the backing of Vice President Joe Biden , Congressman John Lewis , Congresswoman Linda Sanchez , Florida State Senator Vic Torres , along with every Florida Democratic Member of Congress . On November 6 , 2018 , Soto went on to win the general election against Republican Wayne Liebnitzky with 58% of the vote . - 2020 Soto ran for reelection to a third term and ran virtually unopposed during the Democratic primary , with only one challenger dropping out in October 2019 . During the general election on November 3 , 2020 , he defeated Bill Olson , his Republican opponent , garnering just over 56% of the vote . Tenure . Soto is the first Congressman of Puerto Rican descent elected from Florida . In his first few weeks , Soto was named by Nancy Pelosi as one of only three freshmen Members to the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee . He was also named co-chair of the House Democratic Caucus New Economy Task Force . On April 5 , 2017 , Congressman Soto along with Senator Bill Nelson passed their Hurricane Hunters bill ( HR 1008 ) by amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 . This legislation adds two backup Hurricane Hunter aircraft to the NOAA fleet to increase hurricane monitoring and preparedness . On December 23 , 2017 , Soto passed his second bill the Foreign Spill Protection Act along with co-introducer US Rep . Carlos Curbelo . The bill eliminates a $1 Billion cap on damages for foreign oil drillers , whose oil spills pollute America’s waters , to better protect Florida’s beautiful coasts . Soto introduced a bill to rename a Kissimmee Post Office ( HR 4042 ) at 1415 West Oak St after the Borinqueneers . Recently this bill passed both chambers of Congress and was signed into law on March 23 , 2018 . The Borinqueneers were a U.S Army segregated unit of Puerto Ricans who fought in WWI , WWII and Korean War with great distinction and valor . In 2014 , they were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal for their brave service to our country . Congressman Soto passed a law to protect billfish , such as marlin , spearfish , and sailfish . H.R . 4528 closes a loophole in the Billfish Conservation Act making it illegal to sell billfish in the continental United States . The law passed the U.S . House on June 25 , 2018 and was signed into law on August 2 , 2018 . Soto negotiated with Brightline ( now Virgin Trains ) to build the link between their train and SunRail , ensuring the systems are connected and saving up to $250 million in taxpayer money . When finished , this connection will give SunRail riders the opportunity to travel as far as Tampa , Miami , Ft . Lauderdale and West Palm Beach vía rail . He is tied for first for most laws passed by a freshman member of the 115th Congress . He also filed the second most bills of any freshman . Following reelection , Congressman Soto secured a spot on the Energy and Commerce Committee , stating “This appointment will give us a greater voice on behalf of our constituents to promote legislation that creates higher paying jobs , pushes for technological advances , resolves our healthcare crisis , and protects our environment while acting on climate change.” On June 24 , 2019 , Soto passed his first law of the 116th Congress , the “Strengthening Mosquito Abatement for Safety and Health ( SMASH ) Act” , which aimed to combat future Zika outbreaks in Florida , Puerto Rico and other areas . According to Soto’s office , the bill “supports and expands programs for mosquito-borne and vector-borne disease , surveillance and control” by extending $100 million in CDC grants to battle mosquitoes through 2023 and ensuring those grants are more focused on battling mosquito-borne diseases , prioritizing areas facing health crises.” On July 25 , 2019 , Congressman Soto passed the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 out of the US House in dramatic fashion , as the last bill to pass before the August District Work Period . On December 18 , 2019 , Soto voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J . Trump . In his second term , Congressman Soto worked with his Central Florida colleagues , Congresswoman Val Demings and Congresswoman Stephanie Murphy , to renew federal grants to the Central Florida region including over $30 Million for affordable housing and to prevent homelessness , $3.25 Million to fund local anti-terrorism efforts , and $1.961 Million for zero-emission Lynx Lymmo buses . Soto also assisted in securing federal grants of nearly $30 Million for Hurricane Irma disaster relief to Polk and Osceola Counties , over $3 Million for healthcare clinics in Osceola and Polk Counties , and $250,000 to improve Kissimmee and Winter Haven airports . In the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic , Soto voted in favor of all 4 pandemic relief packages including the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act 2020 , Families First Coronavirus Response Act , Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act ( CARES Act ) and Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act to help Central Florida and the whole nation combat the coronavirus crisis . He has helped lead Florida’s delegation in securing additional supplies of Remdesivir from his position on the Energy and Commerce Committee during the crisis . On May 15 , 2020 , Soto voted for the HEROES Act , which passed the U.S . House and provides further pandemic relief . This major legislation included his Save Our Homes Act which helps homeowners save their homes from foreclosure by ending forbearance agreement balloon payments . On October 2 , 2020 , Soto voted for the updated HEROES Act . This compromise legislation amended the original bill , would provide further pandemic relief and passed the U.S . House . At the time of its passage , the US Senate still had failed to pass a new pandemic relief package . On June 26 , 2020 , Soto passed legislation out of the U.S . House designating the Pulse National Memorial in recognition and memory of the 49 angels lost and 53 injured at the Pulse Nightclub Shooting . He introduced this bill along with fellow Central Floridians Congresswomen Val Demings and Stephanie Murphy . Upon its passage , Soto stated “Today , we remind the world that hate will never defeat love , grief can turn into strength and that a place of loss can become a sanctuary of healing . Together , we will continue to open minds and hearts . We will make the Pulse Memorial a national symbol of hope , love and light.” On July 1 , 2020 , Soto voted for the Moving Forward Act , a national infrastructure improvement plan . In describing the importance of this landmark bill , he stated , “As our nation continues to confront the coronavirus crisis , this legislation will create millions of good-paying jobs and equip our nation with the 21st-century infrastructure critical to growing our economy and helping our communities prosper for decades to come . Passage of this bold legislation also means more funding to help complete the I-4 Expansion quickly and safely.” Committee assignments . - United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States Caucus memberships . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Hispanic Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Medicare for All Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Immigration . Soto is a staunch advocate for DREAMers and has worked with fellow members of the Hispanic Caucus to pass the DREAM Act . In June 2018 , Congressman Soto traveled to Homestead , Florida to tour a detention facility with several Democratic Members of Congress where he argued against Trumps zero tolerance policy and the separation of children and families . He has been a vocal advocate in Congress for Alejandra Juarez , the wife of an Iraq combat veteran and mother of two American daughters , who was deported to Mexico recently due to Trumps zero tolerance policy . Zero tolerance literally ripped this family apart , said Rep . Darren Soto The administration is so extreme on immigration that theyre deporting the spouses of military veterans . Environmental policy . Darren is considered the greenest Member of the Florida Congressional Delegation for 2017 . He received a perfect score of 100 for his environmental issues voting record from the National League of Conservation Voters . He introduced the Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2017 ( H.R.3961 ) , which passed unanimously out of committee on January 17 , 2018 . On April 16 , 2018 , this bill passed unanimously out of the U.S . House . Soto helped lead opposition to the Trump Administration proposals to permit oil drilling off Floridas Gulf and Atlantic coasts during the House Committee on Natural Resources meetings . Soto has also supported funding increases for the National Estuary Program the National Wildlife Refuge System program . On June 6 , 2018 , Soto passed his Shark and Billfish Protection Act out of House Natural Resources Committee . Senator Bill Nelson passed the Senate companion bill on October 2 , 2017 . Gun control . Soto received an F rating from the NRA during his first term in Congress and supported numerous gun law reforms . On February 27 , 2019 , he voted for the Universal Background Check Bill . Soto received an A rating from the NRA in 2012 , but his views on the Second Amendment changed after the 2012 Newtown Shooting . In the Florida Senate , he became a reliable vote for gun control , which ultimately led to earning a D rating from the NRA for his service there from 2013 to 2016 . After the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Soto called for a special session to prevent those on the FBIs No Fly List from purchasing firearms . Since 2017 , he has been a reliable vote for gun law reform . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 , he proposed his Gun Safety Action Plan . He listed five steps : universal background checks for gun purchases , keeping guns away from those who are a danger to themselves or others , banning assault weapons and bump stocks , creating a red-flag system to issue gun restraining orders , and disallowing anyone on the federal terrorism no-fly list from buying a gun . Soto also said gun control will be one of those litmus test issues in the 2018 midterm elections . Hurricane safety . Working with Senator Bill Nelson , Soto passed his first law in Congress on April 18 , 2017 creating a backup fleet of hurricane hunter aircraft to monitor hurricanes affecting Florida and other nearby areas . Recovery assistance . Soto is working on debt reduction and tax , healthcare , agriculture and small business relief to assist Puerto Rico in its economic recovery . He also co-signed a bipartisan letter requesting FEMA Designation of Individual Assistance for the citizens of Orange , Osceola , Polk , Lake and Seminole counties after Hurricane Irma . In 2018 , he voted to renew recovery funds to Central Florida and Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Irma and Maria . Personal life . Soto’s major hobby is music and has been writing songs and playing in bands since he was in high school . He is a singer , songwriter and guitarist for the local Orlando folk rock band Orange Creek Riders . They have played various live shows , such as Orlando Fringe Festival , Planned Parenthood’s Rock and Roe Concert , Delandapalooza , along with various political events . As part of their “Best Of” series , Orlando Weekly named Orange Creek Riders the “Best Congressional Folk Band” . He also hosts a radio show and podcast called “Rock and Politics” . His show combines current political issues with related music . On April 1 , 2018 , Sotos wife , Amanda Soto , was arrested at Walt Disney World and charged with disorderly intoxication . In a statement , Darren Soto said his wife had been in treatment for depression for years and had recently stopped taking medication in accordance with her treatment plan and under her doctors supervision . He went on to say that she deeply regrets her actions and takes full responsibility for them .
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"Florida Senate"
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Darren Soto took which position in Mar 2014?
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/wiki/Darren_Soto#P39#1
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Darren Soto Darren Michael Soto ( born February 25 , 1978 ) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from Orlando , Florida , who is the U.S . Representative for Floridas 9th district . Prior to being elected to Congress , Soto served for four years in the Florida Senate and five in the Florida House of Representatives , representing parts of the Orlando area . Early life and education . Soto was born in the neighborhood of Ringwood , New Jersey , to a Puerto Rican father , O . Lou Soto , and an Italian-American mother , Jean Soto . From 1998 to 2001 , he worked for Prudential Insurance in finance while he attended college . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 2000 , a Juris Doctor from George Washington University in 2004 , and opened his law practice the following year . Soto has a bachelors degree in economics , and attended law school at George Washington University . In 2006 , he was named class counsel in the federal class action brought on behalf of Hispanic voters against the City of Kissimmee in the U.S . District Court for the Middle District of Florida . Soto is a former member of the Civil Service Board for the City of Orlando . He served as the Treasurer of the Orange County Democrats and the Vice President of Communications for the Orange County Young Democrats ( YDs ) . He was also the YD Co-Host for their Speak Easy events that provide a monthly forum for local and state leaders to speak to young voters . My familys history is the Puerto Rican history in Florida , Soto has said . Florida House of Representatives . In 2006 , Soto ran for the Florida House of Representatives from the 40th district , unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Andy Gardiner . In April 2007 , he emerged victorious from a crowded Democratic primary in a special election to replace John Quinones , who had resigned to run for the Osceola County Commission . In the general election , Soto defeated Tony Suarez , the Republican nominee , by 285 votes . Soto was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2008 and 2010 . During his three terms in the Florida House , Soto supported laws to curb illegal street racing , passed the “John C Curry” Firefighter Death Benefit Act to protect families of fallen firefighters who died in training exercises , and the Bus Driver Notification Act to help school bus safety . Florida Senate . In 2012 , Florida Senate districts were redrawn , and Soto opted not to run for re-election in the House but instead to run for the newly created 14th district , which included predominantly Latino areas of Orange , Osceola , and Polk Counties . He won his partys nomination uncontested and faced Republican Will McBride . Soto defeated McBride with over 70% of the vote . In 2013 , Soto voted for legislation to expedite drivers license access for DREAMers but it was ultimately vetoed by Governor Rick Scott , setting off statewide protests . He unsuccessfully proposed an amendment to require jury votes of 10 jurors rather than a majority of 7 for death penalties . In 2014 , Soto passed legislation answering the Florida Supreme Courts call to give it the authority to admit immigrant lawyers to the Florida Bar . He also advocated legislation giving DREAMers in-state college tuition . He secured the initial state funding to establish a Poinciana Valencia Campus and to initiate the Lake Toho Restoration , which will clean water flowing through the Northern Everglades . In addition , he led the Democratic House and Senate Caucuses in drafting a Congressional Map during the 2014 Special Session on Redistricting . During the 2015 legislative session , Soto was fundamental in securing $11.9M in funding for Valencia Colleges Poinciana campus . Soto also successfully pushed for $20M to restore the Kissimmee River . This earned him the Champion of the Everglades award from the Audubon Society of Florida . Soto also proposed legislation to ban fracking in Florida . He secured $10M in Floridas budget to promote economic growth in Osceola County for a new facility to manufacture high-tech sensors . However , the project was vetoed by Governor Rick Scott . Soto also introduced a bill to boost minimum teacher pay to $50,000 per year . Senator Soto steered funding to his district , including $15M for the UCF Sensors Manufacturing Center , $12M to complete the construction of the Poinciana Valencia College campus , $4M in supplemental school construction money , $750k for the Northern Everglades and Lake Toho initiatives and $150k for a transition house that offers temporary housing for veterans . In 2016 , Soto supported Chloes Law to construct barriers around water bodies adjacent to state roads , the Deaf Floridians ID bill , and the Juvenile Clean Slate bill which automatically seals misdemeanor records for juveniles who reach 21 years of age and do not reoffend as adults . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Soto won the Democratic nomination to succeed Representative Alan Grayson , who had stepped down to run in the primary for U.S . Senate in Floridas 9th congressional district . Soto earned 36% of the vote in a four-way primary election . The district is Democratic-leaning and contains all of Osceola County and parts of Orange and Polk counties . Soto has represented the majority of this district while serving in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate . The Orlando Sentinel endorsed him in his primary race , calling him an effective lawmaker . Soto won the general election for the seat , defeating Republican Wayne Liebnitzky , 57–43% . - 2018 On August 28 , 2018 , Congressman Soto won the Democratic primary election with 66% of the vote , defeating a challenge from his predecessor Alan Grayson . Soto received endorsements from multiple Democratic organizations in his reelection campaign such as the National Organization for Women , Pride Fund to End Gun Violence , Giffords PAC , Democratic Environmental Caucus of Florida , National Committee to Preserve Social Security & Medicare , Equality PAC , League of Conservation Voters , Human Rights Campaign , Florida AFL-CIO , Florida Young Democrats , Orlando Professional Fire Fighters International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1365 , Central Florida Police Benevolent Association , Florida LGBTA Democratic Caucus , eMgage PAC , Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC , and Planned Parenthood . Soto also has the backing of Vice President Joe Biden , Congressman John Lewis , Congresswoman Linda Sanchez , Florida State Senator Vic Torres , along with every Florida Democratic Member of Congress . On November 6 , 2018 , Soto went on to win the general election against Republican Wayne Liebnitzky with 58% of the vote . - 2020 Soto ran for reelection to a third term and ran virtually unopposed during the Democratic primary , with only one challenger dropping out in October 2019 . During the general election on November 3 , 2020 , he defeated Bill Olson , his Republican opponent , garnering just over 56% of the vote . Tenure . Soto is the first Congressman of Puerto Rican descent elected from Florida . In his first few weeks , Soto was named by Nancy Pelosi as one of only three freshmen Members to the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee . He was also named co-chair of the House Democratic Caucus New Economy Task Force . On April 5 , 2017 , Congressman Soto along with Senator Bill Nelson passed their Hurricane Hunters bill ( HR 1008 ) by amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 . This legislation adds two backup Hurricane Hunter aircraft to the NOAA fleet to increase hurricane monitoring and preparedness . On December 23 , 2017 , Soto passed his second bill the Foreign Spill Protection Act along with co-introducer US Rep . Carlos Curbelo . The bill eliminates a $1 Billion cap on damages for foreign oil drillers , whose oil spills pollute America’s waters , to better protect Florida’s beautiful coasts . Soto introduced a bill to rename a Kissimmee Post Office ( HR 4042 ) at 1415 West Oak St after the Borinqueneers . Recently this bill passed both chambers of Congress and was signed into law on March 23 , 2018 . The Borinqueneers were a U.S Army segregated unit of Puerto Ricans who fought in WWI , WWII and Korean War with great distinction and valor . In 2014 , they were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal for their brave service to our country . Congressman Soto passed a law to protect billfish , such as marlin , spearfish , and sailfish . H.R . 4528 closes a loophole in the Billfish Conservation Act making it illegal to sell billfish in the continental United States . The law passed the U.S . House on June 25 , 2018 and was signed into law on August 2 , 2018 . Soto negotiated with Brightline ( now Virgin Trains ) to build the link between their train and SunRail , ensuring the systems are connected and saving up to $250 million in taxpayer money . When finished , this connection will give SunRail riders the opportunity to travel as far as Tampa , Miami , Ft . Lauderdale and West Palm Beach vía rail . He is tied for first for most laws passed by a freshman member of the 115th Congress . He also filed the second most bills of any freshman . Following reelection , Congressman Soto secured a spot on the Energy and Commerce Committee , stating “This appointment will give us a greater voice on behalf of our constituents to promote legislation that creates higher paying jobs , pushes for technological advances , resolves our healthcare crisis , and protects our environment while acting on climate change.” On June 24 , 2019 , Soto passed his first law of the 116th Congress , the “Strengthening Mosquito Abatement for Safety and Health ( SMASH ) Act” , which aimed to combat future Zika outbreaks in Florida , Puerto Rico and other areas . According to Soto’s office , the bill “supports and expands programs for mosquito-borne and vector-borne disease , surveillance and control” by extending $100 million in CDC grants to battle mosquitoes through 2023 and ensuring those grants are more focused on battling mosquito-borne diseases , prioritizing areas facing health crises.” On July 25 , 2019 , Congressman Soto passed the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 out of the US House in dramatic fashion , as the last bill to pass before the August District Work Period . On December 18 , 2019 , Soto voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J . Trump . In his second term , Congressman Soto worked with his Central Florida colleagues , Congresswoman Val Demings and Congresswoman Stephanie Murphy , to renew federal grants to the Central Florida region including over $30 Million for affordable housing and to prevent homelessness , $3.25 Million to fund local anti-terrorism efforts , and $1.961 Million for zero-emission Lynx Lymmo buses . Soto also assisted in securing federal grants of nearly $30 Million for Hurricane Irma disaster relief to Polk and Osceola Counties , over $3 Million for healthcare clinics in Osceola and Polk Counties , and $250,000 to improve Kissimmee and Winter Haven airports . In the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic , Soto voted in favor of all 4 pandemic relief packages including the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act 2020 , Families First Coronavirus Response Act , Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act ( CARES Act ) and Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act to help Central Florida and the whole nation combat the coronavirus crisis . He has helped lead Florida’s delegation in securing additional supplies of Remdesivir from his position on the Energy and Commerce Committee during the crisis . On May 15 , 2020 , Soto voted for the HEROES Act , which passed the U.S . House and provides further pandemic relief . This major legislation included his Save Our Homes Act which helps homeowners save their homes from foreclosure by ending forbearance agreement balloon payments . On October 2 , 2020 , Soto voted for the updated HEROES Act . This compromise legislation amended the original bill , would provide further pandemic relief and passed the U.S . House . At the time of its passage , the US Senate still had failed to pass a new pandemic relief package . On June 26 , 2020 , Soto passed legislation out of the U.S . House designating the Pulse National Memorial in recognition and memory of the 49 angels lost and 53 injured at the Pulse Nightclub Shooting . He introduced this bill along with fellow Central Floridians Congresswomen Val Demings and Stephanie Murphy . Upon its passage , Soto stated “Today , we remind the world that hate will never defeat love , grief can turn into strength and that a place of loss can become a sanctuary of healing . Together , we will continue to open minds and hearts . We will make the Pulse Memorial a national symbol of hope , love and light.” On July 1 , 2020 , Soto voted for the Moving Forward Act , a national infrastructure improvement plan . In describing the importance of this landmark bill , he stated , “As our nation continues to confront the coronavirus crisis , this legislation will create millions of good-paying jobs and equip our nation with the 21st-century infrastructure critical to growing our economy and helping our communities prosper for decades to come . Passage of this bold legislation also means more funding to help complete the I-4 Expansion quickly and safely.” Committee assignments . - United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States Caucus memberships . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Hispanic Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Medicare for All Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Immigration . Soto is a staunch advocate for DREAMers and has worked with fellow members of the Hispanic Caucus to pass the DREAM Act . In June 2018 , Congressman Soto traveled to Homestead , Florida to tour a detention facility with several Democratic Members of Congress where he argued against Trumps zero tolerance policy and the separation of children and families . He has been a vocal advocate in Congress for Alejandra Juarez , the wife of an Iraq combat veteran and mother of two American daughters , who was deported to Mexico recently due to Trumps zero tolerance policy . Zero tolerance literally ripped this family apart , said Rep . Darren Soto The administration is so extreme on immigration that theyre deporting the spouses of military veterans . Environmental policy . Darren is considered the greenest Member of the Florida Congressional Delegation for 2017 . He received a perfect score of 100 for his environmental issues voting record from the National League of Conservation Voters . He introduced the Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2017 ( H.R.3961 ) , which passed unanimously out of committee on January 17 , 2018 . On April 16 , 2018 , this bill passed unanimously out of the U.S . House . Soto helped lead opposition to the Trump Administration proposals to permit oil drilling off Floridas Gulf and Atlantic coasts during the House Committee on Natural Resources meetings . Soto has also supported funding increases for the National Estuary Program the National Wildlife Refuge System program . On June 6 , 2018 , Soto passed his Shark and Billfish Protection Act out of House Natural Resources Committee . Senator Bill Nelson passed the Senate companion bill on October 2 , 2017 . Gun control . Soto received an F rating from the NRA during his first term in Congress and supported numerous gun law reforms . On February 27 , 2019 , he voted for the Universal Background Check Bill . Soto received an A rating from the NRA in 2012 , but his views on the Second Amendment changed after the 2012 Newtown Shooting . In the Florida Senate , he became a reliable vote for gun control , which ultimately led to earning a D rating from the NRA for his service there from 2013 to 2016 . After the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Soto called for a special session to prevent those on the FBIs No Fly List from purchasing firearms . Since 2017 , he has been a reliable vote for gun law reform . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 , he proposed his Gun Safety Action Plan . He listed five steps : universal background checks for gun purchases , keeping guns away from those who are a danger to themselves or others , banning assault weapons and bump stocks , creating a red-flag system to issue gun restraining orders , and disallowing anyone on the federal terrorism no-fly list from buying a gun . Soto also said gun control will be one of those litmus test issues in the 2018 midterm elections . Hurricane safety . Working with Senator Bill Nelson , Soto passed his first law in Congress on April 18 , 2017 creating a backup fleet of hurricane hunter aircraft to monitor hurricanes affecting Florida and other nearby areas . Recovery assistance . Soto is working on debt reduction and tax , healthcare , agriculture and small business relief to assist Puerto Rico in its economic recovery . He also co-signed a bipartisan letter requesting FEMA Designation of Individual Assistance for the citizens of Orange , Osceola , Polk , Lake and Seminole counties after Hurricane Irma . In 2018 , he voted to renew recovery funds to Central Florida and Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Irma and Maria . Personal life . Soto’s major hobby is music and has been writing songs and playing in bands since he was in high school . He is a singer , songwriter and guitarist for the local Orlando folk rock band Orange Creek Riders . They have played various live shows , such as Orlando Fringe Festival , Planned Parenthood’s Rock and Roe Concert , Delandapalooza , along with various political events . As part of their “Best Of” series , Orlando Weekly named Orange Creek Riders the “Best Congressional Folk Band” . He also hosts a radio show and podcast called “Rock and Politics” . His show combines current political issues with related music . On April 1 , 2018 , Sotos wife , Amanda Soto , was arrested at Walt Disney World and charged with disorderly intoxication . In a statement , Darren Soto said his wife had been in treatment for depression for years and had recently stopped taking medication in accordance with her treatment plan and under her doctors supervision . He went on to say that she deeply regrets her actions and takes full responsibility for them .
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"Member of the Florida Congressional Delegation"
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Darren Soto took which position between Nov 2017 and Jul 2018?
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/wiki/Darren_Soto#P39#2
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Darren Soto Darren Michael Soto ( born February 25 , 1978 ) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from Orlando , Florida , who is the U.S . Representative for Floridas 9th district . Prior to being elected to Congress , Soto served for four years in the Florida Senate and five in the Florida House of Representatives , representing parts of the Orlando area . Early life and education . Soto was born in the neighborhood of Ringwood , New Jersey , to a Puerto Rican father , O . Lou Soto , and an Italian-American mother , Jean Soto . From 1998 to 2001 , he worked for Prudential Insurance in finance while he attended college . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 2000 , a Juris Doctor from George Washington University in 2004 , and opened his law practice the following year . Soto has a bachelors degree in economics , and attended law school at George Washington University . In 2006 , he was named class counsel in the federal class action brought on behalf of Hispanic voters against the City of Kissimmee in the U.S . District Court for the Middle District of Florida . Soto is a former member of the Civil Service Board for the City of Orlando . He served as the Treasurer of the Orange County Democrats and the Vice President of Communications for the Orange County Young Democrats ( YDs ) . He was also the YD Co-Host for their Speak Easy events that provide a monthly forum for local and state leaders to speak to young voters . My familys history is the Puerto Rican history in Florida , Soto has said . Florida House of Representatives . In 2006 , Soto ran for the Florida House of Representatives from the 40th district , unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Andy Gardiner . In April 2007 , he emerged victorious from a crowded Democratic primary in a special election to replace John Quinones , who had resigned to run for the Osceola County Commission . In the general election , Soto defeated Tony Suarez , the Republican nominee , by 285 votes . Soto was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2008 and 2010 . During his three terms in the Florida House , Soto supported laws to curb illegal street racing , passed the “John C Curry” Firefighter Death Benefit Act to protect families of fallen firefighters who died in training exercises , and the Bus Driver Notification Act to help school bus safety . Florida Senate . In 2012 , Florida Senate districts were redrawn , and Soto opted not to run for re-election in the House but instead to run for the newly created 14th district , which included predominantly Latino areas of Orange , Osceola , and Polk Counties . He won his partys nomination uncontested and faced Republican Will McBride . Soto defeated McBride with over 70% of the vote . In 2013 , Soto voted for legislation to expedite drivers license access for DREAMers but it was ultimately vetoed by Governor Rick Scott , setting off statewide protests . He unsuccessfully proposed an amendment to require jury votes of 10 jurors rather than a majority of 7 for death penalties . In 2014 , Soto passed legislation answering the Florida Supreme Courts call to give it the authority to admit immigrant lawyers to the Florida Bar . He also advocated legislation giving DREAMers in-state college tuition . He secured the initial state funding to establish a Poinciana Valencia Campus and to initiate the Lake Toho Restoration , which will clean water flowing through the Northern Everglades . In addition , he led the Democratic House and Senate Caucuses in drafting a Congressional Map during the 2014 Special Session on Redistricting . During the 2015 legislative session , Soto was fundamental in securing $11.9M in funding for Valencia Colleges Poinciana campus . Soto also successfully pushed for $20M to restore the Kissimmee River . This earned him the Champion of the Everglades award from the Audubon Society of Florida . Soto also proposed legislation to ban fracking in Florida . He secured $10M in Floridas budget to promote economic growth in Osceola County for a new facility to manufacture high-tech sensors . However , the project was vetoed by Governor Rick Scott . Soto also introduced a bill to boost minimum teacher pay to $50,000 per year . Senator Soto steered funding to his district , including $15M for the UCF Sensors Manufacturing Center , $12M to complete the construction of the Poinciana Valencia College campus , $4M in supplemental school construction money , $750k for the Northern Everglades and Lake Toho initiatives and $150k for a transition house that offers temporary housing for veterans . In 2016 , Soto supported Chloes Law to construct barriers around water bodies adjacent to state roads , the Deaf Floridians ID bill , and the Juvenile Clean Slate bill which automatically seals misdemeanor records for juveniles who reach 21 years of age and do not reoffend as adults . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Soto won the Democratic nomination to succeed Representative Alan Grayson , who had stepped down to run in the primary for U.S . Senate in Floridas 9th congressional district . Soto earned 36% of the vote in a four-way primary election . The district is Democratic-leaning and contains all of Osceola County and parts of Orange and Polk counties . Soto has represented the majority of this district while serving in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate . The Orlando Sentinel endorsed him in his primary race , calling him an effective lawmaker . Soto won the general election for the seat , defeating Republican Wayne Liebnitzky , 57–43% . - 2018 On August 28 , 2018 , Congressman Soto won the Democratic primary election with 66% of the vote , defeating a challenge from his predecessor Alan Grayson . Soto received endorsements from multiple Democratic organizations in his reelection campaign such as the National Organization for Women , Pride Fund to End Gun Violence , Giffords PAC , Democratic Environmental Caucus of Florida , National Committee to Preserve Social Security & Medicare , Equality PAC , League of Conservation Voters , Human Rights Campaign , Florida AFL-CIO , Florida Young Democrats , Orlando Professional Fire Fighters International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1365 , Central Florida Police Benevolent Association , Florida LGBTA Democratic Caucus , eMgage PAC , Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC , and Planned Parenthood . Soto also has the backing of Vice President Joe Biden , Congressman John Lewis , Congresswoman Linda Sanchez , Florida State Senator Vic Torres , along with every Florida Democratic Member of Congress . On November 6 , 2018 , Soto went on to win the general election against Republican Wayne Liebnitzky with 58% of the vote . - 2020 Soto ran for reelection to a third term and ran virtually unopposed during the Democratic primary , with only one challenger dropping out in October 2019 . During the general election on November 3 , 2020 , he defeated Bill Olson , his Republican opponent , garnering just over 56% of the vote . Tenure . Soto is the first Congressman of Puerto Rican descent elected from Florida . In his first few weeks , Soto was named by Nancy Pelosi as one of only three freshmen Members to the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee . He was also named co-chair of the House Democratic Caucus New Economy Task Force . On April 5 , 2017 , Congressman Soto along with Senator Bill Nelson passed their Hurricane Hunters bill ( HR 1008 ) by amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 . This legislation adds two backup Hurricane Hunter aircraft to the NOAA fleet to increase hurricane monitoring and preparedness . On December 23 , 2017 , Soto passed his second bill the Foreign Spill Protection Act along with co-introducer US Rep . Carlos Curbelo . The bill eliminates a $1 Billion cap on damages for foreign oil drillers , whose oil spills pollute America’s waters , to better protect Florida’s beautiful coasts . Soto introduced a bill to rename a Kissimmee Post Office ( HR 4042 ) at 1415 West Oak St after the Borinqueneers . Recently this bill passed both chambers of Congress and was signed into law on March 23 , 2018 . The Borinqueneers were a U.S Army segregated unit of Puerto Ricans who fought in WWI , WWII and Korean War with great distinction and valor . In 2014 , they were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal for their brave service to our country . Congressman Soto passed a law to protect billfish , such as marlin , spearfish , and sailfish . H.R . 4528 closes a loophole in the Billfish Conservation Act making it illegal to sell billfish in the continental United States . The law passed the U.S . House on June 25 , 2018 and was signed into law on August 2 , 2018 . Soto negotiated with Brightline ( now Virgin Trains ) to build the link between their train and SunRail , ensuring the systems are connected and saving up to $250 million in taxpayer money . When finished , this connection will give SunRail riders the opportunity to travel as far as Tampa , Miami , Ft . Lauderdale and West Palm Beach vía rail . He is tied for first for most laws passed by a freshman member of the 115th Congress . He also filed the second most bills of any freshman . Following reelection , Congressman Soto secured a spot on the Energy and Commerce Committee , stating “This appointment will give us a greater voice on behalf of our constituents to promote legislation that creates higher paying jobs , pushes for technological advances , resolves our healthcare crisis , and protects our environment while acting on climate change.” On June 24 , 2019 , Soto passed his first law of the 116th Congress , the “Strengthening Mosquito Abatement for Safety and Health ( SMASH ) Act” , which aimed to combat future Zika outbreaks in Florida , Puerto Rico and other areas . According to Soto’s office , the bill “supports and expands programs for mosquito-borne and vector-borne disease , surveillance and control” by extending $100 million in CDC grants to battle mosquitoes through 2023 and ensuring those grants are more focused on battling mosquito-borne diseases , prioritizing areas facing health crises.” On July 25 , 2019 , Congressman Soto passed the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 out of the US House in dramatic fashion , as the last bill to pass before the August District Work Period . On December 18 , 2019 , Soto voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J . Trump . In his second term , Congressman Soto worked with his Central Florida colleagues , Congresswoman Val Demings and Congresswoman Stephanie Murphy , to renew federal grants to the Central Florida region including over $30 Million for affordable housing and to prevent homelessness , $3.25 Million to fund local anti-terrorism efforts , and $1.961 Million for zero-emission Lynx Lymmo buses . Soto also assisted in securing federal grants of nearly $30 Million for Hurricane Irma disaster relief to Polk and Osceola Counties , over $3 Million for healthcare clinics in Osceola and Polk Counties , and $250,000 to improve Kissimmee and Winter Haven airports . In the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic , Soto voted in favor of all 4 pandemic relief packages including the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act 2020 , Families First Coronavirus Response Act , Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act ( CARES Act ) and Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act to help Central Florida and the whole nation combat the coronavirus crisis . He has helped lead Florida’s delegation in securing additional supplies of Remdesivir from his position on the Energy and Commerce Committee during the crisis . On May 15 , 2020 , Soto voted for the HEROES Act , which passed the U.S . House and provides further pandemic relief . This major legislation included his Save Our Homes Act which helps homeowners save their homes from foreclosure by ending forbearance agreement balloon payments . On October 2 , 2020 , Soto voted for the updated HEROES Act . This compromise legislation amended the original bill , would provide further pandemic relief and passed the U.S . House . At the time of its passage , the US Senate still had failed to pass a new pandemic relief package . On June 26 , 2020 , Soto passed legislation out of the U.S . House designating the Pulse National Memorial in recognition and memory of the 49 angels lost and 53 injured at the Pulse Nightclub Shooting . He introduced this bill along with fellow Central Floridians Congresswomen Val Demings and Stephanie Murphy . Upon its passage , Soto stated “Today , we remind the world that hate will never defeat love , grief can turn into strength and that a place of loss can become a sanctuary of healing . Together , we will continue to open minds and hearts . We will make the Pulse Memorial a national symbol of hope , love and light.” On July 1 , 2020 , Soto voted for the Moving Forward Act , a national infrastructure improvement plan . In describing the importance of this landmark bill , he stated , “As our nation continues to confront the coronavirus crisis , this legislation will create millions of good-paying jobs and equip our nation with the 21st-century infrastructure critical to growing our economy and helping our communities prosper for decades to come . Passage of this bold legislation also means more funding to help complete the I-4 Expansion quickly and safely.” Committee assignments . - United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States Caucus memberships . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Hispanic Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Medicare for All Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Immigration . Soto is a staunch advocate for DREAMers and has worked with fellow members of the Hispanic Caucus to pass the DREAM Act . In June 2018 , Congressman Soto traveled to Homestead , Florida to tour a detention facility with several Democratic Members of Congress where he argued against Trumps zero tolerance policy and the separation of children and families . He has been a vocal advocate in Congress for Alejandra Juarez , the wife of an Iraq combat veteran and mother of two American daughters , who was deported to Mexico recently due to Trumps zero tolerance policy . Zero tolerance literally ripped this family apart , said Rep . Darren Soto The administration is so extreme on immigration that theyre deporting the spouses of military veterans . Environmental policy . Darren is considered the greenest Member of the Florida Congressional Delegation for 2017 . He received a perfect score of 100 for his environmental issues voting record from the National League of Conservation Voters . He introduced the Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2017 ( H.R.3961 ) , which passed unanimously out of committee on January 17 , 2018 . On April 16 , 2018 , this bill passed unanimously out of the U.S . House . Soto helped lead opposition to the Trump Administration proposals to permit oil drilling off Floridas Gulf and Atlantic coasts during the House Committee on Natural Resources meetings . Soto has also supported funding increases for the National Estuary Program the National Wildlife Refuge System program . On June 6 , 2018 , Soto passed his Shark and Billfish Protection Act out of House Natural Resources Committee . Senator Bill Nelson passed the Senate companion bill on October 2 , 2017 . Gun control . Soto received an F rating from the NRA during his first term in Congress and supported numerous gun law reforms . On February 27 , 2019 , he voted for the Universal Background Check Bill . Soto received an A rating from the NRA in 2012 , but his views on the Second Amendment changed after the 2012 Newtown Shooting . In the Florida Senate , he became a reliable vote for gun control , which ultimately led to earning a D rating from the NRA for his service there from 2013 to 2016 . After the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Soto called for a special session to prevent those on the FBIs No Fly List from purchasing firearms . Since 2017 , he has been a reliable vote for gun law reform . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 , he proposed his Gun Safety Action Plan . He listed five steps : universal background checks for gun purchases , keeping guns away from those who are a danger to themselves or others , banning assault weapons and bump stocks , creating a red-flag system to issue gun restraining orders , and disallowing anyone on the federal terrorism no-fly list from buying a gun . Soto also said gun control will be one of those litmus test issues in the 2018 midterm elections . Hurricane safety . Working with Senator Bill Nelson , Soto passed his first law in Congress on April 18 , 2017 creating a backup fleet of hurricane hunter aircraft to monitor hurricanes affecting Florida and other nearby areas . Recovery assistance . Soto is working on debt reduction and tax , healthcare , agriculture and small business relief to assist Puerto Rico in its economic recovery . He also co-signed a bipartisan letter requesting FEMA Designation of Individual Assistance for the citizens of Orange , Osceola , Polk , Lake and Seminole counties after Hurricane Irma . In 2018 , he voted to renew recovery funds to Central Florida and Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Irma and Maria . Personal life . Soto’s major hobby is music and has been writing songs and playing in bands since he was in high school . He is a singer , songwriter and guitarist for the local Orlando folk rock band Orange Creek Riders . They have played various live shows , such as Orlando Fringe Festival , Planned Parenthood’s Rock and Roe Concert , Delandapalooza , along with various political events . As part of their “Best Of” series , Orlando Weekly named Orange Creek Riders the “Best Congressional Folk Band” . He also hosts a radio show and podcast called “Rock and Politics” . His show combines current political issues with related music . On April 1 , 2018 , Sotos wife , Amanda Soto , was arrested at Walt Disney World and charged with disorderly intoxication . In a statement , Darren Soto said his wife had been in treatment for depression for years and had recently stopped taking medication in accordance with her treatment plan and under her doctors supervision . He went on to say that she deeply regrets her actions and takes full responsibility for them .
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Darren Soto took which position between Apr 2019 and May 2020?
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/wiki/Darren_Soto#P39#3
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Darren Soto Darren Michael Soto ( born February 25 , 1978 ) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from Orlando , Florida , who is the U.S . Representative for Floridas 9th district . Prior to being elected to Congress , Soto served for four years in the Florida Senate and five in the Florida House of Representatives , representing parts of the Orlando area . Early life and education . Soto was born in the neighborhood of Ringwood , New Jersey , to a Puerto Rican father , O . Lou Soto , and an Italian-American mother , Jean Soto . From 1998 to 2001 , he worked for Prudential Insurance in finance while he attended college . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 2000 , a Juris Doctor from George Washington University in 2004 , and opened his law practice the following year . Soto has a bachelors degree in economics , and attended law school at George Washington University . In 2006 , he was named class counsel in the federal class action brought on behalf of Hispanic voters against the City of Kissimmee in the U.S . District Court for the Middle District of Florida . Soto is a former member of the Civil Service Board for the City of Orlando . He served as the Treasurer of the Orange County Democrats and the Vice President of Communications for the Orange County Young Democrats ( YDs ) . He was also the YD Co-Host for their Speak Easy events that provide a monthly forum for local and state leaders to speak to young voters . My familys history is the Puerto Rican history in Florida , Soto has said . Florida House of Representatives . In 2006 , Soto ran for the Florida House of Representatives from the 40th district , unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Andy Gardiner . In April 2007 , he emerged victorious from a crowded Democratic primary in a special election to replace John Quinones , who had resigned to run for the Osceola County Commission . In the general election , Soto defeated Tony Suarez , the Republican nominee , by 285 votes . Soto was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2008 and 2010 . During his three terms in the Florida House , Soto supported laws to curb illegal street racing , passed the “John C Curry” Firefighter Death Benefit Act to protect families of fallen firefighters who died in training exercises , and the Bus Driver Notification Act to help school bus safety . Florida Senate . In 2012 , Florida Senate districts were redrawn , and Soto opted not to run for re-election in the House but instead to run for the newly created 14th district , which included predominantly Latino areas of Orange , Osceola , and Polk Counties . He won his partys nomination uncontested and faced Republican Will McBride . Soto defeated McBride with over 70% of the vote . In 2013 , Soto voted for legislation to expedite drivers license access for DREAMers but it was ultimately vetoed by Governor Rick Scott , setting off statewide protests . He unsuccessfully proposed an amendment to require jury votes of 10 jurors rather than a majority of 7 for death penalties . In 2014 , Soto passed legislation answering the Florida Supreme Courts call to give it the authority to admit immigrant lawyers to the Florida Bar . He also advocated legislation giving DREAMers in-state college tuition . He secured the initial state funding to establish a Poinciana Valencia Campus and to initiate the Lake Toho Restoration , which will clean water flowing through the Northern Everglades . In addition , he led the Democratic House and Senate Caucuses in drafting a Congressional Map during the 2014 Special Session on Redistricting . During the 2015 legislative session , Soto was fundamental in securing $11.9M in funding for Valencia Colleges Poinciana campus . Soto also successfully pushed for $20M to restore the Kissimmee River . This earned him the Champion of the Everglades award from the Audubon Society of Florida . Soto also proposed legislation to ban fracking in Florida . He secured $10M in Floridas budget to promote economic growth in Osceola County for a new facility to manufacture high-tech sensors . However , the project was vetoed by Governor Rick Scott . Soto also introduced a bill to boost minimum teacher pay to $50,000 per year . Senator Soto steered funding to his district , including $15M for the UCF Sensors Manufacturing Center , $12M to complete the construction of the Poinciana Valencia College campus , $4M in supplemental school construction money , $750k for the Northern Everglades and Lake Toho initiatives and $150k for a transition house that offers temporary housing for veterans . In 2016 , Soto supported Chloes Law to construct barriers around water bodies adjacent to state roads , the Deaf Floridians ID bill , and the Juvenile Clean Slate bill which automatically seals misdemeanor records for juveniles who reach 21 years of age and do not reoffend as adults . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Soto won the Democratic nomination to succeed Representative Alan Grayson , who had stepped down to run in the primary for U.S . Senate in Floridas 9th congressional district . Soto earned 36% of the vote in a four-way primary election . The district is Democratic-leaning and contains all of Osceola County and parts of Orange and Polk counties . Soto has represented the majority of this district while serving in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate . The Orlando Sentinel endorsed him in his primary race , calling him an effective lawmaker . Soto won the general election for the seat , defeating Republican Wayne Liebnitzky , 57–43% . - 2018 On August 28 , 2018 , Congressman Soto won the Democratic primary election with 66% of the vote , defeating a challenge from his predecessor Alan Grayson . Soto received endorsements from multiple Democratic organizations in his reelection campaign such as the National Organization for Women , Pride Fund to End Gun Violence , Giffords PAC , Democratic Environmental Caucus of Florida , National Committee to Preserve Social Security & Medicare , Equality PAC , League of Conservation Voters , Human Rights Campaign , Florida AFL-CIO , Florida Young Democrats , Orlando Professional Fire Fighters International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1365 , Central Florida Police Benevolent Association , Florida LGBTA Democratic Caucus , eMgage PAC , Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC , and Planned Parenthood . Soto also has the backing of Vice President Joe Biden , Congressman John Lewis , Congresswoman Linda Sanchez , Florida State Senator Vic Torres , along with every Florida Democratic Member of Congress . On November 6 , 2018 , Soto went on to win the general election against Republican Wayne Liebnitzky with 58% of the vote . - 2020 Soto ran for reelection to a third term and ran virtually unopposed during the Democratic primary , with only one challenger dropping out in October 2019 . During the general election on November 3 , 2020 , he defeated Bill Olson , his Republican opponent , garnering just over 56% of the vote . Tenure . Soto is the first Congressman of Puerto Rican descent elected from Florida . In his first few weeks , Soto was named by Nancy Pelosi as one of only three freshmen Members to the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee . He was also named co-chair of the House Democratic Caucus New Economy Task Force . On April 5 , 2017 , Congressman Soto along with Senator Bill Nelson passed their Hurricane Hunters bill ( HR 1008 ) by amendment to the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 . This legislation adds two backup Hurricane Hunter aircraft to the NOAA fleet to increase hurricane monitoring and preparedness . On December 23 , 2017 , Soto passed his second bill the Foreign Spill Protection Act along with co-introducer US Rep . Carlos Curbelo . The bill eliminates a $1 Billion cap on damages for foreign oil drillers , whose oil spills pollute America’s waters , to better protect Florida’s beautiful coasts . Soto introduced a bill to rename a Kissimmee Post Office ( HR 4042 ) at 1415 West Oak St after the Borinqueneers . Recently this bill passed both chambers of Congress and was signed into law on March 23 , 2018 . The Borinqueneers were a U.S Army segregated unit of Puerto Ricans who fought in WWI , WWII and Korean War with great distinction and valor . In 2014 , they were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal for their brave service to our country . Congressman Soto passed a law to protect billfish , such as marlin , spearfish , and sailfish . H.R . 4528 closes a loophole in the Billfish Conservation Act making it illegal to sell billfish in the continental United States . The law passed the U.S . House on June 25 , 2018 and was signed into law on August 2 , 2018 . Soto negotiated with Brightline ( now Virgin Trains ) to build the link between their train and SunRail , ensuring the systems are connected and saving up to $250 million in taxpayer money . When finished , this connection will give SunRail riders the opportunity to travel as far as Tampa , Miami , Ft . Lauderdale and West Palm Beach vía rail . He is tied for first for most laws passed by a freshman member of the 115th Congress . He also filed the second most bills of any freshman . Following reelection , Congressman Soto secured a spot on the Energy and Commerce Committee , stating “This appointment will give us a greater voice on behalf of our constituents to promote legislation that creates higher paying jobs , pushes for technological advances , resolves our healthcare crisis , and protects our environment while acting on climate change.” On June 24 , 2019 , Soto passed his first law of the 116th Congress , the “Strengthening Mosquito Abatement for Safety and Health ( SMASH ) Act” , which aimed to combat future Zika outbreaks in Florida , Puerto Rico and other areas . According to Soto’s office , the bill “supports and expands programs for mosquito-borne and vector-borne disease , surveillance and control” by extending $100 million in CDC grants to battle mosquitoes through 2023 and ensuring those grants are more focused on battling mosquito-borne diseases , prioritizing areas facing health crises.” On July 25 , 2019 , Congressman Soto passed the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 out of the US House in dramatic fashion , as the last bill to pass before the August District Work Period . On December 18 , 2019 , Soto voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J . Trump . In his second term , Congressman Soto worked with his Central Florida colleagues , Congresswoman Val Demings and Congresswoman Stephanie Murphy , to renew federal grants to the Central Florida region including over $30 Million for affordable housing and to prevent homelessness , $3.25 Million to fund local anti-terrorism efforts , and $1.961 Million for zero-emission Lynx Lymmo buses . Soto also assisted in securing federal grants of nearly $30 Million for Hurricane Irma disaster relief to Polk and Osceola Counties , over $3 Million for healthcare clinics in Osceola and Polk Counties , and $250,000 to improve Kissimmee and Winter Haven airports . In the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic , Soto voted in favor of all 4 pandemic relief packages including the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act 2020 , Families First Coronavirus Response Act , Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act ( CARES Act ) and Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act to help Central Florida and the whole nation combat the coronavirus crisis . He has helped lead Florida’s delegation in securing additional supplies of Remdesivir from his position on the Energy and Commerce Committee during the crisis . On May 15 , 2020 , Soto voted for the HEROES Act , which passed the U.S . House and provides further pandemic relief . This major legislation included his Save Our Homes Act which helps homeowners save their homes from foreclosure by ending forbearance agreement balloon payments . On October 2 , 2020 , Soto voted for the updated HEROES Act . This compromise legislation amended the original bill , would provide further pandemic relief and passed the U.S . House . At the time of its passage , the US Senate still had failed to pass a new pandemic relief package . On June 26 , 2020 , Soto passed legislation out of the U.S . House designating the Pulse National Memorial in recognition and memory of the 49 angels lost and 53 injured at the Pulse Nightclub Shooting . He introduced this bill along with fellow Central Floridians Congresswomen Val Demings and Stephanie Murphy . Upon its passage , Soto stated “Today , we remind the world that hate will never defeat love , grief can turn into strength and that a place of loss can become a sanctuary of healing . Together , we will continue to open minds and hearts . We will make the Pulse Memorial a national symbol of hope , love and light.” On July 1 , 2020 , Soto voted for the Moving Forward Act , a national infrastructure improvement plan . In describing the importance of this landmark bill , he stated , “As our nation continues to confront the coronavirus crisis , this legislation will create millions of good-paying jobs and equip our nation with the 21st-century infrastructure critical to growing our economy and helping our communities prosper for decades to come . Passage of this bold legislation also means more funding to help complete the I-4 Expansion quickly and safely.” Committee assignments . - United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Commerce - United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States Caucus memberships . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Congressional Hispanic Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus - New Democrat Coalition - Medicare for All Caucus - Problem Solvers Caucus Political positions . Immigration . Soto is a staunch advocate for DREAMers and has worked with fellow members of the Hispanic Caucus to pass the DREAM Act . In June 2018 , Congressman Soto traveled to Homestead , Florida to tour a detention facility with several Democratic Members of Congress where he argued against Trumps zero tolerance policy and the separation of children and families . He has been a vocal advocate in Congress for Alejandra Juarez , the wife of an Iraq combat veteran and mother of two American daughters , who was deported to Mexico recently due to Trumps zero tolerance policy . Zero tolerance literally ripped this family apart , said Rep . Darren Soto The administration is so extreme on immigration that theyre deporting the spouses of military veterans . Environmental policy . Darren is considered the greenest Member of the Florida Congressional Delegation for 2017 . He received a perfect score of 100 for his environmental issues voting record from the National League of Conservation Voters . He introduced the Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2017 ( H.R.3961 ) , which passed unanimously out of committee on January 17 , 2018 . On April 16 , 2018 , this bill passed unanimously out of the U.S . House . Soto helped lead opposition to the Trump Administration proposals to permit oil drilling off Floridas Gulf and Atlantic coasts during the House Committee on Natural Resources meetings . Soto has also supported funding increases for the National Estuary Program the National Wildlife Refuge System program . On June 6 , 2018 , Soto passed his Shark and Billfish Protection Act out of House Natural Resources Committee . Senator Bill Nelson passed the Senate companion bill on October 2 , 2017 . Gun control . Soto received an F rating from the NRA during his first term in Congress and supported numerous gun law reforms . On February 27 , 2019 , he voted for the Universal Background Check Bill . Soto received an A rating from the NRA in 2012 , but his views on the Second Amendment changed after the 2012 Newtown Shooting . In the Florida Senate , he became a reliable vote for gun control , which ultimately led to earning a D rating from the NRA for his service there from 2013 to 2016 . After the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Soto called for a special session to prevent those on the FBIs No Fly List from purchasing firearms . Since 2017 , he has been a reliable vote for gun law reform . After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 , he proposed his Gun Safety Action Plan . He listed five steps : universal background checks for gun purchases , keeping guns away from those who are a danger to themselves or others , banning assault weapons and bump stocks , creating a red-flag system to issue gun restraining orders , and disallowing anyone on the federal terrorism no-fly list from buying a gun . Soto also said gun control will be one of those litmus test issues in the 2018 midterm elections . Hurricane safety . Working with Senator Bill Nelson , Soto passed his first law in Congress on April 18 , 2017 creating a backup fleet of hurricane hunter aircraft to monitor hurricanes affecting Florida and other nearby areas . Recovery assistance . Soto is working on debt reduction and tax , healthcare , agriculture and small business relief to assist Puerto Rico in its economic recovery . He also co-signed a bipartisan letter requesting FEMA Designation of Individual Assistance for the citizens of Orange , Osceola , Polk , Lake and Seminole counties after Hurricane Irma . In 2018 , he voted to renew recovery funds to Central Florida and Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Irma and Maria . Personal life . Soto’s major hobby is music and has been writing songs and playing in bands since he was in high school . He is a singer , songwriter and guitarist for the local Orlando folk rock band Orange Creek Riders . They have played various live shows , such as Orlando Fringe Festival , Planned Parenthood’s Rock and Roe Concert , Delandapalooza , along with various political events . As part of their “Best Of” series , Orlando Weekly named Orange Creek Riders the “Best Congressional Folk Band” . He also hosts a radio show and podcast called “Rock and Politics” . His show combines current political issues with related music . On April 1 , 2018 , Sotos wife , Amanda Soto , was arrested at Walt Disney World and charged with disorderly intoxication . In a statement , Darren Soto said his wife had been in treatment for depression for years and had recently stopped taking medication in accordance with her treatment plan and under her doctors supervision . He went on to say that she deeply regrets her actions and takes full responsibility for them .
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Which team did Edwin van der Sar play for before Jul 1994?
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/wiki/Edwin_van_der_Sar#P54#0
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Edwin van der Sar Edwin van der Sar ( ) ( born 29 October 1970 ) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax , with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s ; he is considered to be a member of the clubs golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995 . A goalkeeper , he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999 , where he spent two years before moving to England , first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005 . There he won a second Champions League title in 2008 , making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club . He retired as a professional in 2011 , but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk , for whom he had previously played as a youth . He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team , and was the nations most-capped player until 2017 , when he was overtaken by Wesley Sneijder . Van der Sar is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time . He is also one of the most successful footballers ever , having won 26 major trophies in his career , mainly at Ajax and Manchester United . During the 2008–09 season , he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes . He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League , having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days . Van der Sar has won several individual awards , including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009 , and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009 . Club career . Ajax . Born in Voorhout , Van der Sar began his career at his hometown club , Foreholte , and then VV Noordwijk . At a relatively late age , he was brought to the attention of Louis van Gaal , and subsequently signed for Ajax . Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by Louis van Gaal . He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side , winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup ( albeit only as the reserve , making no appearances in the run ) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League ( by now the starting goalkeeper ) , as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award , besides domestic honours . He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final , but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus . He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax , and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season . In his first full season as Ajax No . 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year , he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years . Juventus . In 1999 , Van der Sars stature as one of Europes top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United , who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel ; however , Van der Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million . He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi . He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club . He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy , making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti , with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion . He performed well in his first season , winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup , and helping the club compete for the Serie A title . On the final day of the 1999–2000 season , however , Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio , after Van der Sar was beaten by Alessandro Caloris volley ; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point . The following season was less successful , however , as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League , while Van der Sar committed several errors , including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma , on 6 May 2001 , when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakatas shot , allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2 ; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions . Van der Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001 , after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire ( approximately £32.6 million ) , a world-record fee for a goalkeeper . Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon , Van der Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A . Fulham . On 1 August 2001 , Van der Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million , signing a four-year contract . The following day , Van der Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham , and upon his arrival , he described the move as a nice friendly atmosphere and that he felt appreciated . He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United . In total , he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham . In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club , he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw . His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson . Manchester United . Van der Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million , although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed . Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel . On 5 May 2007 , his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby . The following day , Chelseas failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester Uniteds ninth Premier League trophy and Van der Sars first . He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year . Three months later , he was a catalyst in Manchester Uniteds 16th FA Community Shield victory , as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time . The 2007–08 season was Van der Sars best season since his arrival ; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury . He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season . On 27 January 2009 , Van der Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the clubs 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal , beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season . He then broke the overall English league record in the clubs following game four days later , beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes , set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979 . Another clean sheet , against West Ham on 8 February 2009 , extended the record to 1,212 minutes , beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeens Bobby Clark in 1971 . Finally , on 18 February 2009 , Van der Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes , and in doing so , he broke José María Buljubasichs single-season world record of 1,289 minutes , set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005 . His clean sheet record ended on 4 March , when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes . In total , Van der Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league . These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool . With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09 . However , he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009 . Nevertheless , he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time , 14 years after he first won it at Ajax . He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players Player of the Year award , which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs ; however , Van der Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year . Van der Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament , forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester Uniteds 2009–10 season . On 6 October 2009 , Van der Sar returned to action for United , playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton . On 17 October 2009 , he returned to action in the first team , playing in Uniteds 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers . On 21 November 2009 , Van der Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games , with the combination of the Dutchmans wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas . On 16 January 2010 , Van der Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season . On 23 December 2010 , British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed Van der Sar would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season . Although he denied the reports at the time , Van der Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention . On 12 March , Van der Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves . United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio . He was included in the PFA Team of the Year , making his third appearance there , others in 2007 and 2008 . On 22 May 2011 , he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool resulting in Blackpools relegation from the Premier League . He captained United as a farewell treat . His last game for United was against Barcelona in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May , which United lost 3–1 ; at 40 years , 211 days he was the oldest male player to feature in a European Cup final in the Champions League era , with Dino Zoff holding the all-time record at 41 years , 86 days , when he appeared in the 1983 European Cup Final . Following the match , van der Sar retired from active football . International career . Van der Sar was included in the Netherlands 1994 World Cup squad but did not play . He had to wait until 7 June 1995 for his international debut , against Belarus . He was in goal for three successive eliminations from major competitions by penalties : Euro 96 , the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 . The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after competing with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland and so during all of his career with the Netherlands , he had missed one tournament . 1998 World Cup . Van der Sar backstopped the Netherlands to the semi-finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , where they were eliminated by Brazil 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw . In the third-place playoff , Netherlands lost to upstart Croatia 2–1 . In the quarter-finals against Argentina , Van der Sar confronted Ariel Ortega after Ortega received a yellow card for a dive in the penalty area ; the Argentine was then sent off for headbutting Van der Sar . Shortly after Ortegas red card , Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal in Netherlands 2–1 victory . Euro 2000 . Van der Sar started the Netherlands first two group games at UEFA Euro 2000 , but suffered an injury in the closing stages of their 3–0 win over Denmark and was replaced by Sander Westerveld for the final group match against France . Van der Sar returned for the quarter-finals , but was again replaced by Westerveld after 65 minutes , by which point the Netherlands had a 4–0 lead . Van der Sar kept another clean sheet in the semi-final against Italy , resulting in a goalless draw after Frank de Boer and Patrick Kluivert both failed to score from the penalty spot in regulation time . The match went to a penalty shoot-out , and although Van der Sar saved the effort from Italy captain Paolo Maldini , the Netherlands scored just one of their four kicks and lost 3–1 . Van der Sar finished the tournament without conceding a single goal , but was left out of the Team of the Tournament in favour of Frances Fabien Barthez and Italys Francesco Toldo . Euro 2004 . During the penalty shoot-out after the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden , Van der Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg , as the Netherlands won the shoot-out 5–4 and advanced to the semi-finals , where they lost to hosts Portugal . 2006 World Cup . Prior to the 2006 World Cup group match against Côte dIvoire , Van der Sar had not conceded a goal in nine consecutive competitive matches . As captain of the Netherlands , he broke Frank de Boers record of all-time caps for his country in the 2006 World Cup second-round match against Portugal . Euro 2008 . On his 37th birthday , Van der Sar was interviewed by Radio 538 and stated that he intended to retire from international football after Euro 2008 . Prior to the tournament , he was instrumental in bringing an end to a long-time dispute between veteran striker Ruud van Nistelrooy and manager Marco van Basten . He was the captain in their impressive 3–0 victory over Italy on 9 June 2008 , and also on 13 June for the 4–1 victory over France . On 21 June , he played in the 3–1 quarter-final loss against Russia , which was believed to be his final international . This was his 16th appearance in a European Championship finals match , with which he equalled the record set by Lilian Thuram a few days earlier . Along with 22 other players Van der Sar was named in the team of the tournament . Following Euro 2008 , Van der Sar had the distinction of playing more minutes at the European Football Championship than any other player . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 3 October 2008 , at the urging of new coach Bert van Marwijk , Van der Sar agreed to come out of international retirement for the Netherlands 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Iceland and Norway after injuries to Maarten Stekelenburg and Henk Timmer made both unavailable for the two games . Van der Sar kept a clean sheet in both matches , which were won by the Dutch 2–0 and 1–0 respectively . In Oslo , the Dutch defeated Norway 1–0 courtesy of a Mark van Bommel goal , thus ensuring a fitting send-off for Van der Sar who earned his 130th cap during that match , a record for a Dutch player , and put him in the top forty most capped players of all time . He remained the Dutch teams most capped player until Wesley Sneijder surpassed him in 2017 . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest and most complete keepers in football history , Van der Sar was a large , athletic , yet slender goalkeeper , who excelled at coming off his line to handle crosses due to his height and physique ; an intelligent goalkeeper , in addition to his reflexes , excellent positional sense , and shot-stopping abilities , he was also known for his calm composure , longevity , and his ability to organise his defence . Furthermore , he was also effective at stopping penalties . However , Van der Sar was known in particular for his skill with the ball at his feet , as well as his accurate distribution with either foot , which gave him the ability to launch counter-attacks from his area with long balls , or build attacking plays by playing the ball out from the back on the ground . Due to his ability in possession of the ball , and to rush off his line , he also functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion throughout his career , in particular during his time with Ajax . Post-playing career . On 3 August 2011 , a testimonial was played at the Amsterdam Arena in honour of Van der Sar . The match featured the goalkeepers dream team , consisting of Wayne Rooney , John Heitinga , Louis Saha , Rio Ferdinand , Ryan Giggs , Paul Scholes , Nemanja Vidić , André Ooijer , Dirk Kuyt , Gary Neville , Michael Carrick , Edgar Davids , Giovanni van Bronckhorst , Boudewijn Zenden and Dennis Bergkamp with Alex Ferguson as manager . They faced the current Ajax first team , led by Frank de Boer . Prior to this match two shorter matches took place . One featured the Ajax and Manchester United youth teams , and another one featured Ajaxs 1995 squad against the Netherlands national team of 1998 . The Ajax squad featured among others Finidi George , Nwankwo Kanu , Frank de Boer , Winston Bogarde , Nordin Wooter , Ronald de Boer , Danny Blind , Patrick Kluivert , Marc Overmars and Frank Rijkaard with it being managed by Louis van Gaal . The Netherlands squad featured among others Wim Jonk , Dennis Bergkamp , Roy Makaay , Ruud Hesp , Aron Winter , Richard Witschge and Pierre van Hooijdonk with it being managed by Guus Hiddink . The viewership numbers in the Netherlands alone peaked at 2 million and it had a 26% total market share . The income generated by the match was to be donated to two charities ( Make a Wish Foundation and Laureus ) ; it generated so much money , however , that Van der Sar announced afterwards he would be starting his own charitable foundation to help spend the money . During the event , it was announced that Van der Sar would be working as an analyst for the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting covering the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Van der Sars son , Joe , made written comments stating his father would be working as a goalkeeping coach at Ajax within five years . Van der Sar himself said he did not want to make a full commitment to this , but confirmed it was likely and he was interested in building up his coaching career slowly , starting at the lower levels . On 27 May 2012 , Van der Sar participated in the Soccer Aid 2012 Match , playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half , making a full-length save from John Bishop . He was replaced at half-time by comedian Patrick Kielty . He also took part in the Soccer Aid 2014 match on 8 June 2014 , again playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half before being once again replaced at half time by Patrick Kielty . Van der Sar took on a role as Ajaxs marketing director on 19 November 2012 . He was promoted in late 2016 to the role of CEO . Personal life . Van der Sar and his wife Annemarie van Kesteren have two children . The couples wedding ceremony took place at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam , on 20 May 2006 . Van der Sars son , Joe , was on the pitch celebrating when his father saved a penalty in the Netherlands 5–4 shoot-out victory over Sweden in the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2004 . In December 2009 , Van Kesteren was admitted to the hospital just two days before Christmas , reports said she had suffered a suspected brain haemorrhage and was in a very poor condition . Van der Sar was granted indefinite leave following his wifes collapse , and it is understood that she has made a good recovery , with no long-term effects . On 12 March 2016 , Van der Sar made a brief return to football to play a single match for his former youth club VV Noordwijk . Noordwijk , playing in the amateur fifth tier , had suffered an injury crisis . He saved a penalty and conceded a goal in the match as they drew 1–1 with Jodan Boys . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Fulham - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2002 Manchester United - Premier League : 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Football League Cup : 2005–06 - FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 - UEFA Champions League : 2007–08 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Individual - Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 - Best European Goalkeeper : 1995 , 2009 - ESM Team of the Year : 1995–96 , 2008–09 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 ( Reserve ) - Dutch Golden Shoe : 1998 - IFFHS Worlds Best Goalkeeper : Bronze ball 1998 , 2008 - FIFA FIFPro World XI Nominee : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Premier League Merit Award : 2008–09 - Premier League Golden Glove : 2008–09 - UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year : 2009 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2004 Orders - Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau : 2010 - JFK Greatest Man Award : 29 October 2011
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Edwin van der Sar Edwin van der Sar ( ) ( born 29 October 1970 ) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax , with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s ; he is considered to be a member of the clubs golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995 . A goalkeeper , he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999 , where he spent two years before moving to England , first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005 . There he won a second Champions League title in 2008 , making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club . He retired as a professional in 2011 , but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk , for whom he had previously played as a youth . He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team , and was the nations most-capped player until 2017 , when he was overtaken by Wesley Sneijder . Van der Sar is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time . He is also one of the most successful footballers ever , having won 26 major trophies in his career , mainly at Ajax and Manchester United . During the 2008–09 season , he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes . He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League , having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days . Van der Sar has won several individual awards , including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009 , and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009 . Club career . Ajax . Born in Voorhout , Van der Sar began his career at his hometown club , Foreholte , and then VV Noordwijk . At a relatively late age , he was brought to the attention of Louis van Gaal , and subsequently signed for Ajax . Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by Louis van Gaal . He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side , winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup ( albeit only as the reserve , making no appearances in the run ) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League ( by now the starting goalkeeper ) , as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award , besides domestic honours . He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final , but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus . He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax , and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season . In his first full season as Ajax No . 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year , he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years . Juventus . In 1999 , Van der Sars stature as one of Europes top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United , who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel ; however , Van der Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million . He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi . He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club . He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy , making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti , with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion . He performed well in his first season , winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup , and helping the club compete for the Serie A title . On the final day of the 1999–2000 season , however , Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio , after Van der Sar was beaten by Alessandro Caloris volley ; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point . The following season was less successful , however , as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League , while Van der Sar committed several errors , including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma , on 6 May 2001 , when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakatas shot , allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2 ; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions . Van der Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001 , after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire ( approximately £32.6 million ) , a world-record fee for a goalkeeper . Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon , Van der Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A . Fulham . On 1 August 2001 , Van der Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million , signing a four-year contract . The following day , Van der Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham , and upon his arrival , he described the move as a nice friendly atmosphere and that he felt appreciated . He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United . In total , he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham . In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club , he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw . His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson . Manchester United . Van der Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million , although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed . Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel . On 5 May 2007 , his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby . The following day , Chelseas failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester Uniteds ninth Premier League trophy and Van der Sars first . He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year . Three months later , he was a catalyst in Manchester Uniteds 16th FA Community Shield victory , as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time . The 2007–08 season was Van der Sars best season since his arrival ; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury . He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season . On 27 January 2009 , Van der Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the clubs 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal , beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season . He then broke the overall English league record in the clubs following game four days later , beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes , set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979 . Another clean sheet , against West Ham on 8 February 2009 , extended the record to 1,212 minutes , beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeens Bobby Clark in 1971 . Finally , on 18 February 2009 , Van der Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes , and in doing so , he broke José María Buljubasichs single-season world record of 1,289 minutes , set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005 . His clean sheet record ended on 4 March , when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes . In total , Van der Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league . These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool . With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09 . However , he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009 . Nevertheless , he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time , 14 years after he first won it at Ajax . He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players Player of the Year award , which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs ; however , Van der Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year . Van der Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament , forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester Uniteds 2009–10 season . On 6 October 2009 , Van der Sar returned to action for United , playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton . On 17 October 2009 , he returned to action in the first team , playing in Uniteds 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers . On 21 November 2009 , Van der Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games , with the combination of the Dutchmans wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas . On 16 January 2010 , Van der Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season . On 23 December 2010 , British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed Van der Sar would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season . Although he denied the reports at the time , Van der Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention . On 12 March , Van der Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves . United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio . He was included in the PFA Team of the Year , making his third appearance there , others in 2007 and 2008 . On 22 May 2011 , he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool resulting in Blackpools relegation from the Premier League . He captained United as a farewell treat . His last game for United was against Barcelona in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May , which United lost 3–1 ; at 40 years , 211 days he was the oldest male player to feature in a European Cup final in the Champions League era , with Dino Zoff holding the all-time record at 41 years , 86 days , when he appeared in the 1983 European Cup Final . Following the match , van der Sar retired from active football . International career . Van der Sar was included in the Netherlands 1994 World Cup squad but did not play . He had to wait until 7 June 1995 for his international debut , against Belarus . He was in goal for three successive eliminations from major competitions by penalties : Euro 96 , the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 . The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after competing with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland and so during all of his career with the Netherlands , he had missed one tournament . 1998 World Cup . Van der Sar backstopped the Netherlands to the semi-finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , where they were eliminated by Brazil 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw . In the third-place playoff , Netherlands lost to upstart Croatia 2–1 . In the quarter-finals against Argentina , Van der Sar confronted Ariel Ortega after Ortega received a yellow card for a dive in the penalty area ; the Argentine was then sent off for headbutting Van der Sar . Shortly after Ortegas red card , Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal in Netherlands 2–1 victory . Euro 2000 . Van der Sar started the Netherlands first two group games at UEFA Euro 2000 , but suffered an injury in the closing stages of their 3–0 win over Denmark and was replaced by Sander Westerveld for the final group match against France . Van der Sar returned for the quarter-finals , but was again replaced by Westerveld after 65 minutes , by which point the Netherlands had a 4–0 lead . Van der Sar kept another clean sheet in the semi-final against Italy , resulting in a goalless draw after Frank de Boer and Patrick Kluivert both failed to score from the penalty spot in regulation time . The match went to a penalty shoot-out , and although Van der Sar saved the effort from Italy captain Paolo Maldini , the Netherlands scored just one of their four kicks and lost 3–1 . Van der Sar finished the tournament without conceding a single goal , but was left out of the Team of the Tournament in favour of Frances Fabien Barthez and Italys Francesco Toldo . Euro 2004 . During the penalty shoot-out after the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden , Van der Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg , as the Netherlands won the shoot-out 5–4 and advanced to the semi-finals , where they lost to hosts Portugal . 2006 World Cup . Prior to the 2006 World Cup group match against Côte dIvoire , Van der Sar had not conceded a goal in nine consecutive competitive matches . As captain of the Netherlands , he broke Frank de Boers record of all-time caps for his country in the 2006 World Cup second-round match against Portugal . Euro 2008 . On his 37th birthday , Van der Sar was interviewed by Radio 538 and stated that he intended to retire from international football after Euro 2008 . Prior to the tournament , he was instrumental in bringing an end to a long-time dispute between veteran striker Ruud van Nistelrooy and manager Marco van Basten . He was the captain in their impressive 3–0 victory over Italy on 9 June 2008 , and also on 13 June for the 4–1 victory over France . On 21 June , he played in the 3–1 quarter-final loss against Russia , which was believed to be his final international . This was his 16th appearance in a European Championship finals match , with which he equalled the record set by Lilian Thuram a few days earlier . Along with 22 other players Van der Sar was named in the team of the tournament . Following Euro 2008 , Van der Sar had the distinction of playing more minutes at the European Football Championship than any other player . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 3 October 2008 , at the urging of new coach Bert van Marwijk , Van der Sar agreed to come out of international retirement for the Netherlands 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Iceland and Norway after injuries to Maarten Stekelenburg and Henk Timmer made both unavailable for the two games . Van der Sar kept a clean sheet in both matches , which were won by the Dutch 2–0 and 1–0 respectively . In Oslo , the Dutch defeated Norway 1–0 courtesy of a Mark van Bommel goal , thus ensuring a fitting send-off for Van der Sar who earned his 130th cap during that match , a record for a Dutch player , and put him in the top forty most capped players of all time . He remained the Dutch teams most capped player until Wesley Sneijder surpassed him in 2017 . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest and most complete keepers in football history , Van der Sar was a large , athletic , yet slender goalkeeper , who excelled at coming off his line to handle crosses due to his height and physique ; an intelligent goalkeeper , in addition to his reflexes , excellent positional sense , and shot-stopping abilities , he was also known for his calm composure , longevity , and his ability to organise his defence . Furthermore , he was also effective at stopping penalties . However , Van der Sar was known in particular for his skill with the ball at his feet , as well as his accurate distribution with either foot , which gave him the ability to launch counter-attacks from his area with long balls , or build attacking plays by playing the ball out from the back on the ground . Due to his ability in possession of the ball , and to rush off his line , he also functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion throughout his career , in particular during his time with Ajax . Post-playing career . On 3 August 2011 , a testimonial was played at the Amsterdam Arena in honour of Van der Sar . The match featured the goalkeepers dream team , consisting of Wayne Rooney , John Heitinga , Louis Saha , Rio Ferdinand , Ryan Giggs , Paul Scholes , Nemanja Vidić , André Ooijer , Dirk Kuyt , Gary Neville , Michael Carrick , Edgar Davids , Giovanni van Bronckhorst , Boudewijn Zenden and Dennis Bergkamp with Alex Ferguson as manager . They faced the current Ajax first team , led by Frank de Boer . Prior to this match two shorter matches took place . One featured the Ajax and Manchester United youth teams , and another one featured Ajaxs 1995 squad against the Netherlands national team of 1998 . The Ajax squad featured among others Finidi George , Nwankwo Kanu , Frank de Boer , Winston Bogarde , Nordin Wooter , Ronald de Boer , Danny Blind , Patrick Kluivert , Marc Overmars and Frank Rijkaard with it being managed by Louis van Gaal . The Netherlands squad featured among others Wim Jonk , Dennis Bergkamp , Roy Makaay , Ruud Hesp , Aron Winter , Richard Witschge and Pierre van Hooijdonk with it being managed by Guus Hiddink . The viewership numbers in the Netherlands alone peaked at 2 million and it had a 26% total market share . The income generated by the match was to be donated to two charities ( Make a Wish Foundation and Laureus ) ; it generated so much money , however , that Van der Sar announced afterwards he would be starting his own charitable foundation to help spend the money . During the event , it was announced that Van der Sar would be working as an analyst for the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting covering the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Van der Sars son , Joe , made written comments stating his father would be working as a goalkeeping coach at Ajax within five years . Van der Sar himself said he did not want to make a full commitment to this , but confirmed it was likely and he was interested in building up his coaching career slowly , starting at the lower levels . On 27 May 2012 , Van der Sar participated in the Soccer Aid 2012 Match , playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half , making a full-length save from John Bishop . He was replaced at half-time by comedian Patrick Kielty . He also took part in the Soccer Aid 2014 match on 8 June 2014 , again playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half before being once again replaced at half time by Patrick Kielty . Van der Sar took on a role as Ajaxs marketing director on 19 November 2012 . He was promoted in late 2016 to the role of CEO . Personal life . Van der Sar and his wife Annemarie van Kesteren have two children . The couples wedding ceremony took place at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam , on 20 May 2006 . Van der Sars son , Joe , was on the pitch celebrating when his father saved a penalty in the Netherlands 5–4 shoot-out victory over Sweden in the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2004 . In December 2009 , Van Kesteren was admitted to the hospital just two days before Christmas , reports said she had suffered a suspected brain haemorrhage and was in a very poor condition . Van der Sar was granted indefinite leave following his wifes collapse , and it is understood that she has made a good recovery , with no long-term effects . On 12 March 2016 , Van der Sar made a brief return to football to play a single match for his former youth club VV Noordwijk . Noordwijk , playing in the amateur fifth tier , had suffered an injury crisis . He saved a penalty and conceded a goal in the match as they drew 1–1 with Jodan Boys . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Fulham - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2002 Manchester United - Premier League : 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Football League Cup : 2005–06 - FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 - UEFA Champions League : 2007–08 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Individual - Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 - Best European Goalkeeper : 1995 , 2009 - ESM Team of the Year : 1995–96 , 2008–09 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 ( Reserve ) - Dutch Golden Shoe : 1998 - IFFHS Worlds Best Goalkeeper : Bronze ball 1998 , 2008 - FIFA FIFPro World XI Nominee : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Premier League Merit Award : 2008–09 - Premier League Golden Glove : 2008–09 - UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year : 2009 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2004 Orders - Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau : 2010 - JFK Greatest Man Award : 29 October 2011
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Which team did Edwin van der Sar play for between Feb 2004 and Nov 2004?
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/wiki/Edwin_van_der_Sar#P54#2
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Edwin van der Sar Edwin van der Sar ( ) ( born 29 October 1970 ) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax , with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s ; he is considered to be a member of the clubs golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995 . A goalkeeper , he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999 , where he spent two years before moving to England , first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005 . There he won a second Champions League title in 2008 , making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club . He retired as a professional in 2011 , but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk , for whom he had previously played as a youth . He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team , and was the nations most-capped player until 2017 , when he was overtaken by Wesley Sneijder . Van der Sar is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time . He is also one of the most successful footballers ever , having won 26 major trophies in his career , mainly at Ajax and Manchester United . During the 2008–09 season , he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes . He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League , having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days . Van der Sar has won several individual awards , including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009 , and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009 . Club career . Ajax . Born in Voorhout , Van der Sar began his career at his hometown club , Foreholte , and then VV Noordwijk . At a relatively late age , he was brought to the attention of Louis van Gaal , and subsequently signed for Ajax . Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by Louis van Gaal . He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side , winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup ( albeit only as the reserve , making no appearances in the run ) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League ( by now the starting goalkeeper ) , as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award , besides domestic honours . He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final , but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus . He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax , and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season . In his first full season as Ajax No . 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year , he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years . Juventus . In 1999 , Van der Sars stature as one of Europes top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United , who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel ; however , Van der Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million . He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi . He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club . He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy , making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti , with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion . He performed well in his first season , winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup , and helping the club compete for the Serie A title . On the final day of the 1999–2000 season , however , Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio , after Van der Sar was beaten by Alessandro Caloris volley ; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point . The following season was less successful , however , as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League , while Van der Sar committed several errors , including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma , on 6 May 2001 , when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakatas shot , allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2 ; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions . Van der Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001 , after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire ( approximately £32.6 million ) , a world-record fee for a goalkeeper . Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon , Van der Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A . Fulham . On 1 August 2001 , Van der Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million , signing a four-year contract . The following day , Van der Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham , and upon his arrival , he described the move as a nice friendly atmosphere and that he felt appreciated . He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United . In total , he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham . In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club , he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw . His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson . Manchester United . Van der Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million , although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed . Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel . On 5 May 2007 , his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby . The following day , Chelseas failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester Uniteds ninth Premier League trophy and Van der Sars first . He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year . Three months later , he was a catalyst in Manchester Uniteds 16th FA Community Shield victory , as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time . The 2007–08 season was Van der Sars best season since his arrival ; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury . He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season . On 27 January 2009 , Van der Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the clubs 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal , beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season . He then broke the overall English league record in the clubs following game four days later , beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes , set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979 . Another clean sheet , against West Ham on 8 February 2009 , extended the record to 1,212 minutes , beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeens Bobby Clark in 1971 . Finally , on 18 February 2009 , Van der Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes , and in doing so , he broke José María Buljubasichs single-season world record of 1,289 minutes , set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005 . His clean sheet record ended on 4 March , when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes . In total , Van der Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league . These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool . With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09 . However , he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009 . Nevertheless , he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time , 14 years after he first won it at Ajax . He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players Player of the Year award , which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs ; however , Van der Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year . Van der Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament , forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester Uniteds 2009–10 season . On 6 October 2009 , Van der Sar returned to action for United , playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton . On 17 October 2009 , he returned to action in the first team , playing in Uniteds 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers . On 21 November 2009 , Van der Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games , with the combination of the Dutchmans wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas . On 16 January 2010 , Van der Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season . On 23 December 2010 , British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed Van der Sar would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season . Although he denied the reports at the time , Van der Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention . On 12 March , Van der Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves . United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio . He was included in the PFA Team of the Year , making his third appearance there , others in 2007 and 2008 . On 22 May 2011 , he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool resulting in Blackpools relegation from the Premier League . He captained United as a farewell treat . His last game for United was against Barcelona in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May , which United lost 3–1 ; at 40 years , 211 days he was the oldest male player to feature in a European Cup final in the Champions League era , with Dino Zoff holding the all-time record at 41 years , 86 days , when he appeared in the 1983 European Cup Final . Following the match , van der Sar retired from active football . International career . Van der Sar was included in the Netherlands 1994 World Cup squad but did not play . He had to wait until 7 June 1995 for his international debut , against Belarus . He was in goal for three successive eliminations from major competitions by penalties : Euro 96 , the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 . The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after competing with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland and so during all of his career with the Netherlands , he had missed one tournament . 1998 World Cup . Van der Sar backstopped the Netherlands to the semi-finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , where they were eliminated by Brazil 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw . In the third-place playoff , Netherlands lost to upstart Croatia 2–1 . In the quarter-finals against Argentina , Van der Sar confronted Ariel Ortega after Ortega received a yellow card for a dive in the penalty area ; the Argentine was then sent off for headbutting Van der Sar . Shortly after Ortegas red card , Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal in Netherlands 2–1 victory . Euro 2000 . Van der Sar started the Netherlands first two group games at UEFA Euro 2000 , but suffered an injury in the closing stages of their 3–0 win over Denmark and was replaced by Sander Westerveld for the final group match against France . Van der Sar returned for the quarter-finals , but was again replaced by Westerveld after 65 minutes , by which point the Netherlands had a 4–0 lead . Van der Sar kept another clean sheet in the semi-final against Italy , resulting in a goalless draw after Frank de Boer and Patrick Kluivert both failed to score from the penalty spot in regulation time . The match went to a penalty shoot-out , and although Van der Sar saved the effort from Italy captain Paolo Maldini , the Netherlands scored just one of their four kicks and lost 3–1 . Van der Sar finished the tournament without conceding a single goal , but was left out of the Team of the Tournament in favour of Frances Fabien Barthez and Italys Francesco Toldo . Euro 2004 . During the penalty shoot-out after the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden , Van der Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg , as the Netherlands won the shoot-out 5–4 and advanced to the semi-finals , where they lost to hosts Portugal . 2006 World Cup . Prior to the 2006 World Cup group match against Côte dIvoire , Van der Sar had not conceded a goal in nine consecutive competitive matches . As captain of the Netherlands , he broke Frank de Boers record of all-time caps for his country in the 2006 World Cup second-round match against Portugal . Euro 2008 . On his 37th birthday , Van der Sar was interviewed by Radio 538 and stated that he intended to retire from international football after Euro 2008 . Prior to the tournament , he was instrumental in bringing an end to a long-time dispute between veteran striker Ruud van Nistelrooy and manager Marco van Basten . He was the captain in their impressive 3–0 victory over Italy on 9 June 2008 , and also on 13 June for the 4–1 victory over France . On 21 June , he played in the 3–1 quarter-final loss against Russia , which was believed to be his final international . This was his 16th appearance in a European Championship finals match , with which he equalled the record set by Lilian Thuram a few days earlier . Along with 22 other players Van der Sar was named in the team of the tournament . Following Euro 2008 , Van der Sar had the distinction of playing more minutes at the European Football Championship than any other player . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 3 October 2008 , at the urging of new coach Bert van Marwijk , Van der Sar agreed to come out of international retirement for the Netherlands 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Iceland and Norway after injuries to Maarten Stekelenburg and Henk Timmer made both unavailable for the two games . Van der Sar kept a clean sheet in both matches , which were won by the Dutch 2–0 and 1–0 respectively . In Oslo , the Dutch defeated Norway 1–0 courtesy of a Mark van Bommel goal , thus ensuring a fitting send-off for Van der Sar who earned his 130th cap during that match , a record for a Dutch player , and put him in the top forty most capped players of all time . He remained the Dutch teams most capped player until Wesley Sneijder surpassed him in 2017 . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest and most complete keepers in football history , Van der Sar was a large , athletic , yet slender goalkeeper , who excelled at coming off his line to handle crosses due to his height and physique ; an intelligent goalkeeper , in addition to his reflexes , excellent positional sense , and shot-stopping abilities , he was also known for his calm composure , longevity , and his ability to organise his defence . Furthermore , he was also effective at stopping penalties . However , Van der Sar was known in particular for his skill with the ball at his feet , as well as his accurate distribution with either foot , which gave him the ability to launch counter-attacks from his area with long balls , or build attacking plays by playing the ball out from the back on the ground . Due to his ability in possession of the ball , and to rush off his line , he also functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion throughout his career , in particular during his time with Ajax . Post-playing career . On 3 August 2011 , a testimonial was played at the Amsterdam Arena in honour of Van der Sar . The match featured the goalkeepers dream team , consisting of Wayne Rooney , John Heitinga , Louis Saha , Rio Ferdinand , Ryan Giggs , Paul Scholes , Nemanja Vidić , André Ooijer , Dirk Kuyt , Gary Neville , Michael Carrick , Edgar Davids , Giovanni van Bronckhorst , Boudewijn Zenden and Dennis Bergkamp with Alex Ferguson as manager . They faced the current Ajax first team , led by Frank de Boer . Prior to this match two shorter matches took place . One featured the Ajax and Manchester United youth teams , and another one featured Ajaxs 1995 squad against the Netherlands national team of 1998 . The Ajax squad featured among others Finidi George , Nwankwo Kanu , Frank de Boer , Winston Bogarde , Nordin Wooter , Ronald de Boer , Danny Blind , Patrick Kluivert , Marc Overmars and Frank Rijkaard with it being managed by Louis van Gaal . The Netherlands squad featured among others Wim Jonk , Dennis Bergkamp , Roy Makaay , Ruud Hesp , Aron Winter , Richard Witschge and Pierre van Hooijdonk with it being managed by Guus Hiddink . The viewership numbers in the Netherlands alone peaked at 2 million and it had a 26% total market share . The income generated by the match was to be donated to two charities ( Make a Wish Foundation and Laureus ) ; it generated so much money , however , that Van der Sar announced afterwards he would be starting his own charitable foundation to help spend the money . During the event , it was announced that Van der Sar would be working as an analyst for the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting covering the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Van der Sars son , Joe , made written comments stating his father would be working as a goalkeeping coach at Ajax within five years . Van der Sar himself said he did not want to make a full commitment to this , but confirmed it was likely and he was interested in building up his coaching career slowly , starting at the lower levels . On 27 May 2012 , Van der Sar participated in the Soccer Aid 2012 Match , playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half , making a full-length save from John Bishop . He was replaced at half-time by comedian Patrick Kielty . He also took part in the Soccer Aid 2014 match on 8 June 2014 , again playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half before being once again replaced at half time by Patrick Kielty . Van der Sar took on a role as Ajaxs marketing director on 19 November 2012 . He was promoted in late 2016 to the role of CEO . Personal life . Van der Sar and his wife Annemarie van Kesteren have two children . The couples wedding ceremony took place at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam , on 20 May 2006 . Van der Sars son , Joe , was on the pitch celebrating when his father saved a penalty in the Netherlands 5–4 shoot-out victory over Sweden in the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2004 . In December 2009 , Van Kesteren was admitted to the hospital just two days before Christmas , reports said she had suffered a suspected brain haemorrhage and was in a very poor condition . Van der Sar was granted indefinite leave following his wifes collapse , and it is understood that she has made a good recovery , with no long-term effects . On 12 March 2016 , Van der Sar made a brief return to football to play a single match for his former youth club VV Noordwijk . Noordwijk , playing in the amateur fifth tier , had suffered an injury crisis . He saved a penalty and conceded a goal in the match as they drew 1–1 with Jodan Boys . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Fulham - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2002 Manchester United - Premier League : 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Football League Cup : 2005–06 - FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 - UEFA Champions League : 2007–08 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Individual - Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 - Best European Goalkeeper : 1995 , 2009 - ESM Team of the Year : 1995–96 , 2008–09 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 ( Reserve ) - Dutch Golden Shoe : 1998 - IFFHS Worlds Best Goalkeeper : Bronze ball 1998 , 2008 - FIFA FIFPro World XI Nominee : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Premier League Merit Award : 2008–09 - Premier League Golden Glove : 2008–09 - UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year : 2009 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2004 Orders - Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau : 2010 - JFK Greatest Man Award : 29 October 2011
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Which team did Edwin van der Sar play for in Oct 2006?
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/wiki/Edwin_van_der_Sar#P54#3
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Edwin van der Sar Edwin van der Sar ( ) ( born 29 October 1970 ) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax , with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s ; he is considered to be a member of the clubs golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995 . A goalkeeper , he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999 , where he spent two years before moving to England , first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005 . There he won a second Champions League title in 2008 , making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club . He retired as a professional in 2011 , but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk , for whom he had previously played as a youth . He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team , and was the nations most-capped player until 2017 , when he was overtaken by Wesley Sneijder . Van der Sar is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time . He is also one of the most successful footballers ever , having won 26 major trophies in his career , mainly at Ajax and Manchester United . During the 2008–09 season , he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes . He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League , having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days . Van der Sar has won several individual awards , including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009 , and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009 . Club career . Ajax . Born in Voorhout , Van der Sar began his career at his hometown club , Foreholte , and then VV Noordwijk . At a relatively late age , he was brought to the attention of Louis van Gaal , and subsequently signed for Ajax . Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by Louis van Gaal . He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side , winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup ( albeit only as the reserve , making no appearances in the run ) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League ( by now the starting goalkeeper ) , as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award , besides domestic honours . He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final , but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus . He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax , and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season . In his first full season as Ajax No . 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year , he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years . Juventus . In 1999 , Van der Sars stature as one of Europes top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United , who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel ; however , Van der Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million . He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi . He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club . He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy , making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti , with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion . He performed well in his first season , winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup , and helping the club compete for the Serie A title . On the final day of the 1999–2000 season , however , Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio , after Van der Sar was beaten by Alessandro Caloris volley ; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point . The following season was less successful , however , as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League , while Van der Sar committed several errors , including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma , on 6 May 2001 , when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakatas shot , allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2 ; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions . Van der Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001 , after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire ( approximately £32.6 million ) , a world-record fee for a goalkeeper . Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon , Van der Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A . Fulham . On 1 August 2001 , Van der Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million , signing a four-year contract . The following day , Van der Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham , and upon his arrival , he described the move as a nice friendly atmosphere and that he felt appreciated . He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United . In total , he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham . In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club , he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw . His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson . Manchester United . Van der Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million , although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed . Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel . On 5 May 2007 , his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby . The following day , Chelseas failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester Uniteds ninth Premier League trophy and Van der Sars first . He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year . Three months later , he was a catalyst in Manchester Uniteds 16th FA Community Shield victory , as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time . The 2007–08 season was Van der Sars best season since his arrival ; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury . He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season . On 27 January 2009 , Van der Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the clubs 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal , beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season . He then broke the overall English league record in the clubs following game four days later , beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes , set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979 . Another clean sheet , against West Ham on 8 February 2009 , extended the record to 1,212 minutes , beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeens Bobby Clark in 1971 . Finally , on 18 February 2009 , Van der Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes , and in doing so , he broke José María Buljubasichs single-season world record of 1,289 minutes , set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005 . His clean sheet record ended on 4 March , when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes . In total , Van der Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league . These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool . With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09 . However , he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009 . Nevertheless , he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time , 14 years after he first won it at Ajax . He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players Player of the Year award , which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs ; however , Van der Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year . Van der Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament , forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester Uniteds 2009–10 season . On 6 October 2009 , Van der Sar returned to action for United , playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton . On 17 October 2009 , he returned to action in the first team , playing in Uniteds 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers . On 21 November 2009 , Van der Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games , with the combination of the Dutchmans wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas . On 16 January 2010 , Van der Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley . Van der Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010 , keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season . On 23 December 2010 , British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed Van der Sar would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season . Although he denied the reports at the time , Van der Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention . On 12 March , Van der Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves . United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio . He was included in the PFA Team of the Year , making his third appearance there , others in 2007 and 2008 . On 22 May 2011 , he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool resulting in Blackpools relegation from the Premier League . He captained United as a farewell treat . His last game for United was against Barcelona in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May , which United lost 3–1 ; at 40 years , 211 days he was the oldest male player to feature in a European Cup final in the Champions League era , with Dino Zoff holding the all-time record at 41 years , 86 days , when he appeared in the 1983 European Cup Final . Following the match , van der Sar retired from active football . International career . Van der Sar was included in the Netherlands 1994 World Cup squad but did not play . He had to wait until 7 June 1995 for his international debut , against Belarus . He was in goal for three successive eliminations from major competitions by penalties : Euro 96 , the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 . The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after competing with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland and so during all of his career with the Netherlands , he had missed one tournament . 1998 World Cup . Van der Sar backstopped the Netherlands to the semi-finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , where they were eliminated by Brazil 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw . In the third-place playoff , Netherlands lost to upstart Croatia 2–1 . In the quarter-finals against Argentina , Van der Sar confronted Ariel Ortega after Ortega received a yellow card for a dive in the penalty area ; the Argentine was then sent off for headbutting Van der Sar . Shortly after Ortegas red card , Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal in Netherlands 2–1 victory . Euro 2000 . Van der Sar started the Netherlands first two group games at UEFA Euro 2000 , but suffered an injury in the closing stages of their 3–0 win over Denmark and was replaced by Sander Westerveld for the final group match against France . Van der Sar returned for the quarter-finals , but was again replaced by Westerveld after 65 minutes , by which point the Netherlands had a 4–0 lead . Van der Sar kept another clean sheet in the semi-final against Italy , resulting in a goalless draw after Frank de Boer and Patrick Kluivert both failed to score from the penalty spot in regulation time . The match went to a penalty shoot-out , and although Van der Sar saved the effort from Italy captain Paolo Maldini , the Netherlands scored just one of their four kicks and lost 3–1 . Van der Sar finished the tournament without conceding a single goal , but was left out of the Team of the Tournament in favour of Frances Fabien Barthez and Italys Francesco Toldo . Euro 2004 . During the penalty shoot-out after the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden , Van der Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg , as the Netherlands won the shoot-out 5–4 and advanced to the semi-finals , where they lost to hosts Portugal . 2006 World Cup . Prior to the 2006 World Cup group match against Côte dIvoire , Van der Sar had not conceded a goal in nine consecutive competitive matches . As captain of the Netherlands , he broke Frank de Boers record of all-time caps for his country in the 2006 World Cup second-round match against Portugal . Euro 2008 . On his 37th birthday , Van der Sar was interviewed by Radio 538 and stated that he intended to retire from international football after Euro 2008 . Prior to the tournament , he was instrumental in bringing an end to a long-time dispute between veteran striker Ruud van Nistelrooy and manager Marco van Basten . He was the captain in their impressive 3–0 victory over Italy on 9 June 2008 , and also on 13 June for the 4–1 victory over France . On 21 June , he played in the 3–1 quarter-final loss against Russia , which was believed to be his final international . This was his 16th appearance in a European Championship finals match , with which he equalled the record set by Lilian Thuram a few days earlier . Along with 22 other players Van der Sar was named in the team of the tournament . Following Euro 2008 , Van der Sar had the distinction of playing more minutes at the European Football Championship than any other player . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 3 October 2008 , at the urging of new coach Bert van Marwijk , Van der Sar agreed to come out of international retirement for the Netherlands 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Iceland and Norway after injuries to Maarten Stekelenburg and Henk Timmer made both unavailable for the two games . Van der Sar kept a clean sheet in both matches , which were won by the Dutch 2–0 and 1–0 respectively . In Oslo , the Dutch defeated Norway 1–0 courtesy of a Mark van Bommel goal , thus ensuring a fitting send-off for Van der Sar who earned his 130th cap during that match , a record for a Dutch player , and put him in the top forty most capped players of all time . He remained the Dutch teams most capped player until Wesley Sneijder surpassed him in 2017 . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest and most complete keepers in football history , Van der Sar was a large , athletic , yet slender goalkeeper , who excelled at coming off his line to handle crosses due to his height and physique ; an intelligent goalkeeper , in addition to his reflexes , excellent positional sense , and shot-stopping abilities , he was also known for his calm composure , longevity , and his ability to organise his defence . Furthermore , he was also effective at stopping penalties . However , Van der Sar was known in particular for his skill with the ball at his feet , as well as his accurate distribution with either foot , which gave him the ability to launch counter-attacks from his area with long balls , or build attacking plays by playing the ball out from the back on the ground . Due to his ability in possession of the ball , and to rush off his line , he also functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion throughout his career , in particular during his time with Ajax . Post-playing career . On 3 August 2011 , a testimonial was played at the Amsterdam Arena in honour of Van der Sar . The match featured the goalkeepers dream team , consisting of Wayne Rooney , John Heitinga , Louis Saha , Rio Ferdinand , Ryan Giggs , Paul Scholes , Nemanja Vidić , André Ooijer , Dirk Kuyt , Gary Neville , Michael Carrick , Edgar Davids , Giovanni van Bronckhorst , Boudewijn Zenden and Dennis Bergkamp with Alex Ferguson as manager . They faced the current Ajax first team , led by Frank de Boer . Prior to this match two shorter matches took place . One featured the Ajax and Manchester United youth teams , and another one featured Ajaxs 1995 squad against the Netherlands national team of 1998 . The Ajax squad featured among others Finidi George , Nwankwo Kanu , Frank de Boer , Winston Bogarde , Nordin Wooter , Ronald de Boer , Danny Blind , Patrick Kluivert , Marc Overmars and Frank Rijkaard with it being managed by Louis van Gaal . The Netherlands squad featured among others Wim Jonk , Dennis Bergkamp , Roy Makaay , Ruud Hesp , Aron Winter , Richard Witschge and Pierre van Hooijdonk with it being managed by Guus Hiddink . The viewership numbers in the Netherlands alone peaked at 2 million and it had a 26% total market share . The income generated by the match was to be donated to two charities ( Make a Wish Foundation and Laureus ) ; it generated so much money , however , that Van der Sar announced afterwards he would be starting his own charitable foundation to help spend the money . During the event , it was announced that Van der Sar would be working as an analyst for the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting covering the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Van der Sars son , Joe , made written comments stating his father would be working as a goalkeeping coach at Ajax within five years . Van der Sar himself said he did not want to make a full commitment to this , but confirmed it was likely and he was interested in building up his coaching career slowly , starting at the lower levels . On 27 May 2012 , Van der Sar participated in the Soccer Aid 2012 Match , playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half , making a full-length save from John Bishop . He was replaced at half-time by comedian Patrick Kielty . He also took part in the Soccer Aid 2014 match on 8 June 2014 , again playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half before being once again replaced at half time by Patrick Kielty . Van der Sar took on a role as Ajaxs marketing director on 19 November 2012 . He was promoted in late 2016 to the role of CEO . Personal life . Van der Sar and his wife Annemarie van Kesteren have two children . The couples wedding ceremony took place at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam , on 20 May 2006 . Van der Sars son , Joe , was on the pitch celebrating when his father saved a penalty in the Netherlands 5–4 shoot-out victory over Sweden in the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2004 . In December 2009 , Van Kesteren was admitted to the hospital just two days before Christmas , reports said she had suffered a suspected brain haemorrhage and was in a very poor condition . Van der Sar was granted indefinite leave following his wifes collapse , and it is understood that she has made a good recovery , with no long-term effects . On 12 March 2016 , Van der Sar made a brief return to football to play a single match for his former youth club VV Noordwijk . Noordwijk , playing in the amateur fifth tier , had suffered an injury crisis . He saved a penalty and conceded a goal in the match as they drew 1–1 with Jodan Boys . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Fulham - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2002 Manchester United - Premier League : 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Football League Cup : 2005–06 - FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 - UEFA Champions League : 2007–08 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Individual - Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 - Best European Goalkeeper : 1995 , 2009 - ESM Team of the Year : 1995–96 , 2008–09 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 ( Reserve ) - Dutch Golden Shoe : 1998 - IFFHS Worlds Best Goalkeeper : Bronze ball 1998 , 2008 - FIFA FIFPro World XI Nominee : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2006–07 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Premier League Merit Award : 2008–09 - Premier League Golden Glove : 2008–09 - UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year : 2009 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2004 Orders - Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau : 2010 - JFK Greatest Man Award : 29 October 2011
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[
"Dongguk University"
] |
hard
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Which employer did Cho Kuk work for between Oct 2000 and Jan 2001?
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/wiki/Cho_Kuk#P108#0
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Cho Kuk Cho Kuk ( Korean : 조국 , born 6 April 1965 ) is a South Korean jurist and politician . He was the Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs from 2017 to 2019 in the Moon Jae-in Cabinet . On 9 September 2019 , President Moon Jae-in appointed Cho as Minister of Justice , replacing the incumbent Park Sang-ki . As of late 2019 , Cho Kuk was involved in a series of controversies , including allegations of illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter . On 14 October , Cho Kuk announced his resignation of Minister of Justice over corruption allegations . Early life and education . Cho was born in West District of Busan in 1965 , as the eldest son of the ex-Director of Institute of Ungdong , Cho Byun-hyun ( died in 2013 ) , and his wife and the current Director of the institute , Park Jung-sook . He attended for Gudeok Elementary School in Busan , then moved to Seoul and studied at Daesin Middle School . After he returned to Busan , he finished his secondary education at Hyekwang High School . Cho earned a bachelors and masters degree in law studies from Seoul National University , and doctoral degree ( J.S.D ) from University of California , Berkeley in the United States . He was also a visiting scholar at University of Oxford and University of Leeds in the United Kingdom . Cho used to be a lecturer for law studies at University of Ulsan from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2000 , then at Dongguk University from 2000 to 2001 , and later at Seoul National University—where he had earned his bachelors degree—from 2001 to 2004 . While at Seoul National University , his position was promoted from a lecturer to a senior lecturer ( 2004–2009 ) , then to a full professor in 2009 . Political career . Cho showed his interest in politics at the end of the 1980s , while studying at university . During this time , he was already a member of Socialist Labour League of South Korea , along with Rhyu Si-min and Eun Su-mi . Cho was detained due to this activities , under the breach of the National Security Act , and declared as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International . Later , he criticised the National Security Act as a barbaric law in his book titled For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology . Since the 2000s , Cho has been involved in various activities related to human rights and democracy . He was a member of the Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy , Committee of Determination of Punishment in Supreme Court , National Human Rights Commission , and the other various organisations . Cho has never held any elected position , despite the former Democratic Party and its successor Democratic Unionist Party suggested him for running as a member of National Assembly in Bundang 2nd constituency . There were also expectations that Cho would run for the Superintendent of Education in Seoul during the local elections in 2014 , but he declined . He did not even run for mayorship of Busan in 2018 , despite public expectations . Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs , 2017–2019 . On 11 May 2017 , the day after Moon Jae-in officially assumed his presidency , Cho was appointed Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs . He was one of non-prosecutors appointed for the position . He promised for the clear investigation of 2016 South Korean political scandal . This was welcomed by Peoples Party , but also attacked from Liberty Korea Party . On 31 December 2018 , Cho attended the House Steering Committee of National Assembly . This surprise attendance was an issue in South Korean society , as such was not really done by the former senior secretaries . A source reported that this negatively affected the approval ratings of President Moon . Cho was replaced by Kim Joe-won on 26 July 2019 . Minister of Justice . On 9 August 2019 , Cho was nominated for the position of Minister of Justice replacing Park Sang-ki , by President Moon . He quoted from General Lee Soon-shin and promised for the political reform . On 9 September , Cho was officially appointed the Minister of Justice . But he resigned 35 days after taking office due to a prosecution probe into various allegations surrounding his family . Political orientation . Cho is often regarded as liberal , even though he was labelled as a leftist by several right-wings . Regarding the abolition of the death penalty , he said , I understood the national sentiment , but it should be replaced to life imprisonment . He also mentioned that people should not argue with criminality of abortion . For issues related to Korean Confederation of Trade Unions ( KCTU ) , Cho announced that the government is not only for KCTU and impossible to satisfy their demands . Controversies . In his political career , Cho Kuk was embroiled in a number of scandals , including plagiarism and tax delinquencies . More significant scandals came from his pending nomination as the Minister of Justice , mainly concerning Cho Kuks illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter , Cho Min . There are numerous other allegations of corruption under public scrutiny . Cho Kuk , having been a prolific self-righteous critic of corruption , is now widely criticized as being a hypocrite , coining the term Choronambur ( 조로남불 ) , which means its romance if done by Cho , but adultery if done by others . Plagiarism . Cho was frequently accused of plagiarism . In July 2013 , Song Pyung-in of The Dong-a Ilbo and a conservative commentator Byun Hui-jae had mentioned that Cho plagiarized several theses written by Japanese scholars during his studies at Seoul National University in 1989 . He replied that he underwent some problems with citations , although unsure because it was long time ago , but then he apologized for it . On 26 June 2015 , Seoul National University answered for the issue : some issues were found , which are not too serious . A few months after the incident , both commentators claimed again that Chos plagiarism continued at Berkeley in 1997 . In response , Professor John Yoo said that no rechecking is required . Berkeley also mentioned that there was no proof for the accusations . Tax delinquencies . Cho faced another criticisms regarding with tax delinquencies related with Institute of Ungdong . It was reported that he and his family did not pay its legal costs for 3 years . He accepted that it was true , and successfully paid all . Illicit business activities . In 2017 , it was revealed that Cho Kuk and his family invested a total of approximatedly one million KRW , with a contract to invest an additional approximately seven million KRW , into a private equity fund , CO-LINK . CO-LINK invested in a Korean company that is contracted in a multi-billion dollar computer network project in South Korea . On 27 August 2019 , a search warrant was carried out by the prosecutors office on suspect sites . On 29 August , the former wife of Chos younger brother Cho Kwon , Cho Eun-hyang , who is listed as the owner or CEO of many of Cho Kuks family businesses and properties , was denied boarding on an international flight out of Gimhae International Airport . Despite two full days of news reports , she claimed she was not aware of the flight ban placed on her . Furthermore , three other business associates of Cho Kuks family , including a Cho Kuk relative , had already left the country before the ban was officially placed on them . Kim Gyung-yul and his team of accountants and economic analysts of Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy came to a conclusion that this is a crime involving political power . On 31 October , Cho Kuks younger brother , Cho Kwon , was arrested on charges of embezzlement and bribery . Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min . Cho Min , and her parents Cho Kuk and Chung Kyung-sim , have been accused of falsifying her academic achievements to get enrolled in prestigious universities and the medical school . Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology , one of which has been retracted for violating ethical guidelines . A senior association of medical experts in South Korea condemned the paper as one of the most serious cases of academic misconduct in South Korean history and compared it to the Hwang Woo-suk scandal . Indictment and arrest of Chung Kyung-sim . On 10 September 2019 , shortly after Cho Kuks nomination hearing , Cho Kuks wife , Chung Kyung-sim , was officially indicted for forgery of a document by the prosecutors office . Prior to the charges and during the hearing , when asked what should happen if his wife should face charges , Cho Kuk replied that his wife should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law . Cho Kuk did not add that he would withdraw or resign from the nomination ( Korea Times , 11 Sept . 2019 , Chosunilbo , 10 Sept . 2019 ) On 24 October Chung Kyung-sim arrested for embezzlement using forged official documents and other charges . On 23 December 2020 , Chung Kyung-sim was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison and fined 500 million won . Books . - Sex-biased Criminal Codes ( 1 March 2001 ) - For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology ( 30 August 2001 ) - Prostitution ( 1 February 2004 ) - Hearsay Rule of Illegally Acquired Evidences ( 20 March 2005 ) - Plea-bargaining – Introduction Planning and Studies ( 2006 ) - Introspecting Liberals ( 24 March 2008 ) - Hymn of Bonobo ( How to survive as human in jungle-capitalist Korea? ) ( 11 May 2009 ) - Were Telling You , South Korea – Our Homelands ( 3 January 2011 ) - Why am I studying law ? ( 15 June 2014 ) - Criminal Law for Self-control ( 25 December 2014 )
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[
"Seoul National University"
] |
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Which employer did Cho Kuk work for between Aug 2004 and Mar 2016?
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/wiki/Cho_Kuk#P108#1
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Cho Kuk Cho Kuk ( Korean : 조국 , born 6 April 1965 ) is a South Korean jurist and politician . He was the Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs from 2017 to 2019 in the Moon Jae-in Cabinet . On 9 September 2019 , President Moon Jae-in appointed Cho as Minister of Justice , replacing the incumbent Park Sang-ki . As of late 2019 , Cho Kuk was involved in a series of controversies , including allegations of illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter . On 14 October , Cho Kuk announced his resignation of Minister of Justice over corruption allegations . Early life and education . Cho was born in West District of Busan in 1965 , as the eldest son of the ex-Director of Institute of Ungdong , Cho Byun-hyun ( died in 2013 ) , and his wife and the current Director of the institute , Park Jung-sook . He attended for Gudeok Elementary School in Busan , then moved to Seoul and studied at Daesin Middle School . After he returned to Busan , he finished his secondary education at Hyekwang High School . Cho earned a bachelors and masters degree in law studies from Seoul National University , and doctoral degree ( J.S.D ) from University of California , Berkeley in the United States . He was also a visiting scholar at University of Oxford and University of Leeds in the United Kingdom . Cho used to be a lecturer for law studies at University of Ulsan from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2000 , then at Dongguk University from 2000 to 2001 , and later at Seoul National University—where he had earned his bachelors degree—from 2001 to 2004 . While at Seoul National University , his position was promoted from a lecturer to a senior lecturer ( 2004–2009 ) , then to a full professor in 2009 . Political career . Cho showed his interest in politics at the end of the 1980s , while studying at university . During this time , he was already a member of Socialist Labour League of South Korea , along with Rhyu Si-min and Eun Su-mi . Cho was detained due to this activities , under the breach of the National Security Act , and declared as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International . Later , he criticised the National Security Act as a barbaric law in his book titled For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology . Since the 2000s , Cho has been involved in various activities related to human rights and democracy . He was a member of the Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy , Committee of Determination of Punishment in Supreme Court , National Human Rights Commission , and the other various organisations . Cho has never held any elected position , despite the former Democratic Party and its successor Democratic Unionist Party suggested him for running as a member of National Assembly in Bundang 2nd constituency . There were also expectations that Cho would run for the Superintendent of Education in Seoul during the local elections in 2014 , but he declined . He did not even run for mayorship of Busan in 2018 , despite public expectations . Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs , 2017–2019 . On 11 May 2017 , the day after Moon Jae-in officially assumed his presidency , Cho was appointed Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs . He was one of non-prosecutors appointed for the position . He promised for the clear investigation of 2016 South Korean political scandal . This was welcomed by Peoples Party , but also attacked from Liberty Korea Party . On 31 December 2018 , Cho attended the House Steering Committee of National Assembly . This surprise attendance was an issue in South Korean society , as such was not really done by the former senior secretaries . A source reported that this negatively affected the approval ratings of President Moon . Cho was replaced by Kim Joe-won on 26 July 2019 . Minister of Justice . On 9 August 2019 , Cho was nominated for the position of Minister of Justice replacing Park Sang-ki , by President Moon . He quoted from General Lee Soon-shin and promised for the political reform . On 9 September , Cho was officially appointed the Minister of Justice . But he resigned 35 days after taking office due to a prosecution probe into various allegations surrounding his family . Political orientation . Cho is often regarded as liberal , even though he was labelled as a leftist by several right-wings . Regarding the abolition of the death penalty , he said , I understood the national sentiment , but it should be replaced to life imprisonment . He also mentioned that people should not argue with criminality of abortion . For issues related to Korean Confederation of Trade Unions ( KCTU ) , Cho announced that the government is not only for KCTU and impossible to satisfy their demands . Controversies . In his political career , Cho Kuk was embroiled in a number of scandals , including plagiarism and tax delinquencies . More significant scandals came from his pending nomination as the Minister of Justice , mainly concerning Cho Kuks illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter , Cho Min . There are numerous other allegations of corruption under public scrutiny . Cho Kuk , having been a prolific self-righteous critic of corruption , is now widely criticized as being a hypocrite , coining the term Choronambur ( 조로남불 ) , which means its romance if done by Cho , but adultery if done by others . Plagiarism . Cho was frequently accused of plagiarism . In July 2013 , Song Pyung-in of The Dong-a Ilbo and a conservative commentator Byun Hui-jae had mentioned that Cho plagiarized several theses written by Japanese scholars during his studies at Seoul National University in 1989 . He replied that he underwent some problems with citations , although unsure because it was long time ago , but then he apologized for it . On 26 June 2015 , Seoul National University answered for the issue : some issues were found , which are not too serious . A few months after the incident , both commentators claimed again that Chos plagiarism continued at Berkeley in 1997 . In response , Professor John Yoo said that no rechecking is required . Berkeley also mentioned that there was no proof for the accusations . Tax delinquencies . Cho faced another criticisms regarding with tax delinquencies related with Institute of Ungdong . It was reported that he and his family did not pay its legal costs for 3 years . He accepted that it was true , and successfully paid all . Illicit business activities . In 2017 , it was revealed that Cho Kuk and his family invested a total of approximatedly one million KRW , with a contract to invest an additional approximately seven million KRW , into a private equity fund , CO-LINK . CO-LINK invested in a Korean company that is contracted in a multi-billion dollar computer network project in South Korea . On 27 August 2019 , a search warrant was carried out by the prosecutors office on suspect sites . On 29 August , the former wife of Chos younger brother Cho Kwon , Cho Eun-hyang , who is listed as the owner or CEO of many of Cho Kuks family businesses and properties , was denied boarding on an international flight out of Gimhae International Airport . Despite two full days of news reports , she claimed she was not aware of the flight ban placed on her . Furthermore , three other business associates of Cho Kuks family , including a Cho Kuk relative , had already left the country before the ban was officially placed on them . Kim Gyung-yul and his team of accountants and economic analysts of Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy came to a conclusion that this is a crime involving political power . On 31 October , Cho Kuks younger brother , Cho Kwon , was arrested on charges of embezzlement and bribery . Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min . Cho Min , and her parents Cho Kuk and Chung Kyung-sim , have been accused of falsifying her academic achievements to get enrolled in prestigious universities and the medical school . Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology , one of which has been retracted for violating ethical guidelines . A senior association of medical experts in South Korea condemned the paper as one of the most serious cases of academic misconduct in South Korean history and compared it to the Hwang Woo-suk scandal . Indictment and arrest of Chung Kyung-sim . On 10 September 2019 , shortly after Cho Kuks nomination hearing , Cho Kuks wife , Chung Kyung-sim , was officially indicted for forgery of a document by the prosecutors office . Prior to the charges and during the hearing , when asked what should happen if his wife should face charges , Cho Kuk replied that his wife should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law . Cho Kuk did not add that he would withdraw or resign from the nomination ( Korea Times , 11 Sept . 2019 , Chosunilbo , 10 Sept . 2019 ) On 24 October Chung Kyung-sim arrested for embezzlement using forged official documents and other charges . On 23 December 2020 , Chung Kyung-sim was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison and fined 500 million won . Books . - Sex-biased Criminal Codes ( 1 March 2001 ) - For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology ( 30 August 2001 ) - Prostitution ( 1 February 2004 ) - Hearsay Rule of Illegally Acquired Evidences ( 20 March 2005 ) - Plea-bargaining – Introduction Planning and Studies ( 2006 ) - Introspecting Liberals ( 24 March 2008 ) - Hymn of Bonobo ( How to survive as human in jungle-capitalist Korea? ) ( 11 May 2009 ) - Were Telling You , South Korea – Our Homelands ( 3 January 2011 ) - Why am I studying law ? ( 15 June 2014 ) - Criminal Law for Self-control ( 25 December 2014 )
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[
"Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs"
] |
hard
|
Which employer did Cho Kuk work for after Jan 2018?
|
/wiki/Cho_Kuk#P108#2
|
Cho Kuk Cho Kuk ( Korean : 조국 , born 6 April 1965 ) is a South Korean jurist and politician . He was the Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs from 2017 to 2019 in the Moon Jae-in Cabinet . On 9 September 2019 , President Moon Jae-in appointed Cho as Minister of Justice , replacing the incumbent Park Sang-ki . As of late 2019 , Cho Kuk was involved in a series of controversies , including allegations of illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter . On 14 October , Cho Kuk announced his resignation of Minister of Justice over corruption allegations . Early life and education . Cho was born in West District of Busan in 1965 , as the eldest son of the ex-Director of Institute of Ungdong , Cho Byun-hyun ( died in 2013 ) , and his wife and the current Director of the institute , Park Jung-sook . He attended for Gudeok Elementary School in Busan , then moved to Seoul and studied at Daesin Middle School . After he returned to Busan , he finished his secondary education at Hyekwang High School . Cho earned a bachelors and masters degree in law studies from Seoul National University , and doctoral degree ( J.S.D ) from University of California , Berkeley in the United States . He was also a visiting scholar at University of Oxford and University of Leeds in the United Kingdom . Cho used to be a lecturer for law studies at University of Ulsan from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2000 , then at Dongguk University from 2000 to 2001 , and later at Seoul National University—where he had earned his bachelors degree—from 2001 to 2004 . While at Seoul National University , his position was promoted from a lecturer to a senior lecturer ( 2004–2009 ) , then to a full professor in 2009 . Political career . Cho showed his interest in politics at the end of the 1980s , while studying at university . During this time , he was already a member of Socialist Labour League of South Korea , along with Rhyu Si-min and Eun Su-mi . Cho was detained due to this activities , under the breach of the National Security Act , and declared as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International . Later , he criticised the National Security Act as a barbaric law in his book titled For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology . Since the 2000s , Cho has been involved in various activities related to human rights and democracy . He was a member of the Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy , Committee of Determination of Punishment in Supreme Court , National Human Rights Commission , and the other various organisations . Cho has never held any elected position , despite the former Democratic Party and its successor Democratic Unionist Party suggested him for running as a member of National Assembly in Bundang 2nd constituency . There were also expectations that Cho would run for the Superintendent of Education in Seoul during the local elections in 2014 , but he declined . He did not even run for mayorship of Busan in 2018 , despite public expectations . Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs , 2017–2019 . On 11 May 2017 , the day after Moon Jae-in officially assumed his presidency , Cho was appointed Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs . He was one of non-prosecutors appointed for the position . He promised for the clear investigation of 2016 South Korean political scandal . This was welcomed by Peoples Party , but also attacked from Liberty Korea Party . On 31 December 2018 , Cho attended the House Steering Committee of National Assembly . This surprise attendance was an issue in South Korean society , as such was not really done by the former senior secretaries . A source reported that this negatively affected the approval ratings of President Moon . Cho was replaced by Kim Joe-won on 26 July 2019 . Minister of Justice . On 9 August 2019 , Cho was nominated for the position of Minister of Justice replacing Park Sang-ki , by President Moon . He quoted from General Lee Soon-shin and promised for the political reform . On 9 September , Cho was officially appointed the Minister of Justice . But he resigned 35 days after taking office due to a prosecution probe into various allegations surrounding his family . Political orientation . Cho is often regarded as liberal , even though he was labelled as a leftist by several right-wings . Regarding the abolition of the death penalty , he said , I understood the national sentiment , but it should be replaced to life imprisonment . He also mentioned that people should not argue with criminality of abortion . For issues related to Korean Confederation of Trade Unions ( KCTU ) , Cho announced that the government is not only for KCTU and impossible to satisfy their demands . Controversies . In his political career , Cho Kuk was embroiled in a number of scandals , including plagiarism and tax delinquencies . More significant scandals came from his pending nomination as the Minister of Justice , mainly concerning Cho Kuks illicit business activities and falsification of academic achievements of his daughter , Cho Min . There are numerous other allegations of corruption under public scrutiny . Cho Kuk , having been a prolific self-righteous critic of corruption , is now widely criticized as being a hypocrite , coining the term Choronambur ( 조로남불 ) , which means its romance if done by Cho , but adultery if done by others . Plagiarism . Cho was frequently accused of plagiarism . In July 2013 , Song Pyung-in of The Dong-a Ilbo and a conservative commentator Byun Hui-jae had mentioned that Cho plagiarized several theses written by Japanese scholars during his studies at Seoul National University in 1989 . He replied that he underwent some problems with citations , although unsure because it was long time ago , but then he apologized for it . On 26 June 2015 , Seoul National University answered for the issue : some issues were found , which are not too serious . A few months after the incident , both commentators claimed again that Chos plagiarism continued at Berkeley in 1997 . In response , Professor John Yoo said that no rechecking is required . Berkeley also mentioned that there was no proof for the accusations . Tax delinquencies . Cho faced another criticisms regarding with tax delinquencies related with Institute of Ungdong . It was reported that he and his family did not pay its legal costs for 3 years . He accepted that it was true , and successfully paid all . Illicit business activities . In 2017 , it was revealed that Cho Kuk and his family invested a total of approximatedly one million KRW , with a contract to invest an additional approximately seven million KRW , into a private equity fund , CO-LINK . CO-LINK invested in a Korean company that is contracted in a multi-billion dollar computer network project in South Korea . On 27 August 2019 , a search warrant was carried out by the prosecutors office on suspect sites . On 29 August , the former wife of Chos younger brother Cho Kwon , Cho Eun-hyang , who is listed as the owner or CEO of many of Cho Kuks family businesses and properties , was denied boarding on an international flight out of Gimhae International Airport . Despite two full days of news reports , she claimed she was not aware of the flight ban placed on her . Furthermore , three other business associates of Cho Kuks family , including a Cho Kuk relative , had already left the country before the ban was officially placed on them . Kim Gyung-yul and his team of accountants and economic analysts of Peoples Solidarity for Participatory Democracy came to a conclusion that this is a crime involving political power . On 31 October , Cho Kuks younger brother , Cho Kwon , was arrested on charges of embezzlement and bribery . Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min . Cho Min , and her parents Cho Kuk and Chung Kyung-sim , have been accused of falsifying her academic achievements to get enrolled in prestigious universities and the medical school . Falsified academic achievements include her research in genetics and pathology , one of which has been retracted for violating ethical guidelines . A senior association of medical experts in South Korea condemned the paper as one of the most serious cases of academic misconduct in South Korean history and compared it to the Hwang Woo-suk scandal . Indictment and arrest of Chung Kyung-sim . On 10 September 2019 , shortly after Cho Kuks nomination hearing , Cho Kuks wife , Chung Kyung-sim , was officially indicted for forgery of a document by the prosecutors office . Prior to the charges and during the hearing , when asked what should happen if his wife should face charges , Cho Kuk replied that his wife should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law . Cho Kuk did not add that he would withdraw or resign from the nomination ( Korea Times , 11 Sept . 2019 , Chosunilbo , 10 Sept . 2019 ) On 24 October Chung Kyung-sim arrested for embezzlement using forged official documents and other charges . On 23 December 2020 , Chung Kyung-sim was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison and fined 500 million won . Books . - Sex-biased Criminal Codes ( 1 March 2001 ) - For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology ( 30 August 2001 ) - Prostitution ( 1 February 2004 ) - Hearsay Rule of Illegally Acquired Evidences ( 20 March 2005 ) - Plea-bargaining – Introduction Planning and Studies ( 2006 ) - Introspecting Liberals ( 24 March 2008 ) - Hymn of Bonobo ( How to survive as human in jungle-capitalist Korea? ) ( 11 May 2009 ) - Were Telling You , South Korea – Our Homelands ( 3 January 2011 ) - Why am I studying law ? ( 15 June 2014 ) - Criminal Law for Self-control ( 25 December 2014 )
|
[
"Alexander Löhr"
] |
hard
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Who was the commander of Luftflotte 4 before Apr 1939?
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/wiki/Luftflotte_4#P4791#0
|
Luftflotte 4 Luftflotte 4 ( Air Fleet 4 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on March 18 , 1939 , from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna . The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945 , to Luftwaffenkommando 4 , and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6 . It was the Luftflotte 4 , that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad , where ca . 40,000 civilians died . This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania , Bulgaria , Southeast Poland , Hungary , Ukraine and Russian occupied territories , for supporting Axis forces ; with command offices in Morczyn , Hungary , during 26 June 1944 , Eastern Front . See Organization of the Luftwaffe ( 1933–1945 ) for explanation of abbreviations used below . Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /22 ( Focşani ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lublin ) Transports ( special duties ) . - 14 St./Transportgeschwader 4 ( Odessa ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 3. ( F ) /121 ( Ziliştea ) - NSt.1 ( Focşani ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.1 ( Chişinău ) - 2/NAGr.16 ( Chişinău ) - Stab/NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 1./NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 2./NAGr.14 ( Bacău ) Maritime reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr.125 ( See ) ( Constanţa ) - 1. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Varna , Bulgaria ) - 3. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) A.St.22/1 ( Ciocârlia , Romania ) - ( Rum ) 101.A.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Bulg ) See . A.St. ( Varna , Bulgaria ) Fighters . - Stab/JG 52 ( Manzar ) - I./JG 52 ( Leipzig , Romania ) - II./JG 52 ( Manzar ) - III./JG 52 ( Roman ) - 15 ( Kroat. ) /JG 52 ( Ziliştea ) Land air strike . - Stab/SG 2 ( Huşi ) - I./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 2 ( Ziliştea ) - III./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 10 ( Culm ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) - 14. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.5 ( Manzar ) - 1./NSGr.5 ( Roman ) - 2./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) - 3./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) Bombers ( medium ) . - I./KG.4 ( Focşani ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lubin ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 1./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 2./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) Land air strike . - Stab IV ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - 12. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Strunybaby ) - 13. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - Stab./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - I./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - II./SG.77 ( Lemberg ) - III./SG.77 ( Cuniov ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG.77 ( Starzava ) - ( Ung ) S.St . G.102/1 ( Cuniov ) - ( Ung ) ( 101 C.O. ) St . G.101 ( Borgond-Balaton ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) - 1./NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis. ) KG.27 ( Krosno ) Tactical reconnaissance . - ( Ung ) N.A.St.102/1 ( Labunia ) - 7./NAGr.32 ( Labunia ) Fighters . - ( Ung ) J.St.102/1 ( Zamość ) Bombers . - ( Ung ) K.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Rapid bombers . - ( Ung ) SK.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Strategic/tactical reconnaissance . - ( Rum ) 2. ( F ) A.St . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) 102 A.St . ( Vilkov ) - ( Rum ) ( C.A.1 ) 1A.St. ( Bacău ) Fighters . - ( Rum ) II./JG.3 ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 65./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 66./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 67./J.St . ( Bacău ) - Stab ( Rum ) IV.JGr.45 ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .45 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .46 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .49 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .IX JGr . ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .47 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .48 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .56 J.St. ( Tecuci ) Tactical support ( dive bombers ) . - ( Rum ) StG.3 ( Călimănești? ) StG is Sturzkampfgeschwader , dive bombers - ( Rum ) StG.4 ( Huşi ) - ( Rum ) StG.8 ( Matca ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Detach ) ( Odessa ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Cioara-Dolcești ) Bombers . - ( Rum ) KG.2 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) KG.4 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) 76 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) 78 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) V KGr . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) K.St.1/3 ( Ciocârlia ) Fighters . - I./JG.53 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - III./JG.77 ( Mizil ) - ( Rum ) I./JG.2 ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 43 . J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 63.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 64.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 59./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 61./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 62./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) VII.JGr . ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 53./VII.J.St ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 57./VII.J.St. ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 51.J.St . ( Ţepeş Vodă ) - ( Rum ) 52.J.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) 58.J.St . ( Pipera ) Night fighters . - 10./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 12./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 11./ ( Detach ) NJG.100 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 4./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Mizil ) - 6./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - ( Rum ) 1./NJ.St . ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) Commanding officers . - Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , 18 March 1939 – 20 July 1942 - Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , 20 July 1942 – 4 September 1943 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 4 September 1943 – 17 August 1944 - Generalleutnant Alexander Holle , 25 August 1944 – 27 September 1944 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 28 September 1944 – 21 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Oberst Günther Korten , 18 March 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Oberst Herbert Olbrich , 19 December 1939 – 21 July 1940 - Obstlt Andreas Nielsen , 21 July 1940 – 3 November 1940 - Oberst Richard Schimpf , 4 November 1940 – 15 January 1941 - Generalleutnant Günther Korten , 15 January 1941 – 12 August 1942 - Oberst Hans-Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 24 August 1942 – 23 February 1943 - Oberst Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 1 March 1943 – 25 March 1943 - General Otto Deßloch , 26 March 1943 – 3 September 1943 - Generalmajor Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 3 September 1943 – 21 April 1945 References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 4 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 4 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen"
] |
hard
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Who was the commander of Luftflotte 4 in Sep 1943?
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/wiki/Luftflotte_4#P4791#1
|
Luftflotte 4 Luftflotte 4 ( Air Fleet 4 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on March 18 , 1939 , from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna . The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945 , to Luftwaffenkommando 4 , and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6 . It was the Luftflotte 4 , that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad , where ca . 40,000 civilians died . This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania , Bulgaria , Southeast Poland , Hungary , Ukraine and Russian occupied territories , for supporting Axis forces ; with command offices in Morczyn , Hungary , during 26 June 1944 , Eastern Front . See Organization of the Luftwaffe ( 1933–1945 ) for explanation of abbreviations used below . Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /22 ( Focşani ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lublin ) Transports ( special duties ) . - 14 St./Transportgeschwader 4 ( Odessa ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 3. ( F ) /121 ( Ziliştea ) - NSt.1 ( Focşani ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.1 ( Chişinău ) - 2/NAGr.16 ( Chişinău ) - Stab/NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 1./NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 2./NAGr.14 ( Bacău ) Maritime reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr.125 ( See ) ( Constanţa ) - 1. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Varna , Bulgaria ) - 3. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) A.St.22/1 ( Ciocârlia , Romania ) - ( Rum ) 101.A.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Bulg ) See . A.St. ( Varna , Bulgaria ) Fighters . - Stab/JG 52 ( Manzar ) - I./JG 52 ( Leipzig , Romania ) - II./JG 52 ( Manzar ) - III./JG 52 ( Roman ) - 15 ( Kroat. ) /JG 52 ( Ziliştea ) Land air strike . - Stab/SG 2 ( Huşi ) - I./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 2 ( Ziliştea ) - III./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 10 ( Culm ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) - 14. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.5 ( Manzar ) - 1./NSGr.5 ( Roman ) - 2./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) - 3./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) Bombers ( medium ) . - I./KG.4 ( Focşani ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lubin ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 1./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 2./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) Land air strike . - Stab IV ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - 12. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Strunybaby ) - 13. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - Stab./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - I./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - II./SG.77 ( Lemberg ) - III./SG.77 ( Cuniov ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG.77 ( Starzava ) - ( Ung ) S.St . G.102/1 ( Cuniov ) - ( Ung ) ( 101 C.O. ) St . G.101 ( Borgond-Balaton ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) - 1./NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis. ) KG.27 ( Krosno ) Tactical reconnaissance . - ( Ung ) N.A.St.102/1 ( Labunia ) - 7./NAGr.32 ( Labunia ) Fighters . - ( Ung ) J.St.102/1 ( Zamość ) Bombers . - ( Ung ) K.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Rapid bombers . - ( Ung ) SK.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Strategic/tactical reconnaissance . - ( Rum ) 2. ( F ) A.St . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) 102 A.St . ( Vilkov ) - ( Rum ) ( C.A.1 ) 1A.St. ( Bacău ) Fighters . - ( Rum ) II./JG.3 ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 65./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 66./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 67./J.St . ( Bacău ) - Stab ( Rum ) IV.JGr.45 ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .45 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .46 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .49 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .IX JGr . ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .47 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .48 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .56 J.St. ( Tecuci ) Tactical support ( dive bombers ) . - ( Rum ) StG.3 ( Călimănești? ) StG is Sturzkampfgeschwader , dive bombers - ( Rum ) StG.4 ( Huşi ) - ( Rum ) StG.8 ( Matca ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Detach ) ( Odessa ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Cioara-Dolcești ) Bombers . - ( Rum ) KG.2 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) KG.4 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) 76 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) 78 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) V KGr . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) K.St.1/3 ( Ciocârlia ) Fighters . - I./JG.53 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - III./JG.77 ( Mizil ) - ( Rum ) I./JG.2 ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 43 . J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 63.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 64.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 59./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 61./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 62./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) VII.JGr . ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 53./VII.J.St ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 57./VII.J.St. ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 51.J.St . ( Ţepeş Vodă ) - ( Rum ) 52.J.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) 58.J.St . ( Pipera ) Night fighters . - 10./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 12./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 11./ ( Detach ) NJG.100 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 4./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Mizil ) - 6./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - ( Rum ) 1./NJ.St . ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) Commanding officers . - Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , 18 March 1939 – 20 July 1942 - Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , 20 July 1942 – 4 September 1943 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 4 September 1943 – 17 August 1944 - Generalleutnant Alexander Holle , 25 August 1944 – 27 September 1944 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 28 September 1944 – 21 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Oberst Günther Korten , 18 March 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Oberst Herbert Olbrich , 19 December 1939 – 21 July 1940 - Obstlt Andreas Nielsen , 21 July 1940 – 3 November 1940 - Oberst Richard Schimpf , 4 November 1940 – 15 January 1941 - Generalleutnant Günther Korten , 15 January 1941 – 12 August 1942 - Oberst Hans-Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 24 August 1942 – 23 February 1943 - Oberst Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 1 March 1943 – 25 March 1943 - General Otto Deßloch , 26 March 1943 – 3 September 1943 - Generalmajor Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 3 September 1943 – 21 April 1945 References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 4 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 4 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Otto Deßloch"
] |
hard
|
Who was the commander of Luftflotte 4 in Jul 1944?
|
/wiki/Luftflotte_4#P4791#2
|
Luftflotte 4 Luftflotte 4 ( Air Fleet 4 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on March 18 , 1939 , from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna . The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945 , to Luftwaffenkommando 4 , and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6 . It was the Luftflotte 4 , that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad , where ca . 40,000 civilians died . This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania , Bulgaria , Southeast Poland , Hungary , Ukraine and Russian occupied territories , for supporting Axis forces ; with command offices in Morczyn , Hungary , during 26 June 1944 , Eastern Front . See Organization of the Luftwaffe ( 1933–1945 ) for explanation of abbreviations used below . Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /22 ( Focşani ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lublin ) Transports ( special duties ) . - 14 St./Transportgeschwader 4 ( Odessa ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 3. ( F ) /121 ( Ziliştea ) - NSt.1 ( Focşani ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.1 ( Chişinău ) - 2/NAGr.16 ( Chişinău ) - Stab/NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 1./NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 2./NAGr.14 ( Bacău ) Maritime reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr.125 ( See ) ( Constanţa ) - 1. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Varna , Bulgaria ) - 3. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) A.St.22/1 ( Ciocârlia , Romania ) - ( Rum ) 101.A.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Bulg ) See . A.St. ( Varna , Bulgaria ) Fighters . - Stab/JG 52 ( Manzar ) - I./JG 52 ( Leipzig , Romania ) - II./JG 52 ( Manzar ) - III./JG 52 ( Roman ) - 15 ( Kroat. ) /JG 52 ( Ziliştea ) Land air strike . - Stab/SG 2 ( Huşi ) - I./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 2 ( Ziliştea ) - III./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 10 ( Culm ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) - 14. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.5 ( Manzar ) - 1./NSGr.5 ( Roman ) - 2./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) - 3./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) Bombers ( medium ) . - I./KG.4 ( Focşani ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lubin ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 1./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 2./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) Land air strike . - Stab IV ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - 12. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Strunybaby ) - 13. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - Stab./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - I./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - II./SG.77 ( Lemberg ) - III./SG.77 ( Cuniov ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG.77 ( Starzava ) - ( Ung ) S.St . G.102/1 ( Cuniov ) - ( Ung ) ( 101 C.O. ) St . G.101 ( Borgond-Balaton ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) - 1./NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis. ) KG.27 ( Krosno ) Tactical reconnaissance . - ( Ung ) N.A.St.102/1 ( Labunia ) - 7./NAGr.32 ( Labunia ) Fighters . - ( Ung ) J.St.102/1 ( Zamość ) Bombers . - ( Ung ) K.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Rapid bombers . - ( Ung ) SK.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Strategic/tactical reconnaissance . - ( Rum ) 2. ( F ) A.St . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) 102 A.St . ( Vilkov ) - ( Rum ) ( C.A.1 ) 1A.St. ( Bacău ) Fighters . - ( Rum ) II./JG.3 ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 65./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 66./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 67./J.St . ( Bacău ) - Stab ( Rum ) IV.JGr.45 ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .45 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .46 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .49 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .IX JGr . ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .47 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .48 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .56 J.St. ( Tecuci ) Tactical support ( dive bombers ) . - ( Rum ) StG.3 ( Călimănești? ) StG is Sturzkampfgeschwader , dive bombers - ( Rum ) StG.4 ( Huşi ) - ( Rum ) StG.8 ( Matca ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Detach ) ( Odessa ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Cioara-Dolcești ) Bombers . - ( Rum ) KG.2 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) KG.4 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) 76 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) 78 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) V KGr . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) K.St.1/3 ( Ciocârlia ) Fighters . - I./JG.53 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - III./JG.77 ( Mizil ) - ( Rum ) I./JG.2 ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 43 . J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 63.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 64.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 59./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 61./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 62./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) VII.JGr . ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 53./VII.J.St ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 57./VII.J.St. ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 51.J.St . ( Ţepeş Vodă ) - ( Rum ) 52.J.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) 58.J.St . ( Pipera ) Night fighters . - 10./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 12./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 11./ ( Detach ) NJG.100 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 4./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Mizil ) - 6./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - ( Rum ) 1./NJ.St . ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) Commanding officers . - Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , 18 March 1939 – 20 July 1942 - Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , 20 July 1942 – 4 September 1943 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 4 September 1943 – 17 August 1944 - Generalleutnant Alexander Holle , 25 August 1944 – 27 September 1944 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 28 September 1944 – 21 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Oberst Günther Korten , 18 March 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Oberst Herbert Olbrich , 19 December 1939 – 21 July 1940 - Obstlt Andreas Nielsen , 21 July 1940 – 3 November 1940 - Oberst Richard Schimpf , 4 November 1940 – 15 January 1941 - Generalleutnant Günther Korten , 15 January 1941 – 12 August 1942 - Oberst Hans-Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 24 August 1942 – 23 February 1943 - Oberst Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 1 March 1943 – 25 March 1943 - General Otto Deßloch , 26 March 1943 – 3 September 1943 - Generalmajor Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 3 September 1943 – 21 April 1945 References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 4 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 4 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Otto Deßloch",
"Alexander Holle"
] |
hard
|
Who was the commander of Luftflotte 4 in Aug 1944?
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/wiki/Luftflotte_4#P4791#3
|
Luftflotte 4 Luftflotte 4 ( Air Fleet 4 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on March 18 , 1939 , from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna . The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945 , to Luftwaffenkommando 4 , and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6 . It was the Luftflotte 4 , that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad , where ca . 40,000 civilians died . This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania , Bulgaria , Southeast Poland , Hungary , Ukraine and Russian occupied territories , for supporting Axis forces ; with command offices in Morczyn , Hungary , during 26 June 1944 , Eastern Front . See Organization of the Luftwaffe ( 1933–1945 ) for explanation of abbreviations used below . Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /22 ( Focşani ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lublin ) Transports ( special duties ) . - 14 St./Transportgeschwader 4 ( Odessa ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 3. ( F ) /121 ( Ziliştea ) - NSt.1 ( Focşani ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.1 ( Chişinău ) - 2/NAGr.16 ( Chişinău ) - Stab/NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 1./NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 2./NAGr.14 ( Bacău ) Maritime reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr.125 ( See ) ( Constanţa ) - 1. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Varna , Bulgaria ) - 3. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) A.St.22/1 ( Ciocârlia , Romania ) - ( Rum ) 101.A.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Bulg ) See . A.St. ( Varna , Bulgaria ) Fighters . - Stab/JG 52 ( Manzar ) - I./JG 52 ( Leipzig , Romania ) - II./JG 52 ( Manzar ) - III./JG 52 ( Roman ) - 15 ( Kroat. ) /JG 52 ( Ziliştea ) Land air strike . - Stab/SG 2 ( Huşi ) - I./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 2 ( Ziliştea ) - III./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 10 ( Culm ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) - 14. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.5 ( Manzar ) - 1./NSGr.5 ( Roman ) - 2./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) - 3./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) Bombers ( medium ) . - I./KG.4 ( Focşani ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lubin ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 1./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 2./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) Land air strike . - Stab IV ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - 12. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Strunybaby ) - 13. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - Stab./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - I./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - II./SG.77 ( Lemberg ) - III./SG.77 ( Cuniov ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG.77 ( Starzava ) - ( Ung ) S.St . G.102/1 ( Cuniov ) - ( Ung ) ( 101 C.O. ) St . G.101 ( Borgond-Balaton ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) - 1./NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis. ) KG.27 ( Krosno ) Tactical reconnaissance . - ( Ung ) N.A.St.102/1 ( Labunia ) - 7./NAGr.32 ( Labunia ) Fighters . - ( Ung ) J.St.102/1 ( Zamość ) Bombers . - ( Ung ) K.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Rapid bombers . - ( Ung ) SK.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Strategic/tactical reconnaissance . - ( Rum ) 2. ( F ) A.St . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) 102 A.St . ( Vilkov ) - ( Rum ) ( C.A.1 ) 1A.St. ( Bacău ) Fighters . - ( Rum ) II./JG.3 ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 65./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 66./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 67./J.St . ( Bacău ) - Stab ( Rum ) IV.JGr.45 ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .45 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .46 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .49 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .IX JGr . ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .47 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .48 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .56 J.St. ( Tecuci ) Tactical support ( dive bombers ) . - ( Rum ) StG.3 ( Călimănești? ) StG is Sturzkampfgeschwader , dive bombers - ( Rum ) StG.4 ( Huşi ) - ( Rum ) StG.8 ( Matca ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Detach ) ( Odessa ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Cioara-Dolcești ) Bombers . - ( Rum ) KG.2 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) KG.4 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) 76 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) 78 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) V KGr . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) K.St.1/3 ( Ciocârlia ) Fighters . - I./JG.53 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - III./JG.77 ( Mizil ) - ( Rum ) I./JG.2 ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 43 . J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 63.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 64.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 59./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 61./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 62./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) VII.JGr . ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 53./VII.J.St ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 57./VII.J.St. ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 51.J.St . ( Ţepeş Vodă ) - ( Rum ) 52.J.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) 58.J.St . ( Pipera ) Night fighters . - 10./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 12./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 11./ ( Detach ) NJG.100 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 4./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Mizil ) - 6./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - ( Rum ) 1./NJ.St . ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) Commanding officers . - Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , 18 March 1939 – 20 July 1942 - Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , 20 July 1942 – 4 September 1943 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 4 September 1943 – 17 August 1944 - Generalleutnant Alexander Holle , 25 August 1944 – 27 September 1944 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 28 September 1944 – 21 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Oberst Günther Korten , 18 March 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Oberst Herbert Olbrich , 19 December 1939 – 21 July 1940 - Obstlt Andreas Nielsen , 21 July 1940 – 3 November 1940 - Oberst Richard Schimpf , 4 November 1940 – 15 January 1941 - Generalleutnant Günther Korten , 15 January 1941 – 12 August 1942 - Oberst Hans-Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 24 August 1942 – 23 February 1943 - Oberst Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 1 March 1943 – 25 March 1943 - General Otto Deßloch , 26 March 1943 – 3 September 1943 - Generalmajor Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 3 September 1943 – 21 April 1945 References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 4 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 4 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Otto Deßloch"
] |
hard
|
Who was the commander of Luftflotte 4 after Feb 1945?
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/wiki/Luftflotte_4#P4791#4
|
Luftflotte 4 Luftflotte 4 ( Air Fleet 4 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed on March 18 , 1939 , from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna . The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945 , to Luftwaffenkommando 4 , and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6 . It was the Luftflotte 4 , that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad , where ca . 40,000 civilians died . This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania , Bulgaria , Southeast Poland , Hungary , Ukraine and Russian occupied territories , for supporting Axis forces ; with command offices in Morczyn , Hungary , during 26 June 1944 , Eastern Front . See Organization of the Luftwaffe ( 1933–1945 ) for explanation of abbreviations used below . Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /22 ( Focşani ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lublin ) Transports ( special duties ) . - 14 St./Transportgeschwader 4 ( Odessa ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 3. ( F ) /121 ( Ziliştea ) - NSt.1 ( Focşani ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.1 ( Chişinău ) - 2/NAGr.16 ( Chişinău ) - Stab/NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 1./NAGr.14 ( Comrat ) - 2./NAGr.14 ( Bacău ) Maritime reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr.125 ( See ) ( Constanţa ) - 1. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Varna , Bulgaria ) - 3. ( F ) /125 ( See ) ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) A.St.22/1 ( Ciocârlia , Romania ) - ( Rum ) 101.A.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Bulg ) See . A.St. ( Varna , Bulgaria ) Fighters . - Stab/JG 52 ( Manzar ) - I./JG 52 ( Leipzig , Romania ) - II./JG 52 ( Manzar ) - III./JG 52 ( Roman ) - 15 ( Kroat. ) /JG 52 ( Ziliştea ) Land air strike . - Stab/SG 2 ( Huşi ) - I./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 2 ( Ziliştea ) - III./SG 2 ( Huşi ) - II./SG 10 ( Culm ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) - 14. ( Pz ) /SG 2 ( Trotuş ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.5 ( Manzar ) - 1./NSGr.5 ( Roman ) - 2./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) - 3./NSGr.5 ( Chişinău ) Bombers ( medium ) . - I./KG.4 ( Focşani ) Strategic reconnaissance . - 2. ( F ) /11 ( Jasionka ) - 2. ( F ) /100 ( Lubin ) Tactical reconnaissance . - Stab/NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 1./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) - 2./NAGr.2 ( Strunybaby ) Land air strike . - Stab IV ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - 12. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Strunybaby ) - 13. ( Pz ) /SG.9 ( Lisiatycze ) - Stab./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - I./SG.77 ( Jasionka ) - II./SG.77 ( Lemberg ) - III./SG.77 ( Cuniov ) - 10. ( Pz ) /SG.77 ( Starzava ) - ( Ung ) S.St . G.102/1 ( Cuniov ) - ( Ung ) ( 101 C.O. ) St . G.101 ( Borgond-Balaton ) Night land attack . - Stab/NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) - 1./NSGr.4 ( Hordinia ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis. ) KG.27 ( Krosno ) Tactical reconnaissance . - ( Ung ) N.A.St.102/1 ( Labunia ) - 7./NAGr.32 ( Labunia ) Fighters . - ( Ung ) J.St.102/1 ( Zamość ) Bombers . - ( Ung ) K.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Rapid bombers . - ( Ung ) SK.St.102/1 ( Klemensova ) Strategic/tactical reconnaissance . - ( Rum ) 2. ( F ) A.St . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) 102 A.St . ( Vilkov ) - ( Rum ) ( C.A.1 ) 1A.St. ( Bacău ) Fighters . - ( Rum ) II./JG.3 ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 65./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 66./J.St . ( Bacău ) - ( Rum ) 67./J.St . ( Bacău ) - Stab ( Rum ) IV.JGr.45 ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .45 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .46 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .49 J.St . ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) .IX JGr . ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .47 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .48 J.St. ( Tecuci ) - ( Rum ) .56 J.St. ( Tecuci ) Tactical support ( dive bombers ) . - ( Rum ) StG.3 ( Călimănești? ) StG is Sturzkampfgeschwader , dive bombers - ( Rum ) StG.4 ( Huşi ) - ( Rum ) StG.8 ( Matca ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Detach ) ( Odessa ) - ( Rum ) ( G.P. ) StG.3 ( Cioara-Dolcești ) Bombers . - ( Rum ) KG.2 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) KG.4 ( Țăndărei ) - ( Rum ) 76 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) 78 K.St. ( Ianca ) - ( Rum ) V KGr . ( Iveşti ) - ( Rum ) K.St.1/3 ( Ciocârlia ) Fighters . - I./JG.53 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - III./JG.77 ( Mizil ) - ( Rum ) I./JG.2 ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 43 . J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 63.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) 64.J.St. ( Roşiori ) - ( Rum ) VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 59./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 61./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) 62./VII JGr. ( Popești-Leordeni ) - ( Rum ) VII.JGr . ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 53./VII.J.St ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 57./VII.J.St. ( Boteni ) - ( Rum ) 51.J.St . ( Ţepeş Vodă ) - ( Rum ) 52.J.St . ( Mamaia ) - ( Rum ) 58.J.St . ( Pipera ) Night fighters . - 10./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 12./NJG.6 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 11./ ( Detach ) NJG.100 ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) - 4./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Mizil ) - 6./ ( N ) JG.301 ( Târgşorul-Nou ) - ( Rum ) 1./NJ.St . ( Otopeni-Bucharest ) Commanding officers . - Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , 18 March 1939 – 20 July 1942 - Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen , 20 July 1942 – 4 September 1943 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 4 September 1943 – 17 August 1944 - Generalleutnant Alexander Holle , 25 August 1944 – 27 September 1944 - Generaloberst Otto Deßloch , 28 September 1944 – 21 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Oberst Günther Korten , 18 March 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Oberst Herbert Olbrich , 19 December 1939 – 21 July 1940 - Obstlt Andreas Nielsen , 21 July 1940 – 3 November 1940 - Oberst Richard Schimpf , 4 November 1940 – 15 January 1941 - Generalleutnant Günther Korten , 15 January 1941 – 12 August 1942 - Oberst Hans-Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 24 August 1942 – 23 February 1943 - Oberst Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 1 March 1943 – 25 March 1943 - General Otto Deßloch , 26 March 1943 – 3 September 1943 - Generalmajor Karl-Heinrich Schulz , 3 September 1943 – 21 April 1945 References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 4 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 4 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"House of Commons"
] |
hard
|
What position did Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar take between Mar 1887 and Jun 1889?
|
/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar#P39#0
|
Ronald Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar Ronald Craufurd Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar , ( 6 March 1860 – 30 March 1934 ) was a British politician who served as the sixth Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1914 to 1920 . Munro Ferguson was born in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland . He attended the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and initially pursued a military career . Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons in 1884 , defeated a year later , and re-elected in 1886 . A Liberal Imperialist , he was an ally of Lord Rosebery and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in his government . Munro Ferguson was overlooked for ministerial office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H . H . Asquith , but in 1914 was appointed Governor-General of Australia . He was politically influential , forming a close bond with Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and was committed to his role as nominal commander-in-chief during World War I . His six years in office was a record until being surpassed by another wartime governor-general , Lord Gowrie . Munro Ferguson was raised to the viscountcy once his term ended , and from 1922 to 1924 returned to politics as Secretary of State for Scotland under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin . In retirement he held various company directorships . Background and education . Munro Ferguson was born Ronald Craufurd Ferguson at his family home in the Raith area near Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland , the son and eldest child of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ferguson , a wealthy member of the Commons of old Scottish descent . His mother was Emma Eliza , daughter of James Henry Mandeville of Merton , Surrey . He was a grandson of General Richard C . Ferguson . In 1864 his father inherited the baronies of Novar in Ross-shire and Muirton in Morayshire , and took the additional surname Munro . Educated at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , he pursued a military career until 1884 . Ferguson joined the 1st Fife Light Horse in 1875 : a militia regiment of gentlemen . Three years later , he entered RMA Sandhurst . On the officers course for a year , he was gazetted to the Grenadier Guards with a commission . He served in the army for a short service limited commission , leaving in 1884 on returning from India . Ferguson joined the Oswald of Dunnikier Lodge 468 on 24 December 1888 . Political life , 1884–1914 . In 1884 , Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty . One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process . He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire . But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs , principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery . Gladstone had won two unopposed seats but , on refusing Leith to prevent a suspected Unionist Michael Jacks , it became vacant . In August a by-election was held and Home Rule candidate Munro Ferguson was elected . Gladston appointed him private secretary to Lord Rosebery , a leading Liberal . Like Rosebery , Munro Ferguson would become a Liberal Imperialist , and a personal friend of the colourful earl . He accompanied Rosebery and his wife , Hannah , on a tour of India in 1886-7 and again in 1892-4 . When Rosebery became Prime Minister , Ferguson was promoted in the Treasury department as a junior whip with responsibilities for Scotland . Ferguson continued to urge radicalism to bring Home Rule for Scotland on his friend , whom he supported in 1887 for the Liberal Party leadership . He supported the imperial policies of the Conservative government during the Second Boer War , which made him highly unpopular with the radical , anti-war wing of the Liberal Party . Matters came to a head when he was threatened by Grey in a letter on 18 October 1900 . The Liberals had lost another general election to the Khaki Conservatives and so Ferguson disgusted by the derision and division chucked it in resigning as Scottish whip . A member of the Liberal Imperialist Council , he was disaffected by the bad treatment of his mentor Rosebery . Nonetheless , he was compelled to work with Limps , derisively dubbed by republicans , on lines of speeches for the Asquith Committee which now controlled the partys Imperialist wing now renamed The Liberal League . Grey , Haldane and the rest seized control of the organization and its administration : the preface to which was Roseberys remarkable volte face over the South African War , leaving his friend forced to admit to Munro Ferguson should an Asquith Government be formed he might go abroad . He , therefore , had little hope of Cabinet office in the governments of Campbell-Bannerman or Asquith , despite his obvious talents . In December 1905 , he requested the new Liberal cabinet make him Governor of Bombay but was refused . Instead , he had to be content with provost of Kirkcaldy . He nursed a burning resentment against over genial plebeian Asquith . Increasingly , his job in government and liaison of his group had been taken over by R B Haldane when he made it clear in 1907 his decided opposition to keep Asquith out of the leadership...He has come to be quite unreliable.. . But the political disaster that he called Asquiths succession made his political career untenable . He was a property owner in Asquiths constituency , a neighbour of Haldane , and just like him had gained the patronage of Lord Morley ; they were idealists for social reform . Governor-General of Australia , 1914–1920 . In February 1914 , therefore , Munro Ferguson was happy to accept the post of Governor-General of Australia ( he had refused the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and that of Victoria in 1910 ) . He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) prior to his appointment on 18 May 1914 . His political background , his connections with the Liberal government in London and his imperialist views made him both better equipped and more inclined to play an activist role in Australian politics than any of his predecessors . At the same time , he had enough sense to confine his activism to behind the scenes influence . He was described as an active Imperial supervisor by the journalist , Keith Murdoch , using his own cipher to signal London . During the First World War , which broke out in August 1914 , the reciprocal power of the Australian High Commission was severely restricted and Government House had a furious falling out with Governor of New South Wales , Sir Gerald Strickland . They grew to hate one another and the latter was jealous of Melbournes superior power and location of governance . The British Government underfunded the federal government and ignored the huge debts spent by State Governors on public works but it was the most active government since federation ; and Munro-Ferguson its most active ambassador . He developed close friendships with two judges of the High Court of Australia : Sir Samuel Griffith ( the Chief Justice , and former Premier of Queensland ) and Sir Edmund Barton ( former Prime Minister of Australia ) . He consulted Griffith and Barton on many occasions , including on the exercise of the reserve powers of the Crown . Strickland . Although a genial host and brilliant controversialistSir Gerald Strickland his tactlessness caused some uneasiness . The new Governor-General found himself in a struggle over precedence . The post of New South Wales Governor was the oldest in Australia and had long been considered the most powerful . But , by law , the royal appointment to Government House held sway . During the First World War , the strain began to show in the London Liberal government . Ferguson was desperate to keep secrecy , and maintain control over policy access to London . On 3 June 1916 , the Colonial Secretary informed Ferguson that a coalition was pending . Strickland , having snubbed the Government in Melbourne , went over the Governor-Generals head directly to London . Strickland worked up an ANZAC day annual memorial , which proved very popular – but which Strickland claimed was a national celebration . On 1 May 1917 , Munro Ferguson confessed to Lord Stamfordham that he had under-estimated the deep emotional loyalty of ordinary Australians . Press belief that Anzacs were the spearhead elite and shocktroops among dominions gave a status in the British Empires armies they sustained throughout the war . Australian federal election , 1914 . It was advantageous that Munro Ferguson was politically experienced because he arrived in Melbourne , then the site of the Parliament of Australia , to find himself in the midst of a political crisis . The Liberal government of Joseph Cook had a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives , but the Labor Party had a majority in the Senate and had used it systematically to frustrate the government . Cook was now determined to force a double dissolution election under Section 57 of the Constitution . On 2 June 1914 , barely three weeks after Munro Ferguson had taken office , Cook formally requested a double dissolution . Munro Ferguson had several things to consider . The Parliament elected in 1913 still had two years to run . Cook had not been defeated in the House of Representatives . His sole reason for wanting a dissolution was that he did not control the Senate . This was a situation without precedent in the United Kingdom , where the upper house , the House of Lords , is unelected . When Munro Ferguson granted Cook a double dissolution , he was furiously denounced by the Labor Party : who maintained that Cook was manipulating the Constitution to gain control of the Senate . Munro Ferguson , influenced by the British House of Lords crisis of 1910 , took the view that the lower house should prevail . Paradoxically , it was Cooks Liberal Party who argued that the Governor-General should always take the advice of his Prime Minister , while Labor argued that he should exercise his discretion . In the middle of the campaign for the 1914 election , news arrived of the outbreak of the First World War . This caused an acute crisis in Australian government . Parliament had been dissolved and the government was in caretaker mode . Furthermore , Australia in 1914 did not have the right to independent participation in international affairs , and so its politicians were completely inexperienced in such . In these circumstances , Munro Ferguson was the only man with both the constitutional authority and the confidence to act . It was he who convened the Cabinet , implemented the mobilisation plan and communicated with the Cabinet in London . Cooks manoeuvring backfired when Labor won the September election and Andrew Fisher was returned to office . Australia at war . The Inspector-General William Bridges was given the task of creating an expeditionary force of 20,000 men . Bridges and General White admired the fact that George Pearce , the Minister for Defence in 1914 , had been already converted by the 1911 Imperial Defence Conference to a British world view . There was to be one Corps , this led to a second Australian Corps , and even the possibility of a full army recruited solely from Australia . In 1914 , Bridges was replaced by the British Indian Army General William Birdwood . Munro-Ferguson was an enthusiastic supporter of Australian soldiers . He indicated to Colonial Secretary Bonar Law , that General Hamilton had made tactless remarks about officers class breeding during the Dardanelles campaign . Yet Bonar Law had earlier mentioned Hamiltons praise for the Australians by letter on 24 Aug 1915 . Winston Churchill did not help when hinting wastage could be made up from former wounded Australians , and communicating the idea to Munro-Ferguson . A journalist Keith Murdoch tried to take documents from the imperial base at Egypt to London , to meet PM Asquith and Lord Northcliffe of The Times . He was intercepted en route by British intelligence , under orders from General Hamilton . Bonar Law remained critical of the policy and joined David Lloyd George to bring about a Coalition . Billy Hughes was the driving force behind the war effort and the policy of conscription . The incoming Labor Premier formed a close relationship with Munro Ferguson , who recognised his ability . Munro Ferguson saw his role in wartime as an agent of the British war effort , not just a representative of the Crown . He openly supported those who were committed to the war , and opposed those who were not . Munro-Ferguson sent secret memos to London . Against the advice , he warned New Zealand against German cruiser Emden . In the Pacific , Japan were allies ; but their naval expansionary plans worried . The Colonial Secretary adopted a policy similar to Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote , Governor-General ( 1904–8 ) . Munro Ferguson was actively travelling the country reviewing troops , meeting dignitaries , and seeing munitions factories . Through an active correspondence with General Birdwood , his influence was felt over senior military appointments . His authority firmly stamped on the Dominion , he favoured Gen Brudenell White over Gen Monash , the eventual commander of AIF . In October 1915 , Fisher resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Hughes . Munro Ferguson recognised Hughess qualities as a war leader and supported him privately and publicly , in a way that stretched constitutional propriety . Hughes was convinced that only the introduction of conscription would allow Australia to maintain its commitment to the war effort and Munro Ferguson gave him every encouragement . Hughes answer was to call-up 50,000 more men – but without planning ahead . Hughes refused to call a debate in the Federal parliament . Munro Ferguson regarded the defeat of the conscription plebiscites in October 1916 and December 1917 as disasters for Australia and the war effort . He also believed that the empire needed an integrationist bluewater policy that mixed Canadian and British troops with Australians in the regimental system . The Governor made it clear that the war was simply and justly a big fight : The absence of carping here over the premature bombardment , and the postponed list casualties is beyond all praise , he wrote of the ANZAC at Gallipoli . In Munro-Fergusons opinion the press was a victim of hyperbole on Australian soldiers : big-noting ...tale of heroism that thrilled the world . When Hughes was expelled from the Labor Party after the first plebiscite , Munro Ferguson allowed him to stay in office as a minority Prime Minister , supported by Cooks Liberals . He encouraged Hughes and Cook to form a new party on a win the war platform . This party , the Nationalist Party , was formed later in 1916 with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader . During the second plebiscite campaign , Hughes pledged to resign if it were not carried . The plebiscite lost , and Hughes followed through on his promise to resign . However , there were no alternative candidates , and Munro Ferguson used his reserve power to promptly recommission Hughes—thus allowing Hughes to stay in office while fulfilling his promise to stand down . When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in Britain , Hughes communicated directly with him ( sometimes in Welsh ) , causing Munro Ferguson to complain that he was being denied his proper role as the medium of communication between London and Melbourne . Despite Munro Fergusons vigorous assertion of his rights as Governor-General , he could not in the long run halt the decline in the influence of the office . Once Australia gained the right to independent participation in international affairs , which it did in 1918 , Munro Fergusons days of influence were over . Alone among the Dominion forces , the Defence Force Act 1903 ( Cth ) reserved the power to confirm a death sentence passed by Australian courts-martial not to the commander-in-chief of the theatre , but to the Governor-General of Australia . Munro Ferguson refused to confirm the sentence on any of the 113 Australian soldiers condemned by courts-martial . Post-war . After the war , trade was restored with Britain , but protectionist and isolationists Conservative policies threatened the Liberal Imperialist vision of unity . In May 1919 , Munro Ferguson advised London of his desire to resign . He was pressed to stay on to oversee the Australian tour of the Prince of Wales in 1920 . Ferguson left Australia as her most successful Governor-General to date . Australia had played an integral and significant military role in supporting the imperial war effort , but Hughes continued to disrupt imperial unity : the people were now calling for more democracy . He finally departed in October 1920 , after more than six years in post . On his return home , he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Novar , of Raith in the County of Fife and of Novar in the County of Ross on 6 December , named for Novar House , Raith which was the ancestral seat of the Ferguson family . The Liberal PM Lloyd George appointed Novar to be vice-President of the Committee of Council of Education . He was a close political friend of Sir Edward Grey , and took an active part in the business of the Lords . As Vice-President of the Council on Education he was responsible for oversight in 1922 . Later career . On the collapse of the Coalition he was adopted by another Scot , Bonar Law , who made Novar Secretary of State for Scotland . Following an official ceremony , he received the Freedom of Edinburgh in 1923 ; he took an interest in the history and traditions of his homeland . After the brief interlude of the Labour government he left the Scottish office , and was appointed as Chairman of the Political Honours Committee . Whereas in Scotland he became a Member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Construction . He remained a Liberal under the new leadership , and was invited to the Board of Trust of National Liberals of Scotland . Taking on directorships he was Chairman of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company . He was a Director of the Rail Passengers Insurance Company , and of the Union Bank of Scotland : executive posts he held until his death . Novar was granted further honours when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) in 1926 . Personal life . Lord Novar married Lady Helen Hermione ( 1863 – 9 April 1941 ) , daughter of Lord Dufferin , in 1889 . The union was childless . They lived at 18 Portman Square , when in London . He was a member of the Athenaeum and Reform Clubs . Lady Novars work for the British Red Cross Society , which included converting the ballroom of Melbournes Government House for this purpose , earned her appointment as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) in 1918 . Lord Novar died at his home in 1934 , aged 74 , the title Viscount Novar dying with him as he left no issue . The titles Baron of Novar and Baron of Muirton became dormant . His papers are an extremely important source for historians of Australian politics and Australias role in the First World War . Lady Novar , GBE , JP ( Fife ) died in 1941 . He was a close friend of Sir Cecil Spring Rice , with whom he corresponded for many years . Legacy . - Novar Gardens , South Australia was named in 1921 in honour of Viscount Novar . - A Sydney Harbour ferry , Lady Ferguson ( built 1914 ) , was named after Lady Novar , as a continuation of a naming convention whereby ferries were named after wives of Governors-General of Australia and Governors of NSW . References . - Bibliography External links . - Profile , westernfrontassociation.com - Profile , adb.anu.edu.au
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What position did Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar take between Aug 1894 and Nov 1894?
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Ronald Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar Ronald Craufurd Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar , ( 6 March 1860 – 30 March 1934 ) was a British politician who served as the sixth Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1914 to 1920 . Munro Ferguson was born in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland . He attended the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and initially pursued a military career . Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons in 1884 , defeated a year later , and re-elected in 1886 . A Liberal Imperialist , he was an ally of Lord Rosebery and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in his government . Munro Ferguson was overlooked for ministerial office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H . H . Asquith , but in 1914 was appointed Governor-General of Australia . He was politically influential , forming a close bond with Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and was committed to his role as nominal commander-in-chief during World War I . His six years in office was a record until being surpassed by another wartime governor-general , Lord Gowrie . Munro Ferguson was raised to the viscountcy once his term ended , and from 1922 to 1924 returned to politics as Secretary of State for Scotland under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin . In retirement he held various company directorships . Background and education . Munro Ferguson was born Ronald Craufurd Ferguson at his family home in the Raith area near Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland , the son and eldest child of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ferguson , a wealthy member of the Commons of old Scottish descent . His mother was Emma Eliza , daughter of James Henry Mandeville of Merton , Surrey . He was a grandson of General Richard C . Ferguson . In 1864 his father inherited the baronies of Novar in Ross-shire and Muirton in Morayshire , and took the additional surname Munro . Educated at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , he pursued a military career until 1884 . Ferguson joined the 1st Fife Light Horse in 1875 : a militia regiment of gentlemen . Three years later , he entered RMA Sandhurst . On the officers course for a year , he was gazetted to the Grenadier Guards with a commission . He served in the army for a short service limited commission , leaving in 1884 on returning from India . Ferguson joined the Oswald of Dunnikier Lodge 468 on 24 December 1888 . Political life , 1884–1914 . In 1884 , Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty . One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process . He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire . But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs , principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery . Gladstone had won two unopposed seats but , on refusing Leith to prevent a suspected Unionist Michael Jacks , it became vacant . In August a by-election was held and Home Rule candidate Munro Ferguson was elected . Gladston appointed him private secretary to Lord Rosebery , a leading Liberal . Like Rosebery , Munro Ferguson would become a Liberal Imperialist , and a personal friend of the colourful earl . He accompanied Rosebery and his wife , Hannah , on a tour of India in 1886-7 and again in 1892-4 . When Rosebery became Prime Minister , Ferguson was promoted in the Treasury department as a junior whip with responsibilities for Scotland . Ferguson continued to urge radicalism to bring Home Rule for Scotland on his friend , whom he supported in 1887 for the Liberal Party leadership . He supported the imperial policies of the Conservative government during the Second Boer War , which made him highly unpopular with the radical , anti-war wing of the Liberal Party . Matters came to a head when he was threatened by Grey in a letter on 18 October 1900 . The Liberals had lost another general election to the Khaki Conservatives and so Ferguson disgusted by the derision and division chucked it in resigning as Scottish whip . A member of the Liberal Imperialist Council , he was disaffected by the bad treatment of his mentor Rosebery . Nonetheless , he was compelled to work with Limps , derisively dubbed by republicans , on lines of speeches for the Asquith Committee which now controlled the partys Imperialist wing now renamed The Liberal League . Grey , Haldane and the rest seized control of the organization and its administration : the preface to which was Roseberys remarkable volte face over the South African War , leaving his friend forced to admit to Munro Ferguson should an Asquith Government be formed he might go abroad . He , therefore , had little hope of Cabinet office in the governments of Campbell-Bannerman or Asquith , despite his obvious talents . In December 1905 , he requested the new Liberal cabinet make him Governor of Bombay but was refused . Instead , he had to be content with provost of Kirkcaldy . He nursed a burning resentment against over genial plebeian Asquith . Increasingly , his job in government and liaison of his group had been taken over by R B Haldane when he made it clear in 1907 his decided opposition to keep Asquith out of the leadership...He has come to be quite unreliable.. . But the political disaster that he called Asquiths succession made his political career untenable . He was a property owner in Asquiths constituency , a neighbour of Haldane , and just like him had gained the patronage of Lord Morley ; they were idealists for social reform . Governor-General of Australia , 1914–1920 . In February 1914 , therefore , Munro Ferguson was happy to accept the post of Governor-General of Australia ( he had refused the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and that of Victoria in 1910 ) . He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) prior to his appointment on 18 May 1914 . His political background , his connections with the Liberal government in London and his imperialist views made him both better equipped and more inclined to play an activist role in Australian politics than any of his predecessors . At the same time , he had enough sense to confine his activism to behind the scenes influence . He was described as an active Imperial supervisor by the journalist , Keith Murdoch , using his own cipher to signal London . During the First World War , which broke out in August 1914 , the reciprocal power of the Australian High Commission was severely restricted and Government House had a furious falling out with Governor of New South Wales , Sir Gerald Strickland . They grew to hate one another and the latter was jealous of Melbournes superior power and location of governance . The British Government underfunded the federal government and ignored the huge debts spent by State Governors on public works but it was the most active government since federation ; and Munro-Ferguson its most active ambassador . He developed close friendships with two judges of the High Court of Australia : Sir Samuel Griffith ( the Chief Justice , and former Premier of Queensland ) and Sir Edmund Barton ( former Prime Minister of Australia ) . He consulted Griffith and Barton on many occasions , including on the exercise of the reserve powers of the Crown . Strickland . Although a genial host and brilliant controversialistSir Gerald Strickland his tactlessness caused some uneasiness . The new Governor-General found himself in a struggle over precedence . The post of New South Wales Governor was the oldest in Australia and had long been considered the most powerful . But , by law , the royal appointment to Government House held sway . During the First World War , the strain began to show in the London Liberal government . Ferguson was desperate to keep secrecy , and maintain control over policy access to London . On 3 June 1916 , the Colonial Secretary informed Ferguson that a coalition was pending . Strickland , having snubbed the Government in Melbourne , went over the Governor-Generals head directly to London . Strickland worked up an ANZAC day annual memorial , which proved very popular – but which Strickland claimed was a national celebration . On 1 May 1917 , Munro Ferguson confessed to Lord Stamfordham that he had under-estimated the deep emotional loyalty of ordinary Australians . Press belief that Anzacs were the spearhead elite and shocktroops among dominions gave a status in the British Empires armies they sustained throughout the war . Australian federal election , 1914 . It was advantageous that Munro Ferguson was politically experienced because he arrived in Melbourne , then the site of the Parliament of Australia , to find himself in the midst of a political crisis . The Liberal government of Joseph Cook had a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives , but the Labor Party had a majority in the Senate and had used it systematically to frustrate the government . Cook was now determined to force a double dissolution election under Section 57 of the Constitution . On 2 June 1914 , barely three weeks after Munro Ferguson had taken office , Cook formally requested a double dissolution . Munro Ferguson had several things to consider . The Parliament elected in 1913 still had two years to run . Cook had not been defeated in the House of Representatives . His sole reason for wanting a dissolution was that he did not control the Senate . This was a situation without precedent in the United Kingdom , where the upper house , the House of Lords , is unelected . When Munro Ferguson granted Cook a double dissolution , he was furiously denounced by the Labor Party : who maintained that Cook was manipulating the Constitution to gain control of the Senate . Munro Ferguson , influenced by the British House of Lords crisis of 1910 , took the view that the lower house should prevail . Paradoxically , it was Cooks Liberal Party who argued that the Governor-General should always take the advice of his Prime Minister , while Labor argued that he should exercise his discretion . In the middle of the campaign for the 1914 election , news arrived of the outbreak of the First World War . This caused an acute crisis in Australian government . Parliament had been dissolved and the government was in caretaker mode . Furthermore , Australia in 1914 did not have the right to independent participation in international affairs , and so its politicians were completely inexperienced in such . In these circumstances , Munro Ferguson was the only man with both the constitutional authority and the confidence to act . It was he who convened the Cabinet , implemented the mobilisation plan and communicated with the Cabinet in London . Cooks manoeuvring backfired when Labor won the September election and Andrew Fisher was returned to office . Australia at war . The Inspector-General William Bridges was given the task of creating an expeditionary force of 20,000 men . Bridges and General White admired the fact that George Pearce , the Minister for Defence in 1914 , had been already converted by the 1911 Imperial Defence Conference to a British world view . There was to be one Corps , this led to a second Australian Corps , and even the possibility of a full army recruited solely from Australia . In 1914 , Bridges was replaced by the British Indian Army General William Birdwood . Munro-Ferguson was an enthusiastic supporter of Australian soldiers . He indicated to Colonial Secretary Bonar Law , that General Hamilton had made tactless remarks about officers class breeding during the Dardanelles campaign . Yet Bonar Law had earlier mentioned Hamiltons praise for the Australians by letter on 24 Aug 1915 . Winston Churchill did not help when hinting wastage could be made up from former wounded Australians , and communicating the idea to Munro-Ferguson . A journalist Keith Murdoch tried to take documents from the imperial base at Egypt to London , to meet PM Asquith and Lord Northcliffe of The Times . He was intercepted en route by British intelligence , under orders from General Hamilton . Bonar Law remained critical of the policy and joined David Lloyd George to bring about a Coalition . Billy Hughes was the driving force behind the war effort and the policy of conscription . The incoming Labor Premier formed a close relationship with Munro Ferguson , who recognised his ability . Munro Ferguson saw his role in wartime as an agent of the British war effort , not just a representative of the Crown . He openly supported those who were committed to the war , and opposed those who were not . Munro-Ferguson sent secret memos to London . Against the advice , he warned New Zealand against German cruiser Emden . In the Pacific , Japan were allies ; but their naval expansionary plans worried . The Colonial Secretary adopted a policy similar to Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote , Governor-General ( 1904–8 ) . Munro Ferguson was actively travelling the country reviewing troops , meeting dignitaries , and seeing munitions factories . Through an active correspondence with General Birdwood , his influence was felt over senior military appointments . His authority firmly stamped on the Dominion , he favoured Gen Brudenell White over Gen Monash , the eventual commander of AIF . In October 1915 , Fisher resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Hughes . Munro Ferguson recognised Hughess qualities as a war leader and supported him privately and publicly , in a way that stretched constitutional propriety . Hughes was convinced that only the introduction of conscription would allow Australia to maintain its commitment to the war effort and Munro Ferguson gave him every encouragement . Hughes answer was to call-up 50,000 more men – but without planning ahead . Hughes refused to call a debate in the Federal parliament . Munro Ferguson regarded the defeat of the conscription plebiscites in October 1916 and December 1917 as disasters for Australia and the war effort . He also believed that the empire needed an integrationist bluewater policy that mixed Canadian and British troops with Australians in the regimental system . The Governor made it clear that the war was simply and justly a big fight : The absence of carping here over the premature bombardment , and the postponed list casualties is beyond all praise , he wrote of the ANZAC at Gallipoli . In Munro-Fergusons opinion the press was a victim of hyperbole on Australian soldiers : big-noting ...tale of heroism that thrilled the world . When Hughes was expelled from the Labor Party after the first plebiscite , Munro Ferguson allowed him to stay in office as a minority Prime Minister , supported by Cooks Liberals . He encouraged Hughes and Cook to form a new party on a win the war platform . This party , the Nationalist Party , was formed later in 1916 with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader . During the second plebiscite campaign , Hughes pledged to resign if it were not carried . The plebiscite lost , and Hughes followed through on his promise to resign . However , there were no alternative candidates , and Munro Ferguson used his reserve power to promptly recommission Hughes—thus allowing Hughes to stay in office while fulfilling his promise to stand down . When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in Britain , Hughes communicated directly with him ( sometimes in Welsh ) , causing Munro Ferguson to complain that he was being denied his proper role as the medium of communication between London and Melbourne . Despite Munro Fergusons vigorous assertion of his rights as Governor-General , he could not in the long run halt the decline in the influence of the office . Once Australia gained the right to independent participation in international affairs , which it did in 1918 , Munro Fergusons days of influence were over . Alone among the Dominion forces , the Defence Force Act 1903 ( Cth ) reserved the power to confirm a death sentence passed by Australian courts-martial not to the commander-in-chief of the theatre , but to the Governor-General of Australia . Munro Ferguson refused to confirm the sentence on any of the 113 Australian soldiers condemned by courts-martial . Post-war . After the war , trade was restored with Britain , but protectionist and isolationists Conservative policies threatened the Liberal Imperialist vision of unity . In May 1919 , Munro Ferguson advised London of his desire to resign . He was pressed to stay on to oversee the Australian tour of the Prince of Wales in 1920 . Ferguson left Australia as her most successful Governor-General to date . Australia had played an integral and significant military role in supporting the imperial war effort , but Hughes continued to disrupt imperial unity : the people were now calling for more democracy . He finally departed in October 1920 , after more than six years in post . On his return home , he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Novar , of Raith in the County of Fife and of Novar in the County of Ross on 6 December , named for Novar House , Raith which was the ancestral seat of the Ferguson family . The Liberal PM Lloyd George appointed Novar to be vice-President of the Committee of Council of Education . He was a close political friend of Sir Edward Grey , and took an active part in the business of the Lords . As Vice-President of the Council on Education he was responsible for oversight in 1922 . Later career . On the collapse of the Coalition he was adopted by another Scot , Bonar Law , who made Novar Secretary of State for Scotland . Following an official ceremony , he received the Freedom of Edinburgh in 1923 ; he took an interest in the history and traditions of his homeland . After the brief interlude of the Labour government he left the Scottish office , and was appointed as Chairman of the Political Honours Committee . Whereas in Scotland he became a Member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Construction . He remained a Liberal under the new leadership , and was invited to the Board of Trust of National Liberals of Scotland . Taking on directorships he was Chairman of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company . He was a Director of the Rail Passengers Insurance Company , and of the Union Bank of Scotland : executive posts he held until his death . Novar was granted further honours when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) in 1926 . Personal life . Lord Novar married Lady Helen Hermione ( 1863 – 9 April 1941 ) , daughter of Lord Dufferin , in 1889 . The union was childless . They lived at 18 Portman Square , when in London . He was a member of the Athenaeum and Reform Clubs . Lady Novars work for the British Red Cross Society , which included converting the ballroom of Melbournes Government House for this purpose , earned her appointment as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) in 1918 . Lord Novar died at his home in 1934 , aged 74 , the title Viscount Novar dying with him as he left no issue . The titles Baron of Novar and Baron of Muirton became dormant . His papers are an extremely important source for historians of Australian politics and Australias role in the First World War . Lady Novar , GBE , JP ( Fife ) died in 1941 . He was a close friend of Sir Cecil Spring Rice , with whom he corresponded for many years . Legacy . - Novar Gardens , South Australia was named in 1921 in honour of Viscount Novar . - A Sydney Harbour ferry , Lady Ferguson ( built 1914 ) , was named after Lady Novar , as a continuation of a naming convention whereby ferries were named after wives of Governors-General of Australia and Governors of NSW . References . - Bibliography External links . - Profile , westernfrontassociation.com - Profile , adb.anu.edu.au
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What position did Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar take between Dec 1907 and Aug 1909?
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Ronald Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar Ronald Craufurd Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar , ( 6 March 1860 – 30 March 1934 ) was a British politician who served as the sixth Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1914 to 1920 . Munro Ferguson was born in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland . He attended the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and initially pursued a military career . Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons in 1884 , defeated a year later , and re-elected in 1886 . A Liberal Imperialist , he was an ally of Lord Rosebery and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in his government . Munro Ferguson was overlooked for ministerial office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H . H . Asquith , but in 1914 was appointed Governor-General of Australia . He was politically influential , forming a close bond with Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and was committed to his role as nominal commander-in-chief during World War I . His six years in office was a record until being surpassed by another wartime governor-general , Lord Gowrie . Munro Ferguson was raised to the viscountcy once his term ended , and from 1922 to 1924 returned to politics as Secretary of State for Scotland under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin . In retirement he held various company directorships . Background and education . Munro Ferguson was born Ronald Craufurd Ferguson at his family home in the Raith area near Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland , the son and eldest child of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ferguson , a wealthy member of the Commons of old Scottish descent . His mother was Emma Eliza , daughter of James Henry Mandeville of Merton , Surrey . He was a grandson of General Richard C . Ferguson . In 1864 his father inherited the baronies of Novar in Ross-shire and Muirton in Morayshire , and took the additional surname Munro . Educated at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , he pursued a military career until 1884 . Ferguson joined the 1st Fife Light Horse in 1875 : a militia regiment of gentlemen . Three years later , he entered RMA Sandhurst . On the officers course for a year , he was gazetted to the Grenadier Guards with a commission . He served in the army for a short service limited commission , leaving in 1884 on returning from India . Ferguson joined the Oswald of Dunnikier Lodge 468 on 24 December 1888 . Political life , 1884–1914 . In 1884 , Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty . One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process . He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire . But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs , principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery . Gladstone had won two unopposed seats but , on refusing Leith to prevent a suspected Unionist Michael Jacks , it became vacant . In August a by-election was held and Home Rule candidate Munro Ferguson was elected . Gladston appointed him private secretary to Lord Rosebery , a leading Liberal . Like Rosebery , Munro Ferguson would become a Liberal Imperialist , and a personal friend of the colourful earl . He accompanied Rosebery and his wife , Hannah , on a tour of India in 1886-7 and again in 1892-4 . When Rosebery became Prime Minister , Ferguson was promoted in the Treasury department as a junior whip with responsibilities for Scotland . Ferguson continued to urge radicalism to bring Home Rule for Scotland on his friend , whom he supported in 1887 for the Liberal Party leadership . He supported the imperial policies of the Conservative government during the Second Boer War , which made him highly unpopular with the radical , anti-war wing of the Liberal Party . Matters came to a head when he was threatened by Grey in a letter on 18 October 1900 . The Liberals had lost another general election to the Khaki Conservatives and so Ferguson disgusted by the derision and division chucked it in resigning as Scottish whip . A member of the Liberal Imperialist Council , he was disaffected by the bad treatment of his mentor Rosebery . Nonetheless , he was compelled to work with Limps , derisively dubbed by republicans , on lines of speeches for the Asquith Committee which now controlled the partys Imperialist wing now renamed The Liberal League . Grey , Haldane and the rest seized control of the organization and its administration : the preface to which was Roseberys remarkable volte face over the South African War , leaving his friend forced to admit to Munro Ferguson should an Asquith Government be formed he might go abroad . He , therefore , had little hope of Cabinet office in the governments of Campbell-Bannerman or Asquith , despite his obvious talents . In December 1905 , he requested the new Liberal cabinet make him Governor of Bombay but was refused . Instead , he had to be content with provost of Kirkcaldy . He nursed a burning resentment against over genial plebeian Asquith . Increasingly , his job in government and liaison of his group had been taken over by R B Haldane when he made it clear in 1907 his decided opposition to keep Asquith out of the leadership...He has come to be quite unreliable.. . But the political disaster that he called Asquiths succession made his political career untenable . He was a property owner in Asquiths constituency , a neighbour of Haldane , and just like him had gained the patronage of Lord Morley ; they were idealists for social reform . Governor-General of Australia , 1914–1920 . In February 1914 , therefore , Munro Ferguson was happy to accept the post of Governor-General of Australia ( he had refused the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and that of Victoria in 1910 ) . He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) prior to his appointment on 18 May 1914 . His political background , his connections with the Liberal government in London and his imperialist views made him both better equipped and more inclined to play an activist role in Australian politics than any of his predecessors . At the same time , he had enough sense to confine his activism to behind the scenes influence . He was described as an active Imperial supervisor by the journalist , Keith Murdoch , using his own cipher to signal London . During the First World War , which broke out in August 1914 , the reciprocal power of the Australian High Commission was severely restricted and Government House had a furious falling out with Governor of New South Wales , Sir Gerald Strickland . They grew to hate one another and the latter was jealous of Melbournes superior power and location of governance . The British Government underfunded the federal government and ignored the huge debts spent by State Governors on public works but it was the most active government since federation ; and Munro-Ferguson its most active ambassador . He developed close friendships with two judges of the High Court of Australia : Sir Samuel Griffith ( the Chief Justice , and former Premier of Queensland ) and Sir Edmund Barton ( former Prime Minister of Australia ) . He consulted Griffith and Barton on many occasions , including on the exercise of the reserve powers of the Crown . Strickland . Although a genial host and brilliant controversialistSir Gerald Strickland his tactlessness caused some uneasiness . The new Governor-General found himself in a struggle over precedence . The post of New South Wales Governor was the oldest in Australia and had long been considered the most powerful . But , by law , the royal appointment to Government House held sway . During the First World War , the strain began to show in the London Liberal government . Ferguson was desperate to keep secrecy , and maintain control over policy access to London . On 3 June 1916 , the Colonial Secretary informed Ferguson that a coalition was pending . Strickland , having snubbed the Government in Melbourne , went over the Governor-Generals head directly to London . Strickland worked up an ANZAC day annual memorial , which proved very popular – but which Strickland claimed was a national celebration . On 1 May 1917 , Munro Ferguson confessed to Lord Stamfordham that he had under-estimated the deep emotional loyalty of ordinary Australians . Press belief that Anzacs were the spearhead elite and shocktroops among dominions gave a status in the British Empires armies they sustained throughout the war . Australian federal election , 1914 . It was advantageous that Munro Ferguson was politically experienced because he arrived in Melbourne , then the site of the Parliament of Australia , to find himself in the midst of a political crisis . The Liberal government of Joseph Cook had a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives , but the Labor Party had a majority in the Senate and had used it systematically to frustrate the government . Cook was now determined to force a double dissolution election under Section 57 of the Constitution . On 2 June 1914 , barely three weeks after Munro Ferguson had taken office , Cook formally requested a double dissolution . Munro Ferguson had several things to consider . The Parliament elected in 1913 still had two years to run . Cook had not been defeated in the House of Representatives . His sole reason for wanting a dissolution was that he did not control the Senate . This was a situation without precedent in the United Kingdom , where the upper house , the House of Lords , is unelected . When Munro Ferguson granted Cook a double dissolution , he was furiously denounced by the Labor Party : who maintained that Cook was manipulating the Constitution to gain control of the Senate . Munro Ferguson , influenced by the British House of Lords crisis of 1910 , took the view that the lower house should prevail . Paradoxically , it was Cooks Liberal Party who argued that the Governor-General should always take the advice of his Prime Minister , while Labor argued that he should exercise his discretion . In the middle of the campaign for the 1914 election , news arrived of the outbreak of the First World War . This caused an acute crisis in Australian government . Parliament had been dissolved and the government was in caretaker mode . Furthermore , Australia in 1914 did not have the right to independent participation in international affairs , and so its politicians were completely inexperienced in such . In these circumstances , Munro Ferguson was the only man with both the constitutional authority and the confidence to act . It was he who convened the Cabinet , implemented the mobilisation plan and communicated with the Cabinet in London . Cooks manoeuvring backfired when Labor won the September election and Andrew Fisher was returned to office . Australia at war . The Inspector-General William Bridges was given the task of creating an expeditionary force of 20,000 men . Bridges and General White admired the fact that George Pearce , the Minister for Defence in 1914 , had been already converted by the 1911 Imperial Defence Conference to a British world view . There was to be one Corps , this led to a second Australian Corps , and even the possibility of a full army recruited solely from Australia . In 1914 , Bridges was replaced by the British Indian Army General William Birdwood . Munro-Ferguson was an enthusiastic supporter of Australian soldiers . He indicated to Colonial Secretary Bonar Law , that General Hamilton had made tactless remarks about officers class breeding during the Dardanelles campaign . Yet Bonar Law had earlier mentioned Hamiltons praise for the Australians by letter on 24 Aug 1915 . Winston Churchill did not help when hinting wastage could be made up from former wounded Australians , and communicating the idea to Munro-Ferguson . A journalist Keith Murdoch tried to take documents from the imperial base at Egypt to London , to meet PM Asquith and Lord Northcliffe of The Times . He was intercepted en route by British intelligence , under orders from General Hamilton . Bonar Law remained critical of the policy and joined David Lloyd George to bring about a Coalition . Billy Hughes was the driving force behind the war effort and the policy of conscription . The incoming Labor Premier formed a close relationship with Munro Ferguson , who recognised his ability . Munro Ferguson saw his role in wartime as an agent of the British war effort , not just a representative of the Crown . He openly supported those who were committed to the war , and opposed those who were not . Munro-Ferguson sent secret memos to London . Against the advice , he warned New Zealand against German cruiser Emden . In the Pacific , Japan were allies ; but their naval expansionary plans worried . The Colonial Secretary adopted a policy similar to Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote , Governor-General ( 1904–8 ) . Munro Ferguson was actively travelling the country reviewing troops , meeting dignitaries , and seeing munitions factories . Through an active correspondence with General Birdwood , his influence was felt over senior military appointments . His authority firmly stamped on the Dominion , he favoured Gen Brudenell White over Gen Monash , the eventual commander of AIF . In October 1915 , Fisher resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Hughes . Munro Ferguson recognised Hughess qualities as a war leader and supported him privately and publicly , in a way that stretched constitutional propriety . Hughes was convinced that only the introduction of conscription would allow Australia to maintain its commitment to the war effort and Munro Ferguson gave him every encouragement . Hughes answer was to call-up 50,000 more men – but without planning ahead . Hughes refused to call a debate in the Federal parliament . Munro Ferguson regarded the defeat of the conscription plebiscites in October 1916 and December 1917 as disasters for Australia and the war effort . He also believed that the empire needed an integrationist bluewater policy that mixed Canadian and British troops with Australians in the regimental system . The Governor made it clear that the war was simply and justly a big fight : The absence of carping here over the premature bombardment , and the postponed list casualties is beyond all praise , he wrote of the ANZAC at Gallipoli . In Munro-Fergusons opinion the press was a victim of hyperbole on Australian soldiers : big-noting ...tale of heroism that thrilled the world . When Hughes was expelled from the Labor Party after the first plebiscite , Munro Ferguson allowed him to stay in office as a minority Prime Minister , supported by Cooks Liberals . He encouraged Hughes and Cook to form a new party on a win the war platform . This party , the Nationalist Party , was formed later in 1916 with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader . During the second plebiscite campaign , Hughes pledged to resign if it were not carried . The plebiscite lost , and Hughes followed through on his promise to resign . However , there were no alternative candidates , and Munro Ferguson used his reserve power to promptly recommission Hughes—thus allowing Hughes to stay in office while fulfilling his promise to stand down . When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in Britain , Hughes communicated directly with him ( sometimes in Welsh ) , causing Munro Ferguson to complain that he was being denied his proper role as the medium of communication between London and Melbourne . Despite Munro Fergusons vigorous assertion of his rights as Governor-General , he could not in the long run halt the decline in the influence of the office . Once Australia gained the right to independent participation in international affairs , which it did in 1918 , Munro Fergusons days of influence were over . Alone among the Dominion forces , the Defence Force Act 1903 ( Cth ) reserved the power to confirm a death sentence passed by Australian courts-martial not to the commander-in-chief of the theatre , but to the Governor-General of Australia . Munro Ferguson refused to confirm the sentence on any of the 113 Australian soldiers condemned by courts-martial . Post-war . After the war , trade was restored with Britain , but protectionist and isolationists Conservative policies threatened the Liberal Imperialist vision of unity . In May 1919 , Munro Ferguson advised London of his desire to resign . He was pressed to stay on to oversee the Australian tour of the Prince of Wales in 1920 . Ferguson left Australia as her most successful Governor-General to date . Australia had played an integral and significant military role in supporting the imperial war effort , but Hughes continued to disrupt imperial unity : the people were now calling for more democracy . He finally departed in October 1920 , after more than six years in post . On his return home , he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Novar , of Raith in the County of Fife and of Novar in the County of Ross on 6 December , named for Novar House , Raith which was the ancestral seat of the Ferguson family . The Liberal PM Lloyd George appointed Novar to be vice-President of the Committee of Council of Education . He was a close political friend of Sir Edward Grey , and took an active part in the business of the Lords . As Vice-President of the Council on Education he was responsible for oversight in 1922 . Later career . On the collapse of the Coalition he was adopted by another Scot , Bonar Law , who made Novar Secretary of State for Scotland . Following an official ceremony , he received the Freedom of Edinburgh in 1923 ; he took an interest in the history and traditions of his homeland . After the brief interlude of the Labour government he left the Scottish office , and was appointed as Chairman of the Political Honours Committee . Whereas in Scotland he became a Member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Construction . He remained a Liberal under the new leadership , and was invited to the Board of Trust of National Liberals of Scotland . Taking on directorships he was Chairman of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company . He was a Director of the Rail Passengers Insurance Company , and of the Union Bank of Scotland : executive posts he held until his death . Novar was granted further honours when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) in 1926 . Personal life . Lord Novar married Lady Helen Hermione ( 1863 – 9 April 1941 ) , daughter of Lord Dufferin , in 1889 . The union was childless . They lived at 18 Portman Square , when in London . He was a member of the Athenaeum and Reform Clubs . Lady Novars work for the British Red Cross Society , which included converting the ballroom of Melbournes Government House for this purpose , earned her appointment as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) in 1918 . Lord Novar died at his home in 1934 , aged 74 , the title Viscount Novar dying with him as he left no issue . The titles Baron of Novar and Baron of Muirton became dormant . His papers are an extremely important source for historians of Australian politics and Australias role in the First World War . Lady Novar , GBE , JP ( Fife ) died in 1941 . He was a close friend of Sir Cecil Spring Rice , with whom he corresponded for many years . Legacy . - Novar Gardens , South Australia was named in 1921 in honour of Viscount Novar . - A Sydney Harbour ferry , Lady Ferguson ( built 1914 ) , was named after Lady Novar , as a continuation of a naming convention whereby ferries were named after wives of Governors-General of Australia and Governors of NSW . References . - Bibliography External links . - Profile , westernfrontassociation.com - Profile , adb.anu.edu.au
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What position did Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar take in Jul 1912?
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/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar#P39#3
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Ronald Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar Ronald Craufurd Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar , ( 6 March 1860 – 30 March 1934 ) was a British politician who served as the sixth Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1914 to 1920 . Munro Ferguson was born in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland . He attended the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and initially pursued a military career . Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons in 1884 , defeated a year later , and re-elected in 1886 . A Liberal Imperialist , he was an ally of Lord Rosebery and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in his government . Munro Ferguson was overlooked for ministerial office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H . H . Asquith , but in 1914 was appointed Governor-General of Australia . He was politically influential , forming a close bond with Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and was committed to his role as nominal commander-in-chief during World War I . His six years in office was a record until being surpassed by another wartime governor-general , Lord Gowrie . Munro Ferguson was raised to the viscountcy once his term ended , and from 1922 to 1924 returned to politics as Secretary of State for Scotland under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin . In retirement he held various company directorships . Background and education . Munro Ferguson was born Ronald Craufurd Ferguson at his family home in the Raith area near Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland , the son and eldest child of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ferguson , a wealthy member of the Commons of old Scottish descent . His mother was Emma Eliza , daughter of James Henry Mandeville of Merton , Surrey . He was a grandson of General Richard C . Ferguson . In 1864 his father inherited the baronies of Novar in Ross-shire and Muirton in Morayshire , and took the additional surname Munro . Educated at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , he pursued a military career until 1884 . Ferguson joined the 1st Fife Light Horse in 1875 : a militia regiment of gentlemen . Three years later , he entered RMA Sandhurst . On the officers course for a year , he was gazetted to the Grenadier Guards with a commission . He served in the army for a short service limited commission , leaving in 1884 on returning from India . Ferguson joined the Oswald of Dunnikier Lodge 468 on 24 December 1888 . Political life , 1884–1914 . In 1884 , Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty . One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process . He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire . But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs , principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery . Gladstone had won two unopposed seats but , on refusing Leith to prevent a suspected Unionist Michael Jacks , it became vacant . In August a by-election was held and Home Rule candidate Munro Ferguson was elected . Gladston appointed him private secretary to Lord Rosebery , a leading Liberal . Like Rosebery , Munro Ferguson would become a Liberal Imperialist , and a personal friend of the colourful earl . He accompanied Rosebery and his wife , Hannah , on a tour of India in 1886-7 and again in 1892-4 . When Rosebery became Prime Minister , Ferguson was promoted in the Treasury department as a junior whip with responsibilities for Scotland . Ferguson continued to urge radicalism to bring Home Rule for Scotland on his friend , whom he supported in 1887 for the Liberal Party leadership . He supported the imperial policies of the Conservative government during the Second Boer War , which made him highly unpopular with the radical , anti-war wing of the Liberal Party . Matters came to a head when he was threatened by Grey in a letter on 18 October 1900 . The Liberals had lost another general election to the Khaki Conservatives and so Ferguson disgusted by the derision and division chucked it in resigning as Scottish whip . A member of the Liberal Imperialist Council , he was disaffected by the bad treatment of his mentor Rosebery . Nonetheless , he was compelled to work with Limps , derisively dubbed by republicans , on lines of speeches for the Asquith Committee which now controlled the partys Imperialist wing now renamed The Liberal League . Grey , Haldane and the rest seized control of the organization and its administration : the preface to which was Roseberys remarkable volte face over the South African War , leaving his friend forced to admit to Munro Ferguson should an Asquith Government be formed he might go abroad . He , therefore , had little hope of Cabinet office in the governments of Campbell-Bannerman or Asquith , despite his obvious talents . In December 1905 , he requested the new Liberal cabinet make him Governor of Bombay but was refused . Instead , he had to be content with provost of Kirkcaldy . He nursed a burning resentment against over genial plebeian Asquith . Increasingly , his job in government and liaison of his group had been taken over by R B Haldane when he made it clear in 1907 his decided opposition to keep Asquith out of the leadership...He has come to be quite unreliable.. . But the political disaster that he called Asquiths succession made his political career untenable . He was a property owner in Asquiths constituency , a neighbour of Haldane , and just like him had gained the patronage of Lord Morley ; they were idealists for social reform . Governor-General of Australia , 1914–1920 . In February 1914 , therefore , Munro Ferguson was happy to accept the post of Governor-General of Australia ( he had refused the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and that of Victoria in 1910 ) . He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) prior to his appointment on 18 May 1914 . His political background , his connections with the Liberal government in London and his imperialist views made him both better equipped and more inclined to play an activist role in Australian politics than any of his predecessors . At the same time , he had enough sense to confine his activism to behind the scenes influence . He was described as an active Imperial supervisor by the journalist , Keith Murdoch , using his own cipher to signal London . During the First World War , which broke out in August 1914 , the reciprocal power of the Australian High Commission was severely restricted and Government House had a furious falling out with Governor of New South Wales , Sir Gerald Strickland . They grew to hate one another and the latter was jealous of Melbournes superior power and location of governance . The British Government underfunded the federal government and ignored the huge debts spent by State Governors on public works but it was the most active government since federation ; and Munro-Ferguson its most active ambassador . He developed close friendships with two judges of the High Court of Australia : Sir Samuel Griffith ( the Chief Justice , and former Premier of Queensland ) and Sir Edmund Barton ( former Prime Minister of Australia ) . He consulted Griffith and Barton on many occasions , including on the exercise of the reserve powers of the Crown . Strickland . Although a genial host and brilliant controversialistSir Gerald Strickland his tactlessness caused some uneasiness . The new Governor-General found himself in a struggle over precedence . The post of New South Wales Governor was the oldest in Australia and had long been considered the most powerful . But , by law , the royal appointment to Government House held sway . During the First World War , the strain began to show in the London Liberal government . Ferguson was desperate to keep secrecy , and maintain control over policy access to London . On 3 June 1916 , the Colonial Secretary informed Ferguson that a coalition was pending . Strickland , having snubbed the Government in Melbourne , went over the Governor-Generals head directly to London . Strickland worked up an ANZAC day annual memorial , which proved very popular – but which Strickland claimed was a national celebration . On 1 May 1917 , Munro Ferguson confessed to Lord Stamfordham that he had under-estimated the deep emotional loyalty of ordinary Australians . Press belief that Anzacs were the spearhead elite and shocktroops among dominions gave a status in the British Empires armies they sustained throughout the war . Australian federal election , 1914 . It was advantageous that Munro Ferguson was politically experienced because he arrived in Melbourne , then the site of the Parliament of Australia , to find himself in the midst of a political crisis . The Liberal government of Joseph Cook had a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives , but the Labor Party had a majority in the Senate and had used it systematically to frustrate the government . Cook was now determined to force a double dissolution election under Section 57 of the Constitution . On 2 June 1914 , barely three weeks after Munro Ferguson had taken office , Cook formally requested a double dissolution . Munro Ferguson had several things to consider . The Parliament elected in 1913 still had two years to run . Cook had not been defeated in the House of Representatives . His sole reason for wanting a dissolution was that he did not control the Senate . This was a situation without precedent in the United Kingdom , where the upper house , the House of Lords , is unelected . When Munro Ferguson granted Cook a double dissolution , he was furiously denounced by the Labor Party : who maintained that Cook was manipulating the Constitution to gain control of the Senate . Munro Ferguson , influenced by the British House of Lords crisis of 1910 , took the view that the lower house should prevail . Paradoxically , it was Cooks Liberal Party who argued that the Governor-General should always take the advice of his Prime Minister , while Labor argued that he should exercise his discretion . In the middle of the campaign for the 1914 election , news arrived of the outbreak of the First World War . This caused an acute crisis in Australian government . Parliament had been dissolved and the government was in caretaker mode . Furthermore , Australia in 1914 did not have the right to independent participation in international affairs , and so its politicians were completely inexperienced in such . In these circumstances , Munro Ferguson was the only man with both the constitutional authority and the confidence to act . It was he who convened the Cabinet , implemented the mobilisation plan and communicated with the Cabinet in London . Cooks manoeuvring backfired when Labor won the September election and Andrew Fisher was returned to office . Australia at war . The Inspector-General William Bridges was given the task of creating an expeditionary force of 20,000 men . Bridges and General White admired the fact that George Pearce , the Minister for Defence in 1914 , had been already converted by the 1911 Imperial Defence Conference to a British world view . There was to be one Corps , this led to a second Australian Corps , and even the possibility of a full army recruited solely from Australia . In 1914 , Bridges was replaced by the British Indian Army General William Birdwood . Munro-Ferguson was an enthusiastic supporter of Australian soldiers . He indicated to Colonial Secretary Bonar Law , that General Hamilton had made tactless remarks about officers class breeding during the Dardanelles campaign . Yet Bonar Law had earlier mentioned Hamiltons praise for the Australians by letter on 24 Aug 1915 . Winston Churchill did not help when hinting wastage could be made up from former wounded Australians , and communicating the idea to Munro-Ferguson . A journalist Keith Murdoch tried to take documents from the imperial base at Egypt to London , to meet PM Asquith and Lord Northcliffe of The Times . He was intercepted en route by British intelligence , under orders from General Hamilton . Bonar Law remained critical of the policy and joined David Lloyd George to bring about a Coalition . Billy Hughes was the driving force behind the war effort and the policy of conscription . The incoming Labor Premier formed a close relationship with Munro Ferguson , who recognised his ability . Munro Ferguson saw his role in wartime as an agent of the British war effort , not just a representative of the Crown . He openly supported those who were committed to the war , and opposed those who were not . Munro-Ferguson sent secret memos to London . Against the advice , he warned New Zealand against German cruiser Emden . In the Pacific , Japan were allies ; but their naval expansionary plans worried . The Colonial Secretary adopted a policy similar to Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote , Governor-General ( 1904–8 ) . Munro Ferguson was actively travelling the country reviewing troops , meeting dignitaries , and seeing munitions factories . Through an active correspondence with General Birdwood , his influence was felt over senior military appointments . His authority firmly stamped on the Dominion , he favoured Gen Brudenell White over Gen Monash , the eventual commander of AIF . In October 1915 , Fisher resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Hughes . Munro Ferguson recognised Hughess qualities as a war leader and supported him privately and publicly , in a way that stretched constitutional propriety . Hughes was convinced that only the introduction of conscription would allow Australia to maintain its commitment to the war effort and Munro Ferguson gave him every encouragement . Hughes answer was to call-up 50,000 more men – but without planning ahead . Hughes refused to call a debate in the Federal parliament . Munro Ferguson regarded the defeat of the conscription plebiscites in October 1916 and December 1917 as disasters for Australia and the war effort . He also believed that the empire needed an integrationist bluewater policy that mixed Canadian and British troops with Australians in the regimental system . The Governor made it clear that the war was simply and justly a big fight : The absence of carping here over the premature bombardment , and the postponed list casualties is beyond all praise , he wrote of the ANZAC at Gallipoli . In Munro-Fergusons opinion the press was a victim of hyperbole on Australian soldiers : big-noting ...tale of heroism that thrilled the world . When Hughes was expelled from the Labor Party after the first plebiscite , Munro Ferguson allowed him to stay in office as a minority Prime Minister , supported by Cooks Liberals . He encouraged Hughes and Cook to form a new party on a win the war platform . This party , the Nationalist Party , was formed later in 1916 with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader . During the second plebiscite campaign , Hughes pledged to resign if it were not carried . The plebiscite lost , and Hughes followed through on his promise to resign . However , there were no alternative candidates , and Munro Ferguson used his reserve power to promptly recommission Hughes—thus allowing Hughes to stay in office while fulfilling his promise to stand down . When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in Britain , Hughes communicated directly with him ( sometimes in Welsh ) , causing Munro Ferguson to complain that he was being denied his proper role as the medium of communication between London and Melbourne . Despite Munro Fergusons vigorous assertion of his rights as Governor-General , he could not in the long run halt the decline in the influence of the office . Once Australia gained the right to independent participation in international affairs , which it did in 1918 , Munro Fergusons days of influence were over . Alone among the Dominion forces , the Defence Force Act 1903 ( Cth ) reserved the power to confirm a death sentence passed by Australian courts-martial not to the commander-in-chief of the theatre , but to the Governor-General of Australia . Munro Ferguson refused to confirm the sentence on any of the 113 Australian soldiers condemned by courts-martial . Post-war . After the war , trade was restored with Britain , but protectionist and isolationists Conservative policies threatened the Liberal Imperialist vision of unity . In May 1919 , Munro Ferguson advised London of his desire to resign . He was pressed to stay on to oversee the Australian tour of the Prince of Wales in 1920 . Ferguson left Australia as her most successful Governor-General to date . Australia had played an integral and significant military role in supporting the imperial war effort , but Hughes continued to disrupt imperial unity : the people were now calling for more democracy . He finally departed in October 1920 , after more than six years in post . On his return home , he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Novar , of Raith in the County of Fife and of Novar in the County of Ross on 6 December , named for Novar House , Raith which was the ancestral seat of the Ferguson family . The Liberal PM Lloyd George appointed Novar to be vice-President of the Committee of Council of Education . He was a close political friend of Sir Edward Grey , and took an active part in the business of the Lords . As Vice-President of the Council on Education he was responsible for oversight in 1922 . Later career . On the collapse of the Coalition he was adopted by another Scot , Bonar Law , who made Novar Secretary of State for Scotland . Following an official ceremony , he received the Freedom of Edinburgh in 1923 ; he took an interest in the history and traditions of his homeland . After the brief interlude of the Labour government he left the Scottish office , and was appointed as Chairman of the Political Honours Committee . Whereas in Scotland he became a Member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Construction . He remained a Liberal under the new leadership , and was invited to the Board of Trust of National Liberals of Scotland . Taking on directorships he was Chairman of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company . He was a Director of the Rail Passengers Insurance Company , and of the Union Bank of Scotland : executive posts he held until his death . Novar was granted further honours when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) in 1926 . Personal life . Lord Novar married Lady Helen Hermione ( 1863 – 9 April 1941 ) , daughter of Lord Dufferin , in 1889 . The union was childless . They lived at 18 Portman Square , when in London . He was a member of the Athenaeum and Reform Clubs . Lady Novars work for the British Red Cross Society , which included converting the ballroom of Melbournes Government House for this purpose , earned her appointment as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) in 1918 . Lord Novar died at his home in 1934 , aged 74 , the title Viscount Novar dying with him as he left no issue . The titles Baron of Novar and Baron of Muirton became dormant . His papers are an extremely important source for historians of Australian politics and Australias role in the First World War . Lady Novar , GBE , JP ( Fife ) died in 1941 . He was a close friend of Sir Cecil Spring Rice , with whom he corresponded for many years . Legacy . - Novar Gardens , South Australia was named in 1921 in honour of Viscount Novar . - A Sydney Harbour ferry , Lady Ferguson ( built 1914 ) , was named after Lady Novar , as a continuation of a naming convention whereby ferries were named after wives of Governors-General of Australia and Governors of NSW . References . - Bibliography External links . - Profile , westernfrontassociation.com - Profile , adb.anu.edu.au
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What position did Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar take in Oct 1919?
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/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar#P39#4
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Ronald Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar Ronald Craufurd Munro Ferguson , 1st Viscount Novar , ( 6 March 1860 – 30 March 1934 ) was a British politician who served as the sixth Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1914 to 1920 . Munro Ferguson was born in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland . He attended the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and initially pursued a military career . Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons in 1884 , defeated a year later , and re-elected in 1886 . A Liberal Imperialist , he was an ally of Lord Rosebery and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in his government . Munro Ferguson was overlooked for ministerial office by Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H . H . Asquith , but in 1914 was appointed Governor-General of Australia . He was politically influential , forming a close bond with Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and was committed to his role as nominal commander-in-chief during World War I . His six years in office was a record until being surpassed by another wartime governor-general , Lord Gowrie . Munro Ferguson was raised to the viscountcy once his term ended , and from 1922 to 1924 returned to politics as Secretary of State for Scotland under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin . In retirement he held various company directorships . Background and education . Munro Ferguson was born Ronald Craufurd Ferguson at his family home in the Raith area near Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland , the son and eldest child of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ferguson , a wealthy member of the Commons of old Scottish descent . His mother was Emma Eliza , daughter of James Henry Mandeville of Merton , Surrey . He was a grandson of General Richard C . Ferguson . In 1864 his father inherited the baronies of Novar in Ross-shire and Muirton in Morayshire , and took the additional surname Munro . Educated at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , he pursued a military career until 1884 . Ferguson joined the 1st Fife Light Horse in 1875 : a militia regiment of gentlemen . Three years later , he entered RMA Sandhurst . On the officers course for a year , he was gazetted to the Grenadier Guards with a commission . He served in the army for a short service limited commission , leaving in 1884 on returning from India . Ferguson joined the Oswald of Dunnikier Lodge 468 on 24 December 1888 . Political life , 1884–1914 . In 1884 , Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty . One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process . He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire . But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs , principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery . Gladstone had won two unopposed seats but , on refusing Leith to prevent a suspected Unionist Michael Jacks , it became vacant . In August a by-election was held and Home Rule candidate Munro Ferguson was elected . Gladston appointed him private secretary to Lord Rosebery , a leading Liberal . Like Rosebery , Munro Ferguson would become a Liberal Imperialist , and a personal friend of the colourful earl . He accompanied Rosebery and his wife , Hannah , on a tour of India in 1886-7 and again in 1892-4 . When Rosebery became Prime Minister , Ferguson was promoted in the Treasury department as a junior whip with responsibilities for Scotland . Ferguson continued to urge radicalism to bring Home Rule for Scotland on his friend , whom he supported in 1887 for the Liberal Party leadership . He supported the imperial policies of the Conservative government during the Second Boer War , which made him highly unpopular with the radical , anti-war wing of the Liberal Party . Matters came to a head when he was threatened by Grey in a letter on 18 October 1900 . The Liberals had lost another general election to the Khaki Conservatives and so Ferguson disgusted by the derision and division chucked it in resigning as Scottish whip . A member of the Liberal Imperialist Council , he was disaffected by the bad treatment of his mentor Rosebery . Nonetheless , he was compelled to work with Limps , derisively dubbed by republicans , on lines of speeches for the Asquith Committee which now controlled the partys Imperialist wing now renamed The Liberal League . Grey , Haldane and the rest seized control of the organization and its administration : the preface to which was Roseberys remarkable volte face over the South African War , leaving his friend forced to admit to Munro Ferguson should an Asquith Government be formed he might go abroad . He , therefore , had little hope of Cabinet office in the governments of Campbell-Bannerman or Asquith , despite his obvious talents . In December 1905 , he requested the new Liberal cabinet make him Governor of Bombay but was refused . Instead , he had to be content with provost of Kirkcaldy . He nursed a burning resentment against over genial plebeian Asquith . Increasingly , his job in government and liaison of his group had been taken over by R B Haldane when he made it clear in 1907 his decided opposition to keep Asquith out of the leadership...He has come to be quite unreliable.. . But the political disaster that he called Asquiths succession made his political career untenable . He was a property owner in Asquiths constituency , a neighbour of Haldane , and just like him had gained the patronage of Lord Morley ; they were idealists for social reform . Governor-General of Australia , 1914–1920 . In February 1914 , therefore , Munro Ferguson was happy to accept the post of Governor-General of Australia ( he had refused the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and that of Victoria in 1910 ) . He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) prior to his appointment on 18 May 1914 . His political background , his connections with the Liberal government in London and his imperialist views made him both better equipped and more inclined to play an activist role in Australian politics than any of his predecessors . At the same time , he had enough sense to confine his activism to behind the scenes influence . He was described as an active Imperial supervisor by the journalist , Keith Murdoch , using his own cipher to signal London . During the First World War , which broke out in August 1914 , the reciprocal power of the Australian High Commission was severely restricted and Government House had a furious falling out with Governor of New South Wales , Sir Gerald Strickland . They grew to hate one another and the latter was jealous of Melbournes superior power and location of governance . The British Government underfunded the federal government and ignored the huge debts spent by State Governors on public works but it was the most active government since federation ; and Munro-Ferguson its most active ambassador . He developed close friendships with two judges of the High Court of Australia : Sir Samuel Griffith ( the Chief Justice , and former Premier of Queensland ) and Sir Edmund Barton ( former Prime Minister of Australia ) . He consulted Griffith and Barton on many occasions , including on the exercise of the reserve powers of the Crown . Strickland . Although a genial host and brilliant controversialistSir Gerald Strickland his tactlessness caused some uneasiness . The new Governor-General found himself in a struggle over precedence . The post of New South Wales Governor was the oldest in Australia and had long been considered the most powerful . But , by law , the royal appointment to Government House held sway . During the First World War , the strain began to show in the London Liberal government . Ferguson was desperate to keep secrecy , and maintain control over policy access to London . On 3 June 1916 , the Colonial Secretary informed Ferguson that a coalition was pending . Strickland , having snubbed the Government in Melbourne , went over the Governor-Generals head directly to London . Strickland worked up an ANZAC day annual memorial , which proved very popular – but which Strickland claimed was a national celebration . On 1 May 1917 , Munro Ferguson confessed to Lord Stamfordham that he had under-estimated the deep emotional loyalty of ordinary Australians . Press belief that Anzacs were the spearhead elite and shocktroops among dominions gave a status in the British Empires armies they sustained throughout the war . Australian federal election , 1914 . It was advantageous that Munro Ferguson was politically experienced because he arrived in Melbourne , then the site of the Parliament of Australia , to find himself in the midst of a political crisis . The Liberal government of Joseph Cook had a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives , but the Labor Party had a majority in the Senate and had used it systematically to frustrate the government . Cook was now determined to force a double dissolution election under Section 57 of the Constitution . On 2 June 1914 , barely three weeks after Munro Ferguson had taken office , Cook formally requested a double dissolution . Munro Ferguson had several things to consider . The Parliament elected in 1913 still had two years to run . Cook had not been defeated in the House of Representatives . His sole reason for wanting a dissolution was that he did not control the Senate . This was a situation without precedent in the United Kingdom , where the upper house , the House of Lords , is unelected . When Munro Ferguson granted Cook a double dissolution , he was furiously denounced by the Labor Party : who maintained that Cook was manipulating the Constitution to gain control of the Senate . Munro Ferguson , influenced by the British House of Lords crisis of 1910 , took the view that the lower house should prevail . Paradoxically , it was Cooks Liberal Party who argued that the Governor-General should always take the advice of his Prime Minister , while Labor argued that he should exercise his discretion . In the middle of the campaign for the 1914 election , news arrived of the outbreak of the First World War . This caused an acute crisis in Australian government . Parliament had been dissolved and the government was in caretaker mode . Furthermore , Australia in 1914 did not have the right to independent participation in international affairs , and so its politicians were completely inexperienced in such . In these circumstances , Munro Ferguson was the only man with both the constitutional authority and the confidence to act . It was he who convened the Cabinet , implemented the mobilisation plan and communicated with the Cabinet in London . Cooks manoeuvring backfired when Labor won the September election and Andrew Fisher was returned to office . Australia at war . The Inspector-General William Bridges was given the task of creating an expeditionary force of 20,000 men . Bridges and General White admired the fact that George Pearce , the Minister for Defence in 1914 , had been already converted by the 1911 Imperial Defence Conference to a British world view . There was to be one Corps , this led to a second Australian Corps , and even the possibility of a full army recruited solely from Australia . In 1914 , Bridges was replaced by the British Indian Army General William Birdwood . Munro-Ferguson was an enthusiastic supporter of Australian soldiers . He indicated to Colonial Secretary Bonar Law , that General Hamilton had made tactless remarks about officers class breeding during the Dardanelles campaign . Yet Bonar Law had earlier mentioned Hamiltons praise for the Australians by letter on 24 Aug 1915 . Winston Churchill did not help when hinting wastage could be made up from former wounded Australians , and communicating the idea to Munro-Ferguson . A journalist Keith Murdoch tried to take documents from the imperial base at Egypt to London , to meet PM Asquith and Lord Northcliffe of The Times . He was intercepted en route by British intelligence , under orders from General Hamilton . Bonar Law remained critical of the policy and joined David Lloyd George to bring about a Coalition . Billy Hughes was the driving force behind the war effort and the policy of conscription . The incoming Labor Premier formed a close relationship with Munro Ferguson , who recognised his ability . Munro Ferguson saw his role in wartime as an agent of the British war effort , not just a representative of the Crown . He openly supported those who were committed to the war , and opposed those who were not . Munro-Ferguson sent secret memos to London . Against the advice , he warned New Zealand against German cruiser Emden . In the Pacific , Japan were allies ; but their naval expansionary plans worried . The Colonial Secretary adopted a policy similar to Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote , Governor-General ( 1904–8 ) . Munro Ferguson was actively travelling the country reviewing troops , meeting dignitaries , and seeing munitions factories . Through an active correspondence with General Birdwood , his influence was felt over senior military appointments . His authority firmly stamped on the Dominion , he favoured Gen Brudenell White over Gen Monash , the eventual commander of AIF . In October 1915 , Fisher resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Hughes . Munro Ferguson recognised Hughess qualities as a war leader and supported him privately and publicly , in a way that stretched constitutional propriety . Hughes was convinced that only the introduction of conscription would allow Australia to maintain its commitment to the war effort and Munro Ferguson gave him every encouragement . Hughes answer was to call-up 50,000 more men – but without planning ahead . Hughes refused to call a debate in the Federal parliament . Munro Ferguson regarded the defeat of the conscription plebiscites in October 1916 and December 1917 as disasters for Australia and the war effort . He also believed that the empire needed an integrationist bluewater policy that mixed Canadian and British troops with Australians in the regimental system . The Governor made it clear that the war was simply and justly a big fight : The absence of carping here over the premature bombardment , and the postponed list casualties is beyond all praise , he wrote of the ANZAC at Gallipoli . In Munro-Fergusons opinion the press was a victim of hyperbole on Australian soldiers : big-noting ...tale of heroism that thrilled the world . When Hughes was expelled from the Labor Party after the first plebiscite , Munro Ferguson allowed him to stay in office as a minority Prime Minister , supported by Cooks Liberals . He encouraged Hughes and Cook to form a new party on a win the war platform . This party , the Nationalist Party , was formed later in 1916 with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader . During the second plebiscite campaign , Hughes pledged to resign if it were not carried . The plebiscite lost , and Hughes followed through on his promise to resign . However , there were no alternative candidates , and Munro Ferguson used his reserve power to promptly recommission Hughes—thus allowing Hughes to stay in office while fulfilling his promise to stand down . When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in Britain , Hughes communicated directly with him ( sometimes in Welsh ) , causing Munro Ferguson to complain that he was being denied his proper role as the medium of communication between London and Melbourne . Despite Munro Fergusons vigorous assertion of his rights as Governor-General , he could not in the long run halt the decline in the influence of the office . Once Australia gained the right to independent participation in international affairs , which it did in 1918 , Munro Fergusons days of influence were over . Alone among the Dominion forces , the Defence Force Act 1903 ( Cth ) reserved the power to confirm a death sentence passed by Australian courts-martial not to the commander-in-chief of the theatre , but to the Governor-General of Australia . Munro Ferguson refused to confirm the sentence on any of the 113 Australian soldiers condemned by courts-martial . Post-war . After the war , trade was restored with Britain , but protectionist and isolationists Conservative policies threatened the Liberal Imperialist vision of unity . In May 1919 , Munro Ferguson advised London of his desire to resign . He was pressed to stay on to oversee the Australian tour of the Prince of Wales in 1920 . Ferguson left Australia as her most successful Governor-General to date . Australia had played an integral and significant military role in supporting the imperial war effort , but Hughes continued to disrupt imperial unity : the people were now calling for more democracy . He finally departed in October 1920 , after more than six years in post . On his return home , he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Novar , of Raith in the County of Fife and of Novar in the County of Ross on 6 December , named for Novar House , Raith which was the ancestral seat of the Ferguson family . The Liberal PM Lloyd George appointed Novar to be vice-President of the Committee of Council of Education . He was a close political friend of Sir Edward Grey , and took an active part in the business of the Lords . As Vice-President of the Council on Education he was responsible for oversight in 1922 . Later career . On the collapse of the Coalition he was adopted by another Scot , Bonar Law , who made Novar Secretary of State for Scotland . Following an official ceremony , he received the Freedom of Edinburgh in 1923 ; he took an interest in the history and traditions of his homeland . After the brief interlude of the Labour government he left the Scottish office , and was appointed as Chairman of the Political Honours Committee . Whereas in Scotland he became a Member of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Construction . He remained a Liberal under the new leadership , and was invited to the Board of Trust of National Liberals of Scotland . Taking on directorships he was Chairman of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company . He was a Director of the Rail Passengers Insurance Company , and of the Union Bank of Scotland : executive posts he held until his death . Novar was granted further honours when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) in 1926 . Personal life . Lord Novar married Lady Helen Hermione ( 1863 – 9 April 1941 ) , daughter of Lord Dufferin , in 1889 . The union was childless . They lived at 18 Portman Square , when in London . He was a member of the Athenaeum and Reform Clubs . Lady Novars work for the British Red Cross Society , which included converting the ballroom of Melbournes Government House for this purpose , earned her appointment as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) in 1918 . Lord Novar died at his home in 1934 , aged 74 , the title Viscount Novar dying with him as he left no issue . The titles Baron of Novar and Baron of Muirton became dormant . His papers are an extremely important source for historians of Australian politics and Australias role in the First World War . Lady Novar , GBE , JP ( Fife ) died in 1941 . He was a close friend of Sir Cecil Spring Rice , with whom he corresponded for many years . Legacy . - Novar Gardens , South Australia was named in 1921 in honour of Viscount Novar . - A Sydney Harbour ferry , Lady Ferguson ( built 1914 ) , was named after Lady Novar , as a continuation of a naming convention whereby ferries were named after wives of Governors-General of Australia and Governors of NSW . References . - Bibliography External links . - Profile , westernfrontassociation.com - Profile , adb.anu.edu.au
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"Valencia",
"Atlético Madrid"
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Éver Banega played for which team in Mar 2008?
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/wiki/Éver_Banega#P54#0
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Éver Banega Éver Maximiliano David Banega ( born 29 June 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Saudi Arabian club Al Shabab and the Argentina national team as a central midfielder . He started his career with Boca Juniors , and signed with Valencia in 2008 where he remained for several years , appearing in 162 official games and winning the 2008 Copa del Rey . After joining Sevilla in 2014 , he conquered three Europa League trophies over two separate spells . Banega represented Argentina at the 2018 World Cup . Additionally , he won an Olympic medal in 2008 and appeared in three Copa América tournaments , helping the team to the final of the 2015 and 2016 editions . Club career . Boca Juniors . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors , reaching the first team at 18 , and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the Primera División . After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007 , he was named as his successor despite his young age . Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 win against Banfield on 10 February 2007 . On 1 April , just a few matches afterwards , he was given an ovation when he left the field . Valencia . On 5 January 2008 , Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia on a -year deal , for a fee of around €20 million . He made his debut on the 13th in a 0–1 loss at Atlético Madrid , coming on as a half-time substitute . Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09 . He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneross 3–0 away victory over PSV Eindhoven , in the first group stage match of the seasons UEFA Champions League . However , he failed to settle in the teams starting XI , also being sent off in away draws against Villarreal and Almería . Following his return from Atlético , it appeared that Banega was to join English club Everton , but a move did not materialise due to problems acquiring a visa . He subsequently returned for the 2009–10 campaign , and assisted both goals in Valencias opening game against Sevilla . He scored his first goal for the Che on 17 January 2010 in a 4–1 defeat of neighbouring Villarreal . Banega played 28 matches in 2010–11 ( 19 starts , two goals ) , as Valencia finished third and qualified to the Champions League . On 19 February 2012 , however , he prolonged an existing spell on the sidelines – he had recently returned from a knee injury – after he was run over by his own car . As a result , he fractured his left ankle and broke the tibia and fibula in his left leg , according to Valencia team doctor Enrique Gastaldi . He required ankle surgery , going on to miss the remainder of the season ; the club only confirmed that the player had been hurt in an accident involving his own car after leaving training , however Spanish media had reported that the injury occurred when he failed to put the handbrake on at a petrol station and , after the car moved , his leg was caught between the wheel and the curb . On 31 January 2014 , Banega was loaned to Newells Old Boys in his country , until the end of the campaign . Sevilla . On 19 August 2014 , Banega joined Sevilla for an undisclosed fee , crediting his decision to move clubs to manager Unai Emery , who had managed him at Valencia . He made his official debut four days later , replacing Aleix Vidal for the final 20 minutes of a 1–1 draw against his former team . On 27 May 2015 , Banega started for Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final defeat of Dnipro at Polands National Stadium , being named player of the match in the process . On 11 August , in the ensuing edition of the UEFA Super Cup , he scored the fastest ever goal in the competition through a third-minute free kick , but in a 4–5 loss to Barcelona . Even though he had been deemed surplus to requirements the year before by the same manager , Banega continued to be an undisputed starter in 2015–16 , netting nine times in 46 competitive appearances . He played the full 90 minutes in the Europa League final , won 3–1 against Liverpool . In his last game for the Andalusians , the final of the Copa del Rey on 22 May 2016 , he was sent off for a 90th-minute tackle on Neymar in an eventual 2–0 defeat to Barcelona after extra time . Inter Milan . On 16 May 2016 , it was announced that Banega would sign for Inter Milan as a free agent , with the move being made effective on 1 July . In his first interview , he stated : Im very excited to play for a club like Inter , adding I cannot wait to play for Inter . He was officially presented on 12 August , being given squad number 19 . Banega made his Serie A debut on 21 August 2016 , starting and playing 70 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against ChievoVerona . On 11 September , at newly promoted Pescara , he provided the first goal of Mauro Icardi in an eventual 2–1 comeback win for the first three points of the season . Banega was named in Inters Europa League squad , starting in their first match against Hapoel Beer Sheva , which finished in a 0–2 defeat at the San Siro . He scored his first goal for the nerazzurri on 2 October , but in a 1–2 away loss to Roma . During the first part of the campaign , Banega started mostly but was also benched on occasion , which led to rumours of a possible move in the winter transfer window . On 5 March 2017 he returned to the starting XI for the league match against Cagliari , assisting Ivan Perišić and scoring himself a free kick in a 5–1 away victory . One week later , he netted his first hat-trick as a professional in the 7–1 home thrashing of Atalanta , which set a new league personal best at six goals . Return to Sevilla . On 27 June 2017 , a mere 13 months after leaving the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Banega returned to Sevilla . He was sent off in his first league game in his second spell for allegedly insulting the referee , immediately after being booked for committing a foul in the last minutes of the 1–1 home draw against Espanyol . Al Shabab . In January 2020 , it was announced that Banega would join Al Shabab of the Saudi Professional League when the Europa League , in which Sevilla were winners , ended . International career . Banega was selected for the Argentine under-20 team , alongside Sergio Agüero , for the 2007 FIFA World Cup in Canada , appearing in all seven games in an eventual tournament conquest . Soon after joining Valencia in January 2008 he made his debut for the full side , in a 5–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 6 February , which he started . During that summer , he appeared for the nation at the Summer Olympics , helping conquer the gold medal . In spite of a solid season with Valencia , Banega was not selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by manager Diego Maradona . He was however a member of the 2011 Copa América squad , playing the first two group matches as the hosts reached the quarter-finals under Sergio Batista . On 26 March 2013 he scored his first goal , finishing a Clemente Rodríguez cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to Bolivia in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , but was not chosen for the squad that appeared in the finals . Banega was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , starting in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . He was one of two players to miss his penalty shootout attempt in the final , a 1–4 loss to Chile , with Claudio Bravo saving it . Banega started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States , lost 2–4 in the same fashion to the same opponent . Previously , in the opening match of the group stage , he had scored in a 2–1 win over the same team , also setting up Ángel Di Marías first goal . Banega was included in the final squad for the 2018 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 16 June , playing 36 minutes in the 1–1 group stage draw against Iceland after replacing Lucas Biglia . In the final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , he assisted Lionel Messis opening goal with a long ball over the defence ; the match eventually ended in a 2–1 victory , which saw his team progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia , and he also featured the entire 3–4 round-of-16 defeat to France . Style of play . A tactically intelligent and versatile playmaker , Banega is mostly known for his technical skills , dribbling ability , quick feet , vision and accurate passing , which enables him to retain possession , dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates . Although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder , he can also be deployed as an attacking one ; whilst at Boca Juniors , he operated as a defensive midfielder , or as a deep-lying playmaker due to his creativity , work-rate , and ball-winning abilities , and he is also an accurate set-piece taker . Banegas former Internazionale coach Roberto Mancini said of him : Banega is a midfielder who likes to mix it up a lot . He can start by playing off the front man and drop deep to pick up the ball . He plays for Argentina , hes got quality and charisma and Im sure hell be very useful to us . Career statistics . International . ( Argentina score listed first , score column indicates score after each Banega goal ) Honours . Boca Juniors - Copa Libertadores : 2007 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey runner-up : 2017–18 Argentina U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2007 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 2008 Argentina - Copa América runner-up : 2015 , 2016 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 External links . - Internazionale official profile - CiberChe stats and bio - Stats at Lega Serie A
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"Valencias"
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Éver Banega played for which team between Jun 2012 and Apr 2013?
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/wiki/Éver_Banega#P54#1
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Éver Banega Éver Maximiliano David Banega ( born 29 June 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Saudi Arabian club Al Shabab and the Argentina national team as a central midfielder . He started his career with Boca Juniors , and signed with Valencia in 2008 where he remained for several years , appearing in 162 official games and winning the 2008 Copa del Rey . After joining Sevilla in 2014 , he conquered three Europa League trophies over two separate spells . Banega represented Argentina at the 2018 World Cup . Additionally , he won an Olympic medal in 2008 and appeared in three Copa América tournaments , helping the team to the final of the 2015 and 2016 editions . Club career . Boca Juniors . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors , reaching the first team at 18 , and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the Primera División . After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007 , he was named as his successor despite his young age . Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 win against Banfield on 10 February 2007 . On 1 April , just a few matches afterwards , he was given an ovation when he left the field . Valencia . On 5 January 2008 , Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia on a -year deal , for a fee of around €20 million . He made his debut on the 13th in a 0–1 loss at Atlético Madrid , coming on as a half-time substitute . Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09 . He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneross 3–0 away victory over PSV Eindhoven , in the first group stage match of the seasons UEFA Champions League . However , he failed to settle in the teams starting XI , also being sent off in away draws against Villarreal and Almería . Following his return from Atlético , it appeared that Banega was to join English club Everton , but a move did not materialise due to problems acquiring a visa . He subsequently returned for the 2009–10 campaign , and assisted both goals in Valencias opening game against Sevilla . He scored his first goal for the Che on 17 January 2010 in a 4–1 defeat of neighbouring Villarreal . Banega played 28 matches in 2010–11 ( 19 starts , two goals ) , as Valencia finished third and qualified to the Champions League . On 19 February 2012 , however , he prolonged an existing spell on the sidelines – he had recently returned from a knee injury – after he was run over by his own car . As a result , he fractured his left ankle and broke the tibia and fibula in his left leg , according to Valencia team doctor Enrique Gastaldi . He required ankle surgery , going on to miss the remainder of the season ; the club only confirmed that the player had been hurt in an accident involving his own car after leaving training , however Spanish media had reported that the injury occurred when he failed to put the handbrake on at a petrol station and , after the car moved , his leg was caught between the wheel and the curb . On 31 January 2014 , Banega was loaned to Newells Old Boys in his country , until the end of the campaign . Sevilla . On 19 August 2014 , Banega joined Sevilla for an undisclosed fee , crediting his decision to move clubs to manager Unai Emery , who had managed him at Valencia . He made his official debut four days later , replacing Aleix Vidal for the final 20 minutes of a 1–1 draw against his former team . On 27 May 2015 , Banega started for Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final defeat of Dnipro at Polands National Stadium , being named player of the match in the process . On 11 August , in the ensuing edition of the UEFA Super Cup , he scored the fastest ever goal in the competition through a third-minute free kick , but in a 4–5 loss to Barcelona . Even though he had been deemed surplus to requirements the year before by the same manager , Banega continued to be an undisputed starter in 2015–16 , netting nine times in 46 competitive appearances . He played the full 90 minutes in the Europa League final , won 3–1 against Liverpool . In his last game for the Andalusians , the final of the Copa del Rey on 22 May 2016 , he was sent off for a 90th-minute tackle on Neymar in an eventual 2–0 defeat to Barcelona after extra time . Inter Milan . On 16 May 2016 , it was announced that Banega would sign for Inter Milan as a free agent , with the move being made effective on 1 July . In his first interview , he stated : Im very excited to play for a club like Inter , adding I cannot wait to play for Inter . He was officially presented on 12 August , being given squad number 19 . Banega made his Serie A debut on 21 August 2016 , starting and playing 70 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against ChievoVerona . On 11 September , at newly promoted Pescara , he provided the first goal of Mauro Icardi in an eventual 2–1 comeback win for the first three points of the season . Banega was named in Inters Europa League squad , starting in their first match against Hapoel Beer Sheva , which finished in a 0–2 defeat at the San Siro . He scored his first goal for the nerazzurri on 2 October , but in a 1–2 away loss to Roma . During the first part of the campaign , Banega started mostly but was also benched on occasion , which led to rumours of a possible move in the winter transfer window . On 5 March 2017 he returned to the starting XI for the league match against Cagliari , assisting Ivan Perišić and scoring himself a free kick in a 5–1 away victory . One week later , he netted his first hat-trick as a professional in the 7–1 home thrashing of Atalanta , which set a new league personal best at six goals . Return to Sevilla . On 27 June 2017 , a mere 13 months after leaving the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Banega returned to Sevilla . He was sent off in his first league game in his second spell for allegedly insulting the referee , immediately after being booked for committing a foul in the last minutes of the 1–1 home draw against Espanyol . Al Shabab . In January 2020 , it was announced that Banega would join Al Shabab of the Saudi Professional League when the Europa League , in which Sevilla were winners , ended . International career . Banega was selected for the Argentine under-20 team , alongside Sergio Agüero , for the 2007 FIFA World Cup in Canada , appearing in all seven games in an eventual tournament conquest . Soon after joining Valencia in January 2008 he made his debut for the full side , in a 5–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 6 February , which he started . During that summer , he appeared for the nation at the Summer Olympics , helping conquer the gold medal . In spite of a solid season with Valencia , Banega was not selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by manager Diego Maradona . He was however a member of the 2011 Copa América squad , playing the first two group matches as the hosts reached the quarter-finals under Sergio Batista . On 26 March 2013 he scored his first goal , finishing a Clemente Rodríguez cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to Bolivia in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , but was not chosen for the squad that appeared in the finals . Banega was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , starting in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . He was one of two players to miss his penalty shootout attempt in the final , a 1–4 loss to Chile , with Claudio Bravo saving it . Banega started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States , lost 2–4 in the same fashion to the same opponent . Previously , in the opening match of the group stage , he had scored in a 2–1 win over the same team , also setting up Ángel Di Marías first goal . Banega was included in the final squad for the 2018 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 16 June , playing 36 minutes in the 1–1 group stage draw against Iceland after replacing Lucas Biglia . In the final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , he assisted Lionel Messis opening goal with a long ball over the defence ; the match eventually ended in a 2–1 victory , which saw his team progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia , and he also featured the entire 3–4 round-of-16 defeat to France . Style of play . A tactically intelligent and versatile playmaker , Banega is mostly known for his technical skills , dribbling ability , quick feet , vision and accurate passing , which enables him to retain possession , dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates . Although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder , he can also be deployed as an attacking one ; whilst at Boca Juniors , he operated as a defensive midfielder , or as a deep-lying playmaker due to his creativity , work-rate , and ball-winning abilities , and he is also an accurate set-piece taker . Banegas former Internazionale coach Roberto Mancini said of him : Banega is a midfielder who likes to mix it up a lot . He can start by playing off the front man and drop deep to pick up the ball . He plays for Argentina , hes got quality and charisma and Im sure hell be very useful to us . Career statistics . International . ( Argentina score listed first , score column indicates score after each Banega goal ) Honours . Boca Juniors - Copa Libertadores : 2007 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey runner-up : 2017–18 Argentina U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2007 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 2008 Argentina - Copa América runner-up : 2015 , 2016 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 External links . - Internazionale official profile - CiberChe stats and bio - Stats at Lega Serie A
|
[
"Sevilla"
] |
hard
|
Éver Banega played for which team in Apr 2014?
|
/wiki/Éver_Banega#P54#2
|
Éver Banega Éver Maximiliano David Banega ( born 29 June 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Saudi Arabian club Al Shabab and the Argentina national team as a central midfielder . He started his career with Boca Juniors , and signed with Valencia in 2008 where he remained for several years , appearing in 162 official games and winning the 2008 Copa del Rey . After joining Sevilla in 2014 , he conquered three Europa League trophies over two separate spells . Banega represented Argentina at the 2018 World Cup . Additionally , he won an Olympic medal in 2008 and appeared in three Copa América tournaments , helping the team to the final of the 2015 and 2016 editions . Club career . Boca Juniors . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors , reaching the first team at 18 , and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the Primera División . After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007 , he was named as his successor despite his young age . Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 win against Banfield on 10 February 2007 . On 1 April , just a few matches afterwards , he was given an ovation when he left the field . Valencia . On 5 January 2008 , Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia on a -year deal , for a fee of around €20 million . He made his debut on the 13th in a 0–1 loss at Atlético Madrid , coming on as a half-time substitute . Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09 . He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneross 3–0 away victory over PSV Eindhoven , in the first group stage match of the seasons UEFA Champions League . However , he failed to settle in the teams starting XI , also being sent off in away draws against Villarreal and Almería . Following his return from Atlético , it appeared that Banega was to join English club Everton , but a move did not materialise due to problems acquiring a visa . He subsequently returned for the 2009–10 campaign , and assisted both goals in Valencias opening game against Sevilla . He scored his first goal for the Che on 17 January 2010 in a 4–1 defeat of neighbouring Villarreal . Banega played 28 matches in 2010–11 ( 19 starts , two goals ) , as Valencia finished third and qualified to the Champions League . On 19 February 2012 , however , he prolonged an existing spell on the sidelines – he had recently returned from a knee injury – after he was run over by his own car . As a result , he fractured his left ankle and broke the tibia and fibula in his left leg , according to Valencia team doctor Enrique Gastaldi . He required ankle surgery , going on to miss the remainder of the season ; the club only confirmed that the player had been hurt in an accident involving his own car after leaving training , however Spanish media had reported that the injury occurred when he failed to put the handbrake on at a petrol station and , after the car moved , his leg was caught between the wheel and the curb . On 31 January 2014 , Banega was loaned to Newells Old Boys in his country , until the end of the campaign . Sevilla . On 19 August 2014 , Banega joined Sevilla for an undisclosed fee , crediting his decision to move clubs to manager Unai Emery , who had managed him at Valencia . He made his official debut four days later , replacing Aleix Vidal for the final 20 minutes of a 1–1 draw against his former team . On 27 May 2015 , Banega started for Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final defeat of Dnipro at Polands National Stadium , being named player of the match in the process . On 11 August , in the ensuing edition of the UEFA Super Cup , he scored the fastest ever goal in the competition through a third-minute free kick , but in a 4–5 loss to Barcelona . Even though he had been deemed surplus to requirements the year before by the same manager , Banega continued to be an undisputed starter in 2015–16 , netting nine times in 46 competitive appearances . He played the full 90 minutes in the Europa League final , won 3–1 against Liverpool . In his last game for the Andalusians , the final of the Copa del Rey on 22 May 2016 , he was sent off for a 90th-minute tackle on Neymar in an eventual 2–0 defeat to Barcelona after extra time . Inter Milan . On 16 May 2016 , it was announced that Banega would sign for Inter Milan as a free agent , with the move being made effective on 1 July . In his first interview , he stated : Im very excited to play for a club like Inter , adding I cannot wait to play for Inter . He was officially presented on 12 August , being given squad number 19 . Banega made his Serie A debut on 21 August 2016 , starting and playing 70 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against ChievoVerona . On 11 September , at newly promoted Pescara , he provided the first goal of Mauro Icardi in an eventual 2–1 comeback win for the first three points of the season . Banega was named in Inters Europa League squad , starting in their first match against Hapoel Beer Sheva , which finished in a 0–2 defeat at the San Siro . He scored his first goal for the nerazzurri on 2 October , but in a 1–2 away loss to Roma . During the first part of the campaign , Banega started mostly but was also benched on occasion , which led to rumours of a possible move in the winter transfer window . On 5 March 2017 he returned to the starting XI for the league match against Cagliari , assisting Ivan Perišić and scoring himself a free kick in a 5–1 away victory . One week later , he netted his first hat-trick as a professional in the 7–1 home thrashing of Atalanta , which set a new league personal best at six goals . Return to Sevilla . On 27 June 2017 , a mere 13 months after leaving the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Banega returned to Sevilla . He was sent off in his first league game in his second spell for allegedly insulting the referee , immediately after being booked for committing a foul in the last minutes of the 1–1 home draw against Espanyol . Al Shabab . In January 2020 , it was announced that Banega would join Al Shabab of the Saudi Professional League when the Europa League , in which Sevilla were winners , ended . International career . Banega was selected for the Argentine under-20 team , alongside Sergio Agüero , for the 2007 FIFA World Cup in Canada , appearing in all seven games in an eventual tournament conquest . Soon after joining Valencia in January 2008 he made his debut for the full side , in a 5–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 6 February , which he started . During that summer , he appeared for the nation at the Summer Olympics , helping conquer the gold medal . In spite of a solid season with Valencia , Banega was not selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by manager Diego Maradona . He was however a member of the 2011 Copa América squad , playing the first two group matches as the hosts reached the quarter-finals under Sergio Batista . On 26 March 2013 he scored his first goal , finishing a Clemente Rodríguez cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to Bolivia in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , but was not chosen for the squad that appeared in the finals . Banega was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , starting in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . He was one of two players to miss his penalty shootout attempt in the final , a 1–4 loss to Chile , with Claudio Bravo saving it . Banega started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States , lost 2–4 in the same fashion to the same opponent . Previously , in the opening match of the group stage , he had scored in a 2–1 win over the same team , also setting up Ángel Di Marías first goal . Banega was included in the final squad for the 2018 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 16 June , playing 36 minutes in the 1–1 group stage draw against Iceland after replacing Lucas Biglia . In the final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , he assisted Lionel Messis opening goal with a long ball over the defence ; the match eventually ended in a 2–1 victory , which saw his team progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia , and he also featured the entire 3–4 round-of-16 defeat to France . Style of play . A tactically intelligent and versatile playmaker , Banega is mostly known for his technical skills , dribbling ability , quick feet , vision and accurate passing , which enables him to retain possession , dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates . Although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder , he can also be deployed as an attacking one ; whilst at Boca Juniors , he operated as a defensive midfielder , or as a deep-lying playmaker due to his creativity , work-rate , and ball-winning abilities , and he is also an accurate set-piece taker . Banegas former Internazionale coach Roberto Mancini said of him : Banega is a midfielder who likes to mix it up a lot . He can start by playing off the front man and drop deep to pick up the ball . He plays for Argentina , hes got quality and charisma and Im sure hell be very useful to us . Career statistics . International . ( Argentina score listed first , score column indicates score after each Banega goal ) Honours . Boca Juniors - Copa Libertadores : 2007 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey runner-up : 2017–18 Argentina U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2007 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 2008 Argentina - Copa América runner-up : 2015 , 2016 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 External links . - Internazionale official profile - CiberChe stats and bio - Stats at Lega Serie A
|
[
"Inter Milan"
] |
hard
|
Éver Banega played for which team between Jan 2016 and Aug 2016?
|
/wiki/Éver_Banega#P54#3
|
Éver Banega Éver Maximiliano David Banega ( born 29 June 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Saudi Arabian club Al Shabab and the Argentina national team as a central midfielder . He started his career with Boca Juniors , and signed with Valencia in 2008 where he remained for several years , appearing in 162 official games and winning the 2008 Copa del Rey . After joining Sevilla in 2014 , he conquered three Europa League trophies over two separate spells . Banega represented Argentina at the 2018 World Cup . Additionally , he won an Olympic medal in 2008 and appeared in three Copa América tournaments , helping the team to the final of the 2015 and 2016 editions . Club career . Boca Juniors . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors , reaching the first team at 18 , and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the Primera División . After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007 , he was named as his successor despite his young age . Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 win against Banfield on 10 February 2007 . On 1 April , just a few matches afterwards , he was given an ovation when he left the field . Valencia . On 5 January 2008 , Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia on a -year deal , for a fee of around €20 million . He made his debut on the 13th in a 0–1 loss at Atlético Madrid , coming on as a half-time substitute . Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09 . He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneross 3–0 away victory over PSV Eindhoven , in the first group stage match of the seasons UEFA Champions League . However , he failed to settle in the teams starting XI , also being sent off in away draws against Villarreal and Almería . Following his return from Atlético , it appeared that Banega was to join English club Everton , but a move did not materialise due to problems acquiring a visa . He subsequently returned for the 2009–10 campaign , and assisted both goals in Valencias opening game against Sevilla . He scored his first goal for the Che on 17 January 2010 in a 4–1 defeat of neighbouring Villarreal . Banega played 28 matches in 2010–11 ( 19 starts , two goals ) , as Valencia finished third and qualified to the Champions League . On 19 February 2012 , however , he prolonged an existing spell on the sidelines – he had recently returned from a knee injury – after he was run over by his own car . As a result , he fractured his left ankle and broke the tibia and fibula in his left leg , according to Valencia team doctor Enrique Gastaldi . He required ankle surgery , going on to miss the remainder of the season ; the club only confirmed that the player had been hurt in an accident involving his own car after leaving training , however Spanish media had reported that the injury occurred when he failed to put the handbrake on at a petrol station and , after the car moved , his leg was caught between the wheel and the curb . On 31 January 2014 , Banega was loaned to Newells Old Boys in his country , until the end of the campaign . Sevilla . On 19 August 2014 , Banega joined Sevilla for an undisclosed fee , crediting his decision to move clubs to manager Unai Emery , who had managed him at Valencia . He made his official debut four days later , replacing Aleix Vidal for the final 20 minutes of a 1–1 draw against his former team . On 27 May 2015 , Banega started for Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final defeat of Dnipro at Polands National Stadium , being named player of the match in the process . On 11 August , in the ensuing edition of the UEFA Super Cup , he scored the fastest ever goal in the competition through a third-minute free kick , but in a 4–5 loss to Barcelona . Even though he had been deemed surplus to requirements the year before by the same manager , Banega continued to be an undisputed starter in 2015–16 , netting nine times in 46 competitive appearances . He played the full 90 minutes in the Europa League final , won 3–1 against Liverpool . In his last game for the Andalusians , the final of the Copa del Rey on 22 May 2016 , he was sent off for a 90th-minute tackle on Neymar in an eventual 2–0 defeat to Barcelona after extra time . Inter Milan . On 16 May 2016 , it was announced that Banega would sign for Inter Milan as a free agent , with the move being made effective on 1 July . In his first interview , he stated : Im very excited to play for a club like Inter , adding I cannot wait to play for Inter . He was officially presented on 12 August , being given squad number 19 . Banega made his Serie A debut on 21 August 2016 , starting and playing 70 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against ChievoVerona . On 11 September , at newly promoted Pescara , he provided the first goal of Mauro Icardi in an eventual 2–1 comeback win for the first three points of the season . Banega was named in Inters Europa League squad , starting in their first match against Hapoel Beer Sheva , which finished in a 0–2 defeat at the San Siro . He scored his first goal for the nerazzurri on 2 October , but in a 1–2 away loss to Roma . During the first part of the campaign , Banega started mostly but was also benched on occasion , which led to rumours of a possible move in the winter transfer window . On 5 March 2017 he returned to the starting XI for the league match against Cagliari , assisting Ivan Perišić and scoring himself a free kick in a 5–1 away victory . One week later , he netted his first hat-trick as a professional in the 7–1 home thrashing of Atalanta , which set a new league personal best at six goals . Return to Sevilla . On 27 June 2017 , a mere 13 months after leaving the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Banega returned to Sevilla . He was sent off in his first league game in his second spell for allegedly insulting the referee , immediately after being booked for committing a foul in the last minutes of the 1–1 home draw against Espanyol . Al Shabab . In January 2020 , it was announced that Banega would join Al Shabab of the Saudi Professional League when the Europa League , in which Sevilla were winners , ended . International career . Banega was selected for the Argentine under-20 team , alongside Sergio Agüero , for the 2007 FIFA World Cup in Canada , appearing in all seven games in an eventual tournament conquest . Soon after joining Valencia in January 2008 he made his debut for the full side , in a 5–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 6 February , which he started . During that summer , he appeared for the nation at the Summer Olympics , helping conquer the gold medal . In spite of a solid season with Valencia , Banega was not selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by manager Diego Maradona . He was however a member of the 2011 Copa América squad , playing the first two group matches as the hosts reached the quarter-finals under Sergio Batista . On 26 March 2013 he scored his first goal , finishing a Clemente Rodríguez cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to Bolivia in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , but was not chosen for the squad that appeared in the finals . Banega was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , starting in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . He was one of two players to miss his penalty shootout attempt in the final , a 1–4 loss to Chile , with Claudio Bravo saving it . Banega started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States , lost 2–4 in the same fashion to the same opponent . Previously , in the opening match of the group stage , he had scored in a 2–1 win over the same team , also setting up Ángel Di Marías first goal . Banega was included in the final squad for the 2018 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 16 June , playing 36 minutes in the 1–1 group stage draw against Iceland after replacing Lucas Biglia . In the final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , he assisted Lionel Messis opening goal with a long ball over the defence ; the match eventually ended in a 2–1 victory , which saw his team progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia , and he also featured the entire 3–4 round-of-16 defeat to France . Style of play . A tactically intelligent and versatile playmaker , Banega is mostly known for his technical skills , dribbling ability , quick feet , vision and accurate passing , which enables him to retain possession , dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates . Although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder , he can also be deployed as an attacking one ; whilst at Boca Juniors , he operated as a defensive midfielder , or as a deep-lying playmaker due to his creativity , work-rate , and ball-winning abilities , and he is also an accurate set-piece taker . Banegas former Internazionale coach Roberto Mancini said of him : Banega is a midfielder who likes to mix it up a lot . He can start by playing off the front man and drop deep to pick up the ball . He plays for Argentina , hes got quality and charisma and Im sure hell be very useful to us . Career statistics . International . ( Argentina score listed first , score column indicates score after each Banega goal ) Honours . Boca Juniors - Copa Libertadores : 2007 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey runner-up : 2017–18 Argentina U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2007 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 2008 Argentina - Copa América runner-up : 2015 , 2016 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 External links . - Internazionale official profile - CiberChe stats and bio - Stats at Lega Serie A
|
[
"Sevilla"
] |
hard
|
Éver Banega played for which team after May 2017?
|
/wiki/Éver_Banega#P54#4
|
Éver Banega Éver Maximiliano David Banega ( born 29 June 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Saudi Arabian club Al Shabab and the Argentina national team as a central midfielder . He started his career with Boca Juniors , and signed with Valencia in 2008 where he remained for several years , appearing in 162 official games and winning the 2008 Copa del Rey . After joining Sevilla in 2014 , he conquered three Europa League trophies over two separate spells . Banega represented Argentina at the 2018 World Cup . Additionally , he won an Olympic medal in 2008 and appeared in three Copa América tournaments , helping the team to the final of the 2015 and 2016 editions . Club career . Boca Juniors . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors , reaching the first team at 18 , and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the Primera División . After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007 , he was named as his successor despite his young age . Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 win against Banfield on 10 February 2007 . On 1 April , just a few matches afterwards , he was given an ovation when he left the field . Valencia . On 5 January 2008 , Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia on a -year deal , for a fee of around €20 million . He made his debut on the 13th in a 0–1 loss at Atlético Madrid , coming on as a half-time substitute . Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09 . He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneross 3–0 away victory over PSV Eindhoven , in the first group stage match of the seasons UEFA Champions League . However , he failed to settle in the teams starting XI , also being sent off in away draws against Villarreal and Almería . Following his return from Atlético , it appeared that Banega was to join English club Everton , but a move did not materialise due to problems acquiring a visa . He subsequently returned for the 2009–10 campaign , and assisted both goals in Valencias opening game against Sevilla . He scored his first goal for the Che on 17 January 2010 in a 4–1 defeat of neighbouring Villarreal . Banega played 28 matches in 2010–11 ( 19 starts , two goals ) , as Valencia finished third and qualified to the Champions League . On 19 February 2012 , however , he prolonged an existing spell on the sidelines – he had recently returned from a knee injury – after he was run over by his own car . As a result , he fractured his left ankle and broke the tibia and fibula in his left leg , according to Valencia team doctor Enrique Gastaldi . He required ankle surgery , going on to miss the remainder of the season ; the club only confirmed that the player had been hurt in an accident involving his own car after leaving training , however Spanish media had reported that the injury occurred when he failed to put the handbrake on at a petrol station and , after the car moved , his leg was caught between the wheel and the curb . On 31 January 2014 , Banega was loaned to Newells Old Boys in his country , until the end of the campaign . Sevilla . On 19 August 2014 , Banega joined Sevilla for an undisclosed fee , crediting his decision to move clubs to manager Unai Emery , who had managed him at Valencia . He made his official debut four days later , replacing Aleix Vidal for the final 20 minutes of a 1–1 draw against his former team . On 27 May 2015 , Banega started for Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final defeat of Dnipro at Polands National Stadium , being named player of the match in the process . On 11 August , in the ensuing edition of the UEFA Super Cup , he scored the fastest ever goal in the competition through a third-minute free kick , but in a 4–5 loss to Barcelona . Even though he had been deemed surplus to requirements the year before by the same manager , Banega continued to be an undisputed starter in 2015–16 , netting nine times in 46 competitive appearances . He played the full 90 minutes in the Europa League final , won 3–1 against Liverpool . In his last game for the Andalusians , the final of the Copa del Rey on 22 May 2016 , he was sent off for a 90th-minute tackle on Neymar in an eventual 2–0 defeat to Barcelona after extra time . Inter Milan . On 16 May 2016 , it was announced that Banega would sign for Inter Milan as a free agent , with the move being made effective on 1 July . In his first interview , he stated : Im very excited to play for a club like Inter , adding I cannot wait to play for Inter . He was officially presented on 12 August , being given squad number 19 . Banega made his Serie A debut on 21 August 2016 , starting and playing 70 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against ChievoVerona . On 11 September , at newly promoted Pescara , he provided the first goal of Mauro Icardi in an eventual 2–1 comeback win for the first three points of the season . Banega was named in Inters Europa League squad , starting in their first match against Hapoel Beer Sheva , which finished in a 0–2 defeat at the San Siro . He scored his first goal for the nerazzurri on 2 October , but in a 1–2 away loss to Roma . During the first part of the campaign , Banega started mostly but was also benched on occasion , which led to rumours of a possible move in the winter transfer window . On 5 March 2017 he returned to the starting XI for the league match against Cagliari , assisting Ivan Perišić and scoring himself a free kick in a 5–1 away victory . One week later , he netted his first hat-trick as a professional in the 7–1 home thrashing of Atalanta , which set a new league personal best at six goals . Return to Sevilla . On 27 June 2017 , a mere 13 months after leaving the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Banega returned to Sevilla . He was sent off in his first league game in his second spell for allegedly insulting the referee , immediately after being booked for committing a foul in the last minutes of the 1–1 home draw against Espanyol . Al Shabab . In January 2020 , it was announced that Banega would join Al Shabab of the Saudi Professional League when the Europa League , in which Sevilla were winners , ended . International career . Banega was selected for the Argentine under-20 team , alongside Sergio Agüero , for the 2007 FIFA World Cup in Canada , appearing in all seven games in an eventual tournament conquest . Soon after joining Valencia in January 2008 he made his debut for the full side , in a 5–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 6 February , which he started . During that summer , he appeared for the nation at the Summer Olympics , helping conquer the gold medal . In spite of a solid season with Valencia , Banega was not selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by manager Diego Maradona . He was however a member of the 2011 Copa América squad , playing the first two group matches as the hosts reached the quarter-finals under Sergio Batista . On 26 March 2013 he scored his first goal , finishing a Clemente Rodríguez cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to Bolivia in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , but was not chosen for the squad that appeared in the finals . Banega was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América , starting in the teams opening fixture against Paraguay in La Serena . He was one of two players to miss his penalty shootout attempt in the final , a 1–4 loss to Chile , with Claudio Bravo saving it . Banega started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States , lost 2–4 in the same fashion to the same opponent . Previously , in the opening match of the group stage , he had scored in a 2–1 win over the same team , also setting up Ángel Di Marías first goal . Banega was included in the final squad for the 2018 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 16 June , playing 36 minutes in the 1–1 group stage draw against Iceland after replacing Lucas Biglia . In the final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , he assisted Lionel Messis opening goal with a long ball over the defence ; the match eventually ended in a 2–1 victory , which saw his team progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia , and he also featured the entire 3–4 round-of-16 defeat to France . Style of play . A tactically intelligent and versatile playmaker , Banega is mostly known for his technical skills , dribbling ability , quick feet , vision and accurate passing , which enables him to retain possession , dictate the tempo of his teams play in midfield and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates . Although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder , he can also be deployed as an attacking one ; whilst at Boca Juniors , he operated as a defensive midfielder , or as a deep-lying playmaker due to his creativity , work-rate , and ball-winning abilities , and he is also an accurate set-piece taker . Banegas former Internazionale coach Roberto Mancini said of him : Banega is a midfielder who likes to mix it up a lot . He can start by playing off the front man and drop deep to pick up the ball . He plays for Argentina , hes got quality and charisma and Im sure hell be very useful to us . Career statistics . International . ( Argentina score listed first , score column indicates score after each Banega goal ) Honours . Boca Juniors - Copa Libertadores : 2007 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey runner-up : 2017–18 Argentina U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2007 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympic Games : 2008 Argentina - Copa América runner-up : 2015 , 2016 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2019–20 External links . - Internazionale official profile - CiberChe stats and bio - Stats at Lega Serie A
|
[
"Member of Parliament",
"Shadow Minister for Public Health"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position between Mar 2008 and Jan 2009?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#0
|
Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Minister of State for Transport"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position in May 2010?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#1
|
Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
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[
"Minister of State for Transport",
"Minister for Shipping",
"Road Safety Minister"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position in Jun 2011?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#2
|
Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Minister of State for Northern Ireland"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position in Feb 2013?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#3
|
Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Minister for Disabled People",
"Minister of State for Policing",
"Minister of State for Justice"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position between Jan 2015 and Mar 2015?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#4
|
Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Minister of State for Policing",
"Minister of State for Justice",
"Minister of State for the Armed Forces"
] |
hard
|
Mike Penning took which position in Jun 2015?
|
/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#5
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Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
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"relieved of ministerial duties"
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Mike Penning took which position in Sep 2018?
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/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#6
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Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
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Mike Penning took which position between Jan 2020 and Apr 2020?
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/wiki/Mike_Penning#P39#7
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Mike Penning Sir Michael Alan Penning ( born 28 September 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician , who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hemel Hempstead since 2005 . Penning was the Minister of State for the Armed Forces from 2016 to 2017 , having previously served as the Minister of State for Justice and Minister of State for Policing from 2014 to 2016 , the Minister for Disabled People from 2013 to 2014 , the Minister of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2013 , and the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012 Early life and career . Penning was born in Finchley , North London , and raised in the neighbouring county of Essex . He went to Appleton School , South Benfleet , before attending King Edmund School in Rochford . He enlisted in the British Army as a Grenadier Guardsman after leaving school , and served several tours in Northern Ireland , Kenya and Germany . During his time in the Grenadiers , an officer , Captain Robert Nairac , GC , was abducted and murdered by the IRA . After leaving the Army , Penning subsequently worked as a firefighter for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service , before joining his family business prior to embarking upon his career in public service through political journalism . He is known to be an avid supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C . Political career . In the mid-1990s , Penning worked as a media adviser to the Euro-rebels who had had the Conservative Party whip removed by Prime Minister John Major during the Maastricht rebellion . He was subsequently the election agent to Sir Teddy Taylor during the 1997 general election . He stood for election in Thurrock at the 2001 general election , coming second to Labours Andrew MacKinlay . Following this , he was appointed as a chief adviser to William Hague as Leader of the Opposition , later becoming the Conservative Partys Deputy Head of Media under the brief and unpopular leadership of Iain Duncan Smith . Member of Parliament . At the 2005 general election Penning stood in the Labour-held seat of Hemel Hempstead , narrowly defeating sitting MP Tony McWalter . Penning overturned McWalters 2001 majority of 3,742 votes and won the seat ( after a partial recount ) by 499 votes . In July 2007 , Penning was promoted by Conservative Leader David Cameron to the post of Shadow Minister for Public Health . The Buncefield fire occurred on 11 December 2005 and led to some 2,700 claims for compensation . In the words of neighbouring MP Peter Lilley , There is something providential about the fact that the worst fire in western Europe since the Second World War should occur in a constituency represented by a fireman . It was undoubtedly in the interests of all his constituents and mine to have someone so knowledgeable , as well as so vigorous in their response , to represent their interests . Penning , who arrived on the scene within half an hour of the explosion , had himself been trained to deal with much smaller petroleum fires ; the scenario was that one tank not twenty was affected . Dexion workers , 700 of whom worked in the constituency , lost their pensions when the company went into receivership in 2003 . Dexion played a prominent part in Dr Ros Altmanns Pensions theft campaign . Penning , whose support for Dexion preceded his election , offered compensation from unclaimed assets in his 2005 Manifesto and has spoken on the issue 26 times in Parliament . Dexion pensioners were featured celebrating a victory at the High Court in February 2007 which eventually led to increased compensation from the then-Labour government . According to Theyworkforyou.com , Penning spoke in an above average number of debates from 2009 to 2010 and replied to a very high number of messages . He also received replies to an above average number of written questions . The quality of those questions was disputed by a 2006 Times article about the Theyworkforyou website which Penning used to email constituents . His 624 questions in 10 months included one on sales of lost property in Royal Parks since records began . The newspaper suggested the objective was to increase ratings on the website , an allegation rejected by Penning . Penning occasionally rebelled , with two percent of his votes being against the Whip , and was very strongly in favour of a smoking ban . Pennings parliamentary expenses details have been published as part of a general publication of all MPs expenses . In 2009 , he claimed a total of £135,078 , 502nd of all MPs . The Legg Report found no problem with his expenses . Penning did , however , voluntarily repay £2.99 for a dog bowl , which was the lowest recorded repayment by any MP . In the June 2017 General Election he held Hemel Hempstead with a reduced majority of 9,445 , but with an increased share of the vote ( 55% ) . Minister of State . Penning achieved one of the largest increases in his majority of all MPs at the 2010 general election , when he took 50% of the vote share to hold the seat with a majority of 13,406 . This result relegated Labours Ayfer Orhan to third place behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Grayson , representing the largest swing from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party ( a 14.4% swing ) in the country . Following that election , Prime Minister David Cameron appointed him a Minister of State for Transport , with roads and shipping being among his responsibilities . In his capacity as Minister for Shipping , Penning presented Efthimios Mitropoulos ( immediate past-IMO Secretary-General ) with the insignia of in Greece on behalf of The Queen . In his role as Road Safety Minister , he suggested that the Dutch could learn about cyclist safety from the British . However , cycling ambassador Roelof Wittink said that although the UK had a lower death toll per head of population , the Dutch use cycles far more and have one third of the fatalities per mile cycled . In the reshuffle of 4 September 2012 , Penning was moved to become Minister of State for Northern Ireland , a position he held for just over a year until being promoted to become Minister of State for Disabled People on 7 October 2013 . He was subsequently promoted a second time on 15 July 2014 to serve as both the Minister of State for Policing and the Minister of State for Justice , and was also sworn of the Privy Council . In the 2015 general election , Penning increased his majority by 2.9% to 52.9% to hold his seat with a 14,420 majority . In the subsequent reshuffle , Penning was appointed as Minister of State in the Home Office for Policing and Criminal Justice . Following the June 2017 general election , he was relieved of ministerial duties . Brexit . Penning supported Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum . Personal life . Penning lives in Hemel Hempstead with his wife Angela . He employs his wife as his Office Manager on an annual salary up to £40,000 . He has two daughters . Described as one of dimmest MPs by Alan Duncan Honours . - General Service Medal with ‘NORTHERN IRELAND’ Clasp - Privy Counsellor ( 2014 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 2017 ) External links . - Conservative Party – Mike Penning biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Mike Penning MP - Debretts People of Today
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Which military brach did Erich Topp belong to between Feb 1935 and Apr 1935?
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/wiki/Erich_Topp#P241#0
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Erich Topp Erich Topp ( 2 July 1914 – 26 December 2005 ) was the third most successful of German U-Boat commanders of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany . He sank 35 ships for a total of . After the war he served with the Federal German Navy , reaching the rank of Konteradmiral ( rear admiral ) . He later served in NATO . Early life and career . Topp was born in Hannover on 2 July 1914 . Topp joined the Reichsmarine on 8 April 1935 as a member of Crew 34 ( the incoming class of 1934 ) . He received his military basic training in the 2nd company in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 8 April 1934 – 13 June 1934 ) . He was then transferred to the school ship Gorch Fock on 14 June 1934 , and to the light cruiser on 27 September 1934 . Under the command of Kapitän zur See Günther Lütjens , Topp sailed on Karlsruhes fourth training cruise . Karlsruhe left Kiel on 22 October 1934 . The ship sailed via Skagen , the Azores and Trinidad on the east coast of South America , passed the Cape Horn , up the west coast of South , Middle and North America to Vancouver . At Callao ( 25 January – 6 February 1935 ) they joined in the 400-year celebration of Peru . Karlsruhe returned to Kiel on 15 June 1935 , travelling through the Panama Canal to Houston , Charlestown and Vigo , Spain . Following his journey on Karlsruhe , Topp attended the main cadet course at the Naval Academy Mürwik ( 30 June 1935 – 29 June 1936 ) . During this time frame at the naval academy , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 July 1935 . Starting on 30 June 1936 , he underwent a number of specialized weapons training courses for cadets at various naval schools . On 16 October 1936 , he was again transferred to Karlsruhe , staying onboard until 31 March 1937 . The next day , he was promoted to Leutnant zur See ( Second Lieutenant ) and took a torpedo training course which he completed on 17 April . On 18 April , he was yet again posted to Karlsruhe , serving as an adjutant until 4 October 1937 . On 5 October 1937 , Topp started his U-boat training at the U-boat school in Neustadt in Holstein before he became an instruction officer at the naval non-commissioned officer training department in Friedrichsort , a borough of Kiel , on 2 June 1938 . Topp was then posted to the Wegener Flotilla on 26 September 1938 . There , he was appointed 1st watch officer on under the command of Kapitänleutnant Herbert Sohler . On 1 April 1939 , Topp was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) . National Socialism . In May 1933 , Topp joined the Nazi Party and in 1934 also joined the Allgemeine-SS . Topp took the Hitler oath , convinced it was the right thing to do . To the beginning of the war at least , his peers regarded Topp as a Nazi . Topp made the acquaintance of Martin Bormann , Hitlers personal secretary and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery . Bormann married the sister of Topps crew mate , Walter Buch . Topp was close enough to be invited to Bormanns residence in Berchtesgaden . Topps political outlook was not shared by his uncle . His aunt through marriage , Anna Topp , was Jewish . During the Nazi reign she was sent to and survived the Theresienstadt Ghetto . In his memoirs Topp claimed not to have believed in Nazi ideology . One analyst wrote , the contrasts and Topps individual course make obvious the limitations of any quantitative study [ of his political convictions ] . Topp came to terms with the Nazi regime and its crimes postwar . He entered into heated arguments with former comrades over the cause for which they fought . Topp was particularly critical of Admiral Karl Dönitz , commander-in-chief of U-boats and later the Kriegsmarine . After the war , Topp expressed his view that the German naval command , and his superior Karl Dönitz , knew of the Holocaust . Topp referenced Dönitzs commitment to National Socialism , admiration for Hitler , and his presence at the Posen speeches . Topp was critical of Dönitzs pretensions to have been an apolitical soldier . Topp said of Dönitz , that his failure to do anything about it comes very close to a passive toleration of these insane crimes . Few former U-boat commanders were as vocal in attacking Dönitzs character . His aunts experiences in the ghetto from 1943 may have been a factor . Dönitz confronted Topp personally when the latter called upon him . He purportedly greeted Topp with a question , I understand you think I should have been executed ? He presented Topp with his accusation , underlined , and a letter from Samuel Eliot Morison , the official historian of the United States Navy , which accepted Dönitzs defence that he knew nothing of the Nazi crimes . It was Morison who told Dönitz of Topps accusations , or doubts , as Topp later claimed they were . World War II . World War II commenced following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 . U-46 , under the command of Sohler , had already been at sea since 19 August , returning to port on 15 September . Topp sailed on three further patrols on U-46 ( 3 October – 7 November 1939 , 19 December 1939 – 10 January 1940 and 11 March – 23 April 1940 ) . During these patrols , U-46 sank one ship of on 17 October and another ship of on 21 December . For his service on U-46 , Topp was awarded the U-boat War Badge ( ) on 7 November 1939 and the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( ) in January 1940 . On 1 May 1940 , he was transferred to the 1st U-boat Flotilla . Command of U-57 . After eight war patrols under the command of Kapitänleutnant Claus Korth , command of of the 1st U-boat Flotilla was passed to Topp on 5 June 1940 . Topps fifth war patrol began in Kiel on 11 July 1940 and was destined for the North Atlantic , into the North Channel , and The Minch . Because the Gruppenhorchgerät , a hydrophone array , was experiencing technical difficulties , Topp took U-57 to port for repairs . U-57 arrived in Bergen on 15 July , departed again that day only to return to Bergen on 20 July . Two days later , U-57 was able to begin its patrol . The Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—supreme commander of the U-boat arm ) credited Topp with the sinking three ships of of shipping . On 7 August , U-57 arrived in Lorient , France . On 14 August 1940 , U-57 departed from Lorient on its tenth war patrol . Again Topp led U-57 into the North Atlantic , the North Channel and the Hebrides . On this patrol , Kretschmer sank three ships of , and damaged another ship of . On 3 September 1940 , U-57 collided with the Norwegian vessel Rona near the lock at Brunsbüttel and sank . Following the loss of U-57 — the boat was later raised and used for training purposes — Topp was awarded Iron Cross 1st Class ( ) and initially remained with 1st U-boat Flotilla . On 4 November , he was sent to Blohm & Voss , the shipbuilding works in Hamburg , for construction training of , a Type VIIC U-boat . Transfer to U-552 . On 4 December 1940 , Topp took command of U-552 and commissioned the U-boat into the 7th U-boat Flotilla . Following sea trials and training , Topp , with Leutnant zur See Siegfried Koitschka as his second watch officer , took U-552 on its first war patrol on 13 February 1941 . The patrol which was destined for the North Atlantic west of Ireland began in Kiel . That day , they headed for Brunsbüttel where they stayed one day . The following day , U-552 made a stopover at Cuxhaven before leaving for Heligoland on 15 February . After three days at Heligoland , Topp took the boat into the North Atlantic . U-552s first patrol ended in Saint-Nazaire , France on 16 March 1941 . On this patrol , Topp sank two ships of . The second patrol on U-552 began on 7 April 1941 from Saint-Nazaire and targeted the shipping routes in the North Atlantic , south of Iceland . On this patrol , the BdU credited Topp with the sinking of three ships and one escort totaling . The patrol ended on 6 May , again in Saint-Nazaire . In reality , Topp sank three ships totaling , and damaged one ship of which was then sunk by ( Adalbert Schnee ) . The third ship sunk during Topps second patrol in command of U-552 , was the troopship S.S . Nerissa ( 5,583 GRT , 207 casualties and 84 survivors ) on 30 April 1941 about 140 nautical miles west of the North Channel . This sinking resulted in the third largest loss of life for a ship sunk by U-boats in the approaches to the British Isles during the Second World War . On 25 May , Topp took U-552 on its third war patrol . The next day , U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire before heading for North Channel on 3 June . The BdU assumed that Topp sank three ships of and he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) on 20 June 1941 . This patrol ended on 2 July in Saint-Nazaire . Later analysis revealed that the true tonnage sunk accumulated to . One of the ships was the Norfolk . The vessel carried mail an steel plates among 4,000 tons of general cargo . Captain Frederick Lougheed and 69 men were saved ; one man was lost . Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht was Topps commander in training on U-552s fourth war patrol . The patrol , which began on 18 August and ended on 26 August in Saint-Nazaire , resulted in the sinking of one ship of . This ship had previously been damaged by ( Reinhard Suhren ) . Following this patrol , Topp was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( Captain Lieutenant ) on 1 September 1941 . The fifth war patrol took U-552 into the North Atlantic , patrolling southeast of Greenland . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 4 September and sank three ships of . U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire on 5 October . Reuben James and Second Happy time . The next patrol began on 25 October and ended on 26 November 1941 in Saint-Nazaire . This was also Koitschkas last war patrol as first watch officer on U-552 . On U-552s sixth war patrol into the North Atlantic , east of Grand Banks of Newfoundland , Topp sank the destroyer on 31 October 1941 , the first United States Navy warship to be lost in World War II while it escorted Convoy HX 156 . The torpedo struck a forward magazine , blowing the ship apart . All of her officers and over 100 of the crew went down with the ship . The destruction of the Reuben James facilitated a worsening of already rapidly deteriorating diplomatic relations between Nazi Germany and the still nominally neutral United States of America . President Franklin D . Roosevelt used the incident to shift public opinion toward a confrontational stance with the European Axis powers . Support for the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s gradually eroded . On 13 November 1941 amendments to the act allowed for the arming of US merchant ships , their operation in the war zone , and active assistance to the British Empire to increase the tonnage available to it . Hitler and the Nazi leadership wished to keep the US neutral and the order to minimise contact at sea remained in force , at least until Operation Barbarossa had destroyed the Soviet Union . Roosevelt did not publicly mention the destroyer was escorting a British convoy , was not flying the Ensign of the United States , and was in the process of dropping depth charges on another U-boat when it was engaged and sunk . On 11 December 1941 , Hitler declared war on the United States . Dönitz ordered immediate offensive operations off the East Coast of the United States . Codenamed Operation Drumbeat ( Unternehmen Paukenschlag ) , the U-boat fleet inflicted the largest naval defeat on the United States Navy in history . Though few in number at the beginning—just five—the U-boats pressed home attacks close to the shore , from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico . The American failure to initialise a blackout , ship captains insistence on following peace-time procedures , and lack of effective naval defences contributed to high losses . 397 ships were sunk during Drumbeat . The Germans termed this period , the Second Happy Time . Topp crossed the Atlantic and joined Wolfpack Zieten . Oberleutnant zur See Albrecht Brandi joined Topps crew as a commander in training on U-552s seventh war patrol . The patrol to the West Atlantic , Grand Banks of Newfoundland , and Nova Scotia started on 25 December in Saint-Nazaire . Topp sank three ships totaling before returning to Saint-Nazaire on 27 January 1942 . Topp experienced mechanical problems with his torpedoes . On 15 January he expended four on the small merchant ship Dayrose from a range of 800 metres before a fifth sank it . Topp signalled BdU about the incident . Topp experienced the same problems in the sinking of Frances Salman , five miles south of Cape Race . Repeated failures were psychologically unnerving . Unable to load the spare torpedoes from deck stowage due to icing and inclement weather , BdU called him home . The eighth war patrol took U-552 to West Atlantic and to the East Coast of the United States . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 7 March , returning on 27 April . On this patrol , he sank seven ships with a total tonnage of . While at sea , Topp received the message on 11 April that he had been awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) . He was the 87th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honoured . On 11 April , Karl Dönitz also awarded him the U-boat War Badge with Diamonds ( ) . Topps sinking of the has cast a shadow on his conduct in action . When he spotted the coastal steamer off Chincoteague , Virginia on 3 April 1942 , he surfaced U-552 , overtook it from astern , and , without offering the Captain the chance to surrender , attacked it with his deck gun from 600 yards , firing a total of 93 rounds . Captain Bill Webster was killed in the shelling . Atwaters civilian Merchant Marine crew of 27 suffered 24 lost lives during the attack . According to one account , when United States Coast Guard Cutter number 218 Legare appeared , it found the ship sunk with only several feet of its mast still visible . Bodies were seen , including one in a lifeboat riddle with machine gun holes . There is no direct evidence he machine-gunned defenseless crewmen , and nothing in Topps otherwise stellar career or postwar actions suggest he was capable of such an act . Topps ninth war patrol on U-552 went to the North Atlantic , west of Spain . Leaving Saint-Nazaire on 9 June , Topp sank five ships totalling before returning to port ten days later . Topp formed part of a strong wolf pack against Convoy HG 84 . Topp engaged the convoy west-northwest of A Coruña . Topp achieved all his successes on this patrol against HG 84 . On his tenth and last war patrol on U-552 , Topp sank two ships of and damaged two further of . Topp had left Saint-Nazaire on 4 July and returned from the North Atlantic on 13 August . Upon his return , he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) on 17 August . He was the 17th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored . That day , he also received a preferential promotion to Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) and Dönitz presented him an honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds . Ashore . Command of U-552 was passed on to Kapitänleutnant Klaus Popp . Topp officially remained with the 7th U-boat Flotilla until 4 November when he was appointed chief of the 27th U-boat Flotilla , a training flotilla based in Gotenhafen ( now Gdynia , Poland ) . In August 1944 , Topp was appointed head of the department charged with introducing the Type XXI submarines into service , the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged . In this position , he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän ( Frigate Captain ) on 1 December 1944 . On 23 March 1945 , he was appointed commander of in the 4th U-boat Flotilla , and commander of in the 11th U-boat Flotilla on 26 April . On 20 May 1945 , Topp was taken prisoner of war in Kragerø , Norway . He was released on 17 August 1945 . Topps boat , U-2513 , was tested by the United States Navy . American reports concluded at twelve knots submerged speed she is quieter than our best fleet submarines at six...up to ten knots she is extremely quiet . The same report concluded at least seven ships were required to carry out a search for the XXI submarine . Later life and Bundesmarine . On 4 June 1946 , he started at the Technical University of Hannover , studying architecture , and graduated in 1950 with a degree in engineering . He also served as technical advisor for the 1957 film Sharks and Little Fish . On 3 March 1958 , Topp joined West Germanys navy , at the time named the Bundesmarine ( Federal Navy ) , holding the rank of Fregattenkapitän . His first assignment was with the Führungsstab der Marine ( Navy Staff ) . On 16 August 1958 , he served with the NATO Military Committee in Washington , D.C. , initially as a naval speaker , later as the chief-of-staff of the German delegation in Washington . During this assignment , he was promoted to Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) on 1 November 1959 . On 1 January 1962 , Topp was transferred to the position of commander of the Bundesmarines ( amphibious forces ) , a position he held until 30 September 1963 . In parallel , on 1 November 1962 , he was made acting commander of , serving in this capacity until 1 December 1962 . Topp was then appointed chief-of-staff of the ( Fleet Command ) on 1 October 1963 . On 1 July 1965 , he headed the sub command department with Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . There , Topp was promoted to Flottillenadmiral ( flotilla admiral ) on 15 November 1965 . On 1 October 1966 , Topp was named deputy Inspector of the Navy and at the same time became the chief of the Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . In this role , Topp was promoted to Konteradmiral ( Counter Admiral ) on 21 December 1966 . Topp held this position until 30 September 1969 . He then continued to serve with Inspector of the Navy until his retirement on 31 December 1969 . For his service with the Bundesmarine , Topp was awarded the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( ) on 19 September 1969 . In 1968 , Topp had been considered as head of the Plans & Policy department with the Allied Forces Northern Europe ( AFNORTH ) in Kolsås , Norway which at the time was headed by the German Konteradmiral Heinrich Erdmann . The Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) , US General Lyman Lemnitzer , had originally approved this nomination . In order to not unnecessarily stress the German-Norwegian relationship , Topp had sunk four Norwegian vessels in World War II , Lemnitzer later decided against Topp and appointed Konteradmiral Friedrich Guggenberger instead . After retiring from the Bundesmarine , for a few years Topp was a technical advisor to the German shipyard HDW AG . His service as a NATO advisor was loosely portrayed ( as Commodore Wolfgang Schrepke ) in the 1965 movie The Bedford Incident . His memoirs The Odyssey of a U-Boat Commander : The Recollections of Erich Topp was published in 1992 . When Topp was asked in 1996 by publisher/historian Theodore P . Savas to contribute a Foreword for a collection of essays on German U-boat commanders , he instead submitted a contribution about his close friend Engelbert Endrass , who was lost with his crew and boat off Gibraltar in late December 1941 . Topp had privately penned the piece about their friendship on his next patrol to the east coast of America , but had never submitted it for publication . The essay was translated from German and footnoted by Dr . Eric Rust , and appeared as the opening chapter in Silent Hunters : German U-boat Commanders of World War II ( 1997 , 2003 , 2005 ) . Savas also recruited Topp to serve as the technical adviser for the 2001 submarine simulation computer game Silent Hunter II , and a series of interviews with him appears in the game . He was interviewed on World War II submarine operations for the Nova ( TV series ) special Hitlers Lost Sub , which detailed the efforts of a team of divers , led by John Chatterton and Richie Kohler to identify an unknown German U-boat wreck 65 miles off the coast of New Jersey ; the wreck was identified as . A large oil painting of his close deceased comrade Endrass hung in his home after the war up until the time of his death . In his front room overlooking the Rhine River was the top of the periscope from U-552 , which immediately after the war some of his crewman had managed to remove from the captured boat and pass to him as a keepsake . Topp died on 26 December 2005 , in Süßen at the age of 91 ; he was survived by two sons , Peter Kay ( 1945-2015 ) and Michael ( b . 1950 ) , and five grandchildren . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and , Topp is credited with the sinking of 35 ships for a total of , further damaging four ships of and sinking one warship , , of , killing a total of approximately 822 crew , troops and passengers . Awards . - U-boat War Badge ( 7 November 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 11 April 1942 ) - Honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds ( 17 August 1942 ) - War Merit Cross - 2nd Class with Swords ( 30 January 1944 ) - 1st Class with Swords ( 1944 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 1 January 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 1 September 1940 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 20 June 1941 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-552 - 87th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - 17th Swords on 17 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 19 September 1969 )
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Which military brach did Erich Topp belong to in Nov 1939?
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Erich Topp Erich Topp ( 2 July 1914 – 26 December 2005 ) was the third most successful of German U-Boat commanders of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany . He sank 35 ships for a total of . After the war he served with the Federal German Navy , reaching the rank of Konteradmiral ( rear admiral ) . He later served in NATO . Early life and career . Topp was born in Hannover on 2 July 1914 . Topp joined the Reichsmarine on 8 April 1935 as a member of Crew 34 ( the incoming class of 1934 ) . He received his military basic training in the 2nd company in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 8 April 1934 – 13 June 1934 ) . He was then transferred to the school ship Gorch Fock on 14 June 1934 , and to the light cruiser on 27 September 1934 . Under the command of Kapitän zur See Günther Lütjens , Topp sailed on Karlsruhes fourth training cruise . Karlsruhe left Kiel on 22 October 1934 . The ship sailed via Skagen , the Azores and Trinidad on the east coast of South America , passed the Cape Horn , up the west coast of South , Middle and North America to Vancouver . At Callao ( 25 January – 6 February 1935 ) they joined in the 400-year celebration of Peru . Karlsruhe returned to Kiel on 15 June 1935 , travelling through the Panama Canal to Houston , Charlestown and Vigo , Spain . Following his journey on Karlsruhe , Topp attended the main cadet course at the Naval Academy Mürwik ( 30 June 1935 – 29 June 1936 ) . During this time frame at the naval academy , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 July 1935 . Starting on 30 June 1936 , he underwent a number of specialized weapons training courses for cadets at various naval schools . On 16 October 1936 , he was again transferred to Karlsruhe , staying onboard until 31 March 1937 . The next day , he was promoted to Leutnant zur See ( Second Lieutenant ) and took a torpedo training course which he completed on 17 April . On 18 April , he was yet again posted to Karlsruhe , serving as an adjutant until 4 October 1937 . On 5 October 1937 , Topp started his U-boat training at the U-boat school in Neustadt in Holstein before he became an instruction officer at the naval non-commissioned officer training department in Friedrichsort , a borough of Kiel , on 2 June 1938 . Topp was then posted to the Wegener Flotilla on 26 September 1938 . There , he was appointed 1st watch officer on under the command of Kapitänleutnant Herbert Sohler . On 1 April 1939 , Topp was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) . National Socialism . In May 1933 , Topp joined the Nazi Party and in 1934 also joined the Allgemeine-SS . Topp took the Hitler oath , convinced it was the right thing to do . To the beginning of the war at least , his peers regarded Topp as a Nazi . Topp made the acquaintance of Martin Bormann , Hitlers personal secretary and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery . Bormann married the sister of Topps crew mate , Walter Buch . Topp was close enough to be invited to Bormanns residence in Berchtesgaden . Topps political outlook was not shared by his uncle . His aunt through marriage , Anna Topp , was Jewish . During the Nazi reign she was sent to and survived the Theresienstadt Ghetto . In his memoirs Topp claimed not to have believed in Nazi ideology . One analyst wrote , the contrasts and Topps individual course make obvious the limitations of any quantitative study [ of his political convictions ] . Topp came to terms with the Nazi regime and its crimes postwar . He entered into heated arguments with former comrades over the cause for which they fought . Topp was particularly critical of Admiral Karl Dönitz , commander-in-chief of U-boats and later the Kriegsmarine . After the war , Topp expressed his view that the German naval command , and his superior Karl Dönitz , knew of the Holocaust . Topp referenced Dönitzs commitment to National Socialism , admiration for Hitler , and his presence at the Posen speeches . Topp was critical of Dönitzs pretensions to have been an apolitical soldier . Topp said of Dönitz , that his failure to do anything about it comes very close to a passive toleration of these insane crimes . Few former U-boat commanders were as vocal in attacking Dönitzs character . His aunts experiences in the ghetto from 1943 may have been a factor . Dönitz confronted Topp personally when the latter called upon him . He purportedly greeted Topp with a question , I understand you think I should have been executed ? He presented Topp with his accusation , underlined , and a letter from Samuel Eliot Morison , the official historian of the United States Navy , which accepted Dönitzs defence that he knew nothing of the Nazi crimes . It was Morison who told Dönitz of Topps accusations , or doubts , as Topp later claimed they were . World War II . World War II commenced following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 . U-46 , under the command of Sohler , had already been at sea since 19 August , returning to port on 15 September . Topp sailed on three further patrols on U-46 ( 3 October – 7 November 1939 , 19 December 1939 – 10 January 1940 and 11 March – 23 April 1940 ) . During these patrols , U-46 sank one ship of on 17 October and another ship of on 21 December . For his service on U-46 , Topp was awarded the U-boat War Badge ( ) on 7 November 1939 and the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( ) in January 1940 . On 1 May 1940 , he was transferred to the 1st U-boat Flotilla . Command of U-57 . After eight war patrols under the command of Kapitänleutnant Claus Korth , command of of the 1st U-boat Flotilla was passed to Topp on 5 June 1940 . Topps fifth war patrol began in Kiel on 11 July 1940 and was destined for the North Atlantic , into the North Channel , and The Minch . Because the Gruppenhorchgerät , a hydrophone array , was experiencing technical difficulties , Topp took U-57 to port for repairs . U-57 arrived in Bergen on 15 July , departed again that day only to return to Bergen on 20 July . Two days later , U-57 was able to begin its patrol . The Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—supreme commander of the U-boat arm ) credited Topp with the sinking three ships of of shipping . On 7 August , U-57 arrived in Lorient , France . On 14 August 1940 , U-57 departed from Lorient on its tenth war patrol . Again Topp led U-57 into the North Atlantic , the North Channel and the Hebrides . On this patrol , Kretschmer sank three ships of , and damaged another ship of . On 3 September 1940 , U-57 collided with the Norwegian vessel Rona near the lock at Brunsbüttel and sank . Following the loss of U-57 — the boat was later raised and used for training purposes — Topp was awarded Iron Cross 1st Class ( ) and initially remained with 1st U-boat Flotilla . On 4 November , he was sent to Blohm & Voss , the shipbuilding works in Hamburg , for construction training of , a Type VIIC U-boat . Transfer to U-552 . On 4 December 1940 , Topp took command of U-552 and commissioned the U-boat into the 7th U-boat Flotilla . Following sea trials and training , Topp , with Leutnant zur See Siegfried Koitschka as his second watch officer , took U-552 on its first war patrol on 13 February 1941 . The patrol which was destined for the North Atlantic west of Ireland began in Kiel . That day , they headed for Brunsbüttel where they stayed one day . The following day , U-552 made a stopover at Cuxhaven before leaving for Heligoland on 15 February . After three days at Heligoland , Topp took the boat into the North Atlantic . U-552s first patrol ended in Saint-Nazaire , France on 16 March 1941 . On this patrol , Topp sank two ships of . The second patrol on U-552 began on 7 April 1941 from Saint-Nazaire and targeted the shipping routes in the North Atlantic , south of Iceland . On this patrol , the BdU credited Topp with the sinking of three ships and one escort totaling . The patrol ended on 6 May , again in Saint-Nazaire . In reality , Topp sank three ships totaling , and damaged one ship of which was then sunk by ( Adalbert Schnee ) . The third ship sunk during Topps second patrol in command of U-552 , was the troopship S.S . Nerissa ( 5,583 GRT , 207 casualties and 84 survivors ) on 30 April 1941 about 140 nautical miles west of the North Channel . This sinking resulted in the third largest loss of life for a ship sunk by U-boats in the approaches to the British Isles during the Second World War . On 25 May , Topp took U-552 on its third war patrol . The next day , U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire before heading for North Channel on 3 June . The BdU assumed that Topp sank three ships of and he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) on 20 June 1941 . This patrol ended on 2 July in Saint-Nazaire . Later analysis revealed that the true tonnage sunk accumulated to . One of the ships was the Norfolk . The vessel carried mail an steel plates among 4,000 tons of general cargo . Captain Frederick Lougheed and 69 men were saved ; one man was lost . Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht was Topps commander in training on U-552s fourth war patrol . The patrol , which began on 18 August and ended on 26 August in Saint-Nazaire , resulted in the sinking of one ship of . This ship had previously been damaged by ( Reinhard Suhren ) . Following this patrol , Topp was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( Captain Lieutenant ) on 1 September 1941 . The fifth war patrol took U-552 into the North Atlantic , patrolling southeast of Greenland . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 4 September and sank three ships of . U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire on 5 October . Reuben James and Second Happy time . The next patrol began on 25 October and ended on 26 November 1941 in Saint-Nazaire . This was also Koitschkas last war patrol as first watch officer on U-552 . On U-552s sixth war patrol into the North Atlantic , east of Grand Banks of Newfoundland , Topp sank the destroyer on 31 October 1941 , the first United States Navy warship to be lost in World War II while it escorted Convoy HX 156 . The torpedo struck a forward magazine , blowing the ship apart . All of her officers and over 100 of the crew went down with the ship . The destruction of the Reuben James facilitated a worsening of already rapidly deteriorating diplomatic relations between Nazi Germany and the still nominally neutral United States of America . President Franklin D . Roosevelt used the incident to shift public opinion toward a confrontational stance with the European Axis powers . Support for the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s gradually eroded . On 13 November 1941 amendments to the act allowed for the arming of US merchant ships , their operation in the war zone , and active assistance to the British Empire to increase the tonnage available to it . Hitler and the Nazi leadership wished to keep the US neutral and the order to minimise contact at sea remained in force , at least until Operation Barbarossa had destroyed the Soviet Union . Roosevelt did not publicly mention the destroyer was escorting a British convoy , was not flying the Ensign of the United States , and was in the process of dropping depth charges on another U-boat when it was engaged and sunk . On 11 December 1941 , Hitler declared war on the United States . Dönitz ordered immediate offensive operations off the East Coast of the United States . Codenamed Operation Drumbeat ( Unternehmen Paukenschlag ) , the U-boat fleet inflicted the largest naval defeat on the United States Navy in history . Though few in number at the beginning—just five—the U-boats pressed home attacks close to the shore , from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico . The American failure to initialise a blackout , ship captains insistence on following peace-time procedures , and lack of effective naval defences contributed to high losses . 397 ships were sunk during Drumbeat . The Germans termed this period , the Second Happy Time . Topp crossed the Atlantic and joined Wolfpack Zieten . Oberleutnant zur See Albrecht Brandi joined Topps crew as a commander in training on U-552s seventh war patrol . The patrol to the West Atlantic , Grand Banks of Newfoundland , and Nova Scotia started on 25 December in Saint-Nazaire . Topp sank three ships totaling before returning to Saint-Nazaire on 27 January 1942 . Topp experienced mechanical problems with his torpedoes . On 15 January he expended four on the small merchant ship Dayrose from a range of 800 metres before a fifth sank it . Topp signalled BdU about the incident . Topp experienced the same problems in the sinking of Frances Salman , five miles south of Cape Race . Repeated failures were psychologically unnerving . Unable to load the spare torpedoes from deck stowage due to icing and inclement weather , BdU called him home . The eighth war patrol took U-552 to West Atlantic and to the East Coast of the United States . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 7 March , returning on 27 April . On this patrol , he sank seven ships with a total tonnage of . While at sea , Topp received the message on 11 April that he had been awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) . He was the 87th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honoured . On 11 April , Karl Dönitz also awarded him the U-boat War Badge with Diamonds ( ) . Topps sinking of the has cast a shadow on his conduct in action . When he spotted the coastal steamer off Chincoteague , Virginia on 3 April 1942 , he surfaced U-552 , overtook it from astern , and , without offering the Captain the chance to surrender , attacked it with his deck gun from 600 yards , firing a total of 93 rounds . Captain Bill Webster was killed in the shelling . Atwaters civilian Merchant Marine crew of 27 suffered 24 lost lives during the attack . According to one account , when United States Coast Guard Cutter number 218 Legare appeared , it found the ship sunk with only several feet of its mast still visible . Bodies were seen , including one in a lifeboat riddle with machine gun holes . There is no direct evidence he machine-gunned defenseless crewmen , and nothing in Topps otherwise stellar career or postwar actions suggest he was capable of such an act . Topps ninth war patrol on U-552 went to the North Atlantic , west of Spain . Leaving Saint-Nazaire on 9 June , Topp sank five ships totalling before returning to port ten days later . Topp formed part of a strong wolf pack against Convoy HG 84 . Topp engaged the convoy west-northwest of A Coruña . Topp achieved all his successes on this patrol against HG 84 . On his tenth and last war patrol on U-552 , Topp sank two ships of and damaged two further of . Topp had left Saint-Nazaire on 4 July and returned from the North Atlantic on 13 August . Upon his return , he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) on 17 August . He was the 17th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored . That day , he also received a preferential promotion to Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) and Dönitz presented him an honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds . Ashore . Command of U-552 was passed on to Kapitänleutnant Klaus Popp . Topp officially remained with the 7th U-boat Flotilla until 4 November when he was appointed chief of the 27th U-boat Flotilla , a training flotilla based in Gotenhafen ( now Gdynia , Poland ) . In August 1944 , Topp was appointed head of the department charged with introducing the Type XXI submarines into service , the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged . In this position , he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän ( Frigate Captain ) on 1 December 1944 . On 23 March 1945 , he was appointed commander of in the 4th U-boat Flotilla , and commander of in the 11th U-boat Flotilla on 26 April . On 20 May 1945 , Topp was taken prisoner of war in Kragerø , Norway . He was released on 17 August 1945 . Topps boat , U-2513 , was tested by the United States Navy . American reports concluded at twelve knots submerged speed she is quieter than our best fleet submarines at six...up to ten knots she is extremely quiet . The same report concluded at least seven ships were required to carry out a search for the XXI submarine . Later life and Bundesmarine . On 4 June 1946 , he started at the Technical University of Hannover , studying architecture , and graduated in 1950 with a degree in engineering . He also served as technical advisor for the 1957 film Sharks and Little Fish . On 3 March 1958 , Topp joined West Germanys navy , at the time named the Bundesmarine ( Federal Navy ) , holding the rank of Fregattenkapitän . His first assignment was with the Führungsstab der Marine ( Navy Staff ) . On 16 August 1958 , he served with the NATO Military Committee in Washington , D.C. , initially as a naval speaker , later as the chief-of-staff of the German delegation in Washington . During this assignment , he was promoted to Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) on 1 November 1959 . On 1 January 1962 , Topp was transferred to the position of commander of the Bundesmarines ( amphibious forces ) , a position he held until 30 September 1963 . In parallel , on 1 November 1962 , he was made acting commander of , serving in this capacity until 1 December 1962 . Topp was then appointed chief-of-staff of the ( Fleet Command ) on 1 October 1963 . On 1 July 1965 , he headed the sub command department with Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . There , Topp was promoted to Flottillenadmiral ( flotilla admiral ) on 15 November 1965 . On 1 October 1966 , Topp was named deputy Inspector of the Navy and at the same time became the chief of the Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . In this role , Topp was promoted to Konteradmiral ( Counter Admiral ) on 21 December 1966 . Topp held this position until 30 September 1969 . He then continued to serve with Inspector of the Navy until his retirement on 31 December 1969 . For his service with the Bundesmarine , Topp was awarded the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( ) on 19 September 1969 . In 1968 , Topp had been considered as head of the Plans & Policy department with the Allied Forces Northern Europe ( AFNORTH ) in Kolsås , Norway which at the time was headed by the German Konteradmiral Heinrich Erdmann . The Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) , US General Lyman Lemnitzer , had originally approved this nomination . In order to not unnecessarily stress the German-Norwegian relationship , Topp had sunk four Norwegian vessels in World War II , Lemnitzer later decided against Topp and appointed Konteradmiral Friedrich Guggenberger instead . After retiring from the Bundesmarine , for a few years Topp was a technical advisor to the German shipyard HDW AG . His service as a NATO advisor was loosely portrayed ( as Commodore Wolfgang Schrepke ) in the 1965 movie The Bedford Incident . His memoirs The Odyssey of a U-Boat Commander : The Recollections of Erich Topp was published in 1992 . When Topp was asked in 1996 by publisher/historian Theodore P . Savas to contribute a Foreword for a collection of essays on German U-boat commanders , he instead submitted a contribution about his close friend Engelbert Endrass , who was lost with his crew and boat off Gibraltar in late December 1941 . Topp had privately penned the piece about their friendship on his next patrol to the east coast of America , but had never submitted it for publication . The essay was translated from German and footnoted by Dr . Eric Rust , and appeared as the opening chapter in Silent Hunters : German U-boat Commanders of World War II ( 1997 , 2003 , 2005 ) . Savas also recruited Topp to serve as the technical adviser for the 2001 submarine simulation computer game Silent Hunter II , and a series of interviews with him appears in the game . He was interviewed on World War II submarine operations for the Nova ( TV series ) special Hitlers Lost Sub , which detailed the efforts of a team of divers , led by John Chatterton and Richie Kohler to identify an unknown German U-boat wreck 65 miles off the coast of New Jersey ; the wreck was identified as . A large oil painting of his close deceased comrade Endrass hung in his home after the war up until the time of his death . In his front room overlooking the Rhine River was the top of the periscope from U-552 , which immediately after the war some of his crewman had managed to remove from the captured boat and pass to him as a keepsake . Topp died on 26 December 2005 , in Süßen at the age of 91 ; he was survived by two sons , Peter Kay ( 1945-2015 ) and Michael ( b . 1950 ) , and five grandchildren . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and , Topp is credited with the sinking of 35 ships for a total of , further damaging four ships of and sinking one warship , , of , killing a total of approximately 822 crew , troops and passengers . Awards . - U-boat War Badge ( 7 November 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 11 April 1942 ) - Honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds ( 17 August 1942 ) - War Merit Cross - 2nd Class with Swords ( 30 January 1944 ) - 1st Class with Swords ( 1944 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 1 January 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 1 September 1940 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 20 June 1941 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-552 - 87th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - 17th Swords on 17 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 19 September 1969 )
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Which military brach did Erich Topp belong to between Jul 1960 and Nov 1963?
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Erich Topp Erich Topp ( 2 July 1914 – 26 December 2005 ) was the third most successful of German U-Boat commanders of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany . He sank 35 ships for a total of . After the war he served with the Federal German Navy , reaching the rank of Konteradmiral ( rear admiral ) . He later served in NATO . Early life and career . Topp was born in Hannover on 2 July 1914 . Topp joined the Reichsmarine on 8 April 1935 as a member of Crew 34 ( the incoming class of 1934 ) . He received his military basic training in the 2nd company in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 8 April 1934 – 13 June 1934 ) . He was then transferred to the school ship Gorch Fock on 14 June 1934 , and to the light cruiser on 27 September 1934 . Under the command of Kapitän zur See Günther Lütjens , Topp sailed on Karlsruhes fourth training cruise . Karlsruhe left Kiel on 22 October 1934 . The ship sailed via Skagen , the Azores and Trinidad on the east coast of South America , passed the Cape Horn , up the west coast of South , Middle and North America to Vancouver . At Callao ( 25 January – 6 February 1935 ) they joined in the 400-year celebration of Peru . Karlsruhe returned to Kiel on 15 June 1935 , travelling through the Panama Canal to Houston , Charlestown and Vigo , Spain . Following his journey on Karlsruhe , Topp attended the main cadet course at the Naval Academy Mürwik ( 30 June 1935 – 29 June 1936 ) . During this time frame at the naval academy , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 July 1935 . Starting on 30 June 1936 , he underwent a number of specialized weapons training courses for cadets at various naval schools . On 16 October 1936 , he was again transferred to Karlsruhe , staying onboard until 31 March 1937 . The next day , he was promoted to Leutnant zur See ( Second Lieutenant ) and took a torpedo training course which he completed on 17 April . On 18 April , he was yet again posted to Karlsruhe , serving as an adjutant until 4 October 1937 . On 5 October 1937 , Topp started his U-boat training at the U-boat school in Neustadt in Holstein before he became an instruction officer at the naval non-commissioned officer training department in Friedrichsort , a borough of Kiel , on 2 June 1938 . Topp was then posted to the Wegener Flotilla on 26 September 1938 . There , he was appointed 1st watch officer on under the command of Kapitänleutnant Herbert Sohler . On 1 April 1939 , Topp was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) . National Socialism . In May 1933 , Topp joined the Nazi Party and in 1934 also joined the Allgemeine-SS . Topp took the Hitler oath , convinced it was the right thing to do . To the beginning of the war at least , his peers regarded Topp as a Nazi . Topp made the acquaintance of Martin Bormann , Hitlers personal secretary and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery . Bormann married the sister of Topps crew mate , Walter Buch . Topp was close enough to be invited to Bormanns residence in Berchtesgaden . Topps political outlook was not shared by his uncle . His aunt through marriage , Anna Topp , was Jewish . During the Nazi reign she was sent to and survived the Theresienstadt Ghetto . In his memoirs Topp claimed not to have believed in Nazi ideology . One analyst wrote , the contrasts and Topps individual course make obvious the limitations of any quantitative study [ of his political convictions ] . Topp came to terms with the Nazi regime and its crimes postwar . He entered into heated arguments with former comrades over the cause for which they fought . Topp was particularly critical of Admiral Karl Dönitz , commander-in-chief of U-boats and later the Kriegsmarine . After the war , Topp expressed his view that the German naval command , and his superior Karl Dönitz , knew of the Holocaust . Topp referenced Dönitzs commitment to National Socialism , admiration for Hitler , and his presence at the Posen speeches . Topp was critical of Dönitzs pretensions to have been an apolitical soldier . Topp said of Dönitz , that his failure to do anything about it comes very close to a passive toleration of these insane crimes . Few former U-boat commanders were as vocal in attacking Dönitzs character . His aunts experiences in the ghetto from 1943 may have been a factor . Dönitz confronted Topp personally when the latter called upon him . He purportedly greeted Topp with a question , I understand you think I should have been executed ? He presented Topp with his accusation , underlined , and a letter from Samuel Eliot Morison , the official historian of the United States Navy , which accepted Dönitzs defence that he knew nothing of the Nazi crimes . It was Morison who told Dönitz of Topps accusations , or doubts , as Topp later claimed they were . World War II . World War II commenced following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 . U-46 , under the command of Sohler , had already been at sea since 19 August , returning to port on 15 September . Topp sailed on three further patrols on U-46 ( 3 October – 7 November 1939 , 19 December 1939 – 10 January 1940 and 11 March – 23 April 1940 ) . During these patrols , U-46 sank one ship of on 17 October and another ship of on 21 December . For his service on U-46 , Topp was awarded the U-boat War Badge ( ) on 7 November 1939 and the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( ) in January 1940 . On 1 May 1940 , he was transferred to the 1st U-boat Flotilla . Command of U-57 . After eight war patrols under the command of Kapitänleutnant Claus Korth , command of of the 1st U-boat Flotilla was passed to Topp on 5 June 1940 . Topps fifth war patrol began in Kiel on 11 July 1940 and was destined for the North Atlantic , into the North Channel , and The Minch . Because the Gruppenhorchgerät , a hydrophone array , was experiencing technical difficulties , Topp took U-57 to port for repairs . U-57 arrived in Bergen on 15 July , departed again that day only to return to Bergen on 20 July . Two days later , U-57 was able to begin its patrol . The Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—supreme commander of the U-boat arm ) credited Topp with the sinking three ships of of shipping . On 7 August , U-57 arrived in Lorient , France . On 14 August 1940 , U-57 departed from Lorient on its tenth war patrol . Again Topp led U-57 into the North Atlantic , the North Channel and the Hebrides . On this patrol , Kretschmer sank three ships of , and damaged another ship of . On 3 September 1940 , U-57 collided with the Norwegian vessel Rona near the lock at Brunsbüttel and sank . Following the loss of U-57 — the boat was later raised and used for training purposes — Topp was awarded Iron Cross 1st Class ( ) and initially remained with 1st U-boat Flotilla . On 4 November , he was sent to Blohm & Voss , the shipbuilding works in Hamburg , for construction training of , a Type VIIC U-boat . Transfer to U-552 . On 4 December 1940 , Topp took command of U-552 and commissioned the U-boat into the 7th U-boat Flotilla . Following sea trials and training , Topp , with Leutnant zur See Siegfried Koitschka as his second watch officer , took U-552 on its first war patrol on 13 February 1941 . The patrol which was destined for the North Atlantic west of Ireland began in Kiel . That day , they headed for Brunsbüttel where they stayed one day . The following day , U-552 made a stopover at Cuxhaven before leaving for Heligoland on 15 February . After three days at Heligoland , Topp took the boat into the North Atlantic . U-552s first patrol ended in Saint-Nazaire , France on 16 March 1941 . On this patrol , Topp sank two ships of . The second patrol on U-552 began on 7 April 1941 from Saint-Nazaire and targeted the shipping routes in the North Atlantic , south of Iceland . On this patrol , the BdU credited Topp with the sinking of three ships and one escort totaling . The patrol ended on 6 May , again in Saint-Nazaire . In reality , Topp sank three ships totaling , and damaged one ship of which was then sunk by ( Adalbert Schnee ) . The third ship sunk during Topps second patrol in command of U-552 , was the troopship S.S . Nerissa ( 5,583 GRT , 207 casualties and 84 survivors ) on 30 April 1941 about 140 nautical miles west of the North Channel . This sinking resulted in the third largest loss of life for a ship sunk by U-boats in the approaches to the British Isles during the Second World War . On 25 May , Topp took U-552 on its third war patrol . The next day , U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire before heading for North Channel on 3 June . The BdU assumed that Topp sank three ships of and he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) on 20 June 1941 . This patrol ended on 2 July in Saint-Nazaire . Later analysis revealed that the true tonnage sunk accumulated to . One of the ships was the Norfolk . The vessel carried mail an steel plates among 4,000 tons of general cargo . Captain Frederick Lougheed and 69 men were saved ; one man was lost . Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht was Topps commander in training on U-552s fourth war patrol . The patrol , which began on 18 August and ended on 26 August in Saint-Nazaire , resulted in the sinking of one ship of . This ship had previously been damaged by ( Reinhard Suhren ) . Following this patrol , Topp was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( Captain Lieutenant ) on 1 September 1941 . The fifth war patrol took U-552 into the North Atlantic , patrolling southeast of Greenland . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 4 September and sank three ships of . U-552 returned to Saint-Nazaire on 5 October . Reuben James and Second Happy time . The next patrol began on 25 October and ended on 26 November 1941 in Saint-Nazaire . This was also Koitschkas last war patrol as first watch officer on U-552 . On U-552s sixth war patrol into the North Atlantic , east of Grand Banks of Newfoundland , Topp sank the destroyer on 31 October 1941 , the first United States Navy warship to be lost in World War II while it escorted Convoy HX 156 . The torpedo struck a forward magazine , blowing the ship apart . All of her officers and over 100 of the crew went down with the ship . The destruction of the Reuben James facilitated a worsening of already rapidly deteriorating diplomatic relations between Nazi Germany and the still nominally neutral United States of America . President Franklin D . Roosevelt used the incident to shift public opinion toward a confrontational stance with the European Axis powers . Support for the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s gradually eroded . On 13 November 1941 amendments to the act allowed for the arming of US merchant ships , their operation in the war zone , and active assistance to the British Empire to increase the tonnage available to it . Hitler and the Nazi leadership wished to keep the US neutral and the order to minimise contact at sea remained in force , at least until Operation Barbarossa had destroyed the Soviet Union . Roosevelt did not publicly mention the destroyer was escorting a British convoy , was not flying the Ensign of the United States , and was in the process of dropping depth charges on another U-boat when it was engaged and sunk . On 11 December 1941 , Hitler declared war on the United States . Dönitz ordered immediate offensive operations off the East Coast of the United States . Codenamed Operation Drumbeat ( Unternehmen Paukenschlag ) , the U-boat fleet inflicted the largest naval defeat on the United States Navy in history . Though few in number at the beginning—just five—the U-boats pressed home attacks close to the shore , from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico . The American failure to initialise a blackout , ship captains insistence on following peace-time procedures , and lack of effective naval defences contributed to high losses . 397 ships were sunk during Drumbeat . The Germans termed this period , the Second Happy Time . Topp crossed the Atlantic and joined Wolfpack Zieten . Oberleutnant zur See Albrecht Brandi joined Topps crew as a commander in training on U-552s seventh war patrol . The patrol to the West Atlantic , Grand Banks of Newfoundland , and Nova Scotia started on 25 December in Saint-Nazaire . Topp sank three ships totaling before returning to Saint-Nazaire on 27 January 1942 . Topp experienced mechanical problems with his torpedoes . On 15 January he expended four on the small merchant ship Dayrose from a range of 800 metres before a fifth sank it . Topp signalled BdU about the incident . Topp experienced the same problems in the sinking of Frances Salman , five miles south of Cape Race . Repeated failures were psychologically unnerving . Unable to load the spare torpedoes from deck stowage due to icing and inclement weather , BdU called him home . The eighth war patrol took U-552 to West Atlantic and to the East Coast of the United States . Topp left Saint-Nazaire on 7 March , returning on 27 April . On this patrol , he sank seven ships with a total tonnage of . While at sea , Topp received the message on 11 April that he had been awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( ) . He was the 87th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honoured . On 11 April , Karl Dönitz also awarded him the U-boat War Badge with Diamonds ( ) . Topps sinking of the has cast a shadow on his conduct in action . When he spotted the coastal steamer off Chincoteague , Virginia on 3 April 1942 , he surfaced U-552 , overtook it from astern , and , without offering the Captain the chance to surrender , attacked it with his deck gun from 600 yards , firing a total of 93 rounds . Captain Bill Webster was killed in the shelling . Atwaters civilian Merchant Marine crew of 27 suffered 24 lost lives during the attack . According to one account , when United States Coast Guard Cutter number 218 Legare appeared , it found the ship sunk with only several feet of its mast still visible . Bodies were seen , including one in a lifeboat riddle with machine gun holes . There is no direct evidence he machine-gunned defenseless crewmen , and nothing in Topps otherwise stellar career or postwar actions suggest he was capable of such an act . Topps ninth war patrol on U-552 went to the North Atlantic , west of Spain . Leaving Saint-Nazaire on 9 June , Topp sank five ships totalling before returning to port ten days later . Topp formed part of a strong wolf pack against Convoy HG 84 . Topp engaged the convoy west-northwest of A Coruña . Topp achieved all his successes on this patrol against HG 84 . On his tenth and last war patrol on U-552 , Topp sank two ships of and damaged two further of . Topp had left Saint-Nazaire on 4 July and returned from the North Atlantic on 13 August . Upon his return , he was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( ) on 17 August . He was the 17th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored . That day , he also received a preferential promotion to Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) and Dönitz presented him an honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds . Ashore . Command of U-552 was passed on to Kapitänleutnant Klaus Popp . Topp officially remained with the 7th U-boat Flotilla until 4 November when he was appointed chief of the 27th U-boat Flotilla , a training flotilla based in Gotenhafen ( now Gdynia , Poland ) . In August 1944 , Topp was appointed head of the department charged with introducing the Type XXI submarines into service , the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged . In this position , he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän ( Frigate Captain ) on 1 December 1944 . On 23 March 1945 , he was appointed commander of in the 4th U-boat Flotilla , and commander of in the 11th U-boat Flotilla on 26 April . On 20 May 1945 , Topp was taken prisoner of war in Kragerø , Norway . He was released on 17 August 1945 . Topps boat , U-2513 , was tested by the United States Navy . American reports concluded at twelve knots submerged speed she is quieter than our best fleet submarines at six...up to ten knots she is extremely quiet . The same report concluded at least seven ships were required to carry out a search for the XXI submarine . Later life and Bundesmarine . On 4 June 1946 , he started at the Technical University of Hannover , studying architecture , and graduated in 1950 with a degree in engineering . He also served as technical advisor for the 1957 film Sharks and Little Fish . On 3 March 1958 , Topp joined West Germanys navy , at the time named the Bundesmarine ( Federal Navy ) , holding the rank of Fregattenkapitän . His first assignment was with the Führungsstab der Marine ( Navy Staff ) . On 16 August 1958 , he served with the NATO Military Committee in Washington , D.C. , initially as a naval speaker , later as the chief-of-staff of the German delegation in Washington . During this assignment , he was promoted to Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) on 1 November 1959 . On 1 January 1962 , Topp was transferred to the position of commander of the Bundesmarines ( amphibious forces ) , a position he held until 30 September 1963 . In parallel , on 1 November 1962 , he was made acting commander of , serving in this capacity until 1 December 1962 . Topp was then appointed chief-of-staff of the ( Fleet Command ) on 1 October 1963 . On 1 July 1965 , he headed the sub command department with Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . There , Topp was promoted to Flottillenadmiral ( flotilla admiral ) on 15 November 1965 . On 1 October 1966 , Topp was named deputy Inspector of the Navy and at the same time became the chief of the Führungsstab der Marine in the Federal Ministry of Defence . In this role , Topp was promoted to Konteradmiral ( Counter Admiral ) on 21 December 1966 . Topp held this position until 30 September 1969 . He then continued to serve with Inspector of the Navy until his retirement on 31 December 1969 . For his service with the Bundesmarine , Topp was awarded the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( ) on 19 September 1969 . In 1968 , Topp had been considered as head of the Plans & Policy department with the Allied Forces Northern Europe ( AFNORTH ) in Kolsås , Norway which at the time was headed by the German Konteradmiral Heinrich Erdmann . The Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) , US General Lyman Lemnitzer , had originally approved this nomination . In order to not unnecessarily stress the German-Norwegian relationship , Topp had sunk four Norwegian vessels in World War II , Lemnitzer later decided against Topp and appointed Konteradmiral Friedrich Guggenberger instead . After retiring from the Bundesmarine , for a few years Topp was a technical advisor to the German shipyard HDW AG . His service as a NATO advisor was loosely portrayed ( as Commodore Wolfgang Schrepke ) in the 1965 movie The Bedford Incident . His memoirs The Odyssey of a U-Boat Commander : The Recollections of Erich Topp was published in 1992 . When Topp was asked in 1996 by publisher/historian Theodore P . Savas to contribute a Foreword for a collection of essays on German U-boat commanders , he instead submitted a contribution about his close friend Engelbert Endrass , who was lost with his crew and boat off Gibraltar in late December 1941 . Topp had privately penned the piece about their friendship on his next patrol to the east coast of America , but had never submitted it for publication . The essay was translated from German and footnoted by Dr . Eric Rust , and appeared as the opening chapter in Silent Hunters : German U-boat Commanders of World War II ( 1997 , 2003 , 2005 ) . Savas also recruited Topp to serve as the technical adviser for the 2001 submarine simulation computer game Silent Hunter II , and a series of interviews with him appears in the game . He was interviewed on World War II submarine operations for the Nova ( TV series ) special Hitlers Lost Sub , which detailed the efforts of a team of divers , led by John Chatterton and Richie Kohler to identify an unknown German U-boat wreck 65 miles off the coast of New Jersey ; the wreck was identified as . A large oil painting of his close deceased comrade Endrass hung in his home after the war up until the time of his death . In his front room overlooking the Rhine River was the top of the periscope from U-552 , which immediately after the war some of his crewman had managed to remove from the captured boat and pass to him as a keepsake . Topp died on 26 December 2005 , in Süßen at the age of 91 ; he was survived by two sons , Peter Kay ( 1945-2015 ) and Michael ( b . 1950 ) , and five grandchildren . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and , Topp is credited with the sinking of 35 ships for a total of , further damaging four ships of and sinking one warship , , of , killing a total of approximately 822 crew , troops and passengers . Awards . - U-boat War Badge ( 7 November 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 11 April 1942 ) - Honorary dagger of the Kriegsmarine with Diamonds ( 17 August 1942 ) - War Merit Cross - 2nd Class with Swords ( 30 January 1944 ) - 1st Class with Swords ( 1944 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 1 January 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 1 September 1940 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 20 June 1941 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-552 - 87th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - 17th Swords on 17 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-552 - Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 19 September 1969 )
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Who coached the team Real Madrid CF in Aug 1996?
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Real Madrid CF Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrids members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757.3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi Madrileño with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which included Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In domestic football , the club has won 66 trophies ; a record 34 La Liga titles , 19 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , a Copa Eva Duarte , and a Copa de la Liga . In European and worldwide competitions , Real Madrid have won a record 26 trophies ; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups . In international football , they have achieved a record seven club world championships . Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000 with 42.35% of the vote , and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004 . The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010 . In June 2017 , the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win consecutive Champions League titles , then made it three in a row and four in five seasons in May 2018 , extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings . As of 2020 , Real Madrid are ranked third behind Bayern Munich and Barcelona . History . Early years ( 1902–1945 ) . Real Madrids origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates . They founded ( Sociedad ) Sky Football in 1897 , commonly known as La Sociedad ( The Society ) as it was the only one based in Madrid , playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa . In 1900 , conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club , Nueva Sociedad de Football ( New Society of Football ) , to distinguish themselves from Sky Football . Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios , recognized as the first Real Madrid president , Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós , the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid . In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club . Later , following a restructuring in 1902 , Sky was renamed as New Foot-Ball Club . On 6 March 1902 , after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected , Madrid Football Club was officially founded . Three years after its foundation , in 1905 , Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final . The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 , when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA . After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 . In 1920 , the clubs name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real ( Royal ) to the club . In 1929 , the first Spanish football league was founded . Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match , a loss to Athletic Bilbao , meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona . Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season and retained the title the following year . On 14 April 1931 , the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club . Football continued during the Second World War , and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . It has been suggested Barcelona players were intimidated by police , including by the director of state security who allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regimes generosity in permitting them to remain in the country . The Barcelona chairman , Enrique Piñeyro , was assaulted by Madrid fans . However , none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate . According to Spanish journalist and writer , Juan Carlos Pasamontes , Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match . Instead , at the end of the first half , Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd . When they refused to take the field , the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared , identified himself , and ordered the team to take the field . Santiago Bernabéu and European success ( 1945–1978 ) . Santiago Bernabéu became president of Real Madrid in 1945 . Under his presidency , the club , its stadium Estadio Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages . Additionally , during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrids youth academy , or cantera , known today as La Fábrica . Beginning in 1953 , he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad , the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano . In 1955 , acting upon the idea proposed by Gabriel Hanot , a French sports journalist and editor of LÉquipe , Bernabéu , Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created a tournament for the champions teams around Europe , under invitation , that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League . It was under Bernabéus guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football . The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 , which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960 . After these five consecutive successes , Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor . The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players , a first in the competition . This team became known as the Yé-yé . The name Yé-yé came from the Yeah , yeah , yeah chorus in The Beatles song She Loves You after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles . The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runners-up in 1962 and 1964 . In the 1970s , Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups . The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1 . On 2 July 1978 , club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina . FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament . The following year , the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president . Quinta del Buitre and sustained success ( 1980–2000 ) . By the early 1980s , Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club . Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ( Vultures Cohort ) , which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members , Emilio Butragueño . The other four members were Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza ; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrids youth academy . With La Quinta del Buitre ( reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986 ) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo , right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez , Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s , winning two UEFA Cups , five Spanish championships in a row , one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups . In the early 1990s , La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez , Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club . In 1996 , President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach . Although his tenure lasted only one season , Real Madrid were proclaimed league champions , and players like Predrag Mijatović , Davor Šuker , Clarence Seedorf , Roberto Carlos and keeper Bodo Illgner , arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl , Fernando Hierro and Fernando Redondo . As a result , Real Madrid ( with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997 ) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup : in 1998 , under manager Jupp Heynckes , they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Mijatović . In November 1999 Vicente del Bosque took over as coach . For the last season of the century , 1999–2000 , the squad was still led by the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro , Fernando Redondo , Roberto Carlos and Raúl González . Real added the budding young talents of Fernando Morientes , Guti and Iker Casillas , supported by the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , alongside local talents Míchel Salgado and Iván Helguera . In Del Bosques first season in charge Real won the Champions League for the eighth time , following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final , with goals from Morientes , McManaman and Raúl . This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrids history . Florentino Pérez era ( 2000–2006 ) . In July 2000 , Florentino Pérez was elected club president . He vowed in his campaign to erase the clubs €270 million debt and modernize the clubs facilities . However , the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona . The following year , the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer , which included Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo , Luís Figo , David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro . It is debatable whether the gamble paid off , as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 , followed by La Liga in 2003 , the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons . The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy . The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque . Over a dozen players left the club , including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro , while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea . Thats a lot [ of players leaving ] when the normal rule is : never change a winning team , stated Zidane . Real Madrid , with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz , started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis . The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings : Júlio Baptista ( €24 million ) , Robinho ( €30 million ) and Sergio Ramos ( €27 million ) . However , Real Madrid suffered from some poor results , including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005 . Madrids coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro . A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal , 6–1 to Real Zaragoza . Shortly after , Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year , this time at the hands of Arsenal . On 27 February 2006 , Florentino Pérez resigned . Ramón Calderón era ( 2006–2009 ) . Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director . Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years , but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign . The title was won on 17 June , where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla , the other title challengers , faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal , respectively . At half-time , Real were 0–1 down , while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona . However , three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003 . Second Florentino Pérez era ( 2009–present ) . On 1 June 2009 , Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrids presidency . Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term , buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking ( in pounds sterling ) sum of £56 million , and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million . The 2009–10 season , however , was a transitional one as Madrid again finished second in the league , although this time amassing 96 points , the clubs record at the time , and went out of the Champions League at the hands of Lyon . José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010 . In April 2011 , a rare occurrence happened when , for the first time ever , four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days . The first fixture was for the league campaign on 17 April ( which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides ) , the Copa del Rey final ( which was won by Madrid 1–0 a.e.t. , bringing them their first trophy in the second Galáctico era ) and the two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May ( Barcelona won 3–1 on aggregate and ultimately won the tournament ) . In the 2011–12 season , Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in its history , also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set , including 100 points reached in a single season , a total of 121 goals scored , a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins , with 32 wins overall . In the same season , Cristiano Ronaldo became the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history . In reaching 101 goals in 92 games , Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás , who scored 100 goals in 105 matches . Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year ( 60 ) and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season . Real Madrid started the 2012–13 season by winning the Supercopa de España , defeating Barcelona on away goals . However , the super cup turned out to be their only trophy of the season , despite being close to win them all . Real finished runners-up to Barça in La Liga , accumulating 85 points , and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League for the third year in a row , where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund 3–4 on aggregate . Madrid also entered the Copa del Rey in the round of 32 , going on a memorable run to the final , which saw them defeat Barcelona in the semi-finals before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–2 a.e.t. . A major transfer of the season was signing of Luka Modrić from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in the region of £33 million . After a loss to Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey final , Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by mutual agreement . La Décima and European treble . On 25 June 2013 , Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal , with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants . On 1 September 2013 , the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced . The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer price approximated at €100 million . In Ancelottis first season at the club , Real Madrid finished the league campaign in third place ( behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid ) , collecting 87 points in total , after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April , with Bale scoring the winner . Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final , they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 a.e.t . to win their tenth European title ( first since 2002 ) and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles , an achievement known as La Décima . After winning the 2014 Champions League , Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas , midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez . The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , the clubs 79th official trophy . During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window , Real Madrid sold two players key to the previous seasons successes : Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United . This decision by the club was surrounded by controversy , with Cristiano Ronaldo stating , If I was in charge , maybe I would have done things differently , while Carlo Ancelotti admitted , We must start again from zero . After a slow start to the 2014–15 season , Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak , which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool , surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaards Barça in the 2005–06 season . The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia , leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins . Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short , finishing with 92 points in the league , two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals . Overall , despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe , several defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible , which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti on 25 May 2015 . On 3 June 2015 , Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager for the 2015–16 season , signing a three-year contract . Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla on the matchday 11 . Benítez was relieved of his duties on 4 January 2016 following allegations of unpopularity with supporters , displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top teams . Benítezs departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role . Under Zidane , Madrid ended up finishing second in the league , with 90 points and just one point behind champions Barcelona . On 28 May , Real Madrids eleventh Champions League title was won after a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Madrid after a 1–1 draw in the final , with the achievement being termed La Undécima . Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign , which was to be Zidanes first full season in charge of the club , with victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla . On 10 December 2016 , Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss , which set a new club record . On 18 December 2016 , the club defeated Japanese outfit Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup . With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 on 12 January 2017 , Madrid progressed to the quarter-finals with a 6–3 aggregate victory and extended its unbeaten run to 40 matches , breaking Barcelonas Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season . Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against the same opposition in La Liga three days later . The team then was knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Celta Vigo 3–4 on aggregate . In May that year , Madrid won the league title for a record 33rd time , their first title in five years , accumulating 93 points in the process . On 3 June 2017 , the clubs Champions League final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era , and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . Real Madrids title was its 12th , extending its record , and its third in four years . The achievement is also known as La Duodécima . The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won ( four out of possible five ) in the history of Real Madrid , an achievement that would be later equalled in the 2017–18 season . Real kicked off the 2017–18 campaign by winning its second consecutive and fourth overall UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 3–1 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España and then defeated Barça 2–0 in the return leg , ending their 24 consecutive match scoring record in El Clásico matches and winning the second trophy of the season . On 16 December 2017 , Real beat Brazilian club Grêmio 1–0 in the FIFA Club World Cup final and became the first team to retain the trophy . In the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , Madrid once again progressed to the final where they defeated Liverpool 3–1 to become the first club to win three straight titles in the Champions League era , as well as the first team to win three consecutive titles in the European Cup/Champions League since Bayern Munich in 1976 . The trophy also marked Madrids fourth win in five years and their eighth consecutive semi-final appearance . On 31 May , only five days after winning the final , Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager , citing the clubs need for change as his rationale for departing . Following Ronaldos departure . On 12 June 2018 , Real Madrid named Julen Lopetegui , the head coach of the Spanish national team , as their new manager . It was announced that he would officially begin his managerial duties after the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , the Spanish national team sacked Lopetegui a day prior to the tournament , stating that he had negotiated terms with the club without informing them . The club then began re-shaping the squad in the summer of 2018 , which included the sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus for a reported €100 million . Madrid began their 2018–19 campaign by losing to Atlético Madrid 2–4 a.e.t . in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup . After a 1–5 loss to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October which left Real Madrid in the ninth place with only 14 points after 10 games , Lopetegui was dismissed a day later and replaced by then Castilla coach , Santiago Solari . On 22 December 2018 , Real Madrid beat Al Ain 4–1 in the FIFA Club World Cup and became the outright record winners of the Club World Cup with four titles . Madrid were eliminated by Ajax in the Champions League at the round of 16 stage after eight consecutive semi-final appearances . On 11 March 2019 , Real Madrid dismissed Solari and reinstated Zidane as the head coach of the club . In the summer of 2019 , Madrid signed Eden Hazard , Luka Jović , Éder Militão , Ferland Mendy , Rodrygo , Reinier and other players for a total of more than €350 million . On 12 January 2020 , Madrid beat cross-city rivals Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout in the Supercopa de España final to win their eleventh title . After a three-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 , La Liga was restarted in June and Madrid won ten games in a row to capture the teams 34th league title , collecting 87 points in total . Zidane left the team a second time on 27 May 2021 . Crests and colours . Crests . The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club , MCF for Madrid Club de Fútbol , in dark blue on a white shirt . The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle . The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920 . At that time , King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title Real Madrid , meaning Royal . Thus , Alfonsos crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931 , all the royal symbols ( the crown on the crest and the title of Real ) were eliminated . The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile . In 1941 , two years after the end of the Civil War , the crests Real Corona , or Royal Crown , was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well . In addition , the whole crest was made full color , with gold being the most prominent , and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest . One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade . Colours . Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club . There was , however , one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white . It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925 ; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C. , one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship . It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team , but the initiative lasted just one year . After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia , President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit , claiming that the other kit brought bad luck . By the early 1940s , the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the clubs crest on the left breast , which has remained ever since . On 23 November 1947 , in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium , Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts . English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s , to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era . Reals traditional away colours are all blue or all purple . Since the advent of the replica kit market , the club has also released various other one colour designs , including red , green , orange and black . The clubs kit is manufactured by Adidas , whose contract extends from 1998 . Real Madrids first shirt sponsor , Zanussi , agreed for the 1982–83 , 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons . Following that , the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992 . In 2001 , Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the clubs website . Then , in 2002 , a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006 , the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the clubs shirt . Real Madrids shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens . Fly Emirates became their shirt sponsor in 2013 , and in 2017 the club renewed their sponsorship with the airliner , signing a deal until 2022 worth €70 million per year . In 2015 , Madrid signed a new 10-year contract with Adidas believed to be worth a total of £850 million ( €1 billion ) , earning £59 million ( €64 million ) per season . The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Real Madrid fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga . Kit deals . Note : Early kit contract termination clauses are being activated at any time depending on teams on-pitch performance . Grounds . After moving between grounds , the team moved to the Campo de ODonnell in 1912 , which remained its home ground for 11 years . After this period , the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal , a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators . After that , Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United . In this stadium , which hosted 22,500 spectators , Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title . After some successes , the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club , and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 . This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today , although it did not acquire the present name until 1955 . The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos , 3–1 , the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga . The capacity has changed frequently , peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion . Since then , there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations ( the last standing areas were removed in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in UEFA competitions ) , countered to some extent by expansions . The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators . A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced . Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs , behind only Borussia Dortmund , Barcelona and Manchester United . The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 UEFA European Championship final , the 1982 FIFA World Cup final , the 1957 , 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu . On 14 November 2007 , the Bernabéu was upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA . On 9 May 2006 , the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the Real Madrid City , where Real Madrid usually trains . The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade de Reims , a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final . Real Madrid won the match 6–1 , with goals from Sergio Ramos , Antonio Cassano ( 2 ) , Roberto Soldado ( 2 ) and José Manuel Jurado . The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid , the clubs training facility located outside Madrid , in Valdebebas . The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castillas home ground . It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Since 14 June 2020 , the stadium is used by the first team to play their remaining 2019–20 La Liga home games due to remodelling works at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium . Records and statistics . Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances , having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010 . Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances , followed by Manuel Sanchis , Jr. , having played 710 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas , with 725 appearances . With 170 caps ( 167 while at the club ) , Sergio Ramos is Reals most capped international player . Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrids all-time top goalscorer , with 450 goals . Six other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real : Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1953–64 ) , Santillana ( 1971–88 ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1958–66 ) , Hugo Sánchez ( 1985–92 ) , Karim Benzema ( 2009–current ) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl ( 1994–2010 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season ( 48 in 2014–15 ) , alongside being Reals top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals . Di Stéfanos 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup , until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005 , and is now held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals . The fastest goal in the history of the club ( 12 seconds ) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid . Officially , the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329 , which was for a Copa del Rey match in 2006 . The current official capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 81,044 . The clubs average attendance in the 2007–08 season was 76,234 , the highest in European Leagues . Real has also set records in Spanish football , most notably the most domestic titles ( 34 as of 2019–20 ) and the most seasons won in a row ( five , during 1960–65 and 1985–90 ) . With 121 matches ( from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) , the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga . The club also holds the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances ( 29 ) . As of December 2019 , Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League , with 128 ( 129 including qualifiers ) goals in total , 105 while playing for Real Madrid . The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup ( before it became the Champions League ) with 15 , from 1955–56 to 1969–70 . Among the clubs on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season , a Spanish record and fourth worldwide . The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League , with ten . In September 2017 , the club equalled the record of the Brazilian club Santos , starring Pelé , by scoring in their 73rd consecutive game . In June 2009 , the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million ( £80 million ) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo . The fee of €77.5 million ( 100 billion lire ) for Zinedine Zidanes transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid . This record ( in pounds sterling ) had been broken previously in June 2009 , for a few days , when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67 million ( £65 million ) . The transfer of Tottenham Hotspurs Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly a new world record signing , with the transfer fee reported at around €100 million . In January 2016 , documents pertaining to Bales transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418 . Real Madrid equalled their record signing in 2019 , when the club reportedly signed Eden Hazard from Chelsea for €100 million . The clubs sale record came on 10 July 2018 , when Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo for €100 million . Support . During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season-ticket holders , of which the figure is capped at 65,000 . To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio , or club member . In addition to members , the club has more than 1,800 peñas ( official , club-affiliated supporters groups ) in Spain and around the world . Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu . One of the best supported teams globally , Real Madrid was the first sports team ( and first brand ) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017 . Real Madrids hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters , or simply Ultras . They are known for their extreme right-wing politics , akin to Barcelonas hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois . The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups , most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans , and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups . On several occasions , they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so . Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public . This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful , however , as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result . The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds . Questioned over Pope Francis adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo , Madrid captain Sergio Ramos stated , In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home . That sums up the greatness of this team . Madrid is Gods team and the team of the world . Among the clubs famous supporters is golfer Sergio García , who was invited to take the honorary kickoff for El Clásico at the Bernabeu wearing his green jacket from winning the 2017 Masters . Rivalries . El Clásico . There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as The Classic ( El Clásico ) . From the start of national competitions , the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain , Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War . Over the years , the record for Real Madrid and Barcelona is 97 victories for Madrid , 96 victories for Barcelona , and 51 draws . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923–1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939–1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan peoples desire for freedom , Barcelona became More than a club ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Francos rule , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabéu , the former club president for whom Real Madrids stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . During the Spanish Civil War , however , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s , the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who eventually played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the Match of The Century by Spanish media , and Madrids win was watched by more than 500 million people . An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition . Notable examples of this occurred in October 1999 when Raúl silenced the hostile crowd of 100,000 Barcelona fans when he scored and then celebrated his goal by putting a finger to his lips as though to tell them to be quiet . El Derbi madrileño . The clubs nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid , a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams . Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903 , it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC . Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce ( and thus renamed Atlético Aviación ) , and in the 1940s , Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Francos regime before he revelled in Reals European success in the 1950s . Furthermore , Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class . Today , however , these distinctions are largely blurred . They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín . It was the first official derby of the new tournament , and Real won 2–1 . The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final . Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano . The tie went to a replay , which Real won 2–1 . Atlético , however , gained some revenge when , led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga , it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961 . Between 1961 and 1989 , when Real dominated La Liga , only Atlético offered it any serious challenge , winning Liga titles in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 and 1977 . In 1965 , Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years . Real Madrids record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable . A high point coming in the 2002–03 season , when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium . Atléticos first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013 . In 2013–14 , Real and Atlético were finalists of the UEFA Champions League , the first final which hosted two clubs from same city . Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time . On 7 February 2015 , Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón , a 4–0 loss . On 28 May 2016 , Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan , which resulted in a win for Real after a penalty shootout . El Viejo Clásico . A further minor rivalry exists between Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao . This is known as El Viejo Clásico ( the old classic ) , so named as the two clubs were dominant in the first half of the 20th century , meeting in nine Copa del Rey finals including the first in 1903 . Until 10 December 2011 , this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football , when it was surpassed by El Clásico . Athletic Bilbao , who operate a policy of only using local players , have long since ceased to be a competitive rival to clubs such as Real Madrid who scour the globe for the best talent ; the Lions have collected no major trophies since 1984 and won only two of the 26 matches between the teams from 2005–06 to 2016–17 . However , the matches remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance , with some parallels to the political aspect of the Barcelona/Catalonia rivalry as Athletic are the largest club in the Basque region . European rivalries . Bayern Munich . Real Madrid and Germanys Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition , Real winning thirteen times and Bayern winning six times . Although they have never met in a final , Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 26 matches ( 12 wins for Madrid , 11 wins for Bayern , with 3 draws ) , with several controversial incidents occurring due to the great importance of most of their meetings . Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the Bestia negra ( Black Beast ) . During the 2010s , the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals , which ended 3–3 on aggregate ( Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after extra time , but lost the final at their own stadium ) , and then at the same stage in the 2013–14 edition with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate on their way to winning the competition . They were also drawn together in the 2016–17 quarter-finals ; Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate and subsequently lifted the trophy . The following year , they met in the semi-finals , with Real Madrid again progressing 4–3 . Until the 2018–19 season when they were twice defeated in Madrid by three-goal margins , Reals biggest loss at home in the Champions League had been at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000 , 2–4 . Juventus . Another match that is often played in the European Cup/Champions League is Real Madrid vs Juventus , the most decorated Italian club . They have played each other in 21 matches and have an almost perfectly balanced record ( 9 wins for Juventus , 10 wins for Real Madrid , 2 draws ) , as well as nearly the same goal difference ( Madrid ahead 26 to 25 ) . Their first meeting was in the 1961–62 European Cup , which Real Madrid won 3–1 in a replay held in Paris . At the quarter-final stage in 1995–96 , Juventus prevailed 2–1 and went on to lift the trophy . In the 1998 UEFA Champions League Final between the teams in Amsterdam , Real Madrid won 1–0 . They met again in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , when both clubs were in their respective golden eras ; Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate . By that time , star midfielder Zinedine Zidane , who played for the Bianconeri in the 1998 final , had moved from Turin to Madrid in a world record €77 million deal . In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , former Real Madrid player Álvaro Morata scored one goal in each leg to take Juventus to the final , winning 3–2 on aggregate . They faced off again in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Cardiff , which Real Madrid won 4–1 . Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals in the match , and was named man of the match . The latest Champions League meeting was in the 2017–18 quarter-finals , which Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate ; the tie ended in dramatic and controversial fashion , with a debatable penalty awarded to Real Madrid in the last minute of the second leg after Juventus built a 3–0 lead at the Bernabeu to pull level in the tie following a defeat at their Juventus Stadium by the same scoreline . Cristiano Ronaldo scored three goals over the two matches including the decisive penalty and a spectacular overhead kick , and having won the Champions League with Madrid for a fourth time , he transferred to Juventus a few months later for a €100 million transfer fee . Finances and ownership . It was under Florentino Pérezs first presidency ( 2000–2006 ) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the worlds richest professional football club . The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001 , and sold the rest to four corporations : Repsol YPF , Mutua Automovilística de Madrid , Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL . The sale eradicated the clubs debts , paving the way for it to buy the worlds most expensive players , such as Zinedine Zidane , Luís Figo , Ronaldo and David Beckham . The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development , a move which in turn increased their value , and then bought the site . The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property , to be considered a form of state subsidy . The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrids debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club . In addition , profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the citys outskirts . Although Pérezs policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the clubs high marketing potential around the world , especially in Asia , it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team . By September 2007 , Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO . In 2008 , it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football , with a value of €951 million ( £640 million / $1.285 billion ) , only beaten by Manchester United , which was valued at €1.333 billion ( £900 million ) . In 2010 , Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide . In September 2009 , Real Madrids management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013 . A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives , the players , are well-known . We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club . There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid . In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Real Madrids worth to be around €992 million ( US$1.323 billion ) , ranking them second after Manchester United , based on figures from the 2008–09 season . According to Deloitte , Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period , ranking first . Along with Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Real Madrid is organised as a registered association . This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president . The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns , which is mainly derived through merchandise sales , television rights and ticket sales . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Real Madrid , called socios , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2010 , the club has 60,000 socios . At the end of the 2009–10 season , the clubs board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million , €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year . Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season . From 2007 to 2011 , the club made a net profit of €190 million . During the 2009–10 season , Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales , which was the highest in top-flight football . The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season , around 1.5 million . For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million , which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona . However , its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent , ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent , respectively . In 2013 , Forbes listed the club as the worlds most valuable sports team , worth $3.3 billion . It was valued at €3.47 billion ( $4.1 billion ) in 2018 , and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €674.6 million . The second highest paid sports team in the world – after Barcelona – in November 2018 the average first-team pay at Real Madrid was £8.1m ( $10.6m ) per year . Popular culture . Real Madrid was the featured club in the second installment of the Goal ! football movie trilogy , ( 2007 ) . The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted , and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season . The films creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñezs life after his move to Madrid . Production was done with the full support of UEFA , allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles . Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Ronaldo , Roberto Carlos , Raúl , Sergio Ramos , Robinho , Michael Owen , Míchel Salgado , Júlio Baptista , Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera . Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry , Lionel Messi , Samuel Etoo , Andrés Iniesta , Pablo Aimar , Freddie Ljungberg , Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares . In the film , both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing . Real , The Movie is a 2005 part feature , part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid . Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso , it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for the club . Along with the fictional portion of the film , it also contains real footage of the squad , during training at Ciudad Real Madrid , matches , and interviews . Although the film mentions all of the squad , it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham , Zinedine Zidane , Raúl , Luís Figo , Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , and Roberto Carlos , among others . The film was originally produced in Spanish , but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase . The book White Storm : 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid . Published in 2002 , it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary , having been translated into various languages . In late 2011 , Real Madrid released a digital music album , entitled Legends , and a remix of the clubs anthem , Himno del Real Madrid , was released as the first single from the album . Real Madrid TV . Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel , operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club . The channel is available in Spanish and English . It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas ( Madrid ) , Real Madrids training centre . Hala Madrid . Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders . The phrase Hala Madrid , meaning Forward Madrid or Go Madrid , is also the title of the clubs official anthem , which is often sung by the Madridistas ( the clubs fans ) . The magazine includes reports on the clubs matches in the previous month , as well as information about the reserve and youth teams . Features often include interviews with players , both past and present , and the clubs historic matches . Video games . Real Madrid has appeared in many football-based video games , namely in the FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer series . A Real Madrid player has appeared on the cover of both titles a combined seven times . In 2007 , Spanish game publisher Virgin Play signed a deal with the club to make officially licensed Real Madrid video games . The only one released under the deal ( due to Virgin Plays liquidation in September 2009 ) would end up being Real Madrid : The Game , which was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment and was published under Virgin Plays publishing division V.2 Play in May 2009 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Windows , Wii and Nintendo DS exclusively in European territories Virgin Play released their products in . The game featured a career mode with a mixture of role-playing and simulation as well as arcade-styled Football gameplay . Honours . - shared record Players . Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Personnel . Current technical staff . - Last updated : 27 May 2021 - Source : Management . - Last updated : 6 March 2019 - Source :
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Robert Bacon Robert Bacon ( July 5 , 1860 – May 29 , 1919 ) was an American statesman and diplomat . He was also a leading banker and businessman who worked closely with Secretary of State Elihu Root , 1905-1909 , and served as United States Secretary of State from January to March 1909 . He served as ambassador to France 1909 to 1912 . He was a leader in the Preparedness Movement setting up training programs for would-be Soldiers before the United States entered the First World War in April 1917 . He was defeated narrowly as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1916 . He was commissioned as a major in the United States Army in 1917 , and played a major role as Chief of the American Military Mission at British General Headquarters . Early life and family . Born in Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts , to William Benjamin Bacon and Emily Crosby Low , he was a graduate of Harvard University ( Class of 1880 ) , where he was a member of the A.D . Club and Delta Kappa Epsilon . He was married on October 10 , 1883 , to Martha Waldron Cowdin . They had four children : Robert Low Bacon , Gaspar Griswold Bacon , Elliot Cowdin Bacon , and Martha Beatrix Bacon ( 1890–1967 ) who married George Whitney ( 1885–1963 ) . Their son Robert was a United States Congressman ; their other son Gaspar was the President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1929 to 1932 and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1933 to 1935 . Career . He worked in the steel world , including partnership with J.P . Morgan & Co . for many years starting in 1894 . He acted as J.P . Morgans chief lieutenant and participated in the formation of the U.S . Steel Corporation and the Northern Securities Company . The pressure of the job shot his nerves , and he left the company in 1903 . After Theodore Roosevelt ( with whom he was friends at Harvard ) had been reelected , Bacon was named Assistant Secretary of State in 1905 , a position which he held until 1909 ; he was acting secretary while Elihu Root was in South America in 1906 . For the last 38 days of Roosevelts term , he became full secretary from January 27 to March 5 , 1909 , because of Roots election to the Senate . Bacon obtained the advice and consent of the Senate for the Panama Canal treaties with Colombia and Panama . He served as United States Ambassador to France from 1909 until 1912 . He was supposed to return home on the RMS Titanic with his wife and daughter , but delays kept them in Paris . In August 1914 , he went to France to help with the work of the American Field Service – which provided ambulances and drivers to support French and British forces . He was also attached to the British Army Medical Corps and assisted with the establishment of a typhoid hospital near Ypres . His book For Better Relations with Our Latin American Neighbors was published in 1915 . He was a staunch advocate of the United States entry into World War I and spoke in favor of increased military preparedness via universal military service as the president of the National Security League in 1916 . He criticized President Woodrow Wilson for inaction at the invasion of Belgium and sought the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate against William M . Calder . Bacon continued to push for a stronger national defense as well as a protective tariff that could be used for the mobilization of industry in case of war . Although he had support from former president Theodore Roosevelt and Elihu Root , Bacon lost the race by about 9,000 votes and pledged to support Calder . He was named as the candidate of the American Party but withdrew on account of his pledge to Calder . He was then commissioned a major in the U.S . Army in May 1917 before sailing to France as a member of General Pershings staff . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1918 and served as chief of the American military mission at British General Headquarters working with British commander , General Sir Douglas Haig . He returned to the United States in April 1919 . Bacon died on May 29 , 1919 , from blood poisoning after undergoing surgery on his mastoiditis . Memorial . A sculpture entitled The Sacrifice was made by Malvina Hoffman as a memorial to the late Ambassador of France , Robert Bacon , and alumni of Harvard University who lost their lives during the World War I . In it , the head of a 13th-century crusader lay on the lap of a draped woman . The sculpture was dedicated in 1923 at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . After the War Memorial Chapel at Harvard University was completed in 1932 , it was installed there . Further reading . - Davis , Calvin D . Bacon , Robert ( 05 July 1860–29 May 1919 ) American National Biography ( 1999 ) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600017 - Jessup , Philip C . Elihu Root ( 2 vols. , 1938 ) - Scott , James Brown . Robert Bacon : His Life and Letters ( 1923 ) . - Scott , James Brown . “Robert Bacon : Secretary of State , January 27 , 1909 , to March 5 , 1909,” in The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy , vol . 9 ed . Samuel Flagg Bemis et al . ( 1928 ) . - Robert Bacon . Dictionary of American Biography ( 1936 ) online
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Robert Bacon Robert Bacon ( July 5 , 1860 – May 29 , 1919 ) was an American statesman and diplomat . He was also a leading banker and businessman who worked closely with Secretary of State Elihu Root , 1905-1909 , and served as United States Secretary of State from January to March 1909 . He served as ambassador to France 1909 to 1912 . He was a leader in the Preparedness Movement setting up training programs for would-be Soldiers before the United States entered the First World War in April 1917 . He was defeated narrowly as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1916 . He was commissioned as a major in the United States Army in 1917 , and played a major role as Chief of the American Military Mission at British General Headquarters . Early life and family . Born in Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts , to William Benjamin Bacon and Emily Crosby Low , he was a graduate of Harvard University ( Class of 1880 ) , where he was a member of the A.D . Club and Delta Kappa Epsilon . He was married on October 10 , 1883 , to Martha Waldron Cowdin . They had four children : Robert Low Bacon , Gaspar Griswold Bacon , Elliot Cowdin Bacon , and Martha Beatrix Bacon ( 1890–1967 ) who married George Whitney ( 1885–1963 ) . Their son Robert was a United States Congressman ; their other son Gaspar was the President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1929 to 1932 and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1933 to 1935 . Career . He worked in the steel world , including partnership with J.P . Morgan & Co . for many years starting in 1894 . He acted as J.P . Morgans chief lieutenant and participated in the formation of the U.S . Steel Corporation and the Northern Securities Company . The pressure of the job shot his nerves , and he left the company in 1903 . After Theodore Roosevelt ( with whom he was friends at Harvard ) had been reelected , Bacon was named Assistant Secretary of State in 1905 , a position which he held until 1909 ; he was acting secretary while Elihu Root was in South America in 1906 . For the last 38 days of Roosevelts term , he became full secretary from January 27 to March 5 , 1909 , because of Roots election to the Senate . Bacon obtained the advice and consent of the Senate for the Panama Canal treaties with Colombia and Panama . He served as United States Ambassador to France from 1909 until 1912 . He was supposed to return home on the RMS Titanic with his wife and daughter , but delays kept them in Paris . In August 1914 , he went to France to help with the work of the American Field Service – which provided ambulances and drivers to support French and British forces . He was also attached to the British Army Medical Corps and assisted with the establishment of a typhoid hospital near Ypres . His book For Better Relations with Our Latin American Neighbors was published in 1915 . He was a staunch advocate of the United States entry into World War I and spoke in favor of increased military preparedness via universal military service as the president of the National Security League in 1916 . He criticized President Woodrow Wilson for inaction at the invasion of Belgium and sought the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate against William M . Calder . Bacon continued to push for a stronger national defense as well as a protective tariff that could be used for the mobilization of industry in case of war . Although he had support from former president Theodore Roosevelt and Elihu Root , Bacon lost the race by about 9,000 votes and pledged to support Calder . He was named as the candidate of the American Party but withdrew on account of his pledge to Calder . He was then commissioned a major in the U.S . Army in May 1917 before sailing to France as a member of General Pershings staff . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1918 and served as chief of the American military mission at British General Headquarters working with British commander , General Sir Douglas Haig . He returned to the United States in April 1919 . Bacon died on May 29 , 1919 , from blood poisoning after undergoing surgery on his mastoiditis . Memorial . A sculpture entitled The Sacrifice was made by Malvina Hoffman as a memorial to the late Ambassador of France , Robert Bacon , and alumni of Harvard University who lost their lives during the World War I . In it , the head of a 13th-century crusader lay on the lap of a draped woman . The sculpture was dedicated in 1923 at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . After the War Memorial Chapel at Harvard University was completed in 1932 , it was installed there . Further reading . - Davis , Calvin D . Bacon , Robert ( 05 July 1860–29 May 1919 ) American National Biography ( 1999 ) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600017 - Jessup , Philip C . Elihu Root ( 2 vols. , 1938 ) - Scott , James Brown . Robert Bacon : His Life and Letters ( 1923 ) . - Scott , James Brown . “Robert Bacon : Secretary of State , January 27 , 1909 , to March 5 , 1909,” in The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy , vol . 9 ed . Samuel Flagg Bemis et al . ( 1928 ) . - Robert Bacon . Dictionary of American Biography ( 1936 ) online
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What position did Robert Bacon take in Apr 1912?
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/wiki/Robert_Bacon#P39#2
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Robert Bacon Robert Bacon ( July 5 , 1860 – May 29 , 1919 ) was an American statesman and diplomat . He was also a leading banker and businessman who worked closely with Secretary of State Elihu Root , 1905-1909 , and served as United States Secretary of State from January to March 1909 . He served as ambassador to France 1909 to 1912 . He was a leader in the Preparedness Movement setting up training programs for would-be Soldiers before the United States entered the First World War in April 1917 . He was defeated narrowly as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1916 . He was commissioned as a major in the United States Army in 1917 , and played a major role as Chief of the American Military Mission at British General Headquarters . Early life and family . Born in Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts , to William Benjamin Bacon and Emily Crosby Low , he was a graduate of Harvard University ( Class of 1880 ) , where he was a member of the A.D . Club and Delta Kappa Epsilon . He was married on October 10 , 1883 , to Martha Waldron Cowdin . They had four children : Robert Low Bacon , Gaspar Griswold Bacon , Elliot Cowdin Bacon , and Martha Beatrix Bacon ( 1890–1967 ) who married George Whitney ( 1885–1963 ) . Their son Robert was a United States Congressman ; their other son Gaspar was the President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1929 to 1932 and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1933 to 1935 . Career . He worked in the steel world , including partnership with J.P . Morgan & Co . for many years starting in 1894 . He acted as J.P . Morgans chief lieutenant and participated in the formation of the U.S . Steel Corporation and the Northern Securities Company . The pressure of the job shot his nerves , and he left the company in 1903 . After Theodore Roosevelt ( with whom he was friends at Harvard ) had been reelected , Bacon was named Assistant Secretary of State in 1905 , a position which he held until 1909 ; he was acting secretary while Elihu Root was in South America in 1906 . For the last 38 days of Roosevelts term , he became full secretary from January 27 to March 5 , 1909 , because of Roots election to the Senate . Bacon obtained the advice and consent of the Senate for the Panama Canal treaties with Colombia and Panama . He served as United States Ambassador to France from 1909 until 1912 . He was supposed to return home on the RMS Titanic with his wife and daughter , but delays kept them in Paris . In August 1914 , he went to France to help with the work of the American Field Service – which provided ambulances and drivers to support French and British forces . He was also attached to the British Army Medical Corps and assisted with the establishment of a typhoid hospital near Ypres . His book For Better Relations with Our Latin American Neighbors was published in 1915 . He was a staunch advocate of the United States entry into World War I and spoke in favor of increased military preparedness via universal military service as the president of the National Security League in 1916 . He criticized President Woodrow Wilson for inaction at the invasion of Belgium and sought the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate against William M . Calder . Bacon continued to push for a stronger national defense as well as a protective tariff that could be used for the mobilization of industry in case of war . Although he had support from former president Theodore Roosevelt and Elihu Root , Bacon lost the race by about 9,000 votes and pledged to support Calder . He was named as the candidate of the American Party but withdrew on account of his pledge to Calder . He was then commissioned a major in the U.S . Army in May 1917 before sailing to France as a member of General Pershings staff . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1918 and served as chief of the American military mission at British General Headquarters working with British commander , General Sir Douglas Haig . He returned to the United States in April 1919 . Bacon died on May 29 , 1919 , from blood poisoning after undergoing surgery on his mastoiditis . Memorial . A sculpture entitled The Sacrifice was made by Malvina Hoffman as a memorial to the late Ambassador of France , Robert Bacon , and alumni of Harvard University who lost their lives during the World War I . In it , the head of a 13th-century crusader lay on the lap of a draped woman . The sculpture was dedicated in 1923 at the Cathedral of St . John the Divine in New York . After the War Memorial Chapel at Harvard University was completed in 1932 , it was installed there . Further reading . - Davis , Calvin D . Bacon , Robert ( 05 July 1860–29 May 1919 ) American National Biography ( 1999 ) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600017 - Jessup , Philip C . Elihu Root ( 2 vols. , 1938 ) - Scott , James Brown . Robert Bacon : His Life and Letters ( 1923 ) . - Scott , James Brown . “Robert Bacon : Secretary of State , January 27 , 1909 , to March 5 , 1909,” in The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy , vol . 9 ed . Samuel Flagg Bemis et al . ( 1928 ) . - Robert Bacon . Dictionary of American Biography ( 1936 ) online
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What was the position of Pope Nicholas IV before Nov 1284?
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/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV#P39#0
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Pope Nicholas IV Pope Nicholas IV ( ; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1288 to his death . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope . Early life . Jerome Masci ( Girolamo Masci ) was born on 30 September 1227 at Lisciano , near Ascoli Piceno . He was a pious , peace-loving man whose goals as a Franciscan friar were to protect the Church , promote the crusades , and root out heresy . According to Heinrich of Rebdorf , he was a Doctor of Theology . As a Franciscan friar , he had been elected the Orders superior ( minister ) for Dalmatia during the Franciscan general chapter held at Pisa in 1272 . Pope Gregory X ( 1271-1276 ) , was sending a legate to the Byzantine emperor , Michael VIII Palaiologos , in 1272 , to invite the participation of Byzantine prelates in the Second Council of Lyons . The popes ambition was to achieve a reunion of Eastern and Western Christendom . St Bonaventure , then minister general of the Order of Friars Minor ( Franciscans ) , was asked to select four Franciscans to accompany the legation as nuncios . He chose Friar Jerome Masci as one of the four . When Bonaventure died suddenly during the fifth session of the Orders General Chapter at Lyons on 15 July 1274 , Friar Jerome Masci was elected to succeed him as the Franciscan minister general , even though he was absent at the time , only then returning with the Byzantine delegates from the embassy to Constantinople . Jerome was the associate of John of Vercelli , master general of the Dominican Order , when the latter was sent by Pope Nicholas III ( Giovanni Caetani Orsini ) on 15 October 1277 , to arrange a peace between Philip IV of France and Alfonso III of Aragon . Jerome and John of Vercelli were again appointed to the same task on 4 April 1278 . At the same time , Jerome was ordered to continue for the time being as the Franciscan Minister General . In 1278 Jerome was made cardinal priest by Pope Nicholas III , and at some point after 16 May 1279 was assigned the titular church of Santa Pudenziana . Even after his appointment as a cardinal , he was allowed to remain as minister general of the Franciscans until the next general chapter . In the event , however , he was unable to attend the chapter for reasons of ill health , as a letter of apology of Pope Nicholas III , written in May 1279 , indicates . On 12 April 1281 he was promoted to cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Pope Martin IV . Pontificate . Papal conclave . After the death of Pope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287 , a conclave was held in Rome , at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill , where Pope Honorius had died . This was in accordance with the Constitution Ubi Periculum of Pope Gregory X . At the beginning , in April , there were thirteen cardinals in Rome ; three cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi , Giovanni Boccamati , and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all . The Sacred College was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor . When six of the electors died during the year 1287 ( Ancher Pantaleon , Geoffrey de Bar , Hugh of Evesham , Giordano Orsini , Comes de Casanate , and Goffredo of Alatri—some , at least , carried off by fever ) , the others , with the sole exception of Jerome Masci , left the conclave and returned to their homes . It was not until the following year that they reassembled . The electors at that time were seven in number : Jerome Masci , along with Latino Malabranca , Bentivenga de Bentivengis , Bernard de Languissel , Matteo Rosso Orsini , Giacomo Colonna , and Benedetto Caetani . On 15 February 1288 , the survivors unanimously elected Jerome Masci , to the papacy on the first scrutiny . It is said that the cardinals were impressed by his steadfastness in remaining at the papal palace , but there is no real documentation as to their motives . As he admitted in his electoral manifesto , Cardinal Masci was extremely reluctant to accept , and indeed he persisted in his refusal for an entire week . Finally , on 22 February , he gave in and agreed . He became the first Franciscan pope and chose the name Nicholas IV in remembrance of Nicholas III , who had made him a cardinal . New cardinals . Given the considerable losses to the numbers of the Sacred College in 1286 and 1287 , it is not surprising that Nicholas IV quickly proceeded to fill vacancies . What is surprising is that he did not even reach the number of cardinals who were alive under Honorius IV , let alone exceed it . On 16 May 1288 , he named six new cardinals : Bernardus Calliensis , Bishop of Osimo ( who died in 1291 ) , Hugues Aiscelin ( Seguin ) de Billon , OP , of the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne ; Matthew of Aquasparta in Tuscany , minister general of the Franciscans since 1287 ; Pietro Peregrosso of Milan , the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; Napoleone Orsini ; and Pietro Colonna . Nicholas IV issued an important constitution on 18 July 1289 , which granted to the cardinals one-half of all income accruing to the Holy See and a share in the financial management , thereby paving the way for that independence of the College of Cardinals which , in the following century , was to be of detriment to the papacy . Actions . In regard to the question of the Sicilian succession , as feudal suzerain of the kingdom , Nicholas annulled the treaty , concluded in 1288 through the mediation of Edward I of England , which confirmed James II of Aragon in the possession of the island of Sicily . This treaty had not properly seen to papal interests . In May 1289 he crowned Charles II as king of Sicily after the latter had expressly recognized papal suzerainty , and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with Kings Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James from Sicily . In 1288 Nicholas met with the Nestorian Christian Rabban Bar Sauma from China . In August 1290 he granted the status of studium generale to the university that King Denis of Portugal has just founded a few months earlier in the city of Lisbon . The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas IV to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade . He sent missionaries , among them the Franciscan John of Monte Corvino , to labour among the Bulgarians , Ethiopians , Mongols , Tatars and Chinese . Death . Nicholas IV died in Rome on 4 April 1292 , in the palace which he had built next to the Liberian Basilica ( S . Maria Maggiore ) . He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . His epitaph reads : Here lies Nicolas IV son of St . Francis ( Hic requiescit / Nicolaus PP Quartus / Filius Beati Francisci ) . Taxatio . The 1291–92 Taxatio he initiated , which was a detailed valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English and Welsh parish churches and prebends , remains an important source document for the medieval period . An edition was reprinted by the Record Commission in 1802 as Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate .
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What was the position of Pope Nicholas IV in Feb 1291?
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/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV#P39#1
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Pope Nicholas IV Pope Nicholas IV ( ; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1288 to his death . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope . Early life . Jerome Masci ( Girolamo Masci ) was born on 30 September 1227 at Lisciano , near Ascoli Piceno . He was a pious , peace-loving man whose goals as a Franciscan friar were to protect the Church , promote the crusades , and root out heresy . According to Heinrich of Rebdorf , he was a Doctor of Theology . As a Franciscan friar , he had been elected the Orders superior ( minister ) for Dalmatia during the Franciscan general chapter held at Pisa in 1272 . Pope Gregory X ( 1271-1276 ) , was sending a legate to the Byzantine emperor , Michael VIII Palaiologos , in 1272 , to invite the participation of Byzantine prelates in the Second Council of Lyons . The popes ambition was to achieve a reunion of Eastern and Western Christendom . St Bonaventure , then minister general of the Order of Friars Minor ( Franciscans ) , was asked to select four Franciscans to accompany the legation as nuncios . He chose Friar Jerome Masci as one of the four . When Bonaventure died suddenly during the fifth session of the Orders General Chapter at Lyons on 15 July 1274 , Friar Jerome Masci was elected to succeed him as the Franciscan minister general , even though he was absent at the time , only then returning with the Byzantine delegates from the embassy to Constantinople . Jerome was the associate of John of Vercelli , master general of the Dominican Order , when the latter was sent by Pope Nicholas III ( Giovanni Caetani Orsini ) on 15 October 1277 , to arrange a peace between Philip IV of France and Alfonso III of Aragon . Jerome and John of Vercelli were again appointed to the same task on 4 April 1278 . At the same time , Jerome was ordered to continue for the time being as the Franciscan Minister General . In 1278 Jerome was made cardinal priest by Pope Nicholas III , and at some point after 16 May 1279 was assigned the titular church of Santa Pudenziana . Even after his appointment as a cardinal , he was allowed to remain as minister general of the Franciscans until the next general chapter . In the event , however , he was unable to attend the chapter for reasons of ill health , as a letter of apology of Pope Nicholas III , written in May 1279 , indicates . On 12 April 1281 he was promoted to cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Pope Martin IV . Pontificate . Papal conclave . After the death of Pope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287 , a conclave was held in Rome , at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill , where Pope Honorius had died . This was in accordance with the Constitution Ubi Periculum of Pope Gregory X . At the beginning , in April , there were thirteen cardinals in Rome ; three cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi , Giovanni Boccamati , and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all . The Sacred College was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor . When six of the electors died during the year 1287 ( Ancher Pantaleon , Geoffrey de Bar , Hugh of Evesham , Giordano Orsini , Comes de Casanate , and Goffredo of Alatri—some , at least , carried off by fever ) , the others , with the sole exception of Jerome Masci , left the conclave and returned to their homes . It was not until the following year that they reassembled . The electors at that time were seven in number : Jerome Masci , along with Latino Malabranca , Bentivenga de Bentivengis , Bernard de Languissel , Matteo Rosso Orsini , Giacomo Colonna , and Benedetto Caetani . On 15 February 1288 , the survivors unanimously elected Jerome Masci , to the papacy on the first scrutiny . It is said that the cardinals were impressed by his steadfastness in remaining at the papal palace , but there is no real documentation as to their motives . As he admitted in his electoral manifesto , Cardinal Masci was extremely reluctant to accept , and indeed he persisted in his refusal for an entire week . Finally , on 22 February , he gave in and agreed . He became the first Franciscan pope and chose the name Nicholas IV in remembrance of Nicholas III , who had made him a cardinal . New cardinals . Given the considerable losses to the numbers of the Sacred College in 1286 and 1287 , it is not surprising that Nicholas IV quickly proceeded to fill vacancies . What is surprising is that he did not even reach the number of cardinals who were alive under Honorius IV , let alone exceed it . On 16 May 1288 , he named six new cardinals : Bernardus Calliensis , Bishop of Osimo ( who died in 1291 ) , Hugues Aiscelin ( Seguin ) de Billon , OP , of the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne ; Matthew of Aquasparta in Tuscany , minister general of the Franciscans since 1287 ; Pietro Peregrosso of Milan , the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; Napoleone Orsini ; and Pietro Colonna . Nicholas IV issued an important constitution on 18 July 1289 , which granted to the cardinals one-half of all income accruing to the Holy See and a share in the financial management , thereby paving the way for that independence of the College of Cardinals which , in the following century , was to be of detriment to the papacy . Actions . In regard to the question of the Sicilian succession , as feudal suzerain of the kingdom , Nicholas annulled the treaty , concluded in 1288 through the mediation of Edward I of England , which confirmed James II of Aragon in the possession of the island of Sicily . This treaty had not properly seen to papal interests . In May 1289 he crowned Charles II as king of Sicily after the latter had expressly recognized papal suzerainty , and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with Kings Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James from Sicily . In 1288 Nicholas met with the Nestorian Christian Rabban Bar Sauma from China . In August 1290 he granted the status of studium generale to the university that King Denis of Portugal has just founded a few months earlier in the city of Lisbon . The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas IV to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade . He sent missionaries , among them the Franciscan John of Monte Corvino , to labour among the Bulgarians , Ethiopians , Mongols , Tatars and Chinese . Death . Nicholas IV died in Rome on 4 April 1292 , in the palace which he had built next to the Liberian Basilica ( S . Maria Maggiore ) . He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . His epitaph reads : Here lies Nicolas IV son of St . Francis ( Hic requiescit / Nicolaus PP Quartus / Filius Beati Francisci ) . Taxatio . The 1291–92 Taxatio he initiated , which was a detailed valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English and Welsh parish churches and prebends , remains an important source document for the medieval period . An edition was reprinted by the Record Commission in 1802 as Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate .
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What was the position of Pope Nicholas IV between Oct 1299 and Nov 1299?
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/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV#P39#2
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Pope Nicholas IV Pope Nicholas IV ( ; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1288 to his death . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope . Early life . Jerome Masci ( Girolamo Masci ) was born on 30 September 1227 at Lisciano , near Ascoli Piceno . He was a pious , peace-loving man whose goals as a Franciscan friar were to protect the Church , promote the crusades , and root out heresy . According to Heinrich of Rebdorf , he was a Doctor of Theology . As a Franciscan friar , he had been elected the Orders superior ( minister ) for Dalmatia during the Franciscan general chapter held at Pisa in 1272 . Pope Gregory X ( 1271-1276 ) , was sending a legate to the Byzantine emperor , Michael VIII Palaiologos , in 1272 , to invite the participation of Byzantine prelates in the Second Council of Lyons . The popes ambition was to achieve a reunion of Eastern and Western Christendom . St Bonaventure , then minister general of the Order of Friars Minor ( Franciscans ) , was asked to select four Franciscans to accompany the legation as nuncios . He chose Friar Jerome Masci as one of the four . When Bonaventure died suddenly during the fifth session of the Orders General Chapter at Lyons on 15 July 1274 , Friar Jerome Masci was elected to succeed him as the Franciscan minister general , even though he was absent at the time , only then returning with the Byzantine delegates from the embassy to Constantinople . Jerome was the associate of John of Vercelli , master general of the Dominican Order , when the latter was sent by Pope Nicholas III ( Giovanni Caetani Orsini ) on 15 October 1277 , to arrange a peace between Philip IV of France and Alfonso III of Aragon . Jerome and John of Vercelli were again appointed to the same task on 4 April 1278 . At the same time , Jerome was ordered to continue for the time being as the Franciscan Minister General . In 1278 Jerome was made cardinal priest by Pope Nicholas III , and at some point after 16 May 1279 was assigned the titular church of Santa Pudenziana . Even after his appointment as a cardinal , he was allowed to remain as minister general of the Franciscans until the next general chapter . In the event , however , he was unable to attend the chapter for reasons of ill health , as a letter of apology of Pope Nicholas III , written in May 1279 , indicates . On 12 April 1281 he was promoted to cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Pope Martin IV . Pontificate . Papal conclave . After the death of Pope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287 , a conclave was held in Rome , at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill , where Pope Honorius had died . This was in accordance with the Constitution Ubi Periculum of Pope Gregory X . At the beginning , in April , there were thirteen cardinals in Rome ; three cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi , Giovanni Boccamati , and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all . The Sacred College was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor . When six of the electors died during the year 1287 ( Ancher Pantaleon , Geoffrey de Bar , Hugh of Evesham , Giordano Orsini , Comes de Casanate , and Goffredo of Alatri—some , at least , carried off by fever ) , the others , with the sole exception of Jerome Masci , left the conclave and returned to their homes . It was not until the following year that they reassembled . The electors at that time were seven in number : Jerome Masci , along with Latino Malabranca , Bentivenga de Bentivengis , Bernard de Languissel , Matteo Rosso Orsini , Giacomo Colonna , and Benedetto Caetani . On 15 February 1288 , the survivors unanimously elected Jerome Masci , to the papacy on the first scrutiny . It is said that the cardinals were impressed by his steadfastness in remaining at the papal palace , but there is no real documentation as to their motives . As he admitted in his electoral manifesto , Cardinal Masci was extremely reluctant to accept , and indeed he persisted in his refusal for an entire week . Finally , on 22 February , he gave in and agreed . He became the first Franciscan pope and chose the name Nicholas IV in remembrance of Nicholas III , who had made him a cardinal . New cardinals . Given the considerable losses to the numbers of the Sacred College in 1286 and 1287 , it is not surprising that Nicholas IV quickly proceeded to fill vacancies . What is surprising is that he did not even reach the number of cardinals who were alive under Honorius IV , let alone exceed it . On 16 May 1288 , he named six new cardinals : Bernardus Calliensis , Bishop of Osimo ( who died in 1291 ) , Hugues Aiscelin ( Seguin ) de Billon , OP , of the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne ; Matthew of Aquasparta in Tuscany , minister general of the Franciscans since 1287 ; Pietro Peregrosso of Milan , the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; Napoleone Orsini ; and Pietro Colonna . Nicholas IV issued an important constitution on 18 July 1289 , which granted to the cardinals one-half of all income accruing to the Holy See and a share in the financial management , thereby paving the way for that independence of the College of Cardinals which , in the following century , was to be of detriment to the papacy . Actions . In regard to the question of the Sicilian succession , as feudal suzerain of the kingdom , Nicholas annulled the treaty , concluded in 1288 through the mediation of Edward I of England , which confirmed James II of Aragon in the possession of the island of Sicily . This treaty had not properly seen to papal interests . In May 1289 he crowned Charles II as king of Sicily after the latter had expressly recognized papal suzerainty , and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with Kings Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James from Sicily . In 1288 Nicholas met with the Nestorian Christian Rabban Bar Sauma from China . In August 1290 he granted the status of studium generale to the university that King Denis of Portugal has just founded a few months earlier in the city of Lisbon . The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas IV to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade . He sent missionaries , among them the Franciscan John of Monte Corvino , to labour among the Bulgarians , Ethiopians , Mongols , Tatars and Chinese . Death . Nicholas IV died in Rome on 4 April 1292 , in the palace which he had built next to the Liberian Basilica ( S . Maria Maggiore ) . He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . His epitaph reads : Here lies Nicolas IV son of St . Francis ( Hic requiescit / Nicolaus PP Quartus / Filius Beati Francisci ) . Taxatio . The 1291–92 Taxatio he initiated , which was a detailed valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English and Welsh parish churches and prebends , remains an important source document for the medieval period . An edition was reprinted by the Record Commission in 1802 as Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate .
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Which team did the player Rachid Ghezzal belong to in May 2014?
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/wiki/Rachid_Ghezzal#P54#0
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Rachid Ghezzal Rachid Ghezzal ( ; born 9 May 1992 ) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish club Beşiktaş on loan from Premier League club Leicester City , and the Algeria national team . He began his career at Lyon , where he made his debut in October 2012 . He played 119 games and scored 13 goals for them across all competitions . In August 2017 , he moved to Monaco on a free transfer . Born in France , Ghezzal represented France at under-20 level . He made his senior debut for his ancestral Algeria in 2015 and was part of their squad at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations . Club career . Lyon . Born in Décines-Charpieu , Metropolitan Lyon , in July 2010 Ghezzal signed a five-year élite contract with Lyon . After featuring with the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France Amateur for two consecutive seasons , ahead of the 2012–13 season , he was promoted to the senior team by manager Rémi Garde and assigned the number 31 shirt . Ghezzal made his senior team debut on 4 October 2012 in a UEFA Europa League group stage away match against Israeli club Ironi Kiryat Shmona ; he started the match as Lyon won the contest 4–3 . In the 2013–14 season , Ghezzal suffered a back injury for the first six months of Lyons campaign , which saw him out of action until 10 January 2014 , missing 32 of Lyons games in the process . He then returned to the squad but did not make any appearances for Lyon for the rest of the season ; either being not named in match day squads or being named on the bench . Since January 2016 , he had been playing regularly . He finished the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 8 assists in 29 Ligue 1 matches . In June 2017 , Lyon announced that Ghezzals contract would not be renewed . Monaco . On 7 August 2017 , Ghezzal joined fellow Ligue 1 team Monaco by signing a four-year contract that would run until June 2021 . It was reported that Monaco would pay him a signing bonus of €3 million and a monthly salary of about €180,000 . As his Lyon contract had expired on 30 June 2017 , he arrived on a free transfer . Leicester City . On 5 August 2018 , Ghezzal joined Premier League side Leicester City , signing a four-year deal . In his first start for the club , he scored his first Leicester goal , a long range strike from outside the box , in a 4–0 win over Fleetwood Town . Fiorentina ( loan ) . On 2 September 2019 , Ghezzal was loaned to Serie A side ACF Fiorentina on a season-long deal that includes the option to buy . Beşiktaş ( loan ) . On 5 October 2020 , Ghezzal joined Turkish Süper Lig club Beşiktaş on a season-long loan . On 15 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Göztepe , to secure the 2020–21 Süper Lig title for Beşiktaş . International career . At international senior level , Ghezzal was eligible to represent both France and Algeria and had stated his preference is to represent the latter nation . In 2013 , he received the call from France U20 to compete in the Toulon Tournament . However , Ghezzal later chose to play for Algeria , scoring his first goal in March 2016 against Ethiopia . Philanthropy . On 9 December 2018 , Ghezzal partnered with Phil Ropy and appeared on the Sport dans la Ville digital philanthropy card . The digital philanthropy card features French non-profit , serving disadvantaged kids through sports and job training . This partnership is his tribute to the organization of which he was part until the age of 12 years . During his meeting on 31 December 2013 with young members of Sport dans la Ville , Rachid described the time he spent with Sport dans la Ville allowed him to reach the status of a professional player . The card was released on 23 April 2019 . The money from the cards purchase price is shared by Ropy with the Sport dans la Ville . Personal life . He is the younger brother of Algerian international Abdelkader Ghezzal . Honours . - Lyon Reserves - Championnat de France Amateur : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Beşiktaş - Süper Lig : 2020–21 - Türkiye Kupası : 2020–21 Individual - Süper Lig Top Assist Provider : 2020–21 ( 17 assists )
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Which team did the player Rachid Ghezzal belong to in 2015?
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/wiki/Rachid_Ghezzal#P54#1
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Rachid Ghezzal Rachid Ghezzal ( ; born 9 May 1992 ) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish club Beşiktaş on loan from Premier League club Leicester City , and the Algeria national team . He began his career at Lyon , where he made his debut in October 2012 . He played 119 games and scored 13 goals for them across all competitions . In August 2017 , he moved to Monaco on a free transfer . Born in France , Ghezzal represented France at under-20 level . He made his senior debut for his ancestral Algeria in 2015 and was part of their squad at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations . Club career . Lyon . Born in Décines-Charpieu , Metropolitan Lyon , in July 2010 Ghezzal signed a five-year élite contract with Lyon . After featuring with the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France Amateur for two consecutive seasons , ahead of the 2012–13 season , he was promoted to the senior team by manager Rémi Garde and assigned the number 31 shirt . Ghezzal made his senior team debut on 4 October 2012 in a UEFA Europa League group stage away match against Israeli club Ironi Kiryat Shmona ; he started the match as Lyon won the contest 4–3 . In the 2013–14 season , Ghezzal suffered a back injury for the first six months of Lyons campaign , which saw him out of action until 10 January 2014 , missing 32 of Lyons games in the process . He then returned to the squad but did not make any appearances for Lyon for the rest of the season ; either being not named in match day squads or being named on the bench . Since January 2016 , he had been playing regularly . He finished the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 8 assists in 29 Ligue 1 matches . In June 2017 , Lyon announced that Ghezzals contract would not be renewed . Monaco . On 7 August 2017 , Ghezzal joined fellow Ligue 1 team Monaco by signing a four-year contract that would run until June 2021 . It was reported that Monaco would pay him a signing bonus of €3 million and a monthly salary of about €180,000 . As his Lyon contract had expired on 30 June 2017 , he arrived on a free transfer . Leicester City . On 5 August 2018 , Ghezzal joined Premier League side Leicester City , signing a four-year deal . In his first start for the club , he scored his first Leicester goal , a long range strike from outside the box , in a 4–0 win over Fleetwood Town . Fiorentina ( loan ) . On 2 September 2019 , Ghezzal was loaned to Serie A side ACF Fiorentina on a season-long deal that includes the option to buy . Beşiktaş ( loan ) . On 5 October 2020 , Ghezzal joined Turkish Süper Lig club Beşiktaş on a season-long loan . On 15 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Göztepe , to secure the 2020–21 Süper Lig title for Beşiktaş . International career . At international senior level , Ghezzal was eligible to represent both France and Algeria and had stated his preference is to represent the latter nation . In 2013 , he received the call from France U20 to compete in the Toulon Tournament . However , Ghezzal later chose to play for Algeria , scoring his first goal in March 2016 against Ethiopia . Philanthropy . On 9 December 2018 , Ghezzal partnered with Phil Ropy and appeared on the Sport dans la Ville digital philanthropy card . The digital philanthropy card features French non-profit , serving disadvantaged kids through sports and job training . This partnership is his tribute to the organization of which he was part until the age of 12 years . During his meeting on 31 December 2013 with young members of Sport dans la Ville , Rachid described the time he spent with Sport dans la Ville allowed him to reach the status of a professional player . The card was released on 23 April 2019 . The money from the cards purchase price is shared by Ropy with the Sport dans la Ville . Personal life . He is the younger brother of Algerian international Abdelkader Ghezzal . Honours . - Lyon Reserves - Championnat de France Amateur : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Beşiktaş - Süper Lig : 2020–21 - Türkiye Kupası : 2020–21 Individual - Süper Lig Top Assist Provider : 2020–21 ( 17 assists )
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Which team did the player Rachid Ghezzal belong to after Sep 2018?
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/wiki/Rachid_Ghezzal#P54#2
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Rachid Ghezzal Rachid Ghezzal ( ; born 9 May 1992 ) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish club Beşiktaş on loan from Premier League club Leicester City , and the Algeria national team . He began his career at Lyon , where he made his debut in October 2012 . He played 119 games and scored 13 goals for them across all competitions . In August 2017 , he moved to Monaco on a free transfer . Born in France , Ghezzal represented France at under-20 level . He made his senior debut for his ancestral Algeria in 2015 and was part of their squad at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations . Club career . Lyon . Born in Décines-Charpieu , Metropolitan Lyon , in July 2010 Ghezzal signed a five-year élite contract with Lyon . After featuring with the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France Amateur for two consecutive seasons , ahead of the 2012–13 season , he was promoted to the senior team by manager Rémi Garde and assigned the number 31 shirt . Ghezzal made his senior team debut on 4 October 2012 in a UEFA Europa League group stage away match against Israeli club Ironi Kiryat Shmona ; he started the match as Lyon won the contest 4–3 . In the 2013–14 season , Ghezzal suffered a back injury for the first six months of Lyons campaign , which saw him out of action until 10 January 2014 , missing 32 of Lyons games in the process . He then returned to the squad but did not make any appearances for Lyon for the rest of the season ; either being not named in match day squads or being named on the bench . Since January 2016 , he had been playing regularly . He finished the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 8 assists in 29 Ligue 1 matches . In June 2017 , Lyon announced that Ghezzals contract would not be renewed . Monaco . On 7 August 2017 , Ghezzal joined fellow Ligue 1 team Monaco by signing a four-year contract that would run until June 2021 . It was reported that Monaco would pay him a signing bonus of €3 million and a monthly salary of about €180,000 . As his Lyon contract had expired on 30 June 2017 , he arrived on a free transfer . Leicester City . On 5 August 2018 , Ghezzal joined Premier League side Leicester City , signing a four-year deal . In his first start for the club , he scored his first Leicester goal , a long range strike from outside the box , in a 4–0 win over Fleetwood Town . Fiorentina ( loan ) . On 2 September 2019 , Ghezzal was loaned to Serie A side ACF Fiorentina on a season-long deal that includes the option to buy . Beşiktaş ( loan ) . On 5 October 2020 , Ghezzal joined Turkish Süper Lig club Beşiktaş on a season-long loan . On 15 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Göztepe , to secure the 2020–21 Süper Lig title for Beşiktaş . International career . At international senior level , Ghezzal was eligible to represent both France and Algeria and had stated his preference is to represent the latter nation . In 2013 , he received the call from France U20 to compete in the Toulon Tournament . However , Ghezzal later chose to play for Algeria , scoring his first goal in March 2016 against Ethiopia . Philanthropy . On 9 December 2018 , Ghezzal partnered with Phil Ropy and appeared on the Sport dans la Ville digital philanthropy card . The digital philanthropy card features French non-profit , serving disadvantaged kids through sports and job training . This partnership is his tribute to the organization of which he was part until the age of 12 years . During his meeting on 31 December 2013 with young members of Sport dans la Ville , Rachid described the time he spent with Sport dans la Ville allowed him to reach the status of a professional player . The card was released on 23 April 2019 . The money from the cards purchase price is shared by Ropy with the Sport dans la Ville . Personal life . He is the younger brother of Algerian international Abdelkader Ghezzal . Honours . - Lyon Reserves - Championnat de France Amateur : 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Beşiktaş - Süper Lig : 2020–21 - Türkiye Kupası : 2020–21 Individual - Süper Lig Top Assist Provider : 2020–21 ( 17 assists )
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hard
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Which school did Amina Wadud go to before Feb 1969?
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/wiki/Amina_Wadud#P69#0
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Amina Wadud Amina Wadud ( born September 25 , 1952 ) is an American Muslim theologian with a progressive interpretation of the Quran . Wadud serves as Professor Emeritus of Islamic Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University and is also a visiting scholar at Starr King School for the Ministry . Wadud has written extensively on the role of women in Islam . Born and raised as a Methodist in Bethesda , Maryland , Wadud converted to Islam in 1972 while studying at the University of Pennsylvania . She went on to study Arabic and Islamic studies , first in the United States and later in Egypt . Wadud made International headlines in 2005 when she led Friday prayers at a mixed congregation in New York , which caused controversy in some spheres of the Islamic world . Since then , Wadud has continued to lead prayers at various congregations around the world . Early life . Wadud was born Mary Teasley to an African-American family in Bethesda , Maryland . Her father was a Methodist minister . In 1972 , she converted to Islam , while a student at the University of Pennsylvania , which she attended from 1970 to 1975 . She officially changed her name to Amina Wadud two years later . Education . In 1975 , Wadud graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science . She received her M.A . in Near Eastern Studies and her Ph.D . in Arabic and Islamic Studies from the University of Michigan in 1988 . During graduate school , she studied in Egypt , including advanced Arabic at the American University in Cairo , Quranic studies and tafsir ( exegesis or religious interpretation ) at Cairo University , and philosophy at Al-Azhar University . Work . Waduds research specialities include gender and Quranic studies . From 1989 to 1992 , she worked as an assistant professor in Quranic Studies at IIUM . While there , she published her dissertation Quran and Woman : Rereading the Sacred Text from a Womans Perspective and co-founded the non-governmental organization Sisters in Islam . The book is still used by the NGO as a basic text for activists and academics , but it is banned in the United Arab Emirates . In 1992 , Wadud accepted a position as Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University . She retired in 2008 , and took up a position as a visiting professor at the Center for Religious and Cross Cultural Studies at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta , Indonesia . Wadud has spoken at universities , as well as grassroots , government and non-government forums throughout the United States , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , Africa and Europe . Her speaking engagements include the keynote address Islam , Justice , and Gender at the 2008 international conference Understanding Conflicts : Cross-Cultural Perspectives , held at Aarhus University , Denmark ; a paper titled “Islam Beyond Patriarchy Through Gender Inclusive Qur’anic Analysis” at the 2009 Musawah - Equality and Justice in the Family conference ; the Regional Conference on Advancing Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment in Muslim Societies , hosted by United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) and the International Centre for Islam and Pluralism ( ICIP ) in Jakarta , Indonesia , in March 2009 ; a workshop on Sharia and Human Rights at the University of Bergen , Norway in late November 2009 ; a public lecture titled Muslim Women and Gender Justice : Methods , Motivation and Means to the Faculty of Arts , Asia Institute , at the University of Melbourne , Australia in February 2010 ; a lecture on “Tawhid and Spiritual Development for Social Action” at Muslims for Progressive Values at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley , California in July 2011 . Wadud has also openly advocated pluralism and equality as an endorsement of LGBTQ+ rights . Controversy . 1994 sermon . In August 1994 , Wadud delivered a Friday pre-khutbah ( sermon ) on Islam as Engaged Surrender at the Claremont Main Road Mosque in Cape Town , South Africa . Women delivering even a pre-khutbah talk was unheard of in the Muslim world . It was widely mis-reported that Wadud had actually delivered the khutbah ( the formal Arabic sermon delivered from the pulpit ) , which she did not ( she delivered the main talk - in English and not from the pulpit - however a pre-khutbah talk is not part of the formal Friday ceremony ) . As a result , there were attempts in Virginia by some Muslims to have her dismissed from her position at Virginia Commonwealth University . 2005 prayer leadership . More than a decade later , Wadud decided to lead Friday prayers ( salat ) for a congregation in the United States , breaking with Islamic laws , which allows only male imams ( prayer leaders ) in mixed-gender congregations . ( See Women as imams for a discussion of the issue. ) On Friday 18 March 2005 , Wadud acted as imam for a congregation of about 60 women and 40 men seated together , without any gender separation . The call to prayer was given by another woman , Suheyla El-Attar . It was sponsored by the Muslim Womens Freedom Tour , under the leadership of Asra Nomani , by the website Muslim WakeUp! , and by members of the Progressive Muslim Union . A small number of protestors gathered outside against the prayer . The gathering was held in the Synod House , owned by and adjoining the Episcopal Cathedral of St . John the Divine , in Manhattans Morningside Heights , after three mosques had refused to host the service and the Sundaram Tagore Gallery withdrew its offer after a bomb threat . Wadud said while she initially wanted to host the prayer in a neutral place , but after the bomb threats , she decided on the church , not to make a statement , but because she wanted to conduct the prayers in a sacred place . She said , I dont want to change Muslim mosques . I want to encourage the hearts of Muslims , both in their public , private and ritual affairs , to believe they are one and equal . Response . The prayer service drew controversy , with mixed reactions from the Muslim community . Over 100 men and women attended the prayers , and about 15 people protested outside the church . Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi of Qatar said that , while a woman could lead other women and even possibly her young children in salat , she could not lead a mixed group including non-mahram males . Sheikh Sayyid Tantawi of Cairos Al-Azhar mosque criticized the prayer in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram : When she leads men in prayer , in this case , it is not proper for them to look at the woman whose body is in front of them . Some Muslim academics supported Wadud . Egyptian academic Gamal al-Banna argued that her actions were supported by Islamic sources . Writer and Harvard Divinity School professor Leila Ahmed said it brought attention to the issue of women in Islam . Islamic scholar Ebrahim E.I . Moosa called the prayer a wonderful move . Khaled Abou El-Fadl , professor of Islamic Studies at UCLA , California said : What the fundamentalists are worried about is that theres going to be a ripple effect not just in the U.S . but all over the Muslim world . The women who are learned and frustrated that they cannot be the imam are going to see that someone got the guts to break ranks and do it . Because Wadud said she had become the target of death threats , the police and her employer , fearing for her security and reacting to concerns from parents about their childrens safety , asked her to conduct her classes from home through a video link . In her first interview after the prayer , Wadud denied receiving any death threats and described them as media hype . Wadud has continued with her speaking engagements and to lead mixed-gender Friday prayer services . On October 28 , 2005 , following her talk at the International Congress on Islamic Feminism in Barcelona , Spain , she was invited to lead a congregation of about thirty people . Following an invitation by the Muslim Educational Centre of Oxford , she led a mixed-gender prayer in the United Kingdom , even though Muslims planning to attend were threatened with being disowned by conservative imams through personal visits from mosques . 2013 Madras University controversy . Wadud was to deliver a lecture on 29 July 2013 on Gender and Reform in Islam at the University of Madras in Chennai , India . The scheduled lecture was cancelled because police cited possible law and order problems in view of opposition by Muslim groups . S.M . Syed Iqbal , state secretary of India Towheed Jamad , said that she comes with the backing of the US government and offers so-called progressive views that are against the basic tenets of Islam , and that his outfit would protest in front of the venues if she were allowed to talk . Awards . In 2007 , Wadud received the Danish Democracy Prize . Personal life . Amina Wadud has five children and three grandchildren . She lives in Oakland , California . Media appearances . Wadud was an advisor to the documentary ( 2002 ) , produced by [ Unity Productions Foundation ] and broadcast on PBS . Wadud was interviewed on WNYC radio on July 14 , 2006 , to discuss her book Inside the Gender Jihad . She responded to questions and comments about other activities including women in gender-mixed Friday prayer service . In 2007 , Wadud was the subject of a documentary by Iranian-Dutch filmmaker , Elli Safari , called The Noble Struggle of Amina Wadud . Selected bibliography . Books . - Contributes a gender-inclusive reading to one of the most fundamental disciplines in Islamic thought , Quranic exegesis . - Continues Waduds Quranic analysis and provides extensive details about her experiences as a Muslim , wife , mother , sister , scholar , and activist .
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"University of Pennsylvania"
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hard
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Which school did Amina Wadud go to in Aug 1971?
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/wiki/Amina_Wadud#P69#1
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Amina Wadud Amina Wadud ( born September 25 , 1952 ) is an American Muslim theologian with a progressive interpretation of the Quran . Wadud serves as Professor Emeritus of Islamic Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University and is also a visiting scholar at Starr King School for the Ministry . Wadud has written extensively on the role of women in Islam . Born and raised as a Methodist in Bethesda , Maryland , Wadud converted to Islam in 1972 while studying at the University of Pennsylvania . She went on to study Arabic and Islamic studies , first in the United States and later in Egypt . Wadud made International headlines in 2005 when she led Friday prayers at a mixed congregation in New York , which caused controversy in some spheres of the Islamic world . Since then , Wadud has continued to lead prayers at various congregations around the world . Early life . Wadud was born Mary Teasley to an African-American family in Bethesda , Maryland . Her father was a Methodist minister . In 1972 , she converted to Islam , while a student at the University of Pennsylvania , which she attended from 1970 to 1975 . She officially changed her name to Amina Wadud two years later . Education . In 1975 , Wadud graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science . She received her M.A . in Near Eastern Studies and her Ph.D . in Arabic and Islamic Studies from the University of Michigan in 1988 . During graduate school , she studied in Egypt , including advanced Arabic at the American University in Cairo , Quranic studies and tafsir ( exegesis or religious interpretation ) at Cairo University , and philosophy at Al-Azhar University . Work . Waduds research specialities include gender and Quranic studies . From 1989 to 1992 , she worked as an assistant professor in Quranic Studies at IIUM . While there , she published her dissertation Quran and Woman : Rereading the Sacred Text from a Womans Perspective and co-founded the non-governmental organization Sisters in Islam . The book is still used by the NGO as a basic text for activists and academics , but it is banned in the United Arab Emirates . In 1992 , Wadud accepted a position as Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University . She retired in 2008 , and took up a position as a visiting professor at the Center for Religious and Cross Cultural Studies at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta , Indonesia . Wadud has spoken at universities , as well as grassroots , government and non-government forums throughout the United States , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , Africa and Europe . Her speaking engagements include the keynote address Islam , Justice , and Gender at the 2008 international conference Understanding Conflicts : Cross-Cultural Perspectives , held at Aarhus University , Denmark ; a paper titled “Islam Beyond Patriarchy Through Gender Inclusive Qur’anic Analysis” at the 2009 Musawah - Equality and Justice in the Family conference ; the Regional Conference on Advancing Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment in Muslim Societies , hosted by United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) and the International Centre for Islam and Pluralism ( ICIP ) in Jakarta , Indonesia , in March 2009 ; a workshop on Sharia and Human Rights at the University of Bergen , Norway in late November 2009 ; a public lecture titled Muslim Women and Gender Justice : Methods , Motivation and Means to the Faculty of Arts , Asia Institute , at the University of Melbourne , Australia in February 2010 ; a lecture on “Tawhid and Spiritual Development for Social Action” at Muslims for Progressive Values at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley , California in July 2011 . Wadud has also openly advocated pluralism and equality as an endorsement of LGBTQ+ rights . Controversy . 1994 sermon . In August 1994 , Wadud delivered a Friday pre-khutbah ( sermon ) on Islam as Engaged Surrender at the Claremont Main Road Mosque in Cape Town , South Africa . Women delivering even a pre-khutbah talk was unheard of in the Muslim world . It was widely mis-reported that Wadud had actually delivered the khutbah ( the formal Arabic sermon delivered from the pulpit ) , which she did not ( she delivered the main talk - in English and not from the pulpit - however a pre-khutbah talk is not part of the formal Friday ceremony ) . As a result , there were attempts in Virginia by some Muslims to have her dismissed from her position at Virginia Commonwealth University . 2005 prayer leadership . More than a decade later , Wadud decided to lead Friday prayers ( salat ) for a congregation in the United States , breaking with Islamic laws , which allows only male imams ( prayer leaders ) in mixed-gender congregations . ( See Women as imams for a discussion of the issue. ) On Friday 18 March 2005 , Wadud acted as imam for a congregation of about 60 women and 40 men seated together , without any gender separation . The call to prayer was given by another woman , Suheyla El-Attar . It was sponsored by the Muslim Womens Freedom Tour , under the leadership of Asra Nomani , by the website Muslim WakeUp! , and by members of the Progressive Muslim Union . A small number of protestors gathered outside against the prayer . The gathering was held in the Synod House , owned by and adjoining the Episcopal Cathedral of St . John the Divine , in Manhattans Morningside Heights , after three mosques had refused to host the service and the Sundaram Tagore Gallery withdrew its offer after a bomb threat . Wadud said while she initially wanted to host the prayer in a neutral place , but after the bomb threats , she decided on the church , not to make a statement , but because she wanted to conduct the prayers in a sacred place . She said , I dont want to change Muslim mosques . I want to encourage the hearts of Muslims , both in their public , private and ritual affairs , to believe they are one and equal . Response . The prayer service drew controversy , with mixed reactions from the Muslim community . Over 100 men and women attended the prayers , and about 15 people protested outside the church . Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi of Qatar said that , while a woman could lead other women and even possibly her young children in salat , she could not lead a mixed group including non-mahram males . Sheikh Sayyid Tantawi of Cairos Al-Azhar mosque criticized the prayer in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram : When she leads men in prayer , in this case , it is not proper for them to look at the woman whose body is in front of them . Some Muslim academics supported Wadud . Egyptian academic Gamal al-Banna argued that her actions were supported by Islamic sources . Writer and Harvard Divinity School professor Leila Ahmed said it brought attention to the issue of women in Islam . Islamic scholar Ebrahim E.I . Moosa called the prayer a wonderful move . Khaled Abou El-Fadl , professor of Islamic Studies at UCLA , California said : What the fundamentalists are worried about is that theres going to be a ripple effect not just in the U.S . but all over the Muslim world . The women who are learned and frustrated that they cannot be the imam are going to see that someone got the guts to break ranks and do it . Because Wadud said she had become the target of death threats , the police and her employer , fearing for her security and reacting to concerns from parents about their childrens safety , asked her to conduct her classes from home through a video link . In her first interview after the prayer , Wadud denied receiving any death threats and described them as media hype . Wadud has continued with her speaking engagements and to lead mixed-gender Friday prayer services . On October 28 , 2005 , following her talk at the International Congress on Islamic Feminism in Barcelona , Spain , she was invited to lead a congregation of about thirty people . Following an invitation by the Muslim Educational Centre of Oxford , she led a mixed-gender prayer in the United Kingdom , even though Muslims planning to attend were threatened with being disowned by conservative imams through personal visits from mosques . 2013 Madras University controversy . Wadud was to deliver a lecture on 29 July 2013 on Gender and Reform in Islam at the University of Madras in Chennai , India . The scheduled lecture was cancelled because police cited possible law and order problems in view of opposition by Muslim groups . S.M . Syed Iqbal , state secretary of India Towheed Jamad , said that she comes with the backing of the US government and offers so-called progressive views that are against the basic tenets of Islam , and that his outfit would protest in front of the venues if she were allowed to talk . Awards . In 2007 , Wadud received the Danish Democracy Prize . Personal life . Amina Wadud has five children and three grandchildren . She lives in Oakland , California . Media appearances . Wadud was an advisor to the documentary ( 2002 ) , produced by [ Unity Productions Foundation ] and broadcast on PBS . Wadud was interviewed on WNYC radio on July 14 , 2006 , to discuss her book Inside the Gender Jihad . She responded to questions and comments about other activities including women in gender-mixed Friday prayer service . In 2007 , Wadud was the subject of a documentary by Iranian-Dutch filmmaker , Elli Safari , called The Noble Struggle of Amina Wadud . Selected bibliography . Books . - Contributes a gender-inclusive reading to one of the most fundamental disciplines in Islamic thought , Quranic exegesis . - Continues Waduds Quranic analysis and provides extensive details about her experiences as a Muslim , wife , mother , sister , scholar , and activist .
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[
"University of Michigan"
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hard
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Which school did Amina Wadud go to after Aug 1987?
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/wiki/Amina_Wadud#P69#2
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Amina Wadud Amina Wadud ( born September 25 , 1952 ) is an American Muslim theologian with a progressive interpretation of the Quran . Wadud serves as Professor Emeritus of Islamic Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University and is also a visiting scholar at Starr King School for the Ministry . Wadud has written extensively on the role of women in Islam . Born and raised as a Methodist in Bethesda , Maryland , Wadud converted to Islam in 1972 while studying at the University of Pennsylvania . She went on to study Arabic and Islamic studies , first in the United States and later in Egypt . Wadud made International headlines in 2005 when she led Friday prayers at a mixed congregation in New York , which caused controversy in some spheres of the Islamic world . Since then , Wadud has continued to lead prayers at various congregations around the world . Early life . Wadud was born Mary Teasley to an African-American family in Bethesda , Maryland . Her father was a Methodist minister . In 1972 , she converted to Islam , while a student at the University of Pennsylvania , which she attended from 1970 to 1975 . She officially changed her name to Amina Wadud two years later . Education . In 1975 , Wadud graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science . She received her M.A . in Near Eastern Studies and her Ph.D . in Arabic and Islamic Studies from the University of Michigan in 1988 . During graduate school , she studied in Egypt , including advanced Arabic at the American University in Cairo , Quranic studies and tafsir ( exegesis or religious interpretation ) at Cairo University , and philosophy at Al-Azhar University . Work . Waduds research specialities include gender and Quranic studies . From 1989 to 1992 , she worked as an assistant professor in Quranic Studies at IIUM . While there , she published her dissertation Quran and Woman : Rereading the Sacred Text from a Womans Perspective and co-founded the non-governmental organization Sisters in Islam . The book is still used by the NGO as a basic text for activists and academics , but it is banned in the United Arab Emirates . In 1992 , Wadud accepted a position as Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University . She retired in 2008 , and took up a position as a visiting professor at the Center for Religious and Cross Cultural Studies at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta , Indonesia . Wadud has spoken at universities , as well as grassroots , government and non-government forums throughout the United States , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , Africa and Europe . Her speaking engagements include the keynote address Islam , Justice , and Gender at the 2008 international conference Understanding Conflicts : Cross-Cultural Perspectives , held at Aarhus University , Denmark ; a paper titled “Islam Beyond Patriarchy Through Gender Inclusive Qur’anic Analysis” at the 2009 Musawah - Equality and Justice in the Family conference ; the Regional Conference on Advancing Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment in Muslim Societies , hosted by United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) and the International Centre for Islam and Pluralism ( ICIP ) in Jakarta , Indonesia , in March 2009 ; a workshop on Sharia and Human Rights at the University of Bergen , Norway in late November 2009 ; a public lecture titled Muslim Women and Gender Justice : Methods , Motivation and Means to the Faculty of Arts , Asia Institute , at the University of Melbourne , Australia in February 2010 ; a lecture on “Tawhid and Spiritual Development for Social Action” at Muslims for Progressive Values at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley , California in July 2011 . Wadud has also openly advocated pluralism and equality as an endorsement of LGBTQ+ rights . Controversy . 1994 sermon . In August 1994 , Wadud delivered a Friday pre-khutbah ( sermon ) on Islam as Engaged Surrender at the Claremont Main Road Mosque in Cape Town , South Africa . Women delivering even a pre-khutbah talk was unheard of in the Muslim world . It was widely mis-reported that Wadud had actually delivered the khutbah ( the formal Arabic sermon delivered from the pulpit ) , which she did not ( she delivered the main talk - in English and not from the pulpit - however a pre-khutbah talk is not part of the formal Friday ceremony ) . As a result , there were attempts in Virginia by some Muslims to have her dismissed from her position at Virginia Commonwealth University . 2005 prayer leadership . More than a decade later , Wadud decided to lead Friday prayers ( salat ) for a congregation in the United States , breaking with Islamic laws , which allows only male imams ( prayer leaders ) in mixed-gender congregations . ( See Women as imams for a discussion of the issue. ) On Friday 18 March 2005 , Wadud acted as imam for a congregation of about 60 women and 40 men seated together , without any gender separation . The call to prayer was given by another woman , Suheyla El-Attar . It was sponsored by the Muslim Womens Freedom Tour , under the leadership of Asra Nomani , by the website Muslim WakeUp! , and by members of the Progressive Muslim Union . A small number of protestors gathered outside against the prayer . The gathering was held in the Synod House , owned by and adjoining the Episcopal Cathedral of St . John the Divine , in Manhattans Morningside Heights , after three mosques had refused to host the service and the Sundaram Tagore Gallery withdrew its offer after a bomb threat . Wadud said while she initially wanted to host the prayer in a neutral place , but after the bomb threats , she decided on the church , not to make a statement , but because she wanted to conduct the prayers in a sacred place . She said , I dont want to change Muslim mosques . I want to encourage the hearts of Muslims , both in their public , private and ritual affairs , to believe they are one and equal . Response . The prayer service drew controversy , with mixed reactions from the Muslim community . Over 100 men and women attended the prayers , and about 15 people protested outside the church . Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi of Qatar said that , while a woman could lead other women and even possibly her young children in salat , she could not lead a mixed group including non-mahram males . Sheikh Sayyid Tantawi of Cairos Al-Azhar mosque criticized the prayer in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram : When she leads men in prayer , in this case , it is not proper for them to look at the woman whose body is in front of them . Some Muslim academics supported Wadud . Egyptian academic Gamal al-Banna argued that her actions were supported by Islamic sources . Writer and Harvard Divinity School professor Leila Ahmed said it brought attention to the issue of women in Islam . Islamic scholar Ebrahim E.I . Moosa called the prayer a wonderful move . Khaled Abou El-Fadl , professor of Islamic Studies at UCLA , California said : What the fundamentalists are worried about is that theres going to be a ripple effect not just in the U.S . but all over the Muslim world . The women who are learned and frustrated that they cannot be the imam are going to see that someone got the guts to break ranks and do it . Because Wadud said she had become the target of death threats , the police and her employer , fearing for her security and reacting to concerns from parents about their childrens safety , asked her to conduct her classes from home through a video link . In her first interview after the prayer , Wadud denied receiving any death threats and described them as media hype . Wadud has continued with her speaking engagements and to lead mixed-gender Friday prayer services . On October 28 , 2005 , following her talk at the International Congress on Islamic Feminism in Barcelona , Spain , she was invited to lead a congregation of about thirty people . Following an invitation by the Muslim Educational Centre of Oxford , she led a mixed-gender prayer in the United Kingdom , even though Muslims planning to attend were threatened with being disowned by conservative imams through personal visits from mosques . 2013 Madras University controversy . Wadud was to deliver a lecture on 29 July 2013 on Gender and Reform in Islam at the University of Madras in Chennai , India . The scheduled lecture was cancelled because police cited possible law and order problems in view of opposition by Muslim groups . S.M . Syed Iqbal , state secretary of India Towheed Jamad , said that she comes with the backing of the US government and offers so-called progressive views that are against the basic tenets of Islam , and that his outfit would protest in front of the venues if she were allowed to talk . Awards . In 2007 , Wadud received the Danish Democracy Prize . Personal life . Amina Wadud has five children and three grandchildren . She lives in Oakland , California . Media appearances . Wadud was an advisor to the documentary ( 2002 ) , produced by [ Unity Productions Foundation ] and broadcast on PBS . Wadud was interviewed on WNYC radio on July 14 , 2006 , to discuss her book Inside the Gender Jihad . She responded to questions and comments about other activities including women in gender-mixed Friday prayer service . In 2007 , Wadud was the subject of a documentary by Iranian-Dutch filmmaker , Elli Safari , called The Noble Struggle of Amina Wadud . Selected bibliography . Books . - Contributes a gender-inclusive reading to one of the most fundamental disciplines in Islamic thought , Quranic exegesis . - Continues Waduds Quranic analysis and provides extensive details about her experiences as a Muslim , wife , mother , sister , scholar , and activist .
|
[
"Burhan Asaf Belge"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor before May 1940?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#0
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Conrad Hilton"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor between Apr 1944 and Jul 1945?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#1
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"George Sanders"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor in early 1950s?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#2
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Herbert Hutner"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor in Oct 1965?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#3
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Joshua S . Cosden Jr"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor between May 1967 and Jun 1967?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#4
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Jack Ryan"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor in Mar 1975?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#5
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Michael OHara"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor between Jan 1982 and Nov 1982?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#6
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"Felipe de Alba"
] |
hard
|
Who was the spouse of Zsa Zsa Gabor in Apr 1983?
|
/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor#P26#7
|
Zsa Zsa Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor ( , ; born Sári Gábor ; February 6 , 1917 – December 18 , 2016 ) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite . Her sisters were actresses Eva and Magda Gabor . Gabor began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in 1936 . She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941 . Becoming a sought-after actress with European flair and style , she was considered to have a personality that exuded charm and grace . Her first film role was a supporting role in Lovely to Look At . She later acted in Were Not Married ! and played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed film , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) . Huston would later describe her as a creditable actress . Outside her acting career , Gabor was known for her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle , her glamorous personality , and her many marriages . In total , Gabor had nine husbands , including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George Sanders . She once stated , Men have always liked me and I have always liked men . But I like a mannish man , a man who knows how to talk to and treat a woman—not just a man with muscles . Early life and ancestry . Zsa Zsa Gabor was born Sári Gábor on February 6 , 1917 , in Budapest , Hungary , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The middle of three daughters , her parents were Vilmos , a soldier , and Jolie Gabor ( née Janka Tilleman ) . Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry . While her mother escaped Hungary during the same period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest , Gabor left the country in 1941 , three years prior to the takeover . Gabors elder sister , Magda , eventually became an American socialite and her younger sister , Eva , became an American actress and businesswoman . The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos , wife of California Congressman Tom Lantos ( D-CA ) . Career . According to Gabor , she was discovered by operatic tenor Richard Tauber on a trip to Vienna in 1934 , following her time as a student at a Swiss boarding school . Tauber invited Gabor to sing the soubrette role in his new operetta , Der singende Traum ( The Singing Dream ) , at the Theater an der Wien . This would mark her first stage appearance . In 1936 , she was crowned Miss Hungary . In 1944 , she co-wrote a novel with writer Victoria Wolf entitled Every Man For Himself . According to Gabor , the fictional story was derived , in a small part , from Gabors life experiences . The book was subsequently bought by an American magazine . In 1949 , Gabor declined an offer to play the leading role in a film version of the classic book Lady Chatterleys Lover . According to an article written for the Cedar Rapids Gazette in 1949 , she turned down the role of Lady Chatterley due to the storys controversial theme . Her more serious film acting credits include Moulin Rouge , Lovely to Look At , and Were Not Married! , all from 1952 , and 1953s Lili . In 1958 , she ran the gamut of moviemaking , from Touch of Evil to the camp oddity Queen of Outer Space . Later , she appeared in such films as Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) and Frankensteins Great Aunt Tillie ( 1984 ) . She did cameos for ( 1987 ) , The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) , and A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) , as well as voicing a character in the animated Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) . She was also a regular guest on television shows , appearing with Milton Berle , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Howard Stern , David Frost , Arsenio Hall , Phil Donahue , and Joan Rivers . She was a guest on the Bob Hope specials , the Dean Martin Roasts , Hollywood Squares , Rowan & Martins Laugh-In , and Its Garry Shandlings Show . In 1968 , she appeared in the role of Minerva on an episode of Batman , becoming the shows final special guest villain when it was cancelled soon after . She appeared on the Late Night show where she told host David Letterman about her blind date with Henry Kissinger , which was arranged by Richard Nixon . Author Gerold Frank , who helped Gabor write her autobiography in 1960 , described his impressions of her : Zsa Zsa is unique . Shes a woman from the court of Louis XV who has somehow managed to live in the 20th century , undamaged by the PTA .. . She says she wants to be all the Pompadours and Du Barrys of history rolled into one , but she also says , I always goof . I pay all my own bills . .. . I want to choose the man . I do not permit men to choose me . In his autobiography , television host Merv Griffin , who was known to spend time with Gabors younger sister Eva socially , wrote of the Gabor sisters initial presence in New York and Hollywood : All these years later , its hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother . They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly , and with such force , it was as if theyd been dropped out of the sky . In 1973 , she was the guest roastee on the Dean Martin Roast show, ; and , in 1998 , film historian Neal Gabler called her kind of celebrity The Zsa Zsa Factor . Personal life . Gabor was married nine times . She was divorced seven times , and one marriage was annulled . She wrote in her autobiography , All in all — I love being married … I love the companionship , I love cooking for a man ( simple things like chicken soup and my special Draculas goulash from Hungary ) , and spending all my time with a man . Of course I love being in love — but it is marriage that really fulfills me . But not in every case . Her husbands , in chronological order , were : - Burhan Asaf Belge ( May 17 , 19351941 ; divorced ) - Conrad Hilton ( April 10 , 1942 – 1947 ; divorced ) Conrads decision to change my name from Zsa Zsa to Georgia symbolized everything my marriage to him would eventually become . My Hungarian roots were to be ripped out and my background ignored . .. . I soon discovered that my marriage to Conrad meant the end of my freedom . My own needs were completely ignored : I belonged to Conrad . - George Sanders ( April 2 , 1949 – April 2 , 1954 ; divorced ) - Herbert Hutner ( November 5 , 1962 – March 3 , 1966 ; divorced ) Herbert took away my will to work . With his kindness and generosity , he almost annihilated my drive . I have always been the kind of woman who could never be satisfied by money — only excitement and achievement . - Joshua S . Cosden Jr . ( March 9 , 1966 – October 18 , 1967 ; divorced ) - Jack Ryan ( January 21 , 1975 – August 24 , 1976 ; divorced ) - Michael OHara ( August 27 , 1976 – 1983 ; divorced ) - Felipe de Alba ( April 13–14 , 1983 ; annulled ) - Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( August 14 , 1986 – December 18 , 2016 ; her death ) Gabors divorces inspired her to make numerous quotable puns and innuendos about her marital ( and extramarital ) history . She commented : I am a marvelous housekeeper : Every time I leave a man I keep his house . Gabor later claimed to have had a sexual encounter with her stepson , Nicky . In 1970 , Gabor purchased a nearly 9,000-square-foot Hollywood Regency-style home in Bel Air , which once belonged to Elvis Presley . It was built by Howard Hughes and featured a copper French style roof . Gabors only child , daughter Constance Francesca Hilton , was born on March 10 , 1947 . According to Gabors 1991 autobiography , One Lifetime Is Not Enough , her pregnancy resulted from rape by then-husband Conrad Hilton . She was the only Gabor sister who had a child . In 2005 , a lawsuit was filed accusing her daughter of larceny and fraud , alleging that she had forged her signature to get a US$2 million loan on her mothers Bel Air house . However , the Los Angeles County Superior Court , Santa Monica , threw out the case due to Gabors failure to appear in court , or to sign an affidavit that she indeed was a co-plaintiff on the original lawsuit filed by her husband , Frédéric von Anhalt . Francesca Hilton died in 2015 at the age of 67 from a stroke . Gabors husband never told her about her daughters death , out of concern for her physical and emotional state . Gabor and her last husband , Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt , adopted at least ten adult males who paid them a fee of up to $2,000,000 to become descendants by adoption of Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt . Prinz von Anhalt had himself paid Marie-Auguste to adopt him when he was 36 years old . While Gabors parents were Jewish , she was a practicing Catholic . Legal and financial difficulties . On June 14 , 1989 , in Beverly Hills , California , Gabor was accused of slapping the face of Beverly Hills police officer Paul Kramer when he stopped her for a traffic violation at 8551 Olympic Boulevard . At trial three months later , a jury convicted her of slapping Kramer . They also found her guilty of driving without a license and possessing an open container of alcohol—a flask of Jack Daniels—in her $215,000 Rolls-Royce , but acquitted her of the charge of disobeying Kramer when she drove away from the traffic stop . On October 25 , 1989 , Beverly Hills Municipal Judge Charles G . Rubin sentenced Gabor to serve three days in jail , to pay fines and restitution totaling $12,937 , to perform 120 hours of community service , and to undergo a psychiatric evaluation . On June 14 , 1990 , Gabor dropped her conviction appeal and agreed to serve her sentence . However , she refused to take part in community service and served three days in jail from July 27 to July 30 , 1990 . Gabor had a long-running feud with German-born actress Elke Sommer , that began in 1984 when both appeared on Circus of the Stars , and escalated into a multimillion-dollar libel suit by 1993 . The suit resulted in an order for Gabor and her husband to pay Sommer $3.3 million in general and punitive damages . On January 25 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that her attorney stated that forensic accountants determined that Gabor may have lost as much as $10 million invested in Bernie Madoffs company , possibly through a third-party money manager . Later life and health . On November 27 , 2002 , Gabor was a front seat passenger in an automobile crash on Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles , from which she remained partially paralyzed and reliant on a wheelchair for mobility . She survived strokes in 2005 and 2007 and underwent surgeries . In 2010 , she fractured her hip and underwent a successful hip replacement . In August 2010 , Gabor was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in serious condition and received last rites from a Catholic priest . In 2011 , her right leg was amputated above the knee to save her life from an infection . She was hospitalized again in 2011 for a number of emergencies . On February 8 , 2016 , two days after her 99th birthday , Gabor was rushed to hospital after suffering from breathing difficulties . She was diagnosed with a feeding tube-related lung infection and was scheduled to undergo surgery to have her feeding tube removed . In April 2016 , Gabor expressed her wish to move back to Hungary in 2017 and live out the rest of her life there . Her husband stated that he was determined to make her wish come true and he intended to arrange for a big party in the summer to celebrate the actress 100th birthday , after which she would return to Budapest . Death . Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18 , 2016 , fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian . The causes of death were given as Cardiopulmonary arrest , Coronary Artery Disease , and Cerebral Vascular Disease . She had been on life support for the previous five years . Her funeral was held on December 30 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , where around 100 mourners attended . Her ashes , placed in a gold rectangular box , were interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery .
|
[
"UCD"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Conor Sammon play for in Nov 2006?
|
/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#0
|
Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
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[
"Kilmarnock"
] |
hard
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Which team did Conor Sammon play for between Jan 2008 and May 2009?
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/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#1
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Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
|
[
"Wigan Athletic"
] |
hard
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Which team did Conor Sammon play for between Feb 2011 and May 2011?
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/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#2
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Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
|
[
"Derby County"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Conor Sammon play for in May 2012?
|
/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#3
|
Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
|
[
"Ipswich Town"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Conor Sammon play for in Feb 2014?
|
/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#4
|
Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
|
[
"Sheffield United"
] |
hard
|
Which team did Conor Sammon play for in Sep 2015?
|
/wiki/Conor_Sammon#P54#5
|
Conor Sammon Conor Sammon ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who currently plays for Falkirk as a forward . Sammon started his professional career in the League of Ireland Premier Division with University College Dublin and Derry City . In 2008 , he moved to Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , and in January 2011 , English Premier League club Wigan Athletic signed him for £600,000 . In August 2012 , he moved to Derby County for £1.2 million . During his time there , he also had loans to Ipswich Town , Rotherham United and Sheffield United , before returning to Scotland by signing for Heart of Midlothian in June 2016 . He was then loaned by Hearts to Kilmarnock , Partick Thistle and Motherwell before joining Falkirk in 2019 . Formerly an under-21 international , Sammon won 9 international caps for the Republic of Ireland , all in 2013 . Club career . UCD and Derry . Born in Dublin , Sammon started his career with Cherry Orchard . He then signed a scholarship deal with UCD ahead of the 2005 season . Sammon scored a hat trick in the Harding Cup final in February 2005 . On 8 April 2005 he made his League of Ireland debut as a substitute at Turners Cross . His first league goal came exactly one year later when he netted a brace against Bray Wanderers at Belfield Park . His single goal knocked Derry City out of the 2007 FAI Cup with a deft near post finish at the Brandywell . Sammon was nominated for 2007 PFAI Young Player of the Year , he lost out to Mark Quigley of St Patricks Athletic . The clubs fans humorously dubbed him Sammon of college , before a number of impressive performances saw him snapped up by fellow League of Ireland side Derry City in December 2007 . Kilmarnock . After a short trial , Sammon signed a three-year deal with Kilmarnock in July 2008 for an undisclosed fee , and made his debut on 9 August 2008 in a 1–0 win against Hibernian . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September 2008 , scoring a brace in a 4–2 Scottish League Cup win against Aberdeen . Sammon struggled in his first two seasons at the club , scoring just seven times in all competitions . In the 2010–11 season , his record was more prolific , scoring 18 goals in 27 games . In January 2011 , Sammon turned down a move to Championship club Scunthorpe United after Kilmarnock had accepted a bid of around £450,000 for him . Derby County were also interested in the player . Wigan Athletic . On 31 January 2011 , Sammon signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , believed to be worth an initial £600,000 , after he turned down a move to Derby County . He made his debut on 5 March in a 1–0 defeat against Manchester City . He scored his first goal for the club in his sixth game – the second in a 3–2 win against West Ham United on 15 May . His first start for the club came in the following game , a 1–0 win at Stoke City on 22 May 2011 , a result which ensured Wigans Premier League status . In the 2011–12 season , Sammon started nine games and came on as a substitute eighteen times but he failed to score a single goal.<ref played by Conor Sammon in 2011/2012></ref> On 26 December 2011 , in a game at Manchester United Sammon was sent off for catching the face of Michael Carrick with his elbow , a decision which was judged as harsh by the BBC . Wigan appealed the decision , with manager Roberto Martínez saying , Conor did nothing wrong . You need to accept punishment when you do something wrong but this is a normal phase of play . The appeal was successful and the card was rescinded . In July 2012 , Sammon was again linked with a move to Derby County . A fee of £1.2 million was reported to be agreed by both clubs on 12 August 2012 . After leaving , Sammon said of his time at Wigan : I learned a lot from my time in the Premier League . Ive got a lot of time for Roberto Martínez and the staff there . They looked after me well and gave me a great opportunity . I look back on my time there with good memories but also some frustration from not playing as much as I would have liked . Ultimately , Ive had a great experience in the Premier League . Ive taken lots of positives from my time there and Im looking to use all of those during my time here at Derby . Derby County . 2012–13 season . On 20 August 2012 , Sammon joined Derby County on a four-year contract . Derby manager Nigel Clough said of Sammon , He is going to be a key player for us and when he plays regularly , we know he can score goals . We really like how hard he works too and that means he will fit into our squad comfortably . Sammon made his Derby debut in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 21 August and scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Watford on 1 September . After only scoring twice in his opening sixteen games for the club , Sammon was criticised by fans for a lack of goals , however Clough said he was happy with Sammon , stating that his work-rate was keeping him in the starting line-up ahead of Nathan Tyson who had a better strike rate . His style of play meant that he frequently held up the ball and provided and assists for teammates . Clough particularly praised his absolutely superb performance in the 2–1 win against Ipswich Town on 23 October , where he provided assists for Theo Robinson and Tyson . Sammon ended his drought with a brace in a 3–2 win against Birmingham City on 24 November and put his improvement of form down to his regaining confidence . Early in the new year , he went on a ten-game goal drought and fans became frustrated with his performances after missing an 87th-minute penalty in Derbys 1–0 home loss to Crystal Palace on 1 March . In the next game however he scored his eighth goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at league leaders Cardiff City , and expressed frustration at his lack of goals but belief in his ability to score more despite the negative chants from the crowd . In Derbys game at Leeds United on 1 April , Sammon had a goal ruled out for offside at 0–0 and missed a penalty on 73 minutes with Derby losing 1–0 . He struck the post before Paul Coutts scored on the rebound , Derby eventually winning 2–1 . He ended an eleven-match goalless streak ( 9 for Derby , 2 for Ireland ) with an 85th-minute winner against Millwall on the final day of the season . It was only Sammons third league goal of 2013 . However , despite the criticism from supporters , Sammon was named the 61st best player in the 2012–13 Football League Championship by the Actim Index . 2013–14 season . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Derby signed Chris Martin on a permanent deal after a loan , as well as adding Johnny Russell to the squad . These additions saw Sammon slip down the pecking order and he was restricted to substitute appearances in the opening stages of the season , though he did start three League Cup ties , scoring twice in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August . Following the sacking of Clough , Sammon was awarded his first league start of the season against Ipswich , though he was withdrawn at half-time with Derby 4–1 down in a match they eventually drew 4–4 . New manager Steve McClaren quickly signed Tottenham Hotspurs Simon Dawkins on loan , meaning Sammon returned to substitute appearances . Between 5 October and the end of the calendar year , Sammon appeared as a second-half substitute eleven times scoring two late winners , in a 3–2 victory at Watford and a 2–1 victory against Middlesbrough on 4 December , and continued in such a role as the team reached the play-offs . Sammon joined fellow Championship team Ipswich Town on a season-long loan on 15 August 2014 , managed by former Ireland national manager Mick McCarthy . He made his debut the following day , replacing David McGoldrick for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 loss away to Reading . Sammon scored only once in 20 games for the Suffolk-based team , the crucial one in a 2–1 win over former team Wigan on 22 September , after earlier missing an opportunity when set up by McGoldrick . Loans from Derby . On 15 January 2015 , Sammons loan at Portman Road was permitted to end by McCarthy , and he moved to another team in the same division , Rotherham United , until the end of the season . Two days later , he made his debut for the Millers , playing the entirety of a 0–2 home loss to high-flying Bournemouth . On 27 January , he scored his first goal in a 4–2 home win over struggling Bolton Wanderers , from close range after Andy Lonergan saved from Matt Derbyshire . He finished his spell at the New York Stadium with 3 goals from 15 appearances . On 25 July 2015 , Sammon joined League One club Sheffield United on loan for the whole season . He scored his first goals in a 3–1 win at Peterborough United on 18 August , and totalled 6 goals from 33 games , being in and out of a team also featuring Billy Sharp , Che Adams and Jose Baxter up front . Heart of Midlothian . On 15 June 2016 , Sammon returned to Scotland for the first time in five-and-a-half years , joining Heart of Midlothian on a three-year-contact after negotiating an early exit from Derby . He made his debut on 14 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the seasons UEFA Europa League , away to Birkirkara in Malta . He started the match , having a goal disallowed for offside before later being substituted for Juanma . A week later , he scored his first goal for the team , heading Arnaud Djoums cross as they were eliminated in a 2–1 second-leg loss at Tynecastle . Sammon departed Hearts on completion of his contract . In all he scored two goals in 23 appearances for Hearts . Loans from Hearts . Sammon was loaned on 31 January 2017 to Kilmarnock for the rest of the 2016–17 season . His form at Killie led his manager Lee McCulloch to back him for a return to the Irish national team . On 11 August 2017 , Sammon was loaned to Partick Thistle for the 2017–18 season . He made his debut for the Jags later that day , playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 home loss to reigning champions Celtic . Sammon scored his first Jags goal with a great finish , scoring the winner in a 3–2 win over Motherwell at Firhill . Sammon Scored 10 goals in 36 appearances in all competitions for Thistle , before returning to hearts in the summer . On 16 July 2018 , Motherwell announced the signing of Sammon on a season-long loan deal . His first goals for the club came on 24 July 2018 , when he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Queen of the South in the League Cup group stage . Falkirk . On 4 July 2019 , Sammon signed for Scottish League One club Falkirk . He made his debut nine days later in the Scottish League Cup , scoring a last-minute equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with Livingston , though his team lost on penalties . International career . Sammon earned his first call up to the Republic of Ireland under-21s in a qualifying match for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship against Portugal under-21s on 7 September 2007 . He played for the under-21s on two more occasions and also represented the under-23s in a match against Slovakia . In January 2013 , Sammon was called up to the senior squad for the first time to play in a friendly against Poland on 6 February . A day ahead of the match , Irish coach Giovanni Trapattoni named Sammon in the starting eleven and he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win for Ireland at the Aviva Stadium , which Sammon described as a very proud moment . On 22 March 2013 , he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw away to Sweden in a World Cup qualifier , coming on as a substitute after 87 minutes . He made his first competitive start in the following game on 26 March , playing the full 90 minutes in Irelands 2–2 draw at home to Austria and playing a part in winning the penalty and corner kick for both of Jonathan Walters goals . Ahead of Irelands friendly with Spain on 12 June 2013 , Trapattoni suggested that Sammon and his Derby teammate Jeff Hendrick should be playing in the Premier League : they play Championship , and I have to ask why when I see the games in the Premier League and the way they play with us . Quality is quality . Derby manager Nigel Clough was annoyed by his comments , saying that : We dont really think it is his place to be commenting on things like that.. . We can take it as a backhanded compliment , in some ways .
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What position did Birgitta Jónsdóttir take between Jul 2010 and Aug 2012?
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/wiki/Birgitta_Jónsdóttir#P39#0
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Birgitta Jónsdóttir Birgitta Jónsdóttir ( born 17 April 1967 ) is an Icelandic politician , anarchist , poet , and activist . She was a Member of the Althing ( MP ) for the Southwest Constituency from 2013 to 2017 , representing the Pirate Party , having been elected at the 2013 election . She was previously an MP for Reykjavík Constituency South from 2009 to 2013 . In November 2017 , she has announced to retire from politics for now . She published her first book of poetry at the age of 22 , and later became a web developer . She was a noted Icelandic activist , and took on a number of roles during the protests following the 2007–2008 financial crisis . She was first elected as an MP representing the Citizens Movement in the 2009 election . Later in 2009 , she left the Citizens Movement and joined The Movement . She became involved with WikiLeaks during Julian Assanges visit to Iceland in 2010 , and helped to produce the Collateral Murder video . Following her time with WikiLeaks , she created the International Modern Media Institute , of which she became executive director in 2011 . She was also involved in two court cases in the United States during her parliamentary term , one of which was the high-profile case Hedges vs Obama . In 2012 , close to the end of her term , she co-founded the Icelandic Pirate Party , becoming their first MP . In the 2013 election , Birgitta was elected as a Pirate Party MP , alongside two others . She served as Chairman of the Pirate Party from 2014 to 2015 . Early life . Birgitta was born in Reykjavík on 17 April 1967 , the daughter of Icelandic folk singer Bergþóra Árnadóttir ( 1948–2007 ) . Her father left the family when she was just a baby , and so she was adopted by her mothers new husband , shipowner and fisherman Jón Ólafsson ( 1940–1987 ) . She completed her primary school education in 1983 . Her first love , as a teenager , was Jón Gnarr , who went on to become Mayor of Reykjavík . They took drugs together , read anarchist literature and planned to start an Icelandic branch of Greenpeace . Her adoptive father , Jón Ólafsson , committed suicide when she was 20 years old by walking into an icy river during a storm . Poetry and activism . At the age of 20 , her first book of poetry , Frostdinglar , was published . From a young age , she sought to combine art and poetry , by looking holistically at issues artists could bring new perspectives . Therefore , she styles herself as a poetician . Her art has been exhibited on three different continents , she has performed at lectures and festivals around the world , and her work has been published in anthologies , newspapers , magazines , and on TV , radio and the internet . In 1995 , her focus shifted to the internet , saying that I dove into the internet and haven’t been out of there since . In 1996 , she organised Icelands first live stream using CU-SeeMe . In 2002 , she edited two anthologies , The Book of Hope and The World Healing Book . She is also a member of the ( RSÍ ) , and the founder of Radical Creations and Beyond Borders Press . In an interview with Take Part , Birgitta described how after the financial collapse I was one of the very few people that was a known protester . She was therefore asked to coordinate various grassroots organisations and organised a large protest in December 2008 . She later became a member of the Academia Group , which talked about what kind of government and constitution Iceland required . First parliamentary term , 2009–2013 . In the 2009 Iceland parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Reykjavík Constituency South , representing the Citizens Movement . Upon her election , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee , the Environment and Communications Committee , and the Icelandic delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . Later , in 2009 , she was also appointed as a member of the Parliamentary Review Committee of the SIC Report . On 14 August 2009 , Þráinn Bertelsson left the Citizens Movement to sit as an Independent , and , on 18 September 2009 , the remaining three MPs for the Citizens Movement ( Birgitta , Margrét Tryggvadóttir and Þór Saari ) left the party to form their own parliamentary grouping , the Movement . In 2009 , a court injunction prevented broadcasters talking about the recent leak of the details of Kaupthing Banks loansbook . Live on television , Bogi Ágústsson directed viewers to the WikiLeaks website to see for themselves . This created considerable popularity for WikiLeaks in Iceland , and , shortly after the incident , Julian Assange visited Iceland . During his visit , Birgitta met with him and offered her help . It was agreed that Birgitta should be part of a team to help create a stronger set of free speech laws internationally and , particularly , in Iceland . Birgitta was also a producer of WikiLeaks Collateral Murder video , released in 2010 . The project for creating stronger free speech laws eventually became known as the International Modern Media Initiative ( IMMI ) , which was proposed in February 2010 with Birgitta being the chief sponsor . It was adopted unanimously by the Althing on 16 June 2010 , shortly following the release of the Collateral Murder video . She later split from WikiLeaks , however , saying in September 2010 that I have strongly urged him to focus on the legalities that he’s dealing with and let some other people carry the torch following the Swedish police wanting to question Assange over allegations of rape . She spoke to the National Post about WikiLeaks in January 2011 , saying : There is not enough transparency within the organization about decisions and not good enough communication flow . In 2010 , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committees Working Group on European Affairs and also the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee . In October 2011 , she attended a meeting of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest , Romania , where she offered criticisms of Lord Joplings report on cyber security , writing on her blog that Apparently such criticism is not common here at the assembly on reports . In 2011 , part way through the parliamentary term , she was demoted from full member to observer status in both the Foreign Affairs Committee and their Working Group on European Affairs . She stopped being a member of the Environment and Communications Committee , and instead became a member of both the Judicial Affairs and Education Committee and the Special Committee on the Standing Orders of Althing . From 2011 to 2012 , she was the rotating chairman of the Movements overall party . In 2011 , she also became Executive Director of the International Modern Media Institute ( IMMI ) , that the earlier initiative had transitioned into . In 2012 , Birgitta began assisting other The Movement MPs in forming a new political party , Dawn . Dawn was officially formed in March 2012 as a merger between The Movement , the Citizens Movement and the Liberal Party . However , in July 2012 , she changed her attention to forming a Pirate Party in Iceland alongside others , including Smári McCarthy . Speaking to The Grapevine , she said : I’m often crossing paths with nerds as I’m such a nerd myself . The Pirate Party doesn’t revolve around me . I’m just one of many who are creating the group . The party was officially formed in November 2012 , with Birgitta unanimously appointed as the first Chairman . Legal battles . In 2011 , the US Department of Justice issued a subpoena to Twitter for all of Birgittas Twitter information dating back to November 2009 . In response , Birgitta petitioned a federal appeals court in Virginia to force the Department of Justice to open its files on her to disclose the other internet providers that had also been ordered to submit her private data . In response to the case , the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) issued a resolution in support of Birgitta , including an expression of deep concern at the efforts made by a State to obtain information about the communications of a member of parliament of another State and the likely consequences of this for members of parliament the world over on their ability to discharge their popular mandate freely . In 2012 , she was a plaintiff in the lawsuit Hedges v . Obama , initiated against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ( NDAA ) . The NDAA allowed the US government to detain indefinitely those who are part of or substantially support Al Qaeda , the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States . Her fellow plaintiffs included Chris Hedges , Noam Chomsky , Daniel Ellsberg , Jennifer Bolen , Alexa OBrien and Cornel West . Her testament was read by Naomi Wolf in her place in March 2012 . In the judgement of the court , Birgitta Jónsdóttir and fellow plaintiff presented separate evidence against the NDAA to the other plaintiffs , as neither were US citizens . During the judgement of the district court , according to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals , the district court found that both Birgitta and Wargalla had an actual fear of detention under Section 1021 and had incurred costs and other present injuries due to this fear . The result of the case was that a New York district court issued an injunction on the detention powers , but , in 2013 , this was overturned by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals . Second parliamentary term , 2013–2016 . In the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Southwest Constituency , this time representing the Pirate Party . She continued as both an observer on the Foreign Affairs Committee and as a member of the EU-Iceland joint Parliamentary Committee , but also became a member of the Icelandic delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) and of the Constitutional and Supervisory Committee , where she was also appointed as the 2nd Deputy Chairman . In October 2013 , a film was released about Wikileaks , called The Fifth Estate . In it , Birgitta was portrayed by Dutch actress Carice van Houten . During the production of the film , Birgitta advised the director and the scriptwriters , but later said that the script is very inaccurate in many ways . During an interview with The New Republic , she described how she asked for several scenes to be changed or removed because of their inaccuracies . In December 2013 , she was criticised by Wikileaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson for her involvement with the film , and particularly for receiving payment for her consultancy work . From 2014 to 2015 , Birgitta served as the rotating chairman of the Pirate Party . Since April 2015 , the Pirate Party has topped the polls in Iceland ahead of the 2017 parliamentary election . Speaking to Quartz , Birgitta said that Im very shocked and I dont know how long it will last . I think its an expression of the lack of faith in the current , traditional parties in power . We are offering them alternative solutions . In February 2016 , she announced that she would be standing for a third term , as , according to Iceland Review , she feels it’s important for the party to have someone on board experienced in working with the ministries and the inner political structure to ensure the effectiveness of the party . In April 2016 , following calls for Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugssons resignation in the wake of the Panama Papers leak , Birgitta said that the Pirates were ready to form part of a new government in the event of a snap election . For about a year before April 2016 , the Pirates were Icelands most popular party , with varying support ranging from 36%-43% support from voters . Third parliamentary term , 2016–2017 . In the 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election where the Pirate Party won 10 seats with 15% of the vote . In the run up to election Birgitta was accused of trying to manipulate the Pirate primary in the NV election district including by trying to slander the top list seat Þórðar Pétursson and asking other candidates to step down and pushing for the NV list to be invalided to get Gunnar Ingiberg Jónsson in the top seat . Personal life . Birgitta was married to Charles Egill Hirt ( 1964-1993 ) , who went missing in June 1993 , aged 29 . His body was found five years after his disappearance . With Hirt , Birgitta had one son , Neptunus , born in 1991 . Birgitta married Australian Daniel Johnson in 2009 . They were married for five years and she had a son with him , Delphin , who was born in Melbourne in 2000 .
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What position did Birgitta Jónsdóttir take between Jan 2016 and Sep 2016?
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/wiki/Birgitta_Jónsdóttir#P39#1
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Birgitta Jónsdóttir Birgitta Jónsdóttir ( born 17 April 1967 ) is an Icelandic politician , anarchist , poet , and activist . She was a Member of the Althing ( MP ) for the Southwest Constituency from 2013 to 2017 , representing the Pirate Party , having been elected at the 2013 election . She was previously an MP for Reykjavík Constituency South from 2009 to 2013 . In November 2017 , she has announced to retire from politics for now . She published her first book of poetry at the age of 22 , and later became a web developer . She was a noted Icelandic activist , and took on a number of roles during the protests following the 2007–2008 financial crisis . She was first elected as an MP representing the Citizens Movement in the 2009 election . Later in 2009 , she left the Citizens Movement and joined The Movement . She became involved with WikiLeaks during Julian Assanges visit to Iceland in 2010 , and helped to produce the Collateral Murder video . Following her time with WikiLeaks , she created the International Modern Media Institute , of which she became executive director in 2011 . She was also involved in two court cases in the United States during her parliamentary term , one of which was the high-profile case Hedges vs Obama . In 2012 , close to the end of her term , she co-founded the Icelandic Pirate Party , becoming their first MP . In the 2013 election , Birgitta was elected as a Pirate Party MP , alongside two others . She served as Chairman of the Pirate Party from 2014 to 2015 . Early life . Birgitta was born in Reykjavík on 17 April 1967 , the daughter of Icelandic folk singer Bergþóra Árnadóttir ( 1948–2007 ) . Her father left the family when she was just a baby , and so she was adopted by her mothers new husband , shipowner and fisherman Jón Ólafsson ( 1940–1987 ) . She completed her primary school education in 1983 . Her first love , as a teenager , was Jón Gnarr , who went on to become Mayor of Reykjavík . They took drugs together , read anarchist literature and planned to start an Icelandic branch of Greenpeace . Her adoptive father , Jón Ólafsson , committed suicide when she was 20 years old by walking into an icy river during a storm . Poetry and activism . At the age of 20 , her first book of poetry , Frostdinglar , was published . From a young age , she sought to combine art and poetry , by looking holistically at issues artists could bring new perspectives . Therefore , she styles herself as a poetician . Her art has been exhibited on three different continents , she has performed at lectures and festivals around the world , and her work has been published in anthologies , newspapers , magazines , and on TV , radio and the internet . In 1995 , her focus shifted to the internet , saying that I dove into the internet and haven’t been out of there since . In 1996 , she organised Icelands first live stream using CU-SeeMe . In 2002 , she edited two anthologies , The Book of Hope and The World Healing Book . She is also a member of the ( RSÍ ) , and the founder of Radical Creations and Beyond Borders Press . In an interview with Take Part , Birgitta described how after the financial collapse I was one of the very few people that was a known protester . She was therefore asked to coordinate various grassroots organisations and organised a large protest in December 2008 . She later became a member of the Academia Group , which talked about what kind of government and constitution Iceland required . First parliamentary term , 2009–2013 . In the 2009 Iceland parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Reykjavík Constituency South , representing the Citizens Movement . Upon her election , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee , the Environment and Communications Committee , and the Icelandic delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . Later , in 2009 , she was also appointed as a member of the Parliamentary Review Committee of the SIC Report . On 14 August 2009 , Þráinn Bertelsson left the Citizens Movement to sit as an Independent , and , on 18 September 2009 , the remaining three MPs for the Citizens Movement ( Birgitta , Margrét Tryggvadóttir and Þór Saari ) left the party to form their own parliamentary grouping , the Movement . In 2009 , a court injunction prevented broadcasters talking about the recent leak of the details of Kaupthing Banks loansbook . Live on television , Bogi Ágústsson directed viewers to the WikiLeaks website to see for themselves . This created considerable popularity for WikiLeaks in Iceland , and , shortly after the incident , Julian Assange visited Iceland . During his visit , Birgitta met with him and offered her help . It was agreed that Birgitta should be part of a team to help create a stronger set of free speech laws internationally and , particularly , in Iceland . Birgitta was also a producer of WikiLeaks Collateral Murder video , released in 2010 . The project for creating stronger free speech laws eventually became known as the International Modern Media Initiative ( IMMI ) , which was proposed in February 2010 with Birgitta being the chief sponsor . It was adopted unanimously by the Althing on 16 June 2010 , shortly following the release of the Collateral Murder video . She later split from WikiLeaks , however , saying in September 2010 that I have strongly urged him to focus on the legalities that he’s dealing with and let some other people carry the torch following the Swedish police wanting to question Assange over allegations of rape . She spoke to the National Post about WikiLeaks in January 2011 , saying : There is not enough transparency within the organization about decisions and not good enough communication flow . In 2010 , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committees Working Group on European Affairs and also the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee . In October 2011 , she attended a meeting of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest , Romania , where she offered criticisms of Lord Joplings report on cyber security , writing on her blog that Apparently such criticism is not common here at the assembly on reports . In 2011 , part way through the parliamentary term , she was demoted from full member to observer status in both the Foreign Affairs Committee and their Working Group on European Affairs . She stopped being a member of the Environment and Communications Committee , and instead became a member of both the Judicial Affairs and Education Committee and the Special Committee on the Standing Orders of Althing . From 2011 to 2012 , she was the rotating chairman of the Movements overall party . In 2011 , she also became Executive Director of the International Modern Media Institute ( IMMI ) , that the earlier initiative had transitioned into . In 2012 , Birgitta began assisting other The Movement MPs in forming a new political party , Dawn . Dawn was officially formed in March 2012 as a merger between The Movement , the Citizens Movement and the Liberal Party . However , in July 2012 , she changed her attention to forming a Pirate Party in Iceland alongside others , including Smári McCarthy . Speaking to The Grapevine , she said : I’m often crossing paths with nerds as I’m such a nerd myself . The Pirate Party doesn’t revolve around me . I’m just one of many who are creating the group . The party was officially formed in November 2012 , with Birgitta unanimously appointed as the first Chairman . Legal battles . In 2011 , the US Department of Justice issued a subpoena to Twitter for all of Birgittas Twitter information dating back to November 2009 . In response , Birgitta petitioned a federal appeals court in Virginia to force the Department of Justice to open its files on her to disclose the other internet providers that had also been ordered to submit her private data . In response to the case , the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) issued a resolution in support of Birgitta , including an expression of deep concern at the efforts made by a State to obtain information about the communications of a member of parliament of another State and the likely consequences of this for members of parliament the world over on their ability to discharge their popular mandate freely . In 2012 , she was a plaintiff in the lawsuit Hedges v . Obama , initiated against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ( NDAA ) . The NDAA allowed the US government to detain indefinitely those who are part of or substantially support Al Qaeda , the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States . Her fellow plaintiffs included Chris Hedges , Noam Chomsky , Daniel Ellsberg , Jennifer Bolen , Alexa OBrien and Cornel West . Her testament was read by Naomi Wolf in her place in March 2012 . In the judgement of the court , Birgitta Jónsdóttir and fellow plaintiff presented separate evidence against the NDAA to the other plaintiffs , as neither were US citizens . During the judgement of the district court , according to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals , the district court found that both Birgitta and Wargalla had an actual fear of detention under Section 1021 and had incurred costs and other present injuries due to this fear . The result of the case was that a New York district court issued an injunction on the detention powers , but , in 2013 , this was overturned by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals . Second parliamentary term , 2013–2016 . In the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Southwest Constituency , this time representing the Pirate Party . She continued as both an observer on the Foreign Affairs Committee and as a member of the EU-Iceland joint Parliamentary Committee , but also became a member of the Icelandic delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) and of the Constitutional and Supervisory Committee , where she was also appointed as the 2nd Deputy Chairman . In October 2013 , a film was released about Wikileaks , called The Fifth Estate . In it , Birgitta was portrayed by Dutch actress Carice van Houten . During the production of the film , Birgitta advised the director and the scriptwriters , but later said that the script is very inaccurate in many ways . During an interview with The New Republic , she described how she asked for several scenes to be changed or removed because of their inaccuracies . In December 2013 , she was criticised by Wikileaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson for her involvement with the film , and particularly for receiving payment for her consultancy work . From 2014 to 2015 , Birgitta served as the rotating chairman of the Pirate Party . Since April 2015 , the Pirate Party has topped the polls in Iceland ahead of the 2017 parliamentary election . Speaking to Quartz , Birgitta said that Im very shocked and I dont know how long it will last . I think its an expression of the lack of faith in the current , traditional parties in power . We are offering them alternative solutions . In February 2016 , she announced that she would be standing for a third term , as , according to Iceland Review , she feels it’s important for the party to have someone on board experienced in working with the ministries and the inner political structure to ensure the effectiveness of the party . In April 2016 , following calls for Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugssons resignation in the wake of the Panama Papers leak , Birgitta said that the Pirates were ready to form part of a new government in the event of a snap election . For about a year before April 2016 , the Pirates were Icelands most popular party , with varying support ranging from 36%-43% support from voters . Third parliamentary term , 2016–2017 . In the 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election where the Pirate Party won 10 seats with 15% of the vote . In the run up to election Birgitta was accused of trying to manipulate the Pirate primary in the NV election district including by trying to slander the top list seat Þórðar Pétursson and asking other candidates to step down and pushing for the NV list to be invalided to get Gunnar Ingiberg Jónsson in the top seat . Personal life . Birgitta was married to Charles Egill Hirt ( 1964-1993 ) , who went missing in June 1993 , aged 29 . His body was found five years after his disappearance . With Hirt , Birgitta had one son , Neptunus , born in 1991 . Birgitta married Australian Daniel Johnson in 2009 . They were married for five years and she had a son with him , Delphin , who was born in Melbourne in 2000 .
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What position did Birgitta Jónsdóttir take between May 2001 and Feb 2009?
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/wiki/Birgitta_Jónsdóttir#P39#2
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Birgitta Jónsdóttir Birgitta Jónsdóttir ( born 17 April 1967 ) is an Icelandic politician , anarchist , poet , and activist . She was a Member of the Althing ( MP ) for the Southwest Constituency from 2013 to 2017 , representing the Pirate Party , having been elected at the 2013 election . She was previously an MP for Reykjavík Constituency South from 2009 to 2013 . In November 2017 , she has announced to retire from politics for now . She published her first book of poetry at the age of 22 , and later became a web developer . She was a noted Icelandic activist , and took on a number of roles during the protests following the 2007–2008 financial crisis . She was first elected as an MP representing the Citizens Movement in the 2009 election . Later in 2009 , she left the Citizens Movement and joined The Movement . She became involved with WikiLeaks during Julian Assanges visit to Iceland in 2010 , and helped to produce the Collateral Murder video . Following her time with WikiLeaks , she created the International Modern Media Institute , of which she became executive director in 2011 . She was also involved in two court cases in the United States during her parliamentary term , one of which was the high-profile case Hedges vs Obama . In 2012 , close to the end of her term , she co-founded the Icelandic Pirate Party , becoming their first MP . In the 2013 election , Birgitta was elected as a Pirate Party MP , alongside two others . She served as Chairman of the Pirate Party from 2014 to 2015 . Early life . Birgitta was born in Reykjavík on 17 April 1967 , the daughter of Icelandic folk singer Bergþóra Árnadóttir ( 1948–2007 ) . Her father left the family when she was just a baby , and so she was adopted by her mothers new husband , shipowner and fisherman Jón Ólafsson ( 1940–1987 ) . She completed her primary school education in 1983 . Her first love , as a teenager , was Jón Gnarr , who went on to become Mayor of Reykjavík . They took drugs together , read anarchist literature and planned to start an Icelandic branch of Greenpeace . Her adoptive father , Jón Ólafsson , committed suicide when she was 20 years old by walking into an icy river during a storm . Poetry and activism . At the age of 20 , her first book of poetry , Frostdinglar , was published . From a young age , she sought to combine art and poetry , by looking holistically at issues artists could bring new perspectives . Therefore , she styles herself as a poetician . Her art has been exhibited on three different continents , she has performed at lectures and festivals around the world , and her work has been published in anthologies , newspapers , magazines , and on TV , radio and the internet . In 1995 , her focus shifted to the internet , saying that I dove into the internet and haven’t been out of there since . In 1996 , she organised Icelands first live stream using CU-SeeMe . In 2002 , she edited two anthologies , The Book of Hope and The World Healing Book . She is also a member of the ( RSÍ ) , and the founder of Radical Creations and Beyond Borders Press . In an interview with Take Part , Birgitta described how after the financial collapse I was one of the very few people that was a known protester . She was therefore asked to coordinate various grassroots organisations and organised a large protest in December 2008 . She later became a member of the Academia Group , which talked about what kind of government and constitution Iceland required . First parliamentary term , 2009–2013 . In the 2009 Iceland parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Reykjavík Constituency South , representing the Citizens Movement . Upon her election , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee , the Environment and Communications Committee , and the Icelandic delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . Later , in 2009 , she was also appointed as a member of the Parliamentary Review Committee of the SIC Report . On 14 August 2009 , Þráinn Bertelsson left the Citizens Movement to sit as an Independent , and , on 18 September 2009 , the remaining three MPs for the Citizens Movement ( Birgitta , Margrét Tryggvadóttir and Þór Saari ) left the party to form their own parliamentary grouping , the Movement . In 2009 , a court injunction prevented broadcasters talking about the recent leak of the details of Kaupthing Banks loansbook . Live on television , Bogi Ágústsson directed viewers to the WikiLeaks website to see for themselves . This created considerable popularity for WikiLeaks in Iceland , and , shortly after the incident , Julian Assange visited Iceland . During his visit , Birgitta met with him and offered her help . It was agreed that Birgitta should be part of a team to help create a stronger set of free speech laws internationally and , particularly , in Iceland . Birgitta was also a producer of WikiLeaks Collateral Murder video , released in 2010 . The project for creating stronger free speech laws eventually became known as the International Modern Media Initiative ( IMMI ) , which was proposed in February 2010 with Birgitta being the chief sponsor . It was adopted unanimously by the Althing on 16 June 2010 , shortly following the release of the Collateral Murder video . She later split from WikiLeaks , however , saying in September 2010 that I have strongly urged him to focus on the legalities that he’s dealing with and let some other people carry the torch following the Swedish police wanting to question Assange over allegations of rape . She spoke to the National Post about WikiLeaks in January 2011 , saying : There is not enough transparency within the organization about decisions and not good enough communication flow . In 2010 , she was appointed as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committees Working Group on European Affairs and also the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee . In October 2011 , she attended a meeting of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest , Romania , where she offered criticisms of Lord Joplings report on cyber security , writing on her blog that Apparently such criticism is not common here at the assembly on reports . In 2011 , part way through the parliamentary term , she was demoted from full member to observer status in both the Foreign Affairs Committee and their Working Group on European Affairs . She stopped being a member of the Environment and Communications Committee , and instead became a member of both the Judicial Affairs and Education Committee and the Special Committee on the Standing Orders of Althing . From 2011 to 2012 , she was the rotating chairman of the Movements overall party . In 2011 , she also became Executive Director of the International Modern Media Institute ( IMMI ) , that the earlier initiative had transitioned into . In 2012 , Birgitta began assisting other The Movement MPs in forming a new political party , Dawn . Dawn was officially formed in March 2012 as a merger between The Movement , the Citizens Movement and the Liberal Party . However , in July 2012 , she changed her attention to forming a Pirate Party in Iceland alongside others , including Smári McCarthy . Speaking to The Grapevine , she said : I’m often crossing paths with nerds as I’m such a nerd myself . The Pirate Party doesn’t revolve around me . I’m just one of many who are creating the group . The party was officially formed in November 2012 , with Birgitta unanimously appointed as the first Chairman . Legal battles . In 2011 , the US Department of Justice issued a subpoena to Twitter for all of Birgittas Twitter information dating back to November 2009 . In response , Birgitta petitioned a federal appeals court in Virginia to force the Department of Justice to open its files on her to disclose the other internet providers that had also been ordered to submit her private data . In response to the case , the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) issued a resolution in support of Birgitta , including an expression of deep concern at the efforts made by a State to obtain information about the communications of a member of parliament of another State and the likely consequences of this for members of parliament the world over on their ability to discharge their popular mandate freely . In 2012 , she was a plaintiff in the lawsuit Hedges v . Obama , initiated against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ( NDAA ) . The NDAA allowed the US government to detain indefinitely those who are part of or substantially support Al Qaeda , the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States . Her fellow plaintiffs included Chris Hedges , Noam Chomsky , Daniel Ellsberg , Jennifer Bolen , Alexa OBrien and Cornel West . Her testament was read by Naomi Wolf in her place in March 2012 . In the judgement of the court , Birgitta Jónsdóttir and fellow plaintiff presented separate evidence against the NDAA to the other plaintiffs , as neither were US citizens . During the judgement of the district court , according to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals , the district court found that both Birgitta and Wargalla had an actual fear of detention under Section 1021 and had incurred costs and other present injuries due to this fear . The result of the case was that a New York district court issued an injunction on the detention powers , but , in 2013 , this was overturned by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals . Second parliamentary term , 2013–2016 . In the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election , Birgitta was elected as a Member of the Althing for Southwest Constituency , this time representing the Pirate Party . She continued as both an observer on the Foreign Affairs Committee and as a member of the EU-Iceland joint Parliamentary Committee , but also became a member of the Icelandic delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) and of the Constitutional and Supervisory Committee , where she was also appointed as the 2nd Deputy Chairman . In October 2013 , a film was released about Wikileaks , called The Fifth Estate . In it , Birgitta was portrayed by Dutch actress Carice van Houten . During the production of the film , Birgitta advised the director and the scriptwriters , but later said that the script is very inaccurate in many ways . During an interview with The New Republic , she described how she asked for several scenes to be changed or removed because of their inaccuracies . In December 2013 , she was criticised by Wikileaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson for her involvement with the film , and particularly for receiving payment for her consultancy work . From 2014 to 2015 , Birgitta served as the rotating chairman of the Pirate Party . Since April 2015 , the Pirate Party has topped the polls in Iceland ahead of the 2017 parliamentary election . Speaking to Quartz , Birgitta said that Im very shocked and I dont know how long it will last . I think its an expression of the lack of faith in the current , traditional parties in power . We are offering them alternative solutions . In February 2016 , she announced that she would be standing for a third term , as , according to Iceland Review , she feels it’s important for the party to have someone on board experienced in working with the ministries and the inner political structure to ensure the effectiveness of the party . In April 2016 , following calls for Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugssons resignation in the wake of the Panama Papers leak , Birgitta said that the Pirates were ready to form part of a new government in the event of a snap election . For about a year before April 2016 , the Pirates were Icelands most popular party , with varying support ranging from 36%-43% support from voters . Third parliamentary term , 2016–2017 . In the 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election where the Pirate Party won 10 seats with 15% of the vote . In the run up to election Birgitta was accused of trying to manipulate the Pirate primary in the NV election district including by trying to slander the top list seat Þórðar Pétursson and asking other candidates to step down and pushing for the NV list to be invalided to get Gunnar Ingiberg Jónsson in the top seat . Personal life . Birgitta was married to Charles Egill Hirt ( 1964-1993 ) , who went missing in June 1993 , aged 29 . His body was found five years after his disappearance . With Hirt , Birgitta had one son , Neptunus , born in 1991 . Birgitta married Australian Daniel Johnson in 2009 . They were married for five years and she had a son with him , Delphin , who was born in Melbourne in 2000 .
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[
"Jiří Čunek"
] |
hard
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Who was the head of KDU-ČSL before Aug 2008?
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/wiki/KDU-ČSL#P488#0
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KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL ( In Czech , the initials of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ; ) , often shortened to ( the populars ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Czech Republic . The party has taken part in almost every Czech Government since 1990 and have participated in both left-wing and right-wing coalition governments . In the June 2006 election , the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats ; but in the 2010 election , this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats . The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election , winning 14 seats in the new parliament , thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out . History . Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary . The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl , and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov . Československá strana lidová ( ČSL ) was created in January 1919 in Prague , reuniting other Catholic parties , and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman . In 1921 , ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia , and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes . After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile ( in the United Kingdom ) . After 1945 , ČSL was part of the national unity government , forming its most right-wing section . When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948 , many ČSL officials were imprisoned . The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists ( see National Front ) . In turn , it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989 . After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past : this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union ( which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU , but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart ) . KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klauss Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the governments fall ; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998 . In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union ( US–DEU ) as the Two-Coalition , which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the Four-Coalition which would provide an alternative to the practices of the opposition agreement of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . However it turned out that the KDU–ČSLs traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole , unlike US–DEUs liberal city ones , and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEUs 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength . They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party . In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman ; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS , which was a source of tension within the coalition . He refused to enter the government both after his election and the governments reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidlas resignation , and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out . Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet ; a government crisis ensued . After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result , the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party ( SZ ) . Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009 . In reaction to his election , his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09 , as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party . In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election , the partys vote dropped to 4.39% , and they lost every one of their seats to other parties . Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results . In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead . The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election , becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections . On 12 April 2017 , KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition . Coalition needed to get more 10% of votes get over threshold . The coalition disintegrated before the election , thus the party went into the elections standalone , receiving 5.8% of votes . In March 2019 the party was officially renamed to KDU-ČSL , its common abbreviation and Marek Výborný became a new party leader . After the death of his wife announced Marek Výborný in November 2019 his resignation for personal reasons . Tomáš Zdechovský , Jan Bartošek and Marian Jurečka decided then to run for party leader . Current situation . KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters ( 6–10% ) ; it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia . Historically , it is a mass party with about 50,000 members ( second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ) ; most of them are of old age , however , and recruitment of new members cant keep the membership numbers from declining . The influence of the party is rather bigger than that , as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition , whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing . KDU–ČSL is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . Internal Structure . Membership . KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic . The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members , It is caused by high average age of members . Party Strongholds . KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia . The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010 Partners . Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are : - Young Populars - youth organisation - Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation - KDU-ČSL Women Association - womens wing - Institute for Christian Democratic Politics - think-tank - Economic and entrepreneurial union of KDU-ČSL - entrepreneurs wing - European Academy for Democracy - think-tank . - Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank - European Peoples Party - European party - Centrist Democrat International - political international Leaders . - Jan Šrámek ( 1922-1938 ) - Alois Petr ( 1938–1951 ) - Josef Plojhar ( 1951–1968 ) - Antonín Pospíšil ( 1968–1973 ) - Rostislav Petera ( 1973–1980 ) - František Toman ( 1980–1981 ) - Zbyněk Žalman ( 1981–1989 ) - Josef Bartončík ( 1989–1990 ) - Josef Lux ( 1990–1998 ) - Jan Kasal ( 1999–2001 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2001–2003 ) - Miroslav Kalousek ( 2003–2006 ) - Jan Kasal ( 2006 ) - Jiří Čunek ( 2006–2009 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2009–2010 ) - Michaela Šojdrová ( 2010 ) - Pavel Bělobrádek ( 2010–2019 ) - Marek Výborný ( 2019–2020 ) - Marian Jurečka ( Since 2020 ) Symbols . Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus , on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale . Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters . Party had many symbols through history , current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf . Name of the party over time . - 1919–1992 The Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Československá strana lidová ) – merger of Moravian-Silesian Christian Social Party in Moravia , Catholic-National Conservative Party in Moravia , Czech Christian Social Party in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Catholic-National Conservative Party in Bohemia , Conservative Peoples Party . - 1992–2019 The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová ) - Since 2019 KDU-ČSL - after renaming to party abbreviation . Election results . Czech Republic wide elections . Senate . Places are by number of votes gained . Participated as Part of Four-Coalition External links . Czech . - Official website English . - English version of the homepage
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[
"Cyril Svoboda"
] |
hard
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Who was the head of KDU-ČSL between Sep 2009 and Dec 2009?
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/wiki/KDU-ČSL#P488#1
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KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL ( In Czech , the initials of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ; ) , often shortened to ( the populars ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Czech Republic . The party has taken part in almost every Czech Government since 1990 and have participated in both left-wing and right-wing coalition governments . In the June 2006 election , the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats ; but in the 2010 election , this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats . The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election , winning 14 seats in the new parliament , thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out . History . Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary . The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl , and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov . Československá strana lidová ( ČSL ) was created in January 1919 in Prague , reuniting other Catholic parties , and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman . In 1921 , ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia , and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes . After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile ( in the United Kingdom ) . After 1945 , ČSL was part of the national unity government , forming its most right-wing section . When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948 , many ČSL officials were imprisoned . The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists ( see National Front ) . In turn , it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989 . After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past : this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union ( which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU , but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart ) . KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klauss Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the governments fall ; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998 . In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union ( US–DEU ) as the Two-Coalition , which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the Four-Coalition which would provide an alternative to the practices of the opposition agreement of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . However it turned out that the KDU–ČSLs traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole , unlike US–DEUs liberal city ones , and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEUs 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength . They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party . In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman ; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS , which was a source of tension within the coalition . He refused to enter the government both after his election and the governments reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidlas resignation , and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out . Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet ; a government crisis ensued . After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result , the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party ( SZ ) . Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009 . In reaction to his election , his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09 , as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party . In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election , the partys vote dropped to 4.39% , and they lost every one of their seats to other parties . Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results . In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead . The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election , becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections . On 12 April 2017 , KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition . Coalition needed to get more 10% of votes get over threshold . The coalition disintegrated before the election , thus the party went into the elections standalone , receiving 5.8% of votes . In March 2019 the party was officially renamed to KDU-ČSL , its common abbreviation and Marek Výborný became a new party leader . After the death of his wife announced Marek Výborný in November 2019 his resignation for personal reasons . Tomáš Zdechovský , Jan Bartošek and Marian Jurečka decided then to run for party leader . Current situation . KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters ( 6–10% ) ; it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia . Historically , it is a mass party with about 50,000 members ( second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ) ; most of them are of old age , however , and recruitment of new members cant keep the membership numbers from declining . The influence of the party is rather bigger than that , as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition , whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing . KDU–ČSL is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . Internal Structure . Membership . KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic . The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members , It is caused by high average age of members . Party Strongholds . KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia . The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010 Partners . Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are : - Young Populars - youth organisation - Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation - KDU-ČSL Women Association - womens wing - Institute for Christian Democratic Politics - think-tank - Economic and entrepreneurial union of KDU-ČSL - entrepreneurs wing - European Academy for Democracy - think-tank . - Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank - European Peoples Party - European party - Centrist Democrat International - political international Leaders . - Jan Šrámek ( 1922-1938 ) - Alois Petr ( 1938–1951 ) - Josef Plojhar ( 1951–1968 ) - Antonín Pospíšil ( 1968–1973 ) - Rostislav Petera ( 1973–1980 ) - František Toman ( 1980–1981 ) - Zbyněk Žalman ( 1981–1989 ) - Josef Bartončík ( 1989–1990 ) - Josef Lux ( 1990–1998 ) - Jan Kasal ( 1999–2001 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2001–2003 ) - Miroslav Kalousek ( 2003–2006 ) - Jan Kasal ( 2006 ) - Jiří Čunek ( 2006–2009 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2009–2010 ) - Michaela Šojdrová ( 2010 ) - Pavel Bělobrádek ( 2010–2019 ) - Marek Výborný ( 2019–2020 ) - Marian Jurečka ( Since 2020 ) Symbols . Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus , on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale . Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters . Party had many symbols through history , current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf . Name of the party over time . - 1919–1992 The Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Československá strana lidová ) – merger of Moravian-Silesian Christian Social Party in Moravia , Catholic-National Conservative Party in Moravia , Czech Christian Social Party in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Catholic-National Conservative Party in Bohemia , Conservative Peoples Party . - 1992–2019 The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová ) - Since 2019 KDU-ČSL - after renaming to party abbreviation . Election results . Czech Republic wide elections . Senate . Places are by number of votes gained . Participated as Part of Four-Coalition External links . Czech . - Official website English . - English version of the homepage
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[
"Pavel Bělobrádek"
] |
hard
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Who was the head of KDU-ČSL between Nov 2018 and Dec 2018?
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/wiki/KDU-ČSL#P488#2
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KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL ( In Czech , the initials of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ; ) , often shortened to ( the populars ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Czech Republic . The party has taken part in almost every Czech Government since 1990 and have participated in both left-wing and right-wing coalition governments . In the June 2006 election , the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats ; but in the 2010 election , this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats . The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election , winning 14 seats in the new parliament , thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out . History . Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary . The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl , and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov . Československá strana lidová ( ČSL ) was created in January 1919 in Prague , reuniting other Catholic parties , and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman . In 1921 , ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia , and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes . After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile ( in the United Kingdom ) . After 1945 , ČSL was part of the national unity government , forming its most right-wing section . When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948 , many ČSL officials were imprisoned . The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists ( see National Front ) . In turn , it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989 . After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past : this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union ( which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU , but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart ) . KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klauss Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the governments fall ; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998 . In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union ( US–DEU ) as the Two-Coalition , which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the Four-Coalition which would provide an alternative to the practices of the opposition agreement of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . However it turned out that the KDU–ČSLs traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole , unlike US–DEUs liberal city ones , and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEUs 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength . They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party . In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman ; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS , which was a source of tension within the coalition . He refused to enter the government both after his election and the governments reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidlas resignation , and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out . Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet ; a government crisis ensued . After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result , the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party ( SZ ) . Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009 . In reaction to his election , his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09 , as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party . In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election , the partys vote dropped to 4.39% , and they lost every one of their seats to other parties . Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results . In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead . The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election , becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections . On 12 April 2017 , KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition . Coalition needed to get more 10% of votes get over threshold . The coalition disintegrated before the election , thus the party went into the elections standalone , receiving 5.8% of votes . In March 2019 the party was officially renamed to KDU-ČSL , its common abbreviation and Marek Výborný became a new party leader . After the death of his wife announced Marek Výborný in November 2019 his resignation for personal reasons . Tomáš Zdechovský , Jan Bartošek and Marian Jurečka decided then to run for party leader . Current situation . KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters ( 6–10% ) ; it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia . Historically , it is a mass party with about 50,000 members ( second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ) ; most of them are of old age , however , and recruitment of new members cant keep the membership numbers from declining . The influence of the party is rather bigger than that , as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition , whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing . KDU–ČSL is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . Internal Structure . Membership . KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic . The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members , It is caused by high average age of members . Party Strongholds . KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia . The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010 Partners . Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are : - Young Populars - youth organisation - Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation - KDU-ČSL Women Association - womens wing - Institute for Christian Democratic Politics - think-tank - Economic and entrepreneurial union of KDU-ČSL - entrepreneurs wing - European Academy for Democracy - think-tank . - Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank - European Peoples Party - European party - Centrist Democrat International - political international Leaders . - Jan Šrámek ( 1922-1938 ) - Alois Petr ( 1938–1951 ) - Josef Plojhar ( 1951–1968 ) - Antonín Pospíšil ( 1968–1973 ) - Rostislav Petera ( 1973–1980 ) - František Toman ( 1980–1981 ) - Zbyněk Žalman ( 1981–1989 ) - Josef Bartončík ( 1989–1990 ) - Josef Lux ( 1990–1998 ) - Jan Kasal ( 1999–2001 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2001–2003 ) - Miroslav Kalousek ( 2003–2006 ) - Jan Kasal ( 2006 ) - Jiří Čunek ( 2006–2009 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2009–2010 ) - Michaela Šojdrová ( 2010 ) - Pavel Bělobrádek ( 2010–2019 ) - Marek Výborný ( 2019–2020 ) - Marian Jurečka ( Since 2020 ) Symbols . Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus , on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale . Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters . Party had many symbols through history , current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf . Name of the party over time . - 1919–1992 The Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Československá strana lidová ) – merger of Moravian-Silesian Christian Social Party in Moravia , Catholic-National Conservative Party in Moravia , Czech Christian Social Party in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Catholic-National Conservative Party in Bohemia , Conservative Peoples Party . - 1992–2019 The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová ) - Since 2019 KDU-ČSL - after renaming to party abbreviation . Election results . Czech Republic wide elections . Senate . Places are by number of votes gained . Participated as Part of Four-Coalition External links . Czech . - Official website English . - English version of the homepage
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[
"Marek Výborný"
] |
hard
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Who was the head of KDU-ČSL between Aug 2019 and Oct 2019?
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/wiki/KDU-ČSL#P488#3
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KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL ( In Czech , the initials of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ; ) , often shortened to ( the populars ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Czech Republic . The party has taken part in almost every Czech Government since 1990 and have participated in both left-wing and right-wing coalition governments . In the June 2006 election , the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats ; but in the 2010 election , this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats . The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election , winning 14 seats in the new parliament , thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out . History . Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary . The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl , and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov . Československá strana lidová ( ČSL ) was created in January 1919 in Prague , reuniting other Catholic parties , and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman . In 1921 , ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia , and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes . After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile ( in the United Kingdom ) . After 1945 , ČSL was part of the national unity government , forming its most right-wing section . When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948 , many ČSL officials were imprisoned . The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists ( see National Front ) . In turn , it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989 . After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past : this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union ( which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU , but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart ) . KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klauss Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the governments fall ; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998 . In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union ( US–DEU ) as the Two-Coalition , which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the Four-Coalition which would provide an alternative to the practices of the opposition agreement of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . However it turned out that the KDU–ČSLs traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole , unlike US–DEUs liberal city ones , and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEUs 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength . They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party . In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman ; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS , which was a source of tension within the coalition . He refused to enter the government both after his election and the governments reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidlas resignation , and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out . Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet ; a government crisis ensued . After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result , the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party ( SZ ) . Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009 . In reaction to his election , his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09 , as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party . In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election , the partys vote dropped to 4.39% , and they lost every one of their seats to other parties . Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results . In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead . The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election , becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections . On 12 April 2017 , KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition . Coalition needed to get more 10% of votes get over threshold . The coalition disintegrated before the election , thus the party went into the elections standalone , receiving 5.8% of votes . In March 2019 the party was officially renamed to KDU-ČSL , its common abbreviation and Marek Výborný became a new party leader . After the death of his wife announced Marek Výborný in November 2019 his resignation for personal reasons . Tomáš Zdechovský , Jan Bartošek and Marian Jurečka decided then to run for party leader . Current situation . KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters ( 6–10% ) ; it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia . Historically , it is a mass party with about 50,000 members ( second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ) ; most of them are of old age , however , and recruitment of new members cant keep the membership numbers from declining . The influence of the party is rather bigger than that , as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition , whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing . KDU–ČSL is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . Internal Structure . Membership . KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic . The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members , It is caused by high average age of members . Party Strongholds . KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia . The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010 Partners . Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are : - Young Populars - youth organisation - Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation - KDU-ČSL Women Association - womens wing - Institute for Christian Democratic Politics - think-tank - Economic and entrepreneurial union of KDU-ČSL - entrepreneurs wing - European Academy for Democracy - think-tank . - Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank - European Peoples Party - European party - Centrist Democrat International - political international Leaders . - Jan Šrámek ( 1922-1938 ) - Alois Petr ( 1938–1951 ) - Josef Plojhar ( 1951–1968 ) - Antonín Pospíšil ( 1968–1973 ) - Rostislav Petera ( 1973–1980 ) - František Toman ( 1980–1981 ) - Zbyněk Žalman ( 1981–1989 ) - Josef Bartončík ( 1989–1990 ) - Josef Lux ( 1990–1998 ) - Jan Kasal ( 1999–2001 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2001–2003 ) - Miroslav Kalousek ( 2003–2006 ) - Jan Kasal ( 2006 ) - Jiří Čunek ( 2006–2009 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2009–2010 ) - Michaela Šojdrová ( 2010 ) - Pavel Bělobrádek ( 2010–2019 ) - Marek Výborný ( 2019–2020 ) - Marian Jurečka ( Since 2020 ) Symbols . Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus , on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale . Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters . Party had many symbols through history , current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf . Name of the party over time . - 1919–1992 The Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Československá strana lidová ) – merger of Moravian-Silesian Christian Social Party in Moravia , Catholic-National Conservative Party in Moravia , Czech Christian Social Party in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Catholic-National Conservative Party in Bohemia , Conservative Peoples Party . - 1992–2019 The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová ) - Since 2019 KDU-ČSL - after renaming to party abbreviation . Election results . Czech Republic wide elections . Senate . Places are by number of votes gained . Participated as Part of Four-Coalition External links . Czech . - Official website English . - English version of the homepage
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[
"Marian Jurečka"
] |
hard
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Who was the head of KDU-ČSL between Jan 2020 and May 2020?
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/wiki/KDU-ČSL#P488#4
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KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL ( In Czech , the initials of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ; ) , often shortened to ( the populars ) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Czech Republic . The party has taken part in almost every Czech Government since 1990 and have participated in both left-wing and right-wing coalition governments . In the June 2006 election , the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats ; but in the 2010 election , this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats . The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election , winning 14 seats in the new parliament , thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out . History . Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary . The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl , and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov . Československá strana lidová ( ČSL ) was created in January 1919 in Prague , reuniting other Catholic parties , and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman . In 1921 , ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia , and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes . After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile ( in the United Kingdom ) . After 1945 , ČSL was part of the national unity government , forming its most right-wing section . When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948 , many ČSL officials were imprisoned . The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists ( see National Front ) . In turn , it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989 . After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past : this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union ( which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU , but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart ) . KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klauss Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the governments fall ; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998 . In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union ( US–DEU ) as the Two-Coalition , which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the Four-Coalition which would provide an alternative to the practices of the opposition agreement of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . However it turned out that the KDU–ČSLs traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole , unlike US–DEUs liberal city ones , and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEUs 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength . They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party . In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman ; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS , which was a source of tension within the coalition . He refused to enter the government both after his election and the governments reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidlas resignation , and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out . Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet ; a government crisis ensued . After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result , the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party ( SZ ) . Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009 . In reaction to his election , his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09 , as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party . In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election , the partys vote dropped to 4.39% , and they lost every one of their seats to other parties . Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results . In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead . The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election , becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections . On 12 April 2017 , KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition . Coalition needed to get more 10% of votes get over threshold . The coalition disintegrated before the election , thus the party went into the elections standalone , receiving 5.8% of votes . In March 2019 the party was officially renamed to KDU-ČSL , its common abbreviation and Marek Výborný became a new party leader . After the death of his wife announced Marek Výborný in November 2019 his resignation for personal reasons . Tomáš Zdechovský , Jan Bartošek and Marian Jurečka decided then to run for party leader . Current situation . KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters ( 6–10% ) ; it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia . Historically , it is a mass party with about 50,000 members ( second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ) ; most of them are of old age , however , and recruitment of new members cant keep the membership numbers from declining . The influence of the party is rather bigger than that , as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition , whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing . KDU–ČSL is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . Internal Structure . Membership . KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic . The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members , It is caused by high average age of members . Party Strongholds . KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia . The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010 Partners . Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are : - Young Populars - youth organisation - Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation - KDU-ČSL Women Association - womens wing - Institute for Christian Democratic Politics - think-tank - Economic and entrepreneurial union of KDU-ČSL - entrepreneurs wing - European Academy for Democracy - think-tank . - Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank - European Peoples Party - European party - Centrist Democrat International - political international Leaders . - Jan Šrámek ( 1922-1938 ) - Alois Petr ( 1938–1951 ) - Josef Plojhar ( 1951–1968 ) - Antonín Pospíšil ( 1968–1973 ) - Rostislav Petera ( 1973–1980 ) - František Toman ( 1980–1981 ) - Zbyněk Žalman ( 1981–1989 ) - Josef Bartončík ( 1989–1990 ) - Josef Lux ( 1990–1998 ) - Jan Kasal ( 1999–2001 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2001–2003 ) - Miroslav Kalousek ( 2003–2006 ) - Jan Kasal ( 2006 ) - Jiří Čunek ( 2006–2009 ) - Cyril Svoboda ( 2009–2010 ) - Michaela Šojdrová ( 2010 ) - Pavel Bělobrádek ( 2010–2019 ) - Marek Výborný ( 2019–2020 ) - Marian Jurečka ( Since 2020 ) Symbols . Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus , on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale . Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters . Party had many symbols through history , current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf . Name of the party over time . - 1919–1992 The Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Československá strana lidová ) – merger of Moravian-Silesian Christian Social Party in Moravia , Catholic-National Conservative Party in Moravia , Czech Christian Social Party in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Catholic-National Conservative Party in Bohemia , Conservative Peoples Party . - 1992–2019 The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová ) - Since 2019 KDU-ČSL - after renaming to party abbreviation . Election results . Czech Republic wide elections . Senate . Places are by number of votes gained . Participated as Part of Four-Coalition External links . Czech . - Official website English . - English version of the homepage
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[
"Westfield High School"
] |
hard
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Which school did Virginia Apgar go to in Feb 1924?
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/wiki/Virginia_Apgar#P69#0
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Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar ( June 7 , 1909August 7 , 1974 ) was an American physician , obstetrical anesthesiologist and medical researcher , best known as the inventor of the Apgar Score , a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth in order to combat infant mortality . She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology , and introduced obstetrical considerations to the established field of neonatology . Early life and education . The youngest of three children , Apgar was born and raised in Westfield , New Jersey , the daughter of Helen May ( Clarke ) and Charles Emory Apgar . Her father was a business executive and amateur astronomer whose amateur radio work exposed an espionage ring during World War I . Her older brother died early from tuberculosis , and her other brother had a chronic illness . She graduated from Westfield High School in 1925 , knowing that she wanted to be a doctor . Apgar graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929 , where she studied zoology with minors in physiology and chemistry . In 1933 , she graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( P&S ) and completed a residency in surgery at P&S in 1937 . She was discouraged by Allen Whipple , the chairman of surgery at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , from continuing her career as a surgeon because he had seen many women attempt to be successful surgeons and ultimately fail . He instead encouraged her to practice anesthesiology because he felt that advancements in anesthesia were needed to further advance surgery and felt that she had the energy and ability to make a significant contribution . Deciding to continue her career in anesthesiology , she trained for six months under Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he had established the first anesthesiology department in the United States . In a 1937 photograph of Waters and his residents , she is the only woman among Waters and fifteen other men . She then studied for a further six months under Ernest Rovenstine in New York at Bellevue Hospital . She received a certification as an anesthesiologist in 1937 , and returned to P&S in 1938 as director of the newly formed division of anesthesia . She later received a masters degree in public health at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , graduating in 1959 . Work and research . Apgar was the first woman to head a specialty division at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center ( now NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital ) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In conjunction with Allen Whipple , she started P&Ss anesthesia division . She was placed in charge of the divisions administrative duties and was also tasked with co-ordinating the staffing of the division and its work throughout the hospital . Throughout much of the 1940s , she was an administrator , teacher , recruiter , coordinator and practicing physician . It was often difficult to find residents for the program , as advances in the medical field had only recently elevated the practice of anesthesia to anesthesiology , a fully-fledged medical specialty . New anesthesiologists also faced scrutiny from other physicians , specifically surgeons , who were not used to having an anesthesia-specialized in the operating room . These difficulties led to issues in gaining funding and support for the division . With Americas entrance into World War II in 1941 , many medical professionals enlisted in the military to help the war effort , which created a serious staffing problem for domestic hospitals , Apgars division included . When the war ended in 1945 , interest in anesthesiology was renewed in returning physicians , and the staffing problem for Apgars division was quickly resolved . The specialtys growing popularity and Apgars development of its residency program prompted P&S to establish it as an official department in 1949 . Due to her lack of research , Apgar was not made the head of the department as was expected and the job was given to her colleague , Emmanuel Papper . Apgar was given a faculty position at P&S . Obstetrics . In 1949 , Apgar became the first woman to become a full professor at P&S , where she remained until 1959 . During this time , she also did clinical and research work at the affiliated Sloane Hospital for Women , still a division of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital . In 1953 , she introduced the first test , called the Apgar score , to assess the health of newborn babies . Between the 1930s and the 1950s , the United States infant mortality rate decreased , but the number of infant deaths within the first 24 hours after birth remained constant . Apgar noticed this trend and began to investigate methods for decreasing the infant mortality rate specifically within the first 24 hours of the infants life . As an obstetric anesthesiologist , Apgar was able to document trends that could distinguish healthy infants from infants in trouble . This investigation led to a standardized scoring system used to assess a newborns health after birth , with the result referred to as the newborns Apgar score . Each newborn is given a score of 0 , 1 or 2 ( a score of 2 meaning the newborn is in optimal condition , 0 being in distress ) in each of the following categories : heart rate , respiration , color , muscle tone and reflex irritability . Compiled scores for each newborn can range between 0 and 10 , with 10 being the best possible condition for a newborn . The scores were to be given to a newborn one minute after birth , and additional scores could be given in five-minute increments to guide treatment if the newborns condition did not sufficiently improve . By the 1960s , many hospitals in the United States were using the Apgar score consistently . In the 21st century , the score continues to be used to provide an accepted and convenient method for reporting the status of the newborn infant immediately after birth . In 1959 , Apgar left Columbia and earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health . From 1959 until her death in 1974 , Apgar worked for the March of Dimes Foundation , serving as vice president for medical affairs and directing its research program to prevent and treat birth defects . As gestational age is directly related to an infants Apgar Score , Apgar was one of the first at the March of Dimes to bring attention to the problem of premature birth , now one of the March of Dimes top priorities . During this time , she wrote and lectured extensively , writing articles in popular magazines as well as research work . In 1967 , Apgar became vice president and director of basic research at The National Foundation-March of Dimes . During the rubella pandemic of 1964–65 , Apgar became an advocate for universal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of rubella . Rubella can cause serious congenital disorders if a woman becomes infected while pregnant . Between 1964 and 1965 , the United States had an estimated 12.5 million rubella cases , which led to 11,000 miscarriages or therapeutic abortions and 20,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome . These led to 2,100 deaths in infancy , 12,000 cases of deafness , 3,580 cases of blindness due to cataracts and/or microphthalmia and 1,800 cases of intellectual disability . In New York City alone , congenital rubella affected 1% of all babies born at that time . Apgar also promoted effective use of Rh testing , which can identify women who are at risk for transmission of maternal antibodies across the placenta where they may subsequently bind with and destroy fetal red blood cells , resulting in fetal hydrops or even miscarriage . Apgar traveled thousands of miles each year to speak to widely varied audiences about the importance of early detection of birth defects and the need for more research in this area . She proved an excellent ambassador for the National Foundation , and the annual income of that organization more than doubled during her tenure there . She also served the National Foundation as Director of Basic Medical Research ( 1967–1968 ) and Vice-President for Medical Affairs ( 1971–1974 ) . Her concerns for the welfare of children and families were combined with her talent for teaching in the 1972 book Is My Baby All Right? , written with Joan Beck . Apgar was also a lecturer ( 1965–1971 ) and then clinical professor ( 1971–1974 ) of pediatrics at Cornell University School of Medicine , where she taught teratology ( the study of birth defects ) . She was the first to hold a faculty position in this new area of pediatrics . In 1973 , she was appointed a lecturer in medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health . Apgar published over sixty scientific articles and numerous shorter essays for newspapers and magazines during her career , along with her book , Is My Baby All Right? . She received many awards , including honorary doctorates from the Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) and Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) , the Elizabeth Blackwell Award from the American Medical Womens Association ( 1966 ) , the Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) , the Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) and the Ralph M . Waters Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) . In 1973 she was also elected Woman of the Year in Science by the Ladies Home Journal . Apgar was equally at home speaking to teens as she was to the movers and shakers of society . She spoke at March of Dimes Youth Conferences about teen pregnancy and congenital disorders at a time when these topics were considered taboo . Personal life . Throughout her career , Apgar maintained that women are liberated from the time they leave the womb and that being female had not imposed significant limitations on her medical career . She avoided womens organizations and causes , for the most part . Though she sometimes privately expressed her frustration with sex inequalities ( especially in the matter of salaries ) , she worked around these by consistently pushing into new fields where there was room to exercise her considerable energy and abilities . Music was an integral part of family life , with frequent family music sessions . Apgar played the violin and her brother played piano and organ . She traveled with her violin , often playing in amateur chamber quartets wherever she happened to be . During the 1950s , a friend introduced her to instrument-making , and together they made two violins , a viola and a cello . She was an enthusiastic gardener and enjoyed fly-fishing , golfing and stamp collecting . In her fifties , Apgar started taking flying lessons , stating that her goal was to someday fly under New Yorks George Washington Bridge . Death . Apgar never married or had children , and died of cirrhosis on August 7 , 1974 , at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center . She is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield . Legacy . Apgar has continued to earn posthumous recognition for her contributions and achievements . In 1994 , she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 20¢ Great Americans series postage stamp . In November 1995 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls , New York . In 1999 , she was designated a Womens History Month Honoree by the National Womens History Project . On June 7 , 2018 , Google celebrated Apgars 109th birthday with a Google Doodle . Honors and awards . - Honorary doctorate , Womens Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) - Honorary doctorate , Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) - Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) - Elizabeth Blackwell Award , from the American Womens Medical Association ( 1966 ) - Honorary doctorate , New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry ( 1967 ) - Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) - Ralph M . Waters Award , American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) - Woman of the Year in Science , Ladies Home Journal ( 1973 ) - Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine , the American Public Health Association , and the New York Academy of Sciences . - Inductee into the New Jersey Hall of Fame ( 2020 ) External links . - Virginia Apgar papers at Mount Holyoke College - Columbia biography - MIT biography - PBS - National Womens Hall of Fame - Full biography on WhoNamedIt.com - The Virginia Apgar Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine
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"Mount Holyoke College"
] |
hard
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Which school did Virginia Apgar go to between Aug 1927 and Dec 1927?
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/wiki/Virginia_Apgar#P69#1
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Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar ( June 7 , 1909August 7 , 1974 ) was an American physician , obstetrical anesthesiologist and medical researcher , best known as the inventor of the Apgar Score , a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth in order to combat infant mortality . She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology , and introduced obstetrical considerations to the established field of neonatology . Early life and education . The youngest of three children , Apgar was born and raised in Westfield , New Jersey , the daughter of Helen May ( Clarke ) and Charles Emory Apgar . Her father was a business executive and amateur astronomer whose amateur radio work exposed an espionage ring during World War I . Her older brother died early from tuberculosis , and her other brother had a chronic illness . She graduated from Westfield High School in 1925 , knowing that she wanted to be a doctor . Apgar graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929 , where she studied zoology with minors in physiology and chemistry . In 1933 , she graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( P&S ) and completed a residency in surgery at P&S in 1937 . She was discouraged by Allen Whipple , the chairman of surgery at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , from continuing her career as a surgeon because he had seen many women attempt to be successful surgeons and ultimately fail . He instead encouraged her to practice anesthesiology because he felt that advancements in anesthesia were needed to further advance surgery and felt that she had the energy and ability to make a significant contribution . Deciding to continue her career in anesthesiology , she trained for six months under Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he had established the first anesthesiology department in the United States . In a 1937 photograph of Waters and his residents , she is the only woman among Waters and fifteen other men . She then studied for a further six months under Ernest Rovenstine in New York at Bellevue Hospital . She received a certification as an anesthesiologist in 1937 , and returned to P&S in 1938 as director of the newly formed division of anesthesia . She later received a masters degree in public health at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , graduating in 1959 . Work and research . Apgar was the first woman to head a specialty division at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center ( now NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital ) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In conjunction with Allen Whipple , she started P&Ss anesthesia division . She was placed in charge of the divisions administrative duties and was also tasked with co-ordinating the staffing of the division and its work throughout the hospital . Throughout much of the 1940s , she was an administrator , teacher , recruiter , coordinator and practicing physician . It was often difficult to find residents for the program , as advances in the medical field had only recently elevated the practice of anesthesia to anesthesiology , a fully-fledged medical specialty . New anesthesiologists also faced scrutiny from other physicians , specifically surgeons , who were not used to having an anesthesia-specialized in the operating room . These difficulties led to issues in gaining funding and support for the division . With Americas entrance into World War II in 1941 , many medical professionals enlisted in the military to help the war effort , which created a serious staffing problem for domestic hospitals , Apgars division included . When the war ended in 1945 , interest in anesthesiology was renewed in returning physicians , and the staffing problem for Apgars division was quickly resolved . The specialtys growing popularity and Apgars development of its residency program prompted P&S to establish it as an official department in 1949 . Due to her lack of research , Apgar was not made the head of the department as was expected and the job was given to her colleague , Emmanuel Papper . Apgar was given a faculty position at P&S . Obstetrics . In 1949 , Apgar became the first woman to become a full professor at P&S , where she remained until 1959 . During this time , she also did clinical and research work at the affiliated Sloane Hospital for Women , still a division of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital . In 1953 , she introduced the first test , called the Apgar score , to assess the health of newborn babies . Between the 1930s and the 1950s , the United States infant mortality rate decreased , but the number of infant deaths within the first 24 hours after birth remained constant . Apgar noticed this trend and began to investigate methods for decreasing the infant mortality rate specifically within the first 24 hours of the infants life . As an obstetric anesthesiologist , Apgar was able to document trends that could distinguish healthy infants from infants in trouble . This investigation led to a standardized scoring system used to assess a newborns health after birth , with the result referred to as the newborns Apgar score . Each newborn is given a score of 0 , 1 or 2 ( a score of 2 meaning the newborn is in optimal condition , 0 being in distress ) in each of the following categories : heart rate , respiration , color , muscle tone and reflex irritability . Compiled scores for each newborn can range between 0 and 10 , with 10 being the best possible condition for a newborn . The scores were to be given to a newborn one minute after birth , and additional scores could be given in five-minute increments to guide treatment if the newborns condition did not sufficiently improve . By the 1960s , many hospitals in the United States were using the Apgar score consistently . In the 21st century , the score continues to be used to provide an accepted and convenient method for reporting the status of the newborn infant immediately after birth . In 1959 , Apgar left Columbia and earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health . From 1959 until her death in 1974 , Apgar worked for the March of Dimes Foundation , serving as vice president for medical affairs and directing its research program to prevent and treat birth defects . As gestational age is directly related to an infants Apgar Score , Apgar was one of the first at the March of Dimes to bring attention to the problem of premature birth , now one of the March of Dimes top priorities . During this time , she wrote and lectured extensively , writing articles in popular magazines as well as research work . In 1967 , Apgar became vice president and director of basic research at The National Foundation-March of Dimes . During the rubella pandemic of 1964–65 , Apgar became an advocate for universal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of rubella . Rubella can cause serious congenital disorders if a woman becomes infected while pregnant . Between 1964 and 1965 , the United States had an estimated 12.5 million rubella cases , which led to 11,000 miscarriages or therapeutic abortions and 20,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome . These led to 2,100 deaths in infancy , 12,000 cases of deafness , 3,580 cases of blindness due to cataracts and/or microphthalmia and 1,800 cases of intellectual disability . In New York City alone , congenital rubella affected 1% of all babies born at that time . Apgar also promoted effective use of Rh testing , which can identify women who are at risk for transmission of maternal antibodies across the placenta where they may subsequently bind with and destroy fetal red blood cells , resulting in fetal hydrops or even miscarriage . Apgar traveled thousands of miles each year to speak to widely varied audiences about the importance of early detection of birth defects and the need for more research in this area . She proved an excellent ambassador for the National Foundation , and the annual income of that organization more than doubled during her tenure there . She also served the National Foundation as Director of Basic Medical Research ( 1967–1968 ) and Vice-President for Medical Affairs ( 1971–1974 ) . Her concerns for the welfare of children and families were combined with her talent for teaching in the 1972 book Is My Baby All Right? , written with Joan Beck . Apgar was also a lecturer ( 1965–1971 ) and then clinical professor ( 1971–1974 ) of pediatrics at Cornell University School of Medicine , where she taught teratology ( the study of birth defects ) . She was the first to hold a faculty position in this new area of pediatrics . In 1973 , she was appointed a lecturer in medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health . Apgar published over sixty scientific articles and numerous shorter essays for newspapers and magazines during her career , along with her book , Is My Baby All Right? . She received many awards , including honorary doctorates from the Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) and Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) , the Elizabeth Blackwell Award from the American Medical Womens Association ( 1966 ) , the Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) , the Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) and the Ralph M . Waters Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) . In 1973 she was also elected Woman of the Year in Science by the Ladies Home Journal . Apgar was equally at home speaking to teens as she was to the movers and shakers of society . She spoke at March of Dimes Youth Conferences about teen pregnancy and congenital disorders at a time when these topics were considered taboo . Personal life . Throughout her career , Apgar maintained that women are liberated from the time they leave the womb and that being female had not imposed significant limitations on her medical career . She avoided womens organizations and causes , for the most part . Though she sometimes privately expressed her frustration with sex inequalities ( especially in the matter of salaries ) , she worked around these by consistently pushing into new fields where there was room to exercise her considerable energy and abilities . Music was an integral part of family life , with frequent family music sessions . Apgar played the violin and her brother played piano and organ . She traveled with her violin , often playing in amateur chamber quartets wherever she happened to be . During the 1950s , a friend introduced her to instrument-making , and together they made two violins , a viola and a cello . She was an enthusiastic gardener and enjoyed fly-fishing , golfing and stamp collecting . In her fifties , Apgar started taking flying lessons , stating that her goal was to someday fly under New Yorks George Washington Bridge . Death . Apgar never married or had children , and died of cirrhosis on August 7 , 1974 , at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center . She is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield . Legacy . Apgar has continued to earn posthumous recognition for her contributions and achievements . In 1994 , she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 20¢ Great Americans series postage stamp . In November 1995 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls , New York . In 1999 , she was designated a Womens History Month Honoree by the National Womens History Project . On June 7 , 2018 , Google celebrated Apgars 109th birthday with a Google Doodle . Honors and awards . - Honorary doctorate , Womens Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) - Honorary doctorate , Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) - Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) - Elizabeth Blackwell Award , from the American Womens Medical Association ( 1966 ) - Honorary doctorate , New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry ( 1967 ) - Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) - Ralph M . Waters Award , American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) - Woman of the Year in Science , Ladies Home Journal ( 1973 ) - Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine , the American Public Health Association , and the New York Academy of Sciences . - Inductee into the New Jersey Hall of Fame ( 2020 ) External links . - Virginia Apgar papers at Mount Holyoke College - Columbia biography - MIT biography - PBS - National Womens Hall of Fame - Full biography on WhoNamedIt.com - The Virginia Apgar Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine
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hard
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Which school did Virginia Apgar go to in late 1930s?
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/wiki/Virginia_Apgar#P69#2
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Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar ( June 7 , 1909August 7 , 1974 ) was an American physician , obstetrical anesthesiologist and medical researcher , best known as the inventor of the Apgar Score , a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth in order to combat infant mortality . She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology , and introduced obstetrical considerations to the established field of neonatology . Early life and education . The youngest of three children , Apgar was born and raised in Westfield , New Jersey , the daughter of Helen May ( Clarke ) and Charles Emory Apgar . Her father was a business executive and amateur astronomer whose amateur radio work exposed an espionage ring during World War I . Her older brother died early from tuberculosis , and her other brother had a chronic illness . She graduated from Westfield High School in 1925 , knowing that she wanted to be a doctor . Apgar graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929 , where she studied zoology with minors in physiology and chemistry . In 1933 , she graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( P&S ) and completed a residency in surgery at P&S in 1937 . She was discouraged by Allen Whipple , the chairman of surgery at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , from continuing her career as a surgeon because he had seen many women attempt to be successful surgeons and ultimately fail . He instead encouraged her to practice anesthesiology because he felt that advancements in anesthesia were needed to further advance surgery and felt that she had the energy and ability to make a significant contribution . Deciding to continue her career in anesthesiology , she trained for six months under Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he had established the first anesthesiology department in the United States . In a 1937 photograph of Waters and his residents , she is the only woman among Waters and fifteen other men . She then studied for a further six months under Ernest Rovenstine in New York at Bellevue Hospital . She received a certification as an anesthesiologist in 1937 , and returned to P&S in 1938 as director of the newly formed division of anesthesia . She later received a masters degree in public health at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , graduating in 1959 . Work and research . Apgar was the first woman to head a specialty division at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center ( now NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital ) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In conjunction with Allen Whipple , she started P&Ss anesthesia division . She was placed in charge of the divisions administrative duties and was also tasked with co-ordinating the staffing of the division and its work throughout the hospital . Throughout much of the 1940s , she was an administrator , teacher , recruiter , coordinator and practicing physician . It was often difficult to find residents for the program , as advances in the medical field had only recently elevated the practice of anesthesia to anesthesiology , a fully-fledged medical specialty . New anesthesiologists also faced scrutiny from other physicians , specifically surgeons , who were not used to having an anesthesia-specialized in the operating room . These difficulties led to issues in gaining funding and support for the division . With Americas entrance into World War II in 1941 , many medical professionals enlisted in the military to help the war effort , which created a serious staffing problem for domestic hospitals , Apgars division included . When the war ended in 1945 , interest in anesthesiology was renewed in returning physicians , and the staffing problem for Apgars division was quickly resolved . The specialtys growing popularity and Apgars development of its residency program prompted P&S to establish it as an official department in 1949 . Due to her lack of research , Apgar was not made the head of the department as was expected and the job was given to her colleague , Emmanuel Papper . Apgar was given a faculty position at P&S . Obstetrics . In 1949 , Apgar became the first woman to become a full professor at P&S , where she remained until 1959 . During this time , she also did clinical and research work at the affiliated Sloane Hospital for Women , still a division of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital . In 1953 , she introduced the first test , called the Apgar score , to assess the health of newborn babies . Between the 1930s and the 1950s , the United States infant mortality rate decreased , but the number of infant deaths within the first 24 hours after birth remained constant . Apgar noticed this trend and began to investigate methods for decreasing the infant mortality rate specifically within the first 24 hours of the infants life . As an obstetric anesthesiologist , Apgar was able to document trends that could distinguish healthy infants from infants in trouble . This investigation led to a standardized scoring system used to assess a newborns health after birth , with the result referred to as the newborns Apgar score . Each newborn is given a score of 0 , 1 or 2 ( a score of 2 meaning the newborn is in optimal condition , 0 being in distress ) in each of the following categories : heart rate , respiration , color , muscle tone and reflex irritability . Compiled scores for each newborn can range between 0 and 10 , with 10 being the best possible condition for a newborn . The scores were to be given to a newborn one minute after birth , and additional scores could be given in five-minute increments to guide treatment if the newborns condition did not sufficiently improve . By the 1960s , many hospitals in the United States were using the Apgar score consistently . In the 21st century , the score continues to be used to provide an accepted and convenient method for reporting the status of the newborn infant immediately after birth . In 1959 , Apgar left Columbia and earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health . From 1959 until her death in 1974 , Apgar worked for the March of Dimes Foundation , serving as vice president for medical affairs and directing its research program to prevent and treat birth defects . As gestational age is directly related to an infants Apgar Score , Apgar was one of the first at the March of Dimes to bring attention to the problem of premature birth , now one of the March of Dimes top priorities . During this time , she wrote and lectured extensively , writing articles in popular magazines as well as research work . In 1967 , Apgar became vice president and director of basic research at The National Foundation-March of Dimes . During the rubella pandemic of 1964–65 , Apgar became an advocate for universal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of rubella . Rubella can cause serious congenital disorders if a woman becomes infected while pregnant . Between 1964 and 1965 , the United States had an estimated 12.5 million rubella cases , which led to 11,000 miscarriages or therapeutic abortions and 20,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome . These led to 2,100 deaths in infancy , 12,000 cases of deafness , 3,580 cases of blindness due to cataracts and/or microphthalmia and 1,800 cases of intellectual disability . In New York City alone , congenital rubella affected 1% of all babies born at that time . Apgar also promoted effective use of Rh testing , which can identify women who are at risk for transmission of maternal antibodies across the placenta where they may subsequently bind with and destroy fetal red blood cells , resulting in fetal hydrops or even miscarriage . Apgar traveled thousands of miles each year to speak to widely varied audiences about the importance of early detection of birth defects and the need for more research in this area . She proved an excellent ambassador for the National Foundation , and the annual income of that organization more than doubled during her tenure there . She also served the National Foundation as Director of Basic Medical Research ( 1967–1968 ) and Vice-President for Medical Affairs ( 1971–1974 ) . Her concerns for the welfare of children and families were combined with her talent for teaching in the 1972 book Is My Baby All Right? , written with Joan Beck . Apgar was also a lecturer ( 1965–1971 ) and then clinical professor ( 1971–1974 ) of pediatrics at Cornell University School of Medicine , where she taught teratology ( the study of birth defects ) . She was the first to hold a faculty position in this new area of pediatrics . In 1973 , she was appointed a lecturer in medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health . Apgar published over sixty scientific articles and numerous shorter essays for newspapers and magazines during her career , along with her book , Is My Baby All Right? . She received many awards , including honorary doctorates from the Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) and Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) , the Elizabeth Blackwell Award from the American Medical Womens Association ( 1966 ) , the Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) , the Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) and the Ralph M . Waters Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) . In 1973 she was also elected Woman of the Year in Science by the Ladies Home Journal . Apgar was equally at home speaking to teens as she was to the movers and shakers of society . She spoke at March of Dimes Youth Conferences about teen pregnancy and congenital disorders at a time when these topics were considered taboo . Personal life . Throughout her career , Apgar maintained that women are liberated from the time they leave the womb and that being female had not imposed significant limitations on her medical career . She avoided womens organizations and causes , for the most part . Though she sometimes privately expressed her frustration with sex inequalities ( especially in the matter of salaries ) , she worked around these by consistently pushing into new fields where there was room to exercise her considerable energy and abilities . Music was an integral part of family life , with frequent family music sessions . Apgar played the violin and her brother played piano and organ . She traveled with her violin , often playing in amateur chamber quartets wherever she happened to be . During the 1950s , a friend introduced her to instrument-making , and together they made two violins , a viola and a cello . She was an enthusiastic gardener and enjoyed fly-fishing , golfing and stamp collecting . In her fifties , Apgar started taking flying lessons , stating that her goal was to someday fly under New Yorks George Washington Bridge . Death . Apgar never married or had children , and died of cirrhosis on August 7 , 1974 , at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center . She is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield . Legacy . Apgar has continued to earn posthumous recognition for her contributions and achievements . In 1994 , she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 20¢ Great Americans series postage stamp . In November 1995 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls , New York . In 1999 , she was designated a Womens History Month Honoree by the National Womens History Project . On June 7 , 2018 , Google celebrated Apgars 109th birthday with a Google Doodle . Honors and awards . - Honorary doctorate , Womens Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) - Honorary doctorate , Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) - Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) - Elizabeth Blackwell Award , from the American Womens Medical Association ( 1966 ) - Honorary doctorate , New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry ( 1967 ) - Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) - Ralph M . Waters Award , American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) - Woman of the Year in Science , Ladies Home Journal ( 1973 ) - Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine , the American Public Health Association , and the New York Academy of Sciences . - Inductee into the New Jersey Hall of Fame ( 2020 ) External links . - Virginia Apgar papers at Mount Holyoke College - Columbia biography - MIT biography - PBS - National Womens Hall of Fame - Full biography on WhoNamedIt.com - The Virginia Apgar Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine
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[
"Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health"
] |
hard
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Which school did Virginia Apgar go to between Nov 1959 and Dec 1959?
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/wiki/Virginia_Apgar#P69#3
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Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar ( June 7 , 1909August 7 , 1974 ) was an American physician , obstetrical anesthesiologist and medical researcher , best known as the inventor of the Apgar Score , a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth in order to combat infant mortality . She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology , and introduced obstetrical considerations to the established field of neonatology . Early life and education . The youngest of three children , Apgar was born and raised in Westfield , New Jersey , the daughter of Helen May ( Clarke ) and Charles Emory Apgar . Her father was a business executive and amateur astronomer whose amateur radio work exposed an espionage ring during World War I . Her older brother died early from tuberculosis , and her other brother had a chronic illness . She graduated from Westfield High School in 1925 , knowing that she wanted to be a doctor . Apgar graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929 , where she studied zoology with minors in physiology and chemistry . In 1933 , she graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( P&S ) and completed a residency in surgery at P&S in 1937 . She was discouraged by Allen Whipple , the chairman of surgery at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , from continuing her career as a surgeon because he had seen many women attempt to be successful surgeons and ultimately fail . He instead encouraged her to practice anesthesiology because he felt that advancements in anesthesia were needed to further advance surgery and felt that she had the energy and ability to make a significant contribution . Deciding to continue her career in anesthesiology , she trained for six months under Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he had established the first anesthesiology department in the United States . In a 1937 photograph of Waters and his residents , she is the only woman among Waters and fifteen other men . She then studied for a further six months under Ernest Rovenstine in New York at Bellevue Hospital . She received a certification as an anesthesiologist in 1937 , and returned to P&S in 1938 as director of the newly formed division of anesthesia . She later received a masters degree in public health at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , graduating in 1959 . Work and research . Apgar was the first woman to head a specialty division at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center ( now NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital ) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In conjunction with Allen Whipple , she started P&Ss anesthesia division . She was placed in charge of the divisions administrative duties and was also tasked with co-ordinating the staffing of the division and its work throughout the hospital . Throughout much of the 1940s , she was an administrator , teacher , recruiter , coordinator and practicing physician . It was often difficult to find residents for the program , as advances in the medical field had only recently elevated the practice of anesthesia to anesthesiology , a fully-fledged medical specialty . New anesthesiologists also faced scrutiny from other physicians , specifically surgeons , who were not used to having an anesthesia-specialized in the operating room . These difficulties led to issues in gaining funding and support for the division . With Americas entrance into World War II in 1941 , many medical professionals enlisted in the military to help the war effort , which created a serious staffing problem for domestic hospitals , Apgars division included . When the war ended in 1945 , interest in anesthesiology was renewed in returning physicians , and the staffing problem for Apgars division was quickly resolved . The specialtys growing popularity and Apgars development of its residency program prompted P&S to establish it as an official department in 1949 . Due to her lack of research , Apgar was not made the head of the department as was expected and the job was given to her colleague , Emmanuel Papper . Apgar was given a faculty position at P&S . Obstetrics . In 1949 , Apgar became the first woman to become a full professor at P&S , where she remained until 1959 . During this time , she also did clinical and research work at the affiliated Sloane Hospital for Women , still a division of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital . In 1953 , she introduced the first test , called the Apgar score , to assess the health of newborn babies . Between the 1930s and the 1950s , the United States infant mortality rate decreased , but the number of infant deaths within the first 24 hours after birth remained constant . Apgar noticed this trend and began to investigate methods for decreasing the infant mortality rate specifically within the first 24 hours of the infants life . As an obstetric anesthesiologist , Apgar was able to document trends that could distinguish healthy infants from infants in trouble . This investigation led to a standardized scoring system used to assess a newborns health after birth , with the result referred to as the newborns Apgar score . Each newborn is given a score of 0 , 1 or 2 ( a score of 2 meaning the newborn is in optimal condition , 0 being in distress ) in each of the following categories : heart rate , respiration , color , muscle tone and reflex irritability . Compiled scores for each newborn can range between 0 and 10 , with 10 being the best possible condition for a newborn . The scores were to be given to a newborn one minute after birth , and additional scores could be given in five-minute increments to guide treatment if the newborns condition did not sufficiently improve . By the 1960s , many hospitals in the United States were using the Apgar score consistently . In the 21st century , the score continues to be used to provide an accepted and convenient method for reporting the status of the newborn infant immediately after birth . In 1959 , Apgar left Columbia and earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health . From 1959 until her death in 1974 , Apgar worked for the March of Dimes Foundation , serving as vice president for medical affairs and directing its research program to prevent and treat birth defects . As gestational age is directly related to an infants Apgar Score , Apgar was one of the first at the March of Dimes to bring attention to the problem of premature birth , now one of the March of Dimes top priorities . During this time , she wrote and lectured extensively , writing articles in popular magazines as well as research work . In 1967 , Apgar became vice president and director of basic research at The National Foundation-March of Dimes . During the rubella pandemic of 1964–65 , Apgar became an advocate for universal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of rubella . Rubella can cause serious congenital disorders if a woman becomes infected while pregnant . Between 1964 and 1965 , the United States had an estimated 12.5 million rubella cases , which led to 11,000 miscarriages or therapeutic abortions and 20,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome . These led to 2,100 deaths in infancy , 12,000 cases of deafness , 3,580 cases of blindness due to cataracts and/or microphthalmia and 1,800 cases of intellectual disability . In New York City alone , congenital rubella affected 1% of all babies born at that time . Apgar also promoted effective use of Rh testing , which can identify women who are at risk for transmission of maternal antibodies across the placenta where they may subsequently bind with and destroy fetal red blood cells , resulting in fetal hydrops or even miscarriage . Apgar traveled thousands of miles each year to speak to widely varied audiences about the importance of early detection of birth defects and the need for more research in this area . She proved an excellent ambassador for the National Foundation , and the annual income of that organization more than doubled during her tenure there . She also served the National Foundation as Director of Basic Medical Research ( 1967–1968 ) and Vice-President for Medical Affairs ( 1971–1974 ) . Her concerns for the welfare of children and families were combined with her talent for teaching in the 1972 book Is My Baby All Right? , written with Joan Beck . Apgar was also a lecturer ( 1965–1971 ) and then clinical professor ( 1971–1974 ) of pediatrics at Cornell University School of Medicine , where she taught teratology ( the study of birth defects ) . She was the first to hold a faculty position in this new area of pediatrics . In 1973 , she was appointed a lecturer in medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health . Apgar published over sixty scientific articles and numerous shorter essays for newspapers and magazines during her career , along with her book , Is My Baby All Right? . She received many awards , including honorary doctorates from the Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) and Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) , the Elizabeth Blackwell Award from the American Medical Womens Association ( 1966 ) , the Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) , the Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) and the Ralph M . Waters Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) . In 1973 she was also elected Woman of the Year in Science by the Ladies Home Journal . Apgar was equally at home speaking to teens as she was to the movers and shakers of society . She spoke at March of Dimes Youth Conferences about teen pregnancy and congenital disorders at a time when these topics were considered taboo . Personal life . Throughout her career , Apgar maintained that women are liberated from the time they leave the womb and that being female had not imposed significant limitations on her medical career . She avoided womens organizations and causes , for the most part . Though she sometimes privately expressed her frustration with sex inequalities ( especially in the matter of salaries ) , she worked around these by consistently pushing into new fields where there was room to exercise her considerable energy and abilities . Music was an integral part of family life , with frequent family music sessions . Apgar played the violin and her brother played piano and organ . She traveled with her violin , often playing in amateur chamber quartets wherever she happened to be . During the 1950s , a friend introduced her to instrument-making , and together they made two violins , a viola and a cello . She was an enthusiastic gardener and enjoyed fly-fishing , golfing and stamp collecting . In her fifties , Apgar started taking flying lessons , stating that her goal was to someday fly under New Yorks George Washington Bridge . Death . Apgar never married or had children , and died of cirrhosis on August 7 , 1974 , at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center . She is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield . Legacy . Apgar has continued to earn posthumous recognition for her contributions and achievements . In 1994 , she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 20¢ Great Americans series postage stamp . In November 1995 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls , New York . In 1999 , she was designated a Womens History Month Honoree by the National Womens History Project . On June 7 , 2018 , Google celebrated Apgars 109th birthday with a Google Doodle . Honors and awards . - Honorary doctorate , Womens Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1964 ) - Honorary doctorate , Mount Holyoke College ( 1965 ) - Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1966 ) - Elizabeth Blackwell Award , from the American Womens Medical Association ( 1966 ) - Honorary doctorate , New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry ( 1967 ) - Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1973 ) - Ralph M . Waters Award , American Society of Anesthesiologists ( 1973 ) - Woman of the Year in Science , Ladies Home Journal ( 1973 ) - Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine , the American Public Health Association , and the New York Academy of Sciences . - Inductee into the New Jersey Hall of Fame ( 2020 ) External links . - Virginia Apgar papers at Mount Holyoke College - Columbia biography - MIT biography - PBS - National Womens Hall of Fame - Full biography on WhoNamedIt.com - The Virginia Apgar Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine
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